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Mobile Network Evolution To 5g
Mobile Network Evolution To 5g
Nordic
Mobile
Telephone
Mobile Network
Evolution to 5G
Matti Keskinen
Internal Consultant
Mobile Networks
Mobile Networks Evolution in nutshell (Starting with old” Nokia solutions)
ARP NMT
Auto
Nordic Mobile
Radio
Telephone
Puhelin
Focus
today
1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s ?
…..10 years evolution cycle…..
2
4th Industrial Revolution Powered by 5G
3
4 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T6ubRoZCeVw
5 © 2016 Nokia
Some history material
From “old” Nokia
Automatic Telephone Exchange
• Automatic Telephone exchange was invented by american
mortician Almon B. Strowger in year 1891. According the
story there was two funeral offices in same locality. Wife of
his competitor was telephonist in the city exchange.
Strowgler noticed quite fast, that he is forced to change
occupation or invent automatic telephone exchange.
• Strowglers exchange used electromechanical selector,
which were set one by one in right position using dial on
telephone set. So it was the caller, who steer exchanges
selectors to right position from his own telephone set.
When selectors were in proper position, connection
between A-subscriber and B-subscriber was formed.
• In year 1908 Western Electric employee McBerty invented
solution, where caller itself didn’t control telephone
exchange directly, but number were stored on register.
When A-subscriber dialled number, exchange stored it,
compared number to information in register and formed
connection throug exchange according register
information.
• Exchanges of both Western Electric and LM Ericsson were
build according this principle. Fine mechanical structure of
both those exchanges was still different.
• These exchanges needed already primitive data-
processing for dialled number conversion to physical
movement of selectors.
• “Program code” and telephone numbers were hardcoded
for long time with help of different levers and
electromagnets literally to hardware level.
7
Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT900) based Switching System
....1986....
SW8 = Small 8 PCM switch matrix, which was used to connect base stations to DX200
Nokia launched NMT900 based Switching NMT exchange. In NMP there wasn’t HW GSM/WCDMA type adaptation layer (BSC,
RNC) between base stations and exchange. Base stations were directly connected to
System called ”MTX” = Mobile Telephone DX200 NMT exchange with help of SW8.
Exchange
DSP8 = (NMT modem). This PIU was first signalling processor made in Nokia Core
Roaming between Nordic Countries Systems. So this is in a way predessor of current DSP processors. Analog NMT radio
was very huge milestone in Mobile System channel signalling (Hagelbarker coding) was implemented with this PIU and loadable
development. DSP software. Analog inband Signalling use 64 bit frame, where it was possible to
correct errors for some bits. There wasn’t separate signalling channel in NMT (common
channel signalling), instead call signalling was implemented using this modem and
analog signalling was nicely using same “tube” as speech. That was the reason, that
coding should be relatively reliable to not produce call signalling from speech
information.
900 MHz
1986
DX200 PSTN
NMT900
8
GSM (2G) – first Digital Mobile system
....1991....
• Radiolinja in Finland made the World First GSM Call with Nokia products
• Three new network elements included in to GSM Network Architecture
- MSC (Mobile Switching Exchange)
- HLR (Home Location Register)
- BSC (Base Station Controller)
- Base Statiosn BTS
DX200
HLR
1991
DX200 DX200
BSC PSTN/
MSC PLMN
9
Mobile Packet Data started (SGSN and GPRS data connection)
....2000....
New member for DX200 Family was born – SGSN
for Packet Switched Core (GPRS).
DX200
2000 HLR
DX200 DX200
BSC PSTN/
MSC PLMN
DX200 GGSN
SGSN IP
10
WCDMA (3G)
....2002
DX200 based MSC launced for WCDMA network. IPA2800 platform
was the new base for RNC and MGW. DMX OS was used by IPA2800.
DX200
2002 HLR
DX200 PSTN/
MSC
PLMN
IPA2800 IPA2800
RNC MGW
11
2004 MSC Server architecture – Big Business success in CS Voice
segment
Radio R4 Mobile Core PSTN etc.
MAP over IP
HL (SIGTRAN)
R IP
MAP over Or
(SIGTRAN) TDM based MAP GMSC
MSC BICC/ISUP GCS C7 (ISUP)
Server or
MSS TRANSIT
H.248
SIGTRAN H.248 SIGTRAN C7 (ISUP) Switch
Iu-CS ATM
WCDMARNC
ATM
PSTN IP
IP
TDM Switch TDM
12
Network Architectures - high level view
Packet Core
3G
(WCDMA) Data
RNC
14
2G and 3G still dominating Mobile Voice services
Mobile Subscriptions 8bn
Note:
Non 3GPP Voice Services
(VoIP – like Whatsup…)
not included
5,7bn
subscribers still
using 2G&3G Voice
2,3bn
VoLTE subscriptions
(Note: Many of them using
CS voice as well)
15 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2014 Source: Ericsson Mobility Report | June 2018
Mobile Broadband – First Motivation for 5G Deployment
(…but not the biggest one in long run)
China and India leading in total mobile Finland #1 globally in terms of mobile data per
data traffic >150.000.000 GB/day person >1 GB/person/day
Mobile data per day [PB]
200 Note:
China India USA EU The picture is SIM based
data usage. The SIM
150
penetration in Finland is
200%. So the Mobile Data
100 usage per person is 2 x is
50
0
2017 2018
16
5G “in big picture”
&
Standarization status
5G –Three Main Segments
1.000.000 <1 ms
devices per km2
radio latency
Range Massive Ultra Reliable
164 dB MCL machine type Low Latency Ultra Reliable
(Maximum
Coupling Loss) communication communication < 10-5 outage
(mMTC) (URLLC)
>15 years
on battery Zero
mobility
mMTC interruption
ultra low cost
18 © 2016 Nokia
3GPP 5G specification schedule First 5G Several 5G
launches launches
Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
5G NR NSA 5G NR SA 5G Rel-16
5G NR NSA
Completion Completion Stage 3 completion
Option 3 family options 4&7
Option 2
Non Backward 3 3A 3X
EPC EPC EPC
Compatible changes NSA Option 3
family
Note: NSA 3x device is not forward ASN.1_June
NSA Option 3
compatible with SA 2 family
E-UTRA NR E-UTRA NR E-UTRA NR
ASN.1_September
NSA 3x SA 2 2 7X
4
5GC 5GC 5GC
NSA 3x and SA 2 options will be
first deployments in 5G networks
NSA = Non Stand Alone = EPC core (“Options 3”) & LTE Anchor
NR E-UTRA NR E-UTRA NR
SA = Stand Alone = option 2 (NR + 5G Core) and option 5 (LTE + 5G Core)
Release 16 timeline
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2
Rel-16 Rel-16
L1 freeze protocol
freeze
Rel-16
ASN.1
ASN stands for ”Abstract Syntax Notation”
20
Release 16 key themes – 5G Radio
5G Unlicensed 5G
Rel-16 Industry 4.0, smart
NR based IoT UE categories
city, Private networks
21
3GPP Meeting Attendance has Increased with 5G
The legacy problem! Some growth, but not all for Telcos New DSP markets offer growth
Most consumer focused operators facing long term stagnation – enterprise becomes a key focus
Extreme mobile broadband market starts E2E solutions for all three markets
High capacity and coverage
High capacity and coverage
Ultra high capacity
0,4-6 GHz
• Megacity capacity densification
5G Fixed Wireless Access
• 3 to 6GHz ~100MHz BW /
Extreme <1GHz ~20MHz BW
>6GHz Mobile
Broadband • Dense urban grid
2018 2019 2020 2021 Ultra high capacity
• Ultra dense use cases
M2M/MTC 5G markets to start to • cm/mmWave
develop 2022+ • Short range
• Early competition: NB-IoT/LTE-M Massive Critical
machine machine 5G Fixed Wireless Access
• MTC IoT needs coverage layer, and communication communication
large volumes of low cost devices • Extension of fiber access
• Verticals not expected to be early • cm/mmWave
adopters for 5G (low expertise) • Line of Sight (LOS)
• Earlier trials to test technology and define business models
24 © 2018 Nokia
5G Frequencies
5G Spectrum & Bands
High data rates up to 20 Gbps require bandwidth up to
1 GHz which is available at higher frequency bands.
5G is the first radio technology that is designed to operate
on any frequency bands between 450 MHz and 90 GHz.
27
Frequencies of Test Network (”TTO” allocations) for 3,5 GHz No decision yet!
(Russian radar
3410 problem)
3490
3510
3540
3570
3590
3620
3640
3670
3700
3720
3800
[MHz]
Primary use
A Band 130 MHz B Band 130 MHz C Band 130 MHz
Secondary use
3410
3480
3540
3600
3610
3630
3660
3680
3690
3700
3710
3730
3760
3780
3800
[MHz]
114 GHz 5G
100 GHz
3 mm LTE
Millimeter
waves Wi-Fi
30 GHz
1 cm
10 GHz
3 cm Centimeter #3 Flexible frame design in #5 Distributed architecture
waves physical layer
3 GHz time
Dt • Lean carrier
10 cm User #3
Df
• Flexible size, control,
frequency
User #2
User #4 User #5
TDD, bandwidth etc
300 MHz User #2
User #1
User #1
User #3 User #5
1m Note: Growing complexity
One tile corresponds to the smallest user allocation in BB (Note: L1, Soc) Gateway
31
Cloud-Native 5G Core + radio
Service Based Architecture Stateless VNFs using SDL Programmable open ecosystem
Vendor
Analytics applications
Operator
API exposure applications Service
A B States & data providers
Shared Data Layer
VNF business Control plane Multivendor database API
C D logic User plane
Cloud infrastructure agnostic
LTE 5G 5G
MCG bearer
a S1 UP
split bearer
MME S11 SGW
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
• LTE eNB acts as Master and controls
SCG
Bearer
which S1-U bearers are handled by CP+UP
Splitting
S1-MME Path
each radio( LTE/NR) LTE
Xx
NR gNB S1-U Switching LTE eNB gNB
2 4
eNB
Xx PDCP Xx NR PDCP PDCP =
• Based on LTE eNB instructions MME Option 3x Packet Data
NR RLC RLC NR RLC
informs S-GW where to establish S1-U Convergence
bearers towards i.e. LTE or NR LTE Protocol
MAC MAC NR MAC
RB1 RB2 RB3
• If NR radio quality becomes sub-
optimal S1-U bearer towards NR may
be either split at NR and sent entirely
over Xx to LTE or alternatively a PATH
SWITCH may be triggered where all
S1-U’s go to LTE eNB UE
34 20/05/2019 4G LTE 5G
Nokia Confidential
Some details and comparison
between 4G - 5G
5G Boosts Cell Capacity by 25x
5x More Spectrum and 5x More Efficiency
4G LTE 5G
36 © Nokia 2017
Innovations at Base Station Site with New Antennas and RF
1 2 3 4
User specific
beamforming
3 bands in
20 liter
37
Less site space, lower power consumption, better radio performance
© Nokia 2017
Massive MIMO technology – Active Adaptive Antennas
8 vertical dipoles
• More transmitters gives TRX1
more capacity • Number of antenna
• But more transmitters also TRX2 elements defines the
increases weight, power antenna gain which
consumption & cost controls coverage.
• More antenna elements
gives more coverage
TRX63
• But more antenna
elements increases the
3,5GHz TRX64 size of the antenna
Antenna especially at low
Filters
frequencies
38 © Nokia 2017
Innovations for Low Latency Radio Transmission – 1 millisecond in 5G
Minimum
transmission time Round trip time
2 ms 20-30 ms
HSPA
1 ms
LTE 10-15 ms
5G 0.125 ms 1 ms
39 © Nokia 2017
Latency in Mobile Networks
End-to-end latency
25 ∆ represents the total latency
Transport + core
20 BTS processing EPC/
UE ∆
UE processing NGC
ℎ
15
Scheduling
ms
Buffering • Strong evolution in latency
10 with new radios
Uplink transmission • 3G HSPA latency 20-30 ms
Endpoint
• LTE latency 10-15 ms
5 Downlink transmission • 5G latency 1 ms
• Low 5G latency requires Internet
5G3500 downlink
5G3500 uplink
UE BTS
LTE1800 downlink
• Uplink coverage is shorter than
downlink coverage. Therefore,
5G1800 uplink uplink in weak signal should use
LTE1800 uplink low band.
• Solution: 5G FDD for uplink and
5G and LTE uplink shared in frequency 5G 3.5 GHz TDD for downlink
domain at 1800 MHz to match 3.5 GHz • 5G and LTE multiplexed in FDD
downlink in frequency domain
45
Speed of Light is the Limit – Content Must be Close to the Radio
Content must be close to the radio (within a few 10 km) to get full benefit from the
1-ms round trip time in the radio Þ Multi access Edge Computing (MEC/vMEC)
and Local break out will be needed
46
IAB – Integrated Access and Backhaul (Rel. 16)
47
5G chipsets and devices, launching commercially from 2019
First wave Second wave
Commercial
X
Commercial chipsets
chipsets
NSA + SA
NSA NSA Commercial
Chip NSA+SA Commercial Chip
Commercial UE
Commercial UE
NSA NSA + SA
NSA Mobile Hotspot
49
Support 100 + 100 MHz
Radio going to Cloud
Current status of Telco Cloudification in rough level
Subs.
Regs
B
“Internet”
B B
B Core Cloud
Radio
(Voice & Data)
Controllers
B (2G & 3G)
B
Radio Netw. “PSTN/MN”
Evolution Trend
51
From classical to cloud – supporting all deployment strategies
Common cloud-native SW across Open Interfaces allowing multi- Zero touch and full automation through open API into
all different product types vendor capabilities analytics, AI and xRAN controller
1 5 Towards 4G
Classical Stand alone solution X2
BTS for small scale 5G
Adaptive antenna Non cloud or virtualized AI & Analytics
Management &
Orchestration
1 2
Cloud BTS
Radios connected via F1
Core Cloud –
RT/NRT L2 split AirScale to radio cloud Adaptive Airscale Data Center
Towards 4G
antenna RealTime BB
X2
3
Cloud Radios connect directly 4
to radio cloud – RT E1 xRAN
optimized F1 Controller
BTS function embedded in the Open
Adaptive antenna +
AAS L2RT BB Data Center or
Ecosystem
Edge Cloud
Network
1
All-in-Cloud Edge Cloud – Collaborat Co-create
to radio cloud
RT functions in
Adaptive antenna
Open API
cloud
1 Adaptive Antenna 2 Airscale System module w. real-time baseband 3 Airframe with 5G VNF (non-realtime baseband)
Ethernet CPRI or Ethernet
4 Cloud optimized 5G RF + 5 Airscale System module w. real-time and non-real-time baseband
antenna (w. L1, L2 RT )
52 © 2019 Nokia
Cloud RAN addresses growing need of 5G market opportunities at Edge
Removes HW limitation Optimized and harmonized Competitive Advantage
Enabler for new enterprise
with Cloud enabled transport network with 5G and Time to
market at Edge Cloud
solution Architecture market
Far Edge data centers Edge / Central data centers
Fronthaul NRT F1
57
Some Extra
material
FDD TDD
Downlink
Uplink UL DL UL DL
Time Time
BTS
DL
UE
UL
Spectral efficiency is most important area to improve due to increasing wireless data and
limitation of spectrum. Here some factors related to spectral efficiency:
• Carrier Aggregation
• Dual-/Multi Connectivity
• Wider bandwidth
f f
1 N 1km
2
X Hz Bit/s/Hz
1km