Hydrological abstractions

‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬
Evapotranspiration

Lecture No. 4 1
Lecture No. 4 2
 Evaporation

P
E
Rain Moisture on Plants
E E
E
Soil Moisture

Standing Water
Lecture No. 4 3
 Evaporation
• Process by which the phase of water is changed
from liquid to a vapor.
• It occurs at the evaporating surface, the contact
between water body and overlaying air.

Lecture No. 4 4
 Evaporation
• Evaporation rate is a function of several
meteorological and environmental factors
The two main factors from an engineering
standpoint are:
- Solar energy: it provides latent heat of vapor
- Advective energy: it is the ability to transport

Lecture No. 4 5
 Evaporation Measures
- Pan evaporation
- Water budget

- Correlations to climate data (empirical)

- Weight and depth
E

E E
E

Lecture No. 4 6
 Evaporation measurements

• Class A evaporation pan

• ISI Standard pan
• Colorado sunken pan
• Floating pan.
• VE = AEPMCP
- VE = volume of water lost in evaporation in a month m3
- A= average reservoir area during the month
- Epm = pan evaporation loss in a month m2
- Cp = relevant pan coef.

» Lake evaporation= CP4 * pan evaporation

Lecture No. 7
cp= pan coef. =0.8- 0.7
Lecture No. 4 8
Example of A-Pan Setup
• "US class A" pan is used
to measure the rate of
evaporation. A hook
gauge is used to measure
the water level inside the
pan and A cup
anemometer is placed
beside the pan to measure
the surface wind
movement over it

Lecture No. 4 9
 Evaporation Pans
 Symons pan
 Galvanised iron
 Square of 1830mm
 610mm deep
 Set in ground
 rim 100mm above ground
 level free of obstructions
 natural vegetation surrounds (not tar etc)
 no shadows on pan
 fenced, bur not obstructed..
- protect from birds & animals - chemical or wire mesh

Lecture No. 4 10
Lecture No. 4 11
Standard 4 foot diameter pan

Lecture No. 4 12
 Evaporation
• Pan evaporation method
An evaporation pan is a device designed
to measure evaporation by monitoring the
loss of water in the pan during a given time
period, usually one (1) day.

Pan coefficient = 0.60 to 0.85 on an annual basis

(4.1)

Lecture No. 4 13
 Evaporation
• Water Budget Method

P
T
SI
E R SO E
E
BI S=?
F
Initial Abstract IA BO
Lecture No. 4 14
Hydrologic Processes in a Watershed
1. Precipitation (P)
2. Initial Abstraction (IA)
3. Infiltration (F)
4. Rainfall Excess (R)
5. Surface water inflow (SI)
6. Surface water outflow (SO)
7. Groundwater inflow (BI)
8. Groundwater outflow (BO)
9. Evaporation (E)
10. Transpiration (T)
11. Surface water release (O)
Lecture No. 4 15
 Evaporation from Water Surface
• Water Budget Method over Surface Water Bodies

P
R SI SO
E
BI S=?
BO
(4.2)

(4.3)
Lecture No. 4 16
 Evaporation from Overland Surface
• Water Budget Method over Land Surfaces

P
T
E R

F
Initial Abstraction, IA

Lecture No. 4 17
 EVAPORATION
Empirical Formulae
• equation of Meyer

Ea = open water evaporation per unit time

(for air and water temperature the same to C) in mm/day
ew = saturation vapor pressure in the air above (mm mercury)
ea = actual vapor pressure in the air above (mm mercury)
ea = 0.4ew
u9 = wind speed at 9m height (km/h).
Uh =U1/7
Lecture No. 4 18
 EVAPORATION

• Iissemeer Formula:

where
Eo = evaporation of the lake in mm per day
ew = saturation vapor pressure at temperature tw
of the surface water of the lake in mm mercury
e= actual vapor pressure in mm mercury
u6 = wind velocity in m/s at a height of 6m above the surface.

Lecture No. 4 19
 EVAPORATION

• Harbeck, 1962

E0 = 0.291 A-0.05 U2 (es(Tw)-ea)

A is the area of the lake in km2

Lecture No. 4 20
 Transpiration

P
E
T
R SI SO
E
BI S=? BO
F
Initial Abstraction, IA BO
Lecture No. 4 21
 Transpiration
• Transpiration is the process by which plants
transfer water from the root zone to the leaf
surface, where it eventually evaporates into
atmosphere.

Lecture No. 4 22
 Transpiration
• The process by which transpiration takes
place can be described as follows:
- Water is extracted by a plants roots,
transported upward through its stem and
diffused into the atmosphere through stoma.

Lecture No. 4 23
 Transpiration
• Contributing factors:
a. Moisture available
b. Vegetation type
c. Vegetation density
d. Vegetation health

Lecture No. 4 24
 Transpiration
• Measured with phytometer (plant used as
a measuring device)
• Based on monthly consumptive use (if
available) and monthly evaporation
(4.7)

1. T = transpiration rate (mm/time)

1. ET = evapotransipiration rate (mm/time)
1. E = Evaporation rate (mm/time)
Lecture No. 4 25
 Evapotranspiration
• It is the process by which water in the land
surface, soil, and vegetation is converted
into vapor state and returned to the
atmosphere.
• It consists of evaporation from water, soil,
vegetative, and other surfaces and includes
transpiration by vegetation.

Lecture No. 4 26
Watershed Evapotranspiration

P
T
E E E R
E

Lecture No. 4 27
 Evapotranspiration
• Mass balance

• Based on Pan Evaporation

• k = 0.35 to 0.85 = f(soil/plant condition, location of the

pan, wind speed, upwind fetch, and humidity)

• For example, k = 0.7 if wind speed = 170-425 km/day,

upwind fetch of green crop = 1,000 m, and low relative
humidity = 20-40 percent.

Lecture No. 4 28
Example Problem 4.1 on page 126 – Assume the following
situations for a small watershed in northern Indiana. The six-
month seasonal precipitation is 70 cm, runoff is 20 cm, and the
change in groundwater storage is 15 cm. What are the monthly
evapotransipiration rates?

Lecture No. 4 29
 Evapotranspiration
• Irrigation needs based on evapotranspiration

0 Known 0 0 Known

• NOTE: For your homework Problem No. 6 of 4.5.1 hand

problems on page 131.
Lecture No. 4 30
 Evapotranspiration
• Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) is the
amount of evapotranspiration that would
take place under the assumption of an ample
supply of moisture at all times.
• PET is an indication of optimum crop water
requirements.

Lecture No. 4 31
 Calculation of Potential
Evapotranspiration

1. Assume unlimited moisture supply

» Thornwaite’s Equation

» Blaney and Criddle Equation

Lecture No. 4 32
 Evapotranspiration
• Thornthwaite’s Equation

(4.8)

1. ET = Monthly evapotranspiration, (cm)

1. t = mean monthly temperature, (oC)
1. a = 0.49239 + 0.01792 TE
1. TE = Thornthwaite’s temperature efficiency
index, which is given by

Lecture No. 4 33
 Evapotranspiration
• Blaney and Criddle
(4.9)
1. ET = Monthly evapotranspiration, (in.)
1. t = mean monthly temperature, (oF)
1. k = consumptive use coefficient
1. p = percent of daytime hours per year in the
study month
• k = f(crop) given in Table 4.5 on page 126, e.g., k
= 0.7 for tomato
• p = f(latitude and month) given in Table 4.6 on
page 127, e.g., p = 8.08 at North 60o in March
Lecture No. 4 34
 Lysimeter
• A device to measure the quantity or rate of downward
water movement through a block of soil usually
undisturbed, or to collect such percolated water for
analysis as to quality.
• Defined as:
- A small unit of soil on which water balance values can be obtained.
 Lysimeters account for change in water storage
 i.e. Measure actual evapotranspiration

Lecture No. 4 35
 Lysimeters
 Large block of undisturbed soil + vegetation surrounded by
watertight container installed in ground
 Weighing base to quantify water movement through soil
 Precipitation controlled and known
 E=Ppt - percolation through the lysimeter

Lecture No. 4 36
Principles of a Lysimeter
• A tank filled with soil is
weighted on a scale.
- The difference in weight
between the beginning and the
end of the day indicates how
much water was lost during the
day, or,
- how much water the crop used.
• At midnight (or some standard
time)
- water tank below the lysimeter
is filled with water that can be
used for irrigation during the
day.
- ie no weight change as a result
of irrigation during the day.

Lecture No. 4 37
Problems

Lecture No. 4 38
 Problem No. 1 Hand Problems – A conversion of land from
tomato farming to citrus is planned. Is it true that less water
will be used to supplement rainfall based on a growing season
of one year? Explain and support your answers with
calculations and referenced assumptions.
• From Eq. (4.9)

• From Table 4.5 on page 126

• Assume frost free zone in Florida 25 o N, from Table 4.6

• Mean annual temperature in Florida

Lecture No. 4 39
• From Eq. (4.9)

Citrus requires less water than tomatoes based on annual growing season of one year

Tomatoes requires less water than citrus based on real growing seasons

Lecture No. 4 40
Monthly ET for Tomatoes and Citrus based on Florida Monthly Temperature

Example
9 of Hand
Problems

March April May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Temp 63.00 65.00 74.00 79.00 81.00 81.00 78.00 69.00 66.00 55.00
Daytime% 8.39 8.61 9.33 9.23 9.45 9.09 8.32 8.09 7.40 7.42
ktomo to 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70
kcitrus 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65

ETtomo to 3.70 3.92 4.83 5.10 5.36 5.15 4.54 3.91 3.42 2.86 42.79
ETC itrus 3.44 3.64 4.49 4.74 4.98 4.79 4.22 3.63 3.17 2.65 39.74

Lecture No. 4 41
Problem No. 2 of 4.5.1 Hand Problems – A river regulatory
person must release water from a reservoir to satisfy a
downstream need during the month of July. The average daily
class A pan evaporation is 5 mm and the pan coefficient is 0.70.
Estimate how much water must be released from the reservoir to
satisfy 48,000 m3/day need if the average river width is 61 m and
the distance down the center of the river from the reservoir to
the point of need is 78 km. Express your answer in terms of
both m3 and acre-ft. Neglect or assume that the net infiltration
into and out of the river from groundwater sources is negligible
and there is no transpiration.
• Input from reservoir to the river = SI = to be sought
• Output from the river release = R = 48,000 m3 /day
• Output from river evaporation = E = can be calculated
• Assume S = 0
Lecture No. 4 42
• Evaporation rate from the river

• Surface area of the river

• Evaporation from the river

• Total amount needed

Lecture No. 4 43
Problem No. 3 of 4.5.1 Hand Problems – Estimate the mean
monthly evaporation rate for the Taiz International Airport
watershed. Local climatological data supplied by GAMA for the
airport are shown for the months in year 2008. The water
leaving the watershed is estimated from a NWRA station and is
also shown. Comment on your answers by explaining why the
results are low relative to the annual average values given in
Figure 4.3, what assumptions you have made? Assume storage
are minimal and no transpiration or infiltration.

Lecture No. 4 44
• Data

Outlet Water
Month Precipitation (cm) (cm)
March 2.40 1.42
April 4.27 3.05
May 5.09 3.60
June 4.69 3.50
July 2.96 1.65

Lecture No. 4 45
 Month P-R (cm) E (cm)
March 2.4-1.42 0.98
April 4.27-3.05 1.22
May 5.09-3.60 1.49
June 4.69-3.50 1.19
July 2.96-1.65 1.31
Average 1.24

• From NWRA stations E = 2.49 cm/month

• E based on data is lower: precipitation for these five

months is less than annual average or outlet flow is too
much because impervious natural of the watershed.
Lecture No. 4 46
 - Empirical Formula for Class A pan
(4.6)

1. Ep = daily pan evaporation, (in./day)

1. eo = saturation vapor pressure at the water
surface, (in. of mercury)
1. eo = atmospheric vapor pressure at air
temperature, (in. of mercury)
1. U = wind speed at 6 inches above pan rim,
(mpd)
1. n, m, and b = 0.88, 0.37, 0.0041, respectively.
• Note: saturated vapor pressure is a function of
temperature given in Table below
Lecture No. 4 47
saturated vapor pressure is a function of
temperature

Lecture No. 4 48
In Yemen

Lecture No. 4 49
 ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ‬
‫)ﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ(‬

‫‪Lecture No. 4‬‬ ‫‪52‬‬

‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ‬

‫‪Lecture No. 4‬‬ ‫‪53‬‬

‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ‬

‫‪Lecture No. 4‬‬ ‫‪54‬‬

 ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻦ‬
‫•‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫•‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ‪ 50-100‬ﻣﻢ‪/‬ﺳﻨﺔ‬
‫•‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ ‪ 1800 -2700 :‬ﻣﻢ‪/‬ﺳﻨﺔ‬
‫•‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫•‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ‪ 200-500‬ﻣﻢ‪/‬ﺳﻨﺔ‬
‫•‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ 1500 -2500‬ﻣﻢ‪/‬ﺳﻨﺔ‬
‫•‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫•‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ -50‬ﻣﻢ‪/‬ﺳﻨﺔ‬
‫•‬ ‫‪ 2000 -3500‬ﻣﻢ‪/‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Lecture No. 4‬‬ ‫‪55‬‬