MODERN MATHEMATICS 新数 笔记 2021

Form 4 Chapter 3 Logical Thinking 逻辑思考 – 学习单（一）

逻辑学是一门关于研究思维形式和其规律的科学，需要“运用概念”、“做出判断（命题）”和“进行推理”。
人类社会进入信息化时代，甚至现在即将迈入工业革命 5.0 – “人工智能人性化”的编程工作仍然需要大量的逻
辑思考，也因此作为数学基础之一的逻辑学。

大致上，这章可以分成两个小章节：“Statements 陈述”和“Arguments 推理”。

3.1 Statements 陈述

3.1.1 Statements vs Non Statements

“小明，今天天气不错，要不要出门走走？不如，我请下午茶？”

“靠北哦，小丽，现在疫情那么糟糕，还要四处趴趴走，你就不怕新冠肺炎病毒找上门？”

“也对，可是这么美丽的周末，不可能做没事吧！”

“听说最近有个很火红的定格短片，叫《天竺鼠车车》。”

“我也听说过，网络上还流行有关的一句话 – 只有小孩看《鬼灭之刃》，大人都看《天竺鼠车车》。”

以上是两个屁孩在一个美丽的周末的无聊对话，可是从中我们可以发现到一些句子的构造和含义有些不同。相信
大家在中文有学过“陈述句”吧！我们先学习如何将生活中所看见或听见的句子分成“陈述句 – Statements”和
“非陈述句 – Non Statements”。

先来看看在“逻辑学”里，陈述句 – Statements 的定义：

A statement is a sentence of which the truth value can be determined,
that is either TRUE or FALSE, but not both.
以上定义说明了，可以判断一个句子的“真值”（truth value）的句子就是“陈述句”，白话一点就是“陈
述事实的句子，不管是真事实或假事实，但决不可以模棱两可”。

我们先来看一看课本内的例子：

Example 1：

Determine whether each sentence below is a statement or not a statement. Justify your answers.

a) Please send the workbook!

b) Kuala Lumpur Tower is the tallest tower in Malaysia.
c) How do you come to school?
d) .
e) .

1
 MODERN MATHEMATICS 新数 笔记 2021

After discussion on Example 1, we can say that

Question, Exclamation and Command Sentences are not statements,

because the true values cannot be determined.
Example 2:

Determine whether the following statements are true or false. If it is false, prove it.

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

Example 3:

Determine whether the following mathematics statements are true or false. Explain if the statement is false.

a) All polygons have diagonals.

b) Some perfect squares are whole numbers.
c) All even numbers have prime factors.
d) Some straight lines intersect the y-axis.

Self Practice 3.1 a

1) Determine whether each sentence below is a statement or not statement. Justify your answers.
a) Let’s play in the field.
b) Malaysia is located in Asian Continent.
c) Is ?
d)
e)
2) 略
3) Determine whether the following statements are true or false.
a) All quadrilaterals have right angles.
b) Some rhombuses have four equal sides.
c) All triangles have equal sides.
d) Some polygons have five sides.
e) All circles can be divided equally into eight sectors.