OBJECTIVE

To Increase the efficiency or productivity of combing machine.

To give extended equipment life to make our machines work effectively and avoid
replacement for as long as possible.
To develop a smart air quality monitoring system that can intelligently interface
with existing ventilation and air treatment systems.
To know how to determine the capacity of refrigeration required to remove heat
from or heat pump to gain heat energy to our machine.
To combine breakthroughs in micro and nano-scale detection to deliver a low
cost advanced air quality sensing system to monitor key airborne pollutants.
To improve substantially the health, quality of life and productivity of
Machineries by providing a comprehensive air quality monitoring capability to
transform air quality control.
To understand the effect of heat gain from different source with respect to
standard conditions.
To Monitor and control the ambient conditions (temperature and pressure) of
combing process, to create comfort for both workers and machineries and to
know the effect of the ambient conditions.

To Identify and understand the air conditioning principle and importance in

combing process.
To give knowledge in selecting the proper air conditioning processes for combing
process under a certain principle.
Designing this Air conditioning is to provides an important means of improving
working condition, so as to make them as healthy as possible, reducing fatigability and raising
the productivity of labor. This makes it important to understand what factors actually influence
human activity and machine efficiency.

To The control of certain environmental conditions including air temperature, air

motion, moisture level, radiant heat energy level, dust, various pollutants, and
microorganisms. in combing room (process).

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INTRODUCTION
Air conditioning is the process of treating air also as to control simultaneously its
temperature, motion, humidity, radiant heat level, concentration of pollutants such as
dust(cleanliness) and distribution to meet the requirements of "conditioned space".( Is
the process of altering the properties of air primarily temperature and humidity to more
favorable conditions.) An air conditioning system may use heating, cooling,
humidifying, de-humidifying and filtering units of combination of these depending
upon the outside weather. merely lowering or raising the temperature does not provide
comfort in general to the machine or its components and living beings in particular,in
case of machine with temperature ,humidity (moisture content in the air) also has to be
controlled and for the comfort of human beings along with the two important
parameters air motion and cleanliness also play vital role.

Air-conditioning systems are equipped with apparatus for dust removal and heating,
cooling, humidification, and dehumidification of air, as well as for automatic control of
the properties of the air. In some cases air-conditioning systems also impart an odor to
the air or deodorize it, regulate its ionic composition (ionization), remove excess carbon
dioxide, enrich it with oxygen (regeneration), and clean it bacteriological. Air
distribution should be uniform across the conditioned space. Typically, ceiling supplies
and returns that pick up near the floor and around the periphery of the conditioned
space are recommended. A design with both ceiling supplies and returns should be
avoided. In chambers, a uniform Laminar flow across the chamber is required.

Industrial air conditioning refers to providing at least a partial measure of

comfort for workers in hostile environments and controlling air conditions, so they are
favorable to processing some objects or materials, some examples of industrial air
conditioning are ;

Spot heating: - a cold weather it may be more practical to warm a confined zone where
a worker is located through the in use of an infrared heater.
Spot cooling: - if specific area has to be cooled, it will be unwise to cool entire room or
factory; in this case, condition may be kept tolerable for workers by directing a stream of
cool air onto occupied zones.

The capacity of an air conditioning system is directly proportional to the heat load in the
system. The heat load consists of internal heat which is almost constant for textile mills
and transmission heat which varies from time to time and season.

Air conditioning has several functions in several industrial sectors. Normally, in almost
any particular industry, air conditioning is needed to control the heat, air circulation,
airborne debris content as well as humidity to help get hold of a good item. Moreover,
air conditioning is required for these types of reasons: to provide comfort and ease to

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worker, to provide necessary low temperature conditions needed for the manufacturing
of certain goods within an industry, including textile combined with refineries,

to provide a clean area for sensitive jobs, to sustain foodstuffs for the duration of
storing and travel, and also for drying merchandise. Without air conditioning systems,
certain industries wouldn't be able to function in any way, such as those that work with
paper, food, paint and more.

One example of this would be the textile industry. Air-conditioning plays an important
role within the textile trade. It really is necessary for the production of a high quality
product. The creation of natural cotton, silk, rayon, wool and nylon need controlled,
exact relative humidity in the creation process. Typically the finished textiles are really
very soft and durable when manufactured using ideal amounts of humidity. If they
happen to be produced under dry humidity conditions, often the completed item
becomes brittle and weak. The various manufacturing stages need different heat and
humidity settings. For example, lower humidity is needed in the weaving unit to reduce
static electricity and also to improve the strength of cotton threads.

Air Conditioning control ambient conditions in the spinning mill

The spinning process imposes special conditions and requirements on its environment;
i.e. the customary ambient conditions in a spinning mill temperature, humidity and air
conditioning are always adequate for spinning, therefore air conditioning plays a great
role in controlling and maintaining comfortable condition especially for combing
process.

Air condition have a great role in combing process through raw materials and distinct
process that takes place under combing machinery, by monitoring temperature and
humidity. Combing is a technique that has been used in the preparation of textiles for
centuries. Essentially, combing is a process that helps to smooth and prepare fibers for
use in spinning. Combing also helps to separate short fibers from longer ones, which
also helps to make the process of spinning much easier. While the combs used in this
process of fiber preparation do function with a combing action, the actual devices have
no more than a passing resemblance to the combs used on hair. For textile purposes, the
fiber combs are equipped with long metal teeth. Two combs are utilized in tandem, with
one comb holding the strand of fiber in place while the other comb moves across the
surface of the fiber.

Raw materials behave differently not only as regards their readiness to absorb
moisture, their running properties are also affected by humidity levels in the combing
process, the moisture content of the fibers depends on the moisture content of the
ambient air. Absolute moisture content in g/kg air therefore plays a crucial role in a
favorable spinning climate. This moisture content is created by a combination of air
temperature (°C or °F) and relative humidity (RH %). At 100%, the air is completely
saturated. At 50%, the air holds one-half of what it could hold if saturated at the same
temperature. The thirstier the air, the lower the percentage and the more it can rob
fibers of moisture.

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The more precisely the standard climate, i.e. relative humidity, is maintained within
limits, the more trouble-free spinning operations are. While cotton and viscose react
somewhat less problematically to changes in the ambient climate, changes soon become
obviously apparent when man-made fibers are being processed.

The atmospheric conditions with respect to temperature and humidity play very
important part in the manufacturing process of textile yarns and fabrics. The properties
like dimensions, weight, tensile strength, elastic recovery, electrical resistance, rigidity
etc. of all textile fiber whether natural or synthetic are influenced by Moisture Regain.
Many properties of textile materials vary considerably with moisture regain, which in
turn is affected by the ambient Relative Humidity (RH) and Temperature. If a dry textile
material is placed in a room with a particular set of ambient conditions, it absorbs
moisture and in course of time, attains equilibrium. For instance:-Strength of COTTON
goes up when R.H. % goes up.

The different manufacturing processes require different temperature as well as

humidity conditions for example, low humidity (55-60%) is required in spinning
department to avoid sticky action of cotton to leather aprons however, and high
humidity (70-85%) in weaving department is maintained to reduce the static electricity
effects and to increase the strength of the cotton threads. The other is extreme condition
such as heat humidity can impact on our overall physical intellectual activity
(occupants), making even the simplest of task an absolute chore so having a proper air
conditioning system in textile industries and other place helps to reduce heat and
humidity thus reducing the impact on our ability to perform and complete work task
this is mainly regarding to occupants relatively there is so many effect to the
machineries and overall product of the last product.

 If relative humidity is too low, this usually becomes apparent with man-made
fibers in electrostatic charging and a consequent increase in ends down. When
cotton is being processed, fiber damage, fiber fly and deposits in the spinning box
and winding zones occur.
 If relative humidity is too high, this results in lapping on cylinders and opening
rollers with all fibers at higher levels of RH, there is also a tendency of the fibers
to stick together. The spin finish on man-made fibers tends to leave deposits on
thread guide elements and in the fiber guide channel, thus obstructing fiber
transport to the rotor. This then results in an increase in the number of neaps
and thick places.

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 Table- Absolute moisture content in g/kg air for processing different raw
materials and shows the required absolute moisture content in g/kg air for a
favorable spinning climate.

Therefore, The importance air conditioning system in textile especially in combing

processes is expressed in the above idea to generalize AC is simultaneous control of
temperature and humidity to reduce the impact in working organs.

Air technology is specialized in spinning air conditioning and waste removal. For any
given fiber we are supplying complete system in order to maintain the adequate
conditioning of temperature and humidity through over the year as well as clean
environment in conformity with all standards for health and dust content in production
area atmosphere.

Some Importance’s of AC in combing process:-

 Separation of different waste quantities and dust removal

 Providing of the required under pressure at the machines.
 Integrated direct feeding of waste to recycling lines.
 Maintaining of the required room conditions
 automatic intermittent or continuous waste removal
 automatic baling system for comber noils
 Base mounted and air cooled.
 Combing motor driven and designed for continuous operation
under varying loads.
 Furnishes air circulation.

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  FX 256 highly effective Combing Machine

Main parameters:-

 Main Motor Power: 3 KW

 
 Circular comb needle bar
Applicable fiber length (mm) 50-200 440
length  (mm)
 Speed(gripping times/min) 80-174
 Drawing off roller's
 Output sliver quantity(piece) 1 Φ33/Φ33
diameter(mm)
 Feed-in sliver quantity (piece) 2*12
 Dust collecting motor's
 Feed-in sliver can's  specification(mm) Φ700*1000 1.5
power 
 Main motor frequency 3G3MV-
 Output sliver can's specification  (mm) Φ700*1000
converter's specification  A4037
 Coiler motor's power
 Feed-in weight (g/m) 360-600 0.75
(Kw)
 Coiler motor frequency 3G3MV-
 Output sliver weight(g/m) 15-25
converter's specification  A4007

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 Output(kg/h)
=>20  Machine weight (Kg) 3630
 Top comb needle bar length (mm)
470
Overall Dimension(L*W*H) (mm) 8357*1773*2150

Heat Gain from Machineries

Q= ƞo *ƞd* ƞe /ƞdr* ƞm
Where
given
ƞo- power required at shaft of the machine in (kw) 3 kw
ƞd - Demand factor of the m/c 0.97
ƞe - Coefficient of heat exchange to the room 1
ƞdr - Efficiency of the m/c drive 0.85
ƞm - Efficiency of the electrical drive motor 0.79

Q= ƞo *ƞd* ƞe /ƞdr* ƞm
=3KW*0.97*1 /0.85*0.79
=4.33358KW
Q*15=4.33358KW
Q=65.004 KW

Heat gain from hot surface of apparatus

Q= KA (T2-T1)/Δx

given

K- thermal conductivity 43w/mk

A- Wall surface area of the apparatus

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T2- average temperature of the fluid inside the enclosure 31oc+273=304k

T1- standard air temperature of the working room 29oc+273=302k

Δx- thickness of the hot surface 0.012m

A=2(L*W)+ 2(W*H)+ 2(L*H)=

2(8.357m*1.773M) +2(1.773m*2.15m)+ 2(8.357m*2.15m)

A=73.193m2

Area =surface area *40% (because the hot surface of the machine considered as
40% of the surface area)

A=73.193m2*0.4=29.277m2

Q= KA (T2-T1)/ Δx

= ( 43W/Mk*29.277m2 (304-302)k )/ 0.012

Q=209.818KW

Q*15= 209.818KW *15

= 3147.27KW

Heat gains from material in process

Q = CG (T2 –T1)

where

GIVEN

C- specific heat of the material (J/kg.0c) 1500 J/kg.0c

G - Production rate (kg/hr) 20KG/Hr

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T2- average temp. Of the material 310c

T1- temp. To which the material cools down 290c

Q = CG (T2 –T1)

=1500 J/kg.0c*20KG/Hr(310c-290c)

Q=0.01666KW

Q*15=0.01666KW*15=0.2499KW

Heat gain from occupants

Q=200n (kcal/hr) Or

Q= 200n/860(kW)

For one machine has 5 workers but we have 15 machines, so the total workers are
75.

Therefore: - Q=200*75/860kw

=17.442 kW

Heat gaining from solar radiation

Qg = Fg*qg*Ag

where

GIVEN

Fg- Area 12m2

qg- solar radiation heat transfer rate 250W/m2

Ag- Coefficient of radiation 0.65 (we choose white painted glass

surface, such painting will reduce the heat

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 gain by 40%)

Qg = Fg*qg*Ag

= 12m2*250W/m2*0.65

=1.950KW

Heat gain from lighting

The heat gaining from electric light can be determined by

Q=N (in KW) or 860*N

A=L*W=8.357m*1.773m=14.816m2

A*15=14.816m2*15=222.254m2

The machine space contains 85% of the room

222.254m2= 85%

X =100% Total room area (X) = 261.475m2

From the lightning standard (6.03-10.76)W/m2

We take 6.7W/ m2 this means

6.7W=1 m2

x =261.475m2 x=6.7W*261.475m2/1 m2 =1.7518kw

Q=N=1.7518kw

Total heat in the room is as follows

QT= Q machinery + Q occupant + Q hot surface + Q material in process + Q solar radiation+ Q lighting

QT=(65.004+3147.27+0.2499+17.44166+1.95+1.7518)kw

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QT =3233.6673kw
Standard heat in combing room (enthalpy)
H=ma*ha+mv*hv

Where:- ha- enthalpy of dry air

hv – enthalpy of water vapor

ϕ– Relativehumidity of the room (52-58) %

ma – mass of dry air

mv– mass of vapor

by assuming ideal gas equation pv=mRT

m=pv/Rt ma=pava/RaTa mv=pvvv/RvTv

we take relative humidity value 56%

ϕ=pv/pg pg =psat@T0c
it is from the saturated water table by doing interpolation we have the pg value
pg=4.0314kpa
ϕ=pv/pg pv = ϕ* pg =0.56*4.0314kpa
pv=2.2575 kpa
P=Pa+Pv Pa=P-Pv
Pa=100kpa-2.2575 kpa
Pa=97.742416kpa
vT=va=vv=(L*W*H)=

(8.357m*1.773m*2.15m)

vT=va=vv=31.856m3

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TT=TA=TV=290C=302K
Ra=0.2879KPam3/KgK
Rv=0.4625 KPam3/KgK

ma=pava/RaTa =(97.7424kpa*31.856m3)/(0.2879 KPam3/KgK *302K)

ma=35.8117kg

by assumption let us take ma as mass flow rate ma=35.8117kg /sec

mv=pvvv/RvTv =(2.2575 kpa*31.856m3)/( 0.4625 KPam3/KgK*302K)

mv=0.51489kg

by assumption let us take ma as mass flow rate mv=0.51489kg/sec

ha=(1.005*T0c) =(1.005*290c)=29.145KJ/Kg
hv=(2500.9+1.82* T0c)= (2500.9+1.82* 290c)=2553.68 KJ/Kg
H=ma*ha+mv*hv
H=35.8117kg/sec*29.145KJ/Kg+0.51489kg/sec*2553.68 KJ/Kg

H=2358.5961KW
The difference between standard heat of the room and unconditioned room
air is

Q Unconditioned=3233.6673kw
H standard=2358.5961KW

Q Unconditioned is greater than H standard we use refrigeration AC system to remove the

excess heat from our room and compression refrigeration type ,we take the Ql
value the difference of the Q Unconditioned and Standard

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Th=39.40c =312.4k CopR=QL/Win

Win=QH- QL
QH
CopR=QL/ QH- QL
R Win dividing by QL gives

/ /
CopR=1 QH QL-1

QL=1110.3136kw / /
CopR=1 (312.4 302)k-1

Tl=290c =302k CopR=29.0384

CopR=QL/Win

/
Win= QL/ CopR=1110.3136kw 29.0384 =38.236kw

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QH =Win+QL=38.236kw +1110.3136kw=1148.549646kw

Reference

 Rikipedia the website of rieter machine

 A combing machine on Alibaba.com

 Major Uses for Air Conditioning by Michael Russell

 Combing Process of Cotton Spinning - Textile Learner
 Parameter Generation & Control presented by Inc and Al Simpson, SDL
Atlas.
 Air conditioning in textile mills by Ambachew maru
 ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Engineers) Handbook – Fundamentals, 1993, Chapter 6 – Psychometrics

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