STRUCTURAL MECHANICS II

(CE 2102)

Dr. Thanuja Kulathunga

B.Sc.Eng. (Moratuwa), PhD (NUS)

Theory of Elasticity and Plasticity

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 Stress-strain diagram
• A diagram showing the relationship between stress
and strain
• This diagram depends on the material properties, not
on the dimensions of the structure

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 Stress-strain diagram (contd.)
• Four different regions can be identified in a stress strain curve
– Elastic
• Stress is proportional to strain (linear)
• Hooke’s law is applicable
• Material is elastic (i.e. deformations are recoverable)
– Yielding
• Plastic deformations start to occur ( deformations are not fully recoverable)
• Large strains occur for small increment of stress
– Hardening
• Unloading result in an elastic curve (stress is linearly proportional to the strain
and has the same slope as the elastic portion of the stress strain diagram)
• Repeat in load follow the same unloading curve but will reach a higher yielding
point indicating that the strain hardening improves the yield strength
– Necking
• Rapid reduction of cross section occurs over a small length as the load increases

Stress-strain diagram (contd.)

Ultimate
strength

Breaking
strength
Yield strength

Same path for loading

and unloading

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 Elastic Versus Plastic Behavior
• Elastic – deformations are recoverable (unloading
follows the same loading curve)
• Plastic – deformations are permanent (unloading
deviate from loading curve)

Ductile Vs Britt Materials

• Depending on the ability to undergo plastic deformation
before the fracture, materials can be classified in to two types
as brittle and ductile

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 Engineering Stress & Strain Vs True
Stress & Strain
• Engineering stress = Force / Initial Area

• True stress = Force / Deformed area

• Engineering strain = Elongation / Initial length

• True strain = Elongation / deformed length

Example 1
A bar of length 2 m is made of structural steel having the
stress strain diagram given in the figure below. The yield
stress of the steel is 250 MPa and the slope of the initial
linear part of the curve is 200 GPa. The bar is loaded axially
until it elongates 6.5 mm and then the load is removed.
How much is the permanent deformation of the bar?

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 Hooke’s Law
• Hooke’s Law says “Stress is linearly
proportional to strain”
• Proportional constant is called Young’s
Modulus or Modulus of Elasticity
• Hooke’s Law is valid only up to the
proportional limit below which the
relationship between the stress and strain is
linear (Elastic region)

3D Stress Element
Z
Stress of any
point in 3D
object can be 𝜏
𝜏
represented by
the 3D stress
block given
below
𝜏
𝜎 − Normal stresses z
X
𝜏 − Shear stresses

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 3D Generalized Hooke’s Law

Example 2
• Write the 3D stress tensor for the block shown below.
• If the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio are 200 GPa and 0.3
respectively, write the 3D strain tensor for the block.

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 2D Elasticity
• Many problems can be simplified to 2D
• Two main type of problems in 2D analysis are
– Plane stress (only the stress components in one
plane is considered non-zero, other stresses are
zero)
– Plane strain (only the strain components in one
plane is considered non-zero, other strains are
zero)

Plane Stress Vs Plane Strain

Plane Stress

But

 xy  y
 xy
x

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 Plane Stress Vs Plane Strain
Plane Strain

y
 xy
 xy
x

Examples for Plane Stress

• Thickness is considerably smaller than the other two
dimensions
• Loading act over the thickness only (in-plane loading)

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 Plane Strain
• Long bodies with uniform cross sections (one
dimension is much greater than the other two
dimensions)
• If the long direction is z, loads act on x and y planes
do not vary along z direction
• Two end z planes are fixed against displacement in z
directions

x
z

Example for Plane Strain

Retaining wall Earth dam Pressure vessel

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 Example 3
1. Hooke’s Law in 3D can be written as given in
the equation below. Using this expression,
derive stress strain relationship for plane
stress and plane strain conditions.

Plane Stress
Stress – strain relationship

or

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 Plane Strain
Stress – strain relationship

Example 4
2. Consider thin rectangular sheet with Young’s
Modulus 205 GPa and Poisson’s ratio 0.3. The sheet
is subjected to a uniform state of stress as shown in
the figure below. If the initial thickness of the plate
is 3 mm, what would be the thickness of the plate
after the stress is applied?

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 Example 5
A short piece of steel pipe having yield stress of
290 MPa is to carry an axial compressive load of
1200 kN with a factor of safety of 1.8 against
yielding. The thickness of the pipe is to be one
eighth of its outside diameter. Find the
minimum required outside diameter of the pipe
if the yielding is to be avoided.

Example 6
• A plate (300 mm x 200 mm) is subjected to an in plane loading
in the x direction as shown below. Thickness of the plate is 5
mm. E is 200 Gpa, G is 200 MPa and Poisson’s ratio is 0.3.
– Simplify the elasticity equation given below to plane stress condition.
– Assuming plane stress condition for the plate given, use the simplified
equation derived above to find all the relevant strain components.

10 N

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 Elastic Bending of Beams
• The stresses caused by bending are lower than
the yield stress, so that the material behaves
elastically
• i.e material follows Hooke’s Law
• The following relationship is valid
𝑀 𝜎 𝐸
= =−
𝐼 𝑦 𝑅

Plastic Bending of Beams

• Under a certain loading, stresses go beyond
the elastic limit
• Hooke’s law is not valid
• Bending formula is not valid

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 Plastic Bending of Beams (contd.)
• Some materials can be idealized as elastic-
plastic material
• Elastic-plastic = elasto-plastic = perfectly
plastic

Plastic Bending of Beams (contd.)

• As the bending moment increases, maximum stress
will reach the yield stress
• Bending moment at which the maximum stress reach
the yield stress is called the yield moment (My) or the
maximum elastic moment

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 Plastic Bending of Beams (contd.)
Yield Moment and Elastic Section Modulus

My – Yield moment
σy – Yield stress
I – second moment of area of the section
y – distance to the point farthest from NA
S – Elastic section modulus

Plastic Bending of Beams (contd.)

• When the bending moment is further
increased beyond the yield moment,
– Strain will increase further
– Stress will remain constant (due to perfectly
plastic nature)
– Fibers which didn’t reach yield stress, will
continue to reach yield stress

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 Plastic Bending of Beams (contd.)

Fully
plastic

Plastic Bending of Beams (contd.)

Plastic moment (MP)
• When stress in all the fibers in the cross
section reach the yield stress, the bending
moment of that section is called the plastic
moment

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Neutral Axis for Fully Plastic Condition

• Under fully plastic condition, neutral axis divides the cross

section into two equal areas.
• Therefore, NA for plastic condition could be different from
that for elastic condition ( For elastic condition NA passes
through the centroid)
• For symmetrical sections, NA is same for both elastic and
plastic conditions

Plastic Moment

Don’t use this without deriving

Plastic section modulus

Shape factor

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 Example 7
• Determine the shape factor of the following
beam section. The beam is made of an elastic
plastic material.

Example 8
Determine the shape factor of the beam cross
section given below. The beam is made of an
elastic plastic material with yield stress of 250
MPa.

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 Example 9
The beam has a rectangular cross section and is
made of an elastic-plastic material having a
stress-strain diagram as shown. Determine the
magnitude of the moment M that must be
applied to the beam to create maximum strain
of 0.008 in its outer fibers.

Example 9 (contd)

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 Example 10
The plexiglass bar has a stress-strain curve which
can be approximated by straight line segments
as shown. Determine the largest moment which
can be applied to the beam before it fails.

Example 10 (contd.)

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 Plastic Hinge
• When the plastic moment of a cross section is reached,
there will be no increase in moment but the rotation will
increases. This is called a plastic hinge

• Once the number of plastic hinges are enough to cause

collapse of the beam, that situation is called the collapse
mechanism

• Mechanism is a state at which the structure is not

capable of producing resistance to loads

Plastic Hinge (contd.)

• Consider a fixed ended beam with a udl w
• Bending moment at the ends = WL2/12
• Bending moment at the midspan = WL2/24

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 Example 11
• Draw the collapse mechanism for;
– simply supported beam carrying a udl throughout
the beam
– Cantilever beam subjected to concentrated load at
the end
– Simply supported beam carrying a concentrated
load at a point 1/3 of the length away from the
first support

Take-home Assignment
A beam is made of a circular tube cross section
shown in the figure below. Determine the shape
factor of the cross section.

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