Xvi

Contents
21.10 Coupling
21.11 Shaft Alignment 472
21.11.1
Straightedge and475Filler Gauge
21.11.2 Dial
21.12 Machine Vibration
Gauge Method Method 477
478
Exercises 484 482
22. Control and
22.1 IntroductionInstrumentation
486
22.2 Process Measurement 486-524
22.2.1 P and I 486
22.3
Measurement Diagram 487
of Presure
22.3.1 Bourdon 488
Tube
485 22.3.2 Manometer Pressure Gauge 488
489
22.3.3 Pressure Sensor/Transmitter
22.3.4 Smart Transmitter 90
22.4 491
Measurement of
Temperature 494
22.4.1 Thermocouple
494
22.4.2 Resistance
22.4.3 Infrared Temperature Device (RTD) 495
22.4.4 Temperature Mcasurement Device 495
Liquid Expansion Type
22.4.5Temperature TransmitterTemperature Measuring Device 496
496
22.4.6Thermowell1 496
22.5 Measurement of Floww 497
22.5.1 Mechanical Flow Meter 497
22.5.2 Differential Pressure Type Flow Mcter
22.5.3 Electromagnetic Flow Meter
497
499
22.5.4 Ultrasonic Flow Mcter 499
22.5.5 Rotameter 500
22.6 Measurement of Level of Liquid 501
22.6.1 Direct Method of Level Measurement 501
22.6.2 Indircct Mcthods of Level Mcasurement 503
22.7 Mcasurement of Level of Solids 505
22.8 ContinuousWeight Measurement S06
22.9 Measurement of Vibration 507
22.10 Process Control 507
22.11 PID Controller 509
22.12 Actuator or Output Device 510
22.12.1 Pneumatically Operated Control Valve 510
22.12.2 Solenoid Valve 513
22.12.3 Motorised Valve 513
22.12.4 Pneumatic Cylinder 514
22.12.5 Hydraulic Cylinder 515
22.12.6 Variable Speed Drive 516
22.13 Plant Automation 517