Introduction

(1)
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272064401_Study_on_Biohydrogen_Production_of
_Dark_Fermentation_with_the_Stimulation_of_Ultrasonic

(2)

https://www.geni.org/globalenergy/faq/general/faq_I-am-concerned-about-global-energy-
problems.shtml

(3)
https://www.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/sources-and-solutions-fossil-fuels

(4)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/conventional-energy

(5)

http://weben.dede.go.th/webmax/category/alternative-energy

(6)

https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=29

(7)

https://www.californiahydrogen.org/wp-content/uploads/files/doe_fuelcell_factsheet.pdf

1 | INTRODUC T ION
H
2
has many advantages as a clean
energy, such as a high
energy density, combustion products
without pollutants,
and renewability, and it is considered
one of the most ideal
energy types.
1-3
H
2
is easy to store and transport, has a
vari-
ety of useful forms, and is considered
a potential substitute
to fossil fuels.
4
At present, the preparation of H
2
primarily
depends on fossil fuel energy, water
electrolysis, and pyrol-
ysis. These methods not only
consume energy but pollute
the environment. Biomass is an
important renewable raw
material and the world's fourth
largest energy type with
large resources.
5
Bio‐hydrogen is considered as one of
the
most promising energy alternatives
considering the cli-
mate and energy crisis.
6
Renewable hydrogen production
using biomass involves chemical
hydrogen production
and bio‐hydrogen production.
Compared with thermo-
chemical and electrochemical
hydrogen production, the
biogenic hydrogen reaction is a very
promising technology
with the advantages of mild reaction
conditions, a
wide range of raw materials, low
consumption, and no
pollution.
7-9
Bio‐hydrogen production technology
is a
1 | INTRODUC T ION
H
2
has many advantages as a clean
energy, such as a high
energy density, combustion products
without pollutants,
and renewability, and it is considered
one of the most ideal
energy types.
1-3
H
2
is easy to store and transport, has a
vari-
ety of useful forms, and is considered
a potential substitute
to fossil fuels.
4
At present, the preparation of H
2
primarily
depends on fossil fuel energy, water
electrolysis, and pyrol-
ysis. These methods not only
consume energy but pollute
the environment. Biomass is an
important renewable raw
material and the world's fourth
largest energy type with
large resources.
5
Bio‐hydrogen is considered as one of
the
most promising energy alternatives
considering the cli-
mate and energy crisis.
6
Renewable hydrogen production
using biomass involves chemical
hydrogen production
and bio‐hydrogen production.
Compared with thermo-
chemical and electrochemical
hydrogen production, the
biogenic hydrogen reaction is a very
promising technology
with the advantages of mild reaction
conditions, a
wide range of raw materials, low
consumption, and no
pollution.
7-9
Bio‐hydrogen production technology
is a
(8)

A Review of the Enhancement of Bio-Hydrogen Generation by Chemicals Addition

Yong Sun 1,2,*, Jun He 1, Gang Yang 3,*, Guangzhi Sun 2 and Valérie Sage 4,*

Global energy problem is the main problem that effects every human in the world. Many of
the environmental issues like acid rain, air pollution and ozone layer depletion etc. has grown
from the use of energy. Nowadays, main sources of energy are fossil fuels which is use for
electrical production. Fossil fuels contribute to pollution by combustion and can cause
airborne pollution affects to air, land and water by releasing excess nitrogen oxides. Coal-
fired power plants is one of the principle sources of nitrogen oxides emission.(3) When
nitrogen is exposed to atmosphere as nitrogen oxides or as ammonia when deposited back to
the land and can be washes to water bodies. Not only nitrogen oxides that excessing from
usage of fossil fuels but also SO2, CO2, CH4, greenhouse gases and other toxic pollutant are
generate from fossil fuels combustion. (2)These over-needed nutrients can turn into harmful
compound for human and other living things. Especially when electricity demands are rising
across the world and it does not seem to decrease easily, this make alternative energy become
seriously important. The Fuel substitution is a critical need in order to reduce the use of
conventional energy which have finite sources but holding the majority of the energy market.
(4)

Alternative fuels can be categorized into two main categories based on their source of origins
which are alternative energy from depleted resources and from non-depleted resources which
can be renewable such as biofuels, hydro and hydrogen etc. The aims of developing
alternative energy is based on their effects on the environment, and their resources need to be
abundantly available in local and having low cost, in order to compete to the conventional
energy and become a major energy for modern world.(5) The focus goes to biofuels, as one
of the energy which came from non-depleted resources and the future of energy market are
looking forward to depends on this. There are many types of products received from biofuels
such as bio diesel, biomethane, biohydrogen and biomethanol.

Hydrogen possessed many advantages as a clean energy since it have high energy density, it
can combust the products without emission of pollutants and this make hydrogen energy can
be considered as one of the most ideal energy. Hydrogen fuel cell system can be able to
generate electricity at efficiencies up to 60% or higher, when comparing to conventional
power plant which can only generates electricity efficiencies of 33%, hydrogen is definitely
an option for our near future (7). Hydrogen is also easy to transport and store. Hydrogen can
be used to generate electricity as an alternative energy. (6)The process in receiving hydrogen
is including biological and non-biological. Since the research on hydrogen production have
been given priority to in recent years, traditional hydrogen production method consisted of
two main methods which are electrochemical method and thermochemical method. These
traditional hydrogen production method consumes substantial energy and makes the price of
hydrogen became relatively high and also polluted the environment. Biological process is
mainly a wastewater treatment that got applied anaerobic microorganism. By converting the
organic matter into hydrogen, this can helps the environmental problems in multiple ways,
both treating waste and generating clean energy. The biological method is better for the
environment and economic comparing to non-biological process, but the hydrogen
production yield is also lesser. Now, this is why catalysts are needed for further improvement
of hydrogen production yield. There are also many pathways in receiving hydrogen from
biohydrogen methods, including biophotolysis, photofermentation, microbial electrolysis cell
and dark fermentation.

Among all kinds of hydrogen production process, dark fermentation is one of the most
reliable process due to its appealing advantages of simplicity of thee operation (1), flexible in
cultivation and organic waste consumptions. Therefore, the hydrogen yields generation is still
needs to be improve since the by-product of the process which is volatile fatty acid were
considered as the main cause for low hydrogen generation yield. But other factors can also
effects the yields, such as pH, temperature, substrate and hydraulic retention time. Catalyst
can plays an important roles in this study, to enhance the yields, removed some toxic in the
reaction, enhance density and reduce the reaction rate . In dark fermentation process, the
finding of suitable metal/chemical addition methods have been tried to achieve the desire
yield in hydrogen production. The addition material are needed to pass the evaluation
criterion which are based on the yield increase and the cost of it. Metal particles such as
magnetite and hematite particles can be use in order to improve the yield because of its
advantages over other metal monomers such as having low cost and its effect to the activity
of dark fermentation. (8)

1.2 Aim of study

1. To synthesize and characterize the physicochemical properties of the Activated

carbon supported HTs catalysts

2. To investigate effect of Activated carbon supported HTs as catalyst for hydrogen

production

3. To investigate effect distribution of metabolites in fermentative process

1.3 Scope of the study

1. Biohydrogen enhancement will be studied by using activated carbon supported HTs

catalysts

2. Hydrogen fermentation process will be carried out in batch test, using synthetic
wastewater (sucrose) as substrate and a mixed bacterial culture as inoculum

3. Optimum condition for fermentative hydrogen production with temperature at 37 C 

and initial pH of 5.5

 4. A relationship between physic-chemical properties of the catalysts and their
performance for hydrogen generation will be investigated

1.2 Aim of study

1.2 1 To synthesize and characterize the physicochemical  properties of metal catalyst

particles

1.2.2 To investigate effect of metal catalyst for hydrogen production

1.3 Scope of study

1.3.1 Biohydrogen enhancement will be studied by using metal catalyst

1.3.2 Dark fermentation process will be carried out in batch test, using synthetic
wastewater (sucrose) as a substrate and a pure/ mixed bacterial culture as inoculum

1.3.3 Hydrogen fermentation process will be needing an optimum condition of PH 5.5

and temperature at 37 oC

1.3.4 Properties of the catalyst related to hydrogen production yield will be studied
both physical and chemical properties