Traveling-Wave Protection and Testing Virtual Workshop

September 9, 2020 - 10:00 am - 1:30 pm Central Time

Webinar Setup

> Mics will be muted for all attendees Expand or collapse panel

> Q&A
> Will take place after each presentation
> Expand the panel
> Select “All Panelists”

> Polling at the break and conclusion

Select “All Panelists”

© OMICRON
About OMICRON

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Services for the Power Industry
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© OMICRON
Introduction to Traveling-Wave Protection and Fault-Locating Functions

Greg Smelich
Product Engineer, Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories (SEL)
© OMICRON
Introduction to
Traveling-Wave Protection
and Fault-Locating Functions

Greg Smelich
Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc.

© 2020 SEL
 UHS relay saves a full cycle
IB
4,000
Amperes

–4,000 IA IC

400 VA VB VC
Kilovolts

200
0
–200
–400

UHS relay
Phasor-based
relay
–10 0 10 20 30 40
Time (ms)
Launching
traveling waves

Insulator
“sportsman”
Launching
traveling waves VL–G
188 kV
Voltage
Collapse

Insulator
“sportsman”
At the instant of the fault, voltage and current
waves travel concurrently

vR vF
iR iF
At the instant of the fault, voltage and current
waves travel concurrently

vR vF
iR iF
Fault launches traveling waves
Fault at 75 km (46.6 mi) from Terminal S

S R
Line length (LL) =
300 km (186.41 mi)
tS tR
0 ms 0 ms
Fault launches traveling waves
Fault at 75 km (46.6 mi) from Terminal S

S R
Line length (LL) =
300 km (186.41 mi)
tS tR
0 ms µs
255.28 0 ms µs
765.83
TW directional element (TW32)

vTW = ZCiTW

∆v
TW directional element (TW32)

vTW = ZCiTW

∆v

vTW
iTW
iRELAY = –iTW
TW directional element (TW32)
Forward event
vTW = ZCiTW
Voltage t ∆v

Current t

Voltage TW t
vTW
iTW
Current TW t iRELAY = –iTW
TW directional element (TW32)
Forward event Reverse event
vTW = ZCiTW
Voltage t t ∆v

Current t t

Voltage TW t t
vTW
iTW
Current TW t t iRELAY = –iTW
TW87 principle of operation

Kirchhoff’s current External faults +

law factoring in line Local TW t
TWs of opposite
travel time TWLPT (T)
polarities, spaced
TW in = TW out after by travel time
line travel time Remote TW t
–

Faulted-loop Internal faults +

identification TWs of same Local TW t
Δt < T
Clarke components, polarities, spaced
alpha versus beta, less than travel time +
and no gamma Remote TW t
Time-domain elements and schemes offer
UHS line protection

1 Based on TWs
2 Based on incremental
quantities

 TW87 differential scheme  TD21 underreaching distance

(1–3 ms) element (2–6 ms)
 TW32 directional element  TD32 directional element
(0.1 ms) (1.5 ms)
Double-ended TW fault locator

S F R
M LL – M
tFAULT = 0

tS

tR

Time Time
Double-ended TW fault locator

S F R LL
M LL – M
tFAULT = 0
M = tS •
TWLPT

tS

tR

Time Time
Double-ended TW fault locator

S F R LL
M LL – M
tFAULT = 0
M = tS •
TWLPT

tS
LL
LL – M = tR •
tR TWLPT

LL  t S – tR 
M= • 1 + 
Time Time
2  TWLPT 
 B S F R
M LL – M
Single-ended tFAULT = 0

TW fault locator
t1

t2
LL
2 • M = ( t 4 – t1 ) •
TWLPT t3

t4
LL t 4 – t1
M= •
2 TWLPT
t5

Time Time Time

Estimating TWLPT

distance LL
Speed =
=
time TWLPT

Overhead Underground
300 km line 42.2 km line
300.00 42.20
= 1,021.11 µs = 255.93 µs
0.98 • 299,792.458 0.55 • 299,792.458
Measure TWLPT to maximize accuracy

 Perform line energization test

TWLPT
 Capture high-resolution
current record
 Find accurate tRT from record
tRT
 Calculate

TWLPT = 0.5 � t RT
Time Time
Chivor

Jagüey
Colombia
230 kV, 260 km
(161.6 mi)
Chivor-to-Rubiales
transmission corridor

Rubiales
 Tripping relay at Jagüey
2,000 1:IAW
Current (A)

1:IBW
1:ICW

0
–2,000

200 1:VAY
Voltage (kV)

1:VBY
1:VCY

–200
41.5 ms
52A 23 ms
Z1G 23 ms
TRIP
SPOC
–10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Time (ms)
 Tripping relay at Jagüey
2,000 1:IAW
Current (A)

1:IBW
1:ICW

0
–2,000

200 1:VAY
Voltage (kV)

Z1G, TRIP 52A 1:VBY

1:VCY

0 23 ms 41.5 ms

–200
41.5 ms
52A 23 ms
Z1G 23 ms
TRIP
SPOC
–10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Time (ms)
 UHS relay at Jagüey
1:IA
2,000 1:IB
1:IC
Current (A)

–2,000

1:VA
1:VB
200 1:VC
Voltage (kV)

–200

–10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (ms)
 1,000
UHS0 relay at Jagüey shows TW32F, TD32F, 1:IA
Current (A)
1:IB

TW87, PTRXC, and TD21G assert

1:IC

–1,000
–2,000
–3,000
1:VA
200 1:VB
Voltage (kV)

1:VC

–200

69 µs
UHS_TW32F 1.37 ms
UHS_TD32F
1.47 ms
UHS_TW87
2.17 ms
UHS_PTRXC
7.67 ms
UHS_TD21G 1.47 ms
UHS_TRIP
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time (ms)
 1,000
1:IA
Current (A)
0 1:IB
1:IC

–1,000
–2,000
–3,000
1:VA
200 1:VB
Voltage (kV)

1:VC

–200

69 µs
UHS_TW32F 1.37 ms
UHS_TD32F
1.47 ms
UHS_TW87
2.17 ms
UHS_PTRXC
7.67 ms
UHS_TD21G 1.47 ms
UHS_TRIP
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time (ms)
 1,000
1:IA
Current (A)
0 1:IB
1:IC

–1,000
–2,000
–3,000
1:VA
200 1:VB
Voltage (kV)

1:VC

0
TRIP
–200
1.47 ms
69 µs
UHS_TW32F 1.37 ms
UHS_TD32F
1.47 ms
UHS_TW87
2.17 ms
UHS_PTRXC
7.67 ms
UHS_TD21G 1.47 ms
UHS_TRIP
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time (ms)
UHS and standard relay operating times
Relay UHS relay Standard relay

TW87 POTT TD21G Z1G

Trip element
(ms) (ms) (ms) (ms)

Relay
1.47 2.17 7.67 23.00
operating time

Relay + breaker
19.97 20.67 26.17 41.50
operating time
 UHS relay at Jagüey shows C-phase TWs

TWIC.alpha 290.795 A TWIC.alpha –3.07618 A

400 TWICR.alpha 0.511376 A TWICR.alpha 401.566 A
Current (A)

200
Local Remote

105.55 μs

–50 2:24:18.080605082 AM 50 2:24:18.080710630 AM 150

Time (μs)
Bewley lattice
diagram for
C-phase fault
using alpha-mode
TW local and
remote terminal
currents
UHS relay directs
patrol crew within
one tower span of
damaged insulator
Replaced C-phase insulator
Line monitor counts low-energy and fault
events and asserts alarm
 Trigger double-ended TW fault locator, even if no trip occurs
 Calculate event location if no trip occurs, and calculate
fault location if trip occurs
 Tabulate event and / or fault locations over time in
0.25-mile or kilometer bins
 Assert alarm or trip on high bin counts
Improve operations
with line monitoring
Vegetation encroachment
Trim vegetation to prevent faults

Failing insulators
Replace to reduce fault count

Dirty insulators
Wash to prevent faults

Nonelectrical brush fires

Gain awareness, determine sequence
 Fault precursor located – line monitor
100 1:VA
3:VA
Voltage (kV)

50
0
–50
–100

1:TWIA.alpha
60
3:TWIA.alpha

40
Current (A)

20

–20
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2
Time (ms)
Precursors are measurable
 1:TWIA.alpha –3.85412 A  1:TWIA.alpha –0.143337 A
 3:TWIA.alpha –0.613155 A  3:TWIA.alpha –2.96226 A
4
Current (A)

–4
97 µs

–10,750 –10,700 –10,650

Time (µs)
Precursors can be located
 1:TWIA.alpha –3.85412 A  1:TWIA.alpha –0.143337 A
 3:TWIA.alpha –0.613155 A  3:TWIA.alpha –2.96226 A
4
Current (A)

56.31km  97 µs 
2  196.68 µs  = 14.269 km
1–
 
–4
97 µs

–10,750 –10,700 –10,650

Time (µs)
Second precursor
 1:TWIA.alpha 4.79376 A  1:TWIA.alpha 1.27409 A
8  3:TWIA.alpha 0.453894 A  3:TWIA.alpha 4.10894 A
Current (A)

98 µs
–4

–500 8:01:00.383462000 AM
–450 –400 8:01:00.383560000 AM –350
Time (µs)
Short-circuit
 1:TWIA.alpha 58.5284 A  1:TWIA.alpha 47.3324 A
60  3:TWIA.alpha 2.00669 A  3:TWIA.alpha 58.6718 A

40
Current (A)

20

0
97 µs

0 50 100 150 200

Time (µs)
Principle of operation
Line divided into bins for event counting

Local Remote
terminal Bin terminal
L
...

0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5

L + 0.125
L – 0.125
LL
Principle of operation
Asserts alarm on sum of counts in three adjacent bins

True location of
recurring event

Location

Event location
results
Principle of operation
Asserts alarm on sum of counts in three adjacent bins
Event
count True location of
recurring event
6
5
4
3 Alarm
2 location
1 Location

9.75 10 10.25

Event location Recommended inspection area

results
Questions?
Case Study | PNM’s Field Experience with UHS Protection on a 345 kV Line

Richard Kirby
Senior Product Sales Manager, Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories (SEL)
© OMICRON
PNM’s Field Experience
With UHS Protection on
a 345 kV Line

Richard Kirby
Senior Product Sales Manager

© SEL 2020
Agenda

Project July 9, September 12, Analysis

overview 2018 event 2019 event demonstration
 San Juan
Four Corners PNM system

Cabezon  3,189 miles of

McKinley
Rio Puerco transmission lines
HVDC Tie  69–345 kV
Springerville primary voltage
 46 kV subtransmission
SPP
 14,338 miles of
Greenlee HVDC Tie
transmission and
distribution lines
 Large generation at
115 kV San Juan and Four
230 kV Corners substations
345 kV
PNM line protection standards

 Two relays at 115 kV and 230 kV; three relays at 345 kV

 Line current differential, POTT, and step-distance protection
with backup overcurrent protection
 Quadrilateral distance protection for phase and ground
– Z1 = 70–80% of line impedance
– Z2 = POTT forward direction and step-distance delay of 20 cycles
– Z3 = POTT reverse direction
– Z4 = breaker failure, forward direction, and delay of 60 cycles
Traditional PNM protection for 345 kV lines
 Three phasor-based relays  One 51G element coordinated
 Four zones of 21P and 21G with remote terminal relay
(quadrilateral characteristics)  One level of 67P and 67G
– Zones 1, 2, and 4 set forward that detects faults in first
10–15% of line
– Zone 3 set reverse
 87L-enabled
 POTT scheme using
overcurrent and
distance elements
Cabezon project summary

 Compensation for Cabezon–Rio Puerco line is ~160%

 Protection is UHS and phasor-based
 Typical PNM compensation is 40–50%
 Shunt reactor provides reactive compensation
Cabezon project summary
San Juan WW line Cabezon CZ line Rio Puerco
j63 Ω (109 miles) j19 Ω (34 miles)

–j32.2 Ω

FW line
j80 Ω (134 mi)

WW = San Juan–Cabezon –j32.2 Ω

Four CZ = Cabezon–Rio Puerco
Corners FW = Four Corners–Rio Puerco
PNM transmission challenge

345 kV line split by new substation Challenging for

Series capacitor near one end traditional protection

Shorter part overcompensated Simple for SEL-T400L

XL – XC < 0 i = C dv/dt, dv = i/C dt

dt is so short that the capacitor is imperceptible!

RTDS model of PNM 345 kV system
San
McKinley Juan

Jicarilla Ojo
Waterflow

Shiprock
Cabezon Rio
WW Line CZ Line B-A
Puerco
(109.32 miles) (33.1 miles)

West
Four Corners
Mesa
RTDS test results validate SEL-T400L
performance on CZ line
*RTDS could not test traveling-wave elements
20
Rio Puerco
18
Cabezon
16 SEL-411L
14
12
Average trip
time (ms) 10
8
6
SEL-T400L
4
2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Fault location (% of line)
RTDS test results validate SEL-T400L
performance on WW line
*RTDS could not test traveling-wave elements
18
San Juan
16 Cabezon SEL-411L
14
12

Average trip 10
time (ms) 8
6
SEL-T400L
4
2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Fault location (% of line)
PNM selected to apply UHS line protection

 SEL-T400L relays using incremental quantities and TWs

responded to events prior to voltage change across
capacitor bank
 PNM was motivated by speed, security, and reliability
performance in simulations
 PNM applied SEL-T400L relays in conjunction with
traditional phasor-based protection
External fault validates security of
protection schemes
McKinley San Juan
Phase-C-to-ground fault on Rio Puerco–
Four Corners Line (July 9, 2018)
Jicarilla SEL-T400L relays installed on San Juan–
Waterflow
Cabezon and Cabezon–Rio Puerco lines
Shiprock
Cabezon
WW Line CZ Line Rio Puerco B-A
(109.32 miles) (33.1 miles)

West
Four Corners
Mesa
SEL-T400L recorded event at
Rio Puerco terminal
2,000
1,000
Current (A) 0
–1,000
–2,000
300

Voltage (kV) 0

–300

TW32R
TD32R
TD21
TW87
TRIP
–20 0 20 40 60
Time (ms)
TW87 restrains for external fault
Local and remote TWS

100

50

Current (A) 0

–50

–100 186.317 µs

0 50 100 150 200 250

Time (µs)
PNM first internal fault cleared by SEL-T400L
SEL-T400L SEL-T400L SEL-T400L SEL-T400L
San Juan Cabezon Rio Puerco

Phase-B-to-ground fault on
San Juan-to-Cabezon line
on September 12, 2019

Four Corners
 4,000 Clears in 24.36 ms 1:IA
1:IB
1:IC
Current (A)

–4,000

400 1:VA
1:VB
Voltage (kV)

1:VC

–400
Trips in 1.56 ms
1.56 ms
T400L_TRIP
–10 0 10 20 30
Time (ms)
 SEL-T400L relay wins by 11.16 ms
4,000 1:IA
Current (A)

1:IB
1:IC

–4,000
400
1:VA
Voltage (kV)

1:VB

0 SEL-T400L relay SEL-411L relay 1:VC

trips in 1.56 ms trips in 12.72 ms

–400
1.56 ms
T400L_TW87
1.96 ms
T400L_POTT 8.56 ms
T400L_TD21G 1.56 ms
T400L_TRIP 12.72 ms
411L_87OP
–10 0 10 20 30
Time (ms)
Fault located within one tower span!

800

600
Local
Remote
Current (A) 400

TWIB.alpha 857.592 A TWIB.alpha 3.2053 A

200 TWIBR.alpha 1.22121 A TWIBR.alpha 551.444 A

137.84 μs
0
3:32:57.08998625 PM 50 100 3:32:57.09012409 PM
Time (μs)
SYNCHROWAVE® Event demo
Questions?
15-minute Break with Polling
Testing Time-Domain Protection Functions – Requirements and Solutions
+
Practical Demonstration: Testing Time-Domain Protection

Christopher Pritchard
Head of Product Management, OMICRON
© OMICRON
 Testing Time Domain Protection Functions

© OMICRON 16 September 2020

SEL Terminology

TD21 TD32 TW32 TW87

Incremental Travelling
Quantities
(aka super imposed components) Wave

Time Domain
© OMICRON Page 77
Time Domain vs Frequency Domain

> Frequency Domain algorithms

> Band-pass filtering to obtain phasors
> Slower operation
> Forgiving to simplified test signals

> Time Domain algorithms

> Wide-band filtering
> Faster operation

Req. #1:
Test signals in the effective frequency
spectrum
Page 78
Incremental quantities ZS mZL (1 – m)ZL ZR

IPRE

> Based on VS VF VR
VPRE
> Thevenin’s theorem and Prefault Network
Load V and I
> superposition +
ZS mZL (1 – m)ZL ZR

∆I

> Faulted network split into: ∆V

∆VF

> prefault and Fault Network

Pure Fault V and I
> fault-only network
=
ZS mZL (1 – m)ZL ZR

I = IPRE + ∆I

VR
VS
V = VPRE Faulted Network
+ ∆V Load and Fault V and I

Req. #2:
Correct prefault to fault transition

Page 79
Time Domain Distance (TD21)

> Neither Mho or Quad

> Series compensated systems need special considerations

Page 80
Time Domain Directional (TD32)

> Used for POTT scheme

> Adaptive thresholds, depends on

> TD32ZF and TD32ZR, depends on

> Power system data:

> Line and Source impedances

(a) ∆iREL AY ∆iF

∆iZ
∆vREL AY ∆vF

(b) ∆iF ∆iREL AY

∆vF ∆iZ
∆vREL AY

Page 81
Traveling Waves

> Line fault generates traveling wave

> (inception angle ≠ 0°)
> TW propagates close to speed of light (on OHL)
> At discontinuities (𝑍𝑍𝑊𝑊𝑊 ≠ 𝑍𝑍𝑊𝑊𝑊 ) TW are reflected
> Rise time in low microseconds range

Req. #3: Traveling Wave incident

transmitted
Steep TW pulses
(MHz spectrum)
reflected
82
Two-Ended Method (TW87)

> Mostly relying on first TW arrival -> immune to reflections

> Mostly evaluates timing and polarity
> Depends on line propagation delay

1
𝑚𝑚 = 𝑙𝑙 + 𝑡𝑡𝐿𝐿 − 𝑡𝑡𝑅𝑅 𝑣𝑣
2
Req. #4: Precisely timed pulses with controllable polarity
83
Traveling Wave Directional (TW32)

> Compares voltage & current TW polarity

> Accelerates permissive keying in POTT scheme
(a) (b)

+ +

t t
Voltage TW Voltage TW

t t
Current TW Current TW

A Few
Tens of µs

Integrated Integrated
Torque Torque
–∫ VTW • ITW t –∫ VTW • ITW t

Req. #5:
t t
TW32 TW32

Voltage and current TW pulses

Page 85
Supervision & Logic Req. #6:
Overcome supervision
(ideally without a test mode)

TD32ZF
TD32
TP50 TD32ZR

TD21MG
TD21 TD21MP
TWLPT TW87

TP67
TW32 POTT
= Settings
= Supervision
TP = Trip Permission
TP
UHS incremental overcurrent elements Page 86
Test signal requirements

> Traveling wave signals

> Steep traveling wave pulses (under 1μs rise-time)
> Precisely timed pulses
> Controllable polarity
> Voltage and current traveling wave pulses
> Simulation of one reflection for single-ended fault locators

> Combined with conventional test signals

> Correct fault transition in conventional signal
> Precisely timed point-on-wave TW pulses

© OMICRON Page 87
Designed for ease of operation

1 Enter simple power

system data

2 Place fault Transient simulation (10kHz) TW pulses

3 Press execute

TW injector
Trigger

TW relay

© OMICRON Page 88
Test setup in the field
Connection and control via
Internet or direct Ethernet
Control
everything
from one PC
Main Proxy
application application

A B

© OMICRON Page 89
Wiring cases for the accessory

© OMICRON Page 90
Test Example: End To End Test of TW87
(External Fault)

Page 91
Test Example: End To End Test of TW87
(Internal Fault)

Page 92
Precision of TW pulse timing

> Time accuracy is vital –

as 1µs offset = 300m/900ft error

> TW pulses from two test sets –

Jitter within ±40ns
Toffset = ~0ns (±20ns)

> TWX1 running in a phase lock

loop with CMC

Tjitter = ~80ns (±40ns)

© OMICRON Page 93
Conclusion

> User-friendly field-testing solution

> No separate calculations
> No rewiring during execution
> Test mode or settings changes can be
avoided
> Control end-to-end test from one location

> Time savings of at least 50% compared to other solutions

> Nanosecond precision (±40ns Jitter)

> Works for single-, double- and multi-ended TW protection relays and fault
locators based on current and/or voltage TW

> Just an extension of your existing test set

© OMICRON Page 94
Questions?
 Practical Demonstration:
Testing Time-Domain Protection

© OMICRON 16 September 2020

Prototype Setup
SEL-T400L SEL-T400L
Fiber

TICRO 100
IRIG-B IRIG-B

Trip Trip

ETH (PTP)

3xI 3xV Ext. 3xI 3xV Ext.

ETH (PTP)

ETH (PTP)

ETH
CMC-356 CMC-356

Page 97
Questions?
Case Study | Traveling-Wave Relay Application,
Commissioning, and Initial Experience at SRP

Anthony Sivesind Scott Cooper

Principal Engineer, Salt River Project (SRP) Training and Application Engineer, OMICRON

© OMICRON
TRAVELING WAVE RELAY APPLICATION, COMMISSIONING, AND INITIAL EXPERIENCE
INTRODUCTION
• Salt River Project is an Arizona utility centered around the Phoenix metropolitan area

• Past experience utilizing traveling wave recording on transmission lines to assist with fault
locating:
• Qualitrol/Hathaway Telefault TWS system in a select location
• SEL 411L relays implemented as a standard throughout our system beginning in 2015

• With new options becoming available in traveling wave and time domain protection:
• Salt River Project decided to invest in a trial installation of SEL’s T400L relay in 2017/2018
• Partnered with OMICRON to assist in the commissioning

SRP/OMICRON - TW RELAY APPLICATION, COMMISSIONING, AND INITIAL EXPERIENCE 101

 SITE SELECTION

• Goal – A high number of faults of different types in a short time period

• 69kV sub-transmission line located in the southeast valley
• Known high fault frequency
• Avian activity
• Open exposure to monsoon storms

• Requirement – OPGW with free fiber pair

• Communications at near speed of light
• Allocation typically dominated by business allocation

SRP/OMICRON - TW RELAY APPLICATION, COMMISSIONING, AND INITIAL EXPERIENCE 102

DESIGN AND INSTALLATION
• Installed to operate in parallel with existing, traditional, phasor-based relaying systems
• Direct comparison to 87L and 21 functions
• Not wired in to trip line breakers
• Prevents any possible nuisance operations
• Allows for updates/modifications to settings/firmware during trial period

SRP/OMICRON - TW RELAY APPLICATION, COMMISSIONING, AND INITIAL EXPERIENCE 103

SETTINGS
• Short circuit study utilized for four elemental settings
• Phase and Ground overcurrent supervision thresholds
• Coordinated between the lowest possible faults and maximum possible loading
• Used to supervise TW relay elements

• Forward and Reverse directional elements

• Impedance (Z) based thresholds used to torque control both the distance and differential line protection elements
• Forward = 30% of the minimum positive-sequence Z behind the local bus
• Reverse = 30% of the protected line’s positive-sequence Z

• Reaches set to SRP-standard 80% phase and 70% ground

• Classic source impedance ratio still evaluated to estimate expected performance

• Line Length = 8.49 miles

SRP/OMICRON - TW RELAY APPLICATION, COMMISSIONING, AND INITIAL EXPERIENCE 104

SETTINGS
• 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 0.5 ∗ [𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 + 𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 − 𝑡𝑡𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 ∗ 𝑣𝑣𝑝𝑝 ]

• Two additional settings

• Secondary cable propagation delay
• Static value based on cable type and specific lengths used
• Appropriate delay to be added to the traveling waves,
otherwise it could account for substantial errors

• Primary line propagation velocity

• Switching procedure utilized
• Estimation (vp = 0.98) used to analyze triggered event:
2∗𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
• 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 − 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 =
0.98∗𝑐𝑐

• Experimental time difference from launch (t1) to reception

(t2) provides actual Vp:
2∗𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
• 𝑣𝑣𝑝𝑝 =
(𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 − 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 ) ∗ 𝑐𝑐

SRP/OMICRON - TW RELAY APPLICATION, COMMISSIONING, AND INITIAL EXPERIENCE 105

SETTING NOTES
• Interesting to note polarities of TWs
• Voltage sinewave’s influence on polarity
• +V leads to +TW wave, and vise-versa

• Reflection at opposite end depends on Z

• Typically appears as infinite, and produces nearly perfect inversion
• Transformers located at a line end will also invert polarity
(Z > protected line)
• Line taps typically produce minor reflections of same polarity
(parallel Z decreases line’s effective impedance)

o Tap along subject line did not produce significant reflections

(distinguishable from the captured energizing event)

𝑍𝑍0,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 − 𝑍𝑍0
Γ = 𝑍𝑍
0,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 + 𝑍𝑍0

SRP/OMICRON - TW RELAY APPLICATION, COMMISSIONING, AND INITIAL EXPERIENCE 106

Testing

Performed end to end testing with

specialized hardware and software
• Time synchronized with IEEE 1588
clocks
• Testing requires a 60hz waveform
and simultaneous traveling wave
simulation
• The 60hz waveform must be
realistic
• The traveling waves must have
the correct polarity and be
precisely time synchronized in
accordance with simulated fault
location

Page 107
Testing
The line model
• Draw Topography
• Define Element characteristics

Page 108
Testing the Traveling Wave Element
• A number of test cases were run varying the fault location and fault
loop
• TW relay tripped for all cases where faults were inside the protected
zone and FIA was not equal to 0, 180 degrees
• TW trip times were found to be 0.8-2.3 msec (stimulus to response)
• Simulated fault location and measured fault location was accurate to
within 10m

Page 109
Testing the Time Domain Distance Element
Time Domain Backup Protection with reach set to
80% phase, 70% ground
• Testing of this element was accomplished by
setting FIA to 0 or 180 degrees or disabling the
communication
• Trip times were slower, ranging from 2.9 to
5.2msec
• The last case showed substantial under-reaching
• In this case, weak system (Infeed B) caused
under-reaching
• TD32 with a POTT scheme should mitigate this

Page 110
Tests for faults outside of the protected zone

Page 111
REAL WORLD EXPERIENCE – FAULT CASE
• Line fault occurred in July 2018

• Cause – foil balloons bridged bottom phase (C) to ground

• Confirmed during line inspection later

• Arcing evidence on wood pole’s copper ground wire
• Remnants of balloons still on C-phase insulator

• Location = 6.45 miles from Dinosaur

SRP/OMICRON - TW RELAY APPLICATION, COMMISSIONING, AND INITIAL EXPERIENCE 112

REAL WORLD EXPERIENCE – TW RELAY FAULT LOCATING
• TW relay auto-reported
6.47 miles from Dinosaur
• 100 feet from actual

• Further manual event

analysis brings the
estimate even closer

• Z-based relays report a

distance of 5.95 miles
• 8 transmissions
structures off

SRP/OMICRON - TW RELAY APPLICATION, COMMISSIONING, AND INITIAL EXPERIENCE 113

REAL WORLD EXPERIENCE – TW RELAY PERFORMANCE
• Operating speed – TW Relay:

• Fault detection @ Micromill One

• 2.04 miles from fault (< 1/3 LL)
• TWDD in < 0.1 ms
• Trip on TW87 at 0.9 ms

• Fault detection @ Dinosaur

• 6.45 miles from fault
• Trip on TW87 at 2.1 ms

• 1/8th cycle total clearing time

SRP/OMICRON - TW RELAY APPLICATION, COMMISSIONING, AND INITIAL EXPERIENCE 114

REAL WORLD EXPERIENCE – TW RELAY PERFORMANCE
• Operating speed – Phasor based relays:

• Fault detection @ Micromill One

• 2.04 miles from fault (< 1/3 LL)
• DD in 9 ms
• Trip on Z1G at 14.6 ms

• Fault detection @ Dinosaur

• 6.45 miles from fault
• Trip on TRIP87 at 18 ms

• > 1 cycle total clearing time

SRP/OMICRON - TW RELAY APPLICATION, COMMISSIONING, AND INITIAL EXPERIENCE 115

MOVING FORWARD
• Continue working with OMICRON to determine optimal testing methods to use for traveling
wave and time-domain based fault location and protection

• Continue to participate in SEL’s line monitor function testing

• Plan critical EHV line protection upgrades with time-domain devices included in overall
relaying package

SRP/OMICRON - TW RELAY APPLICATION, COMMISSIONING, AND INITIAL EXPERIENCE 116

Questions?
Thank you for your Participation!

© OMICRON