SOCI

OLOGYOFCRI
MES,
ETHI
CSANDHUMANRELATI
ONS
By

Er
ickA.Gempesao
Cri
minol
ogi
st

CRI
M.5:HUMANBEHAVI
ORANDCRI
SISMANAGEMENT

HumanBehavior
- any t
hinganindi
vi
dualdoesthati
nvol
vesself
-i
nit
iat
edacti
onand/orr
eact
iontoa
givensit
uat
ion.
- thesum tot
alofman'
sreact
iontohi
senvi
ronmentorthewayhumanbei
ngsact

HumanBei ngs
Humanbeingsareint
ell
i
gentsoci
alani
mal
swi
tht
hement
alcapaci
tyt
ocompr
ehend,
i
nferandthinki
nrat
ional
ways.

ViewsinHumanBehav i
or
1.Neur ol
ogi calView –deal swithhumanact i
onsinrelati
ontoev entstaki
ngpl aceinsidethe
bodysuchast hebr ainandt henerv
oussystem.
2.Behav ioralVi ew – emphasi zeson exter
nalfunct
ionsoft hehumanbei ng thatcan be
observedandmeasur ed.
3.Cogni ti
v e View – i tis concerned wi
tht he way the brai
n processes and transforms
i
nformat i
oni ntov ariousway s.
4.Psychoanal yti
calVi ew –emphasi zesunconsci
ousmot i
vesthatorigi
natefrom aggr essi
ve
i
mpulsesi nchi ldhood.
5.Humani sti
cVi ew –f ocusesont hesubj
ect’
sexperi
ence,freedom ofchoiceandmot ivati
on
towardsel f-
actualization.

TwoBasicTy pesofBehav i
or
1.I nheri
ted(Inborn)behavior–r efer
stoanybehav i
oralreact
ionsorr efl
exesexhi
bit
edby
peoplebecauseoft hei
rinheri
tedcapabili
ti
esortheprocessofnat ural
select
ion.
2.Lear ned( Operant)behav i
or– i nv
olvesknowingoradapt ati
ont hatenhanceshuman
beings’abili
tytocopewi thchangesi nt heenvi
ronmenti nway swhichimpr ov
ethe
chancesofsur vi
val.
Learnedbehav i
ormaybeacqui redthr
oughenvir
onmentort rai
ning.

Cl
assi
fi
cati
onsofHumanBehav i
or
Habitual–referstomotorizedbehaviorusual
l
ymani f
est
edinlanguageandemot i
on.
Inst
incti
ve–ar egenerall
yunl ear
nedandsi mplycomesoutofman’ sinsti
nctwhi
chcan
beseenamongi nsti
nct-
insti
nctsurvi
valbehavi
ors.
Symbol i
c–ar ebehavi
or sthatareusuallycarr
iedoutbymeansofunsai dwordsand
shownt hroughsymbolsorbodysi gns.
Compl ex–ar ethosebehav i
orsthatcombinetwoormoreoftheclassi
fiedones.

CausesofHumanBehav ior
Sensat
ion–isthefeel
i
ngorimpressi
oncr
eat
edbyagi
venst
imul
usorcauset
hatl
eads
toaparti
cul
arr
eacti
onorbehav
ior
.
 HumanSenses:
a.Vi sual –si ght
b.Ol factor y–smel l
c. Cut aneous–t ouch
d.Audi t
or y–hear ing
e. Gust atory–t aste
Percepti
on–r eferstot heperson’sknowl edgeofagivensti
muluswhichlar
gel
yhel
pt o
deter
minetheact ualbehav ioralresponseinagivensit
uati
on
Awareness – ref erst ot he psy chologi
calactiv
itybased on i
nter
pret
ati
on ofpast
experi
enceswithagi v enstimulusorobj ect.

Fact
orsthataffectHumanBehav i
or
Her edit
y–i ti
st hepassingoft r
aitstoof f
spring(from i
tspar entorancestor
s).Thi
sis
thepr ocessbywhichanof fspri
ngcel lororganism acquir
esorbecomespr edi
sposedto
thechar act
eri
sti
csofi t
sparentcellororganism.
Env ir
onment–r eferstosurroundi
ngsofanobj ect
.Itconsist
sofconditi
onsandf actor
s
thatsurroundandinfluencebehavioralpat
tern.
Lear ni
ng– i sthepr ocessbywhi chani ndividual
’sbehav i
orchangesasar esul
tof
exper i
enceorpracti
ce.

Personal it
yTr aitsthatAf fectHumanBehav ior
1.Extr oversi on–char acterizedbyi nterest sdirectedt owar dtheexternalenv i
ronmentofpeopl e
andthi ngsr athert hant owar di nnerexper i
encesandonesel f.
2.Introv ersion–char acteri
zedbydi rectionofi nterestt owar doneselfandone’ sinnerwor ldof
experiences.I nt r
ov ert
s,incont rast,
tendt obemor er eser ved,l
essout goi
ng, andlesssoci able.
3.Ambi versi on–i sabal anceofext r
ov ertandi ntrover tcharacteri
sti
cs.Anambi vertisnor mally
comf or t
ablewi thgr oupsandenj oyssoci alinteract i
on,butal soreli
shest i
meal oneandaway
fr
om t hecr owd.
4.Neur oti
ci sm –per sonshi ghi nneur oticism r eacti ntenselyandar egener allymoody ,touchy,
depressed, sensi t
iveandanxi ousorner vous.Theyr espondmor epoorlytoenv ir
onment alstr
ess,
andar emor el ikelytoi nterpr etordinar ysi tuationsast hreateni
ng,andmi norf rustrati
onsas
hopelessl ydi fficult
.
5.Psy chot i
ci sm –i schar act eri
zedbycol dcr uelty,soci alinsensit
ivi
ty,disregardf ordanger ,
tr
oubl esomebehav i
or,disli
keofot hersandanat tract i
ont owardsunusual .Aper sonhi ghon
psychot ici
sm t endst o bei mpul si
v e,aggr essivei ndi vidualwi t
houtappr eciableconcer nf or
others.

Frust
rat
ioni
nHumanBehav ior
Frust
rat
ionr
efer
stothesituati
onwhichblockstheindiv
idual
’
smotivat
edbehav
ior
.Sust
ained
fr
ustr
ati
onmaybecharact
erizedbyanxi
ety
,ir
rit
abi
li
ty,f
ati
gueordepr
ession.

ThreeBasi cFormsofConf li
ct
1.Appr oach-AvoidanceConf li
ct-occur swhenani ndi
vidualmovescl osert oaseemi ngly
desir
ableobject,onlytohav ethepot enti
all
ynegativeconsequencesofcont acti
ngt hatobject
pushbackagai nsttheclosi
ngbehav ior.
2.Appr oach-ApproachConf li
ct-Thi sisaconf li
ctr esul
tingf r
om thenecessi t
yofchoosi ng
betweent wodesirablealt
ernati
ves.Thereareusuallytwodesi r
ablet
hingswant ed,butonlyone
opti
oncanbechosen.
3.Av oi
dance-AvoidanceConf l
ict-Thisform ofconfl
ictinvolvestwoundesirabl
eorunat tr
active
al
ternati
veswher eapersonhast odecideofchoosingoneoft heundesir
ablethings.
CopingMechani sm
I
tisdef
inedasthewaypeoplereacttofrustr
ation.Peopl
edif
feri
nthewaytheyreactto
fr
ustrati
on.Thi
scouldbeatt
ri
butedtoi
ndividualdif
ferencesandthewaypeopl
eprepar
edi nthe
developmental
tasktheyf
acedduri
ngtheear l
ystagesoft hei
rli
fe.

Frustr
ati
onToler
ance
Itisthe abi
l
ityt
o wi
thst
and fr
ustrati
on wi
thoutdev el
opi
ng i
nadequat
e modes of
responsesuchasbeingemot
ional
lydepressedorir
rit
ated,becomingneur
oti
c,orbecomi
ng
aggressi
ve.

Br
oadReactionstoFr
ustr
ati
on
Fi
ght–i smanif
estedbyfi
ghti
ngtheproblem i
naconst ruct
iveanddir
ectwaybymeans
ofbreaki
ngdowntheobstacl
esprevent
ingthepersonreachi
nghisgoals.
Fl
ight–itcanbemanifest
edbysulki
ng,retr
eat
ing,becomingindi
ff
erentandgi
vi
ngup.

Di
ff
erentTy pesofReact iont oFr ust ration
Directappr oach-canbeseenamongpeopl ewhohandl etheirpr oblemsi nav ery
object i
veway .Theyi dent i
f yfirstt heproblem, l
ookf orthemostpr acticalandhandyway
tosol vei t
,andpr oceededwi tht heconst r
uct i
vemannerofut i
li
zingt hesol ut
ionwhi ch
willproducet hebestr esul ts.
Det our-whenani ndividualr ealizest hati nfi
ndi ngf ort her i
ghtsol utionoft heproblem,
heal way sendupwi thanegat iveout comeorr esult.Thus,het ri
est omakeadet ouror
changedi rectionf i
rstandf i
ndouti ft
hesol utionorr emedyi sthere.
Subst it
ution-mostoft imear er esult
edt oi nhandl ingf rustrati
onwhenanor i
ginalpl an
i
ntendedt o sol vet hepr oblem di d notpr oducet hei ntended resul t,thust hemost
practicalwayt of acet hepr oblem, istolookf ormostpossi bleoral ternat i
vemeans.
Withdr awalorr etreat-i scor respondi ngt or unni ngawayf r
om t hepr oblem orf l
ight
whi chtosomei st hesaf estway .
Dev elopingf eeli
ngofi nf eriorit
y-comeswhenaper soni sunabl et ohol dont oany
solutionwhi chgi vesaposi tiv
er esult
.Bei ngdi scour aget ogoonwor kingf orawayt o
handl eaf rust r
ationcoul dr esul tt odimi ni
shi ngsel f-conf i
dence,unt ilthet imewhen
i
nfer i
orit
ycompl exset si n.
Aggr ession-i sanegat i
veout comeofaper son'si nabilit
yt ohandl ef rustrati
onr i
ght ly
.
Mani festationi nphy sicalbehav iorcanbeobser vedi none' snegat i
veat ti
tudestowar ds
l
ifebot hint heper sonal andpr ofessional aspect .
UseofDef enseMechani sm –i st hemostt oleratedwayofhandl i
ngf r
ust r
ati
on.I tisa
man’ slastr esultwhenaper sonat temptst oov ercomef earfrom anant i
cipatedsit
uat ion
orev ent.
Def
enseMechani sm –i sanunconsci ouspsy chologicalpr ocesst hatser vesassaf etyv alve
t
hatprovidesr eli
eff r
om emot i
onal conf l
ictandanxi et y.

CommonDef enseMechani sms

Displacement-st rongemot i
on,suchasanger ,i
sdi splacedont oanot herper sonor
objectast her eci
pientofsaidemot i
on(anger),
ratherthanbei ngfocusedont heperson
orobjectwhi choriginall
ywast hecauseofsaidemot i
on.
Rationalizati
on-i st hedefensemechani sm thatenabl esindividual
st oj usti
fythei
r
behav i
ort othemsel vesandot her
sbymaki ngexcusesorf ormulatingfi
ctit
ious,soci
all
y
approv edargument st oconv
incethemselvesandot her
st hattheirbehavi
orisl ogi
caland
accept able
 Compensat i
on-i st hepsy chol ogicaldef ensemechani sm t hroughwhi chpeopl eat tempt
toov er comet heanxi et yassoci atedwi t
hf eel i
ngsofi nferiorit
yandi nadequacyi nonei s
ofper sonal it
yorbodyi mage, byconcent ratingonanot herar eawher et heycanexcel .
Project ion-mani festf eel i
ngsandi deaswhi char eunaccept ablet ot heegoort he
super egoandar epr oj ect edont oot her ssot hatt heyseem t ohav ethesef eelingsor
i
deas, whi chfreet hei ndi v idual from t hegui l
tandanxi etyassoci atedwi t
ht hem.
React ionf or
mat i
on-i sdef inedast hedev elopmentofat raitort r
aitswhi char et he
opposi t
eoft endenci est hatwedonotwantt or ecogni ze.Theper soni smot i
vatedt oact
i
nacer tainway ,butbehav esi nt heopposi teway .Consequent ly,hei sabl et okeephi s
urgesandi mpul sesundercont rol.
Denial–whenaper sonusest his, her efusest or ecogni zeanddealwi thr eal i
tybecause
ofstr ongi nnerneeds.
Repr essi on–i sunconsci ouspr ocesswher ebyunaccept ableur gesorpai nfultraumat i
c
exper iencesar ecompl etel ypr event edf r
om ent er i
ngconsci ousness.
Suppr essi on-whi chi ssomet i
mesconf usedwi t
ht hatofr epr ession,i saconsci ous
acti
v i
t ybywhi chani ndi vidualat tempt st of orgetemot ionallydi st
urbingt hought sand
exper iencesbypushi ngt hem outofhi smi nd.
Identificat ion -an i ndi v i
dualseeks t o ov ercome hi s own f eeli
ngs ofi nadequacy ,
l
onel iness, orinferioritybyt aki ngont hechar act eri
sti
csofsomeonewhoi si mpor tantto
him.
Anexampl ei sachi ldwhoi dent if
ieswi thhi spar ent swhoar eseenasmodel sof
i
ntel
l
igence, st rengthandcompet ence
Subst itut i
on -t hrough t his def ense mechani sm,t he indi vidualseeks t o ov ercome
feel
ingsoff r
ust r
ationandanx ietybyachi ev i
ngal t
ernategoal sandgr at i
ficat i
ons.
Fantasy-t hi
si sr esul tedt owhenev erunf ulfi
ll
edambi t
ionsandunconsci ousdr ivesdo
notmat eriali
ze.
Regr essi on–aper sonr ev ertst oapat ter noff eeli
ng,t hinkingorbehav iorwhi chwas
appropr i
at etoanear lierst ageofdev elopment .
Sublimat i
on – i st he pr ocess by whi ch i nsti
nctual dr ives whi ch consci ously
unaccept ablear edi ver tedi ntoper sonal lyandsoci all
yaccept edchannel s.I tisaposi ti
ve
andconst ructivemechani sm f ordef endi ngagai nstownunaccept ablei mpul sesand
needs.

NormalBehavior
Thi
sr efer
st oal ack ofsi
gnif
icantdevi
ati
on f
rom the average.Anot herpossibl
e
defi
nit
ioni
sthat"anormal"issomeonewhoconf or
mst ot
hepredominantbehaviorinasociety
.
Soci
alnorms–r ulesthatagroupusesforappr
opri
ateandi
nappr opr
iat
ev alues,
bel
iefs,
att
it
udesandbehav i
ors.

AbnormalBehavi
or
Li
ter
alymeans"
l awayfr
om t henormal
".I
timpl
iesdevi
ati
onfr
om someclearl
ydef
ined
norm.Inthecaseofphysi
cali
l
lness,thenormisthestr
uct
uralandf
unct
ionali
ntegr
it
yofthe
body.

BEHAVI ORALDI SORDERS

I.PSYCHOSOMATI CDISORDER
A disorderinwhichthephysicali
ll
nessisconsi
der
edtobehi ghl
yassoci
atedwit
h
emotionalfact
ors.Thei
ndiv
idualmaynotpercei
vet
hathi
semoti
onalst
atei
scont
ri
buti
ngtohi
s
physi
cal i
l
lness.
II
.NEUROSI S
Neur osi
si s a cl
ass off unctionalment aldisorder
sinvolv
ing di
str
ess butneit
her
delusi
onsnorhal l
ucinati
ons,wher ebybehav i
orisnotout si
desocial
l
yacceptablenorms.The
disti
ngui
shingfeatur
eofneur osisisasust ainedcharacter
isti
cofshowinganxi
ety
,fear
,endl
ess
tr
oublesthatcarri
essigni
ficantaspectsoft heindi
v i
dual
’sli
fe.

II
I.ANXIETYDI SORDERS
Anxiet
ydisor
dersareblanketter
mscov eri
ngseveraldiff
erentformsofabnormal
andpat hol
ogicalfearandanxiety.Peopleexperi
enceexcessiv
el evel
soft heki ndofnegat
ive
emot i
onsthatwei denti
fyasbeingnervous,t
ense,worri
ed,scar
ed, andanxious.Theset
ermsall
refert
oanx i
ety.

FormsofAnxi et y
A.Phobias
Thisi sani ntense,unr eali
sti
cfear.Int hi
scase,anxiet
yisfocusedsoint
enselyonsome
object
sorsi t uati
onst hatt heindivi
dualisacut el
yuncomf ort
abl
ear oundi
tandwilloft
engoto
greatpai
nt oav oi
dit.
TYPESOFPHOBI AS
 Acr ophobi a-hi ghpl aces
 Agor aphobia-openspacesandmar ketplaces
 Malgophobi a-pai n
 Ast raphobi a-st orms, t
hunder,andlightni
ng
 Gy nophobi a–f earofdogs
 Claust r
ophobia-cl osedpl aces
 Hemat ophobia-bl ood
 My sophobi a-cont ami nat
ionorger ms
 Monophobi a-bei ngal one
 Ny ctophobi a-dar kness
 Ochl ophobi a-cr owds
 Hy drophobi a-wat er
 Pat hophobi a-di sease
 Pyr ophobi a-fire
 Syphi l
ophobia-sy phi l
is
 Zoophobi a-ani mal sorsomepar t
icularanimals

B.Obsessi v e-Compul siv

eDi sorders
1.Obsessi on– Thi sisananxi etypr ovokingt houghtsthatwil
lnotgoaway .Thought
sand
i
mpul seswhi choccuri nt heper son’smi nddespi t
eat t
emptstokeept hem out.Theyseem
uncont r
ol l
abl e,asiftheydonotbel ongt otheindi v
idual
'smind.
2.Compul sion–I tisanur gewher einaper soni scompel l
edtoper
for
m someact i
onsagai
nst
hi
sf reewi l
landwi thduressasar esul tofexternalfact
ors.Thi
sisanir
resi
sti
bleurgetoengage
i
ncer tainpat ter
nofbehav i
or .
EXAMPLESOFCOMPULSI ON
1.Arithomani a–t hei mpulset ocountany t
hing.
2.Dipsomani a–t hei mpulset odri
nkl iquor.
3.Homi cidal mania–t heimpul setoki l
l.
4.Kleptomani a–t heimpul setosteal .
5.Megal omani a–t heimpul seforfameorpower .
6.Pyromani a–t heimpul set osetfire.
7.Suicidal mani a–t heimpul setotakeone’ slif
e.
IV.SOMATOFORM DI SORDERS
"Soma"meansbody ,andsomatof
orm disordersinvol
veaneuroti
cpat t
erninwhichthe
i
ndivi
dualscompl ai
nofbodi l
ysymptomsthatsuggestt hepresenceofaphy si
calprobl
em,but
forwhichnoor ganicbasiscanbefound.Suchi ndi
vidualsaretypi
cal
l
ypreoccupiedwiththei
r
stat
eofhealthandwi thvar
iouspr
esumeddisordersordiseasesofbodil
yorgans.

ThreeDi stinctSomat ofor m Pat terns

1.Somat i
zat ionDi sorder
Thisi s an i ntensel yand chr oni
callyuncomf ortable condi t
ion t hati ndirectly
createsahi ghr iskofmedi calcompl i
cations.Ittakest hef orm ofchr onicandr ecurrentaches,
pains,fever ,tir
ednessandot hersy mpt omst obodi lyillness.I ndivi
dual sf r
equent lyexper ience
memor ydi fficul
ties,pr obl emswi t hwal king,numbness,bl ock-outspel ls,nausea,menst rual
problemsandal ackofpl easur ef r
om sex.
2.Conv ersionDi sorder sandSomat oform Pai nDisor der s
 Conv ersion di sor ders– ar esomat ofor
m di sor dersi n whi ch individualsexper ience
serioussomat icsy mpt omssuchasf uncti
onalbl i
ndness,deaf ness,par alysis,fainting,
seizur es,inabili
tyt ospeakorot herser i
ousi mpai rment sint heabsenceofanyphy sical
cause.
 Somat oform pai n di sorders – ar e somat of orm di sor dersi n whi ch t he indiv i
dual
exper iencesar elativelyspeci f
icandchr onicpai nt hathasapsy chologicalr athert han
phy sicalcause.I ti sv erysi milart o conv ersion di sorders exceptt hatt he pr i
mar y
sympt om ispai nt hathasnophy sicalcause.
3.Dissociat iveDi sorder s
This cov ers a br oad cat egor yofl ooselyr elat ed rar e conditions inv olvi
ng sudden
al
terati
onsi ncogni ti
on, char acteri
zedbychangei nmemor y,perceptionsor" i
dent i
ty".
 def inedascondi tionst hati nvolvedi sr
uptionsorbr eakdownsofmemor y,awar eness,
i
dent i
tyand/ orper cept i
on.

TypesofDi ssoci ativeDi sor ders

a.Amnesi a–Thi sr eferst olossofmemor ythatcanhav eeitherphy sical orpsychologicalcause.
Itmostof t
enoccur saf teraper i
odofi ntensest ressandinv olv
esl ossofmemor yf oral
lorpart
ofthest ressful experiencei tself
.
b.Psy chogeni cFugueSt ate–Thi sr esembl esamnesi ainthatt herei sal ossofmemor ybutthe
l
ossi ssocompl etet hatt hei ndividualscannotr ememberhi sorheri dentityorprev i
ouslif
e.
c.Deper sonalization–Thi sr eferstoexper iencesinwhichthei ndi v
idualf eelsthatheorshehas
becomedi stortedor" unr eal"ort hatdi stort
ionshav eoccurredi none' ssur roundings.Onemi ght
feelthatshei sar ealr obot-ev ent houghsheknowsshei sar ealperson-ort hatherr oom is
notreal orthatherpar ent sar enotr eal people.
d.Mul ti
plePer sonal i
ty–Thi sisadi ssociativedisor
derinwhi cht hei ndividualshi f
tsabruptl
y
andr epeatedlyf r
om oneper sonal i
tyt oanot herasifmor et hanoneper sonwer ei nhabit
ingthe
samebody .Thisi scommonl yknownas" spli
tpersonal
it
ydi sorder .
"

V.PERSONALI TYDISORDERS
Per
sonali
tydi
sorder
s,formerlyreferredtoaschar act
erdisorder
s,areacl assof
personali
tytypesand behav i
orsdefined as“ an endur i
ng patt
ern ofinnerexperienceand
behaviorthatdeviat
esmar kedlyfr
om t heexpect ati
onsoft hecul t
ureoft heindiv
idualwho
exhibi
tsit”.Thiscategoryincl
udest hosei ndi
vidualswho begi nto develop amal adapti
ve
behaviorpatt
ernearl
yinchil
dhoodasar esultoffami l
y,soci
al,andcul
tur
al i
nfl
uences.

Ty
pesofPer
sonal
it
yDi
sor
der
s
1.Par anoi dPer sonal i
ty–Thi sischar act er izedbysuspi ciousness, hy per sensi tivity,rigidity,env y,
excessi v esel f-impor tance,andar gument at i
v enesspl usat endencyt obl ameot her sf orone' s
ownmi stakesandf ail
ur esandt oascr ibeev ilmot iv est oot her s.
2.Schi zoidPer sonal i
ty–I ndi vidual swi tht hi sper sonal i
tydi sor dernei therdeser venorenj oy
closer el ationshi p.Theyl i
v easol it
ar yl ifewi thl i
ttlei nt eresti ndev elopi ngf riendshi ps.They
exhi bitemot ional coldness, det achment ,oraconst rictedaf f
ect .
- char acter izedbyal ackofi nter esti nsoci alr el ationshi ps,at endencyt owar dsasol itary
l
ifest yle, secr et iveness, andemot i
onalcol dness.
3.Schi zot ypalPer sonal ity– I ndi vidual swi tht hist ypeofper sonal itydi sor derexhi bitodd
behav i
or sbased on a bel i
efi n magi corsuper st it
ion and mayr epor tunusualper cept ual
exper iences.
4.Hi st rioni cPer sonal ity–t hisi schar act erizedbyat temptt obet hecent erofat tentiont hrough
theuseoft heat ricalandsel f-dramat izingbehav i
or .Sexualadj ust menti spoorandi nterper sonal
relationshi psar est ormy .
char act erizedbyexcessi veemot ional ityand  att ention- seeking,i ncludi nganexcessi ve
needf orappr ov al andi nappr opr iateseduct iveness, usual l
ybegi nni ngi near l
yadul thood.
5.Nar ci ssist icPer sonal ity–I ndi vi
dual swi t ht hist ypeofper sonal i
tyhav eaper v asivesenseof
self-impor tance.
A di sor derand i ts der ivatives  can be caused byexcessi ve pr aise and cr iti
cism i n
childhood, par ticul ar l
yt hatf rom par ent al f i
gur es.
6.Ant isoci alPer sonal ity–Thi si schar act er i
zedbyal ifelonghi storyofi nabi li
tyt oconf or mt o
soci alnor ms.Theyar ei r
r i
tabl eandaggr essi v e"andmayhav er epeat edphy sicalf ights.These
i
ndi vidual sal sohav eahi ghpr ev alenceofmor bi dsubst anceabusedi sor der s.
7.Bor der l
inePer sonal ity–Thi si schar act er izedbyi nst abilit
y ,refl
ect edi ndr ast i
cmoodshi fts
andbehav i
orpr obl ems.I ndi v i
dual swi tht hi st ypeofper sonal ityareacut elysensi t
iv et orealor
i
magi nedabandonmentandhav eapat ter nofr epeat edunst ablebuti ntensei nterper sonal
relationshi pst hatal t
ernat ebet weenext r emei deal i
zat ionanddev al
uat ion.Suchi ndi vidualsmay
abusesubst ancesorf ood, orbesexual lypr omi scuous.
8.Av oidantPer sonal i
ty–I ndi vidual swi tht hisper sonal ityar ef ear f
ulofbecomi ngi nv olvedwi th
peopl ebecauseofexcessi v ef ear sofcr iticism orr eject i
on.
9.DependentPer sonal it
y– Thi si schar act er i
zedbyi nabi l
ityt omakeev endai lydeci sions
withoutexcessi v e adv ice and r eassur ance f rom ot hers and needs ot her st o assume
responsi bil
ityf ormostmaj orar easofhi sorherl ife.
10.Compul siv ePer sonal ity– Thi si schar act erizedbyexcessi veconcer nwi t
hr ules,or der
efficiency ,andwor kcoupl edwi thi nsist encet hatev er yonedot hingst hei rwayandani nabi l
ityt o
expr esswar mf eel i
ngs.
11.Passi ve-Aggr essi vePer sonal ity–Thei ndi vidualwi thper sonal i
tydi sor deri susual l
yf ound
tohav eov erindul gedi nmanyt hingsdur ingt heear l
yy ear st ot heext entt hatt heper soncomes
toant i
ci pat et hathi sneedswi llal way sbemetandgr atified.

VI
.AFFECTI VEDI SORDERS
Thet erm affectisr oughl
yequival
enttoemotionortomood.Theaf
fect
ivedi
sor
der
sar
e
mooddisordersinwhi chext remeandinappropr
iat
elevel
sofmood
–char
acterizedbyper iodsofdepr essi
onorelat
ionorboth.
-Amanic-depressiv
epsy chosis

VI
I.SCHIZOPHRENI A
-apsy chot
iccondit
ion mar
ked bywithdrawalfrom real
it
y,indif
fer
enceconcerni
ng
ev
erydayproblems,andtendencytol
iv
einawor l
doff ant
asy.
-f
ormerlycal
leddementiapraecoxbyEmilKr
eapli
n,aGermanpsy chi
atr
ist.
-t
heterm schizophr
eni
awasgi venbyEugeneBl
eulerwhichli
ter
alymeans“
l spl
it
ti
ngofminds”.
Ty
pesofSchi zophr enia
SimpleSchi zophr enia–i scharact eri
zedbyagr adualdecl i
neofi nt erestandambi t
ion.
Theper sonwi thdrawsf rom socialcont actsaswel l asir
ri
tableandi nat t
entiv
e.
Paranoi d Schizophr enia– i schar acteri
zed principall
ybydel usionsofper secuti
ons
and/orgr andeur .Hal l
uci nati
ons,usual lyaudi
tor y,aremostoft i
mepr esent.
Hebephr eni cSchi zophr enia–mani festssev erei ntegr
ationofper sonalit
yandcanbe
observedt hroughi nappr opriat
egi gglingandsmi li
ngwi thoutappar entr easonswhicht o
anunt rainedobser vermayonl ybechi l
dishplay f
ulness.
CatatonicSchi zophr enia–mani festsext r
emev i
olenceandshownwi t
hexcessivemot or
acti
vity,grimaci ng,talkativenessandunpr edictableemot ionaloutburst.

VII
I.PARANOIA
  Par
anoi
ar ef
erst o casesshowi ng del
usi
onsand impair
ed contactwi
thr
eal
i
tybut
wit
houtthesev
erepersonal
itydisorgani
zat
ionchar
act
eri
sti
cofschi
zophrenia.
-Themainsymptom i
scharacterizedbysuspici
on

COMMONTYPESOFPARANOI A
1.PersecutoryPar anoi
a–hav ingdel
usi
onsofper secution.
2.Li
tigiousPar anoia–bothdel usi
onsofpersecutionandgr andeur
3.Eroti
cPar anoia–del usi
ont hatacert
ainpersoni sinlovewithhi
m orher
.
4.ExaltedParanoi a–wi t
hgr eatpowerofimportance.
5.JealousPar anoia–char acteri
zedbyir
rati
onaljealousy.

CopycatCrime
Copycatcri
mei scri
mei nspir
edbyanothercr
imethathasbeenpubli
cizedi
nthenews
medi
aorf icti
onal
lyorart
ist
ical
l
yr epr
esent
edinwhichtheoff
enderi
ncor
porat
esaspectsoft
he
or
igi
naloffense.

SEXUALDEVI ANCY
Asexualactthatseeksgr
ati
fi
cati
onbymeansothert
hanhet
erosexual
rel
ati
onshi
p.
HETEROSEXUALI TY–nor malsexualr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenmembersoft heopposi
tesexwhi
ch
coul
dleadtoreproducti
on.

TYPESOFSEXUALDEVI ANCY
 Homosexual i
ty
-sexual desi ret owar dst hesamesex
 Transv estit
ism
-obtainingsexual gratifi
cationbywear i
ngt heclot
hesoft heopposit
esex.
 Voy eurism
-obt aining sexualpl easur e bywat ching the member s ofthe opposi t
e sex
undressingorengagi ngi nsexual act
ivi
ti
es.
 Exhibit
ionism -obt ainingpleasur ebyexposingone’ sgeni
tal
stoot hers.
 Fetishism -obt ainingsexual gratif
icat
ionpri
mar il
yandexclusivel
yfrom speci
ficobject
s.
 Sadi sm –byi nf l
ictingpai nt oot hers
 Masochi sm –byi nf l
ictingpai nupont hemsel v
es.
 Sodomy–sexual actt hrought heanusofanot herhumanbei ng.
 Froili
sm –af or m ofsexualper versi
oni nwhicht hree(3)personsarepar t
icipat
ingin
sexualact .
 Plurali
sm –agr ouppar ti
cipatesi nsexualorgi
es( sexual
festi
val).
 Cunni l
ingus–l i
cki ngofwoman’ sgenit
als
  Fel
lati
o–suckingthepenis
 Pedophil
ia–obtai
ningpleasur
efrom sexualcontactwi
thchi
ldr
en.
 I
ncest–sexualrel
ationsbetweenper
sonsr elatedbybl
ood.
 Besti
ali
ty–sexuali
ntercour
sewithalivi
ngani mal.
 Necrophil
i
a–desiretoengageinsexual i
nter
cour sewi
thadeadbody
.

CRI
SISMANAGEMENT

Cr
isi
s
Thisref
erstounstableanddangeroussocialconditi
oncharacter
izedbyani mpendi
ng
abruptchangeinvol
vingeconomic,mi
li
tar
y,pol
iti
cal,pol
ice,soci
etalorpersonalaf
fai
rsthati
s
approachi
ngemergencylevelev
ent.
-camefrom theGreekword“CRI
SIS”whichmeanst oseparate.

EMERGENCY
Camefrom theLat
inword“EMERGENTI
A”whichmeansdi
ppi
ng;pl
ungi
ng.I
tisasudden
condi
ti
onorst
ateofaff
air
scal
li
ngfori
mmedi
ateacti
on.

Cri
sisManagement
I
tref
erstot heacti
onunder t
akentounifyandcoor di
nateresour
cesandeffor
tsto
eff
ecti
vel
yandeff
ici
entl
yquell
agivencrimi
nal
/l
if
ethreateni
ngsit
uati
on.
Al
sodefi
nedastheexperthandli
ngofemergencyorcri
sistor
educeorel
i
minat
edanger
ordamage.

EMERGENCY, CRISI
SANDDI SASTERDI STI
NGUISHED
 I ft
hesituat
ionisstil
lcont
rol
ledandtheresponsegi
venisforthepurposeofcont
aini
ng
thesit
uati
onf r
om getti
ngoutofcontr
ol,t
henitisj
ustanEMERGENCY.
 I fthesit
uati
oni salr
eadybeyondnormalcontr
olwhatishappeningisal
readyaCRI
SIS.
 I ftheeffect
soft hecri
siscannolongerbecont r
oll
edev enbyi t
sauthor,i
tisnow a
DISASTER.

TypesofCr i
sis
Naturalcrisi
s– i st ypi
callynat ur
aldisastersconsi dered asactsofGod,such as
envir
onment alphenomenaasear thquakes,vol
canicer upti
ons,t
ornadoesandhurri
canes,
fl
oods,landsli
des,tsunami s,storms,anddr oughtst hatthreat
enlif
e,proper
ty,andt he
envir
onmenti tsel
f.
Man-MadeCr i
sis
-ci
v i
ldist
urbance,revolt
,revoluti
on,borderi
ncident,war ,
kidnappi
ng,hij
acki
ng,hostage-
taki
ng,
terrori
stsactiv
iti
es,at
tacksongov ernmentfacil
i
ties,etc.

Obj
ect
ivesofCrisi
sManagement
Resolvewithoutfur
therinci
dent.
Safet
yofal lpar
ti
cipants.
Apprehensionofallperpetr
ator
s.
Accomplishmentoft hetaskwithi
nthef
ramewor
kofcur
rentcommuni
tyst
andar
d.

PURPOSEOFCRI SI
SMANAGEMENT:
“SALVARIVI
TAS”–tosav
eli
ves

PHASESOFCRI SI
SMANAGEMENT
 Pr oact
ivePhase
 -i
ncl
udespredi
cti
on,pr
ev ent
ionandpr
eparat
ion.
 Reacti
vePhase
-per
for
mance,i
nit
ial
action,acti
on,
andpostacti
on.

LEGALREGI MESI NDEALI NGWI THCRISIS

 Sec.6, Ar ti
cleXVI,1987Const it
uti
on
-TheSt ateshallest abli
shandmai ntai
nonepol icef orce,whichshallbenat i
onali
n
scopeandci vi
liani nchar act
er,t obeadmi ni
st eredandcont roll
edbyt heNPOLCOM.The
authorityoflocal execut
ivesov erthepol
iceunitsint heirjurisdict
ionshallbeprovi
dedbylaw
 Sec.444and445, R.A.7160
-Themay orshallactast hedeputizedr epr esentativeoft heNAPOLCOM,whi chshall
exercise operationalcont roland supervision ov ert he localpol ice f
orces i
nt he ci
tyand
muni cipali
ty.

HostageInci
dent
I
tisanyinci
denti
nwhichpeoplear
ebeinghel
dbyanot
herper
sonorpersonsagai
nst
t
heirwil
l,
usuall
ybyfor
ceorcoer
cion,
anddemandsar
ebei
ngmadebythehost
agetaker
.

Char
act
er i
sti
csofaNegot i
ableI nci
dent
Theremustbeaneedt ol i
veont hepar
tofahost agetaker.
Theremustbeat hr
eatoff or
ceont hepartoftheaut hori
ti
es.
Theremustbedemandsbyt hehostagetaker.
Thenegot iat
ormustbeseenbyt hehostagetakerasaper sonwhocanhurtt hehost
age
takerbutiswill
ingtohel phim.
Theremustbet imet onegotiat
e.
Ar eli
ablechannelofcommuni cati
onmustexi stsbetweent hehostagetakerandt he
negotiat
or.
Botht helocati
onandt hecommuni cat
ionsoft heincidentneedtobecontainedinorder
toencouragenegot iati
on.
Thenegot iat
ormustbeabl etodealwit
ht hehost agetakermakingthedeci
sions.

Hostage-I sapersonhel
dasasecurityfortheful
fi
ll
mentofcertainter
ms
Negotiate-Itmeanstoarr
angeorsettl
ebyconf er
ri
ngordiscussing.
Cri
sisNegot iat
ion-meanstheuseofcommuni cati
ontechni
quesandst r
ategi
est oi
nfl
uencea
person to change hi
s behav
iorin accordance wit
h goals withi
nl egal
,ethicaland moral
constr
aints.

PRI
ORI
TIESINHOSTAGESI TUATI ON
 Pr eser
vationofli
ve
 Appr ehendhostagetaker
 Tosuccessf ul
l
ynegotiate;t
heremustbeneedt
oli
veont
hepar
toft
hehost
aget
aker
andat hreatoffor
cebyt heauthor
it
ies.

CATEGORI ESOFHOSTAGE- TAKER

 PERSONSI NCRI SIS
-peoplewho t akehostagesdur ing a per
iod ofprol
onged fr
ustr
ati
on,despai
rand
pr
oblems.
 PSYCHOTI CS
-mental
ly
-i
llpeoplewhotakehostageduringaper i
odofpsychi
atr
icdi
stur
bance.
 COMMONCRI MINALS
-peopl
ewhot akehostagesforpersonalr
eason.
  PRISONER
-peoplewhot akehostagebecauseofdi
ssatisf
act
ionanddi
scont
entr
egar
dingt
hei
r
l
i
vingcondi
ti
oninpr
ison.
 POLITICALTERRORIST
-peopl
ewhot akehost
agesbecauseofpol
i
tical
andideol
ogi
cal
bel
ief
s.

HANDLI NGOFSPECI FI
CHOSTAGESI TUATION
1.PROFESSI ONALCRI MINAL
-easiestt
ohandle
-rat
ionalthi
nker
-afterassessi
ngt hesi
tuat
ionandweighi
ngt heodds,usual
lycomet oter
mswi t
hthe
pol
ice.
PROPERHANDLI NG:showforcebutref
rai
nfr
om unnecessar
yviol
enceorusel
esskil
l
ing.

2.PSYCHOTI CI NDIVIDUAL
-pr
esentdi f
ferentandsomewhatcompl
exprobl
ems
-i
rr
ational
PROPER HANDLI NG:t hehostagetakermayfeeladegr
eeofpl
easur
eifhef
indshi
msel
f
i
mportant,
bei ngthecenterofatt
ract
ion
-pr
olongingt heti
me

3.TERRORIST
-moredi
ff
icul
ttohandle
-whencaught
,theyrat
ional
i
zebyclaimingtoberevol
uti
onar
iesasi
tuat
iont
heyresol
ve
todi
eforacause.
PROPERHANDLI NG:thei
rcausesmaydeter
ioratei
nthepassageoft
ime.
-i
ftheykil
loneofthehostages,t
henegot i
ator
sthenmustsettosavetheremaini
ng
host
ages.

HOSTAGETAKER’ SDEMANDS
 Negot i
able
-f
ood,cigar
ettes,
dri
nks,alcohol
,tr
anspor
tat
ion,medi
acov er
age,f
reedom
 Non- Negotiabl
e
-weapons,ammuni t
ions,
dr ugs,
rel
easeofpr
isoner
s,exchangeofhostages

PRI
NCI
PLESINHOSTAGENEGOTI ATI
ON
 thehostagehasnov aluetothehost aget aker
 theprior
it
iesinthehostagesituati
onsar et hepreservat
ionofl
i
feandt
heappr
ehensi
on
ofthehostagetaker
,recoverandpr otectpropert
y.
 hostagesituat
ionmustnotgov i
olently
 theremustbeaneedt oli
veont hepar tofthehost agetaker

IMMEDI ATEACTI ONSOFTHENEGOTI ATORUPONARRI VALATTHESCENEOFINCI

DENT
1.Contai nment
 cont roll
i
ngsi tuationandareabypeopl ei
nvol
ved.
2.EstablishCont act
 communi catewi t
htheleader
3.TimeLengt hening
 gi vemor et i
met othepoli
cetoor gani
zeandcoor
dinat
epl
anofact
ion.
4.TelephoneNegot iationTechnique
4.1.Bet hecaller(tal
kwiththeleaderonl
y)
 4.2.Planandpr epare
4.3.Ber eadywi thgracefulexi
t
4.4.Discipli
ney oursel
ftolist
en.
4.5.Donott ellt
hatyouar ethecommander ,neit
hery ourrank
4.6.Justt ell“
Mynamei s…Iam apol i
cenegotiat
orandwi l
li
ngtohelp.
4.7.Del ay t acti
c– t o weardown host age taker,phy si
cal
ly,psychol
ogi
cal
ly and
emot i
onal ly
.Wi l
lalsogivemor et i
mef orpoli
ceor ganizeandcoor di
nat
eplancourseof
acti
on.
4.8.I
ncasehost agetakerwon’ttal
k,conti
nuenegot i
ating.Don’
tlosshope!

Adv antagesofTel ephoneConv ersation

1.easiert osayNO
2.easiert oconcl udet heconv ersati
on
3.conv ersationi squi cker
4.i
mpor tantit emsar emor eeasi l
ycommi t
ted
5.cal
lerhast headv antage
5.Needf orface- to-faceconv ersation
 Don’ tbeov eranxi ous
 wearbodyar mor
 hav et act i
cal back- up( sniper s)
 Face- to- f
ace, mai ntainpr operdi stance;
◦ Pr operdi stance–1t o3f eet
.
◦ I nti
mat edi stance–about6i nches
 i nretr
eat ing, facehost aget akerslowl ybackingoutofthedoor.
6.Sur renderappr oach–st artwi thaposi ti
onappr oach,actasifhost
agetakerwil
lsur
render
.Do
nott alktoomuch.Gr adual l
yaskhi mt osur r
ender.Reassuranceisthewisestt
hingt
odo.Talk
detailsofsur r
enderpr ocess.Andexpl ai
nwhynowi sbett
erthanlat
er.

Cr
isi
sNegotiati
onBar gainingTechni ques
 Theuseoft imet oincreasebasi cneeds,maki ngitmor elikel
ythatthesubjectwil
l
exchangeahost agef orsomebasi cneeds.
 Theusedoft imet ocol l
ectintell
igenceont hesubj ectthatwil
lhel
pdevelopatrade.
 Theuseoft imet oreducet hesubj ect’
sexpect ationofgetti
ngwhathewant s.
 Tradescanbemadef orfood,drink,tr
anspor tationandmoney .
 Tradescannotbemadef orweaponsort heexchangeofhost ages.
 Thebossdoesnotnegot i
ate.
 Startbiddinghight ogi v
ey ourselfroom tonegot iat
e.
 Neverdr awattentiont othehost ages,itgivest hesubjecttoomuchbar gaini
ngpower.
 Mani pulat
eanxi etylevelsbycut ti
ngof fpower , gas,etc.

Stockholm Syndr
ome
Iti
st hedevel
opmentofuni querel
ati
onsbetweenthehostagesandt
hehostaget
aker.A
str
ongat t
achmentoft hehost
agev ict
imtothehostagetaker
saft
eralongperi
odofcapt
ivi
ty,
by
thehostagebecamesy mpat
hizerofthehost
agetakers.

CRI
SISMANAGEMENTTEAM

Team –i sasmallgr
oupofpeopl
ewi
thcomplement
aryski
ll
swhoar ecommitt
edtoacommon
purpose,perf
ormance goal
s and appr
oach f
or which they hol
dt hemsel
ves mut
ual
l
y
accountabl
e.
TheNegot i
at i
ngTeam
Negot iatorSuper visor– i sr esponsi blef ortheov erallf unct i
oningoft henegot i
ating
team.I naddi ti
ont ohi ssuper visor yski ll
s, thesuper visormusthav el eader shipabi l
i
ty.He
shoul dseet oi tt hatt hesi tuat ioni snegot iabl
e,appr opriateper sonneli sav ail
abl e,
int
elligencei sgat her edi ntimel ymanner ,communi cationsar eest abl i
shed,negot i
ation
strategyi s wor ki
ng- out,an appr opr iater ecord oft he negot iation i s keptand t he
commanderi swel linformed.
Primar yNegot iator– i st hedi rectcommuni cati
onl i
nkt ot hehost aget akerandi s
responsi blefordev elopingv er balt act ics,moni tori
ngandassessi ngt hehost aget aker ’
s
level ofemot i
onal arousal andhel pi ngt hehost agetakerengagei npr oblem sol vi
ng.
Secondar yNegot iator–i st hepi pel i
nebet weent henegot i
ationt eam andpr i
mar y.He
helpst odev elopv er bal t
actics, prov idesmor alsuppor tfort hepr i
mar y .
Intell
igenceOf ficer– i sresponsi blef orgat heri
ngi ntelligencef rom v ari
oussour ces,
int
er viewi ngallrelev antper sonsi nv olv edi nt heinci
dent , col l
ati
nganddi ssemi nati
ngt hat
informat i
on,mai ntainingandupdat i
ngst atusboar dsandmaki ngsur et hatallresponse
unitsar ereceivingaccur ateandt i
mel yi ntel l
i
gence.
Ment alHeal thConsul tant–i sr esponsi blef orevaluat i
ngt heper sonal i
tyoft hehost age
taker,r ecommendi ngnegot i
ationst rategi es,moni toringt eam st ress,moni t
or i
ngst ress
amongt hehost aget akersandhost ages.
Equi pmentOf f
icer– i ssomeonewho under st
andst echni cali nfor mat i
onr egarding
radios,comput er s,phonesy st ems,mechani calsy stems,et c.and can makemi nor
repairs.

CommandPost
Itist
heposi
ti
onf
rom whi
chauni
tcommanderandhi
sst
affexer
cisecommandov
ert
he
host
ageinci
dent
.

GroundCommanderi st
hedesi
gnat
edseni
orof
fi
ceri
ncommandoft
hei
nci
dent
.Al
sot
ermed
“i
ncidentcommander
”

I
nnerandOuterPeri
meter
InnerPer
imeter–istheimmediat
eareaofcontai
nmentasdesi
gnatedbytheonground
commander
OuterPeri
meter–isasecondarycont
rolareasur
roundi
ngt
heinnerper
imeter
,pr
ovidi
ng
asafezoneforaccesstothei
nnerper
imeter.

TheTact i
calTeam
Isanassaultteam r
esponsi
blei
ncar r
yingoutassaultoperati
onwhenevernegoti
ati
on
fai
ls.A unitofspeciall
yselect
ed,appoi
nted,trai
ned and equipped of
fi
cer
st hatprovi
des
assist
anceinthosei
ncident
sthatwoul
drequir
especial
tacti
cs,techni
quesandequipment.

TacticalTeam Component s
TacticalSuper visor– i sr esponsiblefort he mobil
ization oft he members ofthe team,
deploymentoft hecont ainmentt eam,dev el
opmentoft het act
icalplanandoperat
ionoft he
assaultandar restteams.
Thet acti
calteam i sdividedintothreemaj orcomponent s:
1.Fir
stComponent–t hiscomponenti sresponsi bleformaintai
ningper
imetercontr
ol
bothinnerandout er.Alsocal l
edcont ai
nmentsub- t
eam.
2.SecondComponent– t hesecondcomponenti sapprehensionandassaultteam.
Member soft hissub-team makeanundet ectedapproacht othelocat
ion,pl
anandpreparefor
ther el
easeofhost ages,andmakeanassaul tifnecessar y .Al socal ledappr ehensi onand
assaultsub- t eam.
3.Thi rdComponent–i st hesni per/obser versub- team.Thesni per/obser versub- team
(thi
rdcomponent )hast wor esponsi bili
ti
es:
Prov idei ntelli
genceon f actorspr esentatt hel ocat i
on.Thesef act orsmayi nclude
phy sicall ay out,pl acementofwal ls,f urni t
ure,speci ficl ocationofhost agesandhost age
takers, clot hingandment alstateofhost agesandhost aget akers.
Prepar eforashotont hehost aget aker .
VerbalTact i
csi nCr i
sisCommuni cations
Concer nedat t
itude–t henegot i
atorcommuni cateswi thanat ti
tudet hathehasgenui ne
i
nt eresti nt hehost aget aker.Exampl e:“ Tel lmewhathappened”“ Thatmusthav ebeen
har d/sad/ t
hr eateni ng”and“ I
’
dr eallyl i
ket ohel py ou”
Reasonabl e- probl em sol ver– t henegot iatorassumest her oleofal eader.Ex ampl e:
“Let ’
swor kt oget hertobesur eev ery onei ssaf e”“Whatwoul dy oul i
ket odoaboutt hi
s”
Let ’
sseewhatot hersolutionsar epossi ble”
Buddy -fellowt rav el
er–i tisoneofcommi serati
onwi tht hehost aget akerandwor kswel l
witht rappedf elons,i mpul sivepeopl eandant i
socialper sonali
t i
es.Exampl e:“ManIhear
you, bossesnev erunderst and”“ Youknowhowt heyar eabout ”
Col umbo- dumbbutt r
y i
ngper sona–t henegot iatordoesnothav eal ltheanswerbuti s
tryi
ngt odot hebesthecan.Exampl e:“Iknowi t’
st akingal ongt imebutwear etry i
ng”“ I
hat ethatIcan’ thel panyf asterbut_ ___”
Non- judgment aland di recti
ng – t he negot iatori s compassi onat e butf i
rm and
compet ent .I ti s good wi th depr essed per sons,di soriented ordependentpeopl e.
Exampl e:“ Yousoundpr ettyexci t
ed,t akeadeepbr eat handr elax”“ Let ’
st aket hisnext
stepsl ow sonobodyget shur t”“Checkony ourpeopl ef ormet obesur eev eryonei s
alri
ght ”

Act
iveListeningTechni ques
Open- EndedQuest i
ons/St atement s–quest i
onorst at ement sdi r ect
edatt hehost age
takerdesi gnedt ogethi mt oopenupandgi veal ong, ver bal answer .
Ef f
ect ive Pauses – notsay i
ng any t
hing when t he host age t akerf i
nishes t alking,
encour aginghi mt of il
ltheempt yorbl ankspacewi thaddi t
ionalcommuni cationsor
informat i
on.Per iodsofsi lencet hati susedt oemphasi zeapoi ntort oencour aget he
subj ectt osaymor e.
Mi nimalEncour agement–say ingy es,okorot herv erbali ndicator sthatt henegot i
atori s
actual lylisteni ngt ot hehost aget aker .Brief,wel l-
timedr esponset hatl ett hesubj ect
knowst henegot iatorispay i
ngat tent i
on.I tisaneut ralnon- t
hreat eningr esponset hat
canbeusedwi thanysubj ect .
Mi rroring( Ref lectingFeelings)–ar esponsei nwhi cht henegot i
atormi r
rorsbackt ot he
host aget akert heemot i
onsoft hehost aget akeri ncommuni cati
ng,t henegot iator
repeat st hel astwor dorphr ase.
Par aphr asing–ar esponsei nwhi cht henegot iatorgi vest hehost aget akert heessence
ofhi smessagei nt henegot i
ator’
swor ds.Thenegot iat orr epeat st hesubj ect’smeani ng
int henegot iat orswor ds.I tshowst hatt henegot iatori sl isteningandunder standst he
cont entoft hesubj ect’
smessage.
Emot i
onalLabel i
ng ( Reflect i
ng Meani ng)– ar esponsei nwhi chnegot i
at orlett he
host aget akerknow heunder standst hef actsandt hef eelingst hehost aget akeri s
communi cat ing.Theuseofemot ionallydescr iptivewor dst oshow t hatt henegot iator
under st andst hefeel i
ngst hesubj ecti sexper iencing.
I-Messages–ar esponsei nwhi cht henegot i
atorexpr esseshi semot ionsi nresponset o
 the host
age taker.These are messages t hatper sonal
ize t
he negotiatorwi t
hout
becomingaper sonalat
tackandallownegot i
atortointr
oducenewideaswi thoutrai
sing
excessi
veresi
stance.
Summat i
veRef lect
ions– ar esponsei nwhicht henegotiat
orsummar izest hemai n
fact
sandf eel
i
ngst hatt
hehostaget akerhasexpressedoverarel
ati
vel
ylongper iod.

Implement ationofMet hodstoDealwi thHost agesi t

uat i
on
Rule22.Host ageSi t
uat i
onoft her evi
sedPNPOper ationalpr ocedures
Sec.1.Pr ocedur est o bef oll
owedi naHost ageSi t
uat i
on– t hef oll
owi ng st epsshal lbe
under taken:
a.Acr isismanagementt askgr oupshal l beact i
vatedi mmediately
b.Incidentsceneshal lbesecur edandi solat ed
c.Unaut hori
zedper sonsshal lnotbeal lowedent ryandexi ttotheinci dentscene
d.Wi tnesses’names,addr esses,andot heri nformat ionshallber ecor ded.Wi t
nesses
shallbedi r
ectedt oasaf elocation.
Sec.2.Gr oundCommander–t hereshal lbeonl yoneGr oundCommanderi nt hear ea.
Sec.3.Negot iators–negot i
atorsshal lbedesi gnat edbyt heGr oundcommander .Nooneshal l
beal lowedt ot alktothehost age- t
akerwi thoutcl ear ancef rom thenegot iatingpanelorGr ound
Commander
Sec.4.Assaul tt eam –anassaul tteam shal lbeal ertedf ordeploymenti ncaset henegotiati
on
fai
ls.Member soft heassaul tt eam shal lwearaut horizedandeasi lyr ecogni zableuniform
duringt heconductoft heoperationBonnet sshal lnotbeused.
Sec.5.Assaul tpl an– t heassaul tshal lbepl annedt oensur emi nimalt hreatt olif
ef orall
parties.
Sec.6.Suppor tPer sonnel–anambul ancewi thmedi calcr ewandaf iretruckshal lbedetail
ed
atthei ncident .
Sec.7.Coor di nat i
on– pr opercoor dinat i
onwi t hal lpar ti
cipati
ngel ement sshal lbedonet o
consol idateef for t
sinsol vi
ngcr i
sis.
Sec.8.Saf etyofHost age(s)–i nnegot iati
ngf ort her eleaseofahost age,t hesaf et
yoft he
host ageshal lal way sbepar amount .
Sec.9.Pr ocedur est obef oll
oweddur ingnegot iations

Thef ollowi ngshal lbeunder takeni ntheconductofnegot iations:

a.Stabi l
izeandcont aint hesituat i
on;
b.Selectt her i
ghtt imet omakecont actwi ththehost age-taker ;
c.Taket i
mewhennegot i
at i
ng;
d.Allowhost age-takert ospeak;
e.Don’ toff erthehost age-takerany thing.Whathewi llaskf orwi l
lbepar tofthenegot i
ati
on;
f.Avoiddi rect i
ngf requentat t
entiont ot hevict
im whent al
kingt othehost aget aker;
g.Donotcal l t
hem Host ages.Beashonestaspossi ble;avoi dtri
cks; besi
ncere;
h.Nev erdi smi ssanyr equestf r
om t hehost age-t
akerast ri
vialorunimpor tant;
i
.Nev ersay“ NO”
j
.Sof tent hedemand
k.Nev ersetdeadl i
ne; tr
ynott oacceptadeadl ine;
l
.Donotmakeal t
er nat esuggest i
onsnotagr eeduponi nthenegot i
ation;
m.Donoti ntroduceout siders( non-law enforcementof ficers)intot henegot iationpr ocess,
unlesst hei rpr esencei sext remel ynecessar yint hesol utionoft hecr i
sis;providedt hatthey
shallbepr oper l
yadv isedont hedo’ sanddon’ tsofhost agenegot i
ations;
n.Donotal low anyexchangeofhost ages,unlessext r
emel ynecessar y;inpar ticul
ar,donot
exchangeanegot iat orf orahost age;
o.Av oidnegot iati
ngf ace- to-f
ace; and
p.Law enf
orcementoff
icer
swi
thoutpr
opert
rai
ningshal
lnotbeal
l
owedt
opar
ti
cipat
ein
host
agenegoti
ati
ons.

TheAf
tereffect sofCapt ivity
Emot i
onalAf tereff ects– t hehost aget akeri sunabl et oemot i
onal l
yr el
ax,r emai ns
fearfuloft hef utur e,andbecomesappr ehensi ve,tense,andner vous,experiencingan
anxietyl i
keat tack.Theex- host agemayshakeuncont rol
labl y,experi
encingunexpl ained
fear.
Cogni tiveAf teref fects– t hehost agesbel ieved theyf ailed themsel ves,co- wor kers,
fri
endsandf ami ly.Thatsomehowt heyar el essofaper sonf orhavingbeencapt ive.Sel f
-cri
tici
zi ngandsecond- guessi ngar ecommon.St atement ssuchas“ i
fonlyIhaddoneso
andsoIwoul dn’ thav ebeencapt ured” ,
ar ecommonl yhear d.
Behav ioralAf t
er effects–t hisincludesoci al andsel f-
isolation, uncontroll
ablecrying, and
i
ncr easeordecr easei naggr ession,poorconcent ration,int r
usivethought s,tr
oubl ewi th
author ityfigures, ani ncreasest art
ler esponseandal cohol anddr ugabuse.
Phy sicalAf t
eref fect s–t hisincludet hef ollowi ng:
a.Sl eepdi sorder–mostcommonphy sicalaf t
ereffects.Somecannotsl eept heent i
re
night ,somesl eept oomucht hant heydi dbef orecapt ivit
y, somesl eepmuchl ess, some
canonl ycat -
nap.Somer equiresmedi cat iont osl eep.Somedonotent erintoSt age4
sleepandsomev er yseldom engagei nRapi dEy eMov ement( REM)sl eep.

Stage4Sleep–isthedeepsl
eept
hati
mmedi
atelypr
ecedesREM sl
eep,iti
snecessary
forthebodytor epl
eni
shit
sel
fanditi
sthesleepwherethegreatestphysi
ologi
cal
benefi
tsar
eder
ived.

b.Night
mares–i
ncl
udesi
ght
s,sounds,smel
l
s,t
ast
es,phy
sicalpai
nsandemot
ionsof
capt
ivi
ty.

c.Withdr
awalf
rom Cl
osePer
sonalRel
ati
onshi
p–t
heex-
host
agemayer
ectani
nvi
sibl
e
wall
andnotall
owanyonei
nsi
dethatwal
l.

MedicalAftereff
ects– major
it
yofhostagesdonotexper i
encemedicalaft
eref
fects,
howevertoaf ew whoexperi
encedprol
onged,sev
ere,andphysi
calabusi
vecaptivi
ty,
medicalaf
tereff
ectsmaybeanissue.

Posit
iveAfter
eff
ects–somehost agesmayexperi
encedposi
ti
veeffect
softheinci
dent
i
nwhi chi nst
eadofhav i
ngloweredself
-est
eem,hav ehei
ghtenedself-
est
eem.They
bel
ievedthemsel
vestobebetterpeopl
eforhavi
ngsuffer
edandenduredcapti
vi
tyandit
madet hem abet
terper
son.