Chemistry
SOME BASIC CONCEPT OF CHEMISTRY
SESSION -IV
Session Opener
Session Objectives
Session Objectives
1. Equivalent mass
2. Normality
3. Molarity
4. Molality
5. Strength of solution
6. Percentage concentration
Equivalent Mass
Acid
Equivalent mass
Base
Salt
Equivalent Mass of Acid
Equivalent mass of acid =
Example:
Equivalent mass of HCl and H2SO4
Equivalent Mass of Base
Equivalent mass of base =
Example:
Equivalent mass of NaOH and Ca(OH)2
Equivalent mass of salt
Equivalent mass of salt =
Example:
Equivalent mass of NaCl and MgCl2
Concentration of solutions
(1) Normality
Number of equivalents of solute
present in one litre of solution.
Equivalents = N x V (in litre)
Milli equivalents = N x V (in ml)
Question
Illustrative example
Find the normality of H2SO4 having
49g of H2SO4 present in 500 ml of
solution.
Solution:
= 2N
Most important point about
equivalents
Equivalent and milliequivalents of
reactants reacts in equal number to
give same number of equivalents or
milliequivalents of products separately.
Example:
Question
Illustrative Problem
20 ml of 0.1 N BaCl2 is mixed with 30 ml
of 0.2 N Al2(SO4)3. How many gram of
BaSO4 are formed?
Solution:
By equivalent method, no need of balancing the
equation. Because equivalents of reactants and
products are same.
Equivalents of BaCl2 = = 2 x 10–3
Equivalents of Al2(SO4)3 =
= 6 x 10–3
Solution contd-
Since equivalents of Al2(SO4)3
is in excess, hence
equivalents of BaSO4 = equivalents of BaCl2
= equivalents of AlCl3
= 2 x 10–3
Hence, mass of BaSO4 = Equivalents x equivalent mass
If we will discuss this
problem through mole
concept, then we have
to balanced the
equation.
Molarity
Number of moles of solute present in
one litre of solution.
Moles = Molarity x volume (in litre)
Milli moles = Molarity x volume (in ml)
Question
Illustrative example
Calculate the molarity of a solution of
NaOH in which 0.40g NaOH dissolved
in 500 ml solution.
Solution:
= 0.02 M
Relation between normality and
molarity
N = M x n factor
For HCl, n=1
H2SO4, n=2
H3PO4, n=3
NaOH, n=1
Ca(OH)2, n=2
For monovalent compound (n = 1)
Normality and molarity is same.
Question
Illustrative Problem
Calculate molarity of 0.6 N AlCl3 solution.
Solution:
n=3
Molality
Number of moles of solute present in 1 Kg
(or 1000 gram) of solvent. It is represented
by m (small letter).
Question
Illustrative Problem
Calculate the molality of 1 molar solution
of NaOH given density of solution is 1.04
gram/ml.
Solution:
1 molar solution means 1 mole of solute present per
litre of solution.
Therefore, mass of 1 litre solution = 1000 x 1.04
= 1040 gram
Mass of solute = 1 x 40 = 40g
Therefore, mass of solvent 1040 – 40 = 1000g
Strength of solution
Amount of solute present in one litre
solution.
Question
Illustrative Problem
Calculate strength of 0.01 N of NaOH
solution.
Solution:
Strength = Normality x equivalent mass
= 0.01 x 40
= 0.4 gram/litre
Concentration in terms of percentage
Question
Illustrative Problem
Calculate the concentration of 1 molal
solution of NaOH in terms of percentage
by mass.
Solution:
1 molal solution means 1 mole (or 40g) NaOH present
in 1000g of solvent.
Total mass of solution = 1000 + 40 = 1040g
Therefore, 1040g solution contains 40g NaOH
Therefore, 100g solution contains
= 3.84% by mass.
Class exercise
Class exercise 1
0.115 g of pure sodium metal was dissolved
in 500 ml distilled water.
The molarity of the solution would be
(Na = 23)
(a) 0.010 M (b) 0.00115 M
(c) 0.023 M (d) 0.046 M
Solution:
Hence, answer is (a)
Class exercise 2
The number of moles of oxygen in one
litre of air containing 21% oxygen by
volume, in standard conditions, is
(a) 0.186 mole (b) 0.21 mole
(c) 2.10 mole (d) 0.0093 mole
Solution:
21% oxygen by volume means 21 ml oxygen is
present in 100 ml of solution.
1,000 ml of solution will contain 210 ml.
Since at STP 22,400 ml of gas = 1 mole,
Hence, answer is (d)
Class exercise 3
The vapour density of a gas is 11.2.
The volume occupied by 11.2 g of the
gas at STP will be
(a) 11.2 L (b) 22.4 L
(c) 1 L (d) 44.8 L
Solution:
Molecular mass = 2 × Vapour density
= 2 × 11.2 = 22.4
Since 22.4 g contains 22.4 L of gas at STP,
Hence, answer is (a)
Class exercise 4
The number of water molecules in one
litre of water is
(a) 18 (b) 18 × 1000
(c) NA (d) 55.55 NA
Solution:
For water d = 1 g/ml
Since, One litre water = 1,000 g of water
Number of water molecules
= 55.55 NA
Hence, answer is (d)
Class exercise 5
Which is not affected by temperature?
(a) Normality
(b) Molarity and molality
(c) Molarity
(d) Molality
Solution:
Molality involves mass of solute and solvent
which are not affected by temperature.
Class exercise 6
Calculate the molality and mole fraction
of the solute in aqueous solution
containing 3.0 g of urea
(molecular mass = 60) in 250 g of water.
Solution:
Mole fraction of urea =
Mole fraction of water = 1 – 0.00359 = 0.996
Class exercise 7
Calculate the molarity and normality
of a solution containing 0.5 g of
NaOH dissolved in 500 ml.
Solution:
Or for monovalent compound like NaOH normality
and molarity are same.
Class exercise 8
Calculate the mol fraction of ethanol
and water in a sample of rectified
spirit which contains 95% of ethanol
by mass.
Solution:
95% of ethanol by mass means 95 g ethanol
present in 100 g of solution.
Hence, mass of water = 100 – 95 = 5 g
Moles of C2H5OH = = 2.07 moles
Moles of water(H2O)=
Solution
Mole fraction of C2H5OH =
Mole fraction of water = 1 – 0.88 = 0.12
Class exercise 9
A solution contains 25% of water,
25% of ethanol and 50% of
acetic acid by mass.
Calculate the mole fraction
of each component.
Solution:
25x + 25x + 50x = 100
x=1
Mass of water = 25 g
Mass of ethanol = 25 g
Mass of acetic acid = 50 g
Moles of water =
Solution
Moles of ethanol =
Moles of acetic acid =
Mole fraction of ethanol =
Mole fraction of acetic acid = 1 – 0.503 –0.196
= 0.301
Class exercise 10
20 ml of 10 N HCl are diluted with
distilled water to form one litre of the
solution. What is the normality of the
diluted solution?
Solution:
N1V1 = N2V2
N2 = 0.2 N
Thank you
