IV

1. Language maintenance is the degree to which an individual or groups

continues to use their language, particulary in bilingual or multilingual.
Language maintenance refers to the situation where speech community
continues to use its traditional language in the face of a host of condition that
might foster a shift to another language. Language attitudes are opinions, ideas
and prejudice that speakers have with respect to a language.

2. - Language attitudes usually entail attitudes to the speakers of the particular

language or dialect.

- There is evidence that language attitudes influence sound change

- Attitudes about language may affect second language learning

- Language attitudes may affect whether or not varieties are mutually

intelligible.

3. Language maintenance is the degree to which an individual or groups

continues to use their language, particulary in bilingual or multilingual.
Language maintenance refers to the situation where speech community
continues to use its traditional language in the face of a host of condition that
might foster a shift to another language. But, language attitudes are opinions,
ideas and prejudice that speakers have with respect to a language.

1. The word wife used to mean “woman” but now in society it is changed into
the strict definition of “married woman”

2. Because the high variety has social prestige as such has a wider audience and
is used in formal setting like in education, judiciary, politics, media,
administration etc. The high variety has a dominant factor because of the
social prestige attached to the high variety population of speakers will be
more. The high variety would be a factor in getting employment as such
people will want to be fluent in it.
3. Because Language is constantly adapting and changing to reflect our changing
lives, experiences and cultures.

VI

1. According to Brown and Levinson's assumption in politeness theory based on

Goffman's “face”, one's face is categorized into two forms: positive and
negative. Brown and Levinson defined positive face two ways: as "the want of
every member that his wants be desirable to at least some others executors", or
alternatively, "the positive consistent self-image or 'personality' (crucially
including the desire that this self-image be appreciated and approved of)
claimed by interactants" Negative face was defined as "the want of every
'competent adult member' that his actions be unimpeded by others", or "the
 basic claim to territories, personal preserves, rights to non-distraction—i.e.
the freedom of action and freedom from imposition". Whereas positive face
involves a desire for connection with others, negative face needs include
autonomy and independence.
2. Kinship, according to A.R. Radcliff Brown, “kinship is a system of dynamic
relations between person and person in a community the behavior of any two
persons in any of these relations being regulated in same way and to a greater
or less extent by social usage.”
3. Solidarity is an awareness of shared interests, objectives, standards, and
sympathies creating a psychological sense of unity of groups or classes. What
forms the basis of solidarity and how it's implemented varies between
societies. In developing societies it may be mainly based on kinship and
shared values while more developed societies accumulate various theories as
to what contributes to a sense of solidarity, or rather, social cohesion

VII

1. The language of female is indirect and implicit; male's is direct to the contrary.

2. The social construction of gender is a theory in feminism and sociology about
the manifestation of cultural origins, mechanisms, and group social
interaction. Specially, the social construction of gender stipulates that gender
roles are an achieved “status” in a social environment, which implicitly and
explicitly categorize people and therefore motivate social behaviors.
3. – They’re transmitted by word of mouth
- They provide “information” about a “person, happening, or condition”
- They express and gratify “the emotional needs of the community.”

VIII

1. Official language is a language that is used for official/formal purposes in a

country. Government documents, legal proceedings, police reports, business
contracts, etc. on the other hand, National language is a language is a language
that is symbolic of that country, usually for historical, cultural, and ethnic
reasons. A national language is always an official language, but an official
language is not necessarily a national language. For Example, like Indonesia.
Indonesia has hundreds official language, such as Javanese, Balinese, etc.
however, Indonesia only has one national language: Indonesian (bahasa)
a standardised form of Malay which serves as the lingua franca of the
archipelago.
2. This happens when there is a large minority that speaks another language and
would be disenfranchised if that language were dropped when there’s a union
(or a state is formed without conquest)
3. There are four steps on planning for a national official language.
The steps are:
- Selection: The term used to refer to the choice of a language variety to
fulfill certain functions in a given society.
- Codification: The creation of a linguistic standard or norm for a selected
linguistic code. It is divided up into three stages which consist of
graphization, grammaticalization, and lexicalization.
- Implementation: The promoting of the decisions made in the stages of
selection and codification which can include marketing strategy,
production of books, pamphlets, newspapers, and textbooks using the
new codified standard.
- Elaboration: The terminology and stylistic development of a codified
language to meet the communicative demands of modern life and
technology. Its main area is the production and dissemination of new
terms.