INDEX

1.INTRODUCTION OF TOPIC
2.TYPES OF MALNUTRITION
3.CAUSES
4.POOR SANITATION
5.ALARMING FACTS
6.OBSERVATION AND DATA ANALYSIS
7.TREATMENT
8.PREVENTION OF MALNUTRITION
9.CONCLUSION
10.BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION OF TOPIC

Malnutrition refers to getting too little or too much of certain

nutrients.
It can lead to serious health issues, including stunted growth,
eye problems, diabetes and heart disease.
Malnutrition affects billions of people worldwide. Some
populations
have a high risk of developing certain types of malnutrition
depending on their environment, lifestyle and resources.
Sanitation also plays a key role in malnutrition. It cause under
nutrition.
 TYPES OF MALNUTRITION
•Protein Energy Malnutrition
Two forms of PEM are Kwashiorkor and Marasmus.
•Kwashiorkor : Malnutrition produced by a severely inadequate
amount of protein in the diet.
Protein malnutrition, or kwashiorkor, is mostly found in people living in
geographical areas that have limited food resources. It's most
commonly seen in children whose diets are low in protein and calories.
•Marasmus : Marasmus is a form of malnutrition. It happens when the
intake of nutrients and energy is too low for a person’s needs. It leads
to wasting, or the loss of body fat and muscle. A child with marasmus
may not grow as children usually do.
Malnutrition happens when a lack of nutrients causes health problems,
usually because a person’s diet does not contain all the vitamins and
nutrients that the body needs to function.
When an individual does not get the right nutrients, it is harder for their
body to carry out routine processes that enable them to grow new cells
or fight disease. More serious health problems can then result.
In many parts of the world, marasmus happens because people do not
have enough food. In developed countries, it can occur as a result of
the eating disorder anorexia .
•Vitamin-deficiency-related diseases
Hypoglycaemia(low blood sugar) can result from a child
not eating for up to 6hours.Hypoglycemia should be considered if
there is lethargy,limpness or consciousness.
Kwashiorkor
Marasmus
 CAUSES
Malnutrition can result from various environmental and medical
conditions.
1.Low intake of food
•May be caused by symptoms of an illness. Eg:Dysphagia.
Dysphagia:Difficulty in swallowing foods or liquids, arising from the
throat or oesophagus, ranging from mild difficulty to complete and
painful blockage.
2.Mental health problems
•Conditions such as depression,dementia,schizophrenia, anorexia can
lead to malnutrition.
3.Social and mobility problems
Factors that can affect a person’s eating habits and potentially lead to
malnutrition include:
•being unable to leave the house or reach a store to buy food
•finding it physically difficult to prepare meals
•living alone, which can affect a person’s motivation to cook and eat
•having limited cooking skills
•not having enough money to spend on food
4.digestive disorders and stomach conditions
•If the body doesn't absorb nutrients efficiently,even in a healthy
diet .Then it will leads to malnutrition.Digestive disorders encompass a
variety of diseases ranging from mild to severe. Common digestive
disorders include gastroesophageal reflux disease, cancer, irritable
bowel syndrome, lactose intolerance and hiatal hernia.
•The most common symptoms of digestive disorders include
bleeding, bloating, constipation, diarrhea, heartburn, pain, nausea
and vomiting.
5.Alcoholism
•Addiction to alcohol can lead to gastritis and can damage pancreas.
It makes digestion process tough.

6.lack of breast feeding

•No breastfeeding especially in the initial developmental stages can
lead to malnutrition in infant.
 HOW IS POOR SANITATION A CONTRIBUTION
FOR MALNUTRITION?
KEY FACTS
1) 39% of the global population(2.9 billion people) use
safely managed sanitation services.
2) 27% of the global population(1.9billion people) use private
sanitation facilities connected to sewers from which
wastewater was treated.
3) 13% of the global population(0.9 billion people) use toilets or
latrines where excreta were disposed.
4) 68% of the worlds population (5.0billion people) use basic
sanitation services.
 ALARMING FACTS
• 2.3 billion people still do not have basic sanitation facilities such
as toilets or labrines.Of these 892million still defecate in the
open.Eg: In street gutters,behind bushes or into rivers.
• At least 16% of the world's population is thought to consume
food irrigated by using waste water.
• Poor sanitation is linked to transmission of diseases such as
cholera,diarrhoea,dysentery,hepatitis A,typhoid and polio.

BENEFITS OF IMPROVING SANITATION

• Reducing the spread of intestinal worms, schistosomiasis and
trachoma, which are neglected tropical diseases that cause
suffering for millions;
• Reducing the severity and impact of malnutrition;
• Promoting dignity and boosting safety, particularly among
women and girls.
• Promoting school attendance: girl's school attendance is
particularly boosted by the provision of separate sanitary
facilities.
• Potential recovery of water, renewable energy and nutrients
from faecal waste.
 OBSERVATION AND DATA ANALYSIS

1.The student have a theoretical understanding of the concept of

balanced diet
2.Most students prefer junk food.
3.Students value carbonate drinks and than health drinks.
4.Students have equal preference for food from restaurant as well as
street vendors.
5.Student tend to clean hands with soap in most of the cases when
soap is available.
6.Washing hands after using the toilet and before meals is more
frequent than after returning to home, being in contact with a pet or
visiting public places.The main reason for which they don’t wash
their hands is because they forget.
7.Very few wash their hands for more than 10 seconds.
8.Most of the students are aware that uncleaned hands are carriers
of pathogens.
CHECK LIST PREPARED FOR MAINTENANCE OF
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS

• Encourage healthier food choices.

• Snacking on healthy food is good way to get extra nutrients and
calories between meals.
• Don't add chemicals to food..
• Encourage physical activities along with healthy diet.
• Plan social activities.
 TREATMENT
If a doctor diagnoses malnutrition, they will make a treatment
plan for the person. The person may also need to meet with a
nutritionist and other healthcare providers.
It may include:
•ongoing screening and monitoring
•making a dietary plan, which might include taking supplements
•treating specific symptoms, such as nausea
•treating any infections that may be present
•checking for any mouth or swallowing problems
•suggesting alternative eating utensils
In severe cases, a person may need to:
•spend time in the hospital
•gradually start taking in nutrients over a number of days•receive
nutrients such as potassium and calcium intravenously
 PREVENTION OF MALNUTRITION

• Use of modern agricultural techniques to increase agricultural

production.
• Proper education to people regarding importance of food.
• Enrichment of food.
• Fortification of food.
• Genetic engineering for the development of new varieties.
Eg:golden rice.
• Government projects to provide healthy food to infants and
pregnant women.
• Staple food should available at very cheap rate.
• Common people should adopt rotation in food.
• Use of probiotic microorganism in food.
• Global public health and disease control measures.
Treatment will depend on the severity of the malnutrition and
the presence of any other underlying conditions or
complications.
 CONCLUSION

Eating food from a costly restaurant or having access of safewater,

toilets and hand washing facilities doesn’t mean thathygiene and health
will improve.The crucial issue is humanbehaviour.Behaviour takes time
to change.We need to realisethat one should aware and practice
healthy diets and hygienicprotocols at all point of time.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.www.google.com
2.www.wikipedia.com
3.www.metrination.com
4.www.topperlearning.com
5.www.quora.com