Numeric Data of NCERT Biolo

Diveraily
Number of knguwn specieg 7to 8 millionU4
*R:H: Whitaker prpoA2d five kingdom clanification>196
*D.J. Ivanewsky recoqniße TMV viru which
caue magaie ineases of tobacco. > 1892
*MW. Bejernek demonabrate infeckious matvre of
TmV virus (Contayium vivum flu idum)-> 1898

1 4
AT
* T.0. Diener dizcovered viroid 197
earth is cavried u by ag4e.

W
CO2 fixatiom o

A
* 50

ORarkhnpoda
70 pecier of marme algae used as food

S H T
&Heigt of kelps 100m

A N
(ovey toom)
*Taller angiopen Eukalpkus

@R IY
are
of all 8pecies
70 70
CycloAtomat bear 6-1 pain gill slits.
*
b pai of ailt dlt. locometion
* Bony fiaher
8ciliated tomb plate for
4ave
* Ctenophorq im our
o volume of neuras ARUe
&morethn 4P o neyroglial cel
.

body ismade
erEarhw
Avimal
rm Clilellum- 14tb 16 Sagnent
segmens
-
Spermathe tal aperturer Sthto 9H
(Ventrp-latral ide of
inbraegmerdal aroovae
Female Jemital pore- 14Aeyment (id ventral)
Pale anital pore - eymen pair)
18 (venbn akeral 4ide)
buecal Cavity o regment
Rophag 7 4ment
 gizzard Aezmert
8egment
Stomach 9=1#
imtertine IS Aost Regnment
yphl»aole aft 26semext
blood alamde » 4A, sH 4 GH Regmert
Sepal nphridia s* lant intsegnertal 44ph)
inteanert ary nerhridia t logt sezment
pharyn geal mephridia t, sH,H anert (3Pein
Nerve Cord 3 44 seghet

1 4
Tertes

AT
VaR deferentia1o upto1 smnt
4 (2pair)D

W
18 aegment

R A
QcceRR OTy gland 17k419 sepment(2Pai

T O
'Sprmaha CA

H
9hegmunk (Eyair

S
Ov ary 12413H seznent (1 pair)

A N
IY =
intrAmnai Aepkum)

@R
1 1 Coccoom mdute 2-20 baby wom
Cater 3 week)
Co ceToach
Bize
3inch0 6-7 cm)
Periplanata americang 34-53 mmLomg
*riangulav head formed by fsion 6 sgmentz
of
Abdomen 0& egmented
brood Pouch 78H strmym
genikal pouch 165 taga 4 Stermm
ana Cerci 1otm egment
1eye beark 2000 hexazonal ommatidia.
hepatic Ceae 6-8 Llind tubule
Malpighian rbule
l00-1so (Yelou Colr)
10 Pair o 8piracles Iakevak side of boely
 if head Cu off still live fvr 1. weeks
4-K abdominal A2pmenk
1 pair #ertes
(Lataral Atde)
MuRhroon land M-7% abdominal Rezment
2 0varie 26 abdominal A2zman*
each ovary formed by 8ovarian tubule/0varioler
pair Bperm athe ca sH ebdominal apmer
size of 0ohacoe P"8mn)
00heca COntain 14 to 16

1 4
female proedure o 1o

AT
oaheca
to

W
Nymph row by moulHing abot 13 imn

OR A
fr2 reach adult form

H T
NS
*Im fog 10-12 vasa eferentia praRent in each

Y A
testia

RI
A maure female fog lay 2500 fo 3000 ova at a hmy

@
Discovery of mucleus by Robert Broun 1831
Cell Aeory Matthiag. Schleiden Ci838)-German
Theodore Schwam 839) - Bribiss
Rudolf Virchow C18SS)
* myoplasma 03 Am
PPLO
Bacreria 3o Su
Eypi cal backri 2um
RBC 7m in diameter
virues O02 4 to 02Am

*Ribo80me + I5 X20 m
*Membrme of 52 7 pmtein
RBC
40 Aipid
*Envenkim of e micmßopa 49503
* Fluid Masaic Mode of pla4m membrane by Singer
Nicolgom 1972
*nolai body dizcoverd by Camillo Golgi1898
flat disC haped ciatern al> :S14 in dianer
9o volume of plank ce(1 occupied by vacuoles.
Mito ch om dria
P Diamader 0s2-1uty averaJa0 54m)

* Chlorpplazk

4
r engh-

AT 1
width 2-4 um

A W
OR
Number ot ck{oroplas
mTCklamydonen

T
aR=

H
meaophyll

NS
Ce
covary ll 20+o
Dis

A
of Riboaome

Y
953) aeorg Palada

I
by

@ R
Cilia4 Flogella
ilament
basa body 2+Tmic kubule
Qrr9+0 mt
Centriole mietbule arrqngemant.
feri nudear
Biomolecules &pate 10-50m
**3Youp of aty acid
11 Carbon
Arachidonic acid nave 20 Carbon including R-gro
* Palmikic acid nave
6-
* Biomoleculsa --
T
micromolecule Mu oop Dalton
macromole cule w 7oop0 Dalto
Lipids mw 80o dalkon
Thee are 20typa amiao acide
0 esseial lo non eszeukial
 Averag CompoRiho» of ce(
water 70-p0
Prprem 10-15
Carbo hydrate 3
Lipide 2
Nucleic Acids 7
Lons -
17
Pitch/Lenghh of Helin 34A'"(8-DNA)
of DNA
Glyco y8 5 10 mtabelic 6tep ih 10 eYmes
*Blood glucose Lwel in a healhy pavsoH 80-/00 ma

1 4
AT
S-5M

W
damaged 40'Cemprature
enenzymes t above

A
OofRx"decreated
T
eny mes tro urikermak 0anism qre funeHowak

NS H
upo o90'C eprature

Y A
doubled

RICo t
* Thumb rulk rak for

@
every 10° omprakure chang
changa by half

H0 co
r= 200 molecule/hr wiAouk enzy
6 lakh moleule/see ( wih Carbonit ahhydrue
Y Mzyme
Enzymes oivided into 6Clas 4 tach class
furhe divided into -13 sub clasae. 4amed
by 4 digid ymber
Cell Cycle'
a
Hum cell divide onte in every 24 4
* Celly le of yea4d+> po minutes.
* m- phase uman Cell Cyele 1 hr
Tnberphose mo hn s
CelI yele ot
PLANT
E. coli= 20 minute
NATER PELATLON
Typ 0t 99uaporins = 8 (w ater chanhel)
Waermelo hqve mare ha 92 wafey
Dry mater oherba cesuA plamta =*lo=IS
frah w of
*A dry Reed AHll ave 10-15 water of ik weigle
A Corh plant abserb3 3Aiter watr in a day.
*A muatard þlant abzorb wottr equol tv it
in ab out uei

4
Sh.

AT 1
*By ifuaioa moenenk of molecule acmRS

A W
*ypi cal plant cel (Soum) *aker appoximafely

R
25

H T O
of wader 4pw ard in ylemy napiratin

S
Spred

N
4pto 15 m/h

A
Pull

RI Y
LesA n 1 watr
of reachimg uaven

@ if+
ia
48ed im phosyntMeais4plant gows.28 of
i isoa t by trantfiration
* Trqmapirakion Can Creat rARure sufficient o
a Kylem ized Col umn of water
0ver
130 m high.
* Tramkpirakion cobla eof 80ne ims 1-s'C by
evapouraive cooling
MINERA NUTRITLON
* Hydropenicktec knique
Juliu von Sachs (186)
able h detec- vary Jaw
Concrakion
in
of mineral presen
plana
*Morethan 60 LAE elenenka are gound in
different plana.
* loncentrakion of nubrient in plam

Macromutrient 2 mmole 0
10
k dry weiglt
Licrpmutrient K 1o mmele/ 0f dry mater

* There are 17 essevial elemert 4gbeneficial dennt

for plant3 macro mitv

4
nudrien Na, Si, Co, Se

AT 1
PHOTOSYNTHESLS Feguirre
itroanas e ezyme

W
ahim
fix

A
Na
Durin Nh prduction.

OR
8ATP for1

H T
by Joseph Priantley C1774)

NS
Discovery ot oxy gen

A
(Belljar, mint plank- j

Y
PrienHeys expe-imert -1770

RI
* nice, Cqndle

@
JAli# Von Sachs proove hat gucote is fomed
854 in pheosynhes is * atored 4 tarch.
Gycle Cs Gc le) -> inake af 1 Co23ATP
* kelvin
2NADPH2
G ycle run for 1 glucase formakim
* Law o limiing factor (905) by Blackman
gatyrationm occms at 10 of fall ayn light
*Light
* Saturation for CO2 Cen centrakion

C¢ Plant 360 1

CO2
L
Concentration
C3

ia
Pla

afmosphe
450 u1/
Regpiradionm
i Planda
*In Fermentakiun More than 13 alcohol concentration
is poiRon ous for yeas tself.
s0 dieillation ia required
* Reapirahion reaprotibm 36/38 ATP forn
Aenbic
Anaemlic ratpir aion -> 2 ATP fornation
CGlycolyR )
lsaR han 7
QRrDbic respa
*Bareak down
of 1 glucame
gives 6 6 CO2L4

4
bb

1
ycle

AT2
alycolysin-
2 Kreb's Gyele
10NADH2 30ATP

W
2 FADH

A
4ATP

OR
Cele
ebr 6 Calycalyais
2A TP

T
2 ATP

H
reb'a

S E or
Cycle 2GTP ATP

N
*RespirotoryAotient
Y
I
Tofal 33 ATP

@R
Carbohydrate
1 LAR kan for fate
07 for Tripamikin (fHy acid
L09 for potei
Plant Corouwth
Roo. apical meristem ive rise to more than 175So
Roo.t
Mew ce lls per hour.
Cells wotermalon may incree size by up to
3,So,000 kimes.
&
During mid 1960s pyrification
chimica
charåcterisakion ot 3 difernt kypaf inhibiors
(A BA)
There qre morehan 00 ibberellinareported
liferant Ani
ifere uch aR fmgi * hizhur plnta.
&Spraying crop wih gibberellin 1creaaBe
cease
4rcane y
the Angth ostern, hua mcreasing ield
the
much 20 ones acre
Diosion Child 02 CPramolar abgent)
fosnula 2 02
Dental Ladult Bno ny
diutema
G21
2/2
*lleight of Jever 12=1:S EJ

1 4
pH Saliva 68

A W AT
intaine

OR
78

T
tore food for Shour.

H
*Stvmach

S
digkd by alivary amy
(ake 707

N
Starch

A
*30is digted by fan cretkic qmy l

R IY
Fat

@
Prmtein
Carb ohydrake
* KCa/
CGross Calorific Value S65
Physiologiead Calsrifie Value 4 07
Regpiration
Breahing rafe -
1216*imes/minete
Capacikies
*Respir atory Volme
Volume 50.0 ml
(Tlidal 25003000 mA
IRV
ERV
(RU) Residual
{1001200 m
Volume =>
IRV>3000-3S 00m
IC: TVt
TV+ERv => 4S00 =7600
mA
EC= ERV+RV >2100-23 00
FRC =
ERV+IRV+TV
VC 400046 00mA
TLC VC+RV SI00 SP00 m
 Air Alveoli Oxignokrd Bload Demy blood
Tuan
o4
in m)
Co d 03 40 40

* Solubility of Co in
an
20- 25 Hme igher Hak ofa.
* ThickneRA of dif uaiom mem brane af alveali = a«2m
* Solubility of Co ia B00 imu hizher han in bfood.
0
Trama pork ot gare

4
02 = 271 aR Oxy Hb t3

1
daolue in plen

AT
1 BC

A W
LO,=o 20-2S7. aR arbamins Hb 70 7,0

OR
Bicarbonahe m

T
ABC
4 7in pluh

H
NSue
Each haumoglo bin

A
mole Cuda

Y
Com Cary maximym
molecule

I
of 0

@R
Every loo ml ofoxy nated blood Can
sm of O2 to the daliver aromd
un der mormal
Conikion physiolozical

*Every oo mof de oxy enated blood

approxinately 4mk deliver
latry of Co to alveoli.
Blood SS1Plarma 9092t oter
6-87 prnein
L45 formed RBC,we¢, Plotele
elernen
* RRC S-5S nilliom/mm of blood
ife span d2o days
*N8C 60008o00/mm3 of slood
 r Basophil 0S-
WBC E osnophil 2-3
Monocyte -g
6-8 of tols wBC
FLynphotyte 20-25
LNeutmphilk606S
Platelets/Thrmbs tyteg 45-3:S lakh/nm of lood.
* Nymber o} cham ber of r2 FiBha3
Heart F Anphibia, Reykile
Birds, nanm ala, oodile

4
L4

AT 1
W
o SAN 70- 7S7nin

A
Number impulge B

O R
CAchon pokential EAM+ (72/ms)

T
He beak-

SH
avera

N
on to vnbicle

A
blood foaively flow atrium
*70

Y
Istvke
30 blood flow by akrial ayatole

@ R
Dyrakion ot a Cardiac cle iis 08ecemd
qu approxr ately 70 mLof
Each vetiele Pup Volyme
blood
oukput = Hemt be at X Shnke vo(4
Car diac
Car
72 X 70
72 So00 mk /min

Normal bloo d fress yre 12-0/Ponmdg

Hypertension 4-0/90 Hg mgner.

Excretion
Pleash 10=|2C
kidney dk S-7 cc
wi PhickheAs>2-3
LweiJht > (20 170

Kack idhey have 1 millio nephron

XRenal blood flow dloo|20m/nin
of Cardiac outpu
Cn.FR m/mi Lter/dauy
* 1S 18o
is 99 is reaba0rbed
Urlne raleased 1-1:S Aiker/day
* 70-8o/ reabsorplion occur in PcT
elecolyhe + waler) aximom raabtorptia
*ORmolarity of kidety rkex > 3oo mOsmol/4ih

1 4
AT
ne dulla » 4200

A W
DRmol
ariy ofblood

OR
3o0 mamol/0iter

T
rdute. 4- hime n centrate

H
* Human kidney Can

NSCoa-200ml/mis
urine Hhan iniHal ilHrak formed.

Y A
2S-30 o ure

I
ia ex creted out Per day

@ R
*Novmal blood urea Jwel # 17-3o myo0ns
*OurLungs remeve
Locomokion
*40-So . of body weight in by mugcles.
Skeletal 8yakem 2O6bone
Axial8Skull
(29
+Verkbral,columh + Starmunt Ribr
LApepndicul ar
24
imb (30x4) + Pechral zirdle (4) +
126 Pelvic girdle
(
Skull Craiym - 68

- Fa2
(29)
Fate
ear ole
1-
L Hysid
 *Verkebral Column TnlgSC
Riba (12 pair) Verkbnslemal 1 7 pai
verrebnchondral
floaking
*1oh pair

* Nervous
1aH a paiy
Syren
Nat-E punp fraport3Nat ouhword foY
2kt inb
he cell
*Resting membrAme
potential-70 mV

4
cun durkion in mammalk =p 4d0=130

1
speed ot nerve m

W AT
Endocain

A
o

R
1 2 of hawe 12 milliaTs leks of

O-2wrek
poncreaje

T
Lmgey hamR

NS H
I Y A
@R
* Life Span Butterf ly
Cro w S yers
Cmco dile 60 ycors
TortoiRA 100-LSo yeo%
Cys o Amocla 3 Jayared hard covarm
*Bambo0 f0wer 0nly 0n ce
affer So-100 y2ors
*Strobilanths kmhiana tlower n cej 12yegr2
Number of Chrmoßome in meioye (2n) Sepkmber
occober
Human-+6
House fly - 12
Rat t2 Potato +8
Dog 78 380
Buterfly -
Caf 38 Onion 16
Fruit ly-
Ophioglostum (a fery)- t260
Honay ba-
(@uem/warkar)
32
Arrle-?4
Rice- 24 Drome-16|
Maze 20
Sexuad re proebectton
in flower ing plank
Am in djanvle,
* follen grain a therally spherical20k5
Anye
*60 angioapernm follen grain shed in 2 clec
in

* 40 angioaper ollen ain ahed 3 Celled staga.

& Pollen
9ain viability oficef wheat --36 min
C
Rosaceqe, Leguminostae 4 Solanaceae -> 1 month
*Mature female ganeorhyte of qginspern Enbryo AnG
7-Celled, 8-nucleato

1 4
* Pollination bywater iA
rare

T
in angiotperm "n

A
i inited o abou

W
30 g4nera, mosfly monocnf-.

O R A
* Tallent flower Amor phopha|lus 6feet in heigll:-

SH T
For pollen gevmin aio we Can
10
uRe Auyr 8olukio

A N
After S-30 nin ue C 8ee

IY
pollen ube wi
Low Po weY of micoe Cope

@R
*The oldest viahle eed is hak of a lupine
(Lupinus arcHicu) excavaded from
Areic Tundrq.
T germinaked flowered af
dormancy
kr 19000 aYA of

Dake palm (Phoenix dackylifera) discavered during

archeolazical excavalim at King Her d palace
Mear dead sea 2000 ye old viable keed
Hupmen Re pracducfion
Scrotum helps im maimtaining he Lww kemprokunn o
teakes
2 2s°C lowr han norm body mp)
*Teates g t 4=scm cm
widh>2-3 Conaim 1 to3
Seminiferoys ebyle
* Eack testin haR about 250 fas ticular
* Lengh of each ovary bules.
2-4 cm
Lengh of fallopian
tube10-12c
 he glandlor tiasue of ench breasf is divi ded into
1S-20-mammary obe
milli on Apem
&Huma male eja culale about 200300
during QCoidus
hqve normal
normal ferlilily 6o of Aperrs
for Bi2e
Bhape amd for at leag40 of them mu1
mofilety
Bhow YJ004 developma Aay 2 million
Dyring embryonic
Hhe
each doel as. dvary ",
o0g0nia are formed wihm
follicle
pubverty ony 60, 000fo, ono primary
At
* At

4
eacK ovary. +((2.a0s0 160ooo)

1
im
gre ef

AT
ersbru al flow3-Sda

W
* Menatrual Cyc/e daya)

A
Lovulatim-(th,day

T OR
megualion (menstrual ycle) ceas es

H
In Human

N S
aroynd So ye o of 0g Menopause

Y A
blaptomera in called moryla.

ByRI
* Embryo wik 8-16 Soid B1

@ e 2 insler®Sd
laRbS montha.
The hma ejnany forne4 Hegrt
* Durimnamoy 14 monlh
Limb + digits tmed.
By end of 2nd mmh
wnek (4st monh mast
By the end of
of major 0oga amed ke Aimbs4 xterhol
genibals 9re úell devejoped
fvrkus & Hoir
monh-4novamot of
During Si 07 had obsArve
By he end t 24wek (1nd imukr 5n?
eyeAd Agerastd
Body Covenoih ihearehaia,
formed.
eye Lashes
hakur is taly duelope
B e end of g monh
Keprodueive Heal.K
family plamning were iniiated 1951
Im 1900 rorld Populskio 2billion
GIndia apulakion -350 millioi 199-2)

*In 20 00 world Popul skion 6billiom

Tn dia Popudahin- billon (Ced in A)

Accor oling to 200 Cancus 7epork, he populahion

grDwtrate wos aill around 7 i.7/|0os/ye

4
bythia rare 04

1
populatiom Could double in 33 yem

W A21T
Periodic absence
> 18-17* da of mensknal cyele

A
R 7
Couple om Coiu o pr*

O
avoid umwanded

SH T
N
aken

A
*Oral Comtra ceptive pilla daily day Conti

IY
L afer 94P 0f dayp

@R
during menekruakibn
Saheli i on Aturiodol week rill
er g2ny
*Em
ave bren
pill TUD wilhin 72 hour of toiku
found to be ry efeckive.
Nearly 4S-So million MTPs qre Performed in a
yar allow He world which i of
tofal COn cieved fgo y IM 4ylr
*aovk. of India degalised
TP in 1971
*MT 4re ComAidered rel akevely sate during ha
1t fingtr ie. 4p 12 nek/3 mon
of a99
The a
ayp
A
S-2+yeg
v/hrable
Perkong r
to
Very STD
Inabiliky ko coneieva ve affer 2yes of unprahckd
Coitu is called infertiliky.
Principles of Inhendan te
Mendel work 0 arden Pa4 fvr yeora
( 18S618 (3)
brerding Pea plnt yarieieg.
select 1frue
mendel publis% i work 0 inherikan ce of charatker
Mendel remain receniaed Hl19
0o0

in 186S u1
by Hugo de Vrin,
Redis covery 0f Mendel's wrk
1900 Corrin 4 Von TAchemark
Car
Chromofomal heory of imheritan
c4 i
1902 .

4
bySirttom md Boveri

AT 1
experimenrt on Drso phila
igy

W
*Morzan

A
gana grecombih

OR
Bodly Colour eya only Csloyr
re ation.
3

T
linked t ahow

NS H
Bocly gize ne Bhow 37:27
4 atton

A
Eye Coloyr

RI Y
Combin
Te
- K-boly X-chrnofrne)

@
Covered
akion in nec
(1821)
*Henking dukr minde insect
* Ko type of
Rex
blindnese OCcu in gbout- 87 of male
Colour females in ha world.
40mly
0y about o.4-. of
cell anamia Point mkahso»n occs
* In Bickle -zlobelin,
DNA 6H Co don of m-RNA of
ichain
GAG o GUG
Syndrome Trismy of 2 Chromo4one
Dow's
Lamg don Dowm (1866)
dir ca vered by

*ThaleRRmia d-2ha fom each parenk = 4

CHLA1, HbA) Chromofome
u-
16
prom eack
--4 9un prank 2M
maion in 4ne CHBB) Ckromo8eme
>J1
pumhitahiei diaorour
Mole cular BasiR f In derifonte
mucleatidas.
Bacteriophaya 174 as
be pir
5386
Bacterio phaga Lambda has 48S02
XI06 bae peir
Pair (e
(hp)
* Escheri chia Coli has 4:6
bp in diploid cell.
* Hum an DNA hos 66X/D
DNA w
first idertified by Friedrich heische
in 1869 He mamed i Nuclen.
a
* Diaance barwean we ba^e par i
i8 34-A
totul mumbar of base pair
DNA

.
4
.

1
6 X10? So Jenghh of DNA isPpd

AT
22

W
A typico ucleoome

A
Contain 200 bp of

OR
DNA.
1928 Frederick

T
ariff:h expevimenk wi

H
Strepto coccu

S
Pmeunonige backeria =
Tranafarnati,

A N
*1933-44

Y
Oswald Avery Colim MacLeod qnd

I
Maclyn

@R st
McCarky uge trmatorming Prineiple of+
Griffi K
experimere and Concluded hat PNA e
g-nee matean al
*1952 Alfred Havshey 4 Marha Chase
eparred
wih bacferio phaue , E coli baekriq 4+
ikotopas of
radioacin
P 3Stp-experimunt
froove DNA inteiom
h material F Blendin
Cerbrifugakia
*1958 Mathew Meaela
eXferimetally
ont Framklin
Stahl
Pove e
of DNA replic ahon, Rei conserrakie nan
medium.
uw E. Cali 0 NHEC
E.i coli divid in every 2o minure
3 minues. b
DNA rrplicakibm n Camplbe
Ro f falymuia akion npli calia n of E.
l
4PPmxinatey 2000 brpec
*Eukaryoter hawe 3 yps f RNA Polynrae
RNA (28S 18S 58S) I
ha kNA (n-RNA)
-RNA, Sn RNA, S-rRNA
RNA un dergo Cappihg 4 Jailiy. Ia ilisg
*hndenylake rekidus (200-oa) added a 3end.
a
* No. of NBose=4 (A,6, G T) in DNA

4
ype f Amino acid = 20

AT 1
So No. of doy
644
Co ripkt forn)

A W
OR
A ugaked heor Genow

H T
NS
*Tn 6+ adon here is 3 fop edoas.

Y A
RI
Ribosone of struckral
cwsinde ANAr (RAA) 4

@
a bow 80, difere n protin
r-RNA in Backeria i
enzy Kibozye.
23S
Lac Operon Cosinka Tulatory 43struckral
ne 2,7,a
Human henome Project CHGP
Launched in 120
Complhhd in 2o03 13 yer Prjeck
Beqyencin of Chomoon 1 Complkkd in May 2006
be inning
utimated Cast i # US
poal i o idnkihed S3 pev bp
i Hunman a(2g00-25000 th4
DNA
*Huma anoma condajn I64-7 million nuclestHde
The qverag ne Conrist* of3000 basesbat.bu
12 vary tely. (largea gana= dyabrophis 2+niliohba
*19:3 Y.
in alf People
nucleoide bares are exactly ame
 *So of dis coered ne's fmcione ar 4nkhsw
umkhow
aes han 2/ of gn oma Cade for pmtein.
* Chrmmasone 1 he8 mas- gunef 2968 ana
he fewest 23D
K Scientinkr iderhihied ilio» SN in Himan.
*,
BR
i.e.
hqn 2. of neme tode for pmtein
do nut Code
high dgrs of folymorphism KELP)
Basis ofF
DNA hngar prinking
If re quenty

4
ot an allle ifopdakion

AT 1
9re oder than 0-o1, it sho w hat he w

W
allel formed bmwahvm which rezulske

A
dfennt

OR
Ch ara Cfer

H T
of

NS
* Bize of VNTR 0 to20 kb

Y A
Evolutio

@ RI
* Tha Uhivee ia almoat20biliontyegra old.
* Earth war suppared so have bean formed
4Sbillio»yeaYback.
* Lite appearedsoo mio 20Ys after he tormation
of eorh, ie. +billion yems back. 39 bya)
*I9S3 S.L: mille expari menE wih wakr vapour
CH Nng H =P
2:12
800C
Firs
*Firs mm (ellalor
form of life auld han originafd
3 billim yegr back.
The first celular form of uih did mot poRn'bily
originated Hll 2000illion yeo
(2bya)
According to Cpn vewkion a religious iheratuY
They oSpecial orea
earh ia abo #o00yeq-ol
 Tri Ceraopr> havin horm
Tyranno4auru 20 fert Jog
20

1850r Before indurkri disahios > More whi wing

1920 afler m dusrialis abior, > More dark ig moh
In
2 billo yeo o #rst ullular furm trokayot
AboutLip app-eMred on egrth
of
Invrdebrotu ere tormedacHve
35o myq
>
S.00.ya
So0 myya

ishes evolwd Aroun d

Jawleewpods exis anund 320 mya
See 4 few plgha
wih atbu-4 shroug. ins Cauld mov o Janed
Fish
Fish

4
3so mya

1
Lwakr
gnd o back.

A T
oelacanh/sbeine Caughe in Souk Afrca

W
1936

R A
An cestore of amphibi

rk HT
O
diftrek shapa gnd aize deminale 00
Rephiles of

S
yer(200nya)

N
ear in hu naxk 200 millan

Y A
mya

I
phle erslvd 2 o0

@R
* sike >Zchyo5a gbout y erh
DinoquYEAuddenly frm disappeor
Romapithec were
called Dryopi thecA and
Primdes abou 15mya
exiRin walke in
primtes wa|ke
maike
3-4mya
* About
eastern frica They are nat taller han
+fret,
cua li vnd in Eart Afican 2raRr lan d
*Austmlopihe
qbout 2 mya 6S0-800 ec
of Hom habilie
Cranial Capa cilyereckus) ind 1Smy4
Java_ manHom
Crania Capa ciky 900 cc
* of Java man diacovPred in
FoRsils
in 1891
av
Nemderh al m an ive d in ar eagt t cextral
Asia betwren 1Lakh to t0 00 years back.
Cranial Capaeiky of Neandarthak nan-1400 c
* During ice age 7So00lo06o yer a moder
odera
Homo Bapiens aroke
Pre historic cave art developed abou 18 o00 ye

* Agriculkure Came around 0 000 yeg* ack and

hman seftlement started
Human Healh and
Disese
*I typhoid fwer bocly temprate39 'c
Cammon cold uaually Jant for 3-7 daya
ani booy molecule

4
&No, of dieulphide bond presen* in a»

AT 1
is16 H2L2

W
- associated lympheid higgue (MALT) onstitytee

A
Mucesal

OR
Qbout So of ymphsid tismue nhuman bocly,

H T
NS
*ATDS wa 4irat reported in 1981

A
In the lart 25 yeava 0r.So ADSAPTead all

RI Y
0ver he wor|d kilimg more hm 25 million 4r^on.

@
Incub akiom feriod of AID Sto lo yera.
More han 1 million People ufer fron cacer in Trdig
a dore mumber
md
of them di trom it annyalky.
Tobacco ha been utd by human bmgfor more
hon 4+00ye
* Adoles cence feriod (218 yeara of a
StrategieR for Enhan cemt in Food roductisn
70 of he world livnkdock populakiom ia in ndiq
nd China b i Condibution fo ha werld
tarm prvduce i only 2S
Inbra ing
making batween cloealy rel aked individual
same breed foY
wihinhe aration. 4
Out eroRsing > mating bewan a nin al of Rame brnnd
bu having no Common 4ncestors 0 eher Aide
of heir pedegree -5Anrakion P
In mOET by FSH indute d uper ovul atto
p y cle
i
6-328
The covure d noferkils»d a -20Celle 8tagus 9re

re Scaly tranakd o srogak mahar

Convenhim al plan bredimg Btarks > Po00-11od0

usually only in fzw loo to
10o c>4s akow
1000 Cr4 show
yLOY£ajo
Pladbraedin inH0p/4*in
desible cominati gn. repegrh
In
xEvaluddho» 0f w variety of
field i fllo wed b testing he materials iin
farmeTs' Aeld, for at est3gnwmA sgonA

a Lo cakion in he twyntry

4
everal

1
0f
accounts for approximotely33poplation,

AT
* Agriculura nerly 62% of he

W
employs

A
India's amd
Indias GDP

O R
Revolutio mid
26plin the fod aPPY"

T
hrern

S H
rod 19602000

N
* Durin4
»J1millim eunes to 7S

A
produrbion
wheat

IY
omnes millim

@R
13Sillian.
pmduchioa tonnes to 89 S
Rice million tonneg

*In
* In 963 ßeveral varietin of wheat inbodure d
n India Senali ka 1igh yeilding
Eal yan Soma disegses rekjgJaat
* In 966 derivaki4 t eni dw0rf varieky ofise
inooluted in Tndia. later butor
yielding Aami dwonf
developed ih Inodiq.
variebes Jaya and Ratna wre
evon loo
*Crop Japs es Cqn 4pto
oftn 2-3o
Bufering hger e
frem hidden
3billion paaph
have adesu aete food*
More han qmoy-
840millian eople do not ouweloped in whi ch
More han
2000, Maze hy bid
doubled yore to ixis Hng
qmiho acid i
variety,
* L akes 3-10 of grain to pro dute 1
meat by aminal covming
orethan25g ot human °pulattom
udfesin prom hungar 9md mamutrikon.
* It Aas baen Calculated hat a 2So F Co
Projein per day
Pro du te 200o Mehylephilue mhylo trephw
A micnorganiaAm
Can be eXpeeked to produce 2S omeA fpndeia.
by
2s0 otorganin day
TiBSye Culure 195o, hole plad- Could ba
nerared from explant
*nicdbeR in Human Welfare

1 4
awrded ehe
AT
* Fleming, Chain and Florey Were

W
discovery of enicillin.
Noble Prize f494for

OR A
*Bioga plant A0-Lr fet deep tank

S H T
A N
IYne
Biotechnology Pimei ples 4d froceRA

@R
Stenly Cohen omd Herbert BoyeY creak-
In 1972
14+
14* Tecam binar+ DNA by inrodueing anibiohic

TdiRdon in plasmid of Salmonella yphimurium

TAAtaiciom endonuelese MZYYme we ne
In 1963
Jblaed fom E. Coli whie rud gnwh of
bacteriophaga
fegvence
Reatricriom endamuclease recognize 8paciH
of 6 base palindromic nuclealida Aeptence
air
Today we now more han900 reabrickion
enzyme8 hat have been iRoleked trm 230sbais
ofbacteria.
*To make compadent hoat for tranaformaki o wi
Reornbimak ane - by incubating Hu hent cell
wik ®NA 0, icefolowed by uak skack (), qnd
Aen pukting hem back on ice
* PCR
DenDen aturation , a 9'C
Anmeatim
Anne
ExtemsiDn
at
at 72c
5S4c
0ycle of
>22billionPCR Cofy ofDNA.
*Volume ofbioreacdovs= 00 1000:Jter*

Biotechnoly_ and I_Applicakiog

biokechnolo
olopy
* 3 Citi cas resarch,ot
qreq

1 4
bont cakalyas-

AT
providing Candikion

W
Creafing opfhimal
CeaiDowmRsream

OR A
pmcehAng
he rapeukic
recombinank

T
orld over.

H
present bout 30
tha world
w

NS
*At human e
aPPToved tor hym
qm UR
ui ca re

A
have been Hurapa uHa
Hurar

Y
of hase

I ro
12
* In Indi

@R
preeny being markebed Cwm pany Prpore
America
1993 Eli Lily inoducing
*In E Coli by
hma
insulin
A f B prpide chai ih
DNA A4 9H: of
£ coli
he pl mi of
d
m 1990
Merapy w given
clinical Jne
firkt yeqr old girl wih
ADA deficieny,
to a4a
mice
tramyonic amimek qe
f txiBking
*9S trmsyenic cow, koRie, produre
In 1997. firrk
d ilk ( 2:-3/Ai)
ma pmein riche
Lactalbumin
*There are an estimate d 2akh vrietiaA af ric
in Tndia al4e
* 27 documee d varisies od Barmi rice are
gre
mwn dia.
In 1?97 Amaricam Compqny patenr
rihda 0 Ban m ah Kice hmugh h
Us Paent qn d Tra demark ofice
In dianparliame recenty cleard he 2
amendmen of he Tndian Patend B:|1 uhicwhich
im clude bio pra y iRAUe, patnt tems emerny
provis iom 47a eerch and duvelopment initiative.

Ecology

4
Organig n &

1
Populakione

AT
Mean Amual frcipilhalin

W
*Biomas Meon Annual Tempredur

OcR A
0°c 10 to 120Cm
Arcic Alpine Tundra *-10°to

H T
Coniferous forest 0°to 4 So to2G0 em

NS
1s°c
to 100 cm

A
Grasrland D to 25°c So

Y
o So cm

RI
Des ert to 20 + (o

@
lemperote Forast >2 lo to 20 'c =o 7o
to 23o cm

Tropi cal Fores- #

4 20 to 2s °c ISo to 430 cm
*Tempratvrftopical ds erpey in symmey Soc
Salt concentration (in fars dhousond) f

inlan d water<
30-3S
5
hyporsalLine agoon 2100
* m deep 6ea 2Soom) Bo 4r Ce of
0 enaYH
MerH Only
hy do Hurmal
vek for ife
* 191 of amimals nerly all plans are Cantormer
ny Qmimaly are Teglabrm
Bir de, mammas 4 s0ma hr Gnimas.
A igh alikde (73s0om) Perren must have
2Xperien ced aid 4icknes*. Nayig, fahigu,heart palpi
*Arch@ebacheria thermo acidophila flourieh in a-
springs 9nd deep 8*a ydrthermal vea where
where
fempratores far exceds oo.'C

Tn deep ea press yre Could be 2100 akm»

=
*Exporankial nwh dN rN (reb-d)
Geometric Jowh dN=TN mbrimsic )
olt
rade
for Norway rat Y-0.0IS
r =02

4
for flour bertle

AT 1
n198 tor nTndia Populakio E0020

A W
im

T O R
ncky infertidal
Commyniky American

SH
In he
he Bdarfis1 Piasder a FyRtone

N
Pacific Ceagt

A
8pectdo
tartish wer removed, 10
all

Y
Fpecis when

I
Loae be Cane exkince witi ayear

R
inverte lake
of invee

@
Campatikon.
becaute of interspecidie
intecbs qre nown to
fo be
*Nearly 25 ofall
Phydo phye
*The Abing dom fortoise in halapagas Tslnds
became exdinct wikin a decade ea) affer goat
wre innobuced 01 the iland.
*MacArhur ho 5 clsalyreladed species, of
warblkr were able to aveid Comptiion due
to behavioyrak diference m Keir foraging activilHos
* Human Jiver ule
*Humam depm ds tw imtermediote
ts (a Snail d a tish) 6 tomplele. its de
Cycle TotalTotal 3 hosts raquired.
Ecosystem
whole bioasher iA 170 billion fay
*The annual NPP of
doy of weigak) orgame matter.
About 70 0f earh Bur-face i CAVered by oceqa
bu pro darivity of oceqma are. onlysS bill, NPP 33% of
it me0s NPP f lnd 67
= |billion
7
do
According o 0ne eAtimare 4-163 (4 bilib tay
m biosphere through
Car CAr bo ied
ph odosyrthes ia aually

4
NPP 170 billiom don of organic mater

1
i.e

AT
Cayrbo alone
40 billio 0

A W
OR
PAR is
h So y, of todal incidexsolas

H T
ra di uhtom,
of PAR

NS
* P]anbx Capre 0nly 210

Y A
o is dransderred fo each

RI
*Only 1 enery

@omerly
trophic Jwel tom he Joer ophi lwel.
nPyramid of mmber of grassland omly 3top-amiv
am
are B4pporded m eco8YRdembag4d d procurhioy
6 rillioms plants.
* Primary produ cer (Plamkatvert only 1% f
mery Aunligh aveileble h Hen
a enery m h
io NPP

*Carbon Consitutu 49of dry eigl of organian

7 of total ?4antily of global carban i
om d disaolve 'oceans
im regeyvoir
Atmuphere Contin mly 4 tal glsbal ark
of
KRobert Constan24 and i4 collangueg
an avery Price of US$ 3 illion hn4 pu
pak
i er
 of tnda mantal ecasytemn resorces Thia
7ha i
nearly ruice he valye of lobal gnss atim al
prda t (GNP whi eh i U 1B tMllion)

xCost(soi formatom Soy.

Re creaio <0%
Nutrient Cycling - <Ioy of /33 ys $
climate noJulatio, 6 sillio
Habikad-for wild ife ->6

1 4
AT
Biodi vrsity

W
qnd Conservafion

OR A
of species of anks >20000
Number

T
beeftes 3,00000

NS H
fishes- 28,000

A
20, o00

Y
orchids

RI
of
tham5o,000genzically diferen atrai
(2 Jakh)

@
* India h more
Qnd1000
rice varieties ot ango om
to. 2004-) totad numbar of planks
*According TUCH
more than-smillio
animalRpecie describod Ro far ir
May's esinake haglobal spacior
* Accordmg to Robrt
congervafiw &a cinkifie )
diveriy
dinreily about 7milliom (ove
extreme eskimat oFal mum ber of
Accordmg to Some
20 to So millionk.
Rpecies ran ge om
7270 are qim als
Im o al diecomrec Apecies morethqm
plartr qre momove dhan 22%
And
o+ Hhe kofa. t.e.
Amomg nimal ineecte ae 70%
our of auary do animas on hie planu 7are imaec*.

* 2 4 of world' Land arta

mdia
8:18:1 of global Rpecies d'versiy
Tndia one of ha counry ot world.
.
*From In dia
12 mega diveraiky
of plmka. 1d
Apeciea
wie ao09 &fecion off animals gre rcordd,
kAccording do Roberk
May's erimakion only 22 ot.
total pacier h we. been recordud
Ro tar
In n Jndia
India -mothaniakk fland- Apeciea nd
ho han-3 Jakh animal apeciea
Yet t
be dik coverod.
Sciendriata
erimate
hod in rain foreska. (Tropical ram
torertr) here migld- be at
lut
waiking do ba discoered ad2millim inket

4
Bpecios

1
named

AT
Tropical reaion

W
(235N h 23.s' S)-> maximum No. of speier.

OR A
Clombia acaded near equator) »4400 Specieof birde.

H T
New York N)

NS
oreen land
105 8pecies of birda.

A
(7NN 56Afe cios of birds

Y
India Tenpra 4 Tropjcal ragiom)

RI
la3R) 7120 Bpeciee of birds

@
more)
Tropical fores- (ike Equgdov) uo 0ime
aR many Apecier
eguad
f qngiospermk a foreat f
qre im temperate gimAika Midwuk ofuSA).
* Tropical
Amazemiah
rain forent of South America
Plana speis>40,0oo
Fixhe 3,000
> Birda
Maymmas 13 00
Amphibima 4-27
4-27
Re phler
slnvarhebrakes 2 378
, >425,000
Alexandr von Humbeldt e specier area
Ss.CAZ
relaion
CA
S z.bA
ngS gc + 2 kog A Ct+
loy
S 8feci es richnass ogS
A= area
z = slope (grRs i0m Ceetficint)
c intre*pt (Y-axi Area

*value of Z ies in the rmse of 0.1o 0:27.

for Z 06 o 2
md moamm als im pical forak

4
For tnit eakimg birds

AT 1
Z i fo un d to be 1S

A W
of hopical facific Tslamds by Hum ana

OR
The colonit ation
an

T
tohav Aed to the exfinction of mpn

H
iA d

NS
2 000 n aive brda' sfecies

Y A
RI
The IUCN Red List (2004) docotmends he

@
exincion ot 784 Apecie last Sooyeqr*
338 Verfrbratr
ente bratu -AimalsS apecioa
Apecies (c97)
697)
359 in
L87 lank Rps cies
dig appear wihin Jas 20 ye ma akgna
alm
* 27, pecies
*ore an 1S,Soo Apecies world wide ar facing he
reak of extinckion. 12% of birde Bpeciee
ofwhic h more Hen 650 23 sf all mnmalz ecies
r mIndiq P32 of all gmyhibiam Ryecier.
3 f al ymnAferm fcies.
Since he origin4 diversiicaliom of jke
Life 0 av
hene wer 5 pko de of ass exineio t Pecin
>revoluima
*Current epecie eincion rote -a eshm ated to be
0o to 1000 imegfaster hm Pr hymam t1m E
Haf of all aps on e«rth mizt be wiprd ou wi#in 100 Ye are.
* Topical ram foresk Han 14
of emha lnd Aurface
On ce Co erin
b i
how Ccor
more han
6 due d habik losa 4 trYmakakíon.
The Nile perch indo duced indo Lake Vicloria
Cin tasch Afica) Jud more han 200 8feCies of
cichlid fial
beoaximct
* JUrehas 25 ,
of he druge Currotly 2old in he
ue
marke worldd- wide are derivod trom planke ahd
of plants codibute to he tradihond

4
2S,000srecios

AT 1
medicim ued by maki propls aroun d he worl d.

A W
OR
* Amazon foree fmduce 20of Foial 0yh

H T
(LumgR f earh)) arh photosyrthesie

S
by .
*

A N
Rmax inum afLcies divursiky

Y
Bio diwraityHotepok

@ R I
Ca vura
imiHally 2 ww idmified
Jeen khan 24 oker 9moe addod
earHA Aandnow olal 34 in he wrld
im diq
wertn Ghar-i Lmka
Mim
Tn o- Byrma
*Strict pmtion glay4maga
of hotapel reduce extinckion ofsps by
3e
Eorhh Symmit CI992) tor biodivmaiky
Cocervahioy
Rio de Jnerio sueamable uilizahionn
of tts benefits

World Summit (2002)> for sueaivable dwnlop

Johameebur bio dy y awf
So Afica
190 Couxttrier pledged
to Hir
Commitment aciee by
20o
 Ln India
Biosp her Reser e 14
Nahion al
Naion foa k 90
wildlif Sanctmies +So
Envome»tal TRRueR

* 1972 Nakiona Commi fee tor Environmental plaming

Coor dim akion

Water (Prevewlion an d cobl of rolluion) Acd

1974

1 4
hip ko mo veme nk*

AT
1974

W
*1980 Jointt Forent Managomen

R A
Air rrewwkibn & Conbrlf pollukion) act
act.

O
*4981

SH T
A98f Bhopa Tgaday

N
Piniekry tEnvironmik 4 ForgF

A
94

IY forest
4286 virommm uk (Po4*cHion) AcF (NEPA)

R
*

@
oike in clu ded m aiv pollukio
* 1287
4987 0ni al Protoco l CCamada ) -oozme dapahoy
*-1988 Nationad poliey
198 10wial polocol le coma effeckive
1997 # y oo rocal for climake chanye (cop-3
XEsimaod naximun Conce wtraioy Cin ppm) of mvale i
dainkin wakr Cd 0.00S
Mn 00S
1-PPm 800 Pph

AiP 012

Zn S0
precutor Can remon 9 ravkeulabe
chaut frpm a hrmal Po ar plank
A rdmg to CPCB parhicuda Aize 2.(Mn 6)Lus
hormful for 4mah Pm2SD
Expo84re to extreml ig oun d , 1Sod
more prated by ake of f a jet plahe
may
dana
Tn 1990 Delki ramked h. qmo he H
most Polluted cities of tha worl.
ryn ChNG
Al buse of Delhí were comerked to °n
by he en d of 2002. (Co= hel4 in Delhi)
*Eyro I Norms Slpher in Patbo|15o pm
(1 Arril 2095T)
Sulphr in disel350-Ppm

4
Armakic hy droc arboma

1
*
are o ba a

AT
corkanmed
42 f He con Cermed tueL

A W
OR
* The gol, acor dimy to he road map. iR do reduce

T
8ulphur

H
to 50 ppm m atol 4 diosel

S
down md mn

N EunIL
he luel to 3syof

A
oromati yed caybon,

Y
I 201.
@R
frm 1Apil2 00S
Eo ? IT * All over In diq
11 cikies.
* From 1 April
Euro I> All over Tmdiq
Eo TN
1 cikw
Delhi, mumbai, kolkata,
Ahmedabad, Pume Chma, Bangdore, Hyderaba
, Surat, ampur,
Agra
Accordimg to an
kimake, 9 uba-antia fall
in Co and S0L wel hu
ben toumd
bkwun 1197 nd 200 ii Delhi
Delh

Amere 1% impurikis make domeski Aawag

auma unif
tor URe water
 Do wafer
Cold 10ppm
D.0. of wader is below 6rrm row f
xif
tishee get inhibidod.
BOD 0f clean water ix s Kn 5 ppm
pollutd water Could ave Bop value
Mighly
ppm more
17
Indrgrated wante_Wafer Treatmank*

I Arcata Nor coat of Gliformia)

1 4
AT
2 Ska

A W
Sedimentatíom filterakion of po|ludqnks

ORPlenb,
and
Neuhradisakio, Absorgdin ond aceim:lakfon of

H T
llukanes (hravy mulal) by

S
6 Conneeked marths

A N
over 60hecdayes

IY
ot marshland

@R
algak, kngi*
Bocteri e gnun.
Case of Remedy hor plorkie wau
stuoly Bang alare
Ahmed han CPlas:kic Sat renufarkurer)
Polyblend fine fowder of reuycled modifi*d
Plasdic
nhamce He waker mpellant* properky
Bikumam And 1increas e
Toad Aife by a fartor of 3.

* URihg khas tcrique, yyeor 2002, moehan

40 m rad in Bargalsne har almady been
aid
T hae commended that forage 0. muçleay
been
ua afhr suficient *-reatmve should be done b
84idably shiel ded Gosaihers byrried, wihin A
*dcE
about So0m deep below Rurfa ce
witho kmprakor
enhouRe etfect the averaa
at urate of Earh would a chilly
hawebbren
18°C raher hom he puen
1SC Vr of

* Relatine con budion o Various gasee

toral global warmin nhe4e

60 CO2
26 CH4
14- CFC

1 4
N

W AT
R Ome vaker va poyr 0z0ne

A
wi

OR
Durins he prk he enprahur oof

T
Cenkuxy

NS H
Eerrth has creed by mDe of it
o6C,

A
curin 3oytr*

Y
lant- 30 ye

@n RI
*According o esimafe, akmord4o forrsts
forrst
hawe bee Jas in he pica, Campred to Only
L im the temperake ezion.

* dia a bgaming of extury =

20 toresk Gve
30 Lod area
By
tha nd of 2oh. Century forss- cover
19-4 7 land avea.
Naktonal foreat polie
y (170r)afIn dia na
Tecommendue ha
33 forest CoVer for plainu Om
67 for he hille.
In 173 m any ople off Biahnoi Comn
uniky
RQCrifis hir lie ROv
res.(Jodhpv)
 NCERT Biology

Yer wide d aka

1731 Many eople ot Bishmoi Csmmmiky sqcrifiu

Hhoir ivea * Saving tree (Jo dhpur)

1770 frieas-ley' xporiment Belt Jar, Mice, Pt- Plod; Cande.

1 4
W AT
covary of oxy 9e Prietlay
1774Dk by Joshehriestey

OR A
H T
NS
19 38 Mathias Schlieden Giver GoIt Thory
1939

A
Theodor Schwayn

RI Y
Befpr indu riadirahb=p more whike wing meH

@
18 So

18S4 von Sache prooved hat glu cose

Julius
tomed in phofosymhuir 4 Rtored as akarch.

18SS
=
Omni Cellula e cellul by "
Rudolf Virchow
Complate he cell tuory.

1856 18 63 Mendel wUrk 0 94rdun pea

Hydmo po mics rchmique deelepe d by Juliua voy Sachk
18 6o o
18 6S MenMendel publiehar hi wOrk indri amce
of chara che
18 6 Down's Sym drome el
iscovere d by Lapdon Dowyn

18 69 > DNA waR 1 idenkified by Friedrich Mincher

arme d as "Nuc lein".
Forai l of Java mad ditcs ered in Java
1891 Henking ditcavereod
oX-bo (- chromeoe) in
cly

imect. (X0- ype sex dkrmiuoiow)

1892 Dincovery of Tmv by D.J. Iva»ouky

1898
1876 M.w. demonatrake infeckiou
matureBeijerek
of Tmv
Dicovery of Golgi Bodly by Camilloaolgr

1900 Redieco very of Men del' work by thrre

scieniat Hugo de Veri

4
kar Cor ece.

1
Tschenark

A W AT w
1902 hromosDmal Huory of induriante give

OR
by Sutton

T
Bovory

NS H
19 0S Law of limiAing, factor for plan

Y A
oy

RI rif:H
Blackmaun

@
19 20 Afler InduebiUeakion msr blacle math

I28 Fredvich Tramaformabiom xperimun

0n Strehcocc w ymumomeas baceria.
1933-19 44= Avery, Macleood MeCarty
Tans bormahion pine iyle of Grilfik
xari mF 4 onclude Hhoa DHA i
Genhe mokerial

1938 CoctaCanha/ Lobeins Cau g iSou Afia

An ces korš of qmphilbia.

19 47 At a
,Populokia,
ne
waS
of our ivdapshdanc dia'
4PIPMaely 3So million.
 195Os P Electon micnscope invention
Tisye culte starkad
19S1= Family plammng were imikated
1952 Hashey Chase ex perimant more Corectly
4
Proove h at PNA iiA gennkic m aterial.
953 TP Discovery ot ribasome by Gieorge Pala de.
SL Miller Expeiment of evolutim
Double helicad struchureremodel of DA
ven by Wats0m Cice.

1 4
1958 Malthew

T
Meselson frankin Shaht experimend

A
CE. coli in

W
NHCI medium) proova

A
Aat

R
epicakio DNA

O
is semtonservai ve

Restmchioa SHT
Taylor tudy on vicia
flan= aba use

N
radioaçive

A
oidine and prpove semicomsarvafive

Y
matyre

I
DNA replicakion

R
1960s oreen evolukio

@
112 63 endonuclease isolaked
wheak fom
vaiekies Sonalika E. coli
Qnd Disasag resiskankj 4 Falyau Sona (Higa Yield
intmduce d in ndiq.
196 1 kime NCERT Biolog Boole
for
Published.
Senmor secan dary

66 Deríee Sami dwm voieflos of ice

inro eued in Inoid,
97 Gov
T Piscovery of
of
virids
Tndia legadise
by T 0. Diener
MTP
1972 Fluid Masaic Model
of
plasmg merbrme
Snger
re combinant
Nicolsoy b
P* DNA_ developed
a1 d Staly Cohen by
Hr bert Boyer
Nakional qnd
commitee for environmotal planning
Coordin atkioy was establiched
Uild ife pntaction act in India.
 1974 Water Act
chipo mvemsn

198os Joint foresk mana,ge mawt

1981 Air ack

ALDS wa firt eported
Intyinsit u rak of India r=0:020s
1983 Eli Lily a Anericah prepare

4
Comfany

AT 1
fom E. Coli

R A W
T O
Bhspal Tragdy

SH
1984

N
Miniskry of Evinhmunt amd Foreat etebla

I Y A
R
@ GManhrial
1986 Emviohmant Act NEPA

7 87 Noia includid in air pollukisn

T
frptoco Can ada)

19 98 Nai omal Foroxt folicy

1989 D Montria mtocal becoma sfeckhive

19 90s Delhi rymed 4- qmon moRF
pollurd ciHag.
 Fird eliit ad uraPy
170 old wlh ADA deficin ty,
4 year irl
Humam Ge heme Projet (HGP) Jamche o.
Norld fopulakiom wA 2
4illin

Sumnik for Biodirai'ky Com or vahon

1992 EarJ
i Rio ole Jamario

odocol clmako chonge (Co?-3

o

4
1997 kyoto

1
yof fale rigls o

AT
An Amarica» (ompay

W
Bosmaki Rice hrough ha Us Pakent and

OR A
Trakomark fice

H T
NS
Firkt -0m89enic Cow "Rosie" Pro ducod

Y A
h4An milk oiein.

RI
Endia's posulakibn 1 btllion
world's ropulahbn 6 bill

@ Al
2000-P kechmique >4o km road loid.
( Ugins Ahmad Khank
INorld Summ for u8kainable devalopmeut
2002 Afrina)
of bi diwratky (Tohans burg Souh
All Buses of Delhi ware Canverred Tuh o
fCNG by ha enel of Me yaar. (CoP-8)

HGP Complated
2003

2 004 Accor ding to IUCN 17 o 18 million kpeciag

Exhnchion of 78t apecien

im Last Soo yorA
Eun-L Q oer LN DIA
200S 1 April- mo pollkd city of IHp.
Evn-r-B
206 Sequencing of 1 chroosonu humk Complted
may (HGP
 - IIL all over Tndia
0T0 1 April Eo-
Eu 1 13 cikias
2011 d populakon- 7.2 billto
worl
n dia' foplatn 12 billidn

1 4
MTP (Amandmant) Act.

AT
2017

A W
H T OR
Y A NS
@RI

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