Conclusion

Head losses were measured between two points along six different pipes and were used to

calculate the friction coefficients for straight pipes and drag coefficients for pipes with fittings.

These coefficients were determined by plotting the pressure drops between two points against the

flow rates and relating the slopes (INSERT METHOD HERE). These experimental values of the

drag and friction coefficients were compared to their theoretical values, which were obtained by

using the Blasius equation. The experimental friction coefficients for Pipe 1 had high errors

ranging from 40% to 50%, primarily due to variations in the roughness of the surface along the

pipe. Similarly, the experimental friction coefficients for Pipe 2 had high errors, ranging from

28% to 37%, also due to differences in roughness along the length of the pipe. Thus, the pipes

should be regularly maintained to ensure even roughness along the pipe, preventing

discrepancies in flow. In addition, the water should be regularly changed, as recycled water may

become contaminated from rust, and further corrode the pipe. The error for Pipe 3—which

ranges from 362% to 623%—and the error for Pipe 4—which ranges from 887% to 1752%—

were extremely high due to deficiencies in the electronic meter used to measure pressure

differences in the pipes. The electronic meters would not calibrate properly, and could not be

initially set to 0, prior to measuring pressure difference. As a result, the measured pressure

differences were not accurate. Therefore, the equipment used to take measurements should be

checked to ensure it is functioning correctly and be calibrated to make accurate calculations.