Describe

Describe the
the DNA manipulationofofthe
DNA manipulation thefollowing
followingorganisms:
organisms:

1. Tomatoes
A tomato that has had its genes modified using genetic engineering is called or known
as a genetically modified tomato or a transgenic tomato. This was done by inserting the
Genetic material into a tomato cell's chloroplast and chromoplast plastomes using biolistics.
It is said that tomatoes were the first food crop with an edible fruit where this was possible.
For instance, individuals and tomatoes share as much as 60 percent of the same qualities or
genes. Lemaux has been talking around hereditary engineering for many years as they go
through more into plant breeding.

In addition, manipulation of genes in tomatoes were done for it to have a longer shelf
life, slowing the ripening and softening of the tomato. As tomato plants grow quickly and
produce a lot of fruit, farming this new variety could be a way to produce these nutrients in
industrial quantities.

2. Mice
As their tissues and organs are very similar to that of a human body because they
carry virtually all the same genes that operate in humans, genetically modified mice are then
used broadly in different experiments and research as models of human illness. Mice are
useful in the field of genetic or DNA manipulation for it possess about 97.5 percent of their
working DNA due to their anatomical, physiological, and genetic similarity to humans.

There are several types of genetically engineered mice such as transgenic mice,
knockout mice and mice with conditional or derivable gene expression. Mice are then
manipulated or engineered through inserting a targeting vector containing the gene of interest
into a zygote or into embryonic stem cells that are then injected into a blastocyst.

3. Pigs
Recently, a technique used in genetic engineering to produce multi-transgenic pigs
has been improved thus, incubating genes for three fluorescent proteins with spermatozoa,
which were afterwards used for insemination. Pigs have been genetically modified due to the
reason that their organs can no longer carry retroviruses or have any modifications to reduce
the chance of rejection, that is why, pig lungs from genetically modified pigs are being
considered for transplantation into humans. As a result, there is even potential to create
chimeric pigs that can carry human organs.

4. Cotton fibers
 Fiber length is a complex trait that is controlled by many multiple genes. The goal
of this research is to identify genes which regulates the fiber length development.
Progressing cotton fiber length without lessening the yield is one of the major objectives
of cotton breeding.

In any case, genetic enhancement of cotton fiber length by breeding has been a
challenge due to the narrow genetic differing qualities of modern cotton cultivars and
negative interrelationship between fiber quality and yield characteristics. A multi-parent
progressed generation inter-cross (MAGIC) populace created through arbitrary mating
gives an excellent hereditary resource that permits quantitative characteristic loci (QTL)
and causal qualities to be recognized.

5. Golden Rice

In early 2001, the International Rice Research Institute or IRRI in the Philippines
became the first licensee of Professors Ingo Potrykus and Peter Beyer for what became
known as Golden Rice. Golden rice is an example of a genetically engineered variety of
rice known as Oryza sativa. It has been modified through inserting a gene from maize and
a gene from bacteria found in soil which allows the plant to biosynthesise beta-carotene
in the edible parts of rice. In addition, Golden Rice was engineered from normal rice by
Ingo Potrykus and Peter Beyer in the 1990s to help move forward human well-being.
Golden Rice has a manipulated multi-gene biochemical pathway in its genome. This
pathway produces beta-carotene, an atom that gets to be vitamin A when metabolized by
people.

Golden rice was created by transforming rice with two beta-carotene biosynthesis
genes which includes psy or phytoene synthase from daffodil ('Narcissus
pseudonarcissus') and crtI or phytoene desaturase from the soil bacterium Erwinia
uredovora.

 
II-Essay
1. What are some uses of transgenic organism in our society?

In the 21st century where genetic engineering and biotechnology are very popular and
evident, it is indubitable that these has many uses, benefits and advantages to humans and to
the society as a whole. Some examples of transgenic organisms are corn which is the most
commonly grown crop in the United States, soybean, cotton, potato, papaya, summer squash,
canola, alfalfa and many more.

Transgenic organisms have multitude of uses. They are used in the field of medicine
to produce insulin, inject vaccines into foods to avoid the difficulty of administering shots,
and to produce hormones that treat diseases. Also, these transgenic animals can provide
animal models of human disease to help researchers find new cure or treatments. Usually,
small transgenic animals, such as mice or rats, are used for this type of research. On the other
hand, in the field of agriculture, some benefits of genetic engineering in agriculture is that it
can increase the number of crop yields, reduce the costs for food or drug production and need
for pesticides, it can enhance nutrient content and food quality, resistance to pests and
disease, greater food security and medical benefits to the world's growing population. Many
industries stand to benefit from additional GMO research. For instance, a number of
microorganisms are being considered as future clean fuel producers and also bio-degraders.
In addition, genetically modified plants may someday be used to produce recombinant
vaccines.

2. What are the steps in producing a transgenic organism?

Genetic Modification is a technology that involves inserting DNA into the genome of
an organism. In order to produce a genetic modified plant, new DNA is transferred into the
plant cells. Usually, the cells are then grown in tissue culture where they develop into plants.
The process or the steps in producing a transgenic organism are as follows: First, is the
identification of the gene interest, next is the isolation of the gene of interest, then it proceeds
to the amplifying the gene to produce many copies, associating the gene with an appropriate
promoter and poly A sequence and insertion into plasmids, then multiplying the plasmid in
bacteria and recovering the cloned construct for injection, after that, it proceeds to the
transference of the construct into the recipient tissue, usually fertilized eggs, next is
integration of gene into recipient genome, expression of gene in recipient genome and lastly,
the inheritance of gene through further generations.