UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS

GOV. PACK ROAD, BAGUIO CITY

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

ASSIGNMENT # 10 TECNIQUES OF GENETIC ENGINEERING

NAME: ______DUCLAN KYLE JAMES B.______ DATE: 11/17/2022______

SCHEDULE: _____SCIENCE 100___________

INSTRUCTION: RESEARCH THE FOLLOWING

GENETIC ENGINEERING

I. Artificial selection (early genetic engineering)

A. Selective breeding
Selective breeding (also called artificial selection) is the process by which humans
use animal breeding and plant breeding to selectively develop particular
phenotypic traits (characteristics) by choosing which typically animal or plant
males and females will sexually reproduce and have offspring together.

B. Hybridizations
Breeding pigeons was a popular hobby in England in Darwin's time. By selecting
which pigeons were allowed to mate, people had a profound effect on their
appearance, such as the shape and size of their beaks and the color of their
feathers. Dog breeding is another prime example of artificial selection.

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C. Inbreeding
ARTIFICIAL selection brings genetic progress, but also increases the rate of
inbreeding (Lush 1946; Robertson 1961), which results in inbreeding depression
of the selected trait itself and fitness components such as fecundity and viability
(Falconer and Mackay 1996).

II. Recombinant DNA technology

Applications of recombinant DNA technology

1. Scientific applications

Applications of recombinant DNA in genetic engineering are: For the production

of vaccines like the hepatitis B vaccine. Production of transgenic plants with
improved qualities like insect and drought resistance and nutritional enrichment.
Therapeutic protein production like insulin.

2. Diagnose genetic disease

Recombinant DNA procedures have now been applied to the problem of
the identification of molecular defects in man that account for heritable
diseases, somatic mutations associated with neoplasia, and acquired infectious
disease.

3. Recombinant DNA techniques can be used to for genetic fingerprinting

identification.
The biotechnology industry uses recombinant DNA to isolate, improve, and
produce protein therapeutics such as insulin, human growth factor, interferon,
erythropoietin (Epogen), and filgrastim (Neupogen). Many other therapeutic
recombinant proteins are clinically used or are under development.

4. Agricultural Applications
Recombinant DNA has increased the overall production of crops, as well as
decreased the amounts of herbicides and insecticides used by farmers. This
means that the farmers produce larger amounts of food while spending less time
caring for the crop and paying less for insecticides and herbicides.

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5. Nanotechnology
Recombinant DNA technology is playing a vital role in improving health conditions
by developing new vaccines and pharmaceuticals. The treatment strategies are
also improved by developing diagnostic kits, monitoring devices, and new
therapeutic approaches.

6. Therapeutic Applications
Recombinant DNA technology has also proven important to the production of
vaccines and protein therapies such as human insulin, interferon and human
growth hormone. It is also used to produce clotting factors for treating
haemophilia and in the development of gene therapy.

Safety Issues and Ethics of recombinant DNA technology

III. Genetically modified organisms

A. Transgenic plants or crops and examples

The four main transgenic crops grown were soybean, maize, cotton, and canola,
with herbicide tolerant soybean being the principal crop. Further details on the
application of transgenic crops can be found in FAO (2011a).

B. Transgenic animals and examples

A transgenic animal is one whose genome has been altered by the transfer of a
gene or genes from another species or breed. The photo shows two transgenic
mice positioned either side of a plain mouse.

“Knock-out” Technology

“xenotransplantation”
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 Advantages/Benefits of GMO

1. Crops

More nutritious food.

Tastier food.

Disease- and drought-resistant plants that require fewer environmental resources

(such as water and fertilizer)

Less use of pesticides.

Increased supply of food with reduced cost and longer shelf life.

Faster growing plants and animals.

2. Animals

Genetic engineering of animals offers solutions for improving public health

and enhancing quality of life. The benefits include advancing human health,
enhancing food production, reducing environmental impact, optimizing animal
health and welfare and production of cutting edge industrial applications.

3. Environment

4. Society

Controversies on GMO

1. Safety

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2. Access and Intellectual Property

3. Ethics

4. Labeling

5. Society

6. Environmental Risk

7. Threat to biodiversity

IV. Cloning

Applications of Cloning

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

3 Types of Cloning

1. DNA (gene) cloning

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2. Therapeutic (stem cell) cloning

3. Reproductive (organism) cloning)

Two techniques:

a. Embryo splitting

b. Somatic cell Nuclear transfer (SCNT)

V. Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine

Two types of stem cells

1. Embryonic Stem Cells (ESC): received from:

2. Adult Stem Cells (ASC): can be received from:

Potential of Stem Cells

1. Totipotent (total):

2. Pluripotent (plural):

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 Increased supply of food with reduced cost and longer shelf life. Faster
growing plants and animals. Food with more desirable traits, such as potatoes
that produce less of a cancer-causing substance when fried. Medicinal foods that
could be used as vaccines or other medicines

3. Multipotent (multiple):

Increased supply of food with reduced cost and longer shelf life. Faster
growing plants and animals. Food with more desirable traits, such as potatoes
that produce less of a cancer-causing substance when fried. Medicinal foods that
could be used as vaccines or other medicines

4. Oligopotent

Increased supply of food with reduced cost and longer shelf life. Faster
growing plants and animals. Food with more desirable traits, such as potatoes
that produce less of a cancer-causing substance when fried. Medicinal foods that
could be used as vaccines or other medicines.

5. Unipotent
Increased supply of food with reduced cost and longer shelf life. Faster growing
plants and animals. Food with more desirable traits, such as potatoes that
produce less of a cancer-causing substance when fried. Medicinal foods that could
be used as vaccines or other medicines.

VI. The Human Genome Project

Aims: to discover the complete set of human genes and make them accessible
for further biological study, and determine the complete sequence of DNA bases
in the human genome.

What we have learned from HGP

humans have only about 20,000-25,000 genes

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Summary of findings of the Human Genome project
The Human Genome Project is an international research project whose primary
mission is to decipher the chemical sequence of the complete human genetic
material (i.e., the entire genome), identify all 50,000 to 100,000 genes contained
within the genome, and provide research tools to analyze all this genetic
information.

REFERENCES:
The Human Genome Project Summary of findings of the Human Genome project -
Google Searchwww.google.com

Water pollution, Water conservation and Management Technologies to prevent

or limit water pollution - Google Searchwww.google.com

Water pollution, Water conservation and Management Sources or Causes -

Google Searchwww.google.com

effects of air pollution - Google Searchwww.google.com

Advantages/Benefits of GMO .Oligopotent - Google Searchwww.google.com

Advantages/Benefits of GMO . Multipotent (multiple): - Google

Searchwww.google.com

(41) Seafret - Atlantis (Lyrics), Rex Orange County & Rosa Linn -
YouTubewww.youtube.com

Advantages/Benefits of GMO Pluripotent (plural): - Google

Searchwww.google.com

Advantages/Benefits of GMO . Animals - Google Searchwww.google.com

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Advantages/Benefits of GMO 1. Crops - Google Searchwww.google.com

B. Transgenic animals and examples - Google Searchwww.google.com

A. Transgenic plants or crops and examples - Google Searchwww.google.com

Applications of recombinant DNA technology .Therapeutic Applications - Google

Searchwww.google.com

Applications of recombinant DNA technology . Nanotechnology - Google

Searchwww.google.com

Applications of recombinant DNA technology . Agricultural Applications - Google

Searchwww.google.com

Applications of recombinant DNA technology . Recombinant DNA techniques can

be used to for genetic fingerprinting identification. - Google
Searchwww.google.com

Applications of recombinant DNA technology Diagnose genetic disease - Google

Searchwww.google.com

Applications of recombinant DNA technology 1. Scientific applications - Google

Searchwww.google.com

Artificial selection (early genetic engineering) Inbreeding - Google

Searchwww.google.com

Artificial selection (early genetic engineering) Hybridizations - Google

Searchwww.google.com

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Artificial selection (early genetic engineering) A. Selective breeding - Google
Searchwww.google.com

Artificial selection (early genetic engineering) A. Selective breeding B.

Hybridizations C. Inbreeding - Go

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