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Classification of Dams
DAMS Needs for Dam Construction
• A dam is a structure which prevents the flow of water and ACCORDING to the SIZE of the DAM
accumulates it in a reservoir 1. Drinking and domestic water supply 1. Small dam
2. Flood control 2. Large (Big) dam
3. Irrigation • International Commision on Large Dams, (ICOLD) assumes a dam as big
4. Industrial water supply when its height is bigger than 15m.

5. Hydroelectric energy production
6. Retention and control of sediments
and Inland navigation, Improvement of water quality, Fish
Farming, Recreation facilities
• If the height of the dam is between 10m and 15m and matches the
following criteria, then ICOLD accepts the dam as big:
• If the crest length is bigger than 500m
• If the reservoir capacity is larger than 1 million m3
• If the flood discharge is more than 2000 m3/s

Karakaya Dam, Turkey Angat Dam, Philippines • If there are some difficulties in the construction of foundation

ACCORDING to the STATICAL DESIGN of DAM BODY

ACCORDING to HEIGHT of DAM ARCH DAMS
• High Dam or Large Dam GRAVITY DAMS  Arch Dams utilize the strength of an arch to displace the
• load of water behind it onto the rock walls that it is built
If the height of the dam is bigger than 100m  Gravity Dams use their triangular shape and the sheer
into.
weight of their rock and concrete structure to hold back
• Medium Dam the water in the reservoir.
• If the height of the dam is between 50m and 100m

• Low Dam or Small Dam Sarıyar Dam – Sakarya River; Karakaya Dam – Fırat River;
Height= 173 m
• If the height of the dam is lower than 50m Height= 90 m
Reservoir Capacity= 9,5 billion m 3
Reservoir Capacity= 1.9 billion m 3
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Procedure on the Analysis of Gravity Dams

ANALYSIS OF GRAVITY DAMS 1. Consider 1 unit length (1 m length) of dam perpendicular to the cross section.
2. Determine all the forces acting:
BUTRESS DAMS a. Vertical Forces
• W = weight of the dam
• FV = Weight of the water in the upstream side (if any)
 Buttress Dams use multiple reinforced columns to
• U = Hydrostatic Uplift (is the upward pressure exerted by water as it
support a dam that has a relatively thin structure. seeps through the body of the dam or its foundation.)
Because of this, these dams often use half as much • Weight of permanent structures on the dam
concrete as gravity dams b. Horizontal Forces
• FH = Horizontal component of total hydrostatic force
• Wind pressure, wave action, floating bodies, earthquake load, etc.
Elmalı II – Göksu River; 3. Solve for the reaction
Height= 42.5 m a. Horizontal component of the reaction
 
Reservoir Capacity= 10 million m 3
𝑅 = 𝐹
 

b. Vertical component of the reaction

 

𝑅 = 𝐹
 

Procedure on the Analysis of Gravity Dams Analysis of Gravity Dams

4. Moment about the toe
a. Righting Moment, RM Foundation Pressure, q Foundation Pressure, q
RM = Sum of all rotation towards the upstream side Eccentricity, e
b. Overturning Moment, OM 𝑅 6𝑒
1 𝑅𝑀 𝑞=− 1±
OM = Sum of all rotation towards the upstream side 𝑒= 𝐵 − 𝑥̅ > 1.0 𝐵 𝐵
5. Location of Ry (as measured from the toe) 2 𝑀𝑂

𝑅𝑀 − 𝑂𝑀 If 𝑒 ≤ , 𝑅 is within the middle third and 6𝑒

𝑥̅ = For the sign of 𝐵 , use (+) at point
𝑅
the foundation pressure is trapezoidal where Ry is nearest. From the diagram
Factor of Safety acting from heel to toe. If e is exactly , above, use (+) for qT and (-) for qH. A
• Factor of Safety against sliding, FSs
the shape of foundation pressure is negative q indicates compressive stress
𝜇𝑅 triangular also acting from heel to toe. and a positive q indicates tensile stress.
𝜇 = coefficient of friction between the base of the dam and
𝐹𝑆 = > 1.0 A positive q will occur when e>B/6. In
𝑅 the foundation
foundation design, soil is not allowed to
• Factor of Safety against overturning, Fso carry tensile stress, thus, any +q will be
𝑅𝑀
neglected in the analysis.
𝐹𝑆 = > 1.0
𝑀𝑂

Analysis of Gravity Dams Sample problems
1. In the figure shown, find the width b of
If 𝑒 ≤ , 𝑅 is outside the middle third
the concrete dam necessary to prevent
and the foundation pressure is the dam from sliding. The specific
triangular. gravity of concrete is 2.4 and the
coefficient of friction between the base
of the dam and the foundation is 0.42.
2𝑅
𝑞 = Use 1.5 as the factor of safety against
3𝑥̅ sliding. Is the dam also safe from
overturning?
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2. A concrete dam retaining water as
shown. If the specific weight of the
concrete is 23.5 kN/m3, find the factor of
safety against sliding, the factor of
safety against overturning, and the
maximum and minimum pressure
intensity on the base. Assume there is no
hydrostatic uplift and that the coefficient
of friction between dam and foundation
soil is 0.48.