‫

ا ز
ن ا‬
(‫) ز زاد‬


 ‫*'
ن و دا) ('زان در‬+‫ دا‬$‫  ا  ا‬$
‫  و !   ه‬#
 ‫ا ا  از‬
01‫
  ا
ن دا‬2
‫ و‬1 01' ‫ ز‬$
3
0 ‫
س‬5‫ 'د   ا‬, -.
/ ‫ ه
و‬01‫ر‬
.65‫ ا‬1 $‫ 'ددار‬$‫ ور‬7 8 ‫از
ن 'ارد‬

English Sentence Structure by: Robert Kohrn

A Practical English Grammar by: Tomson & Mortinen

Graded Exercise in English by: Robert J. Dixon

NTC's Preparation for the TOEFL by: Mallade Broukal & Nolan-Wood

Cambridge Preparation for the TOEFL Test by: Jolen Gear

Modern English by: Marcella Frank

$ 
2
7 > 0‫ و د‬$:2  <‫ = و‬0‫ د‬:‫
ن‬:' (‫'ر‬: -
2) ‫ز
ن ا‬
‫ اش‬0 A  A
 BC' ،‫ ز
ن ا‬#
 ‫'ر‬05‫د‬
E2‫ ر‬+2 $
D( BC' ، ‫ ا ز
ن ا‬
$ > ‫'اد‬2 BC' ،‫ ا ز
ن ا‬
( 65‫ (زاد ا‬PDF ‫!
د از ا‬05‫ و ا‬F )

(5‫
ر‬G 2
 2 H)

0
 .‫ا  ن  ره  ا  ر ار ا
م  د‬:‫
د‬5 ‫
ل‬J ‫ز
ن‬
 + ‫ 
د‬ + ....

I write a letter every day.      ‫" ه روز‬

I don’t write a letter every day.  #    ‫" ه روز‬
Do [you/I] write a letter every day? ‫ " ه روز     ؟‬%

You write a letter every day.      ‫ ه روز‬

You don’t write a letter every day.  #    ‫ ه روز‬
Do you write a letter every day? ‫  ه روز     ؟‬%

[He/She/It/Mary] writes a letter every day. '     ‫ ر ه روز‬/‫او‬

[He/She/It/Mary] doesn’t write a letter every day. ' #    ‫ ر ه روز‬/‫او‬
Does [he/she/it/Mary] write a letter every day? ‫ ر ه روز     '؟‬/‫ او‬%

We write a letter every day.      ‫ ه روز‬

We don’t write a letter every day.  #    ‫ ه روز‬
Do [you/we] write a letter every day? ‫  ه روز     ؟‬%

You write a letter every day. '     ‫ ه روز‬#

You don’t write a letter every day. ' #    ‫ ه روز‬#
Do you write a letter every day? ‫ ه روز     '؟‬# %

They write a letter every day. '(     ‫) ه روز‬%

They don’t write a letter every day. '( #    ‫) ه روز‬%
Do they write a letter every day? ‫) ه روز     ('؟‬% %

1
 -A‫دار‬ -‫دارم‬

-‫دار‬ -$‫دار‬

-‫دار‬ -‫دارد‬
.‫ * دارد ا
م  د‬+ "#‫ ا  ن  ره  ا  ه‬:$‫ ار‬05‫
ل ا‬J ‫ز
ن‬
 + am, is, are+  + ing+ … +now

I am writing a letter now.      ‫" ا(ن دارم‬

I am not writing a letter now. ,    ", ", ‫ ل‬+‫" ا(ن در‬
[Are you/Am I] writing a letter now? ‫ " ا(ن دارم     ؟‬%

You are writing a letter now.      ‫ ا(ن دار‬

You are not writing a letter now. ,   ", ‫ ل‬+ ‫ ا(ن در در‬
Are you writing a letter now? ‫ ا(ن دار     ؟‬%

[He/she/It/Mary] is writing a letter now. '     ‫ ر ا(ن دارد‬/‫او‬

[He/she/It/Mary] is not writing a letter now.     ", ‫ ل‬+ ‫ ر ا(ن در‬/‫او‬
Is [he/she/it/Mary] writing a letter now? ‫ ر ا(ن دارد     '؟‬/‫ او‬%

We are writing a letter now.      ‫ ا(ن دار‬

We are not writing a letter now. ,    ", ‫ ل‬+ ‫ ا(ن در‬
Are [you/we] writing a letter now? ‫  ا(ن دار     ؟‬%

You are writing a letter now. '     '‫ ا(ن دار‬#

You are not writing a letter now. ',    ", ‫ ل‬+ ‫ ا(ن در‬#
Are you writing a letter now? ‫ ا(ن دار'     '؟‬# %

They are writing a letter now. '(     '‫) ا(ن دار‬%

They are not writing a letter now. '(,    ", ‫ ل‬+ ‫) ا(ن در‬%
Are they writing a letter now? ‫) ا(ن دار'     ('؟‬% %

2
 A‫ ا‬- ‫ ام‬-

‫ ا‬- $‫ ا‬-

‫ ا‬- 65‫ ا‬-

.‫ا‬ )% ‫) )  از ز ن ا
م‬% .‫ و ا‬/' ‫ ا
م‬012  ‫ ا  ن  ره  ا‬:#
‫
ل آ‬J ‫ز
ن‬
( yet,already, just, since, for, recently, lately, times : ‫ ر(' از‬14 5  ‫ ل‬+ ‫) ز ن‬,04 )

  + have / has + P.P. + …

I have written a letter. ‫ ام‬,    "

I have not written a letter. ‫ ام‬,(    "
Have [I/you] written a letter? ‫ ام؟‬,    " %

You have written a letter. ‫ ا‬,    

You have not written a letter. ‫ ا‬,(    
Have you written a letter? ‫ ا ؟‬,     %

[He/She/It/Mary] has written a letter. ‫ ا‬,    ‫ ر‬/‫او‬

[He/She/It/Mary] has not written a letter. ‫ ا‬,(    ‫  ر‬/‫او‬
Has [he/she/it/Mary] written a letter? ‫ ا؟‬,    ‫ ر‬/‫ او‬%

We have written a letter. ‫ ا‬,    

We have not written a letter. ‫ ا‬,(    
Have [you/we] written a letter? ‫ ا؟‬,     %

You have written a letter. '‫ ا‬,    #

You have not written a letter. '‫ ا‬,(    #
Have you written a letter? ‫ ا'؟‬,    # %

They have written a letter. '‫ ا‬,    )%

They have not written a letter. '‫ ا‬,(    )%
Have they written a letter? ‫ ا'؟‬,    )% %

3
 .‫ا‬ /'7 ‫ م‬# ‫ و ه(ز‬/' ‫ وع‬512 ‫ ا  ن  ره  ا  از‬:$‫ ار‬05‫ ا‬#
‫
ل آ‬J ‫ز
ن‬
 + ing
  + have / has been +  + ing

I have been writing a letter since this morning.      ‫ دارم‬91: ‫" از‬
I have not been writing a letter since this morning. ,   ", ‫ ل‬+ ‫ در‬91: ‫" از‬
Have [you/I] been writing a letter since this morning? ‫ دارم     ؟‬91: ‫ " از‬%

You have been writing a letter since this morning.      ‫ دار‬91: ‫ از‬
You have not been writing a letter since this morning. ,    ", ‫ ل‬+ ‫ در‬91: ‫ از‬
Have you been writing a letter since this morning? ‫ دار     ؟‬91: ‫  از‬%

[She/He/It/Mary] has been writing a letter since this morning. '     ‫ دارد‬91: ‫ ر از‬/‫او‬
[She/He/It/Mary] has not been writing a letter since this morning     ", ‫ ل‬+ ‫ در‬91: ‫ ر از‬/‫او‬
Has [She/He/It/Mary] been writing a letter since this morning? ‫ دارد     '؟‬91: ‫ ر از‬/‫ او‬%

We have been writing a letter since this morning.      ‫ دار‬91: ‫ از‬
We have not been writing a letter since this morning. ,    ", ‫ ل‬+ ‫ در‬91: ‫ از‬
Have [you/we] been writing a letter since this morning? ‫ دار     ؟‬91: ‫  از‬%

You have been writing a letter since this morning. '     '‫ دار‬91: ‫ از‬#
You have not been writing a letter since this morning. ',    ", ‫ ل‬+ ‫ در‬91: ‫ از‬#
Have you been writing a letter since this morning? ‫ دار'     '؟‬91: ‫ از‬# %

They have been writing a letter since this morning. '(     '‫ دار‬91: ‫) از‬%
They have not been writing a letter since this morning. '(,    ", ‫ ل‬+ ‫ در‬91: ‫) از‬%
Have they been writing a letter since this morning? ‫ دار'     ('؟‬91: ‫) از‬% %

4
‫ و در ا(
ز ن ا
م  ر‬/' ‫ م‬# ‫ و‬/' ‫ ا
م‬012  ‫ ا  ن  ره  ا‬:‫
د‬5 01N ‫ز
ن‬
.‫)  ا‬
  +   ‫ز ن‬+… +  ‫ ز ن‬

I wrote a letter yesterday. ,    ‫" دوز‬

I did not write a letter yesterday. ,(    ‫" دوز‬
Did [you/I] write a letter yesterday? ‫؟‬,    ‫ " دوز‬%

You wrote a letter yesterday. ,    ‫ دوز‬

You did not write a letter yesterday. ,(    ‫ دوز‬
Did you write a letter yesterday? ‫؟‬,    ‫  دوز‬%

[She/He/It/Mary] wrote a letter yesterday.     ‫ ر دوز‬/‫او‬

[She/He/It/Mary] did not write a letter yesterday. (    ‫ ر دوز‬/‫او‬
Did [She/He/It/Mary] write a letter yesterday? ‫ ر دوز    ؟‬/‫ او‬%

We wrote a letter yesterday. ,    ‫ دوز‬

We did not write a letter yesterday. ,(    ‫ دوز‬
Did [you/we] write a letter yesterday? ‫؟‬,    ‫  دوز‬%

You wrote a letter yesterday. ',    ‫ دوز‬#

You did not write a letter yesterday. ',(    ‫ دوز‬#
Did you write a letter yesterday? ‫'؟‬,    ‫ دوز‬# %

They wrote a letter yesterday. '(,    ‫) دوز‬%

They did not write a letter yesterday. '(,(    ‫) دوز‬%
Did they write a letter yesterday? ‫('؟‬,    ‫) دوز‬% %

5
 - A01‫دا‬ - A01‫دا‬

- 01‫دا‬ - 01‫دا‬

- :01‫دا‬ - 61‫دا‬
 *#= ‫ و‬/' ‫ ا
م‬,;< ‫ار  ره  ا  در ز ن‬#,‫ ا  ن ا‬:$‫ ار‬05‫ ا‬01N ‫ز
ن‬
.‫ ا‬/‫ا‬#‫ ه‬/‫  د‬,;< ‫ ز ن‬
  + was\were +  + ing+… +  ‫ ز ن‬

‫
د‬5 01N ‫ز
ن‬ $‫ ار‬05‫ ا‬01N ‫ز
ن‬
When she came, I was writing a letter. ,     ,‫ " دا‬،'% ‫ او‬,2‫و‬
When she came, I was not writing a letter. ‫دم‬1    ", ‫ ل‬+ ‫ " در‬،'% ‫ او‬,2‫و‬
When she came, was [you/I] writing a letter? ‫؟‬,     ,‫ " دا‬% ،'% ‫ او‬,2‫و‬

When she came, you were writing a letter. ,     ,‫  دا‬،'% ‫ او‬,2‫و‬
When she came, you were not writing a letter. ‫د‬1    ", ‫ ل‬+ ‫  در‬،'% ‫ او‬,2‫و‬
When she came, were you writing a letter? ‫؟‬,     ,‫  دا‬% ،'% ‫ او‬,2‫و‬

When she came, [he/she/it/Mary] was writing a letter.      ‫  ر دا‬،'% ‫ او‬,2‫و‬
When she came, [he/she/it/Mary] was not writing a letter. ‫د‬1    ", ‫ ل‬+ ‫  ر در‬،'% ‫ او‬,2‫و‬
When she came, was [he/she/it/Mary] writing a letter? ‫  ر دا     ؟‬% ،'% ‫ او‬,2‫و‬

When she came, we were writing a letter. ,     ,‫  دا‬،'% ‫ او‬,2‫و‬
When she came, we were not writing a letter. ‫د‬1    ", ‫ ل‬+ ‫  در‬،'% ‫ او‬,2‫و‬
When she came, were [you/ we] writing a letter? ‫"    د؟‬, ‫ ل‬+ ‫  در‬%،'% ‫و‬% ,2‫و‬

When she came, you were writing a letter. ',     ',‫ دا‬# ،'% ‫ او‬,2‫و‬
When she came, you were not writing a letter. '‫د‬1    ", ‫ ل‬+ ‫ در‬# ،'% ‫ او‬,2‫و‬
When she came, were you writing a letter? ‫'؟‬,     ',‫ دا‬# %،'% ‫ او‬,2‫و‬

When she came, they were writing a letter. '(,     '(,‫) دا‬% ،'% ‫ او‬,2‫و‬
When she came, they were not writing a letter. '‫د‬1    ", ‫ ل‬+ ‫) در‬% ،'% ‫ او‬,2‫و‬
When she came, were they writing a letter? ‫"    د'؟‬, ‫ ل‬+ ‫) در‬% %،'% ‫ او‬,2‫و‬

6
 A‫ 'د‬- ‫ 'دم‬-

‫ 'د‬- $‫ 'د‬-

‫ 'د‬- ‫ 'د‬-

*#= ‫ و‬/' ‫ از  ر د? ا

م‬512 ,;< ‫ ا  ن  ره  ا  در ز ن‬:#
‫ آ‬01N ‫ز
ن‬
.‫ ا‬/‫ا‬#‫ ه‬/‫  د‬,;< ‫  ز ن‬

  + had + P.P. + …

‫
د‬5 01N ‫ز
ن‬ #
 01N ‫ز
ن‬
When she came, I had written a letter. ‫ دم‬,    " ،'% ‫ او‬,2‫و‬
When she came, I had not written a letter. ‫ دم‬,(    " ،'% ‫ او‬,2‫و‬
When she came, had [you/I] written a letter? ‫ دم؟‬,    " % ،'% ‫ او‬,2‫و‬

When she came, you had written a letter. ‫ د‬,     ،'% ‫ او‬,2‫و‬
When she came, you had not written a letter. ‫ د‬,(     ،'% ‫ او‬,2‫و‬
When she came, had you written a letter? ‫ د ؟‬,     %،'% ‫ او‬,2‫و‬

When she came, [he/she/it/Mary] had written a letter. ‫ د‬,    ‫  ر‬،'% ‫ او‬,2‫و‬
When she came, [he/she/it/Mary] had not written a letter. ‫ د‬,(    ‫  ر‬،'% ‫ او‬,2‫و‬
When she came, had [he/she/it/Mary] written a letter? ‫ د؟‬,    ‫  ر‬% ،'% ‫ او‬,2‫و‬

When she came, we had written a letter. ‫ د‬,     ،'% ‫ او‬,2‫و‬
When she came, we had not written a letter. ‫ د‬,(     ،'% ‫ او‬,2‫و‬
When she came, had [you/we] written a letter? ‫ د؟‬,     %،'% ‫ او‬,2‫و‬

When she came, you had written a letter. '‫ د‬,    # ،'% ‫ او‬,2‫و‬
When she came, you had not written a letter. '‫ د‬,(    # ،'% ‫ او‬,2‫و‬
When she came, had you written a letter? ‫ د'؟‬,    # % ،'% ‫ او‬,2‫و‬

When she came, they had written a letter. '‫ د‬,    )% ،'% ‫ او‬,2‫و‬
When she came, they had not written a letter. '‫ د‬,(    )% ،'% ‫ او‬,2‫و‬
When she came, had they written a letter? ‫ د'؟‬,    )% % ،'% ‫ او‬,2‫و‬

7
‫ و @ل‬/' ‫ ا
م‬,;< ‫ار  ره  ا  در ز ن‬#,‫ ا  ن ا‬:$‫ ار‬05‫ ا‬#
‫ آ‬01N ‫ز
ن‬
.'(  ‫ز ن را ه  ن‬

  + had been +  + ing + …

I had been writing a letter for two hours before he came. ,     ,‫ دا‬4  ‫ ا دو‬،'  ‫ از ا( او‬512
I had not been writing a letter for two hours before he came. , #   4  ‫ ا دو‬،'  ‫ از ا( او‬512
Had [you/I] been writing a letter for two hours before he came? ‫؟‬,    4  ‫ ا دو‬,‫ دا‬%،'  ‫ از ا( او‬512

You had been writing a letter for two hours before he came. ,    ,‫ دا‬4  ‫ا دو‬،'  ‫ از ا( او‬512
You had not been writing a letter for two hours before he came. , #   4  ‫ ا دو‬،'  ‫ از ا( او‬512
Had you been writing a letter for two hours before he came? ‫؟‬,    ,‫ دا‬4  ‫ ا دو‬% ،'  ‫ از ا( او‬512

[He/She/It/Marry] had been writing a letter for two hours before he came.     ‫ دا‬4  ‫  ر دو‬،'  ‫ از ا( او‬512
[He/She/It/Marry] had not been writing a letter for two hours before he came. #   4  ‫ ر ا دو‬،'  ‫ از ا( او‬512
Had [he/she/it/Marry] been writing a letter for two hours before he came? ‫ دا    ؟‬4  ‫  ر دو‬%،'  ‫ از ا( او‬512

We had been writing a letter for two hours before he came. ,    ,‫ دا‬4  ‫  ا دو‬،'  ‫ از ا( او‬512
We had not been writing a letter for two hours before he came. , #   4  ‫  ا دو‬،'  ‫ از ا( او‬512
Had [you/we] been writing a letter for two hours before he came? ‫؟‬,    ,‫ دا‬4  ‫  دو‬% ،'  ‫ از ا( او‬512

You had been writing a letter for two hours before he came. ',    ',‫ دا‬4  ‫ ا دو‬# ،'  ‫ از ا( او‬512
You had not been writing a letter for two hours before he came. ', #   4  ‫ ا دو‬# ،'  ‫ از ا( او‬512
Had you been writing a letter for two hours before he came? ‫'؟‬,    4  ‫ ا دو‬# % ،'  ‫ از ا( او‬512

They had been writing a letter for two hours before he came. '(,    4  ‫) ا دو‬% ،'  ‫ از ا( او‬512
They had not been writing a letter for two hours before he came. '(, #   4  ‫) ا دو‬% ،'  ‫ از ا( او‬512
Had they been writing a letter for two hours before he came? ‫('؟‬,    4  ‫) ا دو‬% % ،'  ‫ از ا( او‬512

8
 .‫ ا
م د‬/'(% ‫ار ا در‬2  ‫ ا  ن  ره  ا‬:‫
د‬5 :( ‫ز
ن‬

  + will +  ‫ 
د‬+ … +  ‫ ز ن‬

I will write a letter tomorrow.  ‫اه‬A    ‫دا‬B "

I won’t write a letter tomorrow.  ‫اه‬C    ‫دا‬B "
Will [you/I] write a letter tomorrow? ‫اه ؟‬A    ‫دا‬B " %

You will write a letter tomorrow.  ‫اه‬A    ‫دا‬B 

You won’t write a letter tomorrow.  ‫اه‬C    ‫دا‬B 
Will you write a letter tomorrow? ‫اه ؟‬A    ‫دا‬B  %

[He/She/It/Mary] will write a letter tomorrow.  '‫اه‬A    ‫دا‬B ‫ ر‬/‫او‬

[He/She/It/Mary] won’t write a letter tomorrow.  '‫اه‬C    ‫دا‬B ‫  ر‬/‫او‬
Will [he/she/it/Mary] write a letter tomorrow? ‫اه' ؟‬A    ‫دا‬B ‫  ر‬/‫ او‬%

We will write a letter tomorrow.  ‫اه‬A    ‫دا‬B 

We won’t write a letter tomorrow.  ‫اه‬C    ‫دا‬B 
Will [you/we] write a letter tomorrow? ‫اه ؟‬A    ‫دا‬B  %

You will write a letter tomorrow.  '‫اه‬A    ‫دا‬B #

You won’t write a letter tomorrow.  '‫اه‬C    ‫دا‬B #
Will you write a letter tomorrow? ‫اه' ؟‬A    ‫دا‬B # %

They will write a letter tomorrow.  '(‫اه‬A    ‫دا‬B )%

They won’t write a letter tomorrow.  '(‫اه‬C    ‫دا‬B )%
Will they write a letter tomorrow? ‫اه(' ؟‬A    ‫دا‬B )% %

9
 D2‫ ا
م د و از ز ن د‬/'(% ‫ار ا در‬2  ‫ ا  ن  ره  ا‬:$‫ ار‬05‫ ا‬:( ‫ز
ن‬
.‫ع دار‬0@‫ ا‬/'(% ‫ن در‬% ‫ا
م‬

  + will be +  + ing + …

I will be writing a letter tomorrow at this time.      ‫ دارم‬E2 "‫دا ا‬B
I won’t be writing a letter tomorrow at this time. ,   ", ‫ ل‬+ ‫ در‬E2 "‫دا ا‬B
Will [you/I] be writing a letter tomorrow at this time? ‫ دارم     ؟‬E2 "‫دا ا‬B %

You will be writing a letter tomorrow at this time.      ‫ دار‬E2 "‫دا ا‬B
You won’t be writing a letter tomorrow at this time. ,    ", ‫ ل‬+ ‫ در‬E2 "‫دا ا‬B
Will you be writing a letter tomorrow at this time? ‫ دار     ؟‬E2 "‫دا ا‬B %

[He/she/It/Mary] will be writing a letter tomorrow at this time. '     ‫  ر دارد‬/‫ او‬E2 "‫دا ا‬B
[He/she/It/Mary] won’t be writing a letter tomorrow at this time.    ", ‫ ل‬+ ‫ ر در‬/‫ او‬E2 "‫دا ا‬B
Will [he/she/it/Mary] be writing a letter tomorrow at this time? ‫ ر دارد     '؟‬/‫ او‬E2 "‫دا ا‬B %

We will be writing a letter tomorrow at this time.      ‫  دار‬E2 "‫دا ا‬B
We won’t be writing a letter tomorrow at this time. ,    ", ‫ ل‬+ ‫  در‬E2 "‫دا ا‬B
Will [you/we] be writing a letter tomorrow at this time? ‫  دار     ؟‬E2 "‫دا ا‬B %

You will be writing a letter tomorrow at this time. '     '‫ دار‬# E2 "‫دا ا‬B
You won’t be writing a letter tomorrow at this time. ',    ", ‫ ل‬+ ‫ در‬# E2 "‫دا ا‬B
Will you be writing a letter tomorrow at this time? ‫ دار'     '؟‬E2 "‫دا ا‬B # %

They will be writing a letter tomorrow at this time. '(     '‫) دار‬% E2 "‫دا ا‬B
They won’t be writing a letter tomorrow at this time. '(,    ", ‫ ل‬+ ‫) در‬% E2 "‫دا ا‬B
Will they be writing a letter tomorrow at this time? ‫) دار'     ('؟‬% E2 "‫دا ا‬B %

10
.‫ از  ر د? ا
م د‬512 /'(% ‫ار ا درز ن‬2  ‫ ا  ن  ره  ا‬:#
‫ آ‬:( ‫ز
ن‬

  + will have + P.P. + …

I will have written a letter by Peter come back.  ‫اه‬A    " ‫ <دد‬,F 
I won’t have written a letter by Peter come back.  ‫اه‬C    " ‫دد‬,F 
Will [you/I] have written a letter by Peter come back? ‫اه ؟‬A    " % ‫ <دد‬,F 

You will have written a letter by Peter come back.  ‫اه‬A     ‫ <دد‬,F 
You won’t have written a letter by Peter come back.  ‫اه‬C     ‫ <دد‬,F 
Will you have written a letter by Peter come back? ‫اه ؟‬A     % ‫ <دد‬,F 

[He/She/It/Mary] will have written a letter by Peter come back.  '‫اه‬A    ‫ <دد او‬,F 
[He/She/It/Mary] won’t have written a letter by Peter come back.  '‫اه‬C    ‫ <دد او‬,F 
Will [he/she/it/Mary] have written a letter by Peter come back? ‫اه' ؟‬A    ‫ او‬% ‫ <دد‬,F 

We will have written a letter by Peter come back.  ‫اه‬A     ‫ <دد‬,F 
We won’t have written a letter by Peter come back.  ‫اه‬C     ‫ <دد‬,F 
Will [you/we] have written a letter by Peter come back? ‫اه ؟‬A     % ‫ <دد‬,F 

You will have written a letter by Peter come back.  '‫اه‬A    # ‫ <دد‬,F 
You won’t have written a letter by Peter come back.  '‫اه‬C    # ‫ <دد‬,F 
Will you have written a letter by Peter come back? ‫اه' ؟‬A    # % ‫ <دد‬,F 

They will have written a letter by Peter come back.  '(‫اه‬A    )% ‫ <دد‬,F 
They won’t have written a letter by Peter come back.  '(‫اه‬C    )% ‫ <دد‬,F 
Will they have written a letter by Peter come back? ‫اه(' ؟‬A    )% % ‫ <دد‬,F 

11
 5  ‫ار ا‬2 /'(% ‫ در‬GC7 ‫ ا  ن  ره  ا  درز ن‬:$‫ ار‬05‫ ا‬#
‫ آ‬:( ‫ز
ن‬
.‫د‬

  + will have been +  + ing + …

By the time we get home, I will have been writing this letter for three hours.
  ‫ ا  دارم ا"   را‬4   " ، A  
By the time we get home, I won’t have been writing this letter for three hours.
  ‫   دارم ا"   را‬4   " ، A  
By the time we get home, will [you/I] have been writing this letter for three hours?
‫ ا  " دارم ا"   را  ؟‬4   % ، A  

By the time we get home, you will have been writing this letter for three hours.
  ‫ ا  دار ا"   را‬4    ، A  
By the time we get home, you won’t have been writing this letter for three hours.
  ‫   دار ا"   را‬4    ، A  
By the time we get home, will you have been writing this letter for three hours?
‫ ا   دار ا"   را  ؟‬4   % ، A  

By the time we get home, [he/she/it/Mary] will have been writing this letter for three hours.
'  ‫ ا  دارد ا"   را‬4   ‫ ر‬/‫ او‬، A  
By the time we get home, [he/she/it/Mary] won’t have been writing this letter for three hours.
'  ‫   دارد ا"   را‬4   ‫  ر‬/‫ او‬، A  
By the time we get home, will [he/she/it/Mary] have been writing this letter for three hours?
‫ ا  دارد ا"   را  '؟‬4   ‫  ر‬/‫ او‬% ، A  

By the time we get home, we will have been writing this letter for three hours.
  ‫ ا  دار ا"   را‬4    ، A  
By the time we get home, we won’t have been writing this letter for three hours.
  ‫   دار ا"   را‬4    ، A  
By the time we get home, will [you/we] have been writing this letter for three hours?
‫ ا  دار ا"   را  ؟‬4    % ، A  

By the time we get home, you will have been writing this letter for three hours.
'  ‫ ا  دار' ا"   را‬4   # ، A  
By the time we get home, you won’t have been writing this letter for three hours.
'  ‫   دار' ا"   را‬4   # ، A  
By the time we get home, will you have been writing this letter for three hours?
‫ ا  دار' ا"   را  '؟‬4   # % ، A  

By the time we get home, they will have been writing this letter for three hours.
'(  ‫) دار' ا"   را‬%  ‫ ا‬4   ، A  
By the time we get home, they won’t have been writing this letter for three hours.
'(  ‫) دار' ا"   را‬%   4   ، A  
By the time we get home, will they have been writing this letter for three hours?
‫) دار' ا"   را  ('؟‬%  ‫ ا‬4   % ، A  

12
 ‫'ل‬3*  ‫'م‬O ‫ت‬2 #E
‫م‬J= J#K : 54 B + 5=B + ‫=ل‬I + '2

‫ 
)ل‬J#K :54 B N  + to be ‫ ت‬M,7 + PP + '2

am/is/are ...................... /‫ ل  د‬+ ‫ز ن‬ .1

was/were..................... /‫  د‬,;< ‫ز ن‬ .2
will be ......................../‫  د‬/'(% ‫ز ن‬ .3
(am/is/are) being ................. ‫ار‬#,‫ ل ا‬+ ‫ز ن‬ .4
(was/were) being ............... ‫ار‬#,‫ ا‬,;< ‫ز ن‬ .5
(have/has) been .......................5  ‫ ل‬+ ‫ز ن‬ .6
had been .....................5  ,;< ‫ز ن‬ .7
will have been.........................5  /'(% ‫ز ن‬ .8

1- She sees me every day. '(  ‫او ه روز ا‬

1- I am seen every day. ‫  م‬/'‫" ه روز د‬
2- Sona wrote a letter yesterday.     ‫ دوز‬
2- A letter was written yesterday. ' , ‫   دوز‬
3- I will clean the window tomorrow. ‫اه د‬A O# ‫ را‬/
(F ‫دا‬B "
3- The window will be cleaned tomorrow. ' '‫اه‬A O# ‫دا‬B /
(F
4- They are painting the wall. '((  P‫) دار' دار را ر‬%
4- The wall is being painted. ‫  د‬P‫دار دارد ر‬
5- She was washing the kitchen.   ‫  را‬AOQ% ‫او دا‬
5- The kitchen was being washed. '  , ‫  دا‬A OQ%
6- He has broken the glass. ‫ ا‬, ‫ان را‬R ‫او‬
6- The glass has been broken. ‫ ا‬/' , ‫ان‬R
7- We had bought some books for school. ‫ د‬/'A ‫ ب ا 'ر‬, ‫ ='اد‬
7- Some books had been bought for the school. ‫ د‬/' /'A ‫ ب ا 'ر‬, ‫='اد‬
8- He will have bought a new car by 2012. 'A '‫اه‬A "   2012 ‫او   ل‬
8- A new car will have been bought by 2012. ' '‫اه‬A /'A "   2012 ‫  ل‬

‫!
ت‬
I ‫ ا  دارا‬OT ‫ ت دو‬:GA ‫' و ا  ن‬%  ‫ از ا‬512 : ‫ و‬,/DJ I:
.'(,‫ و ه‬
as + 6! + as

13
This table is as big as that table. ‫ ا‬O ‫ن‬% <‫ر‬O  O "‫ا‬
This car is as expensive as that house. ‫  ا‬A ‫ن‬% #2 ‫ ه‬/ ‫ا"  "  <ا‬

not so + 6! + as

Today is not so warm as yesterday.  ‫اوز  < دوز‬

:'(%  ‫ ز‬NR U ‫  در‬M R + ‫ در‬I  ‫ا‬

Age ", height '2, price #2, style ‫روش‬, color P‫ر‬, length ‫@ل‬, size /‫ا'از‬, weight ‫… وزن‬

the same + A5‫ ا‬+ as

This chair is the same color as that bike. ‫ ا‬AT‫ن دو‬% P‫ ه ر‬O "‫ا‬
Mary is the same age as her friend. ‫اهش ا‬A " ‫ ر ه‬

:'( K ‫ ر ه ز‬,A  

Fresh fruit coast twice as much as canned fruit. ‫ ا‬/ ‫ت‬Q# ‫ دو ا‬/‫  ز‬/ #2
We eat twenty times as much sugar as we did in 1800. ‫ر‬A   1800 ‫ دو ا  ل‬
We have half as many as we need. ‫ را دار  *زم دار‬OT ‫ن‬% WG 

.'(,‫ وت ه‬I, I ‫ ا  دارا‬OT ‫ ت دو‬:GA ‫ا  ن‬:( ) ,! 6!

0  I: + er

tall '(J taller  '(J big ‫رگ‬O bigger ,<‫ر‬O

This tree is taller than that tree. .‫ ا‬A‫ن در‬% ‫('از‬J A‫ا" در‬

more + 0 '(T I:

beautiful 1‫ز‬ more beautiful  1‫ز‬

This house is more beautiful than that one. .‫ن  ا‬% ‫  از‬1‫  ز‬A "‫ا‬

.'(,‫ وت ه‬I, I ‫ ا  دارا‬OT ‫ از دو‬Y ‫ ت‬:GA ‫ ا  ن‬:( ) C

> 6!

The + 0  I: + est

fat ‫ ق‬T the fattest " ‫ ق‬T

He is the fattest student in the class. .‫س ا‬0 "‫ز ا‬% Y‫ ق " دا‬T ‫او‬

14
The most + 0 '(T I:

expensive ‫<ان‬ the most expensive ",‫<ا‬

This is the most expensive car here. .‫ ا(

ه‬51‫ا" <ان " ا‬

:: 2' ‫ول ز‬2 

‫ و‬,/DJ I: () J\I I: (") R 4 I:

Good/ well ‫ب‬A Bette,) The best",)
Bad/ ill ' worse' The worst "'
Little  Less ,# The least ",#
Much/ many JA More ,7 The most ",7
Far ‫ ز د‬/ ‫دور‬ Farther ,7 The farthest ",7
Further  ‫دور‬ The furthest " ‫دور‬

. 1 ‫ت‬2
‫ 'ع اول‬. 1 ‫ت‬2

If + 54 B + /‫ ل  د‬+ ‫ ز ن‬, +54 B + will/can/may + 5=B /‫  د‬R + +…

If Mary studies hard, she will/can/may pass the exam.

.‫اه' د‬A ‫ س‬F ‫] ن را‬,‫ ا‬،'( =R  C ‫ا<  ر‬
If you go to the station, you will/can/may see your friend.
.'‫اه د‬A ‫ را‬,‫ دو‬، ‫ و‬/ ?,‫ا<   ا‬
If you would like to come, I will get a ticket for you. (",‫ دا‬5)
.B< ‫اه‬A ^J   ‫ ا‬،   ‫ا< دو دار‬

‫ 'ع دوم‬. 1 ‫ت‬2

If + 54 B + /‫  د‬,;< ‫ ز ن‬,+ 54 B + would/could/might+ 5=B /‫  د‬R + +…

If Mary studied hard, she would/could/might pass the exam.

.‫ س  د‬F ‫] ن را‬,‫ ا‬،‫=  د‬R  C ‫ا<  ر‬

15
 If you went to the station, you would/could/might see your friend.
. '‫ را  د‬,‫ دو‬،,B‫  ر‬/ ?,‫ا<   ا‬

‫'م‬5 ‫ 'ع‬. 1 ‫ت‬2

If + 54 B + 5  ,;< ‫ ز ن‬+ 54 B + (would/could/might) have + pp +…

If Mary had studied hard, she would/could/might have passed the exam.
.‫ د‬/‫ س د‬F ‫] ن را‬,‫ ا‬،‫ د‬/‫= د‬R  C ‫ا<  ر‬
If you had gone to the station, you would/could/might have seen your friend.
. ‫ د‬/'‫ را د‬,‫ دو‬، ‫ د‬,B‫ ر‬/ ?,‫ا<   ا‬
If he had run all the way, he would have gotten there in time.
.‫ د‬/'‫
ر‬%  E2  ،‫ د‬/'‫ رو دو‬/‫ م را‬# ‫ا< او‬
If I had known of your arrival, I would have met you.
.‫ دم‬/‫ ت د‬20 ‫ را‬# ،‫ دم‬EJ # ‫ا< " ازورود‬
If he had taken my advice, he would be a rich man now.
.‫'ار د‬RF _C  ‫ ا*ن‬،‫ د‬/‫] " <ش داد‬G  ‫ا< او‬

 ‫د‬7 were  5'1  #` ‫ م‬# ‫ ا‬to be 5=B ‫ت @ ع دوم‬0#K ‫• در‬

.‫ 'ار‬was ‫ت @ ع دوم‬0#K ‫ رت د? در‬14
If I were a doctor, I would help him.
.‫  دم‬# ‫  او‬،‫ دم‬,‫ا< "  د‬
If today were off, we would go shopping.
.,B‫'  ر‬A   ،‫ د‬5= ‫ا< اوز‬

5#4 ‫رت ز‬:    ,‫ دا‬should ‫ و‬were, had @ ‫ت‬0#K ‫• ا< در‬
:( 
If I were rich, I would help him. ‫  دم‬# ‫ او‬،‫'ار دم‬RF " <‫ا‬
Were I rich, I would help him.
If Jack had come, we…. ...  ،‫ د‬/'% K <‫ا‬
Had Jack come, we ….
If they should help, we … ...  ،'(( #    +‫) ا‬% <‫ا‬
Should they help, we …

Unless = if not Unless it rains, we will go shopping.

.B‫اه ر‬A 'A   ،‫ رد‬1 ‫ا<  ران‬

16
 :'( K ‫ ارد ز‬
If we heat water, it will changes into steam. .‫  د‬5'1 ‫ ر‬C  ،( ‫ب را <م‬%  <‫ا‬
If he should come, give this book to him. ./' ‫ ب را  او‬, "‫ ا‬،'%  +‫ا< او ا‬

' ‫ " و د'" را  ر‬J#K "‫ در ا‬Should

If you say 'Yes", I say 'No'.  <  " ،J ?  <‫ا‬

Relative pronouns C'' 

7

J4 B R + -‫ ا ن‬- )%  /‫  او‬Who

R=I R + -‫ ا ن‬-‫) را‬%  / ‫  او را‬Whom
R=I ‫ و‬J4 B R + -‫ ا ن‬U -‫) را‬%  / )%  /‫ن را‬%  /‫ن‬%  Which
J R + -‫ ا ن‬-‫ن‬% ‫   ل‬/ )% ‫   ل‬/‫   ل او‬Whose
J R + -‫ ا ن‬U -‫ن‬% ‫   ل‬/ )% ‫   ل‬/‫ن‬% ‫   ل‬Its/ their
‫  ن‬-  K Where

The boy who is coming is my friend. .‫' دو " ا‬%  ‫  دارد‬F
The girls who are dancing are my friends. .'(,‫ ن " ه‬,‫(' دو‬G2‫ا  دار'  ر‬,A‫د‬
The man whom you saw last night is my brother. .‫ د'' ادر " ا‬512 N #  ‫د‬
The boys whom you met yesterday are in my class. " ‫س‬0 ‫ ت د' در‬20 ‫ دوز‬#   ‫ه‬F
.'(,‫ه‬

The dog which is running is mine. .‫?  دارد  دود  ل " ا‬

The cars which you saw are ours. .‫ د''  ل  ا‬#  ( 
The girl whose bag is red is my friend. .‫ ه دو " ا‬O2 YI  ,A‫د‬
The table its leg is broken is in the yard. .‫ ط ا‬+  ‫ ا‬, ‫  اش‬F  O
The school where we study is big. .‫رگ ا‬O ‫ا‬A  ‫'ر ا   ش درس‬

17
 A/0 8  A/0 ‫'ل‬D #/ ‫ت‬2 #E
Direct speech & indirect speech
: 1A ‫ت‬0#K 

He said to me, "Elham goes to school". ".‫) م  'ر  رود‬R‫ "ا‬،I< "  ‫او‬
He told me that Elham went to school. .‫) م  'ر  رود‬R‫  ا‬I< "  ‫او‬
She said, "I can drive my car". ".( <'(‫ ""   را‬،I< ‫او‬
She said that she could drive her car. .( <'(‫    را‬I< ‫او‬

:) / ‫ت ا‬0#K 

The teacher said to me, "Write your name" .d( ‫دت رو‬A ‫ " م‬،I< "  J=
The teacher told me to write my name. .( ‫دم را‬A ‫   م‬I< "  J=
He said to the drivers, "don’t park your cars here"
"'( e‫ ر‬F
(‫ ن را ا‬, ‫ ه‬51‫ "ا‬،I< ‫او  را('ه‬
He told the drivers not to park their cars there.
.'(( e‫ ر‬F
% ‫ ن را‬7 ‫ ه‬51‫  ا‬I< ‫او  را('ه‬

:7F ‫ت‬0#K 
He asked Atena, "What time will you come back?"
"‫؟‬7< ‫اه‬A  ,4  T " ،'F (% ‫او از‬
He asked Atena what time she would come back.
.‫ا <دد‬A  ,4  T  'F (% ‫او از‬
Jack asked me," what time is it?" "‫(' ا؟‬T 4 " ،'F " ‫ از‬K
Jack asked me what time it was. .‫(' د‬T 4   'F " ‫ از‬K
She asked me, "Can the pilots speak English?"
"‫ (('؟‬1]: J?‫ ن ه  ا(' ا‬1JA % " ،'F " ‫او از‬
She asked me if/whether the pilots could speak English.
.'(( 1]: J?‫(' ا‬,‫ )  ا‬1JA %  'F " ‫او از‬

This "‫ا‬ that ‫ن‬% tonightN7‫ا‬ that night N ‫ن‬%

these )(‫ا‬ those )% today‫اوز‬ that day ‫ن روز‬%

here
(‫ا‬ there
% tomorrow‫دا‬B the next day ‫روز ='ش‬

ago 512 beforeYF ،512 Yesterday‫دوز‬ the day before YJ12 ‫روز‬

Now ‫ا*ن‬ then ‫ ='ش‬،dQ

18
Much, many, few, a few, little, a little, a lot of, a great deal of…..
.'(%  E#K 5=B ‫  ا و‬-‫ رش‬# 5 2  ‫ ا ا‬-# / # :Few/ a few
.'(%  ‫د‬I 5=B ‫  ا و‬-‫ رش‬# 5 2 U  ‫ ا ا‬-# / # :Little/a little
5 2 U  ‫ و ا ا‬E#K 5=B ‫  ا و‬-‫ رش‬# 5 2  ‫ ا ا‬- ‫'ار ز د‬M :A lot of
.'%  ‫د‬I 5=B ‫  ا و‬-‫ رش‬#
.'%  E#K 5=B  -‫ رش‬# 5 2  ‫ ا ا‬- ‫'ار ز د‬M : Many
.'%  ‫د‬I 5=B  -‫ رش‬# 5 2 U  ‫ ا ا‬:Much
• I have a few friends. .‫ دو دارم‬# ‫" ='اد‬
• There are a few books on the table. .‫ ا‬O ‫ ب رو‬, # ‫='اد‬
• There is only a little milk in the bottle. .‫    ا‬# ‫'ار‬M  ^MB
• There are a lot of cars in the street. ‫  ن ا‬A ‫ در‬51‫='اد ز د ا‬
• There is a lot of bread in the basket. .‫' ا‬1 ‫'ار ز د  ن در‬M
• He didn't eat much fruit. .‫رد‬C ‫ ز د‬/ ‫او‬
• I don't have many friends here. .‫ ن ز د 'ارم‬,‫" ا(
دو‬
• She doesn't have much money. .‫ل ز د 'ارد‬F ‫او‬

Neither/ either/ so/ too

.'(%  I( ‫ت‬0#K ‫در‬: neither & either

‫ اول‬I( J#K , and + neither + 1f # 5=B + 54 B

Alex can't drive a car, and neither can I .‫(ر‬#‫ " ه ه‬،'( <'(‫ ا' را‬# dR%
Mary shouldn't go there, and neither should you. .‫(ر‬#‫  ه ه‬،‫
ود‬% ' 1 ‫ ر‬

‫ اول‬I( J#K , and + 54 B + I( # 5=B + either

Alex can't drive a car, and I can't either. .‫(ر‬#‫ " ه ه‬،'( <'(‫ ا' را‬# dR%
Mary shouldn't go there, and you shouldn't either .‫(ر‬#‫  ه ه‬،‫
ود‬% ' 1 ‫ ر‬

'(%  1f ‫ت‬0#K ‫ در‬:so & too

‫ اول‬1f J#K, and + so + 1f # 5=B + 54 B

Alex can drive a car, and so can I.
Mary should go there, and so should you.
ود‬% ' 
‫ ر‬
Sara works hard, and so does her sister.
‫(ر‬#‫ " ه ه‬،'( <'(‫  ا' را‬dR%
.‫(ر‬#‫  ه ه‬،‫
.‫اهش‬A ‫(ر ه‬#‫ ه‬، '(  ‫  ر‬C ‫ را‬

‫ اول‬1f J#K, and + 54 B + 1f # 5=B + too

19
Alex can drive a car, and I can too.
Mary should go there, and you should too.
ود‬% ' 
‫ ر‬
Sara works hard, and her sister does too.
She went to park, and I did too.
‫(ر‬#‫ " ه ه‬،'( <'(‫  ا' را‬dR%
.‫(ر‬#‫  ه ه‬،‫
‫اهش‬A ‫(ر ه‬#‫ ه‬، '(  ‫  ر‬C ‫ را‬
‫(ر‬#‫ " ه ه‬،B‫ ر‬e‫ ر‬F  ‫او‬

'( K ‫ ت ز‬#J ‫  رد‬

Too/ so/ such a, an/ enough/ very

…. + too + adj + (for sb) + to + V + ….. I( (= / 1f J#K

This tea is too hot (for me) to drink. (( ‫ ا‬# ‫ را‬T "‫ <م ا )ا‬JA ‫ ا 'ن‬T "‫ا‬
Today is too hot for Sara to wear a coat. .'Q    ‫ <م ا‬JA ‫اوز ا  را‬

….+ so + adj + that + 1f /I( J#K

This problem is so difficult that I can't solve it. .( 5+ ‫ن را‬% ‫ ا‬#  ‫ ا‬C ‫'ر‬M% Jg "‫ا‬
This movie is so exciting that we want to watch it again.
.(  # /‫ن را دو ر‬% ‫اه‬A    ‫ ا‬O?‫'ر ه
ن ا‬M% JB "‫ا‬

So + much/ many/ little/ few

There is so much food in the refrigerator. .‫د دارد‬K‫ ل و‬hC ‫;ا در‬U ‫'ار ز د‬M

…. + such (a/an) + (adj) + N + that +…

She is such a polite girl that everybody likes her. '‫ او را دو دار‬#‫  اد ا  ه‬,A‫( ن د‬T ‫او‬
It was such an exciting book that I read it completely.
.‫ا'م‬A 5  ‫ن را‬% "  ‫ د‬1R K ‫ ب‬, ‫( ن‬T ‫ن‬%
It was such good news that I told them immediately.
.,I< )%  ‫را‬B ‫ن را‬% "  ‫ د‬A 1A ‫( ن‬T ‫ن‬%
Have you ever seen such a thing? ‫ ا'؟‬/'‫ د‬OT "(T  ‫ ل‬+   %

... + enough + N + … … + adj + enough + …

She has enough money to buy that book. (N) .‫د‬C ‫ ب را‬, ‫ن‬%  ‫ل دارد‬F B  '+  ‫او‬
He is strong enough to lift this box (adj) .'( '(J ‫ را‬, "‫ ه  ا‬2 B  '+  ‫او‬

20
… + very + adj + …

I am very happy to hear that. .‫  ا" را  (م‬R ]A

He is very clever. .‫  هش ا‬JA ‫او‬

54 B + be used to + V + ing + …  ( ‫ دت‬4

He is used to smoking cigarette. .'7 ‫ دت دارد ? ر‬4 ‫او‬

I am used to reading newspaper before I go to bed. .‫ا‬C  ‫اب روز‬A ‫ از‬512 ‫ دت دارم‬4 "

54 B + used to + 5=B /‫  د‬R + + … /' e ‫ دت‬4

He used to smoke cigarette when he was young. .'7 ‫ دت دا ? ر‬4 ‫ان د‬K ,2‫او و‬
She used to smoke, but she no longer does so. .'7 # ?‫ د‬R‫و‬،'7 ‫ دت دا ? ر‬4 ‫او‬

'(  I( ‫ را‬J#K ‫ و‬/‫  =(» د?« د‬No longer

I wish ‫'ا در 'رد‬D

:'%  ,;< I wish 5=B ‫ ل‬+ ‫در ز ن‬
I wish I had her phone number now. .,‫" او را دا‬IJ /‫ ر‬# ‫ ش ا*ن‬

:'%  5  ,;< I wish 5=B 5  ,;< ‫ و‬,;< ‫ا ز ن‬

I wish we had left there earlier yesterday. ‫ د‬/‫ د‬e ‫
را زود‬% ‫ ش دوز‬

:'%  ,;< ‫ در‬/'(% I wish 5=B /'(% ‫در ز ن‬

I wish it would rain. ('  ‫'ا ('  ران‬A) .‫ رد‬1 ‫ ش  ران‬
I wish you wouldn't make so many noises. .'‫ د‬# ‫'ا‬: ‫'ر و‬M(‫ ا‬# ‫ ش‬

.‫  د‬were  5'1  #` ‫ م‬# ‫ ا‬I wish ‫ در‬to be 5=B :,

I wish today were off. .‫ د‬5= ‫ ش اوز‬
I wish I were a doctor. .‫ دم‬,‫ ش "  د‬

.‫  ر  رود‬W  ‫ ا  ن‬,7 ‫ ا و‬I wish 5f If only

If only he didn't drive so fast. .‫ د‬# <'(‫ را‬E ‫'ر‬M(‫ ش او ا‬
If only the rain would stop. .‫ د‬E2 ‫'ا ('  ران‬A /‫ ش‬

21
 .'(,‫ ه‬I wish 5f ‫ ه‬As if / as thought/ it's time
It's time we went. .‫ن ا  و‬% 2‫و‬

: the B O ‫ ف‬J ‫'ا در 'رد‬D

:‫  <د‬the ‫ ار د‬J#K ‫ ا ا دو"  ر در‬#J <‫
ا‬

I bought a book; the book I bought is about war.
.‫ ا‬P(K /‫'م در  ر‬A "   , ،‫'م‬A  ,  "

.'% # the ... ‫ )ه‬، ) ,‫ ا‬،‫ا *ت‬، ‫ره‬7 ، ‫ ه‬/‫ ر‬2  ‫ از ا‬512

I live in Iran.

'%  the ... "(‫ا دو‬OK،  , ، % /'], ‫ =' از ا  ا *ت‬R‫ و‬:,

They live in the Great Britain. .'((  <'‫ ز‬1  , ‫) در‬%

.'%  the ...‫ ه و‬kJA ،‫ا‬OK ، ‫ ه‬/ ، ‫ روده‬، ‫ در ه‬، ) 2‫
=' از ا  ا‬
The Atlantic Ocean dJ@‫ س ا‬2‫ا‬
The Caspian Sea ‫ر‬OA ‫در‬
The Alps lR% ‫ ه‬/

'% the ()K ‫ و‬7)،/  ،'‫ر‬A 5f   ‫ از ا‬512

The moon is beautiful. ‫ ا‬1‫ ز‬/ 
The sun rises every day. .'(  ‫ع‬J@ ‫ر' ه روز‬A

'% the J\I I: ‫ از دو‬512

The bigger the box, the heavier it will be. .‫اه' د‬A  "?( ،‫ ا‬,<‫ر‬O 1=K T‫ه‬
The more, the better. .,) ،,7 T ‫ه‬

:'( K ‫
 ارد ز‬

The most interesting ",1R K
The first / the second/ the third… ....‫ م‬/‫ دوم‬/ ‫اول‬
The opera/ the concert/ the theater/ the cinema #( / g /‫ (ت‬/‫ا‬F‫او‬
In the morning/ in the afternoon/ in the evening G4 /)m ‫ =' از‬/91:
All the students ‫زان‬% Y‫ م دا‬#
All over the world ‫ا د‬
The teacher/ the professor ‫ د‬,‫ ا‬/J=
Gold is precious ‫) ا‬1‫ <ا‬0@

but: The gold which is found in Iran is precious.

.‫) ا‬1‫ <ا‬،/' ‫'ا‬F ‫  در اان‬0@

He speaks English .'(  1]: J?‫او ا‬

but: He speaks the English language. '(  1]: J?‫او  ز ن ا‬

22
 Negation :‫ت‬2 ‫!  دن‬: ‫'ا در 'رد‬D
It is a book.
It is not a book.
He has a book.
He does not have a book. has have
She bought something. 'A OT  ‫او‬
She did not buy anything. .'C OT n‫او ه‬ some any
I have my lunch. ‫رم‬A  ‫"  ه ر‬
I do not have my lunch. ‫رم‬A # ‫"  ه ر‬
She has already left the class.‫ ا‬/‫ د‬e ‫س را‬0 012 ‫او‬
She has not left the class yet .‫ د‬e ‫س رو‬0 ‫ او ه(ز‬already yet
He still works here. .'(  ‫او ه(ز ا(
 ر‬
He does not work here anymore. still anymore
.'( # ‫او د? ا(
 ر‬
Let's go home. . A  '' /‫ ز‬K‫ ا‬/' 
Let's not go home. .  A '' /‫ ز‬K‫ ا‬/' 
Open the door. ." ‫در را  ز‬
Don't open the door. ." ‫در را  ز‬
Would you please open the door? ‫ در را  ز (؟‬IR (#
Would you please not open the door? ‫ در را  ز (؟‬IR (#
Would you mind closing the window? ‫(''؟‬1 ‫ را‬/
(F   ,#+‫ ز‬/‫ 'ارد‬R ‫ا‬
Would you mind not closing the window? ‫(''؟‬1 ‫ را‬/
(F   ,#+‫ ز‬/‫ 'ارد‬R ‫ا‬

Tag ending/ question tag

Parisa can speak English, can't she? ‫ ? ؟‬،'( 1]: J?‫  ا' ا‬F
Elham isn't absent today, is she? ‫ا(ر ؟‬/‫ ? ؟‬، N U ‫) م اوز‬R‫ا‬
They could practice yesterday, couldn't they?
‫ ? ؟‬/ ‫('؟‬, #،'(( "# ‫(' دوز‬,‫)  ا‬%
The women help in the farm, don't they?
‫ ? ؟‬،'((  # 4‫ر‬O ‫ز) در‬
I am teaching English, aren't I? ‫ ? ؟‬،‫ درس  ده‬J?‫" ا‬

Open the door please, will you? ‫ ا"  ر رو  (؟‬/ ‫(؟‬# ،" ‫در را  ز‬
Let's speak English, shall we? ‫  ؟‬،( 1]: J?‫ '' ا‬/‫ ز‬K‫ا‬

in / on / at / by / with / … G
7‫ وف ا‬J ‫'ا در 'رد‬D
:: 2' ‫ 'ارد ز‬
In:
in January in 1980 in summer ‫ ن‬,  ‫در‬
in the afternoon in Iran/Tehran in the sky ‫ ن‬#% ‫در‬
in the morning in ink ‫ه‬K 
in order to ‫ر‬o(  in my presence "‫\ر‬+ ‫در‬ in my absence " NU ‫در‬

23
 in spite of U‫ ر‬J4 in the end ‫  ن‬F ‫در‬ in front of JK ‫در‬
interested in ‫(' دن‬#204 believe in  ",‫ د دا‬M,4‫ا‬ fall in love with ‫ 'ن‬D 4

On:
on my birthday " 'R ‫در‬ on Friday =#K ‫در‬ on foot /‫ د‬F
on bicycle AT‫ دو‬ on my vacation" ‫ت‬0=  on the whole 5 ‫ر‬
on time E2  on the contrary d4  insist on ‫ار دن رو‬:‫ا‬
depend on  ",‫? دا‬, based on ‫ ا س‬ spend on ‫ج دن رو‬A
rely on  ‫ د دن‬#,4‫ا‬ concentrate on ‫ دن رو‬O#congratulate on ",I< 1
on vacation ‫ت‬0=  on the phone ^A 7F on business ‫ا  ر‬

At:
at ten o'clock
‫  ز‬
at sunset ‫ع‬J@ ‫ه(? م‬
at full speed4 f‫' ا‬+ 
at war/peace9J:/P(K ‫ه(? م‬
smile at  ‫(' زدن‬C1R
at night ‫ ه(? م‬N at play
at Christmas d# ‫ه(? م‬ at first ‫'ا‬,‫در ا‬
at the table O 7F at the door ‫ در‬7F
at dawn ‫ دم‬/'Q ‫ه(? م‬ at sunrise ‫ع‬J@ ‫ه(? م‬
look at ‫ دن‬/ ? laugh at  ‫(''ن‬A

By: (mostly for transportation)

by walk /‫ د‬F by mistake / 1,‫از رو ا‬ by chance d  ‫از رو‬
by my watch " 4  ‫از رو‬ by heart qI+ ‫از‬ by check T 
by the sea ‫ در‬/‫از را‬ by night ‫ ه(? م‬N by the air ‫واز‬F /‫ ها‬/‫از را‬
by bus ‫ اس‬J by tomorrow ‫دا‬B  by the way "#` ‫در‬

With: (mostly for tools)

with spoon D 2  with his friendY ,‫ دو‬ with eye/ear ‫<ش‬/7T J
with white hair'I ‫ ه‬ with blue eyes % ‫ ن‬#7T  with pleasure 5 ‫ ل‬# 
satisfied with ‫را` از‬ happy with ‫] ل از‬A wrong with ‫ دن در‬A
trouble with /‫" در‬,‫ دا‬57 angry with‫  از‬1G4 covered with ‫ از‬/'F
in accordance with  D  fall in love with ‫ 'ن‬D 4 stay/keep in touch with
 ‫ س دن‬# ‫در‬

To:
lead to  ‫(
 'ن‬ belong to  DJ=, complain to ‫  دن از‬
grateful to‫ار از‬O? Q apologize to ‫اه از‬A ‫;ر‬4 next to ‫( ر‬
listen to  ‫<ش دادن‬ related to  ‫ط‬ invite to  ‫ت دن‬4‫د‬
owing to @ C send to  ‫ دن‬,B introduce to  ‫ دن‬B=

For:
apply for a job ‫ا  ر‬A‫ در‬search for ‫ ا‬DM] ask for ‫ا ا‬A‫در‬
wait for o,( sorry for ‫ردن ا‬A W  pay for ‫" ا‬,A‫دا‬F
be used for ‫ 'ن ا‬/‫ د‬I,‫ا‬

24
 From:
away from ‫دور از‬
escape from‫ار دن از‬B
دن از‬JK
protect from‫ از‬m I+
absent from ‫ از‬N U borrow from ‫ض دن از‬2
import fro ‫وارد دن از‬ prevent from‫ <
far from ‫دور از‬ different from‫ وت از‬I,

Of:
proud of ‫ور از‬s shy of ‫'ن از‬7 R
A ashamed of ‫ از‬/'(
fond of  '(#204 instead of
 in spite of U‫ ر‬J4
in front of 5 M ‫در‬ in search of ‫ ل‬1‫ د‬ at the end of ),‫در ا‬
in need of '(‫ ز‬

'(%  B `‫ف ا‬+ ‫= ل 'ون‬B‫ ا" ا‬:K

to answer (…answer this question) ‫ دادن‬u F to attend a place ‫" در‬,B  ‫\ر‬+
to ask (… he asked me…) ‫'ن از‬F to approach  ‫د 'ن‬O
to reach  ‫ر'ن‬ to allow  ‫ دادن‬/‫ ز‬K‫ا‬
to go abroad ",B‫ رج ر‬A  to marry  ‫ازدواج دن‬
to go home  A  ",B‫ر‬ to affect ‫" رو‬,‫ <;ا‬.‫ا‬
to defend ‫ ع دن از‬B‫د‬ to enter  ‫وارد 'ن‬
to obey‫ دن از‬4 @‫ا‬ to consult  ‫رت دن‬7

:'( K ‫ ارد ز‬

and …………………both ‫ه دو‬.......‫و‬

My pen and book both have been lost. .'‫ ا‬/' < ‫  ه دو‬, ‫د رم و‬A

both………………..and ‫و‬........‫ه دو‬

Both my pen and book have been lost. .'‫ ا‬/' <  , ‫د رم و ه‬A ‫ه دو ه‬

either………………….or
.......

She plays either tennis or golf. .WJ< ‫  ز  (' ه‬d( ‫او ه‬

nether………………nor ............
Neither the driver nor the passengers knew what had happened.
.‫ ا‬/‫ د‬,B‫ ا‬2 I‫ ا‬T  '(,‫ دا‬# ‫'ام‬h‫ان ه‬B   ‫ و‬/'(‫ را‬
whether……………….or ‫'ا‬/S.................‫'ا‬/S
Whether you teach or your friend, it makes no different.
.'( # 2B ،,‫ دو‬T ‫  درس 'ه‬T
not only………………….but also ............
3: 
She speaks not only French but also English.
.'‫ف  ز‬+ ‫ ه‬J?‫ ا‬J '(  1]: ‫ا‬B )(  ‫او‬

25
 NO/ Not
He has no money, no friend. (…no + N….) .,‫ دارد و  دو‬RF  ‫او‬
Peter has no black car. (…no + adj + N…) .‫ 'ارد‬/  51‫ ا‬,F
I have no more money. (…no + comparative adj …) .‫ 'ارم‬,7 ‫ل‬F "

Not + (much – many – any – enough)

There is not any paper on the desk. . O ‫; ز د رو‬U 
Would you please not open the door? ‫ در را  ز ('؟‬IR (#
Would you mind not opening the door? ‫  در را  ز ('؟‬,#+‫ ز‬/‫ 'ارد‬R ‫ ا‬%
Not much time / not many girls / not enough chairs / not often / not now/ not yet
Not many girls were there in the party. .'‫د‬1  #) ‫ ه ز د در‬,A‫د‬

Among / Between
The soldiers divided the food among themselves. .'‫ د‬GM ‫د ن‬A " ‫;ا را‬U ‫ زان‬
His car is between two trees. .‫ ا‬A‫ او " دو در‬51‫ا‬

Each other/ one another

These two students help each other. .'‫ د‬# ?'  ‫ز‬% Y‫ا" دو دا‬
Those three students help one another. .'‫ د‬# ?'#‫ز  ه‬% Y‫ن  دا‬%

Until / till / as far as

He studied until/till morning. (‫) =( " " ا ز ن‬ .‫= د‬R  91:  ‫او‬
She walked as far as her home. (‫) =( " " ا  ن‬ .B‫ ر‬/‫ د‬F  A  ‫او‬

Affect / effect

His job has affected badly on his study. (Verb) .‫ ا‬,‫ <;ا‬Y‫ ' رو در‬.  ‫ ر او‬
The patient felt the effects of the medicine immediately. (Noun)
.‫ س د‬+‫ ا‬J: B0 ‫ دارو را‬.‫ ر ا‬#
Advise / advice
I advised him to continue his study abroad.
.'‫ رج ادا 'ه‬A ‫ را در‬Y‫] دم  در‬G ‫" او را‬
My advice didn't work. .‫ ا 'ا‬/' B /‫ د‬5#4 " ]G

26
 Beside / besides
He sat beside me. ( ‫)( ر‬ ." ‫ ( ر‬7 ‫او‬
A man besides his friends went into the club. (/‫و‬0=)
.'' ‫پ‬J ‫ وارد‬Y ,‫ دو‬/‫و‬0= ‫ د‬

Leave / forget
I have left my bag at home. ( K ‫ در‬OT ‫اش دن‬B )
.‫ ام‬,‫ <;ا‬K  A ‫م را در‬,T "

She always forgets my phone number. ("‫ در ذه‬OT ‫اش دن‬B )

.'(  ‫اش‬B ‫" ا‬IJ /‫ ر‬# 7#‫او ه‬

Pour / spill (pour intentionally) , (spill unintentionally)

She poured the tea into the cup. ( ‫اراد‬/ '#4 ",C‫)ر‬
.C‫ان ر‬R 5A‫ را دا‬T ‫او‬
She spilt/spilled the milk on her new T-shirt. ( ‫ اراد‬U/ '#4 U ",C‫)ر‬
.C‫''ش ر‬K ‫او  را رو  ت‬

So that + N / so as + V
Please be quiet so that the baby can sleep. (N) .'‫ا‬C '‫ا‬, h  ‫    ش‬IR
I went there so as to see him. (V) .(1 ‫  او را‬,B‫
ر‬% "
I came here quietly so as not to wake the child. (V)
.( ‫ را 'ار‬h  ‫'م‬%
(‫رام ا‬% "
Remember / remind
I try to remember his name. (‫دن‬Q @ A ) .( qI+ ‫" =  ( ا او را‬
Please remind me to take my pill. (‫ور دن‬% ‫ ) د‬.‫رم‬C ‫ را‬:2 ‫  دم  'از‬IR

Neither/ either
Neither of these two books is mine. (‫ 'ام‬n‫)ه‬ . " ‫ ب  ل‬, ‫ 'ام از ا" دو‬n‫ه‬
Either of those two students is ready to answer. ( ‫)ه دو‬
.‫اب دادن‬K ‫ ا' ا‬/‫ د‬% ‫ز‬% Y‫ه دو  دا‬
Rather/ fairly
She is rather angry. (I( I:) .‫  ا‬1G4 ,1 ‫او‬
She is fairy beautiful. (1f I:) .‫ ا‬1‫ ز‬,1 ‫او‬

27
 Number/ amount
A large/ small number of students from other countries attended state university.
.'‫  رو‬,R‫ دو‬/ ?7‫ره  دا‬7 ?‫زان د‬% Y‫ از دا‬# / ‫='اد ز د‬
A large/ small amount of rain is expected tomorrow.
.‫   ران  رود‬/‫'ار ز د‬M ‫ ر‬o,‫دا ا‬B

In / into

The money is in the drawer. .‫ ا‬7 5A‫ل دا‬F

He threw the money into the drawer. .A‫ ا'ا‬7 5A‫ل را  دا‬F ‫او‬

Bath / bathe
I will have a hot bath and go to bed. (N (‫ م‬#+ / 7,)
.‫اب وم‬C,A‫ م <م ?م و  ر‬#+  ‫اه‬A  "
Bathe you eyes with hot water. (V) (",)
.‫ر‬7 ‫ب <م‬%  ‫  را‬#7T
Cloth / clothe
I need a cloth to clean the table. (N) (T‫ ر‬F )
.( O# ‫ را‬O  ‫ *زم دارم‬T‫ ر‬F   "
Can you please bathe and clothe the baby? (V) (‫ 'ن‬F ‫ س‬1R)

‫ (؟‬Y( ‫ س‬1R ‫ر و‬7 ‫ رو‬h IR (#

Lie, lay, rise, raise, sit, set

Lie – rise – sit intransitive verbs
Lay – raise – set transitive verbs

The cat always lies in front of the fire place. (‫'ن‬7 ‫)دراز‬
.'7  ‫ ( دراز‬JK 7#‫< ه‬
He always lays his bag on the table. (‫ار دادن‬2)
.'‫ار  ده‬2 O ‫ را رو‬YI 7#‫او ه‬
The sun rises in the east. (",B‫) * ر‬
.'(  ‫ع‬J@ ‫ر' از ق‬A
She raised her hand to ask a question. (‫) * دن‬
.'Q ‫ را  * د   ال‬Y,‫او د‬
He sits at his desk. (",7)
.'(7  ‫ش‬O 7F ‫او‬
He set the book on the desk. (‫'ن‬T /‫ار دادن‬2)
.‫ار داد‬2 O ‫ ب را رو‬, ‫او‬

28
 (#‫ت ا‬0#K ) .‫  ه‬J#K ‫ دن دو‬5:‫روش و‬
:( /‫ د‬I,‫ ا‬that ‫  ' از‬1 ‫_  ر‬2  J#K  ‫=ل‬I ‫(ان‬4  ‫ را‬1A J#K  ‫اه‬C <‫ا‬

I think …
John is a doctor. I think that John is a doctor.
.'  ,‫ ن  د‬K  (  B "

:'%  YF R + ‫ دو‬1 ‫_  ر‬2  J#K  ‫=ل‬I ‫(ان‬4  ‫ را‬7F J#K  ‫اه‬C <‫ا‬

:‫ وع  د‬7F #J  7F J#K

I want to know…
What time is it? I want to know what time it is.
.‫(' ا‬T 4  ‫اه 'ا‬A 
Mother wants to know….
Where did you go last night? Mother wants to know where you went last night.
.',B‫ 
ر‬512 N #  '‫اه' 'ا‬A  ‫ در‬

:‫ وع  د‬# 5=B  7F J#K

I want to know……..
Is jack a student? I want to know if/ whether Jack is a student.
.‫ز ا‬% Y‫  دا‬K %  ‫اه 'ا‬A  "

#OG ‫'ا دو‬D

54 B + # 5=B + ‫' ار‬2 + J:‫ ا‬5=B + _C ‫=ل‬I + _C U ‫=ل‬I + R + '2 + ‫'  ن‬2 + ‫' ز ن‬2

'%  /‫رت  د‬G '= 5=B # ‫= ل‬B‫ =' از ا‬: ‫

ل‬OG‫ا‬

Am, is, are, was, were, can, could, will, would, may, might, shall, should,
must, have, has, had, ought to …

:‫  ار‬$
‫ه‬D

OftenNJU‫ا‬, usually*#=, neverO<‫ه‬, always7#‫ه‬, sometimes‫< ه‬,

occasionally‫< ه‬, seldom‫('رت‬, rarely‫('رت‬, scarcely‫… ('رت‬.

29
 :‫  <د‬to ‫ دوم‬5=B ،'  5=B ‫ دو‬J#K  ‫
ا< در‬

I want to buy a new bag .‫م‬C ''K W  ‫اه‬A  "

They have decided to change their house.
.'(( ‫ض‬4 ‫  ا ن را‬A '‫ ا‬,B< #G )%

:‫  <د‬-ing '= 5=B ،'  ‫= ل ز‬B‫ اول  از ا‬5=B <‫
ا‬

Enjoy ‫;ت دن‬R finish‫ م دن‬# avoid ‫( ب دن‬,K‫ا‬ risk ‫ دن‬A
Imagine‫ر دن‬G mind ‫ دادن‬#‫اه‬ consider ",B< o ‫ در‬keep ‫ادا دادن‬
Dislike ‫ دن‬I(, deny‫ا ر دن‬ stop‫ دن‬W2, appreciate‫'ر دا دن‬2
Admit ‫ل دن‬12 fancy ‫ ل دن‬A forbid ‫ دن‬E( succeed‫ 'ن‬DB
Omit ‫;ف دن‬+ propose ‫() د دادن‬7F suppose‫ض دن‬B pretend‫د دن‬#‫وا‬
Attempt‫ش دن‬0 continue‫ادا دادن‬ escape",C< excuse ",‫ا‬A ‫=;رت‬
Intend",‫' دا‬G2 get through‫ 'ن‬5:‫ و‬be busy‫ل دن‬s7 be worth",‫ارزش دا‬
Feel like",‫ دا‬5 look forward to ‫ ر دن‬o,‫  ا‬7T
be/get accustomed to  ‫ دت دن‬4

I enjoy watching TV. .‫;ت  م‬R ‫   رن‬# ‫" از‬

Would you mind closing the door? ‫(''؟‬1 ‫ در را‬/‫ 'ار‬R ‫ا‬
Keep doing good jobs. .'‫ب ا
م ده‬A ‫  ره‬7#‫ه‬
Sona is busy washing the dishes. .‫ف ه ا‬m ", ‫ل‬s7 
I look forward to hearing from you as soon as possible.
.,‫ ه‬# ,= T ‫اب ه‬K o,(
You will soon get used to standing in line/ queue.
.'(  ‫ دت‬4 W: ‫ دن در‬,‫ زود  ا‬

It's no use ‫ ا 'ارد‬/' B It's no use going there, it's too late.
Can't resist ‫ و دن‬M .‫ د ا‬JA ،‫
و‬% ‫ ا 'ارد‬/' B
It's no good  ‫ب‬A It's no good laughing at strangers.
Can't stand ‫ دن‬5#] .'(C ‫ ه‬K‫ ر‬A   ‫ب‬A
Can't help",‫ ا 'ا‬/‫ ر‬T

:'%  to  ‫'ر‬G ‫رت‬G to be ‫ =' از‬5=B ‫ ر ز‬,A  ‫
در‬

It is + adj + (for sb) + to + V

It is important for me to study English. .‫ ) ا‬J?‫= ا‬R  " ‫ا‬
It is essential to stand in line. .‫ دن `ور ا‬,‫ ا‬W: 

30
 It is + adj + that + sb + to ‫ 'ون‬/‫  د‬5=B / s _C ‫م‬

I felt that it was important that John write to his family as soon as possible.
.'(   ‫ اش‬/‫ اد‬A ‫ ا‬,= T ‫ ن ه‬K  ‫ دم ا" ) ا‬B

:‫ ?د‬-ing '= 5=B to O

 ،B `‫وف ا‬+ ‫
=' از‬

For, of, before, after, in, on, at, without….

Before using the machine read the instruction manual.

.'‫ا‬C ‫زش را‬% T,B‫ د‬/ ?,‫ از د‬/‫ د‬I,‫ از ا‬512

:‫ ?د‬-ing '= 5=B B `‫ف ا‬+  ‫= ل‬B‫
=' از ا‬

Interested in  '(#204 , insist on ‫ار د رو‬:‫ ا‬, fond of  '(#204 , think of  ‫ دن‬B
count on ‫ ب دن رو‬+ , tired of‫ 'ن از‬,A

We are tired of sitting here. .‫ ام‬/' ,A

(‫" در ا‬,7 ‫" از‬
I am fond of reading story books. .,‫(' ه‬#204 ‫ ن‬,‫ ب ه دا‬, ‫ا'ن‬A  "

:'  - ing   /‫رت  د‬G ‫ ='  ا' ه‬5=B + ‫= ل‬B‫
=' از ا‬

See, watch, hear, notice, seem, feel, taste

I saw him lock the door. .‫ د‬5I2 ‫د'م  او در را‬

I saw him locking the door. .‫  د‬5I2 ‫د'م  او دا در را‬
I heard him tell his class what to do in case of fire. (‫را را  او داد ('م‬,‫)" د‬
.'(( ‫  ر‬T Y% ‫ع‬2‫ و‬E2 I< ‫س‬0 ‫ ه‬h  ‫" ('م  او‬

I heard him telling his class what to do in case of fire.

(‫ن را‬% ‫ از‬,#2 ^MB  ‫ ام‬/'( ‫رات را‬,‫ م د‬# "   "‫) رو‬
.'(( ‫  ر‬T Y% ‫ع‬2‫ و‬E2 I<  ‫س‬0 ‫ ه‬h  ‫" ('م  اودا‬

:'( K ‫ ارد ز‬

I think that it will rain. .‫ رد‬1 ‫اه'  ران‬A   (  B

I thought that it would rain. .‫ رد‬1 ‫ا  ران‬A  ‫  دم‬B

He sees that he has made a mistake. .‫ ا‬/‫ د‬/ 1,‫او  ('  ا‬
He saw that he had made a mistake. .‫ ا‬/‫ د‬/‫ د‬/ 1,‫او د'  ا‬

He has done all that is necessary. .‫ ا‬/‫  *زم ا را ا

م داد‬h% ‫ م‬# ‫او‬

31
 He had done all that was necessary. .‫ د‬/‫  *زم د را ا
م داد‬h% ‫ م‬# ‫او‬

He wants to go to London. .‫('ن ود‬R  '‫اه‬A  ‫او‬

He wanted to go to London. .‫('ن ود‬R  ‫ا‬A  ‫او‬

I hope that he will have finished before we get back.

.'( ‫ م‬# ‫ از ا(  <د او‬512 ‫ا' وارم‬
I hoped that he would have finished before we got back.
.'( ‫ م‬# ‫ از ا(  <د او‬512 ‫ا' وار دم‬

!‫ و‬2‫و‬
V + ing + ……….. , #>
G + ………….

Entering the school, I saw my friend. (‫ ا‬/' ‫)ه دو  ر ه ز ن ا

م‬
.‫ را د'م‬,‫ دو‬،‫ه(? م ورود  'ر‬

Passing the street, she met her friend.

.'‫ را د‬Y,‫ او دو‬،‫  ن‬A ‫ر از‬14 ‫ه(? م‬

Having + PP + ……., #>

G + ……..

Having written the letter, he posted it. ( '= ‫  ر‬dQ ،/' ‫)اول   ر ا
م‬
.‫ د‬F ‫ن را‬% ،, ‫  را‬
Having done her homework, she went to bed.
.B‫اب ر‬C,A‫  ر‬،/‫ را ا
م داد‬YIR 

#OG ‫ و‬#>
G V‫را‬
:(  ‫ ! د‬#OG O
 
7 ‫ از‬O
Somebody  someone  something OT
Anybody  ‫ه‬ anyone  ‫ه‬ anything OT ‫ه‬
Nobody d n‫ه‬ no one d n‫ه‬ nothing OT n‫ه‬
Everybody  ‫ه‬ every one  ‫ه‬ every thing OT ‫ه‬

Listen! Somebody is knocking at the door. '‫<ش "!  دارد در  ز‬
Nobody has listened to music. .‫ ا‬/‫ <ش 'اد‬M  d n‫ه‬
Everybody is OK. .A ‫ ن‬7R + #‫ه‬
How is everybody? ‫؟‬/‫ر‬T ‫اد‬B‫ ا‬/ d‫ ل ه‬+

:'%  ‫د‬I 5=B ‫ ت ز‬#J‫=' از‬

Audience‫('< ن‬, class‫س‬0 ‫اد‬B‫ا‬, committee,# ‫اد‬B‫ا‬,

32
 faculty/ ?7‫ ر('ان دا‬, family/‫ اد‬A ‫اد‬B‫ا‬, group/‫<و‬, publicdJF ‫اد‬B‫ا‬,
staff‫ رو'ان‬, team ‫اد‬B‫ا‬

This class is active. .'(,‫= ل ه‬B ‫س‬0 "‫ ه ا‬h / ‫= ل ا‬B ‫س‬0 "‫ا‬

Committee wants to change its chairman.

.'(( ‫ض‬4 ‫ را‬Yy‫اه' ر‬A  ,#

:'%  ‫د‬I 5=B ‫ و‬E#K ‫ ت زا‬#J‫=' از‬

one of/ either of/ neither of

One of my friends is a teacher. .‫ ا‬J=  " ‫ ن‬,‫ از دو‬

Neither of them is here. .
(‫) ا‬% ‫ 'ام از‬n‫ه‬

:'%  E#K 5=B ‫ ت ز‬#J‫=' از‬

Both‫ه دو‬, few#, a few# , men‫ دان‬, some ‫='اد‬, several"'(T,
those )%, these )(‫ا‬, people‫دم‬, the restM

Both of them are here. .'(,‫) ا(

ه‬% I‫ه دو‬
People were shocked with the news. .''  1A ‫دم از‬

:'( K ‫ ارد ز‬

The number of students is playing now. .‫ ل  ز ا‬+ ‫(ن در‬#‫زان ه‬% Y‫ دا‬/‫<و‬
A number of students are playing now..'((  ‫زان ا*ن دار'  ز‬% Y‫ <وه از دا‬

1000 miles is a long distance. .‫ ز د ا‬B  5  ‫ار‬O‫ه‬

Mathematics is not very difficult lesson. . ,C JA ‫ر ` ت درس‬
There are glasses on the table. .‫ ا‬O ‫( رو‬4

There is a pair of glasses on the table. .‫ ا‬O ‫( رو‬4 

There are two pairs of glasses on the table. .‫ ا‬O ‫( رو‬4 ‫دو‬

33
 causative EE5 2‫و‬
‫ (ن‬$ ‫ د‬W ‫'د‬1  X>
  ،‫ 'د 
ر را ا*
م  ده‬:'  ‫  
ر  ود‬2 ‫ 
ن‬$‫) ا‬
(‫
ر را ا*
م ده‬

#>
G + have/ has/ get + 1 ‫'ل‬O! + #OG ‫'م‬5 ‫ز
ن‬

I had my car repaired last week. .'‫ د‬#= ‫ را دادم‬J1‫ ا‬512 ,I‫ه‬
We will get our house painted next month..'(( P‫   ن را ر‬A ' ‫اه‬A  '= / 
I had my tooth extracted. .‫'م‬7 ‫ د'ا را‬/ .''7 ‫د'ا دا دادم‬
She had her hair dyed. .‫ ا‬/‫ د‬P‫ را ر‬Y ‫ او ه‬/'(( P‫ ا ر‬/‫ را داد‬Y ‫او ه‬

#>
G + have/make + YH1 ‫'ل‬O! + #OG ‫
د‬5 6C
J

I made the mechanic repair my car. .'( P‫ را ر‬J1‫ ا‬,‫ا‬A   ‫از‬

His mother made him take the medicine. .‫رد‬C ‫رش د  دارو را‬1
 ‫ درش‬
Our English teacher had us give oral report.
.‫ ه 'ه‬I ‫ارش‬O<  ‫ا‬A  ‫  از‬J?‫ ا‬J=
I had everybody fill in/out the form. .'(( F ‫م را‬B  ,‫ا‬A #‫از ه‬
He will make them clean the kitchen. .'(( O# ‫  را‬AOQ%  ‫اه' د‬A ‫) را وادار‬% ‫او‬

#>
G + get + YH1 ‫'ل‬O! + to
 ‫ر‬,

I got the mechanic to repair the car. .'( #= ‫ را‬51‫  ا‬,‫ا‬A   ‫از‬
She got Mary to wash the dishes. .'7 ‫ف ه را‬m ( ‫ا  ) ر‬A ‫او از  ر‬

:‫ق‬B ‫ ره‬,A  ‫ ا‬R +

Get him to stay for dinner if you can. .' # ‫رش " ا  م‬1
 //‫ا‬C ‫ا<   از او‬
Try to get the car going. . ‫  'از‬/‫= "  " را را‬
Let's get him to buy us lunch. .‫د‬C ‫رش ( ا   ه ر‬1
 1

:‫  ر  رود‬to‫'ر 'ون‬G ‫ و‬that ‫= ل ز‬B‫=' از ا‬

…. + that + #>
G + #OG ‫
د‬5 6C
J

Ask‫ ` دن‬M ،‫'ن‬F / demand‫ا دن‬A‫ در‬/ desire ‫رزو دن‬% / insist ‫ار دن‬:‫ا‬
prefer ‫ دادن‬9K / recommend ‫ دن‬: / require ‫م دن‬OJ ،",‫ ج دا‬,+‫ ا‬/
suggest‫() د دادن‬7F ،‫ دادن‬o

The doctor suggested that she not smoke. .'7 ‫ داد  او ? ر‬o ,‫د‬
She insisted that they give her a receipt. .'(‫ ر' 'ه‬z12 ‫)  او‬%  ‫ار د‬:‫او ا‬

34
 ' # , E#K O<‫(' ه‬%  ‫ از  ا‬512   I:
Five hundred word composition ‫ ا‬#J 'G F ‫ ئ‬7‫ا‬
Ten year old boy R  /‫ د‬F

R + ‫ در‬،'‫ را  ه ر^  ده‬J#K ‫ ا و دو‬conjunction  as  '( K

:'%  ‫ از ا‬512 ‫ ا و‬preposition  like 

(as) like every other nation, the united state… .... % ، ?‫ر د‬7 ‫ ه‬5f

J#K J:‫ ا‬54 B D  J#K 5=B ،'(  /' ‫'ا‬K   ^ ?‫) د‬#‫  ا‬0#K ‫در‬
:‫ا‬

Mr. Smith, with his wife and daughter, is returning from a vacation.
.‫ت ا‬0= ‫ از‬7<‫ ل  ز‬+ ‫ در‬،‫ش‬#‫ و ه‬,A‫  د‬،#‫ ا‬2%

:'(  parallel  ‫'ا  '  'از‬K     /'(( 5  ‫ت‬0#K

In respond to this question I should say that I enjoy modern art, classical music, and
literature. (To read literature)
.‫;ت  م‬R ‫ و اد ت‬0 M ،‫  ا" ال  ' ?  " از ه( 'رن‬u F ‫در‬

:'%  to ‫'ر 'ون‬G would rather ‫=' از‬

I would rather drive. .( <'(‫  ده  را‬9K "
I would rather not drive. .( <'(‫  ده  را‬9K "

:‫  د‬,;< ‫ن‬% 5=B '  ‫ دو‬54 B ‫ و‬that #J would rather ‫ا< =' از‬

I would rather that you drove. .( <'(‫  ده   را‬9K "
I would rather that you didn't drive. ( <'(‫  ده   را‬9K "

:D
.'%  5=B ‫  (' و =' از‬W: ‫ را‬5=B  ‫ ا ا‬#J
D = 6! + -ly

Careful = carefully He drives carefully. .'(  <'(‫ را‬2‫او  د‬

Beautifully she dances beautifully. .'G2‫   ر‬1‫او  ز‬

:'2 ‫(' و ه‬,‫ ه‬I: ‫ =( ه‬،'‫' 'ار‬2 ‫ ت ز‬#J ‫ و‬well ‫  د‬good '2 :K

Fast, hard, low, late, early, straight, enough, soon

35
 He speaks English well. .'(  1]: J?‫ب ا‬A ‫او‬
The medication relieve headache fast. .‫ب د‬A E ‫دارو درد را‬
He drives fast. .'(  <'(‫ را‬E ‫او‬
Please come soon. .  ‫ زود‬IR
She works hard. .'(  ‫  ر‬C ‫او‬

He is a good driver. :‫ن ا‬% I: good ‫ ا ا و‬driver J#K "‫در ا‬ •
.‫ ا‬A /'(‫او را‬
He drives well. :‫ن ا‬% '2 well ‫ ا و‬5=B drive J#K "‫در ا‬ •
.'(  <'(‫ب را‬A ‫او‬

:'2  '%  I: ‫= ل ز‬B‫• =' از ا‬

Feel ‫ 'ن‬d+ , look ‫ ر'ن‬o  , taste ‫ دادن‬/O ,smell ‫  دادن‬,

Sound ‫'ا دادن‬: , seem ‫ ر'ن‬o 

This meal tastes good / well. .'‫  ده‬A /O ‫;ا‬U "‫ا‬
You look good/ well. .‫  ر‬o  1‫ ز‬/ ‫ب‬A 

.(  /‫ د‬I,‫ ا‬1 ‫'اد‬4‫ از ا‬u‫در  ن  ر‬

Valentine's Day is on the fourteenth of February.

.‫ر ا‬B ‫) رده‬T " ,(R‫روز و‬

.'‫  ر  رو‬J#K ‫ ا  ' در‬did ‫ و‬do, does ‫= ل‬B‫ا‬

She does know him, even though she may say she doesn't.
.' ( #  '<  T< ،' (  ‫ن د را‬% (g#/ =2‫او وا‬
Do sit down and rest for a while. ." +‫ا‬,‫" و ا‬7 #,+
Do come back and stay with us. .‫ ن‬#   ‫ <د و‬#,+
He did receive a medal. .‫ د‬B ‫=  'ال در‬2‫او وا‬

/‫ د‬I,‫ ا‬how ‫'« از‬2 »  «I: » ‫ و در‬what ‫ در »ا« از‬N

= ‫ا  ن‬
.( 

What beautiful eyes she has! !‫  دارد‬1‫ ن ز‬#7T T ‫او‬

What a pretty girl! ! 1‫ ز‬,A‫ د‬T
How well she swims! !'(  ( ‫ب‬A 'MT‫او‬
How tall he is! !‫(' ا‬J '2 ‫'ر‬MT ‫او‬
How quickly the summer has passed! !;< ‫ ن زود‬,  ‫'ر‬MT

36
 : be supposed to ‫ح‬V‫!
د از ا‬05‫ ا‬/ .
Jack is supposed to return any moment. /‫ <د‬o]R ‫ ه‬/‫ار‬2 K
You are supposed to be at home now, what are you doing here?
‫ ر  (؟‬T
(‫ ا‬،   A ‫ ا*ن در‬/‫ار‬2 
The ship was supposed to arrive last night.
.‫ وارد د‬512 N ‫ار د‬2 ,7
They were supposed to deliver the goods yesterday.
.'(‫ 'ه‬5] ‫ار د  * ه دوز‬2 )%

:'  ,‫ دا‬/‫ ه ا ر‬/'(%  '‫ار  ا‬#,‫ ل ا‬+ ‫ز ن‬

I am meeting a friend at six. .(1 ‫  دو رو‬/‫ار‬2 6 4 

We are going to France this summer. .‫ا‬B  ‫اه‬A /‫ ن دار‬,  "‫ا‬

:‫ن  ر ود‬% ‫= ل ز در‬B‫ (' ا< ا‬/‫ ا ر‬/'(%  '‫  ا‬/‫ ل  د‬+ ‫ز ن‬

open/ close , begin/ end , arrive/ leave

The meeting begins at ten. .‫ وع  د‬10 4  JK

She arrives at 7pm on Sunday. .'%  1(7 7 4  ‫او‬

$‫
ر‬E2‫
ل ا‬OG‫ ا‬01N
….. +( must, might, should, could) + have + PP+ ….

:‫  ر  رود‬,;< ‫ در‬OT  ‫

 < در رد‬, ‫ ا  ن‬:Must



They must have known him. .'(  ,A ( ‫)  ' او را‬%

:‫  ر  رود‬,;< ‫ در‬OT ‫ ل ا

م‬#,+‫ ا  ن ا‬:Might



They might have heard us. .'‫ ا‬/'( ‫'ا  را‬: * #,+‫) ا‬%

:/'7 R‫ و‬/'  ‫ ا

م‬,;< ‫ در‬/‫ د‬,)  ‫ ا  ن  ر ا‬:Should

They should have studied. (but they didn't) ('‫) ا د‬.'‫=  د‬R  ‫ د‬,) )%

:/‫ ا
م 'اد‬J*‫ در ا
م  ر ا   د‬54 B  ‫ ا  ن ا‬:Could

They could have played tennis. (but they didn't) ('‫ د‬R‫  ز ((')و‬d( '(,‫)  ا‬%

37
 modal auxiliary : ‫
ل‬OG‫ا‬

Will future time /'(% ‫ا  ن  ر در‬

Can ability  ‫ا  ن ا‬

May permission /‫ ز‬K‫ا  ن ا‬

Might possibility ‫ا  ن ا ن‬

Should obligation ‫ ر‬1K‫ا  ن ا‬

Desirability ]JG ‫ا  ن‬

Must inference ‫ ج‬,(,‫ا  ن ا‬

Probability ‫ ل‬#,+‫ا  ن ا‬
Necessity ‫ا  ن `ورت‬

The student can smoke in the hall. (ability) .'(7 ‫" ? ر‬R  ‫زان  ا(' در‬% Y‫دا‬
The student may smoke in the hall. (permission) .'(7 ‫" ? ر‬R  ‫ دار' در‬/‫ ز‬K‫زان ا‬% Y‫دا‬
John may receive a letter today. (possibility) .'( B ‫( اوز    در‬# ‫ ن‬K
John might receive a letter today. (possibility) .'( B ‫( اوز    در‬# ‫ ن‬K
John should study every day. (obligatory) .'‫ا‬C ‫ ن  ' ه روز درس‬K
My grandmother shouldn't spend so much time alone in her home. (desirability)
.'‫  ?;را‬A ‫ () در‬2‫ و‬#‫رگ " ا" ه‬O ‫ ا   در‬,)
He must be about 40 years old. (inference) '  ,‫  ل دا‬40 ‫'ود‬+ '   '‫  ر‬o ‫او‬

My grandma must take several kind of medicine. (necessity)

.'( ‫ف‬G ‫='د از دارو ه را‬, ‫رگ "    ااع‬O ‫ در‬

:‫ 
ت‬0 -2 / .
Book books
Watch watches (sh , ch , s , x , z , o )
City cities (Y ies)
Baby babies
Boy boys
Toy toys

F , fe ves

Shelf I2 shelves ‫" ه‬,% leaf ‫گ‬ leaves ‫گ ه‬

Wife ‫زن‬ wives ‫زن ه‬ knife 2 T knives ‫ ه‬2 T
Safe ‫('ون‬: ‫< و‬ Safes ‫('وق ه‬: ‫< و‬

38
ff , oof , ief s

Roof ‫ م‬ roofs cuff ",%  cuffs

Cliff /C: cliffs chief dy‫ر‬ chiefs
But:
Thief ‫دزد‬ thieves hoof  hooves

Man ‫د‬ men woman ‫زن‬ women

child h children foot F feet
Tooth‫د'ان‬ teeth goose ‫ ز‬U geese
Mouse‫ش‬ mice louse YQ lice
Ox ‫< و‬ oxen

Sheep '(I< sheep ‫(' ه‬I< deer ‫<زن‬ deer ‫<زن ه‬

Fish ‫ ه‬ fish ‫ ه ه‬ swine eA swine ‫ ه‬eA

Teapot ‫ر‬2 teapots classroom‫س‬0 classrooms

Notebook T ,B‫د‬ notebooks father in law ‫'ر زن‬F fathers in law

Crisis ‫]ان‬ crises basis ‫ا س‬ bases

Analysis 5J] analyses axis ‫]ر‬ axes
‫؟‬6S !‫ و‬2
 Adjective clause
/‫  (('  در  ر‬W: ‫د را‬A ‫ از‬512 ‫(' و ا‬%  R:  #` ‫('  =' از‬,‫ ه‬0#K
.'(‫  ده‬,7 9` ‫ن‬%
[who, whom, which, whose, that]

The man who is standing over there is from Iran.

.‫ اا ا‬/‫ د‬,‫
ا‬%  ‫د‬
Did you know the man to whom you were speaking is Italian?
‫  د اا ا؟‬1]: ,‫  دا د   ه ش دا‬%
The place where they like is very dangerous.
.‫ ا‬e  A ‫) دو دار'  ر‬%  J]
I saw the man who helped you.
(N) (adj-clause)

.‫ د را د'م‬#    ‫" د را‬

‫؟‬6S !‫
رت و‬E>
 Adjective phrase

.'(  W: ‫ن را‬%‫' و‬%  ‫ از  ا‬dF ‫ و‬/' ‫ وع‬ed  ing    ‫ ر ا‬14
I saw the man living in your apartment. .‫ ن  ر'<  (' د'م‬#‫ ر‬F% ‫" د را  در‬
(N) (adj-phrase)
I saw the man called Tom. .‫  د د'م‬/'  ‫" د را   م‬

39
 C'' 
7
('( =K‫ ا‬8]I:  5  9` ‫)ا‬
that ‫ و‬who, which 5  ‫ ?' و‬5=B ‫د‬A ‫('  =' از‬,‫)  ه‬% J4 B R:  #`
.'(  
I know the girl who/ that studies in this college.
(N) (adj – clause)
. (  ‫ا' را‬A  ‫ درس‬/'7‫  در ا" دا‬,A‫" د‬

I have the book which/ that contains the information.

(N) (adj- clause)

.‫ ت ه را دارم‬40@‫ ا‬5   ‫  را‬, "

Adjective Phrase  Adjective-Clause #E

D,7 /‫ا‬#‫ را  ه‬J4 B R: #` "‫  ' ا‬to be D,7 J4 B R: #` ‫ا< =' از‬
'  ‫م‬J= J#K  J#K <‫ ا‬:'%  YF R + ‫رت دو‬: "‫;ف  (  در ا‬+ to be
 '  I:‫ رت و‬14 '  ‫ 
)ل‬I:‫ و‬J#K <‫ وع د و ا‬ing   '  I:‫ رت و‬14
.‫ وع د‬ed 
J4 B R: #` to be D,7

The man who is talking to me is from USA. .‫ ا‬% '(  1]: "   ‫د‬
(N) (Adj-clause) (active)

The man talking to me is from USA.

(Adj – Phrase)

J4 B R: #` to be D,7

The pictures which are presented in this exhibition are beautiful.

(N) (Adj- clause) (passive)

.'(,‫ ه‬1‫  ' ز‬/‫ داد‬Y # / ?7 # "‫ و  در ا‬G

The pictures presented in this exhibition are beautiful.

(Adj-phrase)

5=B ‫ و‬/‫;ف د‬+ ‫ را‬J4 B R: #` ' 1 to be D,7 J4 B R: #` ‫ا< =' از‬
:  ing 5 ‫ن را‬%
J4 B R: #`

We know the man who works in this office. . (  '(  ‫  ر‬/‫ د را  در ا" ادار‬
40
 (N) (Adj- clause)

We know the man working in this office.

(Adj- phrase)

‫؟‬6S Noun clause

.'%  _2  J#K ‫ ا ا  =' از‬J#K

I don’t know where Bob went last night.

.B‫ 
ر‬512 N ‫ دا  ب‬# "
I can't understand why she has left the children alone.
.‫ ا‬,‫ ه را () <;ا‬h ‫ا او‬T ‫ دا‬# "
I don't believe what they said about you yesterday.
.'(,I< T ‫) در رد  دوز‬% ‫ دا‬# "

Subordinate conjunctions/ subordinators which introduce noun clauses:

Who  T which  ‫'ام‬ how‫ر‬T how much‫'ار‬M T

Whoever ‫ه‬ whicheverT ‫ه‬ however‫ ل‬+ "‫ ا‬ how many  '(T
Whom‫ او را‬ where
 whose‫ ل او‬ how long ‫ 'ت ز‬T
Whomever‫ه  را‬ wherever K ‫ه‬ why‫ا‬T how often 2‫ او‬T
what T when2‫ و‬T whether (or not)/‫ا‬A how soon‫'ر زود‬MT
whateverh% ‫ه‬ whenever2‫ه و‬ that

That he had lied to us was unbelievable. .‫  ور ا‬5 2 U ، ,I< ‫ا( او   دروغ‬
That we accepted his apology, made him feel better.
.'( ,) ‫ س‬+‫} '  او ا‬4  ،‫ل د‬12 ‫اه او را‬A ‫;ر‬4  (‫ا‬

:'( K ‫ار در ارد ز‬O< 04 

I am studying English in Denver; however, my best friend is in Houston.

.'‫ا‬A  ",‫ در ه‬,‫" دو‬,) ‫ ل‬+ "‫  ا‬،‫ا‬A  J?‫" در در ا‬
I am studying English in Denver. However, my best friend is in Houston.
I am studying English in Denver. My best friend, however, is in Houston.
I am studying English in Denver. My best friend is in Houston, however.

:'( K ‫ت و  ت <ا ز‬0#K 

As a student he had lived on bread and water. (as a student = 

7‫) ه(? م دا‬
.‫(( ز'<  د‬F ‫ب ) ن و‬% ‫
 او   ن و‬7‫ه(? م دا‬
As a married man he had to think of the future. (as a … =‫ د‬5‫ ه‬, T )
.'  /'(% B  ‫ر د‬1
 ‫ د‬5‫ ه‬, ‫
 او‬% ‫ از‬/T

41
We had to walk all the way as we had no money for the fare. (as = T )
.‫ و‬/‫ د‬F ‫ م  را‬# ' ‫ر‬1
 ,‫ل ا را 'ا‬F  T
As you get older, your flexibility decreases. ( as =  ‫'ر‬MT ‫)ه‬
.‫  د‬,# # ‫; 'ن‬F ‫   ' ا= ف‬F #  ‫'ر‬MT ‫ه‬

Need
He needs to go. (# 5=B) .‫او *زم ا  ود‬
He needs not to go. .‫او *زم   ود‬
He doesn't need to go. .‫او *زم 'ارد  ود‬
I need a book. (J:‫ ا‬5=B) .‫ ب *زم دارم‬,  "
I don't need a book. .‫ ب *زم 'ارم‬, "

Must
You must clean your own boots. (‫ ا‬/'(< ‫ ر از @ف‬1K‫)ا‬
.( O# ‫" ه  را‬F '  

You will have to clean your boots when you join the army. ('( # ‫ر‬1
 /'(<)
.( O# A ‫" ه  را‬F  ‫اه د‬A ‫ر‬1
 ،  D]J Y‫  ار‬,2‫ و‬

May/ might
May/can I use your phone? ( ‫)د‬
‫ (؟‬/‫ د‬I,‫ ا‬# "IJ ‫  ا از‬%

Might I use your phone? (,# 1f ‫اب‬K B ‫ ل در‬#,+‫)ا‬

‫ (؟‬/‫ د‬I,‫ ا‬# "IJ ‫ ه  از‬Y ‫ ا‬%
You might post this for me. ('‫  ر او را ا
م  ده‬N@ C ‫" دارد‬M /'(<)
‫ ('؟‬F " ‫ ه ا‬Y ‫ا" را ا‬
Could you show me the way?
‫ ن ده'؟‬7 "  ‫ را‬/‫( را‬#
(‫ ~د   ا‬R‫ا و‬would you ?‫ د‬5 Could you)

o ‫ را‬14 ‫  ' از‬J ‫ د‬/‫ د‬I,‫ ا ا ن ا
م 'ن  ر ا‬R‫ت ا‬0#K ‫ ان در‬# may / might ‫از‬
. ( /‫ د‬I,‫ ا‬is he likely/ do you think

Are we likely to meet any shark? ‫(؟‬1    ‫ ه‬YR #,+‫ ا‬%
Is he likely to come today? ‫ ه  او اوز  '؟‬YR #,+‫ ا‬%
Do you think it will rain? ‫ رد؟‬1 ‫  ('   ران‬B %

He is sure to succeed. (' '‫اه‬A DB ‫' ا  او‬M,= /'(<)

.‫  د‬DB (g# ‫او‬
He is sure that he will succeed. (' '‫اه‬A DB  ‫' ا‬M,= ‫دش‬A ‫)او‬
.' '‫اه‬A DB  ‫" ا‬g# ‫او‬

42
….it is / it was + adj + of you/ of him…

It is good of you to help him. ( ....  # WR /A ‫)از‬

.'(  # ‫    او‬# WR ‫از‬
It was clever of him to find his way here. ( ..... ‫)از  ه او د‬
.‫ ا‬/‫'ا د‬F ‫د او د  ش  ا(
را‬A ‫از  ه‬

I should like to have seen it. (but it wasn't possible) (/'7 ‫رزو ا
م‬%)
.‫ دم‬/'‫ن را د‬%  ,‫رزو دا‬%
We needn't to have hurried; now we are too early. ( ‫ `ور‬U 5#4  ‫) ن‬
.'‫ زود ر‬JA ‫ ا*ن‬،( J
4  ‫د‬1 ‫*زم‬
He must have come this way; here are his footprints. (‫ ج‬,(,‫) ن ا‬
.‫ ا(
ه‬Y ‫ ه‬F ‫ رد‬،'  /'% /‫او  ' از ا" را‬

I stop to buy cigarette. ‫م‬C ‫ دم  ? ر‬W2

I stop buying cigarette. ‫ دم‬W2, ‫'ن را‬A ‫? ر‬

Would you mind moving your car? ‫ ده'؟‬+ ‫ ن را‬,(  (#
Would you mind my moving your car? ‫ ده؟‬+ ‫ ن را‬,(  " (#

:‫'ان ا>اد‬
3713 = three thousand, seven hundred and thirteen
(year) 1957 = nineteen hundred and fifty seven = nineteen, fifty seven
1500 BC (before Christ) = one thousand five hundred BC = fifteen hundred
2006 = two thousand (and) six
⅔ = two third
$ 100.99 = one hundred dollars ninety nine
000 = triple oh
0.8% = zero point eight percent

He is angry .‫  ا‬1G4 ‫او‬ "M

Ha must be angry .'   1G4 '  ‫او‬ ':‫ در‬95 ‫ ل‬#,+‫ا‬
He may be angry .'   1G4 (# ‫او‬ ':‫ در‬50 ‫ ل‬#,+‫ا‬
He might be angry .'   1G4 ‫ ' او‬ ':‫ در‬35 ‫ ل‬#,+‫ا‬

43
 :‫ س در 
ت‬05‫ ا‬$
2
'Education (N) ‫زش‬% Edu'cation (V) ‫زش دادن‬%

:‫ار  <د‬2 ‫ دوم‬#2 ‫س رو‬,‫ ا‬,#2 ‫ ت دو‬#J ‫در‬

Turn 'on turn 'off

:‫ار دارد‬2 self ‫س رو‬,‫  ا=  ا‬#` ‫در‬

My'self her'self him'self

:'( K ‫'اد‬4‫س در ا‬,‫ ا‬K 

'forty 'fifty four'teen

Just
/' ‫ م‬# /‫   ز‬J#4
I just finished it. .‫ دم‬Y # ‫" ا*ن‬#‫ه‬

Already /' ‫ م‬# 012  J#4

She has already left the class. .‫ ا‬/‫ د‬e ‫س را‬0 012 ‫او‬

:A5‫ از ا‬#ED ‫ \ !
ت‬
I + /‫ ا'از‬+ " + P‫ ر‬+ J + d(K + ‫ا‬

Expensive long new red French silk skirt

#2 ‫(' <ان‬J ''K O2 ‫ا‬B #7‫دا" ا‬

‫ل‬B "‫ از ا‬/‫ د‬I,‫ ن ا‬% /‫را‬

:‫ دار‬I: ‫دو ع‬
.‫ دن‬O2 /‫ا دن‬B /‫ دن‬#7‫ ا‬5f '(,‫= ه‬2‫"  وا‬1   I: -1
o ‫رگ و از‬O  o ‫(  از‬/‫ )ا'از‬5f '(,‫ ه‬1 (=  /'M4 ‫ و‬o "1   I: -2
.‫ ا‬T ?‫د‬

.'(,‫   (' از ا دور ه‬1 T ‫د ' و ه‬O ‫=   ('  ا‬2‫ ت وا‬I: T ‫ه‬
1 =2‫وا‬ ‫ا‬

Expensive long red French skirt

‫(' <ان‬J O2 ‫ا‬B "‫دا‬
44
 : ‫ ا‬#J ‫= ل دو‬B‫ا‬
#OG + G
7‫ وف ا‬J 6! + G
7‫ وف ا‬J
Look at talk about similar to sorry about
 ‫ دن‬/ ? /‫ دن در  ر‬1]:  1 /‫ در  ر‬W ,
Look for wait for interested in responsible for
‫" ا‬,7 ‫ ل‬1‫د‬ ‫دن ا‬o,(  '(#204 ‫ل‬g
Search for keep from afraid of aware of
",7< OT ‫ ل‬1‫د‬ ‫دور از‬ ‫ از‬/' ‫ از‬/ <%
Listen to look after concern about worried about
 ‫<ش دادن‬ ‫ دن از‬12‫ا‬ OT ‫?ان‬ OT ‫?ان‬
Talk to worry about free from based on
 ‫ دن‬1]: ‫ دن‬OT ‫?ان‬ ‫زاد از‬% ‫ ا س‬
Consist of thank for ashamed of full of
‫ از‬57, ‫ار از‬O? Q ‫ از‬/'( ‫ از‬F

:'‫ ا‬/' 57 '2 ‫ و‬5=B  ‫ از‬N ‫= ل‬B‫=\ از ا‬

Take off ‫وردن‬% ‫در‬ turn down ‫'ا‬: ‫ دن‬

Put on ‫'ن‬F leave out ‫;ف دن‬+
Write down ‫ ددا دن‬ put off ",A‫ ا'ا‬D= 
Give back ‫ دادن‬dF call off ‫دور دن‬
Find out ",B ‫در‬ wake up ‫'ار 'ن‬
Turn up ‫'ا‬: ‫ز د دن‬ throw out ",A‫ون ا'ا‬
Turn off ‫ ش دن‬A look up sR (= ‫'ا دن‬F

' ‫'ا‬K ‫= ل‬B‫ ا" ا‬.‫ ا‬out ‫ و‬on, off , up, back )% '2  ‫ دوم‬#2 ‫= ل‬B‫ ا" ا‬f‫ا‬
.'(,‫ه‬
:'  ‫  =' از ا‬512 '‫ ا ا  ا‬5 ‫ ن‬7R=I ,2‫ و‬-1

I took off my coat. .‫وردم‬% ‫ را در‬, "

I took my coat off. .‫وردم‬% ‫ را در‬, "
:'  '2 #2 ‫ از‬512 #,+ '  ‫ ا‬#` 5 ‫=ل از‬I ,2‫ و‬-2
I took off it.
I took it off. .‫وردم‬% ‫ن را در‬% "

45
 AS ‫ا'اع‬

‫ف ر^ ز ن‬+ As I was crossing the street, I saw my friend.

.‫ را د'م‬,‫ دو‬،‫  ن رد  'م‬A ‫ض‬4 ‫ از‬,‫ه(?   دا‬
As J4 As she is tired, I do the dishes.
.  ‫ف ه را‬m "،‫ ا‬,A ‫ن  او‬T
‫ر' از‬ As I practice more, I become stronger
.‫   م‬2 ،(  "# ,7  ‫'ر‬MT ‫ه‬

As soon as: :‫ ^ ا‬

As soon as they arrived, we will leave. .B‫اه ر‬A  ،'( )% (‫ ا‬z] 

As long as:  
‫
ز‬،  ‫
دا‬
I will never go there, as long as I live. .B‫اه ر‬C
% ،‫ ام‬/'‫ ز   ز‬

As far as: 
*(

As far as I am concern, they have changed their house.

.'‫ ا‬/‫ض د‬4 ‫   ن را‬A )% ،‫    دا‬K 

In addition: ‫ >و‬
They changed their house; in addition they bought a new car.
.''A ‫'' ه‬K 51‫  ا‬/‫و‬04  ،'‫ض د‬4 ‫   ن را‬A )%

In addition to: ‫  >و‬+ N/ Ing

In addition to teaching, she works in a restaurant as well.
.'(  ‫ران ه  ر‬,‫ او در ر‬،‫  درس دادن‬/‫و‬04

Besides: ‫  >و‬+ N/ ing

Ten students besides their teachers went into the class.
.'(,B‫س ر‬0  ‫  ن‬J= /‫و‬0= ‫ز‬% Y‫ دا‬/‫د‬

Furthermore:  ‫ >و‬+ 2

It is very cold outside; furthermore, it is late.
.‫ د ه ا‬/‫و‬0= ،‫ د ا‬JA ‫ون‬

Raise: ‫ ح  دن‬V ، ‫ <رگ  دن‬، ‫<ا) دادن‬G‫ ا‬، ‫

`  دن‬

Raise your hand if you have a question. .1 *  ‫ را‬,‫ دار د‬R‫ا< ا‬
They raised their prices. .'‫ داد‬Y‫ا‬OB‫ ن را ا‬7 ‫ ه‬#2 )%
I was born and raised in Tehran. .‫رگ 'م‬O ‫'م و‬% ‫" در )ان  د‬
You raised a good question. .'‫ را ح د‬A ‫ال‬

46
Contain: ‫ن‬1 #
1
The library contains a number of valuable books..‫  د‬5  ‫ )  ارزش را‬, ‫ ر از‬#  C ,

Content: 7‫ را‬/‫'ا‬0

He was a good friend and I was content. .‫ د و " را` دم‬A ‫او دو‬
She kept the content of the letter secret. .‫ ? دا‬IC ‫   را‬,] ‫او‬

In other word: ‫

رت د‬E> 
He is economical too much; in other word, he is stingy.
.‫ ا‬dA ‫ رت د? او‬14  ،‫ د ا‬G,2‫ ا‬JA ‫او‬

On the other hand: ‫ ف د‬. ‫از‬

I don’t like to eat out; on the other hand, I should save money.
.( ‫ ا'از‬dF ‫ل‬F '  " ?‫ از @ف د‬،‫رم‬C ‫;ا‬U ‫" دو 'ارم ون‬

0+ ! ‫>

ت و 
ت‬.‫ا‬
Make
Make an attempt: ‫ش دن‬0 Make friend: ‫'ا دن‬F ‫دو‬
Make a mistake: ‫ دن‬/ 1,‫ا‬ Make money: ‫ دن‬E#K ‫ل‬F
Make an appointment: ",B<  Make the most of: ‫ را دن‬/‫ د‬I,‫ ا‬f‫' ا‬+
Make a presentation: ‫ دن‬D Make the bed: ‫ دن‬N ‫اب را‬C,A‫ر‬
Make progress: ‫ دن‬B7F Make noise: ‫'ا دن‬: ‫ و‬
Make a speech: ‫(ا دن‬C Make a gesture: ‫ دن‬/‫ ء و ا ر‬#‫ا‬
Make a difference: ‫ق دن‬B /",‫ <;ا‬.  Make a decision: ",B< #G

Concern: ‫ ا‬
Growing concern: '‫?ا رو  ر‬ come about: ‫ دن‬,B‫ ق ا‬I‫ا‬
Major concern: J:‫ ا‬//'#4 ‫?ا‬ come across: ‫رد دن‬A B‫ د‬G ‫ر‬
Express concern: ‫ااز ?ا دن‬ come back: ",7<
Concern about: ‫ دن‬OT ‫?ان‬ come from: ‫  دن‬K 5‫اه‬
come out: ‫ 'ن‬7,(

Role contact
Have a role: ",‫ دا‬YM close contact: ‫د‬O ‫ س‬#
Play a role: YM ‫ دن‬I‫ا‬ direct contact: M, ‫ س‬#
Important role:  ‫ ا‬YM face to face contact: ‫ ط رو در رو‬1‫ار‬
Key role: 'J YM in contact with:  ‫ س‬# ‫در‬
Major role: /'#4 YM keep in contact: ‫ س دن‬# ‫در‬
Central role: J:‫ ا‬/ O YM

Plan: ",‫ دا‬#G /‫@ح‬ consist of

Plane: #F‫ها‬ to be composed of ‫ 'ن‬5 
Plant: ",  // < Include= contain ‫ 'ن از‬57

47
Planet: /‫ ر‬ to be made up of
Plain: ?JK /‫د‬
Plate: ‫ ب‬M7

In relation to:  ‫ ط‬1‫در ار‬ raise an issue: ‫ ا را ح دن‬R 

In comparison to:   M ‫در‬ avoid an issue: ‫( ب دن‬,K‫ ا ا‬R  ‫از‬
In contrast to:  ‫در \ د‬ important/key/major issue: 'J ،) R 
In favor of: EI  complex issue: /'hF R 
In accordance with:  D  political issues:   5 
In contact with:  ‫ س‬# ‫در‬ social issues:  #,K‫ ا‬5 
In spite of: U‫ ر‬J4 environmental issues: ] 5 

Rob … rob + sb + from + sth….. OT ‫]وم دن  از‬

They have robed the women from right of freedom.

.'‫ ا‬,B< )‫زاد را از ز‬% D+ )%

Extreme: '' extreme: ‫ل‬#= U

Extreme poverty: '' MB extreme example:‫ل‬#= U )R f
Extreme care: '' 12‫ا‬ extreme condition:‫ل‬#= U ^‫ا‬

Provide + sth + for + sb

‫اه دن‬B  ‫ را ا‬OT

Provide + sb + with + sth

This library is made to provide new books for students.

.'( ‫اه‬B ''K ) , ‫زان‬% Y‫  ا دا‬/' ,A   C , "‫ا‬
This library is made to provide students with new books.
.'( ‫اه‬B ''K ) , ‫زان‬% Y‫  ا دا‬/' ,A   C , "‫ا‬

48
Under the condition: ^‫] ا‬ steal: ‫دزد'ن‬ thief:‫دزد‬
Under the pressure: ‫ ر‬7B ] rob: ‫د زدن‬1,‫ د‬/‫ دن‬2
Under the observation: o ] mug: ‫'ن‬F 2 W mugger:‫ پ‬2 W
Under the supervision: 12‫] ا‬ pilfer: ‫ دزد دن‬R‫د‬ pilferer:‫ دزد‬R‫د‬
Under the protection:  #+ ]. burgle:  A ‫دزد از‬ burglar: A ‫دزد‬
Under the construction: A  ‫در د‬ hijack: #F‫دزد'ن ها‬ hijacker: ‫ ر‬#F‫ها‬
Under the impression: .  ] pirate:  ‫دزد در‬
Under the influence: ‫ذ‬I ‫ز‬ abduct: ‫دم دزد'ن‬%
Under the discussion: ‫] ر‬ abduction:  ‫دم ر‬%
Under the control: ‫ل‬,( ] kidnap: ‫دزد'ن‬%
Under the education: J= ] kidnapper: ‫دم ر‬%

In spite of = despite
They went to the beach in spite of rainy weather. .'(,B‫ ر‬5+   ‫ ها  را‬U‫ ر‬J4 )%
Despite our effort, they decided to close the school.
.''(1 ‫('  'ر را‬,B< #G )% ،  ‫ش‬0 U‫ ر‬J4

Hot: ‫داغ‬ warm: ‫<م‬

This tea is too hot to drink. The weather was warm yesterday.
.‫ داغ ا‬JA ‫ا" ا 'ن‬ .‫ها دوز <م د‬
It is very hot today. The food is not quite warm.
.‫ داغ ا‬JA ‫اوز ها‬ . ‫ <م‬0  ‫;ا‬U

Cold:‫د‬ cool: (A

I have a cold and fever. It is getting cool
.‫ دارم‬N ‫ ام و‬/‫رد‬A  " .‫ها دارد د  د‬
I feel very cold. Keep it in a cool place.
.‫ د دارم‬JA ‫ س‬+‫" ا‬ .'( ‫ د ?)'ار‬K ‫ن را در‬%

Great:‫)ر‬7 by name: ‫ ا‬

He is a great man. .‫)ر ا‬7 ‫او د‬ by degree: k‫ 'ر‬
What a great artist. .<‫ر‬O '((‫ ه‬T by the way: "#` ‫در‬
by ship: ,7 
Large: +  ‫] ظ‬R ‫رگ از‬O by all means: 5 ‫ ل‬# 
This is a large sea. .‫رگ ا‬O ‫ا" در‬ by chance:  
Your classroom is large. .‫رگ ا‬O # ‫س‬0 by night: N ‫در‬
by land: 7A /‫از را‬
Big: 
+ ‫] ظ‬R ‫رگ از‬O by air: ‫ ها‬/‫از را‬
This box isn't big enough.  ‫رگ‬O B  '+  1=K "‫ ا‬by error: ‫ ه‬1,‫ا‬
This book is too big for my pocket. by heart: qI+ ‫از‬
.‫رگ ا‬O JA " NK ‫ ب ا‬, "‫ ا‬by oneself:  )( 
by letter:   D@ ‫از‬

49
See:‫دن‬ by way of:  ‫ از‬،/‫از را‬
I see her every day. .(  ‫" او را ه روز‬ by hand: ‫ د‬
by bus: ‫ اس‬
Look: ‫
  دن‬ by post: F 
Look at me. " / ? "  by car: "  
by surprise: N
= ‫از رو‬
Watch: ‫
 دن‬1
 by day: ‫روزا‬
I like watching TV. .‫ن رادو دارم‬OJ  # " by sight: B 2 ‫از رو‬
day by day: ‫روز  روز‬
Hear: ‫ن‬:1 one by one:  
Can you hear me? ‫'ا " را  ( ؟‬: step by step: ‫'م‬2  ‫'م‬2
side by side: ‫در ( ر ه‬
Listen: ‫'ش دادن‬
I am listening to the radio. .‫" دارم  راد <ش  ده‬

Hard/ hardly

Hard: ,C  /C (adj/ adv)

He was hit hard. .'‫ د‬N% C ‫او‬
Hardly: 5  ‫  ر‬/‫ 'رت‬
The baby can hardly walk. .'O ‫'م‬2 '‫ ('رت  ا‬h

Cause/ reason

Cause: (.‫'ن ا‬% ‫د‬K ‫ )ا‬N1 /J4

This is the cause (not reason) of his illness. .‫ ر او ا‬# 5 4 / J4 "‫ا‬
Reason: (/'M4 /5#4 ",A  K ‫ )ا‬5R‫د‬
What is the reason of your coming late? ‫؟‬T # ‫'ن‬% ‫ د‬/ A  J4

Centre/ middle
Centre: (= M O (= 
Centre of the circle is shown by a dot. .‫ ا‬/' /‫ ن داد‬7 M  J‫  و‬/‫ دا‬O
Middle: O ‫ =( و^ ] ا در ا@اف‬
I stood in the middle of the room. .‫ دم‬,‫" و^ ا ق ا‬

Shade/ shadow

Shade: .'‫ ر‬# ‫ن‬%  =  J4  ‫ ب‬,B% ‫   ر‬K

You can get shade under the tree. .'( /‫ د‬I,‫ از   ا‬A‫ ا' ز در‬
Shadow: ‫ ا‬OT _C7  
He saw his shadow in the water. .'‫ب د‬% ‫او   اش را در‬

50
Further/ farther

Further:«,7 »(= 
I want to get further information. .‫ورم‬% ' ,7 ‫ ت‬40@‫اه ا‬A  "
Farther:«‫=(» دور‬
New York is farther than London. .‫('ن دور  ا‬R ‫ از‬e‫ر‬

Rarely/ scarcely

Rarely: «‫ =( » 'رت‬

He rarely comes here. .'% 
(‫او ('رت ا‬
Scarcely: «5   » (= 
I had scarcely finished when he came. .‫ دم‬/‫ م د‬# 0  " ،'% ‫ او‬,2‫و‬

Lately/ late

Lately:«‫ا‬A‫=(»ا‬
I haven't been here lately. .‫ ام‬/‫د‬1
(‫ ا‬A‫" ا" اوا‬
Late:«‫=(» د‬
Last night I went to bed late. .,B‫اب ر‬C,A‫  ر‬2‫ " دو‬,;< N

Nearly/ about/ almost

Nearly: «o ‫ رد‬/‫ از ا'از‬,# '‫ =( »ا‬

He is nearly six feet tall. .‫' دارد‬2 ‫ت‬B Y 1M ‫او‬

About: «o ‫ رد‬/‫ از ا'از‬,#  ,7 '‫ =( »ا‬

I am about six feet tall. .‫' دارم‬2 ‫ت‬B Y ‫'ود‬+ "

Almost:. '‫« را  ده‬0   »‫ و‬/‫د‬# R*‫ د‬5#4  ,7

He almost reached to top. .'‫ ر‬J2  1M ‫او‬

Customer/ client/ patient

‫\ ت  <(' و‬2 ‫="  ) و‬K‫  ا‬client ،‫  د‬,I< /‫ ز‬s ,7  Customer
.‫د‬7 ,I< ،'(  =K‫ ا‬,‫ ر   د‬#  patient

51
Business/ work/ job
‫ا'ن‬A 0f ،5s U  '  5s /‫ا‬A ،‫ ر  < ا‬,B< DJ (=  Business
‫رت‬:  ‫د و‬O ‫ 'ون‬/‫ا‬A ‫  ' و‬5s /‫ا‬A ،‫  =(  ر ا‬work ،‫ ا‬512 "‫روز  از ا‬
.‫ ب‬G2 ‫  ا‬G2 5s '(  ‫ ا‬5s job R‫]  ' و‬I

Latter/ late
former 5 M ‫ ا و در‬OT ‫  =( » دو« از دو‬latter R‫  =( »د« و‬Later
.‫ار دارد‬2 (OT ‫ از دو‬R‫)او‬

I have two friends, Mary and Jack, the former is a student and the latter is an engineer.
.‫ز ا و دو  )('س ا‬% Y‫  دا‬R‫ او‬،K ‫  ر و‬،‫" دو  دو دارم‬
See you later. .(  ‫ را ='ا‬#

Fall fell fallen ‫ دن‬,B‫ا‬

Fell felled felled ‫ دن‬E2
Feel felt felt ‫ س دن‬+‫ا‬
Fill filled filled ‫ دن‬F

:‫
رش‬1 #
D 8 
5‫ا‬
‫ ن‬, bread < , meat / butter : ‫;اه‬U •
‫ب‬T , wood "‫ه‬% iron :‫ه  ر  رود‬OT ?‫ د‬A  ‫اد  در‬ •
‫ دود‬, smoke‫ اƒن‬, oxygen  , milk‫ب‬% water : ‫ < زه‬،‫ = ت‬ •
, sugar k rice :O‫ه ر‬OT •
5 ‫ و‬, baggageI 5 ‫ و‬, luggage‫ ن‬#J1 furniture :'‫ دار‬WJ,C ‫ه‬O  ‫ و‬5   ‫ا ه‬ •
e F , clothing I
Arabic, English, Japanese : ) ‫ا  ز‬ •
beauty, ignorance, ugliness -ness, -ty, -nc : 'F  ‫ رش‬# 5 2 U  ‫ا‬ •
ing   ‫ ا‬,7 •
:‫ا  ز‬ •

Advice ]G , anger  1G4 , damage N% , equipment ‫ات‬O)

 , homeworkWR  ,
information ‫ ت‬40@‫ ا‬, money ‫ل‬F , music M

52
 '( K ‫'ول ز‬K 

A5‫ا‬ ‫
رش‬1 #
D ‫
رش‬1 #
D 8
work (‫ ر ه‬ ‫ ر‬
glass ‫ان‬R 7
light l* ‫ر‬
time  ،‫  ر‬،=B‫د‬ 2‫و‬

To
So as to +V ‫ر‬o( 
In order to

So that
In order that + N ‫ر‬o( 

To get there in time we have to take a taxi. .?   ‫ر‬1

  
% E2  (‫ا ا‬
So as to visit him I went to the park. .,B‫ ر‬e‫ ر‬F  (1 ‫ا ا( او را‬
In order to improve your listening skill, you have to practice a lot.
.'( "# C '‫ر‬1
 # ،'‫د ده‬1) ‫د را‬A ‫' ا( ) رت ('ن‬G2 
I wrote the address so as not to/ in order not to forget it.
.‫ن را  ددا دم‬% ،( ‫اش‬B ‫درس را‬% (‫" ا ا‬
Be quiet so that/ in order that the baby can sleep.
.'‫ا‬C '‫ا‬, h  ‫   ش‬

53
  
 
  


I  we
 Me  // us
 /
/


you  you
 you  / / you
 /
/


he  him  / /

she  they
 her  / / them
 /
/

it  it  / /

  
   

( !   '(
 #$%) ( !  
"! #$%)

My   our
  Mine  )
 ours
 )


your   your
  yours  )
 yours
 )


his   his  )

her   their
 * hers  )
 theirs
 )

its   its  )


(
+ 

myself ,-. ourselves 
-.

yourself -. yourselves 

-.

himself /-.
herself /-. themselves 
0-.
itself /-.

54