S O L E CT R I C S ;

A TH E ORY E X PLAIN IN G TH E

C A U SE S OF

TE M P E S TS S E I S M I C A N D V O LCA N
,

, D I S T U RB A N CE S A N D OT H E R
E
’
Q
N A f HB A L P H E N O M E N A .

TO C A LC U LA TE TH EIR TIM E A N D P LA E ; C

ILLU S TRA TE D BY 1 5 0 D m u m ms ,

A L F R E D L C O O P E R ,

N A VI G A T OR ,
S o u th A f r ica n I’V a r 111 e da l .

A U T H O R OF

Th e S t a bilit y o f S h ip s an d Fl oa t in g B o dies .

Th e Direct io n f Civ ilis a t io n

o .

l onb on

P U B LIS H E D B Y J . D . P OTTE R,
'

A d m ir a lt y A at mt [or Ch arts ,

1 45 , M IN O RIE S , E l . .
 A d m ir a l s m e u A M J AM ES

S i
IR — W t h re f e ren ce t o las t — ~~
S IR H E N R Y O LI V E R

S u n day s re e w o f Th e a IR r
—Ma’
vi
y I re p ly t o t h e l et t e r
'

S i ii
M y s t e ry o f Lo rd K t ch e n e s f ro m A dm ral S ir W ll a m
i r ’

Dea t h t h e re
. ne e w o u ld?
h av e b e e n an y m y s t e ry if Lo rd
Iam e s las t S u n day
vr V e ry e arly in t h e fi rs t w o rld
.

'
l e llico e s re po rt an d t h e daily w a r t h e C o m m a n de r in - C h e f i
i
-

the G ran d Fle e t A dm ral

re c o rd o f t h e O perat io ns D iv is io n I

i i i
.

h ad b e e n p u b l s h e d at t h e t m e Io h n Ie ll ic o e h ad b e e n g v e n ;
.

i L
.

Th e Ha m p s h re w as o rde re d t o l co mm an d o f t h e lo ca l d e f e n c e o fi

the
'

C y de tol e m b ark Lo rd
t h e O rk n e y Is lan d s an d s u p p l ie d
i i
‘
I

K it c h e n e r L t b e f o re t h e dat e o f . w th m n e s w e e p e rs a n d o t h e r? R
l
.

s m a ll v e s s e ls H e a lso i s s u e d sa i l:
e m b a rkat io n t h e B at t le o f J u t an d
i
.

was f o u g h t a n d Lo rd Kit c h e n e rl ing o rd e rs t o s h p s Ie a v i n g t h e

i i
.

e x p re s s e d w sh O r kn e y Is la n ds an c h o ra g e s f o q
to v s it the
l
a
any p u r p o se I
G ra n d F e e t at S ca pa o n h is way
i
.
.
.
t o Ru ss ia Th e Ham p s h re w as ,B e f o re t h e B a t t le o f Iu t lan d. S
i
.

acc o rd n g ly o rde re d t o S c a pa
.
th e G o v e rn m e n t arra n g e d f o r
l i
S h o rt y b e f o re s h e was d u e t o ,
S
.

i
Lo rd K t c h e n e r t o s it Ru ss a ? vi i E
l
t h e m n es w e e p e rs re po rt e d E I arran g e d f o r h im t o l e av e M
i
.

s ai

M C ly de in t h e c ru s e r H am ps h I
,

t h at o win g t o b ad w ea t h e r t h e y
.

h ad n o t b e e n a b le t o s w ee p t h e I
.

i
w t h a de s t ro y e r e s c o rt as f ar as T
c h an n e to l the e as t of t he T t h e S h e t lan ds
i
.

“
‘

O rk n e y s s o t h e Ha m p s h re was 1 h e n cam e t h e B at t le o f l u t
i
.

cl
a
g v e n a ro u t e t o t h e w e s t o f t h e
i Y i A
O rk n ey s w h ch h a d n o t h t h e rt o
i i i
A f t e r a Ca b n e t m e e t n g Lo rd : i
b e e n m n e d Th e ca p t a n o f t h e
i
.
A i
K t c h e n e r t o ld m e h e w a n t e d t o D
Ha m ps h re w e n t c lo s e in t o t h e D t h e G ra n d Fle e t at S ca p a N
lan d t o g e t a le e an d let K t c h e n e r
N
i l
se e
F o w a n d I w a lk e d t o t h e Wa r U
ha v e i
h s din n e r in s m oo t h w at e r |
a n d s h e s t r u ck a m n e i .

U
O ffi ce w t h h im i .
S
I s e n t t h e H am ps hi re t o S c a p a
l i
.

Th e o n ly my s t e ry was h o w S
i
m n e s ca m e t o b e la d in t h at i Fl o w an d arran g e d a s p e c ia t ra n
E
"
sp o t i
T h s w as c leare d u p at e r E l t o Th u rso an d t e le g rap h e d all
“
i i
.
'
w h e n it w as le arn t t h a t t h e ca p thé n f o rm at on Lo rd ab o u t
i
ta n of t h e s u b m ar n e m s t oo k i i H ii
K i t c h e n e r s v s t t o A dm ral f elli
’
i T
li
u

M arlwi c k H ea d f o r HO O an d a d T c o e at S ca p a Flo w ; h e t h e n g av e
his m in e s in t h e w ro n g p o s t o n |
.

ii i
t h e H a m p s h re h e r s a l n g o rde rs ii
i i
.

A d m ra l o f t h e Fle e t S ir H e n ry t o g o b y t h e w e s t s de o f t h e
i
O l v e r w h o g a v e t h e Ha m p s h re : i
i l O rk n e y Is la n ds o n ac c o u n t o f
i
.
,

h e r o rde rs an d A d m ra S ir
i l i b ad w eat h e r o n t h e eas t s d e
.
.

L o n e Pres t o n w h o was d re c t o r
of i
t h e m n e s wee p n g O pe ra t io n s
.

i . I h 0 p e I h a v e m ade it c lear
i
il t h at th e H am p s h re w as n ot
. ,

a re s t l aliv e .

u n de r A d m ira t y orde rs l
b ut
W M l a mes i
.

u n de r t h e m m e d iat e o rde rs o f
. . .

Ch u rt .
A dm ira l
S ir J o h n Ie lh c o e t h e .

l " C o m m an d e r in C hi e f G ran d
iar Fle et :
.

H F O liv er . . .

Lo n do n , S W I . . .
 fld afl
‘

RA D IO T IM E S , IS S U E 5m
1 m N O V EM B ER

V lp a arai so Eart h q u ak e
M I AY co rrect M r N rase r
(B rm n h a
g m ) by F i i
yi g h i i i
.

sa n t at t h e m an w h o pre d ct e d t h s d sast e r
w as i l li
Capt a n A f red J o p n g Coo t o f t h e
li O i w h w p n er syr ana, o as or e ars a

t d t
s u fen i m l gy d w h p k f t h
o se s o o an o s o e o e

hq k
,

eart m m
ua th b f
e so e Th O i on s e o re ? e r an a

w as h on m id v y g f m Liv p l t
er a en o a e ro e r oo o

V lp i
a d b k
ara so d I w
an ac b d h an as o n o ar er

l g m b f id
,

i t h B y wh
n e a en a ar e nu er o res en t s

w i vit d b d t di
e re n e a o ar d t vi w h o n n e r an o e t e

w hi I f t d i pan h C t i a
ne
p s n
pa er n n er s ee c a n

id t h t i tw ty f h v
.

C p
oo e r sa a n en -
ou r o u rs a se e re

thq
e ar k w ld t k pl
ua e ou wh i h i f m ti
a e ace , c n or a on

I m f id m t f
a a ra t k m ili g ly b t h
os o us oo s n u e

ly t m i t k ig
,

w as on en t f hi n u es ou o s re c o n n .

C Fin /am ”
.
, Wallase y , Cb e sb ire .
 S O L E CT R I C S ;
A TH E ORY EXPLA IN IN G TH E

C A U SE S OF

TE M P E S T S S E I S M I C A N D V OL CA N I C
,

D I S T U RB A N CE S A N D OT H E R

N A T U RA L P H E N OM E N A .

H OW TO C A LC U LA TE TH EIR TI ME A N D PLA E ; C

ILLU S TRA TE D BY 1 5 0 D IA GRA M S ,

A L F R E D y C O O P E R ,

N A VI G A TO R .
S ou t h A f r t c an W ar M eda l .

A U T H OR OF

Th e S t a bilit y f S h ips
o an d F l oa t in g B o dies .

Th e D ir ect ion f Civ ilis a t io n

o .

1 0 110 0 11

P U B LISH E D B Y J . D . P OTTE R,

A dm iral t y A g en t f or C h art s ,

1 45 , M IN ORIE S , E 1 . .

1 9 1 7 .

P R I C E
 FTUEFA I HE

TO F IR S T ED IT IO N :

H av in g su f f e e d sh r i pwr e ck o ccasi on e d b y st orms t h r ee

, ,

t im es on th re e con se cu t i v e v o age s I n at u r all

y y ac q u ir e d an

i n t e r e st in t h e q u est i on s as t o wh y st o r m s h appen on t h e
ea rt h , an d wh e r e t h ey co m e f r om .

Ce r t ai n t h at ev e ry
r es l t of a par t icu lar
e f f e ct is t h e u

c a seu I r e so l e d som e t we t y t h r e e y e ar s ago t o se ar ch

, v , n -
,

f o t h e c a se s o f st o r m s an d af t e r war ds pu b l i sh e d v ariou s
r u ,

p am p h l e t s o n t h e su bje ct .

On t he w e st co as t of Sou t h A m e r i ca I was f r e q u en t ly
disappoi n t e d b y t h e n on -
arr i al v of c
a cal u lat e d s t o rm u n t il
,

it ecam e appar e n t t h at
b on t h e se o ccas on s i an e ar t h q ak e u

t oo k t h e place of an a b se n t st o rm .

Th i s sh owe d t h at u n der so m e co n d i t ion s the sam e fo r ces

whi h c b ro u gh t a bo ut a t e m pest , u n de r ot h e r co n dit on si
cau se d an e a r t h q ake u .

r e by c h a c e was f o d on e r e ason f or t h e pl aci d

And h e n un

co di t i o
n of t h nE ast e r P a c i fi c Oce an a f act which do b t le ss
e n ,
u

s ggest e d it s am e t o t h e e arl y n av i gat o r s

u n .

Th e f or t n t e h bi t wh i c h e ar t h q akes e x hibit of st oppin g

u a a u

pu b l i c c l o c k s p r
, o i de d m e vw it h a v al ab l e cl u e as t o t h e u

act i on o f t h e s u n d r i g s t o r m s an d o t h e r ph en om en a ; f o r
u n

t h at r e co r d d t i m e is a m e s ur e o f th e su n s dist an ce wh en a
’
e a

p ar t i cu l a r i n fl e c e
u is e ne r t e d x .

20 4 6 5 5 6
 My pam ph l e t 1 90 2 di st i n t y i n si st e d t h at t h e s u n is
of cl
the fi r st c u se a ur l o f t h e s e n at r
a ph e n o m e n a , an d t h at we at h e

is l ar ge l y t h r ul t o f wh t is t e r m d Sol ct i Fo rc e wh i c h
e es a e e r c ,

act s o t hen rth i e cul

ea i ar m a r w h e t h s aa d nne n e un n
p n

m oon e i c e r t ai posi t i o s Th i fl
ar n u e c e of t h e pl an e t s
n n . e n n

w as n o t at t h t t i m e c le ar ly w o r k e d o t
a u .

Fo r y ea s I wo r r
k e d an d st di e d u on , se a rc hi n g ou t the
t ru l l f c f l
t h , u n t i at ast a t s e l i n t o t h e i p r l c es l o
a a ng a r oy l r o ad
a .

Th at r oy l r o a r de r s o f t h i s wo r k
ad I n ow po nit o ut to ea ,

i fi m f i t h t h at
n r b o dy o f e pe r t lcul at o r s appoi t d b y
a a x ca ,
n e

e a c h e duc t e d t io wi ll b y m a s o f it so o b e a b l e t o
a na n, e n , n

w r wi t h c r t i t y a y c i t y t h r t e e d wit h e r t h q ak e
a n e a n n ea n a u ,

o b id sh i ps pr e par e f o a c o m i g t e m pe st
r r n .

I h av e n o apo o gy l
r f o pr essi g t h i s m at t e r b ol dl y
to of f e r n

t o t h e fr o t ; b t it will pr o b b l y h a v e t o p ss t h r o u gh t h e
n u a a

u s u al st ages of cri t i c i sm b ef o r e c omi g i t o ge e r l u s e n n n a .

Cr i t i c s, h o we v e r , c an n o t i gn o r e the f actt h at b y m e an s
oft his t h e o y t h e Ch i r li a n M e t e o r o l o gi c al c r c
Of fi e p e di t e d t h e
r
Valpa ai so e a t h ak e r qu of 1 90 6, an d the e ar t h q u k du ly c am e
a e

on t h e day st at e d .

r
Th e t h e o y h as a an e so f ar dv c d s n i ce i
t h at t m e , t h at t h e
ho ur of o ccurr c
e n e m ay n o w b e a ccur at l y as c lcul at e d as a e

t h e day w th as By m s of
en th. N a u t i c al A l m a c k e an e na

t h e po i t i o s o f t h e c l st i l b o di e s m y b e de duc e d a d
s n e e a a , n

e pe r t s m ay b y c l c ul at i g d t e s
x ,
d pl ac e s o f f o r m e r t e m
a n a an

p es t s o e rrt h q u ak a
e s a cc o r di g t o t h m e t h o
,
d e p l i n d n e s x a e

h r ei
e ri f y t h e r s ul t s an d pr o v e t h e c o rr e c t n ess of t h e
n, ve e

t h e o ry
.

b li v I sh ll b
I e e e a e a b l ucc e s e ss f ul ly t o de fe nd t h e t h eo y r
a gai t l
nsl c i tai c i sm r .

TH E A U TH OR .

1 91 0 .
 S O L E C T R IC S
P RE F A CE TO SE CON D E D IT IO N .

M an y f act s a d m uc h ge e r al i n f o r m at i o h v
n ew n n n a e

a ccu m ul at e d si c e t h e Fi r st E d i t i o n of t h i wo r k pp ar e d n s a e ,

s o t h t it isa o w possi b l e t o s e t f o r t h a d m o r e fu ll y e pl ai
n n x n

t h e so le ct ic t h e o r y d m ak e it u s f l
r an e u .

It wi b e ll se e n t h at t h e u bje c t
s is of gr e at m agn i t u de
M ew M n o m m ais c apab l e

S O L E C T R IC S . E d it io n 19 1 7 .

E R RA T A .

Figu re s 25 , 26 and 1 10 t qui t

a re n o e c or e c t r .

P ag e 94 . Fo r 1 8 92 r d 1 90 2
ea .

Fi g u re 107 . F o r D e c e m b e r 3 0d 2h 3 0m . . . re a d 3 0d 21 . 1 .

Figur e 1 10 . F o r S e pt e m b e r 27d . re a dS e pt e mb 26d er

Figu u uld b
.

1 13 Sat J upi t
°
re rn s h o e s u b n ad 88 to er
.
.

r
U iti cm re assu re (it t n at n reu
“ ‘

u t n om m oys
-

p ers o n a r an u Se
“

as r
it p o v es t h at t h e y are n a e t o dam age t h e t h e o y b y u bl r
a r u g m e n t O n ecl a s
. s o f i
r t i s h o we vre m ay b e an s w e e c c
in r d
adv n c e t h
a e r s o s w h o ke e w ll t h i s b f o r n a e e A l t h o u gh
p , n .

t h e y h v e w ll k e pt t h ei r se cr e t we sh all b e h ppy
a e a t o we lc o m e

t h e m s f r i en ds n o w
a .

But l o ose t hin k e rs wh o se t h o gh t s u n ev e r so l i dif y i nto

us f l e u a ct io n , de se rv e
cre di t Th e t or y go s t h t
no . s e a a

c rt i
e a n m an ru sh e d i
to c o u t r y I wi t h t h e e ws
n a n nn n

h s fl
,

“B
oy s, l i st en , M o si e ur B l r i o t
n Fr c h m e ow ,
a en an a n

a cro ss t h e Ch a n el a d l a d d i
n n E gln d e n n an .
”
 My pam ph l e t 1 90 2 di s t i n t y i n si st e d t h at t h e su n is
of cl
t h e fir st c u se
a o f t h ese n at ur l
a ph en o m en a , an d t h at w e at h e r
r l r u
is la ge y t h e e s lt o f wh at is t e m e Sole ct ric Fo e , wh i h .
r d rc c
c
a t s 0 11 t h e e a t h in a pe r
i a m an n e wh e n t h e su n an d cul r r
m oon are in e t ai n posi t i on s Th e i n c r
e n e o f t h e p an e t s . flu c l
w as n o t at t h at t i m e c le arl y wo r ke d o ut .

Fo r y ea s I wo r k ed r an d st u di e d o se rc h i g o t t h
n, a n u e

t ru l
t h , u n t i at last a t s f e f c ll i t o t h ei r pl c es al o g a r o y al r o ad
n a n .

Th at r oy l r o ada I n ow po n i
t o ut rto e ade s o fr t h i s wo rk ,

in fi rm f it h t h
a at a b o dy of ex pe r t c lcul
a r
at o s , appo n t e d by i
each e duc t d a e i
n at o n , wi ll b y m e an s of it , so o n b e ble t o a

w r a n fi r m w a an v f mt t h rea t e n e d wi t h e ar t h q a k e u ,

or b it

r d c d i ce t im
-

t h at
h

t h at t h e
'

Th e t h e o y h as a v an e so f ar s n e ,

ho ur of o ccurr c
e n e m ay n o w b e a cc r at l y as c lcul at e d as a u e

t h e d y wa t h e a By ms s of
n . t h e N a u t i c al A l m an a c k
e an

th epo i t i o s s o f t h e c
n e l s t i l b o d i e s m y b ee d e duc e
a d a d a ,
n

e p rt s m y
x e b y c lcul at i g d t e s
a ,
a d pl c s o f f o r m e r t e m
n a an a e

p es t s o r e ar t h q u a k e s a cc o r d i g t o t h e,
m t h o d p l ai
n n e d e s ex

h r i
e e n, v ri f y t h r s l t s a d pro v t h e c o rr e c t n ess of t h e
e e e u n e

t h e o ry

b li v I h ll b
I e e e s a b l ucc
e a e s e ssf u l ly t o de fe nd t h e t h eo y r
aga n s i t ll cri t i c i sm
a .

TH E A U TH O R .

1 91 0 .
 S O L E C T R IC S
P RE F A CE TO S E CON D E D ITIO N .

M an y f act s a d m uc h ge e r al i f o r m at i o h av e
n ew n n n n

a cc m ul at e d si c e t h e Fi r s t E di t i o
u n o f t h i s wo r k ppe r d n a a e ,

s o t h t it is n o w possi b l e t o s t f o r t h
a d m o r e full y e pl ai e an x n

t h e sol t ic t h e o r y a d m ak e it se f l
ec r n u u .

It wi ll be s een t h at t h e s u bje c t is of gr e at m agn i t u de

an d of v i m po r t an c e t o m an ki n d ; al so t h at it is c apab l e
ast

of pr o v i di n g v e r y i n t e r e st i n g st u dy f o r f u t ur e ge n e r at i on s .

Th eu t h o r b e gs t o t h a k t h e m a y B ri t i sh Co s l ar
a n n n u

Of fi c e r s wh o h a v e s u ppl i e d h im wi t h d t a fr o m v r i o u s p r t s a a a

of t h e wo rl d pr i c i pall y i ,
r e gar d t o e ar t h q u k s Th e
n n a e .

a u t h o r r e gr e t s t h t U i e r si t i e s M e t e o r o l o gi c l o f fi c e s
a n v d ,
a an

o t h e r l e ar e d b o di e s m i t i a st e d i l y o b s t r ct i v e t t i t ud
n a n a n a u a e

t o t his br c h Of re s arc h wh i c h r t r ds pr o gr ess Th i s is

an e ,
e a .

q it e in acc o r d wi t h t h e h i st o r y o f e w i de as
u n .

r c s a e ass r e d t h at t h e au t h o r njoy s pe rso l b u se

C iti r u e na a ,

as it pr o e s t h at t h v a u b l e t o dam g
e t h e t h ory b y
re na a e e
y
ar gu m e t O e cl ass o f cr i t i c s h o wev e r m y b e a s we r e d i
n . n a n n

a d c e t h e p r so s wh o k e w all t his b ef o r
v an , e n A l t h o u gh
n e .

t h e y h a v e we ll k e pt t h e i r se cr e t we sh all b e h appy t o w lc o m e e

t h e m s f r i en ds o w
a n .

B ut l oos e t h i n ke rs wh o se t h o gh t s u n ev e r so l i dif y i nto

u se ful a ct io n, rv e
cr di t Th e st or y go es t h t
de se no e . a a

c r t ai
e m
n ru sh to
an e d i
c t r y I wi t h t h e e ws n a ou n nn n

h s fl
,

“B
oy s l i st e Mo si e ur B l e ri o t
, n, Fr c h m
n ow ,
a en an a n

a cr o ss t h e Ch an e l a d l de d i En gl d
”
n n an n an .
 B l e ss m e, ex cl ai m e d a d
p gy
o ci t i z e n, an d o n l y l ast
y e a r I was a t hin k n of do i n g t h at s am e m y se lf . So m e f o l k s
h as lu ck
”
.

Th e ch apt e r on e x plosi on s in c o al min e s an d b at t l e sh i ps

is a r e c en t de v e l o pm e t of t h e t h e o r y
n .

I t ake t h i s r t i t y of t h ki g M H L Rey ard

O ppo un an n r . . . n ,

o f N e war k f o r his e co r ge m
,
n t d sy m pat h y d r i g m y
u a en an u n an

y e a r s o f i n v es t i gat i o n n c e s ar y b f o r w
e r i t i
s g t hi s b oo k e e n .

l
To m y f e l o w-Se am en I se n d g r eet i ng .

ucc essfu ll y c om m an de d sh i ps f o
K n owi n g t h at I h av e s r

t we n t y i e y e ar s t h e y wi ll f e l t h at wh t is h r e s t do w
-
n n e a e e n

m ay b e t r st e d f or t h e o c e a is o pl c e f or f o o l s
u n n a .

Th e pa a a
g ph r r p r e f a cein
t o t h the
e Fir s t E d i t i on

r e f e rri g t o t h e Val par ai so e ar t h q u ak e of 1 90 6 m u st b e r e d

n , a

in co ju n ct i on wi t h t h e f ll a cc o u n t n o w gi e i t h c h apt e r
n u v n n e

o n e ar t h q u ak e s .

M O W B RA Y ,
B E A C ON S FIE LD , B c s .
 Th e S o l e c t r ic S y st e m .

CH A PTER I .

Th e t e rm S p w r m y b d fi d t h p w r w h ic h t h
ole ct ric o e a e e ne as e o e e

su n x rt e e s on v ry m mb r f t h l r y t m Th pl t
e e e e o e so a s s e . e an e

N pt u e i ne s as much u d r c t r l t h pl t M rcu y t h ugh

n e on o as e an e e r , o

N pt u e i ne s mil li f mil fr m t h d M rcury 3 6

o ns O es o e su n , an e

milli on s .

p w r i t h c mbi d rgy m t i g fr m t h
S ole ct ric o e s e o ne en e e an a n o e su n ,

w h ic h w h ly d r lv d i t it c mp t f rc i clud
e n an a se or e so e n o s o on e n o es , n es

ligh t h t c h mic l ct i gr vit y l c t ricit y d m g t i m

, ea , e a a on , a , e e an a ne s

a cc rdi g t circum t c
o n d urr u di g c
o dit i s an e s an s o n n on o ns .

F i t c t h t m ph r ch g
or ns an e pr p rt i e f athe os e e an es a o o on o

l t i r y i t lig h t
so ec r c a s n o .

Pl t c pt r c l ur fr m t h ligh t r y d im l t ur
an s c an a u e o o s o e a s an an a s n

pl t i t f rc w c ll it l
an s n o o es e a v a .

Wh u b m en p d t h r ugh gl i t
s n ea cl d p c
s ar e asse o ass n o a os e s a e,

th h e t r y ea t r pp d t h y c
a s are t r t ur d thu a h t h u e , e an n o e n , an s a o -
o se

i m d
s a e.

By m f h t w t ur w t r i t it c h mic l c
e an s o ea t it u t
e c an n a e n o s e a on s en s

H 0 ; by t h
2 f l c t ricit y w
e u se ot ur ft ir b i te e e c an n a so on ar n o a

m g t d by w h irli g c il f w ir p t m g t w
a ne , an pr duc
n o s o e as a ne s e c an o e

l c t ricit y
e e .

T h u d t h f rc f t ur pp r t i t rl c
s o e o wit h t h r
es O na e a ea o n e a e on e an o e

an d w v t h m lv ea i t t h r f rc f quit diff r t ct ivit i

e e se es n o o e o es o e e en a es .

T h fi t p r t f t h i w rk will di cu t h pr bl m f t h rt h ’
e rs a o s o s ss e o e o e ea s

r t ti
o a iton onxi t h r v lut i ts a d h w th t th y
s, e d e o on , e c .
,
an s o a e ar e ue

t l t i
o so ec r c a ct i on .

T h will f ll w xpl t i
en f th c u
o f t mp t
o e rt h an a ons o e a s es o e es s , e a

qu k v lc ic rupt i
a es , o c l mi xpl i
an e d xpl i on s , oa ne e o s o ns an e o s on s o n

w r h ip
a s s .

Th r h b e e c u f l r d pi i duri g t h l t
as e en a on s e ns s o ea n e o n on n e as

c t ury w h ic h h
en , pp d t h id t h t y c ct i as o xi t os e e ea a an on n e on e s s

b t w w t h r uc h lik p h m
e ee n ea e d th h
or s v ly b di e en o en a , an e ea en o es .

T h Gr ewic h C m m it t f xp rt w h x mi d t h w t h r
een o ee o e e s o e a ne e ea e

o b rv t i t k duri g fi f t y y r
se a on s a d w h c mp r d t h m
en n e a s , an o o a e e o on s
’

ph wit h t h m c m t t h c clu i t h t t h m
as e s e , a x rci d
e o e on s on a e oo n e e se

no i flu c n w t h r c dit i
en e on ea e on o ns .
 2

I t w as Gr wic h w upp d t b t h w h l urf c f

as if ee n as s o se o e e o e s a e O

t h w rld
e o d th m , th
an ly f ct r i ct i w h r t h r
e o on e on a o n a on , e e as e e ar e

ten l t i
so e c r c b di i flu ci g o th r est t c u t thn en n on e an o e ,
no o o n e

t r id d t h w h l w rld urf c i t h ir x rci gr u d ’

as e o s , an e o e o s s a e s e e e se o n .

S l g o c c t i c uld b ccur t ly d m t r t d t h
on a
s
no on n e on o e a a e e on s a e , e

a t t it ud w ci t ific A d y t t h r
e as s enm y f ct w h ic h c mp l
. n e e e ar e an a s o e

us t b li v t h t t h e
o e ert h i m mb r f t h l r f mily i flu c i g
e a ea s a e e o e so a a n en n

e v ry t h r m mb r d c t d up
e o e e cc rdi g t t h ir l t i
e , an a e on a o n o e s o ec r c

s tr engt h by t h r t f t h f mil y
, e es o e a .

Wh th c m
en rt h d h i m r dir c t ly t t h
e su n o es n o an s n es o e e on o e

no rt h r h mi ph r p pl dw ll i g t h r xp ct umm r d fi
e n e s e e, eo e e n e e e e s e an ne

w t h r ; wh t h
ea e g ut h t h dw ll r i t h ut h r
en e su n o es so , e e e s n e so e n

h mi p h r
e s qu lly ur f t h ir umm r
e e ar e e a s e o e s e .

I r g rd t w t h r t h t i
n e a f t h f w f c t up
o ea w h ic h t
e a s on e o e e a s on o

sa e f ly buil d t h ry f c u a d it i f ct w h ich p i t t t h
eo o a s e s , an s a a o n s o e su n

as t h m t imp r t
e t m t
os r l gic l c u o an e eo o o a a se .

M ki d i m t c t ri i p t t h t im w h
an n n os v t ou n es s as e e en e en s are

c id r d t b br ugh t b u t by pirit g d d vil T h mi d

on s e e o e o a o s s oo an e . e n

o f m h an v lv d t h r ugh duc t i
as e o d i e l g r ti fi d t o e a o n , an s no on e sa s e o

a cc u t f
o n t ur l p h or m na b i g f f ct f uc h i d fi it
a en o en a as e n e e s o s n e n e

cu a s es pirit u l g cy S ci c h t ugh t t l k f t h
as s a a en . en e as a us o oo or e

imm di t c u f y fi t d t h t w h
e a e a se o c rr ct c u h
an e ec ,
an a en a o e a se as

b di c v r d t h m ff ct lw y f ll w t h t p rt icul r c u
ee n s o e e , e sa e e e a a s o o s a a a a se .

M t r l gy i m l gy t
e eo o o th , m t b ckw rd f ll
se s o o , e c .
, are e os a a o a

br c h f ci c , b c u t h t ru c u
an es o s en f t h ph
e m e a se e e a ses o e en o e n a ar e

u k w t th
n no n b lt pr o wh d rk c u l i
os e O so e e e s on s o a en o ns e n ou r

l r d ci t i
ea n e d w h j l u ly b t ruc t r
so e e s , an rc h c rri d by o ea o s o s ese a a e on

a mt ua e rs .

Th Ch ld e w r h ipp d t ha d buil t t mpl

e an s o s e e su n , an e es

y rea s B C t t h gl ry f t h giv r f lig h t

. . o e d h to d h rv t o e e o an ea an a es .

Th Egypt i e Ch i P ruvi d i d d m t
an s , ti i
n ese , e an s an n ee os na ons n

t h ir e rly h i t ry c mbi d t h
ea s o wit h t h ir t h r r ligi u rit
o ne e su n e o e e o s es .

Fr m w r h ip t t r l gy w
o su n o s y t p A t r l gy h w v r
o as o o as an e as s e . s o o ,
o e e ,

w as th f u d ti e f tr
o my w t h m t ccur t d
n a on o as f on o no e os a a e an on e o

t h m t u f l br
e os c h f ci c t m ki d
se u an es o s en e o an n .

A t r l gy bu i d i t lf
s o o v r muc h t fi d t t h fut ur f rt u f
s e se o e o n ou e e o ne o

en quir r d b c m c rrupt w h il t h g d p rt f it w rk p d
e s an e a e o , e e oo a o s o ass e

on t tho tr mr e as on o e s .

I th n l t i th ry w
e so e c r c t r l gy ri w hic h t c h t h t
eo a ne as o o a s es ea es a

th e su n ,th m d ll t h pl e t c t i u ll y f f c t i g
o on an a e an e s are on n a a e n ou r

l iv e s an d f rt u i th t th y o th cu f
n es , ly ll t ur l
n a e are e a se o n e ar a na a

p h en o m uc h fi w t h r t rm d rt h qu k
e n a, s as ne ea e , s o s an ea a es .

Evid c n l b dduc d t h w t h t t h h v ly b di
en e ca a so e a e o s o a e ea en o es
 3

m ay fl t t h m t l t t it ud t mp r f p r
a ec e en a a e or e e o e s on s .

C r t i ly m
e a n b kill d by u t r k e n c an by ligh t i g
e e s ns o e or n n .

Th th ry f l t i b
e eo it c lcul t i
o t h p it i
so e c r cs as e s s a a o n s on e os on s,

es p ci lly t h r l t iv p it i
e a e f th h
e a v ly b di A t r my
e os on s o e ea en o es . s on o

s uppli t h p it i wit h gr t ccur cy d v r l y r i

es ese os on s ea a a ,
an se e a ea s n

a dv c an e .

Th m e i th xt imp rt t l m t ft r t h
o on s e ne t b o an e e en a e e su n , o e

c id r d
.

on s e e .

M y ci t i t h v bj c t d t t h id t h t f rc
an s en s s a e ob x rt d e e o e ea a o e c an e e e e

a t a di t c f r m t h g t
s an e o e a en .

Th m e i x mpl t t h c t r ry d
oo n s an e a qu t i e o e on a ,
an n o on e es on s

th t th m
a ei pri cip l c u f t h c t id
o on s a n Th rt h t h
a a se o e o e an es . e ea , e

su n , m d ll t h
o on pl t
an i t uc h
a t t r ct i g
e r p lli g
an e s are n o ,
a a n or e e n

ea c h t h r b c u t h y li k d t g t h r by l t i p w r w h ic h
o e , e a se e are n e o e e so e c r c o e

fill t h w h l l r y t m
s e o e so a s s e .

T h i l t i f rc h s so e c r c t t t r v l f r mt h o et v ry m mb r
as n o o a e o e su n o e e e e

o f th lr
e so a l t i y t m b c u t h f rc h lr dy rriv d
or so e c r c s s e , e a se e o e as a ea a e

it i t h v ryi g i t
s e ait y f t h f rc c t i g t h l t i b di
n n en s o e o e a n on e so ec r c o es

w h ic h c u t h f f c t b u t t b xpl i d i t h i i quiry
a s es e e e s a o o e e a ne n s n .

It i t h i f rc w h ic h c u
s s c ic l h p f w t r t ri
o e th
a ses a on a ea o a e o se on e

o c e an s ufc r a e mil w y fr m t h m d t f ll w t h
es a a o e oo n an o o o e

m oo n s p t h v r t h rt h
’
a o c mp i t h d cli t i
e e ea ,
as a o an o n o er e na on .

Th rt h i h ug m g t d i duc m g t i m i t h m
e ea s a e a ne an n es a ne s n e oo n ,

l t h m i quick t r c iv l t i f rc fr m t h r t h w h
a so e oon s o e e e so ec r c o e o e ea , en

th e ea rt h h b c m v rc h rg d as e o e o e a e .

Si I rc N w t w pl d t xpl i t h p h m
s aa e on as f th e as e o e a n e en o en a o e

t id by u i g t h w rd g vit t i ”
es s n e o ra a on .

Gr vit t i imply m
a a w igh t d Si I c id
on s w igh t
e ans e an r s aa sa on e e

a t t r ct d
a e t h r w ig h t i pr p r t i
an o t t h pr duc t f t h ir m
e e n o o on o e o o e as ses ,

an d i v r ly pr p r t i
n e se l t t h qu r f t h i di t c u d r
o o on a o e s a e o e r s an es as n e .

S cc u t i g f t h t id N w t
o a o n n id t h t t h m b i g
or e es , e on s a a e o on e n on

on e s id f t h rt h t t r c t d t h w t r t t h t id d h p d up
e o e ea a a e e a e o a s e an ea e

th w t r i t
e a e h ig h t id n Th o a xpl i d N w t t h rt h it lf e . en , e a ne e on , e ea se

i m r
s t t r ct d t t h m
o e a a th th
e wt r o the f id f
oon an e a e on e ar s e o

th e ea rt h c qu t ly t h w t r t h f id i l ft b h i d
, ons e en e a e on e ar s e s e e n or

h ea p d up t h id w y f r m t h m
e on e s t h u c u i g t h i f ri r
e a a o e o on , s a s n e n e o

t id e .

A d t h gr t r pu t t i
n e f N wt ea h c mp ll d t b li v
e a on o e on as o e e us o e e e

up t m d r t im t h t t h i f ri r h igh t id
o o e n es th a pp it i d f e n e o e on e o os e s e o

th e ea rt h f m t h m ,
ro i r lly t t r ct i
e t w rd t h m
o on ,
s ea an a a on o a s e o on .

T h i t c h i g i t l t b c mi g b l t f t h i f ri r t id
s ea n s a as e o n O so e e , or e n e o e

is a c t u lly r p ll d d t t t r ct d
a e e e an no a a e .

Th l t i th ry i f u d d up
e so e c r c tr eomy d t h l w f s o n e on a s on o ,
an e a s o
dy mic l l ct ricit y d m t r t d by t h xp rim t c rri d t
na a e e as e on s a e e e e en s a e ou

duri g m d r r rc h G lv i d V lt w r t h fi t t
n o e n e sea . a an an o a e e e rs o

i v t ig t t h i br ch f ci c
n es a e s an o s en e .

T h y liv d d w rk d b ut
e e hu d d y r
an ft r N wt
o e a o on e n re ea s a e e on s
’

t im t h t Si I
e , so c pu u d h i ci t ific i qui i i d y wh
a r saa rs e s s en n r es n a s en

no thi g w nk w f l ct ricit y as no n o e e .

T h t i wh y N wt h d t i v t t h f rc f gr vit y d it
a s e on a o n en e o e o a , an

h as b g d w rki g h yp t h i t h ugh rr u Gr vit t i

e en a oo o n o es s o e on e o s . a a on

is no t uc h bl d w rd wh w l k c r f ully i t it
s a e sse o en e oo a e n o .

Wh w t t t h t t w b di
en c t i u lly t t r ct d t w rd
e s a e a o o e s are on n a a a e o a s

ea c h t h r if t h w rd m
o e ,
y t h i g w xp ct t h b di t
e o s e an an n ,
e e e o se o es o

a ppr c h c h t h ; d wh w
oa ea o t ug h t l
er th t th an b di en e ar e a a so a e se o es

are i cr i gly t t r ct d i pr p r t i
n e as n ath i di t c p rt
a e n o o on as e r s an e a a

d cre w
eas e s, w rr t d i b li vi g t h t t h id b di mu t
e are a an e n e e n a e sa o es s

c llid
o e .

Tw uc h b di u d r imil r c dit i t t h m t i d
o s o es n e s a on on s o o se en on e ,

are th rt he ea d m dy t i t h r t h rt h
an m
oo n , an div rg e ne e e ea n or o on , e es

fr m c rt i
o a rly rigid rbit
e an d th r i
n ea t th l t d gr o an e e s no e eas an e

o f t h m c llidi g — t h r ug h b i g t t r c t d
e o n d f rc d t ov ry t h i e n a a e an o e o a e r

s p d f r v lut i
ee o t h ir h rm
e o i u p t h t h r ugh p c If w
on or e a on o s a o s a e . e

are t b li v t h
o t t r ct i
e e th ry t h w mu t i v t d pr di c t
e e a a on eo en ,
e s n en an e a e

an o t h r f rc e f qu l p w r wh ic h c t i u lly r p l t h b di
o e o e a o e on n a e e s e o e s , or

k p t h m p rt b c u t h y d r m i p rt
ee s e a a f ct d h v
e a se e o e a n a a as a a ,
an a e

no t ppr a ch d ch t h r oa e ea o e .

T im gi o thi c d f rc c t r ry t gr vit y qu l t it d
a ne s se o n o e on a o a ,
e a o an

a ct i g t t h m t im d pl c i t b li h gr vit y
n a e sa e e an a e, s o a o s a .

Gr vit y axpl t i f t h b h vi ur f h v ly b di
a s an e an a on o e e a o o ea en o es

t w rd
o a ch t h r d s ea t pply b c u
o eit i c fi d t p rt icul r
oes n o a ,
e a se s on ne o a a a

pl t an e .

W t ug h t t h t t w b di
e ar e mut u lly t t r c t
a a th r ; o o es a a a on e an o e

th t a t h y ppr
as c h t h ir t t r ct i i cr
e a oa i i t it y b t he a a on n e ase s n n en s on o

s id es .

O c th b di h v m v d r r t c h t h r ll i l t
n e e o es a e o e n ea e o ea o e a s os ,

bcu e a ch se e a g i m r p w r f t t r ct i t v ry ppr ch
on e a ns o e o e O a a on a e e a oa

an d c lli i omu t b i vit bls on s e ne a e .

C ll i i o d t t k pl c
s on s th r f r o I di r g rd gr vi t y
no a e a e, e e o e, s e a a as

t ug h t
a .

S upp m t th t p f
o se a bu ildi g h k h i r p t b k t
an a e o o a n oo s s o e o a as e

o f brick r dy t gs up d upp by t h rul t h brick

ea o o ,
an s o se e es e s

b c m muc h ligh t r t v ry f t t h y
e o e r i d M r v r th
e a e e oo e are a se . o eo e , e

m anb c m t r g r t h brick
e o es s r i d Wh t
on e as t p e s are a se . a c an s o

th m e f r m lif t i g t h
an l dt t p fh u
o n it i m r ly t h fir t
e oa o o o o se s e e e s

f t w h ic h mu t b v rc m
oo s e o e o e.
 6

on e ~six t e en t h of it s f rm r p w r Dividi g
o e o e . n the f rm r r
o e at e o f f ll
a

3 22 f t . by 1 6, we g t 2ft p
e c d . er se on as a ne w r t t a e a t hi s n ew

p it i
os on .

R m vi g W g i t t h p it i 6 r dii w y f m C w w
e o n a a n o e os on a a a ro ,
e no

fi d t h t gr vit y i
n a lm t t w k t c u
a y t t r c ti
s a d itos oo ea o a se a n a a o n , an

can b r pr
e t d by t h fr c t i
e e sen ft p c d t h t i 3 2 divid d
e e a on . er s e o n ,
a s e

by 6 qu r d s a e .

Gr vit y t h m b r g rd d
a enxi t t t av mil e e a e as n on e s en a es

fr m t h rt h c t r
o e ea
’
s en e .

S l t i f rc li k up ll t h pl
o ec r c o t d d rive xt r p t t i l
n s a e an e s an e es e a o en a

f m t h m if t h y f rm d r l y t t r gt h t h m i f rc
ro e ,
as e o e e a s o s en en e a n o e .

I f ct t h t h ry f gr vit t i i ly l c l t rut h d i
n a ,
e eo o a a on s on a o a an s

i ccur t wh ppli d t t h l r y t m
na a e en a wh l e o e so a s s e as a o e .

Th r i t t r ct i
e e f m tt r t w d th c tr
s an a f a c h pl t on o a e o ar e en e o ea an e ,

b t it i
u m g t ic t t r c t i
s a di c
a ne fi d t t h p rt icul r pl t
a a on , an s on ne o e a a an e

i t lf
se .

Th i flu c e d p r t urb t i
n en w h ic h t h m mb r f t h
es an e a on s e e e s o e

so a l r y t m x rt up
s s e ch t h r d p d up
e e quit difl t on ea o e e en on a e e re n

na t u l f rc
ra c ll d l t i f rc
o e, a e so ec r c o e .

W h ll w d v ur t xpl i t h g
e s a no r l t ur d c t i
en ea o o e a n e en e a na e an a on

o f t h i f rc i
s cc rd c wit h t h l t i t h ry
o e n a o an e e so e c r c eo .

It h b w ll pr v d t h t t h rt h i h ug m g t Th
as een e o e a e ea s a e a ne . e

no rt h d ut h p l f t h rt h h v b vi it d d t t h
an so o es o e ea a e een s e ,
an a e se

pl c t h dip dl i b rv d t t it lf v rt ic lly
a es e n ee e s o se e o se se e a .

Al ft ir b will cquir m g t ic p l rit y by i duc t i

so , a s o on ar a e a ne o a n on

fr m t h rt h if it i h ld i t h m g t ic m ridi p r ll l t t h
o e ea ,
s e n e a ne e an a a e o e

dip dl n ee e .

Th rt h p l f t h rt h h t h m m g t ic qu li t y
e no o e o e ea as e sa e a ne a as

th e so ut h p l f m g t b c u t h o e o c ll d r t h p l f t h
a a ne ,
e a se e so - a e no o e o e

ea rt h t t r c t t h rt h p l f m g t
a a s e no o e o a a ne .

Figur (2) h w t h l t i curr t f r m t h

e s o s t ri g t h e so e c r c en o e su n e n e n e

ea rt h t t h a rt h p l r di t ric t It h w l t h di ct i
e no o a f s . s o s a so e re on o

m g t ic c rr t t up vi w d by
a ne u en b rv r f c i g t h rt h
s se as e e an O se e a n e no

p l wh t h ut h p l i l k d t t h curr t pp r t flw
,

o e en e so o e s oo e a ,
e en a ea s o o

i th
n e pp it di c t i l f t h d d Th b h vi u f m g t ic
o os e re on , e ~
an e . e e a o r o a ne

an d l c t ric curr
e e t wh ct i g up en th r i s w w ll u d r en a n on on e an o e s no e n e

t
s oo d wi g p i cip lly t t h w rk f F r d y
,
o n r n a o e o o a a a .

Al th p w r f m g
so t e d t h i fi ld f i flu
o e c h v b
o a n e s an e r e o n en e a e e en

i v t ig t d by c r f ul xp rim t Th fi ld d t b m g t
n es a e a e e e en . e e ue o a ar a ne

v ri i v r ly t h cub f t h di t c fr m t h c t r f t h
a es n e se as e e o e s an e o e en e o e

m g t m u d t t righ t g l t t h N d S xi
a ne ,
e as r e ou a an es o e . an . a s .

It i c t d d h r t h t w h t w t rm gr vit y i
s on en e ff ct f
e e a a e e a s an e e o

th e ea rt h m g t i m Th ’
s fir t c u t h rt h t b c m
a ne s . e su n s a se s e ea o e o e an
 8

l c t r m g t by p i g qu t it i f l t i f rc t h ugh it
e e o- a ne as s n an es o s o ec r c o e ro s

c t r fr m p l t p l Th rt h t h i duc pp it m g t i m
en e o o e o o e . e ea en n es O os e a ne s

i t ll m t t r wit h i c rt i di t c d t h t m t t r i c t i u lly
n o a a e n a e a n s an e , an a a e s on n a

t t r c t d t w rd t h rt h c t r ’
a a e o a s e ea s en e .

Tr t n t h rt h ea h ug m g t t h i fl u
e ea c x rt d as a e a ne ,
e n en e e e e on

m t t r 3 2 t im t h di t c f rt h r diu wil l b d cr d 3 2
a e es e s an e o ea
’
s a s, e e e a se

(cub d ) t im e t h t i 3 22 f t p es c d divid d by 3 2 7
a s . e r se on e .

S th t th o t t r ct ia h it h r t e a c ll d g vit t i it c id r d
a on e o a e ra a on ,
on s e e

as m g t i m di pp r t b ut
a ne s ,
sa mil f m t h rt h
ea s a fc a o es r o e ea
’
s sur a e ,

in an e qu t ri l dir c t i a o a e on .

T h i i muc h m r cr dibl t h t h t t h rt h f it w f rc
s s o e e e an a e ea o s o n o e

can p rt urb ll t h t h r pl t
e a e o e an e s .

W h v w xpl i
e a d h w t h rt h b c m
e no e mg t d
ane o e ea e o es a a ne , an

wh y t h rt h p e ea t t r c t iv f rc
o sse sse s an a a e o e .

Figu 3 illu t r t t h c t t i
re s m r v r it m k cl r
a es e se on e n on s, o eo e a es ea ,

i p i g t h t t h rt h c t r l p rt i t h t c rt i l y
’
n a ss n ,
a e ea s en a o o n s ar e no o , e a n

no t i c d c t b c u ll t r c f m g t i m l t t d h t
n an e s en ,
e a se a a es o a ne s ar e os a re ea .

Figu 4 i m t t illu t r t t h c t i f t h v rt ic l d
re s ean o s a e e a on o e e a an

h riz
o t l f rc
on a wh ic h v l p t h rt h
o es en e o e ea .

Th l t i f rc
e se xi t t h r ugh u t t h l r y t m ; t h
so e c r c o es e s o o e so a s s e e

p t t i l t t h di f f r t pl t v ri b t p w r i l t by t h
o en a a e e en an e s a es , u no o e s os e

su n th m t t l f e su l t i f rc i o a lw y t h m Wh t v r
o so e c r c o e s a a s e sa e . a e e

f rc i u fr m t h
o e ss es r t ur g i i t h ci cuit If t h p t t i l
o e su n e ns a a n n e r . e o en a

an d th r f r th e e o e l t i ct i i i cr d e so e c r c a y pl t wi g t on s n e as e o n an an e o n o

th i flu t i l r l t iv p it i
e n en a f t h r pl
e a t t th
e t im th
os on o o e an e s a e e, e

bl c i
a an er t rd s s oon es o e .

I t i w h il t h i r di t ribu t i
s e f f rc i g i g
s e th t th
s vr on o o e s o n on , a e o e

c h rg d pl t
a e th d pl t d
an e ,
or u f f r fr m rt h qu k d
e e e e on e , s e s o ea a e an

t rm
s o t h r vi l t
or o t ur l di t urb
e o enc na a s an e .

A t udy f di gr m 4s d 5 will m k cl r t h c u
O a a s f th an a e ea e a se s o e

ea rt h di l r t t i
’
s A l rg
ur n a p rt i
o a f l t i h riz
on . t l a e o on o so e c r c o on a

f rc p
o e i t t h i t ri r f t h rt h f
a ss e s n o e th c
n e t r l xi l o o e ea as ar a s e en a a a

di m t r wit h r l t t b xpl i d l t r by di gr m 6 d 7
a e e , a e su o e e a ne a e a a s an .

Figu 5 h w t h rt h divid d t t h pl
re s o s f th e eaqu t r e a e an e o e e a o .

Th l i f rc i
e s o e ct r c tr mi g t t h illumi t d h mi ph r i
o e s s ea n on o e na e e s e e n

Fig 4 d t t h qu d t i Fig 5 T h i f rc w h ic h t r v l
. an on o e a r an n . . s o e, a e s

t th r t f mil p c d i l w d d w m ti g ‘

a e a e o es er se on ,
s s o e o n on ee n

th rt h t m p h r t
e ea
’
s a p d f os mil p c d d i
e e o a s ee o es er s e o n ,
an s

t h r by t r f rm d i t lig h t m t i g t h rt h urf c m ’
e e an s o e n o on ee n e ea s s a e so e

o f thi f r b c m h t pr duc t h l m t f vit lit y

s o ce e o es ea or o es e e e en s o a n eces

sa ry t im l d v g t bl lif
o an a an e e a e e .

l t i f rc w h ic h h t p d t t h rt h xi d ’
Th e so e c r c o e as n o a sse o e ea s a s , an

h as n o t b ut ili d t h il lumi t d h mi p h r p e
ee n se on ft r e na e e s e e, ass s o n , a e
 9

en circli g n t he d rka he mi p h rs e e, to ot h e r pl an e t s a n d rt r e u ns to the

su n .

will b t d t h t t h divid d f rc p
B u t it t t h rig h t
e no e a as e e o e asse s o e

o v r t h d rk id f t h rt h m rk d D t h t t h curr t d t
e e a s e o e ea a e ,
a e en s ue o

ea rt h m g t i m ’
s fl wi g wit h t h rr w d t h r f r i t h
a ne s are o n e a o s , an e e o e n e

sa m dir ct i e th mi e l t i upply m rk d plu Th

on as e a n so e c r c s a e s . e

c qu c i t h t t h righ t id f D i t t r c t d t w rd t h m i
on se en e s a e s e o s a a e o a s e a n

flw m rk d plu b c u t h t w curr t f l ct ricit y

o a e s, fl wi g
e a se e o en s o e e are o n

i th
n m dir ct i
e saB t th l f t id f D i r p ll d f m t h
e e on . u e e s e o s e e e ro e

m i upply p i g t t h l f t f it d m rk d mi u b c u t h
a n s ass n o e e o an a e n s e a se e se

tw c t igu u c rr t
o on t r v lli g i
o pp it di ct i
s u d
en s are a e n n o os e re on s an

th r f r r p l
e e o e ch t h r e e ea o e .

Th l c t r m g t ic fi t
e e e th d rk h lf f t h
o -
rt h
a ne e ec s on e a a o e ea
’
s

ufc
s r a e ar e muc h m r p w rful t h t h lig h t id T h i i w ll
o e o e an on e s e . s s e

k w ; b t r c t ly
no n i t r ti g
u x mpl h e en ccurr d w h ic h an n e es n e a e as o e

impr ite ss e s m m ry on o n e s
’
e o .

Th g d h ip A ur r f Si E Sh Tr A t rc t ic ” ’
e oo kl t
s o a, o r . ac e on s an s - n a

Exp dit i w c rri d w y by t h i

e on , d blizz rd f M y 1 9t h
as a e a a e ce a n a o a ,

1 91 5 fr m h ,
m ri g i R B y S h d if t d b ut t h A t
o er oo n s n o ss a . e r e a o e n

a rct ic c f t i t h i o O J uly 22 d t h
e an ash ip w b dly cru h d
n e ce . n n e s as a s e

by i d S p t mb r 5 t h h w
ce , an di m t d
on e e e s e as s as e .

Th A ur r h d
e wir l i t ll t i wit h o a f f c t iv a a e e ss ns a a on an e e e

r diu f 20 0 mil
a s o d th p r t r Mr L A H k r p rt t h t e s , an e o e a o ,
. . . oo e, e o s a

h e w bl t k p i c t t c mmu ic t i wit h M cqu ri

as a e o ee n o n s an o n a on a a e

I l s and t t h t di t c u t il t h p ri d rriv d f p rp t u l d yligh t

a a s an e n e e o a e o e e a a ,

wh wir l ig l c rry ly b ut t h i d f t h di t c wh ic h
en e e ss s na s a on a o a r o e s an e

i p
s ibl i d rk
o ss e n a n e ss .

Th t f f f t h wir l e s a t ti t M cqu ri I l
o d h dh w v r
e e e ss s a on a a a e s an a o e e

b r c ll d
een e a e .

Duri g J u Mr H k h d h p t h t h i c ll f h lp migh t
n ne . oo e a o es a s a or e

b e h rd i A u t r li ; d duri g t h l g A t rct ic wi t r h
ea n s a a an n e on n a n e e

o v rh ul d t h pp r t u d t up qu d upl ri l 8 0 f t b v
e a e e a a a s an se a a r e ae a . a o e

d ck N igh t ft r ig h t H k t i h i c bi t r i i g t c t ch
e . a e n oo e sa n s a n s a n n o a

so u d w h ic h w uld m t h t t h w rld w it d wit h xi t y t h

n s o e an a e o a a e an e e

st ry f t h h ip f t
’
o o e s s a e .

At th d f F bru ry t h i e en br k d fr d t h h ip N t
o e a e ce o e an ee e s . o

u t il M rch 25 t h 1 91 6 did H k ucc d i b t i i g d fi it

n a , , oo e s ee n O a n n e n e

s ig l fr m T m i d N w Z l d 990 mil w y
na s o as rly fi
an a an e e a an ,
es a a ,
n ea ve

t im ut id t h rm l wi l r g f t h A u r ut fi t ’
es o s e e no a r e ess an e o e ro a s o .

I will qu t p r gr ph thi p i t fr m t h L d
o e a a a a on s o n o e on on

Ch r icl on e

O f th gr t t puzzl t wi l t l g ph i t i t h
ne o e e a es es o r e e ss e e ra s s s e

p culi r p w r m ig lli g t t i p
e a o e f cc i ll y t r
so e s na n s a on s o sse ss o o as on a an s
 10

mit t i g m g v r m y t im t h di t c f w h ich t h y w r
n e ssa es o e an es e s an e or e e e

or igi lly i t d d t p r t
na n en d it i ew k w th t th m g
o o e a e , an s no no n a e e ssa e

o f M rc h l t w a ly m d p ibl by f r k p rf rm c
as as o n a e o ss e a ea e o an e on

t h p r t f t h wi l quipm t f t h A ur r ’
e a o e re e ss e en o e o a .

T h i m t t r i r f rr d t i t h l t c h p t r d di gr m h w
s a e s e e e o n e as a e , an a a s s o

h w o l t i cc u t f t h i
s o e c r cs can a o n or s .

R t u i g t h t Figur 5 w
e rn n t h t t h il lumi
en t d h lf f t h
o e e see a e na e a o e

ea rt h b rb l rg p rt f l t i f rc f purp
a so s a a f lig h t h
e at o so e c r c o e or o se s o ,
ea

an d th it i f lif wh il t h d rk h lf f t h rt h i ubj ct d
e n e ce s s es o e e e a a o e ea s s e e

t o e el c t r m g t ic f rc f gr t i t it y
o- a ne o e O ea n en s .

A t h d rk id s f the rt h i t t r ct d t t h righ t d r p ll d
a s e o e ea s a a e o e an e e e

fr m t h l ft t h wh l rt h i c mp ll d t r t t fr m l ft t righ t
o e e e o e ea s o e e o o a e o e o

on a v rt ic l xi e a a s .

O wi g t t h gr t p d f r t t i
n o e mil p h ur t t h
ea s ee o o a on , es er o a e

e qu t r d t h m
a o ,
an f th rt h i t h r w rd wi g t t h
e ass o e ea ,
n o e o s o n o e

ea r t h r t t i l m m t um t h t im f r t t i d
’
s o a on a o t g r t ly en e e o o a on oes n o ea

v ry A flywh l i li k d up t
a . gi i rd r t b t i h rm i
ee s n e o an e n ne n o e o o a n a on

ou s, t dy d v w rki g S wit h t h rt h lt h ugh t h

s ea an e en o n . O e ea ,
a o e

l t i p w r mu t v ry t t im
so e c r c o e by b i g udd ly c ll d ff i
s a a es e n s en a e O n

t h r dir c t i by t h r pl t y t t h rt h r t t i l imp t u ’
an o e e on o e an e s , e e ea s o a on a e s

an d t r d f rc will h rm
s o e i t h m v m t d by t h d f
o e a on s e e o e en ,
an ,
e en o a

y r ly lig h t irr gul rit i w uld b di c r ibl

ea ,
on s e a es o e s e n e .

Figu 6 d 7 wil l cl r up d xpl i t h c u f t h r t h

re s an ea an e a n e a se s o e ea
’
s

r v lut i r u d t h
e o on pr bl m c id r d i lubl up t
o n e su n ,
a o e on s e e n so e o

pr t t im A t h rt h m g t i m i c u d by t h u
e se n es . s e ea s a ne s s a se e s n s
’

l t i f
so e c r c c t h rt h i pr p rly d crib d
or e , e ea l ct r m g t s o e es e as an e e o- a ne .

Th m g e t ic ci cui t i
a ne ut li d m r ly t Fig 7 l t t r N C S m m m
r s o ne e e a . e e s ,

b tu m g t ic u f f rc m y b im gi d fill i g t h p c
a a ne a ra o o e a e a ne as n e s a e

r u d t h rt h
o n e ea .

Th i i sx mpl f p w rful l ct ric curr t F C cut t i g

s an e a e o a o e e e en n

s tr ong li f f rc n es th li b t w t w m g t ic p l
o o e -
as e n es e e en o a ne o es

ar e c ll d d it i t h pri cipl
a e ,
an w h ic h ll m d r dy m l c t i c
s e n e on a o e n na o e e r

m ch i
a c t ruc t d
n e s are on s e .

It m y p ibly b t h t t h N S xi f t h rt h c i t f
a o ss e a e . . a s o e ea on s s s o

so m m t ri l imil t f t ir i w h ic h c t h m g t ic p w r
e a e a s ar o so on , n a se e a ne o e

o f th rt h w l d b i cr d d it bilit y t pr duc l c t ric

e ea ou e n ea se an s a o o e e e

f rc w uld l b i cr d It i c rt i t h t h igh p t t i l f
o e o a so e n e a se . s e a n a a o en a o

e el ct ricit y i pr duc d d t h i p t t i l mu t m v d c ry t h
s o e ,
an s o en a s o e an ar e

c h rg d rt h l g t
a e ea p it i f l w r p t
a on ti l Th u t h o a os on o o e o en a . s, e

pl t rt h i u g d l g m d c r i p c t t h r t f
an e ea s r e a on a a ar e e n s a e a e a e o

mil p h u es er o r .

W h ll e h w v r th t th
s a rt h i f ly h ld i l t ic
se e , o e e , a e ea s sa e e n e as

limit h c
s st br k w y b c u
e ann o m t i i p ibl ly w h ea a a e a se o on s o ss e on en
 11

en e rgy i r c iv d f r m t h
s e e Th u e rgy i t r f rr d by
o e su n . e s n s en e
’

s an s e e

h riz
o t l r dii k t c h d i F ig
on a a 6 d 7 s e e n s . an .

T h r dii e se m t ff c t iv w h cut t i g t h m g t ic c r
a ar e os e e e en n e a ne o e

o f th r t h t rig h t gl ; c qu t ly y d vi t i fr m
e ea a an es o n se en an e a on o a

ci cul r rbi t w uld bri g t h u h iz t l f rc t m t t h

r a o o n e s n s
’
or on a o e o ee e

v rt ic l li N S t m gl
e a n es d t h r w uld b
. . a dimi ut i so e an e , an e e o e a n on

o f l c t ric p t
e e ti l t th
-
rt h
o en a a e ea .

T h i w uld t d t dimi i h rbit l p d b t t h

s o en rt h o n s o a s ee ,
u e ea
’
s

m m t um w uld r c t ify t h i
o en o e s .

T h illumi e t d h lf f th th r t t
na e i b ckw rd di ct i
a o e e ar o a es n a a a re on

d c t r ry t t h dir c t i rt h m t i i rbit Figu 8 ’

an on a f th o e e on o e ea s o on n o , re

or Pl t I a e .

Th i i u if rm d g t h i r
s s a n u y h lf f t h w rld
o ra on e nne or s nn a o e o

an d it c u th a rt h t t ur c t i u lly i w rd d p u
se s e ea o n on n a n a s an ur s e a

n ea rly ci cul r c r Th ma m difi t h rt h rbit b t

o ur s e . e oon o es e ea
’
s o , u

w e h ll h v
s a dipp d u f fici t ly i t t r my f t h pr t
a e e s en n o as on o or e e s en

a ft r e t t i g t r t t h pr bl m w h ic h h v r f r
se n a es c t th l t ie o e s a e e e en e o e so e c r c

th ry wit h ut di cu i g t h i c mpli c t i
eo ,
o s ss n s o a on .

W h v e th t th
a m j r p t f t h h riz t l l c t
e se e n a e a o ar o e o on a e e ro

m g t ic rgy f t h
a ne en e rt h i ppli d t t h ut id o d rk e ea s a e a e o s e or a

h mi p h r
e s d c u
e e, r t t i ; t hi ct i c u t rb l c
an a se s d o a on s a on o n e a an es an

a dju t y t d cy f t h rt h t u duly ppr c h t h

s s an en en o e ea o n a oa e su n .

It i c ry w t k w w h t h r t h c h rg d rt h if f r
s ne e s sa no o no e e e a e ea ee

to mv i o e rbit ( it i ) will m v t t h l f t f
n an o b rv r t t h
as s o e o e e o an o se e a e

su n , o r t h i rig h t o s .

Th dy m rul u d by gi r w h t r ci g t h dir c t i
e na o e se en n ee s en a n e e on

o f pr duc d cu r t c duc t r f curr t fr t m v i

a o e r en or on o o a en ee o o e, s a s
“
f ll w
o o qu t i g f r m K pp El c t ricit y p 1 70
s, o n o a s e .

U thse l f t h d f i dic t i g t h t h qu t it i c c r d
e e an or n a n e re e an es on e ne

na m ly di c t i f t h m g t ic f rc curr t d m t i
e re on o S te a ne o e, en an o on . e

t h umb f fi g r d middl fi g r t rig h t g l t c h t h r d

,
ore n e an e n e a an es o ea o e ,
an

pl c t h h d t h t t h f r fi g r p i t i t h di ct i f t h
a e e an so a e o e n e o n s n e re on o e

li nes o f f rc d th
o c t r l fi g r i t h dir ct i i w h ich t h
e, an e en a n e n e e on n e

cu r t fl w t h t h t h umb will i dic t i wh ic h di c t i t h

r en o s, en e n a e n re on e

c duct r will di pl c it lf
on o s a e se .

Figur 6 d 7 illu t r t t h i
es an s a e s .

Ag i f ll wi g i f r m G P h y ic p g 93 5 ’
th a n ,
e t o o A
n s o an o s s s, a e .

m v bl t r igh t c duct r (i t h i c t h r diu f rt h ) c rryi g

o a e s a on o n s a se e a s o ea a n

a curr t i m g t ic fi ld d c p bl f m vi g t righ t gl t
en n a a ne e ,
an a a e o o n a an es o

it s o w l gt h n d t rig h t
en gl t t h li
,
an f f rc will m v
a an es o e n es o o e, o e

t w rd t h
o a s righ t h d f h y p t h t ic l wimm r wh wimmi g
e an o a o e a s e ,
o, s n

wit h t h cur t pl c h im lf t h t t h li
e re n ,
f f rc i t h fi ld
a es se so a e nes o o e n e e

p t h r ugh h im f r m fr t t b ck
as s o o on o a .
”
 14

no rt h ut h p i t f t h h v du i g t h w h l rbi t l
an d so o n s o e ea en s r n e o e o a

jo ur n e y f 5 8 0 milli o f mil on s o es .

Th i i m d p sibl d i c u d by
s a e xt r rdi ry t ur l
o ss e an s a se an e ao na na a

l w w h ic h c
a ,
f r y m t ri l b dy t h t r t t
on e s on it an xi a e a o a o a es on s a s

fas et r th c rt i crit ic l p d t h pr p r t y f m i t i i g t h t
an a e a n a s ee ,
e o e o a n a n n a

a xi lw y di c t d t t h m p i t i p c
s a a s re e o e sa e o n n s a e .

F ig 9 i k t c h f gy c p
. s a s d A B i e w h l h vi g o a ro s o e , an . s a ee a n a

h eavy rim d i u p d d 3 x mut u lly t rig h t g l

,
an s so s s en e on a e s, a a an es,

th t r t ti
a o a t k pl c i y pl
on c an Wh th
a wh l A B
e a e n an an e . en e ee . .

r t t v r l th
o a e s se d t im p mi ut t h xi C D w ill m i t i
e a ou s a n es er n e e a s . a n a n

it di c t i
s rei p c lt h ug h t h w h l i t rum t b m v d b u t
on n s a e, a o e o e ns en e o e a o .

Th rt h i d w d wit h t h i gy c pic t t ibut wi g t it

e ea s en o e s ro s o a r e o n o s

gr t p d f t t i lr dy r f rr d t ;
ea s ee o ro a d t hu th on rt h
a ea e e e o an s e ea
’
s

a xi h vi g c b
s, a nt m i t i on it dir c t i
e r t h d ut h i
ee n s e ,
a n a ns s e on n o an so n

s pc a e figu 9 pl t I se e re ,
or a e .

Th p h r eh vi g c b a se t ugg t t h qu t i
a n C on e e e n se s es s e es on an

y r b ig d f t h rt h xi b i g t i t h di ct i ’
an e a so n e as s ne or e ea s a s e n se n e re on

i wh ic h it i
n t ; wh t c u thi s se bliq it y f t h clipt ic ? I a a se s s o u o e e n

t h w it r pi i c c id r d bl t
’
e r e f th f
s o f
n on n on e O e or e s so ar on s e e ar e a e o

c t it ut t h i t bl gl f 23 27 d m i t i it t h r ugh ll t h
on s e s s a e an e o
°
an a n a n o a e

y ear d v ry y r an e e ea .

W th r f e rc h f t h r f rc
e e o re d ly t h dmir bl
se a or an o e o e , an on e a a e

w rk f t r m r
o O as h lp I
on o A t my by A t h ur R
e s can e us . n
"
s r on o ,
r .

Hi k C mb i dg O b rv t y it i t t d wh p ki g f t h ‘

n s, a r e se a or ,
s s a e en s ea n o e

s u m t i i p c Th r i g r l c
n s
’
o on n s u f r ul t t h t t h
a e, e e s a en e a o n se n s s o es a e

m ti f th
o on o i dir c t d t w rd t h c
e su n t ll t i s Lyr te y e o a e on s e a on a, or a an

r t t w rd t h t r g i f t h k y V g ( Lyr ) i i b u t
a e o a a e on o e s . e a a ae s n a o

3 9 N d cli ti
°
. e na on .

Mr H i k (p g 1 69) y
. n r ul t f p c t r c pic w rk t h t
s a e sa s , as a es o s e os o o ,
a

t h v l ci t y f t h p c i f ur r dii f t h rt h rbit p ’
e e o i o e su n n s a e s o a o e ea s o er

y r d t thi r t th
ea ,
an a w uld t k s y a e t r ch h i e su n o a e e ar s o ea s

n e ar e st ig h b ur Th ne igh b ur mig h t pr f r
o . v mr e ne o e e an e en o e

l i ur ly c ll
e s e a .

F t im o ur mil = 3 72 milli
es uc h i t h di t c es on s s s e s an e

t h r ug h
o p c wh ic h t h s tr v l
a e v ry y r t w rd Lyr e su n a e s e e ea o a s a,

a cc mp i d by ll t h pl t
o an e a e an e s .

H r w h v e e c mic f rc c p bl f y t h i g It i f rc
e a e a os o e a a e o an n . s a o e

by d
e on c mpr h i y t it m y w ll b t h t yw h r
ou r o e e n s on r ,
e a e e a an e e n ea

th rbit f t h r t h t h i v ig f ll f rc fl w m g ific t ly
e o o e ea s so e re n o a o es o s a n en

p t t h pl
as f th
e clipt ic t an e o gl f 23 27 d t h xi f e e a an an e o
°
an e a s o our

ea rt h p i t t h dir ct i f t h t flw
o n s e e on o a o .

W h v w f m
e a l t i p i t f vi w u g g t d t h c u
e no ,
ro a so e c r c o n o e s es e e a se s

w h ic h p bl f
a re r e s o n si e or
 15

(1 ) rt h m g t i m
Th e ea
’
s a ne s .

W h ic h
(2) d f r t h xi i rt h d wh ic h i ut h
en o ea
’
s a s s no , an s so .

Th
(3 ) rt h diur l r t t i
e ea
’
s na o a on .

Th lig h t
(4 ) e d h t r an ea a ea .

Th
(5 ) r t h r v lut i r u d t h
e ea
’
s e o on o n e su n .

Th
(6) bliqui t y f t h clipt ic
e o o e e .

O t h r qu t i
ne o e m y b kd C es l t i on ( l ct r a e as e — an so e c r cs or e e o

m g t i m w h ic h i p rt f it ) t h r w y ligh t t id c u t i
a ne s s a o o an on e a sa on

S i G r g Ai ry c
r eo id r d N w t
e xpl t i “ m i r bl
on s e e e on s e
’
an a on a se a e

th eo ry d d t h writ A i y w fir t cl m t h m t ici
an so oes e er . r as a s ass a e a an ,

an d t h w it r ie r t e s no .

L rd K lvi S i G rg D rwi d t h r ci t ific h dligh t

o e n ,
r eo e a n an o e s en ea s

b l t d up t h dy m ic t h ry f t h t id
o s e re e d it i
na t gg eo o e e s , an s no ex a era

ti on t y th t th y f
o sa ,
c d t h b li f i t h i rry t h ry f y
a e or e e e e n s so eo or e ar s .

Th c m C en a e M ly T h Tid
an o n imply xpl i d ) wh l w
ox e es s e a ne ,
o s e

th e th ry d jump d up it W it h w lt h f xpr i t h
eo an e on . a ea O e e ss o n e

C an o n c t c t mp t b t h t h p d t ic dy mic l t h ry d it
as on e o on e e an na a eo an s

m i upp rt r F t h
a n s o e s upp rt r h d b
. rud t t h
or o se s o e s a een e o e

R v r d M ly
e e en pr
ox i ut h it y f t
,
as t u f fici l
e so n s n a or o en are o no a

civili d ri g t g g i r rc h
an s a n o en a e n e se a .

T h Tid S imply Expl i d i g m f i t ifi ”

e es t y d a ne sa e o sc e n c co n r o v er s an

C an o n M ly h w d h im l f
ox s c dt
o ei m t h m t ic l cri t ici m
se se o n o n on e n a e a a s .

H v h w d h w A iry mi i t rpr t d t h f rmul “i r g rd

e e en s o e o s n e e e e o a. n e a

t t id
o xpr i
e e e ss o n .

C M
an o n ly t m ox ki d l t t r f t r r vi wi g h i b k
se n e a n e e a e e e n s oo ,

t h ug h I t
o k xc pt i t h i xpl t i f t h i f ri t id (t h
oo e e on o s e an a on o e n e or e e

t id e thon id f t h rt h m t f m t h m ) b i g t h
e s e o e ea re o e ro e o on as e n e

r ult f
es o t h r f rc an o quiv l t t t h f c f t t r ct i b t
e o e e a en o e or e o a a on , u

a ct i g i n nx c t ly pp it dir c t i wh ic h k p t h rt h d
an e a O os e e on ,
ee s e ea an

m oo n as u dr n e .

Tw qu l f c ct i g i pp it di c t i
o e a or e s a t th m t im n n o os e re on s a e sa e e

an d pl c b t d tr y
a e ca n c h t h r Th pr bl m f t id c u t i
u es o ea o e . e o e O e a sa on

i di f ficul t
s d c mpl x if w rk d
an o wr g t h ry d it h p v d
e o e on a on eo ,
an as ro e

t h wr k f m
e ec y ci t ific r put t i
o an a s en e a on .

O ly t h n l t i th e ry i c p bl f d li g wit h it i
s o ec r c eo s a a e o ea n n a

sa t i f c t ry m
s a o r an n e .

Th e re m y t h p h y ic l pr bl m h w v r f qu l
ar e so an o er s a o e s, o e e ,
O e a

imp t c t b d lt w i t h d w h ic h h v t b f r b
or an e o e ea t t ck d ,
an a e no e o e e en a a e ,

th t 1 fi d th r i
a n t p c t
e e d l ful ly wit h t id i t h i v lum
s no s a e o ea es n s o e .

A f t r t udyi gt h i w rk
e s d ti g th m
n y v ri u p h m
s o an no n e an a o s en o ena

wh ic h h v b a e mic bly t t l d t h r d r wil l p rc iv t h t t h

e en a a se e , e ea e e e e a e

t id equ t i i t i lubl
es on s d t h t it will b
no m bl t
n so e, an a e a en a e o
‘
l t i tr tm
so e c r c t ea en .
 16

S o l e c t r ic s .

CH A PTER II .

Th e s o l e ct r ic wh l l r y t m i
t h eo ry c
t e a h e s t h at t h e o e so a s s e s an

e xpr i f l t i f rc t h
e ss o n o d pl
so e c r c t h ld t g t h r
o e e su n an an e s ar e e o e e

by t h i g t f rc
s on e d t h ir mu t u l i flu
re a c o d c t ivit i
e , an e a n en es an a es

ar e th f f c t f it
e e c t i up t h m u d r c h gi g c dit i
e o s a on on e n e an n on on s .

N t ur v ri
a d pl c
e limit
a h es w lw
an d wh a es s on er o n a s, an en

d iv t c r r it w r c h g t h ub t c it lf d m k
r en o a o ne ,
as e e, an es e s s an e se an a es

th w ub t
e ne c ub vi t t qui t di f f r t l w
s s an e s se r en o e e en a s .

F i t or w t r b il t 1 0 0 c t ig d b t wh it i b
n s an c e , a e o s a
°
en ra e, u en s su

j t d t
ec e t mp r t o f
a e c t ig d t h w t r b gi t
e a ur e o en ra e e a e e ns o

c h g d b c m m t h i g l — i f ct t h w t r br k up i t
an e an e o e so e n e se h a ,
e a e ea s n o

it cs t it u t g
on s en a se s .

N t ur i i t xic t d wi t h t h
a e s p w r f h w v ri t y d
n o a e e o e o er o n a e an

prid h r lf t h il t ut m t ic w rki g f t h l r y t m
es e se on e s en a o a o n o e so a s s e

to m t i t h i y t m ly
en on s s s e on .

N umb rl gr t l w h v e e ssb rd i d d m y l r
ea a s a e e en o a ne ,
an an e sse

l w t c rr ct rr r i t h ut m t ic w rki g
a s o o e e o s n e a o a o n .

H t xp d t h m j rit y f ub t c
ea e an s d c ld ce t r ct a o o s s an es an o on a s

t h m b t if c ld c
e , u t r ct d w t r wh o it c h g i t i th i
on a e a e en an es n o ce , e ce

w uld i k
o d bl ck m
s n y iv r d
an o an r e s an s eas .

S it i rd i d t h t w t r t t mp r t r f 0 c t igr d
O s o a ne a a e a a e e a u e o
°
en a e

e xp d b c m lid d fl t
an s, e o e s so an oa s .

S l t i w ill bri g t
o e c r cs vi w t h r t f l w u u p c t d n o e an o e se o a s, ns s e e

h i t h rt e d y t th y
o , an pri cip l l w d d riv d f m t h C m ic
e e are n a a s an e e ro e os

t t ut
s a es .

S ci c rch by b rv t i
en e se a d xp rim t i tes k wl dg O se a o n an e e en n o no e e

o f th l w pri cip lly wit h t h bj ct f b fi t t i g m ki d

e se a s n a e o e o en e n an n .

Ligh t t r v l i t r igh t li f m t h a e s b t n s m t i g lid

a n es ro e su n u on ee n a so

it i r fl c t d
s e d th e gl f r fl ct i i qu l t t h
e ,
an e gl
an e o e e on s e a o e an e

o f i cid c n en e .

Wh ligh t p en f m m dium t t h r it i
a ss e s r o t r fl ct d on e e o an o e s no e e e ,

b t r f c t d b t v r i di ff r t d gr
u e ra e ,
en cc rdi g t t h p culi rit y
o e n e en e ee s a o n o e e a

o f t h m dium e e .

If y f lig h t f l l
a ra o f c f w t r t h t it gl wit h a s o n a sur a e o a e so a s an e

t h p rpe dic l r i 5 2
e en th u a
y b c m p l i
s d t h
°
p l ii g e ra e o es o ar s e e o ar s n

an gl f qu t z i 5 7
e or ar s
°

S u d tr v l o b ut
n f a t p c d t h ugh i d
e s a o ee e r se on ro a r an
 17

f ee t pe r c d
se o n th r ugh w t r
o a e ,
b ut r fue se s to t rvl a e at all in a

v cuum
a .

w v r u pri i g N t u w y d m r m y b
S o t h at h o e e s r s n a re s
’
a s an an n e s a e,

th y e u u lly f f ct iv d c mi c l d i t udyi g
are s a e e w e an e on o a , an n s n a ne

s ubj ct w e pr p r d t cc p t t g f ct
e ar e e a e o a e s ran e a s .

El c t r m g t i m i t b ckw rd br ch f ci c
e o- a ne s d th
s no a a a an o s en e , an e

b h vi ur f l ct ricit y d m g t i m u d r um r u div r
e a o o e e an a ne s n e n e o s e se

c dit i
on h on sb b t if uy w rk d
as t by m
e en y xc ll te au u o e ou an e e en

e xp rim t li t
e en a s s .

I t h f rm r c h p t r w t h r ug h ly di cu
n e o e d t h ct i f t h
a e e o o s sse e a on o e

su n o n thi rt h b t t h l t i p w r p
s ea ,
t thu th r m m
e so e c r c o e a sse s o n o e o e e

b r f t h l r f mil y It i m r c rr ct t y t h t t h u
e s o e so a a . s o e o e o sa a e s n s
’

p wrh
o e t ly r c h d t h c fi
as n o on f th lr yt m b tfea e e on n es o e so a s s e , u or

u t ld c t uri h p rv d d v ry p rt icl f m t t r i it d
n o en es as e a e e e a e o a e n an

d mi t d t h di t c by fi lli g t h p c wit h l c t ric rgy

o na e e s an es n e s a es e e en e .

S th t th o l t i f rc h
a t t p
e so ec r c fr m t h t N pt o e as n o o a ss o e su n o e une

f or ex mpl b c u it i lr dy t h r c u i g N pt u t r t t
a e, e a se s a ea e e, a s n e ne o o a e,

an d t r v lv i o e rbit
o e n an o .

B t if N p t u u h ld c m i t
e li wit hne t h r pl
s out d o e n o ne an o e an e an

th e f
su n , i t c V u N ptor n s an will xp ri c t b ut t h
e en s, e un e e e en e a a o e

t im f V tr it i cr d l t i p t t i l
’
e o en u s an s an n e a se so e c r c o en a .

N pt u ewill b p rt u b d i cr i g it s r t f r t t i
ne e e d r e ,
n ea s n a e o o a on an

it s p d f r v lut i
s ee o V u e r c ju ct i
o d pr b bly
on as en s n ea s on n on ,
an o a

d cr i g t h v l cit i f t r V u h p d t h t it cr
e e as n o se e o es a e en s as a ss e e ra n s a o ss

th e sun f m N pt u
, a s s ee n ro e ne .

Th ci t ific b li f t h t pl t ry r v lut i
e s en e d p rt urb t i
e a an e a e o o n s an e a on s

are ll da t mut u l t t r ct i h l d d t r m r i dir

ue o a a a on s as an e as on o e s n e

dil mm e a .

Att ct i f ra b dy f on th ro v r r chon e mil li

o o r an o e ne e ea es on s

f m il — N p t u di t c ’
o es e ne s s an e .

Th m f th
e rt h i 8 1 5 t im gr t r t h t h t f t h
a ss o e ea s -
es ea e an a o e

m y t t h rt h i u bl t pull t h m
o on , e e ea t f it srbit d t ck
na e o e o on o u o s o an a

it t
on th
“
ut h p l f
o e x mpl ; it w uld b
so m ll m t t r
o e or e a e o e a s a a e

s i m il r t 4 0 lb b i g b rb d by t w igh t
a o s . e n a so e a on e .

A tr m r t m h rd um f t h m lv f i t c
s on o e s se so e a s s or e se es , or n s an e,

Wh t will b t h m t i
a f t hre b di u d r t h i fl
e u c f
o on s o ee o es n e e n en e o

t h i mut u l t t r c t i
e r a m r v r wh t f f c t will gr t r umb r
a a on s o eo e a e e a ea e n e

h v t h c mbi d m v m t f ll f ”
.

a e on e o ne o e en s o a

Th pr bl m f t h r b di
e o i i e lubl by y pr c
o ee o es s n so e an o e sse s

y t i v nt d d cl r
e n e e m d r d m i t t r m r p ki g
,
e a es a o e n an e n en as on o e ,
s ea n

o f th e rt h d m
su n , ea d t h ir mut u l t t r ct i
an S uc h o on an e a a a on s .

pr bl m t h w i t r d cl r
o e s e tr c y b c u th f u d ti
e e a e s ar e n o ne e ssar e a se e o n a on

o f t h pl t ry m t i
e an e a i t tt ct i Ev y h v ly b dy
o on s s no a ra on . er ea en o ,
so
 18

it is sa id
r ct v ry t h r h v ly b dy wit h gr t p w r t h r ugh
,
at t a s e e o e ea en o ea o e o

mil li f mil
on s o y t t h y ll c t i u ru h i g
e s, e di th i e m a on n e s n ar o u n n e r sa e

o rbit f mi lli s or f y It i m
on s o ll ly b urd id e ar s . s a ar v e ou s a s ea .

T h i l t i t h ry m i t i t h t t h
s so e c r c i i eo l c t ric ci cuit a n a ns a e su n s n e e r

w i t h v ry pl e t i th
e l y t m d c h f t h pl t
an e n e s o ar s s e ,
an ea o e se an e s can ,

wit h i limit i cr
n th p t t i l f t h l curr t
s, n e as e t r it
e o en a o e so ar en ,
or s o e

f or a t im e .

S l t i curr
o ec r c t c t i u lly p i g i t en d r u d th
s are on n a a ss n n o an a o n e

pl t ry b di wit h v ry v ri u ff c t i f c t c u i g ll t h
an e a o es e a o s e e s, n a a s n a o se

e f f c t w h ic h w cl
e s t u l ph em ass as n a ra en o en a .

S uc h r ul t f l t i es gy t rm d t h r di pl y f
s o so ec r c e n e r as s o s an o e s a s o

na t ur l f ac d or t t h i flu
e s a re c f l t i b di wh it u t d
ue o e n en e o so e c r c o es en s a e

a t c rt i e x ct di t c f r m
a n e a th r s an es o on e an o e .

Th w rd di t c e o i t u d i it tr
s an mic l es s no se n s as on o a se n se ,

as a m ur i p c di t c d dir c t i mu t b t r p d
eas e n s a e— s an e an e on s e an s ose on

t o th eth urf c
e ar th t th y m y b c m
’
s s a f pr c t ic l
e , so i a e a e o e o a a u se n

c lc l t i f p it i
a u a on o d t im os o n s an e .

I rd r t d t h i t h c t u l p it i f h v ly b dy i
n o e o o s e a a os on o a ea en o s

fir t w rk d t by fi di g it x c t h u gl d d cli t i t
s o e ou n n s e a o r an e an e na on a a

c rt i t t d t im
e a n s a e e .

F m t h i d duc d p it i
ro s v t ic l li f r m t h b dy i
e e os on a er a ne o e o s

d pp d t t h rt h c t r ’
ro e o e ea s en e .

Th pl c w h r t h i im gi ry li t rik t h rt h u f c
e a e e e s a na ne s es e ea
’
s s r a e

i t k
s a t h p it i
en as f th l t i b dy c t i g
e os th
on o rt h d e so e c r c o a n on e ea ,
an

a c t t m ur f r m
en r e o e as e o .

A d w
n pp r no th r f N t ur
a xt r r di ry l w
ea s an o e o a e s
’
e ao na a s, so

illu r t iv f h l v f v ri t y d bilit y i d ig
st a e o er o e or a e an a n es n .

Th i flu c x rt d by t h i l t i g t i t pp r t
e n en e e e e s so e c r c a en s no a a en or

c on s picu u t t h p it i f i cid c
o s a f e th ph m
os on o n en e so ar as e en o en a

u d r di cu
n e s c cr d s si o n are on e ne .

B t c ircul r b l t h vi g r diu f 5 7 3 0 f r m t h p i t
u on a a e a n a a s o
° ’
o e o n

u i in cd c i th en rt h urf c i p culi r p w r i cr
e on e ea
’
fs s a e s a e a o e ,
an n e a se o

p t t i l c dit i f
o en a ,
a it iv l t i c t ivi t y ; d t h i ri g
on on o se n s e so e c r c a an s n

o f p w r o m t b id t ic l wi t h g t iv l ct ric f rc
e se e s o e en a ne a e e e o e .

Th r i c d circul r b lt h vi g circumf r c d crib d

e e s a se o n a e a n a e en e es e

o v r t h rt h urf c wi t h r diu f 8 8 f r m t h m p i t f
e e ea
’
s s a e a a s o
°
o e sa e o n o

i nc id O t h i b lt l
e n ce . p culi r p w r f xt r p t t i l r id
n s e a so a e a o e o e a- o en a es e s,

s i m il r t t h t h r b l t b t i qu li t y d pr p rt i pr b bly
a o e o e e , u n a an o e es o a

id t ic l wit h p it iv l c t ric f rc
en a os e e e o e .

I pr c t ic t h
n m r m t m y b t k f m m rc t r
a e e se e a su e en s a e a en ro a e a o

c h rt i g t h d gr f l g it ud w h ic h
a , us n e e qu l e es o on e, ar e e a .

A f t r 60 f l t it ud t h b l t f i flu c m wh t i
°
e o a e e e s o n en e are so e a n accu

ra e t .I c mp t i f t h i h w v r i t h f c t t h t t h b l t
n o e n sa on or s, o e e ,
s e a a e e s
 19

in the r i circl e of gr e at e st i n t en s it y b ut 3 wi d ar e a o
°
e a n d sh a di g f f n o .

Al so , I fi n d t h at s o le c r c t i f rc ct i g l g
o e a n a on a m ridi h
e an as a

gr ea t e rr g an e t h an w h e n a ct i g n p r ll l ion a a a e n e as t and w t di c es r o

ti on s .

i p i t it ccurr d t m t i q i f r m Mr M rc i
On t h s o n o e o e o n u re o . a on

hi xp ri c i r g rd t t h d p t c h f wir l m g i
s e e en e n ert h a o e es a o e e ss e s sa es n a no

an d ut h di c t i
so c mp r d wit h t h p w r r qui it t d p t c h
re on ,
as o a e e o e e s e o es a

th m i
e t w t rly di c t i
n an e as or es e re on .

Mr M rc i v ry ki dl y r pli d f ll w
. a on e n e e as o o s

W A TE R G A T E H OU S E ,
Y OR K B U I LD I N G S , A D E LP H I,
L ON D ON ,
W . C .

A L F RE D J . CO O P E R , 2c J u n e, 1 91 0 .

Glen do v ere ,
T tl d
o an B ay , I s l e of W ig h t .

D EA R S IR ,
ck wl dg r c ipt f y ur l t t f t h 25 t h i t d
I b eg t o a no e e e e o o e er o e ns .
,
an

t i
o rm
nf o r ply t h t it h r c t ly b
y o u in ec rt i d f c r t i a as e en e en a s e a ne or e a n

th t a ig l t r mit t d f r m t t w t
s na s an s i r qui
e o e as o es ,
or v ce v er s a , e re a

gr t r
ea e mu t f a rgy t h t h t mit t d v r
o n o en e imil r an o se r an s e o e a s a

di t c i m r l
s an e n aut h rt h rly r t h ut h rly dir c t i
o e or e ss s o -
no e or n o -
so e e on .

Y u f it h f ully o rs a ,

(S ig d ) G M A R CO N I ne . .

A tr m r h v t d c rt i p rt u b t i
s on o e s a f t h pl
e no e t i e a n e r a on s o e an e s n

t h ir rbi t
e d h v
o crib d t h i ff c t t t t r c t i f
s , an a e as pl t e s e e o a a on o on e an e

by t h r an o e .

Wh t h r lly h pp a d i t h t pl t h g t i t p it i
as ea a en e s a a an e as o n o a os on

wh ic h i t rf r wit h t h upply f l t i rgy by it h r i cr i g

n e e es e s o so e c r c e n e e e n e as n

or d cr i g it
e eas n .

N t ly d o ch m mb r f t h l r y t m i flu c it
on oe s ea e e o e so a s s e n en e s

ne igh b ur i r g rd t t h p t h f it rbit b t
o n e a ll o i firm e a O s o ,
u as a ar e n

l t i c
so e c r c ct i wit h t h on n e d th r th r i
on c ti u l e s u n an o n e an o e ,
e e s a on n a

a dju t m t f l t i f rc b i g c rri d
s en o so e c r cWh t w pl t p
o e e n a e on . en o an e s a ss

ea ch t h tho m l t i v rt ic l pl
er o n e sa th m l ti
e so e c r c e a an e , o r e sa e s o ec r c

h riz
o t l pl
on it w uld pp r t h t
a an e , i t ifi d flw f l t i o a ea a an n en s e o o so e c r c

f rc t k pl c T h i f c i it h r t c p d t h g h t h
o e a es a e . s or e s e e a on e asse on r ou e

s h rt t p t h
o esf c d c t i if pl t i m t wit h w h ic h i
a s o on u th on a an e s e s on e

sa m l t i m ridi
e so e c r c t h i cr d p t t i l i t r d up u t il
e an , o r e n e a se o en a s s o e n

o t h r pl e t p t c t i
an e s d fi it gl t t h t h r I uc h
a ss a er a n e n e an es o e o e . n s

c t h r ccur di c h rg f l t i f rc d r b l ci g f
a se s e e o s a s a e o so ec r c o e an a e a an n o

p t ti l
o en th t a ,
m r qu li d di t ribut i
so a so o nf l t i a o e e a se s on O so e c r c

en e rgy c m r r i on Wh e th r di t ribut i t k pl c
o e e gns . en es e e s on s a e a e,

e v ry pl t i ff c t d
e an e vi l t ly di t urb d cc rdi g t t h
s a e e ,
or o en s e ,
a o n o e
 20

n umb r e ofwh ic h pl ct i g t t h p t ic l r t im
an e t s ar e a n a e ar u a e .

S f o di t urb c
ar a s f th s rt h c c r d th
an e s o n or o e ea are on e ne ,
e su n

or th m e t k o on l di g p rt i v r di t rb c b t h t g t h r
a es a ea n a n se e e s u an es o o e e

ar e a ct i g wit h n ,
m r pl t o n e or o e an e s .

Wh pl t b c m urc h rg d wit h l ct ric rgy it

en a an e e o es s a e se e en e s

fir t fu c t i i t di ip t it t t h r pl t d g t it r t u d t
s n on s o ss a e o o e a n e s an e e rn e o

th e su n T c r y
. t t h i imp r t
o a r t pr c thou pl t mu t b s o an o e ss e an e s s e

a t th m m e t i o t i d fi i t r l t iv p i t i
en n o e er a n i r g rd t ch e n e e a e os on s n e a o ea

o th r e C rt i d fi i t l w h ld g
. e a n d duri g t h c mplic t d i t r
e n e a s o oo n e o a e n e

a ct i f t h l t i b di
on o e S l t i b di
so e c r c h v i t ifi d
o es . o ec r c o es a e an n en s e

a c t i wh t h y 5 75 di t t d 8 8 di t t fr m
on en e are
°
th r s an an
°
s an o o n e an o e ,

an d th i flu c f e n l t i b dy
en e th o rt h i c v i t ly
a so e c r c o on e ea s on en e n

m rk d f f by m ri g r diu f 5 7 y 8 8 f m p i t t h
a e O easu n a a s o or
°
ro a o n on e

ea rt h ’
f c v r t ic lly u d r t h b dy
s sur a e e lr dy d crib d
a n e e o as a ea es e .

Th rc e se c rv a p i g r t h rt h
s or u es fc ar e ass n ove e ea
’
s sur a e co n

i nua ll y wi g t t h diur l r t t i f t h rt h b t t h y
o n o e na f o a on o e ea u e are o

flt l t h y i t r t d t h
.

no e ec u n e ss ly t h p it i i t h
e n e sec ,
an en on a 1 e os on s n e

vici it y f t h i t r ct i
n o e n e se on s .

A i gl pl s n t d the tr gly f f ct t h rt h t t h i t r
an e an e su n s on a e e ea a e n e

se ct i d
o n , an i gl pl t d t h m a s n l h v th t p w r b t
e an e an e o on a so a e a o e ,
u

th e se v rit y d xt t f y di t rb c d p d up t h umb r
e an e en o an s u an e e en on e n e

o f pl t ct i g
an e s a r n o n on e a e a .

Th qu t it i 5 7 3 0 d 8 8 m
e an es d t h rt h °
f c
’
an
°
e a sur e on e ea
’
s sur a e

ar e a rc f t h s o gl m u d t t h e s e an th c tr
es e as r e a e e ar
’
s en e .

Th gl 5 7 w di c v r d by t h w it r ft r l g xp ri c
e an e as s o e e e r e a e on e e en e

f r m c t u l b rv t i
o a a Od th m r m rk ppli t
se a o n , an e sa e e a a es o

Th r w e e th ry t pr v wh t h
as n o gl w r f u d t
eo o o e en e s e an es e e o n o

b e e f f c t iv e f ci t i g qu t f X d Y
e no as pr t t y t rick wit h
na n es o an no e s

e v r c h gi g f rmul
e -
an n t hi g u t il ll t h p
o ibl r r h d b
ae , n o n n a e o ss e e ro s a ee n

m d d r j c t d t h t rut h w
a e an e e e wh r h h lw y b en as se e n , e e s e as a a s een ,

w ll h idd
e en .

Curi u ly t h i fir t gl f 5 7 3 0 i v ry r t h r di gl ’
o s ,
s s an e o s e n ea e a an an e

o f m t h m t ici
a e 57 a wh t h an s qu l r diu f circl d en e ar c e a s a s o a e an

88 i
°
r t b i g righ t gl
s n ea o e n a an e .

C q t ly it i p ibl t h t f t r t h l t i f rc t r
o n se u en s o ss e a a e e so e c r c o e en e s

th e ea rt h t t h i cid t p i t d rriv t t h c t r it i t h r
a e n en o n an a es a e en e s e e

r fl ct d d d c mp d i t it t w c t it u t qu lit i p it iv
e e e an e o o se n o s o on s en a es, os e

an d g t iv l c t ricit i
ne a e e e es .

A t h y u d rg r fl c t i
s e t di f f r
n et gl t h p it iv f rc
o e e on a e en an es e os e o e

e m rg t e es a gl f 8 8 f r m t h i cid t r y
an an e o d th g t iv
°
o e n en a s , an e ne a e

f rc m rg t
o e e e gl f es a T h br d t h f b l t
an a n t h circl
e o e ea o e on e e

o f em rg c m y b e en um d b ut 3 f
e a m
e a ss d 2 f e as a o
°
or su n o r o o n an
°
or

a pl t an e .
 22

Figur 1 0 1 1 1 2 l t E Q b t h qu t r d C t h c t r
In es , , ,
e e e e a o an e en e

O f th rt h S i t h
e ea .pl t f m w h ic h upply f l t i
s e su n o r a an e ,
ro a s O so e c r c

f rc r iv t C
o e a r es a .

I t h i r gi
n th f s i divid d by r fl c t i
e on d p e d t th
o rc e .
s e e e on a n a ss e o e

uf c RT
s r a e .

It h b f u d f m h u d d f b rv t i t h t t h
as e en o n thro n re s o O se a on s a e e ar

is a c h rg d c duc t r f l t i f rc d i t t ly p d t y
a e on o O so e c r c o e an n s an re s on s o an

a cc f p t t i l T h r
e ss o o f ur p i t i
en a th . rt h f r m w h ic h e e ar e o os on s on e ea o

c ircl es rc f i flu c m y b dr w wit h t h dii b v

or a s o n en e a e a n e ra a o e

m ti d
en on e .

T h p i t f i cid e c v t ic ll y u d r t h l t i b dy i t h
o n o n en e, er a n e e so e c r c o ,
s e

Z it h p i t t h p i t di m t ic lly pp it i t h N di
en o n e o n a e r a o os e s e a r .

Th Z it h p i t h
e en c d ry p i t t h m m ridi ;
o n as a se on a o n on e sa e e an

b t u thon pp it l t it ud cr t h qu t t h i i t h b Z e it h
e o os e a e a o ss e e a or s s e su -
n

pi to n .

T h N dir p i t l e h a c d y p i t it m ridi
o n a so d a s a se on ar o n on s e an , an

on th pp it l t it ud t h i i t h b N di p i t
e O os e a e s s e su -
a r o n .

Wh th l c t ric cu t p
en th
e e e qu t it c h g it ig rr e n a sse s e e a or an es s s n

f m p it iv t g t iv
ro os d mi e o ne a e , an ce r ers a .

F ig 12 h w m r y f lli g t h rt h t Z d p i g ’
ur e s o s oon s a s a n on e ea a an a ss n

on t N d t h N dir p i t i
o a ,
If t h f rc i
e a f d p it iv qu lit y
os on . e o e s o re or os e a

it will b c h g d t g t iv t N d Th p it i
e an e b N d i th
o ne a e a a . e os on su -
a s e

su b N dir
-
tha m m idi on N d d th
e sa m di t c f r me er an a s a ,
an e sa e s an e o

th e e qu t r t h t h r id f it S Z b Z it h i d
a o on e o ut h f
e s e o .
,
su -
en ,
s u e so o

Z it h d t h m di t c f r m t h qu t r Z T h p i t
en , an e sa e s an e o e e a o as . e se o n s

ar e c t r f ci cl f i flu c Th r dii f t h ci cl ( rc )
en es O r es o n en e . e a o e se r es or a s

ar e lw y i t h 5 7
a a s e d c v i t ly t k f r m t h
er or an ar e on en e n a en o e

l g it ud c l f M rc t r h t
on e s a e o a e a o
’
s c ar .

It h b h w th t th
as rt h i h g l ct r m g t fl t
e en s o n a e ea s a u e e e o- a ne a oa

i
n p s d it i
ace , a n c t d up by c t circul t i g
s a r u d it d
e on u rr e n s a n a o n an

it i s l ti
n su a Th i l ti
on i t h m t ff c t iv k
. ew th
n su atm on s e os e e e no n, e a os

pb e re D uri g t
. m d th n t r l ph s orm t h i t m p h ic s an o er n a u a eno en a s a os er

i ul t i i p t t d by l t i f c ( Fig ur
ns a on s e n e ra e so e c r c or e se e e

Th i t m ph r s ai ul t i h v y c mpl x t t ribut
os e e or ns a on as er o e a es .

Ap t f r m c
ar t i i go mixt ur f g on c r y t t h lif f
a n n a e o as e s ne e ssa o e e o

pl t d im l d b i g di t ibut r f lig h t d h t it i
an an an a an e n a s r o o an ea ,
s a

l t i
so e c r c c it y O r ul t f h vi g
ne ess t m ph
. w uld b
ne es o a n no a os ere o e

t pp g
s o f t h r t t ry m v m
a e O t f th
e rt ho a o o e en o e ea .

Th t m ph e a bl t h rt h t c rry ll t h d v
os e re e n a l ct es e ea o a a e i e rs e e e . ro

m g t ic curr t wh ic h circul t t h r ug h d r u d it d crib d

a ne en s a e o an a o n ,
as es e

i Ch p t r I
n a e .

Th cu t b i g i ul t d p rv t h ir i dividu l
e se rr e n s e n ns a e r e se e e n a

a t t i b ut
r d t t ch d t
e s , an d f rm p tar e f t h pl a t C a e o an o ar o e an e . o n se
 23

q u t ly wh
en ,
upply cur t c t
en th m th
t he mi
ul t ia n s r en a s on e ,
e re s s

t t
ro a io n of th th l dy d crib d e aa r a r ea es e .

Wh tw pl t duri g t h ir i c
en to d v ri d m v m
an e s t n e n e ss an an a e o e en s

i th i
n bit p
e r or c h t h i li wi t h t h
s th i
as s e a udd o er n ne e su n , e re s a s en

i c
n f
re a s e l t i p w i
o c h It i if
so e c r c rdi ry l ct ric o er n ea . s as an o na e e

cu r t rriv d t
r en c v t ti
a d w
e p d t h ugh r l y
a a re ei er s a on an as a ss e ro a e a

t i t if y it i t h f mili r m r f t l gr p h y T h l t i
o n en s ,
n e a a an n e o e e a . e so e c r c

f rco m y r p t h v
e s, on e t t tr v l
a v ry cc i t h r ugh
e ea ,
a e no o a e on e e o as o n o

s p c fr m
a e, t pl t f m pl t t pl t b c u t h y
o su n o an e ,
or ro an e o an e ,
e a se e ar e

l d y t h r ll t h t im it i m ly t h di f f r c f p ure
a re a e e a e e s ere e e en e O r e ss ,

t p k w h ic h i f l t l g t h li
o s ea ,
l t i f s e a on e ne so e c r c o r ce .

E a r / 6

S —S o lec t ric owe r f o rc in

.
p g a pas s ag e t h ro u gh t h e 1 A in s u l at in g at m o s ph e re .

F IG 1 3 .

bj c d t h t w
I t m ay b e o e t e filli g up t h l r y t m wit h a e ar e n e so a s s e a

new e elm en t , a n e w h yp t h i F g r t i ci c h h d t o es s . or en e a on s s en e as a o

mk a f t h h yp t h i
e u se o f l l p rv di g t h r i
e o rd t m kes s o an a -
e a n e e n o er o a e

t h pr p t i
e f lig h t u d r t
o er d bl
es O w v t h ry n e s an a e as a a e eo .

B t th c u t cc u t f r t t i
e er f
an n o th rt h i
a o n or o a on , n or or e ea
’
s n

c li t ina t th clip t ic
on th
o t id e th e l c t ic l di pl y
,
n or e e s, n or e e e r a s a

du i g t rm d t h qu k
r n s o Ths an h yp t h i f l t i
e ar gy a es . e o es s o so e c r c e n e r

can cc t f a ll t h
ou n ph m or d th r d
a t m
e se en o e n a, an e e oes no se e

ne c ry ; w h
e s sa ligh t h t t c mp t p r t f t h
e re as ,
ea ,
e c .
,
ar e o on en a s o e

l t i f
so e c r c c It l c t ic or gy i
e . ll w d t t k e t h pl c f
se e r en er s a o e o a e a e o

o th r m tt e ,
i t i f ic will b implifi d t h by Th l w f i v
a e r s sc e n e s e e re . e a o n e rse
 24

s qu r h w h w rly r l t d t h f rc f g vi t y l ct ricit y
a es s o s o n ea e a e e o es o ra ,
e e ,

m g ti m h t t
a ne s ,t ch t h r d m t d cl r t h t
ea ,
e c .
,
are o ea o e ,
an se e o e a e a

th y e f rc xpr i
ar e o n e f tho v r ig p w r w h i c t ct
e, e e s s on s o e so e e n o e en n on a

wi t h v ri u c a dit i o F s x mplon on s . or e a e

1 Th . t t r ct i f gr vit y b t w
e a atw b di i dir c t ly
on o a e een o o es s e

pr p rt i l t t h pr duc t f t h i m
o o on a o d i e i v r ly o o e r a s se s an s n e se

pr p rt i l t t h qu r f t h ir di t c u d r
o o on a o e s a e o e s an e s as n e .

2 Th . i t it y f h t i i v r ly
e n en s th qu r f t h o ea s n e se as e s a e o e

di t c p r t i g t h urc d bj ct
s an e se a a n e so e an o e .

3 C ul mb di c v r d t h t m g t ic t t r c t i
. o o s o d r pul i e e a a ne a a on s an e s on s

are i v r ly t h qu r f t h di t c
n e se as e s a e o e s an es .

4 Th r pul i
. t t r ct i
e e b t w t w l ct rifi d b di
s o n s or a a on s e een o e e e o es

ar e i th i v r
n r t i f t h qu r f t h i di t c
e n e se a o o e s a es o e r s an e .

Th x ct t im f t h m
e e a t t i i g it xt r m d cli t i
es o e o on a a n n s e e e e na on

no rt h ut h will b f qu t ly r f rr d t
or so d it i r m rk bl
e re en e e e o, an s e a a e

th t th
a r t h m pp d t by curv f m
e a ea en i flu c i t h
a e ou a e o o on s
’
n en e s e

ar e a d t i d t b f f ct d by c mi g c mbi t i
es ne o e S a pl t e e o n o na on s . ee a e

illu t r t i g m
s a p th p g 36
n oon s
’
a , a e .

Wh t it xt r m d cli t i t h t im ccupi d by t h m
en a s e e e e na on e. e o e e oon

i m vi g 1 ( c c h id f t h xt r m r g i t d d
”
n o n d) se o n on e a s e o e e e e an e s no e an

u d se b i f c lcul t i
as a as s T h i t im i v ry v ri bl t w t y
o a a on . s e s e a a e, en

mi ut b i g c mm
n es d
e n h ur ot u u u l Th l g r th
o n , an an o no n s a . e on e e

m b g d li g r t it xt r m r g rt h
o on an s an n ut h t h
e s a s e e e an e no or so ,
e

gr t r t h r w h ic h m t b c m pr p r d f fut u
ea e e a ea d se e s o e o e e a e or re an

so m t im lm t imm di t di t urb c
e es a os e a e s an e .

Th l ct t t h i t im f m
e su n a so a xt r m d cli t i
s a d s e o oon s e
’
e e e na on , an

if a pl t h ld b i c mp y di t urb c i i pr p r t i
an e s ou e n o an a s an e s n e a a on .

A th r l t i v t i th m c i g f t h qu t r ’
no e so e c r c e en s e o on s r o ss n o e e a o .

O bvi u ly t h i d
o s t t k pl c i s m m t d t h t im ccupi d
oes n o a e a e n a o en ,
an e e o e

i p
n i g fr m 2
a ss n id f t h qu t r t 2 t h t h r id
o
’
on on e s e o e e a o o
’
on e o e s e

is s u f fici t t ll w en o a o .

T h i u u lly gi t w t y mi ut f t h m v m t
s s a v es ch en n es or e o e en on ea

s id b t t h i m u t f m rgi i ld m c ry i c lc l t i
e, u s a o n o a n s se o ne e s sa n a u a on .

Th m pr b bly h
e oo n t m ph r d i th r f r
o a t as no a os e e an s e e o e no

i l t d
n su a e .

O thi cc u t t h m i f gr t u t ili t y t t h rt h
n s a o n e o on s o ea o e ea as a

t r h u
s o e o r rv i f l t i
se or rgy If t h rt h h uld b
e se o r o so e c r c e n e . e ea s o e

s udd ly ubj c t d t gr t ri f p t t i l— b c m u c h g d
en s e e o a ea se o o en a e o e s r ar e

f
ro m th t h r b di — t h
e su n m
or i r dy t
o r c iv t h
e o es e o on s ea o e e e e

o v plu t c d r li v t h t i
er s a on e an e e e e en s o n .

If t h t h i dr w upe e ar t l rg ly y f p it iv f rc t h
s a n on oo a e ,
sa or os e o e, e

m i t i t h upply
o o n c an a ss s n e s .

B t th m mu t b wit h i t h r g f 5 7 8 8 f m th
°
u e oo n s e n e an e o or ro e
 25

s p t r qui i
o e i c f m pl t wit h i r g f t h t p t
r n g a ss s t an e , or ro a an e n an e o a s o ,

an d th m wi g t h r pid h g f righ t c i
e o on ,
mo n o er a c an e o as e n s o n , so e

ld m m y d b f r rrivi g t p it i f v ur bl
‘

°
13 a d y i a ,
s se o an ay s e o e a n a a os on a o a e

f or dr wi g f f f r m t h rt h t h urplu f rc
a n O d r t ri g q ili o e ea e s s o e s an es o n e u

b riu m .

Bri fly t h l t i t h ry t c h t h t t h rt h t i t rv l
e e so e c r c eo ea es a e ea a n e a s

b c m urc h rg d wit h l t i
e o es s rgy b t h dir c t ly fr m t h
a e so ec r c en e ,
o e o e

su n d i di c t ly t h
an ugh pl t
n d m
re d thi l t i ro an e s an o on ,
an s so e c r c

en e rgy i r t ur d t t h s ecc rdi g t ci cum t c

ne o e su n a o n o r s an es .

If t h ccumul t d rgy i pr d v r l rg r
e a a e y f en e s s ea o e a a e a ea , sa o

flt c u t ry
a o f n t rm ccu ,
if t h
or o rgy h b g t h ri g
se a , a s o o rs e en e as e en a e n

f ort t w lv d y
e n or di c c t r t d r m u t i u di t rict
e e a s an s on en a e n ea a o n a no s s ,

an e a rt h qu k t k pl c if t h rt h h b c m urc h rg d f
a e a es a e e ea as e o e s a e or a

m t h m r v lc ic rupt i f ll w
on or o e, o an e on s o o .

Th d me su n m y t t g th r an th m d
o on a ac o e e ,
or e su n , o o n an on e

or m r pl t m y t t g t h r d t b t h gul r di t c
o e an e s a ac o e e ,
an a o an a s an es

m ti d en on e c mbi t i f pl t m y t k f f ct
,
or a o na on o an e s a a e e e .

A udd c p f p t p f rc i ly p ibl
s en e s a r di t rict
e o en -
u o es s on o ss e n ea s s

i n wh ic h t h r mu t i p k T h p k b i g t h ru t
e e ar e o n a n ou s ea s . e se ea s e n s

f ar t h r ug h t h i ul t i g t m ph r c t it ut xc ll t l t i
o e ns a n a os e e, on s e e e en so e c r c

c duct r
on o s .

Wh it i d ir d ten f cilit t t h ut fl w f l ct ricit y du i g

s es e o a a e e o o o e e r n

l ct ic xp rim t i t h l ct ur r m r rt i h d t t h c t i
e e r e e en s n e e e oo ,
e so s a o e a on

o f p i t o n Th p k s .d p i t d h rp m u t i
e ea ridg s, an o n s, an s a o n a n es

f cilit t t h udd di ip t i f h ug ccumul t i

a a e e s fen l ct ric ss a on o e a a on s O se e

f rc i
o e t ur n na Th urf c f t h rt h h w v r t uc h pl c i
e . e s a e o e ea ,
o e e ,
a s a es s

vi l t ly lif t d d ri g t h di c h rg f t h f rc
o en e d u rt h qu k
n e s a e o e se o e s , an ea a es

r ul t B t t h i udd
es . cp u ly t k pl c wh t h r
s s en es a e can on a e a e en e e ar e

se el ct ric b di it u t d i r g rd t t h pl c d t t h m lv
o e s so s a e n e a o e a e an o e se es

as t b i o l t i cl
e d circui t f rm d by t h i r l t iv di t c
n a so e c r c o se ,
o e e r e a e s an es

o f 5 75 d 88
°
t giv m m t
an
°
, a a en o en .

I thi n v t th m i s rly lw y
e en m mb r f t h e oon s n ea a a s on e e e o e

d t t i g c mbi t i
e on a n d t h r ug h it t h f rc
o ru h b ck t t h
na on ,
an o e o es s a o e

su n .

O n t h e se m o th cc i
m as o n s wh en the su n an d o on are on e sa e

d cli t i
e rt h
na ut h t h ir 8 8
on s n o m y i t r ct v r t h m o r so ,
e
°
ar c a n e se o e e sa e

r
a e a as th i 57 rc d t b i g m
e r ur d fr m y ut h f°
a s o o n e se e n e as e o sa so O

th qu t r d t h t h r fr m rt h f it I uc h c
e e a o ,
an t rm i e o e o no o . n s as e a s o s

c rt i t d v l p d b c m v r if y pl t
e a n o e e o i ti g ,
an e o e se e e an an e s ar e ass s n ,

ov r th r t t d
e e a ea s a e .

It fr qu t ly ccur t h t t h e d f w pl
en t i uc h o s a e su n a n a e an e s are n s a

p it i r l t iv ly t
os on th r th t
e a tr g l t i c mbi
e ti o o n e an o e a a s on so e c r c o na on

r ult v r p i t i c ll it A t h rt h
es s o e a os on , a on e ea
 26

At them t im t h m h g t i t mbi t i
sa e e l t i ll y
e oon as o n o co na o n so e c r c a

wi t h t h r pl o t e v r p it i B
an e s o e os on .

N w B m y b e di t a t f r m A b t t h c mbi t i
a e s t n o ,
u e o na o n s ar e oo

p w f ul t
o er b d l y d c qu t l y t h r i vi l t t it f t h
o e e a e ,
o n se en e e s a o en r an s o e

f c t A t w d B l g t h urf c f t h
o r es a o ar s th a on e s a e o e e ar .

T h i pl y h v c wit h t h i ul t i (t h t m p h r ) duri g
s a s a o e ns a on e a os e e n

it ps g a ss a d t h i ph
e , an m i k w t s h u ric
en o en on s no n o u s as a r an e or

blizz rd d uc h lik di pl y f f rc
a an s e s a s o o e .

H d t h f rca t Ae l c
o v rg d t l } i h il ly c u t ry
es a n e ar v on e e a n o n ,
an

ea r t h q k w ld h h pp d t m rk t h circum t c
ua e ou ave a en e o a e s an e .

I r g d t
n eth m
ar i w h ic h
o l t i c h r g m y f rc
e an n e r n a so e c r c a e a o e

it s w y t h r ug h t h
a ot m p h ric i l ti i pl c d t it ut f
e a os e n su a on n a es es e o

h ig h l d it i t b m mb r d t h t t h t m p h r i m d up
an s, s o e re e e e a e a os e e s a e

o f f ur p r t
o f it r g t
a s o f nxyg o en o one o o en .

O xyg i m g en t ic s d g d c duc t r Duri g y

a ne ,
an a oo on o . n ,
sa ,
a

cycl t h r i l w y
on e e e r f v ry l w b r m t r if t h i
s a a s an a ea o e o a o e e ,
as e a r

h d b
a i l t ly p d id b y t h p g f c lum f f
een V o en r e ss e as e e a ss a e o a o n o o r ce ,

c di g d c di g
as en n or es en n .

It m y b t h t t h a ct i f l t i b di t c rt i gl
e a e a on o so e c r c o es a e a n an es on

th t m p h r i t di pl c t h
e a os e e it r g
s d t t r c t t h 20 p
o s c ta e e n o e n an a a e er en .

o f xyg o d t h u by m
en ,
an f th c duc t ivit y f xyg
s d th t
ean s o e on o o en ,
an a

f r i w t r cc m y b h d t t h th uf c ’
o a n a e ,
a e ss a e a o e e ar s s r a es .

Th t t l e gy m t i g f r m t h
o a e n er c i t r ugh ly f
e an a n o e su n on s s s o o

t hr d ivi i
ee Th s on s th . ult vi l t r y b ut n t t h
ere ar e e ra- o e a s, a o o e - en

o f th t t l i t
e o ait y ; t h n en s th vi ibl r y w h ic h c t it ut ere a re e s e a s on s e

a b ut t w t t h
o o- d th r
en th s,if d i vi ibl
an y wh i h e e ar e e n ra - re n s e ra s, c

f rm b u t
o a v t t h f t h t t l rgy
o se en -
en s o e o a en e .

F m w h t h b c t d d h r it will b r li d t h t t h
ro a as ee n on en e e e e ea se a e

i vi ibl l t i r y h v t bri g b u t t h r t t i f t h rt h
n s e so e c r c a s a e o n a o e o a on o e ea ,

an d it th r m v m
s o e t d th t th y
o e l t h ch i f c u f
en s , an a e ar e a so e e a se o

s u f c di t u b c
r a e s rt h qu k
r an d v lc ic f f c t
es , e a a e s an o an e e s .

T h f u ll t h e ry f l t i h vi g w b eo O xp u d d cl rly
s o e c r cs a n no ee n e o n e ,
as ea

as th pr t t t f k wl dg will ll w x mpl
e e se n s a e o f r i h d
no e e a o ,
e a e s ar e u n s e

t illu t
o t t h d t il
s ra e d rv pr f f t h t t m t dv c d
e e a s an se e as oo O e s a e en s a an e .

A th sbv lw h v be a o t w rk t h r ug h pr h i t ric t im
e a s a e e en a o o e s o e s,

1 00 y r gea s a d y t rd y o an d v y y i f u ll f x mpl
es e a ,
an as e er e ar s o e a es,

t h y will b
e g iv i e y rd r T h cit den n x mpl wh ic h
an o e . o se e ar e e a es

h v b
a e c lcul t d b c u t h d t il
e en a a e k w t t h writ r
e a se e e a s are no n o e e .

Th ymb l u d i t h i w k
e s o s f th seS 6 M n l
C s or ar e , or e un ,
oon ,

M rcu y 5 V u 9 M r 3 Jupi t r 21 S t ur h Ur u Iii

e r ,
en s ,
a s ( , e ,
a n ,
an s

or N pt u e9 ne L .
 27

P TER III CH A .

Am g t h c uri it i f t ur l p h m
on e w t r p ut os es o na a en o en a ar e a e s o s .

L r d b di ea n e m w h t c h ry b ut xpl i i g t h
o es are so e a a a o e a n n e se .

W t r i t h f rm f pi lly r t t i g pill r j i t h
a e n e o c wit h t h
o s ra o a n a s, o ns e o e an e

cl ud b v T h pill r h ug
o s a o e . li r fu l i di m t e se a s, e as a ne
’
s nne n a e er

ru h grily v r t h
s an urf c d t h r t t gulp h y h ip
o e e se a s a e an ea e n o en an s

th y e cu t r en o n e .

It i t h f h i i ci t ific b k t d pr ci t w t r p ut ;
s e as on n s en oo s o e e a e a e s o s

th y e p k f wh irlwi d c rryi g pr y upw rd

are s o en o asth t n s a n s a a s or a

th y e f rm d f c d d v p ur
ar e o pr y d v p ur
e o on e n se a o s a an a o ar e

h rml
a th w t r p ut b i g h rd t cc u t f i h lv d
e ss , s o e a e s o e n a o a o n or s s e e as

u w rt h y f m r di cu i
n o o o e s ss o n .

O c y n h v b e h ipm t ou wit h w t r p ut y v r f t r
a e e en s a es a a e s o ou e e a e

r p c t h i gr d ur h i my t ry d h i p w r f mi ch i f if h
es e s an e ,
s s e ,
an s o e or s e e so

will s .

T f ur fi p ut i gr up wh irli g d h i i g d rk
o se e o or ve s o s n a o n an ss n ,
a

c lum t w ri g t t h cl ud t h git t d
o ns o e n wit h cc i l
o e o s, e a a e se a , o as o n a

ligh t i g fl h t h v ry d m f t h h v bl ck wit h m c
n n as es , e e o e o e ea en s a en a e ,

a ll t h i w r sth m f d g r i pit f c h l b k
a ns e s ea an O an e , n s e o s oo oo s .

Th m i bl m d f r i i g t h t id w v
e o on s th rt h —
a e or a s n e e a e on e ea a

m tt r f tw th f t
a e o wid c — d t h qu t i
o or r eet ee on a e o e an an e es on as o

h w h d
o s it c u
e pr f r t b cr wit h ch t h r
o es a se s o e sso s o e os s ea o e .

Th w t r p ut will m u t up v r l h u dr d f f t d
e a e s o o n se e a n e s o ee an

c i t f h u dr d f t
on s s o f w t r n e s o on s o a e .

T y th t th
o sa c u d by c di g h t curr t f i
a e se ar e a se a s en n o en s o a r

an d d c di g c ld
e s en th t th y
n d t th c
o t ct f
on e s or a e ar e ue o e on a o

t w wi d bl wi g i t h
o n upp r r gi
s o f th t m ph r
n c rri
n e e e on s o e a os e e a es

no c vict i t on y wh h
on b rv d t h i c h r c t r d
o an on e o as o se e e r a a e an

c duc t
on .

At B hi c lm d y I c w w t r p ut t r t h b y
a a on a a a on e sa a a e s o en e e a ,

an d h ppily t r t t h
a pp it l w h r
,
s ee o e o os e o s o e .

A riv d t h r it pr gr
r v r t h l d c uld b t d by w h i li g
e e e s o e ss o e e an o e no e r n

tr e es wit h r t i t h i d g r l c fu i r t t i g t w rd
oo s n e a r an a en e a on s on o a n o a s

t h e sk y .

W at er sp o u t s c v i t ly i v t ig t d b t by l gy
are n o t on en en n es a e ,
u an a o ,

an d s o l ect rics , so m ligh t m y b c t t h ir pr b bl c u

e a d e as on e o a e a se an

the ir u se s .

Wh irlwin d s rly r l t d t w t r p ut d on l d an ar e n ea e a e o a e s o s an

acc rdi g t t h l t i t h ry r ult fr m t h m c u

o n o e so e c r c eo es o e sa e a se s .

Th d rt im i h t u f f c t i g wi d f cycl ic t ur
e ese s oon s a o s o a n n o on na e

th c e t r l c lm i
en urr u d d by vi l t ddi f i t ly h t d
a a s s o n e o en e es o n en se ea e

i
a r
“ It
. pr c i h r ld d by w h irli g curr t f i d
s e sen e s e a e n en s o a r an

i dic t d by t h p rpl c l ur f t h t m p h r It ft c rri

n a e e u e o o o e a os e e . o en a es
 28

wit h ug r t t i g c lum f
it h e d ; it i h i h ly d l t ri u t
o a n o ns o s an s

g ti t g th r
e e e o s o

m an d anim l c u i g t h an ti a s, f a s n e s e n sa on o su o ca on , o e e

wit h gr t p i i t h limb
ea an n e s .

Th p g upw rd fr m t h
e a ss a rt h f l rg q u t it i f
e a s o e ea o a e an es o

ne g t iv l t i f rc cc u t f t h h t v lv d d t h r t t i g
a e so e c r c o e a o n s or e ea e o e , an e o a n

cu t ut id t h c t r l c r
rr e n s o s e e en a o e .

W h ll e t h t p i t iv
s a l ct ric curr t t rik d w w rd
se e a os e e e en s s e o n a s

an d pr duc gr t c ld t t h p i t f i cid
o e ea c o a e o n o n en e .

W t r p ut a e s c u d by t h rt h t m p rt icul r r f
o s ar e a se e ea a so e a a a ea o

th c b c mi g v rc h rg d wit h g t iv f rc T h i pr ur
e o ean e o n o e a e ne a e o e . s e ss e

i r li v d by t h p
s e e e g f t h v rc h rg t t h e d
a ss a pl t e O e o e a e o e su n an a an e ,

t t w pl t wh b di rriv t p it i 5 75 fr m t h °
or o o th an e s en e se o es a e a os on s o e

o v rc h rg d r
e a e a ea .

T d t h i wi t h ut t h
o o it c f mu t i p k dt
s o e ass s an e o o n a n ea s an o

en a bl l rg curr t wit h p rh p l w p t t i l t p t r t t h
e a a e en e a s a o o en a o en e a e e

i l ti
n su a f th on t m ph r o i t rv i g c duct r mu t b
e a os e e, an n e en n on o s e

es at bli h d b t w s th
e d t h h ig h r r gi
e e en f th i wh r e s e a an e e e on s o e a r e e

p it iv f rc w it t h g t iv
os e o e a d th al t i f rc s w e ne a e an e so ec r c o es n o no

l g r t r t v t u lly flw t t h
on e a es e en a o o e su n .

F th or r mbl e su nrm u l ct m g t ic b t t ry t
e se e s an e n o o s e e ro a ne a e ,
a

wh ich t h r t ur ( it w r ) f t h l t i f rc fr m t h ci cuit
on e e n as e e o e so e c r c o es o e r

O f th l r y t m th y
e so a ut m t ic ll y c mmut t d d g i
s s e ,
e ar e a o a a o a e , an a a n

b c m l t i p w r N t h i g h b l t lt h ugh t h f rc
e o e so e c r c o e . o n as ee n os a o e o es

h v ch
a e g d t h ir t ur m y t im
an e e na e an es .

Th c duct r w h ich i c ry
e on m o f bridgi g t h s ne e ssa as a e an s or n e

a t m ph r os b v t h c i w t r p ut
e e a o e e o e an s a a e s o .

Th tw r li vi g pl t y h v t h r w t h i i t r c t i g
e o e e n an e s sa ,
a e o n e r n e se n

a rc v r t h f f ct d r
s o e H e vy cl ud f w t r f rm v rh d
a e e a ea . ea o s o a e o o e ea

c h rg d wit h p it iv f rc ;
a e h ll w c os ic l h p d t ub fir t
e o e a o o on a s a e e s

d v l p d h g d w w rd i cr i g it l gt h d w yi g
e e o s an an s o n a n e as n s en an s a n

a b ut i it d v ur t j i up wit h t h g t iv f rc O t f m
o n s en ea o o o n e ne a e o e . u ro

a gr t t urm il f w t r c
ea m rg fr m t h
o o d pr
a e t ly a on e e e es o e s e a, an e sen a

ju ct i i f rm d d h ug r t t i g c lum f w t r bl
n on s o e an a e o a n o n o a e ena es

th t r d
e s o e l t i f rc t p w y fr ly b v t h cl ud
so ec r c o e o as s a a ee a o e e o s .

Pr b bly t h r i
o a xc h g f f rc t h p it iv fr m l f t
e e s an e an e o o es e os e o a o

fl wi g d w i id t h p ut by c r f c duct i g xy g
o n o n ns e de s o a o e o on n o e n , an

th g t iv fl wi g upw rd by t h urf c f t h p ut
e ne a e o n a s e s a e o e s o .

P rh p t h r f ur t h f t h l gt h f t h w t r p ut i f f r h
e a s ee o s o e en o e a e s o s o es

cl ud w t r r t t i g r u d it c r f l ct rici t y
o a e o a n o n s o e o e e .

A f w x mpl e will b h lpf ul

e a es e e

O M y 1 7t h 1 8 96 t h b rk t i
n a Edit h S h r t
,
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f m M
ro S D mi g wit h ug r w b ut 20 mil f f
a coras , an o n o, s a ,
as a o es o

C p H tt r
a e a e as .
 30

b ut igh t cl ck i t h m i g ig h t w t r p u t w r
A o e o
’
o ,
n e orn n ,
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see n ppr c h i g t h v l
a oaTw f t h m 20 0 y rd
n p rt e e sse . o o e a s a a ,

es p ci lly t h t d t h h ip C pt i Mit ch ll t k t h wh l
e a rea en e e s . a a n e oo e ee ,

an d w t c h d h i cha c Th h i i g f t h p ut w d f i g
e s an e . e ss n o e s o s as e a en n .

Mit c h ll lu ff d f t h m ll t d k p t w y f t h bigg t
e e or e s a es ,
an e a a or e es .

Th f rm r h i
e o d ly 20 f t w y f m t h b w prit d it c r r d
e sse on . a a ro e o s ,
an a ee e

lik b ll
e a v r t h v l t h p r lm t pricki g t h t ur l
a o on o e e e s se , e s a s a os n e na a

w at erb ag .

Th e l rw
wid t t h t m d t h i imm
at t e wt ras 40 f t . e a e s e ,
an s e n se a e

s p ut p
o 1 0 0 y rd
as se d wi t h i
f p r t qu r t r n a s o o a e .

Th r w g d fr h br z
e e d as a w h fr m t h p ut oo es ee e , an no as o e s o s,
an d t h y ll bur t t l w rd
e a At 9 m th w shi i g d ll
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an a

il w r t
. .

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sa s e e se .

W m y t k t h t im
e 8 h
a r 20 mi ut m t pl c
a e d e e as ou s n es a . . a a e , an

as C p H tt r
a i i 75 W t h
e a Gr wich t im f ccurr c i
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fi h
ve r l t r y 1 h ur 20 mi ut p m
ou s a e ,
sa o n es . .

WA T E R S P O U TS .

C HA. T TE R A

S u b n ad /

l8 9 6

P it i f l t i b di t t im f ccur c
os on o so e c r c o es a e o o en e .

O A pril 28 t h 1 8 96 h ip b i g i 26 S d 46 W I t ic d
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.

l rg w t r p ut t l w rd d t r d d w t x mi it
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e d t h h ug d rk t w r f w t r p w rfully
e e u o an e e a o e o a e ,
o e

thr t i g w
e a en n ugh h w v r t i pi c ut i ; wh my
, as e n o ,
o e e ,
o ns re a on so en

fri d t h D ct r r m rk d t h t h i f w r x t r f
en e o o y f l wh e a e a s ees e e e a o r an oo o

w t m k yi g wit h w t r p ut I w t h llu i
en on e n d a a e s o ,
sa e a s on , an

t
s ee er df f ty or s a e .

Th r h d b c m ch rg d f u d y pr vi u ly by t h m
e a ea a e o e a e o r a s e o s e oon

wh en th qu t r d w M rcury d Ur u w r dr wi g
on e e a o ,
an no e an an s e e a n

Off t h urc h rg
e s a e .
 81

l8 96

Ap r / 7 25> 34 10
°

m .

Gre e n mea n J un e

F IG IS .

On A pril 24 t h at the m o on wa s p assin g vr o e the qu t r e a o

in 1 3 0
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fr m b v
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p it i
os on , 26 S
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,
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e a n .

A gi y r 1 900 N v mb r 3 0t h b ut 1 p m
a n, in t h e ea ,
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a o ,

th em w p i g t h qu t r d 95 W N dir d
o on as ass n f e e a o an
°
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an an ar c o

8 8 f ll v r B h i i Br zil
°
e o e a a n a .

T hi pr p r d urch rg d t h di t rict
s e a e or s a e e s .

O t h m r i g f D c mb r 2 d
n e l rg w t r p u t vi it d t h
o n n o e e e n a a e a e s o s e e

b y
a d p r d d t h h rb u
an a a c u i g muc h xi t y t t h v l
e e a o r, a s n an e o e e sse s

an c h r d b ut It t h pr c d d p c fully t
o e a o . gi en o ee e ea e o sea a a n .

Th imm di t c u
e w r giv b l w
e a e a se s e e as en e o

B OO
21 0
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Poe / 0 OP S O /e c f / vc b o d / 38

D e c em b e n 6 7-
4 /o /
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BA H IA

O
Z Z e n .

F IG . 16 .

x mpl
Th e e w giva rfr e, n o en , e e s to a vy r i t rm d cl ud
h ea a ns o an o
bur t w h ic h t k pl c t t h i l d
s oo a e a e s an of St . Vi c t C p V rd
n en , a e e es .
 32

l d li i t h mid t f t h rt h t t r d wi d d
Th e I s an es n e s o e no -
ea s a e n s an

th w t h r i u u lly m t u ly fi
e ea e s T h i r i t rm w
s a on o o n o s ne . s a ns o as

s udd d env r d c u d fl d i th t t f th t w
an se e e an a se a oo n e s ree s o e o n as

t h w t r ru h d d w f r m t h h il l
e a e s I
e w t h w t r m rk l f t
o n o e s . sa e a e a e on

th h u e t f ur f
o t h ig h
se s a d h rd t h t lif h d b l t
o ee an ea a e a e en os .

T h i lit t l t rm ct i g
s m ll i l d i
e s o impl ,
a n on a s a s an ,
s a s e n on

c mplic t d c
o It c m
a e b ut i i t h m r i g f
as e . a e on a o n ne n e o n n O

S p t mb r 1 9t h 1 90 0
e e e d l t d tw t hr ,
h ,
an as e o or ee o ur s .

Tu i g t S pt mb r 1 5 t h 2 h
rn n o w efi d th t th
e e ,
o ur s e n a e

m oo ni xt r m d cli t i
s on d giv
e w i g w h ic h t h
e e e na on , an es a a rn n ,
e

fir t di gr m illu t r t ; t h c d di gr m h w t h l t i
s a a s a es e se on a a s o s e so e c r c

p it i b ut t mi ut b f r t h t w t r t w r fl d d
os on a o en n es e o e e o n s ee s e e oo e .

54 5

FI G . 17 18 .

Tim W kly h t h f ll wi g
Th e es ee as e o o n

Lit t l Bucki g h m F rm lyi g r t h w t f S h h S u x

e n a a ,
n no -
es o o re a n r, s se ,

w as d v t t d S t urd y f t r
e as a e by w t r p ut i t h h ill
on a a a e n oon a a e s o n e s

a b v (July 6t h
o e A l rg c lum f w t r u h d l
,
g th a e o n o a e r s e a on e

v ll y i w h ich t h f rm li t ri g up t h cr p T w c t t g
a e n e a e s, ea n e o s . o o a es

t
s oo d i t h t r ck f t h fl d d t h i ccup t h d t b r cu d
n e a o e oo , an e r o an s a o e es e

f r m t h upp r wi d w
o e e n o s .

Th i m t b impl c
s see f b l ci g f rc t h r ug h t h
s o e a s e as e o a an n o es o e

ea rt h t h bi g id d t h m
e su n d S t ur e n th on on e s e an e oon an a n on e

o th r t h w t r p u t vid
e et ly w c ry c d c t r
a e s o e en as a n e e ssa on u o .
 33

J u nv 190 1

WA T E P S D O U r.

“
S o /e c f r /c b o d / es
‘
P C S / Ho n of a/

fi rms F/o o d
‘
lh e of fh e .

F IG . 19 .

Mr Edmu d C dl r Brit i h P
. R pr t t iv wit h t h
n an e s r e ss e e s en a e e

F rc i M p t mi writ i g A pril 1 3 t h 1 91 6 y
o e n e so o a a, n on , ,
sa s

Y t rd y ft r w h d
es e w t r p ut h il t rm d
a a e n oo n e a a a e s o ,
a a s o an a

h urric Th pr y w l pi g 4 f t h igh i t h Tigri

an e . e s d th
a as ea n . n e s , an e

S w i h
u m r h t h t d t c m i d j i t h riv r d fl d
a c a a s r ea en e o o e n an o n e e an oo

ou r c mp A b ut u t it br k i t
a . f rw rd t ch
o s d n se o e n o ou r o a r en es an

t h Turki h p i t i
e f ci g t h m w v f w t r c mi g v r t h
s os on a n e a a e o a e o n o e e

bu d lik w ll w mpi g k it r t i
n e a d tra ch i g t l S m
,
s a n ,
a on s an en en n oo s . o e

f t h Brig d righ t h d t wim ”

o e a e on ou r a o s .

Th x mpl lr dy giv h wi g quick m t h d f c mput i g

e e a es a ea en s o n e o o o n

as tr mic l p it i
on o will b uffici t Th f ll wi g
a os th
on s e s en . e o o n are e

p it i f t h i x mpl t t h t im t t d i di gr m
os on s or s e a e a e e s a e n a a

1 10 E ' '
Z
0
Z 8 40 N 5 \V ( 1 6 10 N
C ° ° °
(9
en . . . . . en .

12 W 1 9 29 N 1 11 E Z ° ’ °
Z 4 35 N ° ’ °
uen .
3 . . . . en .

3 9} E M '
S b 9 24 3 5 S C mb ° o ’
u . z en . . 1
; . o on s o n .

S b 4 1 9 55 S 961 E b t k J
° ’
u . z en . , .
1
. a W rac .

Su n Com b n
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s .
 84

d h m
ri l
. . .

Ap 12 O 20 G M T. . .

70 5

C B R I T IS H CA M P

f RA C K OF

Ha n a / c a A1 5

F IG . 20 .

1 91 6— H U B R IOA N E A N D W A TE R S P OU T, M E S OP OTA MI A .

P it i f l t i b di t
os on o so e c r c p m l c l t im A pril
o es a . o a e

1 2t h .Gr wic h m t im A pril 1 2t h

e en e an pm e .

Th th e pl t t 5 7 d v l p d w t r p ut d w
r ee an e s a e e o e a a e s o , an e se e

i thi c t ypic l x mpl u c mbi t i ru h i g cr ’

n s ase a f
a e a e o a s n s o na on s n a o ss

c u t ry t t h m
o n o c mbi t i (wh
e o on s
’
t t o f di t t ) d
na on en no oo ar s an an

thu c u i g
s a t r v lli g h urric
s n a a e n an e .

T h Bri t i h c mp w wi t h i t h h ric i flu c d wi t h
’
e s a as n e ur an e s n en e , an

J upi t r f rc i t i g muc h r i f ll w uld t k pl

’
e s o e s a ss s n a n a o a e ace .
 35

Te m p e st s .

PTER IV CH A .

M y y r g t h writ r b g t
an ea s rc h t t h c u
a o e f e e an o se a ou e a se s o

t rm
s o t s Th
a i qui y w pur u d i m y di ct i
se a . e n d r as s e n an re o n s an

r ult d i t h di c v ry f t h c u
es e n e t f
s o t rm b t
e rt h o e a se s , n o o s o s, u ea

qu k a d t h r i t r t i g ph
es an o m e n e es n en o en a .

S t rm d cycl
o w r t h fir t t t ck d d t h l t t b
s an on es e e e s a a e an e as o e

c pt ur d G l f wi d diffic l t t l c t d m rk f f
a e . a es o n t imar e u o o a e an a O on a e

t bl b c u
a e, th y g
e a r lly b gi gr du lly d xt d v r l rg
se e en e a e n a a ,
an e en o e a a e

r Cycl
a ea . m r d fi it t t im d pl c
o n e s are o ed thu l d e n e as o e an a e , an s en

t h m lv
e mr
se ily t t r t m t
es o e e as o ea en .

E rt h qu k wh ic h will b r rv d f
a a e s, fut ur c h p t er e e se e or a e a ,
are

l c
a so tr t d
o n ce n f f ct d ft a e l v t h i w r c rd
e e s, t an o en ea e e r o n e o s as o

pl ca e .

Ult im t ly by y t m f a e ly i it m y b pr ct ic bl t
,
a s s e o an a s s, a e a a e o

r c g i t h di t urbi g pl t by t h t ur f t h g l Ev
e o n se e s n w an e e na e o e a e . en n o

J pit r
u e b di g d by t h l rg r
c an e d c
a n o seti u c f e a e a ea an on n an e O a

t rm
s o d by t h an m u t f r i f ll whi c h cc mp i it Th
e a o n o a n a a o an e s . e

R m did t d ig t h im J pit r Pluviu wit h ut r

o an s no es na e ,
u e s, o e ason .

Di gr m (p g 3 6) illu t r t t h pp r t p t h f
a a a e d s a es e a a en a s o su n an

m o on v r t h r t h rf c
o e e ea
’
s su a e .

Th m r v lv t h i t t im r u d t h rt h wh il t h
e o on e o es r e en es o n e ea ,
e e

ea rt h i r v lvi g c r u d t h
s e o n on e o n e su n .

J upi t r i qu l t e y tw t h r pl
s e t i p w r f
a o l t i
an o o e an e s n o e o so e c r c

a ct i on Judg d by f f ct t h rt h t h pl t t k t h f ll wi g
. e e e s on e ea , e an e s a e e o o n

o rd r i r g rd t l t i p w r
e n e a o so e c r c o e .

Th i th e su n u c f upply s e so r e o s .

Th m i f fir t imp r t
e c o on s o s o an e .

Jupit r e .

V u en s .

M r d S t ur a s an a n .

Ur u d N p t u an s an e ne .

M rcury e .

F purp or f c lcul t i it i
o se s Oc ry t h v c r t i b a a on s n e e ssa o a e e a n ase s

to s a t r t fr m w h t h r t h c u o ,
f t rm e ugh t f
e p e a ses o a s o are so o r , or re

dict i i t h bj ct
on s e O e .

Th r f u t rt i g pl c fr m wh ic h t b gi t h c lcul t i
e e are o r s a n a es o o e n e a a on s ,

as m y b a t d fr m x mpl
e no e t f ll w o e a es o o o

(1 ) Th fir t i imp r t c i t h p i t i
e s f th m
n wh h o an e s e os on o e oon en s e

i wi t h i ( c d) f h x t r m d cli t i rt h
"
1 s n se o n o er e e e e na on n o or
 38

C A mo

4 0 n .

M a rc h 27 . o (in se a m - l im e
,

FI G . 21 .

Th r w e e wrig M rc h 27t h wh
as a a n n on a en the m oon w as
on xt r m d cli t i (fig
e e e e na on .

T h i fr qu t ly ccur d i v lu bl d c
s e en o s an s a a a e an on s id r e at e c u st o m
of th m e o on .

Th di p i t i f S t ur t h r w
e na r os on o a n o s an ar c o f 5 71} ovrb e ot h

Ur u d N p t u
an s an d t h c lcu l t i
e f p it i n e , an e a a on or os on is as f ll w
o o s

1 3 éN .

S at u rn posit ion
’
s
1 23 E .

l 5 3 R A M et
. . . .

22 5 R A s e 1;
. . .

H 20 G re e n M T M o on pos it ion Na
’
. . s .

O 20 . 12 E .

1 2 40 S
. . 1 2 40 N
. . 3 . 48 W . 57 W . Z en .

64 W . 1 16 E . 13 . 3 S .

o 4 °
N . an d 20 °
1h . 20 m . GM T. . .

w 1h . 53m .

23 . 37 S . 23 . 37 N 6 23

1 14 W .

Anne xd
e is a r pr
e i
e sen t at on f th r l t iv p it i o e e a e os on s of su n ,

m o o n , an d t hr e e pl an e t s w h ic h c u d t h t rm
a se e s o .

CA IR O fi M E .

FIG . 22 .
 39

O n t h e 2md J u n e, 1 90 1 , at 13 ho ur Gr s e en M t im
. e the m oon w as
xt r m d cli i S l g W
° ’ ”
in e e e e n at o n 20 3 9 25 . on .
,
7 .
, an d t he su n in
°
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J S u b z e n H/I .

75

J u ne

F IG . 23 .

An r
a e a at 96
°
W . is b c mi g c h rg d wit h p it iv
e o n a e os e so le ct r ic

f rc
o e .

u 6t h t h m il t m r Gu t m l
On J ne f th P cific
e a s ea e a e a a o e a

St m N vig t i C p d t h i v ry p t C p t i H rri
ea a a on O . asse s e s o . a a n a s, a

m t xp ri c d m t ld m t h t t rm f gr t f rc t ruck
os e e en e an , o e a a s o o ea o e s

th
“
e Gu t m l b ut 2 h m
a e a ath 7t h
”
t h t it w
a o . a . . on e so a as
,

ry t ur t h h ip d r duc p d Th r m rk bl
n e ce ssa o n se e s an e e s ee . e e a a e

f t ur w t h bli di g ligh t i g d t h d f i g t h u d r m d
ea e as e n n n n ,
an e e a en n n e a e

it imp ibl t h r h ut i g f t w h ur
’
oss w e o ea on e s o n s o n or o o s .

Evid t ly r li f c mbi t i h d rriv d v r t h c h rg d

en a e e o na on a a e o e e a e

sp t imult
o s u ly wit h t h G t m l
an eo s e ua e a a .
”

FIG 24 . .
 40

p it i
S o le ct ric t m l c l t im os on s a a . .
,
o a e .

Th t rm fi i h d i h
e s o yr i d quilibrium w t bli h d
n s e n e av a n ,
an e as e s a s e

a f t r t h i vi l t i t rc h
e s g f l t i f rc
o en n e an e O so e c r c o es .

Th Gu t m l h pp d t g t
e th
a ec t r l p rt fa a a en e o e n e ar e en a a o

t rm w hi c h mig h t h v h d r diu f 3 °
s o ,
a e a a a s o or

J l y 20t h f t h m y r t h writ r c u t r d t r ific

On u o e sa e ea e e en o n e e a e r

t mp t
e esd t m d 3 0 0 mil t w rd t h c t r wh ich l y ff t h
,
an s ea e es o a s e en e, a o e

w t t r c t S t r it f M g ll
es en an e o a s O a e an .

W it h t h h p f t ri g t h S t r i t b f r
e o igh t t h h ip w
e o en e n e a s e o e n ,
e s as

t
s ee e r d t wit h i t w mil f t h l d wh ich w diffi t t r c g i
o n o es o e an ,
as o e o n se .

B tw the e en w qu ll h w v r C p G rg w
e sn o s h ip a s, o e e ,
a e eo e as se e n , s

r lli g 5 0 d gr
o n e ees .

S udd ly t h t rm d v l p d
en furi u i t it y d c t i u d
e s o e e o e a o s n en s an on n e

as l t i g qu ll ;
a as n pr y w d h il w pi g l g i
s a se a s a ,
sn o an a s ee n a on n

bli di g h t
n n s ee s .

It b c m w equ t i f f t y l
a e no th h ip w
a h dd es on o sa e a on e , s o e s as ea e

O ff t h l d t t h we t w rd F t h fir t t im i my xp ri c I
e an ,
o e s a . or e s e n e e en e

f u d t h t t h h ip c uld m k
o n a pr gr g i t t h g l t h ugh
e s o a e no o e ss a a ns e a e, o

a h vy p w rful t m r Th r
ea o e w th t th s ea h d ri e . e e aso n as a e se a a s en s o

v rt ic ll y d h igh 60 it t h t t h pr p ll r c uld t b k p t
e a an as as ,
a e o e e s o no e e

i th w t r
n e S f m y h ur w t ck d t wit h
a e . o or t gl an o s e a e ou se a a an an e,

an d ch ea br ki g v r t h d ck
on e ea n o e e e s .

A d thu w b ttl d
n t h t Su d y
s igh t N xt d y ft r
e a e on a n a n . e a ,
a e

w t ch i g
a npp rt u it y t t ur t h h ip f ly mid t t h h ug
an o o n o n e s sa e a s e e

se as , w t m d i t t h S t r it
e s ea d t e d uprigh t c g i i
n o e a s , an s oo on e a a n n

s m th w t r I fi d th t
oo a e th 21 t
. c d St rm r i f rc d
n a on e s a se on o e n o e

th fi t e rsd w w r an r t h c t r f di t urb c
e e e n ea e en e o s an e .

Blw giv t w di gr m xpl t ry f t h i g l ; t h

e o are en o a a s e an a o o s a e e

se c d di gr m h w t h t c d c mbi t i f ll v r t h lr dy
on a a s o s a a se o n o na on e o e e a ea

r gi g di t ic t
a n s r .

Wh th m enc mbi t i c c t r t t di t c fr m
e oon s
’
o na on on en a es a a s an e o

th eu t h t h t rm cycl t r v l cr t h i t rv i g
s n s,
’
en e s o or on e a e s a o ss e n e en n

s p c t w rd t h m
a e o a if t h t w c mbi
s ti e t f
oon p rt e o o na o n s ar e n o ar a a

t h r ul t i u u lly gr
e es t fury i
s m ll r
s a ea n a s a a ea .

T i t c t h i t it y f t h t rm i t h i r gi I m y
o n s an e e n en s o e s o s n s e on a

r m rk t h t
e a cc i I r cu d 21 m e f f t h c t f C p
a on on e o as o n es e n o e o as o a e

G rgeo T h y w r t h cr w f m ll F c h t m r w hi c h h d
e . e e e e e o a s a re n s ea e a

b b dil y t h w h r d m h d up t h ly b it f d
e en o ro n as o e an s as e on e on o s an

b c h f m y mil
ea or an es .

T h cr w w r i e d p lig h t f t r 3 0 d y i
e e e c v pl t y f
n sa a e a s n a a e en o

w t r b t c rc ly y f d T h y h d l t c u t f t im d m
a e u s a e an oo . e a os o n o e an so e

wr l i gr
e e os n e as o n .
 42

g i cl t t h d g r u h r t h t d y t g t li
I h ad on e n o se o e an e o s s o e a a o e a ne

o f u di g d by c h c I w t h i ig l lit t l d h dk rc h i f
so n n s , an an e sa e r s na ,
a e re an e e

on th cliff T h t lit t l d t k flut t ri g i t h t l c p m t

e . a e re o en e n n e e es o e e an

th liv f 21 m
e es o en .

O m y im gi ne th i m t i wh t h y w
a a ig ne e r e o on en e sa ou r en s n

h i t d
o s e ig l t h y h d b
as a I h s d ft rw rd t h t
na e a een seen e ar a e a s a

E gli h flg t h w
.
,

t h y h ut d
e s o e v d f t h E gli h will
n s a en e are s a e ,
or e n s

ne vrl v e h r ea R p w r fl t d h r d th m w r
e us e e . o es e e oa e as o e an e en e e

pull d t h r ugh t h
e fi t o h ip b t e sur n o ou r s
’
s oa .

A ti w m y p rh p b
s a na muddly i m t h i g y t
on , e a e a s e n so e n s, e

I h v f a d t h t t h r t i h v c fid c i
e ou n a o e na on s a e on en e n us .

t h i pl c I l t c ll d Ev g l
N
r ea th s i t da e are e s e s a e an e s as, an on on e

f t h m Mr G rg S ligh t i r ct i g muc h dd
.

o e 1 8 96 w . eo e n as e e n a n ee e

ligh t h u by rd r f t h Ch il i G v r m t Mr S ligh t
o se , o e o e an o e n en . .

c ri d t gr t w rk t h r
ar e ou d d gru
a w rt h y f
ea o e e an a an e o s on e , o o

k ig h t h
n d oo

l p d t h I l t A pril 1 9t h 1 8 96 du i g g l wit h h vy
asse e s e on , ,
r n a a e, ea

se a i cr i g O t h igh t f t h 2ot h t h cr
n e as n . f lif t i g
n e n o e e an e or n

w igh t t r
e d buildi g m t ri l fr m t h
s, s o e s b t w c rri d
an n a e a o e o a s, as a e

a w y It w mb dd d i lid r ck t h Ev g li t I l t 5 0 f t
a . as e e e n so o on e an e s a s e .

a b v h igh w t r m rk wh
o e w v w pt a e r it d it w a ,
en a a e s e o ve ,
an as

n ot .

x x mpl i
Th e n e t E t I di cycl e h r ic
a d e s an as n an o n e or u r an e , an

t h fir t di g r m h w t w pr limi
e s a ry h i t t wh t w
a s mi g o s o e na n s as o a as co n .

Th r w i t im t i
e e f th mi g t rm 1 1 d y pr vi u
as an n a on o e co n s o a s e o s

to th v t d g i w r i g wit h m g t ic di t urb c f ur
e e en ,
an a a n a a n n a ne s an e o

dy bfr
a s e o e .

Th gr t M urit iu h urric wh ic h ccurr d t h m r i g

e ea a s an e o e on e o n n

o f A pril 29t h 1 8 92 c u d t h d th f ,
pr d i jur d ,
a se e ea o e son s an n e

O thi d f th t w f P r t L ui w
n e- d t y d d 24
r o e o n o o o s as e s ro e an

c h urc h wr ck d B r m t r f ll t
es e ll v l i t h h rb ur
e . a o e e e o a e sse s n e a o

w t h r
en w r d m g d d t h wi d t t i d v l cit y f
as o e , or e e a a e ,
an e n a a ne a e o o

1 1 2 mil p h ur Th
es r i f t d A pril 25 t h t r g
er o . e s ea o se n n e ee ,
an on ,
s on

m g t ic di t urb c w r t ic d wh ich c t i u d f t h r d y
a ne s an es e e no e ,
on n e or ee a s,

an d t h 28 t h t h r w
on vivid di pl y f ligh t i g
e e e as a s a o n n .

Wh t pict ur f F rc l t l
a a P pl w r buri d i t h ir e o o e e o ose . eo e e e e n e

h u o m kill d i t h t r t wit h flyi g m ry d pi rc d wit h

se s , en e n e s ee s n aso n an e e

i r il T h r w r m bl w t d t h g i t w ll
r on a s . e e d tr e e en o n o ea a a ns a s , an e es

cu t i t w by fl yi g pl
n k M w r dr w d by t h ru h i g
o n an s . en e e o ne e s n se a,

ll v l i t h h rb ur w t h r rd r t h t h ip ”
an d a e sse s I n e a o en as o e . n o e a s s

m y a t b wr ck d by
no h ip br ki g
e drif t d d g ri g
e e on e s ea n a an en an e n

t h r t by c lli i
e es ll f t h m m rdh d d t r dt
o s on , a o e are oo e ea an s e n an o

ea ch t h r A t y r t du i g my vi it t h t w t h cu t m
o e . an a e, r n s s a as e s o .
 43

Righ t w ll w r t h y m r d i /92 f t h y ll w t h r
e e e e oo e n , or e a en as o e

t g th r i thi i t
o e e nc s n s an e .

A d wi t h t h t pic t ur
n f wil d vi l c i m m ry wh t
a w e o o en e n e o a c an e

sa y t pr f r d t c h r wh t ill i t ruct t h t t h c u
o o e sso s an ea e s o s ns us a e a se

f t rm i t d t m ph r
,

o s o h s s a ea e a os e e

Th i b c m h
e a r t d by c t c t wit h t h gr u d
e o es d ri ea e on a e o n an s e s,

th c ld i r pl c it d c u wi d
en o a r e a es an a ses n .

S m t im o w e t ld t h t c
es t r ry curr t bl wi g l
e ar e o g id a on a en s o n a on s e

ea c h t h r pr duc t rm
o e o e s o s .

A xc ll t ci t ific w rk
n e e en t h r m t t r t w ddl
s en thu o on o e a e s a es s

C u a f W i d — Wi d
se s o pr duc d by di t urb c f t h
n s n s are o e a s an e o e

a t m ph r os di t urb c lw y r ult i g fr m diff r c i

e e a s an e a a s es n o a e en e n

t mp r t ur b t w dj c t c u t ri ”
e e a e e e en a a en o n es .

I t h t m t l v ly i l
n a d M urit iu t h gr u d i u u lly h t
os o e s an ,
a s, e o n s s a o

an d i th
so i b t h urric
s h
e a r, b t d t h m lv f
u wh l an e s av e a se n e e se es or a o e

y r t t im
ea a Wh y t h vi id lig h t i g t h d y b f r
es . d d ri g
e v n n e a e o e an u n

t h h urric
e if it w r m r ly
an e , qu t i f h t e e e e a es on o ea .

S l t i m y h lp
o e c r cs ; d c pt i l r d i t h t h ry
a e us an a a a n ea ne n e eo

w uld i A pril 1 8 92 t t h M urit iu h v b c m xi u ft r

o n , ,
a e a s a e e o e an o s, a e

no ti g th hi t c
n v y d by t h p it i
e n s A pril 1 7t h
on e d 24 t h
e e os on s o n an .

O A pril 1 7t h 22 h ur 5 3 mi ut
n th m w t xt r m o s n e s, e oon as a e e e

d cli t i 27 1 8 N 8 8 E dir d t h 24 t h 1 2 h r 1 8
e na on ,
° °
. na ,
an on e ,
ou s

mi ut t h m
n e s, cl t t h qu t r w i c ju ct i wit h
e o on o se o e e a o as n on n on

J upi t r e .

Ex t r e m e Dec

M
On /7 AP P I /.

WA R N IN G S

FIG . 27 .

Th e c pt i
a a n s ne
’
xt t p w uld b t
s e o e o find the s o le c t ric p it i os on s

wh e n su n d m
an o on w r 5 74 fr m ch
e e
°
o ea ot h e r Th i. s ha pp d en e on
A pril 2l s t 20 h ur o s 1 0 mi u t Gr nm es e en . e an t im e .
 44

WA Q N IN G

l d t ill pp
A s t h e is t b than t d it i prud t t
s a e ar s o e re a e n e ,
s en o

c lcul t p it i f t h t im w h m i 8 8 fr m M u i t iu
a a e os on s or e e en oon s
°
o a r s,

b c u t t h t t im t h h urric will d v l p T h t t im i f d
e a se a a e e an e e e o . a e s ou n

t b by c lcul t i
o e A pril 28 t h 1 6 h ur 5 mi u t
a a Gr m t im
on o s n es ee n . e an e .

Th c pt i dr wi g t h
e a di gr m b l w t c l w uld
an on a n e a a e o o s a e o

di c v r t h x ct d t f h urric
s o e e e rriv l d t h t it w ul d p
a a e o an e s a
’
a an a o as s

ov r t h h rb ur Wh m t h v b
e e a o t d w. m ri g en as s a e e en se n o n, oo n s

ex mi d d f d r p t v r I c id r t h i g m r
a ne an en e s b u o e ,
on s e no n o e can e

d t h t pr vi i
on e anb t l d t h cr w d c mp 5 0 f t b v
o o s on a oa ,
an e e an a . a o e

se al v l d t h r w it r l t N u ful w rk
e e ,
an e e b d a a e su s . o se o can e on e

duri g t h h urric
n e an e .

RQ S It l o n of S o lec f n c b o d /e s at
"
7
Ap r// 28 15 5 Gm e n m U m e
s u n a nd

72 k

FIG . 29 .

MA UR IT I US H URR ICA N E .

T h h urric i i pr gr f m ( ) u c mbi i w e st
’
e an e s n o e ss ro a s n s o n at on o n

s id t (b ) m
e c mbi t i
o t id
oon s
’
o na o n o n e as s e .

Th x t x mpl i fr m t h Ch i
e ne e a e s o e n a se as .
 46

5 0 6 00 0 5 2

rb n
’
r9 .

153 0 2 4 23 .

ta ) S u n k Co rn b m at /o n

WA ve n a o IJ N E 0 1 6k 0 ‘t
yp hoon
177 ”

F IG . 31 .

Th e t yp h
rt d t ( ) O c t b r 1 l t h t t h
oo n st a e a a on o e ,
o e e ast w rd a of

t h P h illipi t r ck t h I l d t h 1 2t h d p rt 1 3 t h , t h en
‘

e n es , s u e s an s on e an a of

p d v r t h Ch i
asse o e m t i g t h P O t m r ff
e n a se a , ee n e . . s ea e o t h e P ar acel s
on O c t b r 1 4 t h t fi i h t (b )
o e fur t h r w t
,
o n s a ,
or e es .

xt x mpl i t h t f G lv t wh r
Th e ne e a e p pl w r s a o a e s on e e eo e e e

kill d by t h h urric
e f S p t mb r 8 t h 1 900
e an e o e e e , .

Th c t e f L ui i
o as s o d T x uff r d dr dfull y l t h
o s an a an e as s e e ea ,
a so e

t w
o r th
n s n ea Th w t r f t h Gulf r
e se a . h ig h t h t m y e a e o e o se s o a an

i h bit t w r w p t t t
n a an s e e sby th fl d w h ich i u d t d t h
e ou o se a e oo s n n a e e

t w
o d th u
n s , an d f buildi g d t r y d
o san s o n s es o e .

S uc h ri u t mp t w c rt i t giv w r i g t h r f r
a se o s e es as e a n o e a n n ,
e e o e,

w r f r t
e e eS p t mb r 2 d t h ir t
o e h u e t w h ic h t im t h
e m n , e en o r s, a e e o on

w t x t r m d cli
as a e ti e e e na on .

M x t r m d cli t i i c v i t b i f c lcul t i
o on s e
’
e e e na on s a on e n en as s or a a on ,

b t it i
u t v ry ccur t
s no It i
e dvi bl t ll w t im f
a mv
a e . s a sa e o a o e or a o e

m t f t w c d it h r w y O r
en o o s e on i t h t t h N u t ic l Al m
se e c a . ne e ason s a e a a an a

does n ot giv t h m m t f me rriv l t gr t t D cli t i

e o en it o o on s a
’
a a ea es e na on

giv t h d cli t i f
es e c h h ur S m t im t h m h g
e na on or e a o . o e es e o on an s an

h ur
o h ig h t d cli t i
on t h u c h rgi g
es l rg r
e na th rt h on s a n a a e a e a as e ea
 47

r u d r it d givi g ly v gu i t im t i
o t at e s n e t pl c f
an n on a a e n a o n as o a e o a

co mi g di t u b c T h r f r wh t h b i f
n s r t anm 5 7g—e . e e o e, en e as s o su n o o on
o

c an b u d it i
e g d c firm t i
se P rh p i t h fut ur w m y
,
s a oo on a on . e a s n e e e a

fin d rul wh ic h will h ld g d t t h t im
a e d m di t c o oo a e e s u n an oon s
’
s an e

is 8 8

IS OO

'

Po s it ao n s 8 t
H M
na
g
Sep 2 00

'

Gr e e n m hma .

l
s
WA R N I N G

20 0

21 3 5 2 E ): Dea n

FI G . 32 .

l sr W A R N IN G .

M O ON AT E D
X T RE M E E CLI N A TIO N .

B ut n o w, Na t ur e sen d v ry d fi it w r i g wh
s us a e e n e a n n e n s u n an d

m o o n are at f or the ir vi l t rc t righ t v r t h

o en a s ou o e e Ga lv est o n

r
a ea .

IS OO

t r
S ep 4 l? 35 GM T
~3
. .

Su f k7d

nd

2 WA R N IN G

F IG . 33 .

2N D W A RN IN G .

xt di gr m h w t h di p it i f t h l t i b di
Th e ne a a s o s e s os on o e so e c r c o es

wh t h h urric
en h d v l p d f ll f rc — w h ic h l t d fr m
e an e as e e o e u o e as e o

6 h ur p m u t il 9 h ur p m l c l t im
o s . . n o s . . o a e .

Th u c mbi t i c t r t t h
e s t w rd f t h
n s
’
m
o na on en es o e e as a o e o on s arc
’

f 8 8 w h ic h i i t d by M r d curv l g t h c t f T x
°
o s a ss s e a s , an es a on e o as o e as .

Th r e e f ur pl t j i d up wit h t h
are o th t rm u
an e s o ne e su n so a en o o s
 48

s o le ct ric ru h i g l g t h c t f ll wi g t h m
f o r ce is curv
s n a on e o as o o n e o on s
’
e .

A t id l w v a w r p rt d f v r 1 5 f t N d ub t t h r w
a e as e o e o o e . o o e e as

an e a rt h qu k d i g t h h u ic
a e ll l t i b di
ur n wr ggd e rr an e as a so e c r c o es e e en a e

e xc p t i g M rcu y d V u
e n d th
e c t w uld i k d ri
r an en s, an e o as o s n an se

g i wit h
a a n w v m ti Th aw v r d li a e o on . e a e e ne m on

di gr m h w t h t r ck f t h t rm
a a s o s e a o e s o .

Th t w w r i g w r v ry g
e o d b t h t t im d pl c
a n n s e e e oo o as o e an a e .

T h i t r ibl h ur ic i fi x mpl f t h l t i t h ry
s e r e r an e s a ne e a e o e so e c r c eo

an d it h w s l th t th
o h d t im t g t t h ig h l
s a so d wy
a e a e o e o an ,
or a a

f r m th c
o t eft r t h d cid d w r i g S pt mb r 4 t h
oas ,
a e e e e a n n on e e e .

m' f n s

S ep '
f "
a /2 3 2 am
‘
Local 6 /2 p m

Hu rr ic a ne at Ga lv e s t o n a nd C o a s t o F Te x a s
IO O O O K illed S o le c t lc co n d i t l n d u r in
h u rr lc a n
‘
g g

F IG . 34 .

H U RRICA N E AT G A LV E S T ON AND COA S T OF T EXAS .

K ILLE D . S OLE CTRIC CON D ITI ON D U R IN G H U RR ICA N E .

l rg v lum c uld b fi ll d wit h x mpl f g l

A a e o de o e e e a es o a es an

h urric wh ich h v b g t h r d t g t h r duri g l g c h f

an es a e e en a e e o e e n a on se ar or

t h ir c
e au ses .

A t ypic l E gli h t rm d aN wf u dl d blizz rd will

n s s o an a e o n an a ,

h w v r c
o e clud t h i c h p t r t mp t
e ,
on e s a e on e es s .

O N v mb r 1 1 t h 1 8 91 t h
n o w it r w h ld up i t h g d
e e , ,
e r e as e n e oo

s h ip G lici by f i u g l — t h c t r f wh ic h p d up
a a a ur o s a e e en e o asse

S t G rg Ch l d p t t h Fir t h f F rt h b r m t r
’
. eo e s an n e an on as e o o ,
a o e e

L vi g Liv rp l rly t h 1 2t h f B rd ux t h v y g w
ea n e oo ea on e or o ea e o a e as

suffi ci t ly liv ly t
en bl m t upp r t t h vid c f it f rc
e o en a e e o s o e e en e o s o e

wh ich m y b g t h r d fr m t h Tim
a h rt l t
e xda e e o e es c a e ann e e .
 49

On N o v mb r
e e u p m th m
6t h , 1 tt i d xt r m ho r . . e o on a a ne e e e
d cli t i
e na o n , an d th di gr m will h w
e c mp ri g it wit h t h
a a s o ,
on o a n e
c h rt l t h
a e ,
ow a ccur t t h i w r i g w f ur d y i dv c
a e s a n n as, o a s n a an e .

l8 9 l ~

No v G M T?

D/S /E H CG S un to 5 54
Z e a/M an d S ub Z e n /f h

pa s /W60 3 9 / v3 p a s /b ar; / b/ s z en

d h m
”
N o r/ 6 0 56 GM T l8 9l

‘
40 5 5 25 44 8

0 55
/6
‘
5 1 S UN .

'
12 [8 3 1 an d 16 6

t o (b / t o Fg a /e ma r k e d
/?j
c rac k

ou t 4 d ay s a d va n c e

WA R N IN G S

F IG S . 35 36 .

Th e gl a e st a rt d e on N o v e n b er l 0 t h , 1 8 91 , in 4 7
°
N . 13
°
W . by
c lcul t i
a a th cr d t h r wi t h J upi t r d M r t 6 p m
on , as e su n o s se e e e an a s a .

B f r l vi g t h i ubj ct f t mp t it will b dvi bl t

e o e ea n s s e o e es s e a sa e o

t t th g
s a e r l pi i f m t r l gi t
e en e a w th r o th t th
n on o e eo o o s s on ea e so a e

r dr
ea e d cid fr m t h cl r
c an f th i
e xpl t i t h v lu
e o e e a n e ss o e r e an a on s e a e

of th rgum t f ut h rit y d w ig h t h m g i t t h l t i
e a en s o a o ,
an e e a a ns e so e c r c

th ry i t h b l c f c mm
eo n e d m t h m t ic
a an es o o on se n se an a e a s .

M t r l gy mu t t k h pl c t h e m t ig r t f ll t h
e eo o o s a e er a e as os n o an o a e

sci cen d blu h u t il

e s , an wm m h th b r m t r th f d
s n ne en s as e a o e e as e ou n a
 50

t i on of w
r k wl dg e at d t r t it m r ly
he no t i th
e e, an ea e e as a s on e n e

s t r c t uru t h i k t h i w it r
e so n s s r e
“
.

Th f ll wi g rt icl t k fr m t h Ch r icl
e o o n a L d e a en o e on e, a on on

p p r i 1 91 0 m y b l k d up
a e ,
n ,
up t d t a e oo e on as o a e

T H E W H Y O F TH E W E A T H ER .

S OME P O P UL A R F A LL A CI E S CO RRE CTED .

By A M t r l gi t e eo o o s .

T h r i qu t i t h t f
e e s no r t h r ll
es rt h r
on a or o n e e a so n or an o e a no e n

Eur p t h i umm r m t b w t h r m d Th m i t h t r t
o e s s e s ee s o e ea e a . e an n e s ee

as w ll t h t lk r i t h m r i g t r i wh d
e as e a e t k w mt r
n e o n n a n o oe s n o no a e eo o

l gic l h wk fr m h d w h h i pi i b ut wh t i c ll d t h
o a a o a an sa ,
as s o n on a o a s a e e

u u u l t h u p c d t d t h b rm l w t h r t h ugh h d
n s a ,
e n re e en e , e a no a ea e , o e oe s

no t uc h p li t t rm i h i d m i g cl ific t i
u se s o e Wit h i t h
e s n s a n n ass a on . n e

l t t w y r t h di p it i f t h v r g m t
as o ea s e kf c
s os on o e a e a e an o see or au s e s

e v r f ci t i g pur uit i wh ich f c t uri t h u ff di g m

e a as na n s ,
n or en es e no en n o on

h as pl y d t h l di g p rt f u p ct — h l d t h i c ct i g
a e e ea n a o s s e as e o s on n e n

e v ry t r t ri l d c l t i l v t fr m t h M i
e e res a an rt h qu k f
e es a e en o e e ss n a e a a e o

H ll y v ry di pp i t i g d f t u u c m t f 1 91 0 wit h
’
1 90 8 t o a e s e sa o n n an a o s o e o ,

th c ll d p culi r w t h r t h t h pr v il d
e so - a e e a ea e a as e a e .

Th xt r rdi ry f c t i t h t w h il t h m t ridic l u t h ri
e e ao na a s a e e os u o s eo es

ar e c mpl c t ly cc p t d i circl i t llig t i v ry t h r r p ct

o a en a e e n es n e en n e e o e es e ,

m t r l gi t t h w rld
e eo o o s s w r v r i uch g r l gr m t
e o e v er e e ne e n s en e a a ee en

as t g rlcu
o en e a d it i p ci lly u f rt u t t h r f r t h t
a se s , an s es e a n o n a e, e e o e, a

w h il t h ci c f m t r l gy i umi g m w h t f t h x c t
e e s en e o e eo o o s ass n so e a o e e a n e ss

an d u ty s f th
re i t r ci o th g r l public h uld wi t h
e s s e s en c e s , e en e a s o

a vidit y t k up t h v ry l t t m h i fr m
a e mb
e e a es o on s n e- o -
eu cu er

S ugg t i es d cc p t it
on an g p l t rut h a e as os e .

FL A MMA R IO N S W E A T H ER T H E O RY ’
.

Ju t w f i t c p pl i F c d i E gl d
s no ,
or n s an e, eo e n r an e an n n an ar e

b c mi g xci t d v r t h xpl t i giv

e o n e e to p it iv ly w
e e e an a on en ou as os e ne ,

o rigi l d t r t li g by C mill Fl mm ri
na ,
an s a d h i f ll w r t h t
n a e a a on an s o o e s, a

th ew t h r f w t r Eu p i br w d i t h U it d S t t
ea e o es e n d ro e s e e n e n e a e s , an

th t th r c
a t c ld
e e d w t p ll i F
en c d E gl d
o an dir c t e S e s n r an e an n an ar e a e

r ult f t h pr v l c f h t w v
es o e e t h N r t h A m ric
a en C ti
e o t o a e s on e o e an on n en .

A ll t h i h b s t ast wi t h muc h p mp
e e n se d ci cum t c f c bli g
ou o an r s an e o a n

b ck d f r t h t A m ric wit h t h pub lic t i f muc h w p p r

a an o o e a, e a on o ne s a e

c mm t f r ig d E gli h w h ic h w ul d m t i di c t t h t t h
o en ,
o e n an n s ,
o se e o n a e a e

ne w t h ry w eo c t ribut i f w igh t wh ich c ll d t f

as a on on o e a e ou or a

s up i s f judgm t
en s o n cc u t f it gr t d m m t u
o en on a o n o s ea an o en o s

n v ol t y e .

N w m t im v ci t ific p t i c c
o ,
so e t
es eb vi t u en s en a en e e ase s o e a r e,

th gh t h dmir bl Bri t i h r t r i t f t h M t r l gic l O fii

ou e a a e s es a n o e e eo o o a ce
 51

en a bl it t rviv
es o t h r fl urry f fl
su ig h t y ci c wit h ut v
e an o e o s en e o e en

t ki g t im t
a n xpl i t h xpl t i
e o e Si c a n h w v r m y
e e an a on . n e, o e e ,
so an

p pleo t ki g t h l t t Fl mm ri
e ar e a n th ry ri ly it m t
e a es a a on eo se ou s se e s o

m t h t it i t im t
e a y t h t wh t v r w
s e o sami gly v l i it a ,
a e e as se e n no e n ,

th t i
a th s, t w rd d if t
e e as f w th r i a t w t ll ;
r w h il t h o ea e ,
s no ne a a e e

furt h r d v l pm t f t h i upp d v l t h ry i t
e e e o en o x ct d s s o se no e eo n o an e a an

r cipr c l r l t i h ip b t w t h h t w v f t h U it d S t t
e o a e a on s e e en e o a es o e n e a es

an d t h c ld w t umm r f t h Eur p
e o ,
e C ti
s t i imply m i
e o e o e an on n en ,
s s s

t ti g
s a n c dit i w ll u d r t d b ) y A m ric
a on on e Eur p n e s oo
- r an e an or o e an

m t r l gi t f y t di g
e eo o o s o an s an n .

Th r l gi t f t h w t h r i t u t i
e ea s i thi
O d it h uld r
e ea ur e s a on s s , an s o e ass e

an y Fr c h en E gli h cit iz wh f r y A m ric i v i t h r

or n s en o e a s an e an n as o n o e

th an th t f d ll r — l t
a o It i o t r lly t ru t h t ll t h w t h r
a s z s s e e na e a a e ea e

m v m t i t h N rt h r h mi p h r rt h f t h Tr pic c m fr m
o e en s n e o e n e s e e no o e o s o e o

w tt es t 2 d
o e as T h t i t h N rt h A t l t ic B i p cific lly t h
n a n e o an as n S e a e

h t w v
o i t h U it d S t t
a es n d t h w t w t h r i Fr
e n e c th
a e s an e e ea e n an e are e

r ul t f t h v ry m pr di p i g c u
es o e e T h i pr di p i g
sa e e s os n a se . s e s os n

c u w h ic h i t h U it d S t t m if t it lf i t h f rm f h t
a se , n e n e a es an es s se n e o o a o

wv a d i th
e , an l t it ud i t h f rm f t h pr v ili g m i t ur
n e se a es n e o o e e a n o s e

l d c ic wi d i t h v ry f mili r t r pic l h igh pr ur r

a en o e an n s, s e e a a o a e ss e a e a,

or , it i c ll d i
as s th t rmi a e l gy f t h m t r l gi t t h
n e e no o o e e eo o o s s, e

Atl t ic
an t i cycl an Th h t w v i t h U i t d S t t
-
on e . th r f re o a e n e n e a es, e e o e,

d o es n ot c u dir c t ly i di c t ly c t r t i g t t f w t h r i
a se e or n re a on as n s a e o ea e n

W t r Eu p
es e n i c it i it lf
ro f f ct
e, s n f th g e r l c dit i s se an e e o e en e a on on ,

b t th
u b rm l w t h r t h r d h r — h t d m i t d c ld
e a no a ea e e e an e e o an o s ,
an o

an d w t— i e imply d t t h p r i t c f h igh pr r i t h
s s ue o e e s s en e o e ssu es n e

su b t r pic l b l t
-
o f t h G ulf S t t
a e d t h M id A t l
s o t ic
e a es an e -
an .

T H E A ER I A L FL O W L IN E S .

S l g t h pr ur c t i u h igh i t h Gulf S t t
o on as ese e ss d es on n e n e a es an

o v r t h A t l t ic fr m t h B y f Ch rl t t S p i
e e an o l g wi ll
e a o a e s on o a n , so on

th r b
e e t up e v r t h U it d S t t t h d dly ut h t rt h
se o e e n e a es e ea so -
o -n o

ae ri l circul t i wh ic h i lw y t h f ct r d f t ur f t h A m ric
a a on s a a s e a o an ea e o e e an

h t w v
o aA d e l g t h h igh pr
n so t
on d t bc m as e se e ssur e s en o e o e

ph r g S ut h f E gl d d tr l
'

fi d
xe th
,
as t th e ase o es, o e o o n an an cen a

o v r t h A z r wit h m r
e e o es l xc iv l pr ur o e or e ss e es s e s e ason a e ss e s, so

l g will t h i b lt f h igh pr r — t h A t l t ic t i cycl

on s e o e ss u e e an an -
on e

c u w t rly wi d v r w t r Eur p wit h ll t h c qu c

a se es e n s o e es e n o e a e o n se en es

no e t d thi y r dl t
s ea th m i t ur l d wi d r c h r gi
an as ,
as e o s e- a en n s ea e on s

f v
a r bl f c d t i
ou a e or on e n sa on .

M r v r wh o eo e ft h pp
, th
en , Atl as t ic h ig h
so O en a en s, e se an

pr u wh ic h gr t ri l v rt ic wit h d w w d d ut w rd
e ss re s , ar e ea ae a o es o n ar an o a

m t i h w lit t l cill t i i t h i c t r ( h b t ru r c t ly
o on , s o e os a on n e r en e as as een e e en
 52

as r v l d i t h pl did h yd gr p h ic c h rt f t h M t l ig l
e ea e n e s en ro a a s o e e e oro o ca

O f fic f eth w k f J u
or 3 ot h t
e July 6) t h y l t d t h ld p
ee o ne o e a so en o o u

th m r bri k t rly m v m t f t h gr t t r v lli g ddi

e o e s e as e o e en o e ea a e n e es

(cycl d
on e s ant i cycl ) d pr v t t h
an -
v ri t i i w t h r
on e s an e en e se a a on s n ea e

c h g w hich giv v ri t y d r li f fr m t l g r ig f it h r
an es e a e an e e o a oo on e n o e e

w t w th r
e ea f h t w v e or o o a es .

N w o f th m t f
,
on e o ci t i g c h pt r f m t r l gy i t h t
e os as na n a e s o e eo o o s a

w h ic h r v l t h gl b e ea s rr u d d by e vlp f i v y
o e as su o n e an en e o e o a r, e er

w h r ct i g d c t i g t h t t h r i p rt f t h gl b t h t
e e a n an re -a n ,
so a e e s no a o e o e a

is no t i dir c t r l t i wit h t h r p rt i ;
n e e a d p r t icul r l y i
on o e o on s an ,
a a n

th r t h r H mi p h t h r i t h i g
e no e n e s b rbi g t h t udy
er e , e e s no n so a so n as e s

o f th g et ci cum p l r wirl f r m w t t
r ea r -
t fr m A i t
o a th s o es o e as o s a o e

P cific d f m t h P cific t t h N rt h A m ric C t i t fr m

a ,
an ro e a o e o e an on n en ,
o

t h N r t h A m ric
e o C ti t t th Atl
e an t ic d fr m t h A t l
on t ic
n en o e an ,
an o e an

to Eur p d o r u d A d it i t h c h g i t h p t h f
e , an so o n a o n n s e an es n e a o

wirl t h v ri t i i t h ri l flw li
.

t h i gr s t ea s ,
e t h t bri g
a a on s n e ae a o n e s, a n

a b ut t h v ri t i i li m t d i w t h r fr m y r t y r
o o se a a on s n c a e an n ea e o ea o ea

wh ich m i xplic bl M r v r t h c h g i t h p t h
se e so ne a e . o eo e ,
e an es n e a s

an d th c h r c t r f t h i wi l w h t h r luggi h m r r pid
e a a e o s s r ,
e e s s or o e a ,
or

m r rt h rly m r ut h rly
o e no e d t rmi d t ir ly by t h
or o e so e ,
ar e e e ne en e e

v ryi g pr ur f t h g t b t r pic l ri g f h igh pr ur

a n e ss es o e r ea su -
o a n s o e ss e .

All t h i i t ru s f th
s ut h t mp r t z
e o d f t h t r pic l i t r
e so e e a e o n e , an o e o a n e

d p d c ; f i t c f A u t r li
e en en e or d I di
n s an d th S ut h
e, o s a a an n a an e o

A f ic r an d th A
se as a n bi D ugl A rc h ib ld d t h r
e ra an s e as , a s o as a an o e

Brit i h m t r l gi t h v l g i c p i t d t
s e eo o o s s a e on s n e o n e ou .

W h t m t r l gi t f t d y
a e eo o o th r f r g g d i cl ri g
s s o o a are e e o e en a e n ea n

up i t t h c s no c t i b t w t h w t h r ll r u d t h gl b
e on n e on e ee n e ea e a o n e o e

( i c t h i i r v l d v ry d y i t h
s n e s s e y p t ic c h rt f t h w h l
ea e e e a n e s no a s o e o e

N r t h r H mi p h r pr p r d by t h U i t d S t t
o e n e s e e W t h r Bur u
e a e e n e a es ea e ea

d i t h i c u t ry w kly h rt w ll i t h G rm d
’
an n s o n s ee c a s , as e as n e e an an

Fr c h public t i ) b t i fi di g t t h c u f t h y rly
en a on s ,
u n n n ou e a se o e se ea

v ri t i
a a f pr
on s ur w h ic h
o f uc h imp rt c t t h gr t
e ss e, are o s o an e o e ea

civi li d t i t h t liv i t h
se na on s rt h r h mi p h r
a d wh e n e no e n e s e e, an o se

cr p d bu i
o s an ff c t d by t h
s n e ss are a xt r m w h ic h p ibl i e e e e e es ar e os s e n

an y giv y r en w ll eak w t
,
as gri f A d ite i t a uc h no o our e . n s o s

pr bl m t h t m lik L cky r d t h U it d S t t S p ci li t
o e s a en e o e an e n e a es e a s s

u d r Willi L M r h v d v t d d d v t i g t h ir t t t i
n e s . oo e a e e o e an are e o n e a en on .

TH E G ULF S TRE A M M Y T H .

U f rt u t ly f n o na e ,
so ar as the pub lic i c c r d t h qu t i
s on e ne , e es on as

r g rd t h w t h r f r m t h
e a s e ea e o e No r t h A t l t ic i muc h c fu d wi t h
an s on se
 54

m h i m f cycl
Th e ec d t icycl
an s i t ill f o fr m on e s an an on e s s s ar o

b i g d r t d O b rv t i
e n un e s oo h w th t ch cyc l
. h se a on s o s a ea on e as an

t icycl t icycl cycl t dir c t ly b v it

'

an d h
o n e , an e ac an on e a on e , n o e a o e ,

b t u m wh t t
so e id b t t h rigi t i g c u i c r t i ly t
a o on e s e u e o na n a se s e a n no

c on v ct i e on .

It i w ll t t h i p i t t r c ll t h
s e xt r m c mpl xit y f t h
a s o n o e a e e e e o e o e

c di t i
on W h v a
on s . ult f t h t mp r t ur gr di t
e a e s a res o e e e a e a en ,
a

t end cy f (1 ) upp r curr t f w rm i t m v t w rd t h

en or an e en o a a r o o e o a s e

pl d (2)
o e s , an u d r curr t f c ld i t m v t w rd t h qu t r
an n e en o o a r o o e o a s e e a o .

Th f rm r wh ic h i t h d mu t upply t h l t t r (
e o e ,
n r t ur e en s s e a e as a e n

curr t ) i (3 ) driv b ck i t l w r l t it ud by t h f rc d t t h
en s en a n o o e a es e o es ue o e

ea rt h r t t i ’
s o a on .
‘

W w ll im gi t h t wh r ll t h f rc
e can e vig r ly
a ne a e e a e se s o e s are o o us

a t w rk o curr t wil l t flw p f lly v r t h t h r b t t h t

,
on e en no o e ac u o e e o e , u a

c t t br ki g up d d w i t t r m
o n s an ea n tr k will ccur
an o n n o s ea s or s ea s o

a t v ri u l v l
a o th t tr
s m m y flw i pp it di c t i
e e s, so a ids ea s a o n o os e re on s s e

by id t t i g up v r t ic l m t i l g t h f c b t w
s e , se n o Rc t a o on a on e a e e e en . e en

i v t ig t i g t h w t h t t h cycl
n es a on s o d t icycl
o s o a e on es an an on e s ar e

e ddi i th
es l rg r t r m
n d th t th
e wi d t t h rt h
a e s ea s, an a e n s a e ea
’
s

s urf c a e t i th
are fir t i t c m r ly c c t i g urr t
no n e s n s an e e e on n e n c en s

wh r by t h i d c di g i
e e e ar t ic y cl i f d i te s en th up n n an an on e s e n o e

cu rr t f t h
en r t cycl
o e n e a es on e .

T h i g r li t i (d c h i fly t S h w L m pf t ) i p rh p
s en e a sa on ue e o a e er s e a s

t h m t imp r t
e os t c t ribut i w h ich h b m d t m t r l gy
o an on on as ee n a e o e eo o o

i r c t y r
n e en ea s .

It ig ific c i pr f u d d t h diffi cult y f fi t t i g it

s s n an e s so o o n ,
an e O n s

c o n se qu c i t t h xi t i g t h ri f t h pl t y ci cul t i
en es n o e e s n eo es o e an e ar r a on

so gr t t h t w m k t h i t t mp t t umm ri t h r ul t
ea ,
a e a e f s a e o s a se e es s so ar

o b t i d wit h muc h h it t i
a ne es a on .

(By pl t ry ircul t i i pr b bly m t t m p h ric

an e a c a on s o a e an a os e

circul t i v r t h i gl b — A th )
a on o e s o e u or .

P rh p it w uld h v b b t t r t y
e a s thi g i k
o w a e e en e e o sa -
no n s no n

wit h c r t i t y b ut wh t t h ci cul t i w uld b if t h r w r

e a n a o a e r a on o e e e e e no

l d
an B t
o r n o se a cc t f w t h r d clim t w uld t h
. u an a ou n o ea e an a e o en

h v
a b e r duc d
e ent t h m t e y f m r d
e crip t i o; it w uld
e on o on o e e es on o

h v b
a e x t r m ly difficult t m k it i t lligibl
e en e e e d imp ibl o a e n e e , an o ss e

t ogiv y cl r i di c t i f h w t h l w gr wt h f k wl dg i
e an ea n a on o o e s o o o no e e n

m t r l gy h b br ugh t b ut S impl
e eo o o as th
e en l m t ry o a o . e as are e e e en a

p h y ic l pr p r t i f i d w t r v p r t h f c t t h t t h y i clud
s a o e es o a r an a e a ou ,
e a a e n e

c mpr ibilit y m k
o e ss g r l i v t ig t i f t h ir b h vi ur
a es a en e a n es a on o e e a o on

a r t t i g ph r v wit h t h impl t ump t i

o a n s e e, e ten t mp r e s es a ss on s as o e e a

t ur quit b y d t h p w r f k w m t h m t ic l m t h d ”
e, e e on e o e s o no n a e a a e o s,
 r
0 5

In r w rd Pr f r Dick
ot he M A o ths, o e ss o son , . .
,
e

Pr id t f t h M t r l gic l S ci t y giv it up
es en o e e eo o o a o e ,
es .

T h pr f u d eg r li t i d t S h w d L m pf t t h t
o o n en e a sa on ue o a an e er a

cycl “ ddi
o n e s are t up b t w t m p h ric t r
e m fl wi g
es se e e en a os e s ea s o n

i
n o pp it di t i os m t h v k ck d t h ubj ct i t c h
e r ec o n s se e s o a e no e e s e n o ao s .

I m pr judic d g i t pr f u d
a d t t ly
e t c m i g
e a a ns o o n an s a e se n e n es, e an n

no thi g i d d ft r t h b v c f i t h r i lit t l t crit ici

n n ee ,
a e e a o e o n e s s on e e s e o se .

I th
n Wh y f t h W t h r t h r i
e t t m o t h w v r w h ic h
e ea e e e s a s a e en ,
o e e ,

mu t b t t ck d b c u it i c id r d t b fir t pri cipl i
s e a a e ,
e a se s on s e e o e a s n e n

m d r m t r l gy
o e n e eo o o .

Mr H rv y W t t y — Fir t It i t r lly t ru t h t ll t h
. a e a s sa s s . s e e na e a a e

w t h r m v m t i t h r t h r h mi ph r
ea e o e rt h f t h t r pic
en s n e no e n e s e e, n o o e o s,

c m fr m w t t
o e t
o es o e as .

N w th t i pl i t t m t d v id f t h h dgi g mbr id ry
o a s a a n s a e en e o o e e n e o e

so muc h b l v d by ci t i t t h r f r it mu t b f gh t d
e o e s en s s, e e o e s e ou an

d t r y d d giv
es o e h ur bl b ri l
,
an e n an on o a e u a .

T d thi o c t u l x mpl f t rm wh ic h did t c m fr m

o s an a a e a e o a s o no o e o

th ew t w rd wil l b giv
es Mr vra f t h w r i g w h ic h e en . o eo e ,
n on e o e a n n s

f ri g p pl l k f
a se a a n uch t h p ct f t h k y d cl ud
eo e oo or , s as e as e O e s an o s

w r i vid c ;
e e n w r y t rm w r i g
e en t fr m w t h r
e n or e e an s o a n n s se n o ea e

O ffic Th
es t rm c m
. v rt h l d d v l p d i t
e s o blizz rd a e ne e e e s s an e e o e n o a a ,

s udd ly d d i g b ut iful m r i g wh ic h d c iv d v ry
en ,
an ur n a ea o n n ,
e e e e e on e .

T h fir t i t im t i
e sw cl ud ri i g i t h rt h t
n a on as a o s n n e no -
e as .

B t b l w i th u cc u t fr m S t J h N wf u dl d muc h
e o s e a o n o . o n s, e o n an ,

a bridg d f ch b t t h t c p d h d
e ,
or e a xh u t d d fr t oa a es a e a an e a s e an os

bit t cr w en e .

TH E N E WF O U N DL A N D D IS AS TER .

1 8 92 .

TERR IBLE S T O R Y A .

A St J h c rr p d t f t h L d
. o Ch r icl writ
n s
’
o es on en o e on on on e es

O f th l rg t f t h gr t t u i wh ic h pi rc t h
ne O e a es o o se ea es ar e s e e e

ir b u d t r c t f N wf u dl d i T i it y B y It i
on - o n e as e n o as o e o n an s r n a . s a

m g ific t h t f w t r It m ut h p i g t w rd t h r t h
a n en s ee o a e . s o ,
o en n o a s e no

e ast i 4 0 t 5 0 mil
,
s wid d it t ir l
o gt h i v r 8 0 mil It es e , an s en e en s o e es . s

n um r u rm t r t c h f i l d c rryi g t h fi y t rib wit h i

e o s a s s e ar n an ,
a n e nn es n

r ch f t h fi h m
ea o t d li S m e p pl clu t r
s er an s n e
’
an ne . o e eo e s e

r u d t h h r f t h i gr t b y t h i fi h i g t g h ml t
a o n e s o es o s ea a ,
e r s n s a e s, a e s,

vill g d lit t l t w
a e s , an b i g r c t d it h b cr k d e o ns e n e e e on s ar o ur s , ee s an

c v o Th y
es . rly ll fi h f lk d d riv t h i ub i t c
e are n ea a s er- o , an e e e r s s s en e

fr m t h h rv t f t h
o e Th m a i th m i fi
es s o t yp f e se a . e e n are , n e a n, ne es o

ou r b ld h rdy t il r M y f t h m c h pri g br v t h d g r
o ,
a o e s . an o e ea s n a e e an e s

o f t h i fi ld i pur ui t
e f th
ce l M y hu d d p d thr
e s n s o e s ea . an n re s s en ee
 56

or fu mo r ch y r i fi h i g f
on t h s e a d th h r f th t
ea n s n or co on e s o es o a

gr t d t r ibl wild r
ea an e r L br d r mid priv t i
e d e n ess , a a o ,
a a on s an

h rd h ip w h ic h
a s ly t h h rdi t c ul d du
s on Ot h r k th e a es o en re . e s se e e

f g c v r d B
o -
o k f e e t i t h wild A t l
an t ic
s, d t h r ply h
ar o u k n e an ,
an o e s oo

an d li i th w t r f t h i w b y Th y h v b t c t y
ne n e a e s o e r o n a . e a e u a s an

s upply f t h i w rld g d o s d it r quiro ll t h ir ff r t t

’
s k p
oo s , an e es a e e o s o ee

t h w lf f m t h d r
e o ro e oo .

Th m t p pul u t w i T i it y it u t d
e os o th
o rt h r
s o n s r n ,
s a e on e no e n

s h r b ut 20 mil fr m t h m ut h f t h b y It h m g ific t
o e, a o es o e o o e a . as a a n en

h rb ur
a o f th fi,
t i th
on e o w rld Th m r i g f S t urd y
e n es n e o . e o n n o a a ,

F bru ry 27t h d w d Tri i t y c lm d b ut iful It w

e a ,
a ne on n a an ea . as o n e

o f th r r d y w h ich m t im c m i mid wi t r Th
o se a e a s so e es o e n -
n e . e su n

s h t
on e o u f cl udl k y t h brigh t w t r f t h b y r fl ct d
o a o e ss s e a e s o e a e e e

it bs m ea d th i w
s , an lm t b lmy I t h di t c umb r
e ar as a os a n e s an e n e s

fl w r vi ibl b t t h gr t r p rt f t h b y w
.

o f gli t t ri g i e n ce oe s e e s e, u e ea e a o e a as

o p w t r W h c l d im gi t h t d y b ut if l w t d
en a e o ou a ne a a a so ea u as o en
“
.

i t mp t t rr r u f f ri g
n e es ,
ed d t h i it m t w f ul f rm 3
o ,
s e n ,
an ea n s os a o

F v r l d y b f r umb r f l h d b
o r se e a a s i th b y
e o e n e s o se a s a e e n s e en n e a ,

so m f wh ic h w r h t d br ugh t i Wh t h t h i lm b ig h t
e o e e s o an o n . en en s ca ,
r

m r i g c m it w h il d wit h j y m t f v ur bl f t h
o n n a e as a l e o as os a o a e or e se a

hu t n Th . g r h u t r w r t ir rly d
e ea e xi u w r t h y
n e s e e as ea ,
an so an o s e e e

t b i th
o e th t m
n y f t h m h rdly w it d t w ll w h t y
e v an a an o e a a e o s a o a as

br kf t d h urri d w y b t t h i ly cl d i t h i lit t l b t Al r dy
ea as ,
an e a a , u n a ,
n e r e oa s . ea

th cr ck f t h gu fr m t h b t rli t t c uld b h rd
e a o e ns o e oa s ea es ou o e ea .

f r m Tri i t y Gr B y Ir l d Ey igh b uri g ’

S o on o n , d th e en a , e an s e , an e ne o n

se ttl m et th b t glid d
en s, t e ft r t h t h r t il l h rdly m
oa s e ou on e a e e o e a a an

fit f th hu t w
or l ft
e h r n I ll v r 220 m
as wr fl t
e on s o e . n a o e en e e a oa

i li t t l pu t
n eN d m d f d g r T h y xp c t d t b
n s . o on e re a e o an e . e e e e o e»

on ly f w mil a f m th h r
e esd t r t ur i t h
ro ft r F w
e s o e , an o e n n e a e n o on . e

too k wit h t h m v m ll upply f f d B t t h wh ch c d

e e en a s a s o oo . u o se o an e

to b w t c hi g t h k y t h f r
e a n dv c d w w y i t h
e s as e o en oon a an e ,
sa a a n e

no r t h t d rk cl ud g t h ri g Wi t h i c iv bl r pidit y t h
-
e as a a o a e n . n o n ce a e a e

cl ud m
o pil d t h m lv t g t h r d v r pr d t h ky
asse s e e se es o e e an o e s ea e s .

Th i en , m m t t h t mp t m t ruck t h
n a o en ,
w d rk d e e es ca e, s e no a en e

wtr a e s , an d i f w mi ut c v rt d t h pl cid b m f t h b y
n a e n es on e e e a o so o e a

i t
n o hi i ga t h i g c uld
ss n ,
Th wful b lizz rd h d bur t
se e n a r on . e a a a s

f rt h Th t mp r t ur f ll 4 0 d g
o . e e d t uc h d z r
e a Th
e e e r ee s an o e e o . e

fi rc c ld wit h pi rci g wi d m d ugh t fr z t h v ry

e e o ,
a e n n , see e en o o ee e e e

bl d i t h v i
oo n Gu t f ll w d gu t ch m r f ri u t h t h
e e ns . s o o e s ,
ea o e u o s an e

l t It w i d d
as . g i i g igh t w h ic h gr t d t h y f
as , n ee ,
an a on s n s ee e e e es o

m t h r w iv r l t iv
o e s, d f i
e s, d h r
e a w h h ri g t h es an r en s on s o e, en , ea n e

r oar o f th t rm t h y r h d e s o t f d r d fr m t h h igh t t ri d
,
e us e ou o o o s , an o e e s e

to m k t
a t h b e tou i w h i c h me y f t h ir
oa sl v d w r n so an o e o e on es e e
 57

st ruggli g wit h t hn mp t N h um h lp c uld r c h t h m w

e te es . 0 an e o ea e no ,

an d h w c uld b
o t liv i o uc h t rm oa s e n s a s o

It w b t 11 cl ck i t h f r
as u wh t h t mp t wi t h
O
’
o n e o e n o on en e e es ,

h rdly
a y w r i g bur t up
an t h fi h rm
a n n Th b , t w r th s on e s e en . e oa s e e en

se v r l m il fr m l d T h di c t i f t h wi d w uc h t h t
e a es o an . e re on o e n as s a

t o r ch t h h r fr m wh ich t h y h d t k t h ir d p rt u t h y
ea e s o e o e a a en e e a re e

mu t w righ t i t h t t h f t h t rm Th m j rit y w t h i t
s ro n e ee o e s o . e a o sa s o

b e imp ibl Th t rribl lt r t iv w t

o ss e . b f r t h wi d
e e e a e na e as o ru n e o e e n

t w rd t h
o a ut h r h r
s e so w bl ck d wit h i e nwit h t h d g r
s o e s, n o o e ce , e an e

O f b i g w mp d v ry m m t
e n s a p rh p d iv
e e t te if t h o en ,
or e a s r en o u o se a e

wi d h if t d
n s d h d t pi c mid t h i S i f t h b t
e ,
or as e o e es a e ce . x o e oa s
’

cr w wh w r
e s r t t h rt h h r t k t h d p r t r lut i
o e e n ea es e no s o e oo e es e a e e so on

o f f ci g t h
a n t rm h pi g t e b bl t l d t t h H r Ch p
s o ,
o n o e a e o an a e o se o s,

a pr j c t i g p i t f l d t h xt r mit y f t h bigh t
o e n o n o wh ic h an ,
e e e o e on

Tri it y i it u t d d t f fr m t h ir h m
n s s a e ,
T h b g wi t h
an no ar o e o es . en e an

th m e t ribl
a t ruggl
er f lif S l wly d p i fully t h y w r
e s e or e . o an a n e e e

l i g t h di t c b t w t h m d t h h r k pi g cl
e s se n n e s an e e ee n e an e s o e, ee n as o se

t g th r
o e p ibl f mut u l h lp S udd ly cry f d p i
e as o ss e or a e . en a o es ar

w ash rd fr m
ea f th b a o t Th on eh d pp d d ho e o s . e c ar s a sn a e ,
an s e

w asdrift i g w y t c r t i d t ruct i
n a a Th r w o t m m te a n es on . e e as n o a o en
’
s

h it t i
es a Th on r t b t w t t h id d f t r d p r t
. e n e a es oa en o er a ,
an a e es e a e

e f f rt g t h
o s cr w b rd t h ug h it m d if t h ddit i l
o er e on oa ,
o se e e as e a on a

burd m t i k h en us B t t h br v m
s n v r w igh d t h ir w
er . u e a e en n e e e e e o n

sa e f t y g i t t h liv f t h i p ri h i g c mp i
a a ns e S ft r
es o e r e s n o an on s . oon a e

thi g s ru d d
en e o f t h r cu d m
s ee di d f c ld d x h u t i
,
on e o e es e en e o o an e a s on .

Th i e b g t f rm i t h ick m
ce e an o th id o d b tt m f n asse s o n e s e s an o o o

th e d ply l d b t A t h r h ur w p d i t h t rribl
ee -
a en oa . no e o as asse n e e e

s t ruggl f l if wh
e or c d f t h cr w w
e, t dr p h i
e n a se on o e e as s e e n o o s c ar ,

t h ug h h i
o rm ti u d t
s a k p t im wit h t h t r k f
s co n nf w e o ee e e s o e or a e

m m t o en d th h f l l f rw rd
s , an d br t h d h i l t
en eH pr v d e o a an ea e s as . e o e

t b br t h r t t h
o e o w h r m i h d lr dy b giv t t h
e o e on e o se e a ns a a ea ee n en o e se a .

Th t rm c e s oti u d t r g i full fury duri g S t urd y i gh t

on n e o a e n n a a n .

Th e c f di t r
s en e s d g
o y i t h h m f t h t ill m i i g
s e s s an a on n e o es o e s ss n

m enm y b im gi d
a It i m rv ll u t fi d t h t
e a ne m y r ch d
. s a e o s o n a so an ea e

th e ut h r h r liv f t r p i g t h t t rribl igh t i t h b y

so e n s o e a e a e ass n a e e n n e a

i
n t mp r t ur
a e bl w zr e a d pi rci g r t h c t r bl wi g
e e o e o an a e n no -
as e o n

c uld h v urviv d d t h ir fli g w r
.

O ly m
n f ir en o on o a e s e ,
an e su er n s e e

a pp lli g a n .

A b ut Su d y w m t H rt C t t ’
o n oo n on th n a ,
a o an a ea s on e n , on e

so ut h h r h pp d t t ic m b t t di t c pp r t ly
s o e, a en e o no e so e oa s a a s an e , a a en

drif t i g p t t h cr w x h u t d fr z
n as , e R cu p r t i w r
e s e a s e or o en . es e a es e e

a t onc f rm d wh ucc d d i f rci g t h ir b t t h ugh t h i

e o e ,
o s ee e n o n e oa s ro e ce

an d bri gi g i 1 7 m n n m i t h l t t g f xh u t i
n en Th y ,
so e n e as s a e o e a s on . e
 58

wr i fi b t
e e n d h d p
ve d t h igh t t h i F r t u t ly
oa s , an a asse e n on e ce . o na e ,

th y h d b
e bl t ki dl fi by br ki g up t w f t h b t
a een a e o n e a re ea n o o e oa s

an d u i g th f ts n f tw l t h y h d kill d
e a d f w h ic h t h y
o o se a s e a e , an o e

c k d d t p rt i
oo e an B t f thi
a e a th y id t h y mu t h v
o on . u or s, e sa ,
e s a e

f z t d th
r o en o ea .

L t r i th d y th r b t w r
a e n d 27 m r m
e a wr o e oa s e e s ee n , an o e en e e

r cu d d br ugh t i t H t D ligh t S h l H rb ur D i l
es e an o n o e ar
’
s e ,
oa a o ,
an e
’
s

C v
o d O ld P r l ic
e , an It w t th p ril f t h ir w liv t h t
e an . as a e e o e o n es a

t h r cu r dr gg d
e es d c rri d t h m
e s v r fl ti g p
a e f i w h ich
an a e e , o e oa n an s o ce

95 . 8 ow so . 20 .

N e wm u ou u o

d s
FE B RUA RY 23 . 8 —oo

WA R N IN G .

I8 92

N h . m

FE B RUA Q Y
-
0 GM T .

S u b nd

s u b z en

‘
ab o u t HL m l o ca / Um
S u b n a

St o rm t r a c k Fro m (w m) 5 0 01 “ 2 75 "

TQ BA Y N EW F O U N D L A N D.
b liz a rd s t r i k es a TY .

S u d de n z ,

“
Fro z en
M a n y fi s h e r m e n d ro w n ed or .
.

F IG S . 37 38 .
 59

the w v w r br ki g v r d d h i g g i t c h t h r S m
a es e e ea n o e an as n a a ns ea o e . o e

o f t h r cu d t h ug h b umb d
e es d xh u t d w r
e t,
ri u ly o en e an e a s e ,
e e no se o s

i ju d O t h r w r b dly fr t bit t
n re . e s e e a os -
en .

Th d d w h b di w r br gh t h r umb r d i ll
e ea o se o es e e ou as o e n e e n a

t h ir t Th c
ee n f gri f t t h ir i t rm t w r h
. rt r di g
e s en e s o e a e n e en e e ea en n .

A no th r f th r cu d m di d t w d y f t r r c h i g t h h r
e o e es e en e o a s a e ea n e s o e,

m ki g f urt i ll B t it w f u d t h t l v m r w r t ill
a n o een n a . u as o n a e e en o e e e s

mi i g d ll h p f t h i b i g pick d up b d
ss n ,
an a t b o e o e r e n e a so o n o e

a b d d an on e .

Th r w e e l t i w r i g f ur d y b f r t h i t rm
as a so e c r c a n n o a s e o e s s o

d v l p d Fig 3 7 h w t h p i t i
e e o e . t t h t im w h
. th
s m o s e os on s a e e en e o on

w as a t xt r m d li t i S ut h M r v r t h m
e e e ec c mbi
na on o . o eo e ,
e oon s
’
o na

ti m rk t h t rt ing p i t f t h t rm i b u t 5 3 N d 4 3 W °
on a s e s a o n o e s o n a o . an .

t th N E
o e f N wf u dl .d o e o n an .

Fig 3 8 h w t h l t i p it i
. s o t b ut 1 1 m w h t h
s e so e c r c os on s a a o a . . en e

t rm w
s o t ic d — Gr
as n o wich t im F bru ry 27t h 3 h ur
e e en e, e a ,
o s .

Th e c mbi t isu n s w m rk
’
th o t rt i g p i t na y on no a s e s a n o n ,
sa ,

54 sN d 45 W
. an d c mbi t i f f ur pl t m rk t h d
°
.
,
an a o na on o o an e s a s e en

f th g l t r ck
’
o e a e s a .

Th f c t t h t t h i g l
e a d it t r ck a b c lcul t d 24 y r s a e an s a can e a a e ,
ea s

b ck pr v t h t wit h t h id f t h N ut ic l A l m c t rm
a ,
o es a e a O e a a an a s o s c an

b c lcul t d h
e a d wit h qu l pr ci i
a e a ea e a e s on .

I ch thi x mpl b c u t h d t il w r k w t m ;
ose s e a e e a se e e a s e e no n o e

it w i th
as rt h r h mi p h r it w
n e no v r t rm d
e n e s e e as a se e e s o ,
an u nex

p t d by xp r t livi g by t h
oo e e M r v r t h i dr dful t rm
e s n e se a . o eo e ,
s ea s o

c m fr m t h
a e o t w rd ; t h r f r t h t t m
e e as t It i a t r lly e e o e e s a e en s e e na

t ru t h t
e ll t h a w th r m v m t i th
a e rt h r h mi p h r
ea e o e en s n e no e n e s e e,

no r t h f t h t r pic c m fr m w t t
o e o t i t t r
s, lly t ru
o e o es o e as ,
”
s no e e na e .

W r I up h ld i g t h
e e t m p h ric ci cul t io th ry f u d d
n e a os e r a on eo ,
o n e

on th b r m t r e d h d l r d pr f
a o e e r b, bl t c lcul t
an a ea n e o e sso s e en a e o a a e

th tw
e cc mp yi g di g m I h uld f l t h t my c w
o a o an n a ra s, s o ee a ase as

h p l d qui t b y d my p w r d m t h m t ic l m t h d ”
o e e ss , an e e on o e s an a e a a e o s,

t o us e Pr f r Dick w rd
o e ss o so n s
’
o s .

I t h l t x mpl w
n e th t m
as y br v d xp rt m
e a e e s ee a an a e an e e se a en

1 t t h ir liv
0 s ei cru l m r b c u t h y w r u bl t f r t ll
es n a e an n e e a se e e e na e o o e e

t h c mi g f
e o t rm t w lv h ur i
n o dv c
a s o e e o s n a an e .

W k w fr m t h x t r c t w h ic h h v b
e no o qu t d b v t h te e a s a e e en o e a o e, a

th m t mi t m t r l gi t f t h d y b li v t h t ll t h
e os e n en e eo o o s s o e a e e e a a e

w t h r m v m t i t h N r t h r h mi p h r rt h f t h t r pic
ea e o e en s n e o e n e s e e no o e o s

c m fr m w t t
o e o t C qu t ly h d t h
es o e as ci t i t b . t on se en a e se s en s s e en a

Tri it y b y t h t b ut iful m r i g f F bru ry 27t h t h y w uld

n a on a ea o n n o e a e o
 60

ha v u p ct d d g r wh r i f wh ur 220 fi h rm w r
e s s e e no an e ,
e e as n a e o s s e en e e

s t ruggli g f lif i blizz d

n or e n a ar .

I c l d r ci t m y x mpl i my w c r r f t h pr ct ic l
ou e e an e a es n o n a ee o e a a

v lu f t h S l t i t h ry b t t h i i t bi gr ph y
a e o e o ec r c i cid t eo ,
u s s no a o a so o n e n en

will uf fi c s e .

B i g i ch rg f t h t r p h ip O ri
e n n duri g t h S ut h
a e o e oo s s sa n e o

A fric w anp ri d I il d f m S t H l f C p T w
ar e o ,
sa e ro . e en a or a e o n on

S p t mb r 1 8 t h
e e A t udy f S l t i
e w d m t h t h vy g l
. s o o e c r cs arn e e a a ea a e

w as pr p i g t vi it T bl B y t h 22 d d 23 d I i f rm d
e ar n o s a e a on e n an r ,
so n o e

th milit ry f fi c r t h t t h t r p w uld pr b bly t di mb rk

e a O e a e oo s o o a no se a

b f r t h 24 t h
e o e e .

W r iv d th
e a r igh t f S p t mb r 22 d t fi d h vy
e on e n o e e e n o n a ea se a

ru i g d t r g wi d f r m t h rt h w t
nn n an a s on n o e no -
es .

A t d ylig h t I s ig ll d t h h ip rriv l d pr c d d rt h ’
a na e e s s a a an o ee e no

t o R bb i l d b ut 8 mil di t t W ch r d cl u d r
o en s an ,
a o es s an . e an o e ose n e

th le f th l
ee d i c mf rt Du i g t h igh t w c l d g ug
o e an n o o . r n e n e ou a e

th v rit y f t h t rm by t h
e se e pr y wh ic h v l p d t h i l d
o e s o e se a s a en e o e e s an

an d ; usd di ml y c m t h an u d f t ubl d t m r bl wi g a e e so n o ro e s ea e s o n

t h ir wh i t l
e t v id c lli i
s es o a o o s on .

W w r wi t e k h lt r b f r t h t rm d v l p d B l w
e e se o see s e e e o e e s o e e o e . e o

i
s a cut t i g f m C p T w w p p r f S p t mb r 24 t h
n ro a a e o n ne s a e o e e e .

T E R RIB LE WE A T H E R A T S EA .

PPIN G IN D A N GER S HI .

Th rt h w t rly g l whi c h b g t bl w M d y 22 d
e no -
es e a e e an o o on on a n

l t h wd
as s ig f b t m t y t rd y d v r l xcit i g
o e no s ns o a a e en es e a ,
an se e a e n

i cid t w r wit
n en s d i T bl B y wh r t h
e e w ru i g v ry
n e s se n a e a ,
e e e se a as nn n e

h igh Th m il t
. m r t h Ki f u C t l
e a iv d f f R bb
s ea e ,
e n a ns as e, arr e o o en

I l d tfi cl ck y t rd y m r i g b t t rribl w t h f rc
’
s an a ve o o es e a o n n ,
u so e e as e o e

o f th hu i e th t h w bl t r u d t h Br kw t r d
rr c an e a s e as u n a e o o n e ea a e ,
an

w c mp ll d t h d t g i f t h p
as o e e Sh m d
o ea th r ou a a n or e o e n se a . e a e an o e

t t mp t t t r th b ut 1 1 cl ck t h i t im ucc fully ’
a e B y o en e e a a o o o ,
s e s e ss ,

an dc t ch r u d r t h l f t h Br kw t r wh r t h r w m
as an o n e e ee o e ea a e ,
e e e e as so e

m u f pr t c t i f m t h vi l c f t h
e as re o o e It w t ill f u d
on ro e o en e o e se a . as s o n

imp ibl t l d po ss g r h w v r d it w quit t f t h

e o an as se n e s, o e e ,
an as e ou o e

qu t i f h t t t mpt t t r t h D ck A t 3 cl ck i t h
es on or er o a e o en e e o . o
’
o n e

a ft r t g w t
e n o on a t d t h b k t pp r t u
u i c mm
en ou ,
an e as e a a a s, n o on u s e

a t Durb d P r t E liz b t h w
an an br ugh t i t f ot h fir t t im a e ,
as o n o u se or e s e

f or m y y r i T bl B y By t hi m
an ea s th p n g r w r ll
a e a . s e an s e asse n e s e e a

sa e f ly l dd an e .
 62

E art h q u ak e s .

Wh en d li g wit h cycl ea nd t h r wi d t rm th i v ti o n e s an o e n s o s, e n es

g t rh
a o m r di ffi cul t t k b f r h im t h t h t f u r v lli g t h
as a o e as e o e an a o n a e n e

c u f r t h qu k
a se s o ea a es .

H urric d uc h lik t mp t
an e s an u u lly i cr s gr du lly e e es s s a n e a se a a ,

an d t r v l fr m t h i pl c
a e o f rigi Th t i t y t h y m y c v r
e r a e o o n . a s o sa , e a o e

a l rg r
a d ccupy
e a e a an l g t im o a on e .

E rt h qu k
a l t h ug h t h y m y ff ct l rg r
a es, a o u u lly e a a e a e a e as , s a

o ccupy ly h r t t imon a s d t h f w mi u t
o f gr t t vi l e , anc e e n es o ea es o en e

c an g r lly b t d Th l m t f t im b i g t h u m r x ct
en e a e no e . e e e en O e e n s o e e a

for t h qu k
e ar t h ir c ua e s, b mr ily d duc d Th
e a se s can e o e e as e e . e

se si m gr p h i v ry u f ul f f rdi g
o a s e x ct r c rd f t h t im
se as a o n an e a e o o e e

an d i t it y f rt h qu k
n en s o ea a es .

Th p d f i mic w v l g t h i t ri r f rt h cru t i
e s ee o se s a e s a on e n e o o ea
’
s s s

c lcul t d t b ut 2 mil p c d d i m l gi t t t t h t
a a e a a o es e r se on ,
an se s o o s s s a e a

tr m r p
e o s righ t t h r ugh t h rt h di m t ric lly t t h r t f
ass o e ea a e a a e a e O

6 mil p es c d Th S Fr ci c rt h qu k w v f 1 90 6
er se o n . e an an s o ea a e a e o

t r v ll d t
a e e T ky J p i 1 1 mi ut
o o o, Th di t c i
a an n n es . e s an e s

mil cr t h P cific O c
es a oss e d t h i g iv
a v r g v l cit y f e an ,
an s e s an a e a e e o o

a b ut 7 2 mil p c d
o
‘
es er s e o n .

E rt h qu k it pp r d p t c h t h r
a a e s, t f w v
a fr m t h
e a s, es a e e se s o a es o e

sea t f di t urb
o c s t pan t h r ug h t h
e r t h di m t ric lly
o n e se asse s o e ea a e a

an d t p
o n e se r u d t h rt h i
a sse s t rly dir c t i
o n d th e ea n an e as e e on , an e

t h ird t i se s w t rly dir c t i

n a es e e on .

T h t r m r b i g r rd d it i f t p ibl t t t t h
e se e o s e n eco e ,
s o en o ss e o s a e e

l c lit y f t h di t urb c b f r t h v t h b t l gr p h d i
o a o e s an e e o e e e en as e en e e a e n

th e o rdi ry w y f w
na a o ne s .

F m wh t h b
ro t t d i r g rd t
a as th g r l t h ry f
een s a e n e a o e en e a eo o

l t i f rc it w uld b
so e c r c o eurpri i g if t r m r w h ich h d p d
o e s s n no e o s a ass e

t h r ugh t h
o rt h h d v r b r c rd d b c u t h fi t f t h
e ea a e e e en e o e e a se e e ec s O e

na d ir p it i f t h
os d pl
on o t r m rk bl t h d riv d
e s u n an an e s are as e a a e as o se e e

f r m t h ir di c t p i t i
o e re os on s .

It i w r t h y f
s t t h t t h di m t ric t r m r t r v l wi t h t h r
o o no e a e a e e o s a e ee

t im th
es p d f th w v
e s ee r t h rf c
o e a es nea e su a e .

A h ig h t mp r t ur r duc t h l c t ric c duc t ivi t y f ll

e e a e e es e e e on o a

s ub t c s an A h ig h t mp r t ur
es . l dimi i h m g t i m ; f e e a e a so n s es a ne s or

e x mpl m g t if ubj c t d t
a e, a a ne d h ,t l ll it m g
s ti m e e o a re ea o se s a s a ne s ,

n or d t h m g t i m r t ur w h t h m g t c l T h i h w
oe s e a ne s e n en e a ne oo s . s s o s

th t h a t d tr y m g
ea ti m
es o s a ne s .

If t h i t ri r f t h r t h w r i
e n e o t t o f i c d c c e ea e e n a s a e o n an e s en e,

ne it h r t h l t i f rc
e e so e c r c t h di m t ric t r m r c uld po t h r ug h
e n or e a e e o s o as s o
 63

the ea rt h r it i c r t i t h t l c t ricit y p
,
wh e e as t h r ug h t h
s e a n a e e ass e s o e

ea rt h i ll dir c t i
n a e on s .

T h r i t h r f r v ry r
e e s, t thi k th t th
e e o e, e rt h i t e e ason o n a e ea s no

c t ruct d wit h i c d c t t r l p rt i
on s e an n an e s en ce n a o on .

E rt h qu k
a c u d by c
a e s ar e tr ti f l t i f r
a se a on c e n a on o so e c r c o ce s o n

so m m ll r t
e s a r t h rt h urf c v lc ic rup t i
a ea a or n e a e ea
’
s s a e o an e on s

h v a e a d p r rigi b t ee e c u d by t h m c c t r t i
o n u are a se e sa e on en a o n c on

ti n ne d v r l gt h f t im d t i t rv l d u u lly m rk d
o e a en o e , an a n e a s , an are s a a e

t t t h t im f u cr i g t h qu t r ’
ou a e e o s n s o ss n e e a o .

It h b d m t r t d by xp rim t t h t w h
as e en e on s i ul t d
a e e e en a en an ns a e

s p h r f c duc t i g m t ri l ( uc h
e e o on n r t h i ) i c h rg d wit h
a e a s as o u r e a s s a e

l c t ricit y t h l ct ricit y p
e e ,
e e et th urf c d f rm t h r v ry asse s o e s a e an o s e e a e

t hi nl y r d it i c id r d t h t t h di t ribut i f l ct ricit y
a e ,
an s on s e e a e s on o e e

d p d t h xt t f t h urf
e en s on e e d t en th m o f ph r e s ace an no on e ass o a s e e .

A ll h ll w i o b di f x mpl wh t h r gl bul r qu r
o r on o e s, or e a e, e e o a or s a e,

as soon th t h ick
as f id h r ch d t
e t
n e ss th f th o s es as ea e o on e- en o e

di m t r f t h wh l b dy t h m g t ic ff c t i t h m if t h
a e e o e o e o , e a ne e e s e sa e as e

b dy w r lid b t i t h r t h w h v t r ck wit h f rc w h ic h
o e e so ,
u n e ea e a e o e on o es

p di m t ric lly l
ass a e a a so .

It i pr b bl t h t t h cru t f t h
s o a e, rt h i t f f c t d by r t h
a e s o e ea s no a e e ea

qu k d p r t h 1 0 0 mil
a es ee e d th t th
an urf c l y r f m g t i m e s , an a e s a e a e o a ne s

o f th rt h c i cid wit h t h t p rt i f t h
e ea o n es rt h cru t w h ic h a o on o e ea
’
s s

c duct t h u t r circul t i g l c t ric f rc l dy d crib d

on s e o e a n se e o es a re a es e as

pr duci g r t t i
o n d t h r ph
o a m on an o e en o en a .

Th r c e e t b d ub t t h t t h r t h i c c t d up t t h
an n o e a o a e ea s onn e e o e

su n d pl an t l t i ll y
an e s M g t ic t rm
s o e c r ca th rt h h v . a ne s o s on e ea a e

b t d t
ee n n o e y c h r i wit h t h pp r c f p t
o s n on se th e a e a an e o s o s on e su n

th en gi a di pl y f t h ur r b r li t k pl c wit h ut
a n ,
no s a O e a o a o ea s a es a e o a

m g t ic t rm i t h rt h r h mi p h r Wh y h uld t h rt h
a ne s o n e no e n e s e e . s o e ea

an d pl t k p w l t zi g r u d t h
an e s ee if t h y
a t c n ct d o n e su n , e are n o on n e e

up i l t i ci cui t
n a so e c r c r .

Wh th c en tr f cycl p
e en v r h ip it i t u u u l
e o a on e ass e s o e a s s no n s a

to se e t h c mp e pi i g r u d wit h u t p w r f dir c t i
o ass s nn n o n o o e o e on .

Duri g r t h qu k l c t ric p h m
n ea a f r qu es t uc he e en o en a are e en , s as

lig h t i g i c d c t m t r fl m fr m t h r t h c l u d
n n s, n an es en e e o s, a es o e ea , o o re

bl z a es , an d fi re .

Th x t t d v rit y f t h p h m
e e en an cl rly d p d
se e o e se en o en a ea e en

up t h umb r f l t i b di i c t i
on e n e o d pr b bly l
so e c r c o es n a on , an o a a so o n

t h ir i di vidu l i flu
e n c S t ur a d J upi t r f
n en i t c e . a n an e ,
or n s an e , c an

en dw o r t h qu k wit h t rribl t t ribu t

an e a a e e e a es .

F rt u t ly r t h qu k
o na e d mpl w r i g d it will t b
,
ea a e s sen a e a n n ,
an no e

imp ibl f xp ri c d xp r t i t h f ut r t y wh t l c lit y

o ss e or e e en e e e s n e u e o sa a o a

will b vi it d bye s r t h qu k d t h mi u t f it ccurr c

e an e a a e an e n e o s o en e .
 64

ill u t r t t h
To f t hi t h ry i r g rd t
s a e t h qu k e u se o s eo n . e a o e ar a es

so m x mpl will w b t k
e e a I m c es t v m lti no e a en . n so e a se s o sa e a u

plic t i f di gr m t h Gr wich d t f w r i g d t h p i t i
a on o a a s e een a e o a n n s an e os on s

o f h t l t i g t ly will b giv
e s o e c r c a e n s on e en .

A t Ki g t J m ic J u ry 1 4 t h 1 90 7 cc rr d r m rk bl
n s on , a a a, an a , ,
o u e a e a a e

ea rt h qu k A t b ut h lf p t t h r i t h f t r
a e . tr m a du o a as ee n e a e n o on a e en o s

Wi d t rm cc mp
n s o i d by d rk p d v r t h t w l rmi g
a o an e a n e ss as se o e e o n ,
a a n

t h i h bit
e n t T h i p t v ry
a th
an s l rt b t i f w mi ut
. s u e e o n e on e a e ,
u n a e n es

t h fir t h ck
e s cc rr d T h y w r v r h ck d l t d v r l
s o s o u e . e e e se e e s o s an as e se e a

mi ut M t f t h h u f ll d fi br k t imm di t ly ; wh ic h
n es . os o e o se s e an re o e ou e a e

i t b r m mb r d b
s o e u fir e d lig h t h d
e t b e ebur i g ec a se e s an s a no ee n n n .

Th b t t ry t P rt R y l w ubm rg d by
e a e i mic ca o o a as s e e a se s o e an

wv a we , asA tt B y ( rt h id ) f i l
as d d t h r pl c
nn o a a no s e o s an an o e a es .

Tw t h u o dpr o l t t h ir liv
san d d mg w e so n s os e es an a a e as

ca u d Th r h d b
se . mpl l t i w i g e e a e en a e so e c r c ar n n .

O t h 3 0 t h D c mb r 1 906 t h m
n e w xt r m d cli e e e , ,
e oon as o n e e e e na

ti 21 4 3 0 N
on dr m i
°
d wit h i 1 f t h t p it i f
’
. h ur
an e ane n
”
o a os on o r an o ,

th pl t N pt u b i g i
e an e r c ju c t i eA b ut 1 6 mi ut
ne e n n n ea on n on . o n es

pr vi u ly t h
e o s d Ur u w r 5 75 f m J m ic e su n an d w th an s e e
°
ro a a a , an no e

m d N pt u
o on an w r lik wi 5 75 di t t e ne e e e se
°
s an .

O J u ry 1 3 t h Gr wic h t h m h g i m v d
,

n an a n oon , e en ,
e o on as a an o e

xt r m d cli t i S t 21 4 d t t h t t im t h i 88 fr m
° ’ °
t o e e e e na on . a an a a e e su n s o

Ki g t n Th
s on wr i g t t b
. gl c t d d w uld t
e se are a n n s no o e ne e e ,
an o a

on c cu e di cipl f S l t i t c lc l t p it i w h
a se a s e o o e c r cs o a u a e os on s en su n

d m w uld b 5 74 fr m th r wh t r l t i °
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Jupit r b l ci g f ur pl t
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Th dif f r c f p t ti l b tw pl c ( ) f t h u f rc ’
e e en e o o en a e e en a e a o e s n s o e

an d t Ki g t
a P rt R y l i gr t
n s on or o o a s ea .

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a e ro . . . s e on o e s an ,
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Th di gr m Fig 4 0 h w t h c mbi t i f t h
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th t f th m
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FR A N CIS CO E A RT H QUA KE
T H E S AN .

O A pril 1 8 t h 1 906 t h
n gr t r p rt f S Fr ci c w, ,
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d t r y d by
es o e rt h qu k f muc h i t it y M y p r
an ea l t a e o n en s an e son s os
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.

th i e r liv d th
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an e ea a e as es e n e n e e en

C t
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3 0 mil br d
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I pr um t h tr m r c v r d th t
es e f e Dr C D vi e o s o e e a are a , or . . a son

writ i g i 1 91 2
n n th O rigi f E rt h qu k on y Th e n o a a es sa s e

C lif r i
a r t h qu k f A pril 1 8 t h 1 90 6 w i
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for g t t r gt h
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A cc rdi g t t h cu t m f uc h vi it t i
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flg t i c um d t h r i
,

imm e n s e co n a ra on s on s e e u ns .

Wh cit y i wit h i t h r f t h l t i f cu c u i g
en a s n e a ea o e so e c r c o s a sn an

e art h qu k fi i
a ur t f ll w t h t rt h qu k Pr t i v t ig
e re s s e o o o a ea a e . e se n n es a

ti l l d m t t h i k t h t wh
on a s o , ea s l t i f rc i ru h i g f r m
e o n a e n so e c r c o e s s n o a

m c mbi t i t t h
o on o na c mbi t i
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o e su n s
’
o na on a co n a ra on o o s .
 66

B ut wh en mbi t i u h f rc t t h r t h d m
the
’
s u n s co na on r s es o e o e ea an o on

th r i r i d i th
e e s a seigh b urh d f t h c n e ne i mic w v o oo o e o e an , a se s se a - a e .

T h i t id l w v t h r f r m y cc mp y h urric wh
s a a e e e o e, a a o an a an e en n o

ea rt h qu k t k pl c a e a es a e .

I th c n f S Fr ci c I h v t
e as e o an y cc u t i wh ic h
an s o, a e no seen an a o n n

rfr c w md t
e e en e ast id l w v a e T h i rt h qu k h w v r
o a a a e .
”
s ea a e, o e e ,

is ri u
se o ugh t l d
s eno t xp c t b f r h d m t r l
o ea us o e e e o e an so e na u a

w i g If t h r i purp i N t ur d h gr d w k t h
ar n n . e e s no os e n a e an er an or s, en

ll i t up d u f l ry if wi t h ll N t ur p w r t h i g l ft ’
a s s en o s oo e a a e s o e ,
n s are e

t o i ch c
n san e d M wi t h h i d p m t i
an e an d h i h r ican s ee e o on s an s e o

s t ruggl g i t vil i b d d t h v ry p rt f ci cum t c

e a a ns e s a an on e as e e s o o r s an e,

th eni N tu s b t th a ymb l f W ick d F lly

re u e s o or e o .

B t if it i N t ur d ig t d v l p I t llig c i M ’
u ,
s a e s d es n o e e o n e en e n an an

fi t h im f gr d r f t t h m r ly pi i g b ut i p c i
or a an e a e an e e s nn n a o n s a e n an

i fi it d
n n f ig
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e o n o anu d r t d t h t v ry ff ct
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r ul t f r m m pr vi u d fi it c u
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Wi d m s o d v ur lv an If
sa ll ff c t
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i c qu t k wl dg w uld b imp ibl d i t llig c u l

n o n se en , no e e o e o ss e , an n e en e se es s .

W it h t h t h ug h te se I r h i c fid c f guid c
o s d se a c n on en e or an e , an a

s ig t h t lt h gh m f m
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so e o an s
’
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h im — wh t h i k t h
.

w y a t f ou or o n e .

A d t h r i 1 90 6
n A pril 1 4 t h 5 h o0 m t h w r i g fi g r
e e n on ,
. .
, e a n n n e

m rk d d g r z
a e a an e on e .

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di gr m Fig 4 1 d cc mp i d by t w pl t h c t
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5 75 v r S Fr ci c cit y t h
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m t h r b lt
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e o e e an o a s a a en o . e s as

t hu ri u ly w r d f r d y b f r h d
s se o s a ne ou a s e o e an .

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ea n A pril 1 8 t h 1 h 21 m G M T
e e n a on ,
. .
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th e s un d m w r 5 74 p r t M r v r t h
an o on e e wit h m
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bi t i na f on f ur pl t f ll up t h di t ric t ( ) t
o o an e s rt h a s on e s a o no

e as t w rd f S a Fr ci c w h il t h m
o an wit h Jupit r d M r
an s o, e e o on , e an a s

a ss si t i g f ll up t h Cit y i t lf Fig 4 2
n a s on e se ,
. .

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s o e s es t w rd lif t i g t h
o en o es o e as a ,
n e

ea rt h urf c i t l t ic w v f pr gr i ; t h w v c u d
’
s s a e n o e as a es o o es s o n e se a es a se

t h f ll f m t f t h ci t y buildi g
e a o os o d t h h ig h p t
e ti l f l t i n s
,
an e o en a o so e c r c

f rc fir d v ry t h i g it p d t h r ug h
o e e e e n as se o .

Th l t i p it i
e so e c r c t t h t im f gr t t h ck i illu t r t d
os on a e e o ea es s o s s a e

by di gr m a a .

It i id t h t t hi w
s sa l g r t h qu k
a m b rv r s as a on ea a e, so e o se e s

es t im t i g t h dur t i
a n f ri u h ck t v r 3 mi u t
e a on o se o s s o s a o e n es .

T h i i pr b bl b c s s th o i a cl d i t h circuit f b t h
e e au s e e su n s en o se n e o o

s id c u i g
es a cill t i g flw
sn an o s a n o .
 67

SA FR A N C IS c o EA R T H ow: K E L9 0 6
IS S 14 5 .
(0 5

3 123 3

AP R IL IA G . M T
’

n l9 ~c [ 78 5 1 Mo o n at e x f rc m e de c l i n e /I o n

U RG E N T WA Q N lN G

Z en i t h 9 [6

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Fe . 41 85 42 .

Th e a bv o e is wh Fr ci c
at s o le ct ric s h as t o s ay a b ut o t h e S an an s o

ea rt h qu k d t h r m rk
a e , an pplic bl t t h t h r x mpl e e a s are a a e o e o e e a es .

It m y b i t r t i g t k
a w wh t w r d t h xpl t i
e n e es n o no a e e an are e e an a on s

o f i mic xp rt i t h ci t ific w rld f rt h qu k g r lly

se s e e s n e s en o ,
o ea a es en e a .

M ll t c id r d
a e rt h qu k t b
on s u c mpl t d f f r t t
e e an e a a e o e an n o e e e o o

es at b li h v lc s a o an o .

Pr f r Mil t h ugh t t h t t h d p t h f rigi f t h qu k

o e ss o ne o a e e o o n o e ar a es

migh t b b t w 1 5 d 5 mil
e e t h r b rv r
e en t im t i g d p t h
an es o e o se e s es a n e s

w h ic h r g fr m 3 mil t 20 mil
an e Mil t h ugh t t h c lcul t d
o es o es . ne o e se a a e

r ul t w r f lit t l v lu
es s e e o e a e .

C u qu t d
a ut h ri t t iv
se s t t r ct i
o e f d m
as a o a e ar e a a on o su n an oon ,

fl uc t u t i f t mp r t u
a on o d t h pr ur f t h t m ph r
e e a r e an e e ss e o e a os e e .

Mil t h ugh t x g u p h m
ne o uc h t h pl y b t e o eno s en o en a s as e se a u a

s m ll p r t i t h pr duc t i f r t h qu k t h ir gr t t f f c t b i g
a a n e o on o ea a es, e ea es e e e n

t ocu a lig h t pr p d r c i t h umb r f rt h qu k duri g

se a s e on e an e n e n e o ea a es n

c ld m t h
o Mil c id r d t h t t r m r w d t t h
on s . ne ons e e a e o s e re ue o e
 68

b di g
en n cr ckli g f r ck pr duc d by li f f t m p h ric
or a n o o s o e re e o a os e

pre s sur e H .l t t d m rt h p l t i
e a so t t rib t b l t
s a e so e ea u sa on s ar e a u a e o

e art h qu k wh il
a th
e s, th r h d c rt i r t h q k
e on tt i
e o e an e a n ea ua e s ar e a r

b t bl t
u a e rt h pul t i
o ea sa on s .

A ll t h i i i t h w it pi i m r p d t ic v rbi g ’
f s so ar s, n e r er s o n on , e e e an e a e

c h p pr f i l h umbug w h ic h t h r d r m y f c
ea o e ss o n a cc pt if e ea e a o o u r se a e ,

h fi d t h t it xpl i
e n s a yt h i g e a n s an n .

M D vid i h i Origi f E rt h qu k (1 91 2) pri t d t

r . a so n n s n o a a es n e a

C mbridg U iv r it y Pr
a e giv t h m t r t id
n e s f ci c e ss es e os e ce n e as o s en e

on thi ubj ct
s s e

P 4 I cl ifyi g A GE v lc ic rt h qu k it i
. n as s n n on o an ea a es s

c v i t t t k dv t g f dif f r c i t h t r f t h
on en e n o a e a an a e o e en es n e na u e o e

h cks o b t i di vi di g uc h rt h qu k i t impl t wi d
u n n s ea a es n o s e, n an

c mpl x it will b
o e f t rw rd t h t w h il
,
ll r ult f r m t h
e se e n a e a s a ,
e a es o e

gr wt h f t h rt h cru t t h cl ific t i
o o e v rt h l c rr
ea
’
s s ,
e a ss a on n e e e e ss o e

p s d t on imp rt t dif f r c i t h ir m d f rigi

s o o an e en es n e o e o o n .

P 14 S m A GE rt h qu k m y b c ct d wit h t h
. o e ea a es a e on n e e e

p r ti
o e a f impl f ldi gon s o It i m r pr b bl t h t t h y
s e o n . s o e o a e a e are

c u d by t h brupt d vi l t pr c f f l t i g It i t h
a se e a an o en o e ss o au n . s e

pri cip l bj ct f t hi v lum t h w t h t t h gr t m j rit y

n a o e o s o e o s o a e ea a o

f o rt h qu k
ea d t t h i t rmit t a t gr wt h f f
e s are lt t h t
ue o e n e en o o au s, a ,

wh di pl c m t ccur t m d pt h t h fric t i g r t d
en a s a e en o s a so e e e on en e a e

by t h udd lidi g f e s h ug r ck m en r d gi t
s n o on e e o as s o v e an a a ns

th t h r mu t pr duc
e o e i t j i th s lid cru t r u d
o e an n en se ar n e so s a o n ,

ri f vibr t i w h ic h pr p g t d ut w rd i ll dir ct i
a se es o a on s o a a e o a s n a e on s

giv ri t t h u f c tes se a rt h qu k h ck ; d t h t i
e s r a e o an ea a e s o an a n

th m wh t r c i w h ich t h di pl c m t i c t i u d
o se so e a ar e ase s n e s a e en s on n e

righ t up t t h urf c t h udd pri g f t h di pl c d cru t

o e s a e, e s en s n o e s a e s

mu t c mplic t d i cr t h h ck d t t h gr t i g f t h
s o a e an n e ase e s o ue o e a n o e

lidi g m
s n Evid c wil l b br ugh t f rw rd t h w t h t
as se s . en e e o o a o s o a

r t h qu k
ea c ct d wit h fr ct u r t h r t h wit h cru t
a e s are on n e e a re s a e an s

f ldi g d wit h t h pr c f f ult i g r t h r t h wfit h t h t f

o n ,
an e o e ss o a n a e an a o

f tu i g
r ac r n .

T h u muc h ill umi t i f t h ubj ct f r m D ct r f S ci c

s na on o e s e o a o o o en e

an d F ll w e f th o G l gic l S ci t y T h i g
o e lippi g b ut
eo o a o e . n s ar e s n a o

un d r it pp r d m u t i
e u s, a gr wi g up fr m t h rt h
e a s , an o n a n s are o n o e ea .

I r g rd t t h
n e rt h qu k u d r di cu i Mr D vi r m k
a o e ea a e n e s s s on . a so n e ar s

(p g 66)
a e T pr duc t h b rv d di pl c m t i m
o o f
e e o se e s a e en s n asse s o so

gr t m g it ud it i cl r t h t t h i mic f rc mu t h v b
ea a a n e, s ea a e se s o es s a e e en

for l g t im g du lly i cr i g i t r gt h u t il t h y r c h d
a on e ra a n e as n n s en n e ea e

t h p i t wh
e o n th y w r uffici t t v rc m ll r i t c B f r
en e e e s en o o e o e a e s s an e . e o e

givi g w y t h cru t m y h v b gu t yi ld d b d i t h
n a e s a a e e n o e an en n e

dir c t i i wh ic h it f t rw d lipp d T h quit udd ly t h

e on s n a e ar s s e . en e s en ,
e
 70

t h at r t h qu k w t h r t d yi g l t h t I w w r i g
an ea a e as e a en e ,
sa n a so a as a n n

th e E gli h r id t
n s d ll f ri
es d I k w I dvi d C pt i
en s an a en s ne . a se a a n

Middl t t i f rm t h pr
e on o d N vy w h ic h h
n o ft rw rd did I
e e ss an a ,
e a e a s .

h d i t
a d d t w it t t h pr b t my t h ry h d f w b li v r
n en e o r e o e e ss , u eo a e e e e s

th en , and I wi h d t h Ch il M t r l gic l O f fic t V lp r i t
s e e e an e eo o o a e a a a a so o

h v t h cr di t f pr dict i
a e e e o e on .

Th S t r f Ch il
e i it i u a f A ugu t 25 t h 1 90 6
o e y th t n s ss e o s , ,
sa s , a

C p t i Middl t
a a n f th N v l M t e on r l gic l D p r t m t f r t ld
o e a a e eo o o a e a en o e o

th rt h qu k i L T rd f t h 1 4t h i t d t h t V lp r i
e ea a e n a a e o e ns . an a a a a so

w r th c tr f d g r
as n e a e en e o an e .

Th L d e Tim W kly d t d A ugu t 24 t h 1 906 pri t

on on es ee ,
a e s , ,
n s

th e f ll wi g fr m t h i c rr p d t t S t i g d Ch il
o o n o e r o es on en a an a o e e,

A ugu t 2ot h s .

Th igh t f t h l 6t h w r d r d dr df l by lig h t i g d
e n O e as en e e ea u n n an

p uri g f r i by t h
o n o ppi g f l c t ric c bl
a n, d wi e sn au d r th n o e e a e s an re s n e e

c t t t r g h ck wh ich cc r d ll igh t d by t h b mi g
on s an s on s o s o ur e a n ,
an e oo n

o f th fi e b ll re u ci g fi i v ri u qu rt r E ch h ck w
e an n o n n r es n a o s a e s . a s o as

f ll w d by t h w il
o o e d pr y r ef p pl k a li g i t h r i d
s an a e s o eo e n ee n n e a n an

mud T h fir t gr t h ck l t d f ur mi ut
. e s ea d fif t y sc d o as e o n e s an se on s .

S uc h dur t i i u k w t m m ry
a a on s n no n o e o .

B ll r g i t pl e s d pic t u
an wu g t fr m w ll wi g
n s ee e s an res s n ou o a s o n

to th h vi g m t i
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to S ti g
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l t t r t w w r c mpl t ly d t r y d w r l Quil l t
a e o ns e e o d e e es o e as e e a so o a an

Ll ill i
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Th rt h qu k w
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a e a s an n o n e e a a se a o a

V lp r i t w d y b f r
a a a so d th
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t h pr
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e ss A t l gr m f m Lim
e a y N E g li h
e o e . e e a ro a sa s o n s

A m ric h v b kill d i jur d rt h qu k t k ’

or e an s a Th
e een e or n e . e ea a e oo

pl c b ut 8 h p m l c l t im
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d £ 20 m illi
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T h A ut h ri t i e w r pr p r d d M r t i l l w w pr cl im d
o es e e e a e ,
an a a a as o a e .

S y th
a s St r e T h Mili t ry c mm
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e a o an o e o n e o e on

C p t i Lui G m z C
a a n fi s f t h Ch il
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o n an o e s on o e oo s un e

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s o d t h t V lp r i w it immu it y fr m t h wr t c h
an a a a a so o es s n o ose e es

wh uch pp r t u it i f pill g d r pi
o u se s o o n es or a e an a ne .

S m hu d d o e d ix t y p r n c ugh t pill gi g w r h t i t h
re an s e son s a a n e e s o n e

public qu r b id t h r t t h c
s a e s, f t h ir r bb ri
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o rd r we u d 68 0 p r h d p id t h d t h p l t y
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 71

P r t f t h c m t ri f ll d w t h h ill i t t h Pl z A ib l
a o e e e e es e o n e n o e a a n a

Pi t wit h pp lli g r ul t
n o a a n es s .

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a s on e ri f r pid l c t ric di c h rg fr m t h
n e ss a se es o a e e s a es o e

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e a en a os e e a e o e en e a e o ,
an se e e as

b ll f fi w r d c di g t h rt h
a s o re e e e s en n on e ea

A t h r wi tno y Th S t r
e At th
n ess s a fir t h ck I w s e a . e s s o as

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s an di g th n Pl z S t m y r d t h rt h m t i w
on e a a o o a o ,
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s o on as so

vi l t t h t I w t h r w h it h r d t h it h r b t h r
o en ,
a as o r m l id
n e an e ,
u o se s n e a e a

d w I w t h ky t t h
o n . sa t w rd p culi r t l gr y c l u d
e s o e e as a a e a s ee a o o r , an

duri g t h n wf ul f u mi ut t h h v
o se a mdt p o r d n es e ea e n s se e e o o en an

b lc h f rt h b ll f l c t ric fi
e o a It i imp
s ibl t pr v t h t
o e e re . s o ss e o o e a

l c t ricit y h d yt h i g t d wit h t h r ult b t wit h i fi mi ut

e e a an n o o e es , u n ve n es

f r m t h fir t h ck t h w h l ci t y w
o e s s i fl m
o t di f f r et p i t o e as n a es a e en o n s .

Th e Tim f N v mb r 26t h 1 91 2 p
es o ki g f t h i rt h qu k
o e e , ,
s ea n o s ea a e

sa y s Th gr t cit y f ll lik e h u eaf c rd T h ur d y A ugu t e e a o se o a s on s a ,

s

1 6t h A .
y w it r l t t h t t 5 mi ut ft r 8 h p m (qu ry
n e e n e ss e a es a a n es a e . . . e

it w i rui d as v l p d i d rk
n ly illumi t d by
n s an en e o e n a a n e ss o n na e

t h fir e t h t r pidly br k
es a t d a i pit f t h dr ch i g r i
o e ou ,
an so o n n s e o e en n a n

en v l p d t h wh l ci cl f t h b y i G h
e o e e o e f fl m r d e o e a n a e enn a o a e an

s mk o e .

Th rt h h v d d r ck d d h k it lf it w imp ibl
e ea ea e an o e an s oo se as o ss e

e it h r t t d up it d w blu fl m lik t h fi r u d plum

e o s an or s o n e a es e e re o n a

puddi g c d d d d c d d b t w
n as en e rt h d ky
an es e n e e e en e a an s .

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an o no e a a e s s o e en n ee s n

c h rg f t h Cit y l c t ric p w r t t i
a e o e wit c h d f f ll cu r t
e e o e s a on s s e o a r e n s so

th t th r w r
a liv wi b ut
e e e e no e re s a o .

A f ri d t ld m t h t h w t h r w d w by t h r t h m v '
en o e a e as o n o n e ea s o e

m t h i w y h m H i p ct l f ll f f d h i k
en on s a o e . h s s e ac e s e o an on s n ee s e

g p d f t h m t h r d w h ic h h v d lik t h
ro e or e on t i t rv l
e oa , ea e e e se a a n e a s .

It w v ry d rk wi t h drizzli g r i
as e a d c l ur d fl m fl h d n a n ,
an o o e a es as e

upw rd d l g t h rt h mid t h u d f cr h i g buildi g

a s an a on e ea ,
a e so n o as n n s .

Th t h ry t h t rt h qu k
e eo c u d by t h r t h h ri ki g
a ea a es are a se e ea s n n

an d th rup t ur f i t r l t r t c
e e t cc u t f t h l c t ric
o n e na s a a, an n o a o n or e e e

ph m en o th ri d wi d t rm
e n a, e th h ft
a n f fi an d th n s o s, e s a s o re an e

m t ric di pl y
e eo s a s .

Th cc mp im t f m y rt h qu k uc h t h ri i g f
e a o an en s o an ea a es s as e s n o

th c 5 0 f t t h lig h t i g d i i t h i t h rv u
e o e an ee ,
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a ppr h i e d pr
en s ont im t f c mi g vil w h ic h p rv d m
an e se n y en o o n e e a e an

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'
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d g m i g d p ul t ry h uddl d i
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c an n ot b xpl i d by e e h ug r ck m a ne l idi g v r th r
one e o as s s n o e an o e .

T h y d t f rc w h ic h p rm t v ryt h i g d c u t h r ck
e ar e ue o o es e ea e e e n an a se e o s
to s lid if t h y d lid Fig 4 3 4 4
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an d 45 sh e w th w e i
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the l t i ct i whi ch c u d t h i gr
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v g i t m d t il b ut t hi V lp r i
I ha e on e n o so rt h qu k e e a a o s a a a so e a a e,

b c u by t h di gr m t t h t im it t k pl c v ry pl t xc pt
e a se e a a a e e oo a e e e an e e e

M rcu y i ct i g l
e r s a d m n ,
a so su n an oo n .

T w pl t o rly t h m ridi f V lp r i
an e s are n e a d t h ir on e e an o a a a so an e

r g i gr t
an e s th t cc u t ; l by t h rt h r t t i t h
ea on a a o n a so e ea
’
s o a on e

l t i g t
so e c r c a e n s are q ickly br ugh t i t c t i u o n o a on .

Th l t i f rc
e so e c r c v ry p w rf l d if m yo y i
e s are e o e u an on e a sa so , n

t r ibl di rd r p i t iv
e r e so d g t iv fl h i g upw rd a d d w
e ,
os e an ne a e as n a s n o n

w rd ki g t t bli h quil ibrium

a s see n o es a s e .

Th S t i g O b rv t ri
e an w r ff d d d t h y br ugh t b ut
a o se a o es e e o en e an e o a o

a p r cut i f M iddl t cryi g t t h im it w r Pr p h y

e se on o e on , n ou o ,
as e e, o es

u t n o us T h y g v h im li t f d t f rt h qu k i cludi g
. e a e a s o a es O ea a e s, n n

som fl dte a se d b d hi m c lcul t w h r t h

a e s , an rt h qu k t k a e a a e e e e se e a a es oo

pl c d whi c h d t
a e , an wr fl a es e e a se .

O ly nxp rt ft r l g pr c t ic c uld d t h i ucc full y d

an e e a e on a e o o s s e ss an

I m gr t ly gri v d t
a ea h r t h t C pt i Mi ddl t t k t h bit t r
e e o ea a a a n e on oo e e

crit ici m t h t d di d
s s o e ar ,
an e .

I J l y 1 91 2 I
n u t t Ch il ,
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 74

p mb r T h pr v d t b p rf ct ly c rr c t d b i g b d
Se t e e . ese o e o e e e o e ,
an e n ase on

as tr mic l d t w r
on o a d ub t h igh ly di t t ful t t h Dir ct r f
a a e e no o s as e o e e o o

th e A tr mic l O b rv t ry t S t i g S fi F Ri t p rt
s on o a se a o a an a o, e or . s en a .

Lik wi t h r w
e se pr dic t i f i mic di t urb c
e e as a S p t mb r
e on o se s s an e on e e e

29t h —3 ot h cc r di gly t t h t t im 1 7 t mbl r ct u lly ccurr d

a o n a a e e o es a a o e

i
n th vici it y l t Ju F r d z t rr t i l r i
e n ,
a so a d an e n an e o en a a n an a

v lc br ki g i t ct ivit y w r t h r it m f i t r t T h i
o an o ea n n o a e e o e e s o n e es . s

w uld b g ll d bit t r t S ii M t
o e a an d B ll r Ch i f f t h
e n ess o e or on e ssu s e a o e, e o e

S i m l gic l ffi c
e s o o f Ch il w h l g g d t h t f h i c ll gu
a o e o e, o se an u a e an a o s o ea e

b c m p r l d b iv t w rd m T h y ugg t d i public
e a e e s on a an a us e o a s e . e s es e n

ne w p p r th t I w i
s a e s B f r t h b v v t h pp d
a as n san e . e o e e a o e e en s a ene

an d t th i t a c e d ub t f t h t h
n s an i t llig t
e, n o ct i f o ,
o e e n on - n e en se on o

a ut h rit y t h Pr id t f Ch il c bl d t t h F r ig O ffic i
o ,
e es en o e a e o e o e n e n

L d on d I w
on , an t wic h u t d up by p lic — as t h t I mig h t e n e o e so a u se

m e an st t ur f f t h pr di c t d
o n ort h q k e e e ea ua e

Th t ry i t e s o l gf ci t ific b k d t h mil i w
s oo on or a s en oo ,
an as e s e s no

on th f c f t h d li qu t w m y p
e a e o e ; b t wi t h u t
e n y en ,
e a ass on u o an

k t i gl b rv t ry My b c f r g rd i clud t h
,

th an s o a s n e o se a o . a se n e o e a n es e

l r d g t l m i c h rg f S F ci c S t i g d M xic
ea n e en e en n a e o an r an s o, an a o an e o

o b rv t ri
se Gr wich O b rv t ry h
a o es . gr t di lik f y
e en se a o as a ea s e o an

m t r l gic l t h ry wi t h t h m i it S m did d pit full y

e eo o o a eo ,
e oo n n . o e es e

u se m d I pr y
e , an t f th m A b lut ig a r c f th c u f
no or e . so e n o an e o e a se s o

ea rt h qu k i t h c h rg I bri g g i t
a es s pr t ci t i t A d
e a e n a a ns ou r e se n s en s s . n

I w uld o w t h t t h y ch
no g t h i t t it ud t b v l t t l r c
a e an e e r a e o a en e o en o e an e

o f new id f e as B rd h t h it Ig r c i t h cu
or as o u r f a a . n o an e s e r se o

G d o (H y V I) enr .

Mc d H
a ao an g K g w uld t r ply t my qu ri on ki g
on o no e o e e s se e n

t yp h i f rm t i
o on J p
n o h b m t c id r t
a on . d h
a an as e en os on s e a e , an so as

A u t rali
s a .

Th l y E gli h
e on l r d b di t h t h v t b
n s ct u lly
ea n e o es a a e no ee n a a

o b t ruct iv t my w rk h v b t h Bid t O b rv t ry (M
s e o o a e een e s on se a o r .

Plumm r ) d t h A dmi lt y H yd g p h ic D p r t m t
e ,
an e ra ro ra e a en .

I m ti th en t h i g i r g rd t
on t h p r ici u m j ri t y
e se n s n e a o e e n o s a o as a

r w rd f t h i p rv r b t ruct i
e a or e r t t h t t h ir l r
e d pi i
e se O s on , n o a e ea n e o n on

is o f y v lu an th bj ct
a e on ese su e s .

I 1 91 2 t h
n Dir c t r S r D M t, e d B ll r wr t t
e o en o e o n e ssu s e a o e o e o

El M rcu i e f V lp r i r o l t t r fi i h i g f ll w
o a a a so a e e n s n as o o s

A f m I h ll b v ry c lm
s or th 18 th
e s d 3 ot h f S p t mb r
a e e a on e an o e e e

t h i ki g t h t
n n ly G d k w w h t h r
a on r t h qu k t h r t
o no s e e an e a a e e a en s u s o r

no t d I d cl r my lf t b t t lly i g
,
an e a e r t i t h i r g rd Ev
se o e o a n o an n s e a . en

h uld C p t i C p r pr p h cy c m t p I w uld t b li v ’
s o a an oo e s o e o e o as s o no e e e

i hi th
n ry (It did c m t p )
s eo . o e o ass .

I m i g d c mp y — t h c mp
a n y f ll i m l gi t T
oo o an e o an o a se s o o s s . o
 75

wh t p p t h d
a ur i m l gic l b rv t i
o se. en rv ? T
o ou r se s o o a O se a on s se e o

pr p r f
e a e ucc r It m y b t h t f t r m c t uri t h y
or o u r s e sso s . a e a a e so e en es e

will j di i ly f r t ll r t h qu k
u c ou s o e e ea a es .

Evid t ly D B ll r f rg t t h t i h i v ry m l t t r i t h
en e a o e o o a n s e sa e e e s e

f ll wi g p r gr p h
o o n a a a .

N pu d g r q l c pit Middl t ut iliz l t ri d l

o e e ne a se ue e a an e on o a eo a e

c pit C p r p r pr t ic r q
a an oo e t mp r l a a t rr m t on o s a ue nu e o a o un e e o o

( t
n o e se l d bl l i
a d l pr bl m )
o m z b l ciud d d
e so u c o n e o e a ,
a en a a a a a e

V lp r i l di 1 6 d A g t d 1 90 6 H id bu pr f t y
a a a so e a e os o e . a s o en o e a se

c mpr d muy bi q l public

o en e l rm ct u lm t l l r l
en ue e o se a a e a a en e a ee a

c r t d l m ri i gl t
a a e a no n e s, e c .

S ti g 3 0 t h A ugu t 1 91 2 an a o, s ,
.

Tr l ti an s aIt c t b d i d t h t C p t i Mid dl t
on . an n o e en e a a a n e on

m d a f C pt i C p r
e u se o th ry t pr g t ic t t h t t rm
a a n oo e
’
s eo o o n os a e a a s o

or an e a rt h qu k ( t t h d ubl lut i f t h pr bl m ) t h r t d
a e no e e o e so on o e o e e a en e

th eCi t y f V lp r i o t h 1 6t h f A ug t 1 90 6
a H h
a a so , o n b e o us ,
. e as ee n a

t ru pr p h t
e od it b eily u d r t d t h t t h public i w
an c an e e as n e s oo a e s no

a al rm d by r di g t h l t t r f r m t h E gli h m
e ea n t e e e o e n s se a an ,
e c .

S ti g 3 0t h f A ugu t 1 91 2 an a o, o s ,
.

D E M O N TE S S U S DE B A LL O RE .

TH E ME SS IN A E A RT H QUA KE O F 1 90 8 .

T h i rt h qu k ws ea f t h m t di tr u
a e r c rd Th as o n e o e os sas o s on e o . e

rui d cit i f C l bri d S icily w r v ry p p l u d t h buil d

ne es o a a a an e e e o u o s , an e

i g h igh dd d t wh ich t h t im f cc rr c 5 h r 3 0 mi ut
n s ,
a e o e e o o u en e, ou s n es

on aD c mb r m r i g f u d m t f t h i h bit t l p
e e e o n n ,
o n os o e n a an s as e e or

i d r
n oo s A i mic
. w v 3 0 f t h igh f ll w d t h r t h q k
se s se a a e ee o o e e ea ua e,

an d w p t t h qu y
s e d l w r tr t
e f t h ci t i
a I t i c mput d
s an o e s ee s o e es . s o e

th t a p pl w r kill d i f w mi u t eo e d t h t pr p r t y
e e e n a e n e s , an a o e

o f t h v lu e f 1 5 0 milli
a f p u d w
e o l t on s o o n s as os .

S urviv r t t d t h t t h u d r u
o s s a e i w r h rd ju t b f r t h a n e o s n o se s e e ea s e o e e

ea rt h q k ua d vivid lig h t i g fl h d
e , an n n as e .

M r vi l t h ck h v b f l t i t h r p r t f t h w rld
o e o en s o s a e e en e n o e a s o e o ,

b t i M
u n i d th r d tr y d t w
e s s n a , an h u w r buil t t h
o e es o e o n s, o se s e e on e

s id f m u t i
es o th t
o y n ri u r t h m v m t c u d l d
a n s , so a an se o s ea o e en a se an

sl id d t h upp r h u
e s , an t f ll e d w ck t h l w re Th t o se s o a an re e o e on e s . a

an d th w v c u d t h gr t l f lif
e se a a e a se e ea o ss o e .

T h fir t w r i g w
e w it t i t h h v
s a n n D c mb r 23 d as r en n e ea en s o n e e e r ,

fi ve d y b f r h d Th c d war i g c firm d t h i w h t h
a s e o e an . e se on n n on e s en e

m oon d an w r 5 75 p t d t h t h e t d pl
su n e e mdt °
a ar ,
an e r a en e ac e s ee e o

b e at th tr c t M i S t r it
e en an e o e ss n a a s .
 S IC I L Y

f
d b . m ,

”
06 6 8 G m e a n - t /m e

MO O N at e x f r e rn e: d e c li na h on

23 - 27 N S U N
.
.

S u b3 e n

M E S S IN A
‘
e a rh z q u a k e s . 7M ) wa r n i n g s .

I TA L Y

A9 0 8 .

l /S o f M OS S / Il a
d /r . m
[J o e
r
27 3 0 3 Gre m w z c h m ea n /Tr ue .

F I GS . 46 47 .

fir t h ck c m t b ut 5 h 22m m w h t h c mbi
Th e s s o s a e a a o . . a . .
,
en e o na

ti w r ct i g t h
on s t th
e e a t w rd n on e se a o e e as a .

T h t h u c mbi t i t ruck t h C l bri c t b ut

en e s n s
’
o na on s e a a an o as a o

5 h 26m m d th m c mbi t i t ruck t h S icil i c t ’

. . a . .
,
an e oon s o na on s e an o as

a b ut 5 h 3 5 m m Th M g ri m il t m r E ph t
o . . a . . e e ss a e es a s ea e u ra e

r p rt d t h t
e o e m D c mb r 28 t h a ft r p i g M i t h a . .
,
e e e ,
a e a ss n e ss n a e

v l w vi l t ly h k
e sse d th
as lig h t f M i ligh t h u
o en s a en ,
an e o e ss n a o se

bcm e l g r vi ibl Th l t i f rc
a e no on mt h v flwd e s e . e so e c r c o e s s ee o a e o e

a cr t h S t r it t h igh p t t i l fr m C l bri t S icil y—

o ss e a t s a o en a o a a a o su n o

m oon .

I t h c ur f th r p r ti
n f th
e ubm ri t l gr p h c bl
o se o e e a a on o e s a ne e e a a es

i t h S t r it
n f M e i y d ily p p r f A pril 3 d 1 909 it w
a s o e ss n a, s a s a a a e o r , ,
as

f u d t h t t h c bl w r bur t i pl c It w uld b difii lt t

o n a e a es e e n n a es . o e cu o

h rma i t h crumpli g d cri kli g rt h cru t t h ry wit h t h i

o n se e n an n n ea s eo s

pr f f fi ff c t
oo o th b d f thre e e s on e e o e se a .

M i Cit y ccupi t h t yp f it u t i r quir d by t h

e ss n a o es e e o a s a on e e e
 78

cr ashw uld c m d t h p t f rc w uld b g t h r d up fr m t h

o o e , an e en o es o e a e e o e

ea rt h d di t ribut d m g t h pl t
an re - s e a on e an e s .

W ft h e or f r c rd m d by i m g p h f quit ri u
en ea o e o s a e se s o ra s o e se o s

ea r t h qu k d a v r r c iv
e s, y c
an firm t ry w f t h m
ne e e e e an on a o ne s o e .

T h i i m t im t h c b c u t h r t h qu k h h pp d i
s s so e es e a se , e a se e ea a e as a en e n a

d rt c u t ry wild
e se o n t i t uc h wit h civili t i
or e r n e ss n o n o sa on .

A c cc r d t 8 h 5 2 m m J u ry 22 d 1 91 0 w h it
ase o ur e a . . a . .
,
an a n , ,
en

a pp r t h t E r p
ea s i m g ph r c rd d
a u o rt h qu k f
e an se s o ra s e o e an ea a e o

vi l c o en d x t t gr t r t h M i
e an e en y f fi y r ea e an e ss n a or an or ve ea s .

B y d f w mi r h ck t h i v t r t h qu k
e on a e no w s t o s, s as ea a e as no

c fi m d by f u t h r w A S l t i c lcul t i pl c d t h
on r e r e ne s . o ec r c a a on a e e

di t urb c
s r Timbuk t u i t h W t r S ud A f ric w h c
an e n ea ,
n e es e n o an , a, en e

it w uld b u lik ly t h t
o e y w w uld c m
n e a an ne s o o e .

M y f t h t ic h w v r r c rd d by i m gr ph d t
an o e no es, o e e ,
e o e se s o a an no

c firm d m y r l t t S l t i p h m t ki g pl c i m
on e a e a e o o ec r c en o en a a n a e n so e

ne igh b ri g pl t ou n an e .

P f r Mil r o es s o i l t t r t t h pr
n e, xpl i i g t h n a e e o e e ss e an n e

M i rt h qu k id t h t t h l d f It ly w gr wi g upw rd
e ss n a e a a e sa a e an o a as o n a

an d h d b a i c R m t im ee n s n It w l i ki g pr v d by
e o an es . as a s o s n n as o e

t h t mpl
e e f Jupi t r S r pi w h ic h h d u k 20 f
e o et b l w c lvl
e a s, a s n ee e o o e an e e

i c t h t mpl w built Th r t h i h i ki g d crumpli g lik

s n e e e e as . e ea s s r n n ,
an n e

a c c rt i w h it i cl d ridg g i g up d p r ll l d pr i
on e na en s o se ,
a e o n an a a a e e e ss on

gi g d w
o n S ci c
o t d y
n . c clud t h P f r en e o- a ,
on es e r o e s so c an

e xpl i muc h b t h um it y i j t h lpl

a n , u w h it t r mbl d an s us as e e ss a s en e e

b f r vi it t i uc h t h i
e o e a s ab f r t h wr t h f G d
on s as s , as e o e e a o o .

Evid t ly t h r i m ll c mf rt i t h t h ri f t h l r d
en e e s s a o o n e eo es o e ea n e

e xp rt wh ff ct t p k wit h ut h rit y t h y pp d l t t r f t r
e s o a e o s ea a o e a en e e s a e

t h ir e m t v uc h f wi d m d c v r t h ir ig r c wi t h
na es o o or s o ,
an o e e n o an e a

mul t it ud f w rd Mr Mil e o l t t r it t l g t qu t b i g
o s . . ne s
’
e e oo on o o e, e n

720 w rd o s .

Th S l t i t h e ry h ld t t h h p t h t if h lf muc h t im
o ec r c eo o s ou e o e a a as e

an d m ywr p t
on e it th e eM t r l gic l S ci t y u t
s en on as e e eo o o a o e se s o

r c rd t h h igh t f t h b r m t r w h uld v id b i g kil l d by

e o e e o e a o e e ,
e s o a o e n e

ea rt h qu k c lli ry xpl i
a e, d uc h lik
o e t lcu bcu
e o s o n s an s e n a ur a a se s, e a se

h y f r w r
e o e a n us .

Fr m y u t h w rd it i pump d i t mp t y h d t h t t h ’
o o on a s s e n o on e s e ea a e

ea r t h i c li g c li g d cri kli g— u t il —
s oo n , oob gi nt t an n n n on e e ns no o

b li v it
e e e .

Th t mp r t r f p c i p t d w t mi u 273 C d t hi
°
e e e a u e o s a e s u o n a n s . an s

pl t f milli
an e or d m illi f y r i upp d t h v giv ff
o n s an on s o ea s s s os e o a e en o

it hs t ll t h t t im
ea a d i d i g a t ill e an s o n so s .

Ih v b a ummi t f t h A d b t b rv d h t w v
e e en o n s s o e n es, u o se e no ea a es

g i g
o n ff i t O p c i f ct I w n o s v r c ld r i my l if Th
a e, n a as ne e o e n e . e
 79

a vi t r d b ll i t h v t h m t l t t ll T h w h r d
a o an a oo n s a e e sa e a e o e . en e e oes

a ll t h i h t g t s ea o o .

Fir d f c t ri d m l t i g w rk
e s , an ai t th rt h t c l
o e s an s e n o s a ss s e ea o oo

by c umi g mill on s f t f t h pl
n t S t ill t h rt h r m i
ion s o on s o e an e . e ea e a ns

no c ld r t h w h
o e fir t h i t ri w r w it t
an S m t im
en o u r w s s o es e e r en . o e es e

as k wh r , th ld f h i
e e ar e d fr t y wi t r e o as on e os n e s .

A m bur h p f g rd t u f f ; h
an ns a fl m f l h t ea o a en s e se e s a e, ee s ea ,

th t h r m i d r i ju t
en e e rt h g i Th fl m i t h m
a n e s by s ea a a n . e a e s e e an s

w h ic h N t ur t r ll t h
a g e i t t h ir r idu l c dit i
u ns a e as e s n o e es a on on ,

S l t i f rc
o ec r c w h ic h v t u lly r c h t h
o e, gi e en a ea es e su n a a n .

Wh th rt h ccumul t
en v r pr ur f S l t i f rc
e ea a a e s an o e -
e ss e o o ec r c o e,

t h i t ri r i h
e n t d m ch
e o ic l w k i d by lif t i g t h rt h
s ea e ,
e an a or s on e n e ea or

se a i w v n d by rup t i g t t h v lc
a e s an ic v t e n a e o an en s .

B t th rt h imply d b ck t h v rch rg t t h
u e ea s sen s a e o e a e o e s un ,

so m t im i vi l t m d wh ich v rch rg ft pr d c
e es n a o en oo -
o e a es o en o u e .

GRE A T IN D IA N E A RT H QUA K E O F 1 905

TH E .

T h i rt h qu k ccurr d t h 4 t h A pril t b ut 6 h 1 5 m
s ea a e o e on e a a o . .

a m l c l t im
. . o It pp r t h t f
a vi l c d t h r c v r d it
e . a ea s a or o en e an e a ea o e e

i
s on e o f t h gr t t f w h ic h t h r i
e y r c rd
ea es U lik t h M i
o e e s an e o . n e e e ss n a

ea r t h qu k t h c u t ry f f ct d did t c t i l rg p pul u t w
a e e o n a e e no on a n a e o o s o n s.

y t e p pl l t t h ir liv eo e os e es .

Th h ill t t i e f D h rm l s ab ut 1 00 mil N W f S iml w

on o a s a a, a o es . o a as

o v rwh l m d d m y b r ck d
e e e an r t h c t r f di t urb c
a e e on e as n e a e en e o s an e
— L t i t ud 3 2 —20 N d 76 —1 5 E
° ’ ° '
a e . an .

Dr C D vi writ i g t t h Tim
. . a son y Th ri i f n o e es s a- s e o g n o

th t h qu k i
e e ar d ub t t b ugh t i
a e s no f t h gr t m v m t o o e so n on e o e ea o e en s

t o w h ic h t h f rm t i f the t ill gr wi g m u t i
o a (t h
on o e se s o n o n a ns e

H im l y ) i d a a as s ue .

N w t hi o bl t h S l t i t h ry t c m t g rip wit h ll
s en a es e o ec r c eo o o e o s a

s ci t ific g l gi t T h ir b t m
en eo o s s ly y t h m u t i
. e es an c an on sa e o n a ns

h v m v d t i ll m vi g Th r h ug c vi t i
”
a e d o e an ar e s i th o n . e e are e a es n e

i t ri r it i l
n e o rt d i t w h ic h t h t r t f ll wit h h rribl
s a so a ss e e n o e s a a a o e

so u d n d h ckan th r t h h ri k b t t h m u t i gr w
s o e ea s n s u e o n a ns o .

V ry w ll l r d g t l m m y h v it b t h w y B l w i
e e ,
ea n e en e en a a e o a s . e o s a

l t t r fr m Dr D vi i f ll a it w ll d crib t h c h r ct r f t h i
e e o . a so n n u s e es es e a a e o s

ea r t h qu k a e .

T H E I N D IA N E A RT H QUA KE 1 90 5 ,
.

T E T o TH E D IT O R on TH E IM E S .

S — Th d t il t h t w h
IR , e f r c iv d b ut t h i g t
e a s a e av e s o ar e e e a o s r ea

ea rt h qu k imp rf c t t h y
a e, bl t f rm m c c p t i
e e as e ar e , e n a e us o o so e on e on
 80

of the r gt h f t h h ck d f t h v t
st en o f th e sr di t urb d o an o e as n e ss o e a ea s e

by it Th r gi wit h i wh ic h ri u d m g t buil di g ccurr d

. e e on n se o s a a e o n s o e

is a b ut 5 20 m il in l gt h
o d if i v ry pr b bl
es Dh m l
en an ,
as s e o a e, ar sa a

b e nea r t h c t r it widt h c e t b l
en the, 3 60 mil s th t th an n o e e ss an e s , so a e

t t l r
o a f d t ruc t i
a ea o mu t b b ut es q r mil — t h t i
on s e a o s ua e es a s,

a b ut t h r t im t h r f E gl d d c id r bly m r t h
o ee es e a ea o n an ,
an on s e a o e an

th er f t h U it d Ki gd m Th b d ry f t h r gi i
a ea o e n e n o . e ou n a o e e on n

qu t i i r ugh ly v l d l g t d i t h dir c t i f t h H im l
es on s o o a an e on a e n e e on o e a a

y an a x th t th rigi f t h rt h qu k i d ub t t b ugh t
e s , so a e o n o e ea a e s no o o e so

i
n f t h gr t m v m t t
on e o e w h ich t h f rm t i f t h
ea o t il l
e en s o e o a on o ese s

gr wi g m u t i i d
o n o n a ns s ue .

If w m y m ur r ugh ly t h t r gt h f
e a eas t h qu k by t h
e o e s en o an e ar a e e

e xt t f t h r di t u b d by it it w l d m t h t
en o e a ea s f th fi t
r e ,
ou se e a on e o e rs

pl c m g ll r c rd d rt h qu k mu t b
a es a on a e ig d t t h r c t
o e ea a es s e a ss ne o e e en

s h ck o Th gr t I di
. rt h qu k f 1 8 97 it i t im t d w f lt
e. ea n an e a a e o s es a e ,
as e

o ve r r f 1 % milli
an a ea o f qu r mil b t if it b t ru on s o s a e es u ,
e e , as

r p t d t h t t h h ck f A pril 4 t h w f lt t B mb y d C lcut t
e or e ,
a e s o o as e a o a an a a,

wh ich b ut 98 0 d
ar e a mil fr m D h rm l t h t h r
o an es o a sa a , en e a ea

o v r wh ich it w p rc pt ibl w uld b b ut t wic l rg d t h r

e as e e e o e a o e as a e , an e e

f r t much l t h t h r f ll Eur p
o e no e ss an e a ea o a o e .

Th r w h w v r e e p r t f t h rt h u f c t w h ic h t h
as , o e e ,
no a o e ea
’
s s r a e a e

ea rt h w v w r i -
a ibl t i m g ph A xc di gly d t il d
es e e n se n s e o se s o ra s . n e ee n e a e

r c rd f t h di t urb c w giv by h riz t l p dulum t

e o o e s an e as en a o on a en a

Birmi gh m T h fir t t r m r w r r gi t r d t 1 h 6 m 1 8
n a . e s e o s e e e s e e a . . s .

a m. d w r
.
,
ucc d d t 1 h 29 m 2 by l g p ri d u dul t i
an e e s ee e a . . s . on -
e o n a on s

l ti g f m r th
as n or h ur d o e h lf Th m r pr mi t f
an an o an a a . e o e o n en o

th u dul t i
e se n i tw a ri p r t d by f w mi u t
o n s ar e n d o se e s , se a a e a e n es an

it i r m rk bl t h t
s e ali t t l m r t h t w h u l t r t h di gr m
a e a a e o e an o o rs a e e a a

s h w o th r d
s bl gr up f w v
an o e Thou rly t r m r t k
e o o a es . e ea e o s oo a

dir c t c ur t h r ug h t h b dy f t h r t h t h fir t d bl ri
e o se o e o o e ea e s ou e se es

t r v ll d
a el g t h urf c by t h h r t t w y t Birmi gh m
e a on e s a e e s o es a o n a

wh il t h c d d ubl ri f ll w d t h l g t p ibl r ut
e e se on o e se es o o e e on es o ss e o e,

t hr gh t h
ou t ip d d b ck
e g i t Bi mi gh m A b ut
an o e s, an a a a n o r n a . o

3 } h ur oft r th fir t m v m t t h y mu t h v c mpl t d t h ir
s a e e s o e en e s a e o e e e

j ur y r d t h rt h d r t ur d t t h c t r f di t b
o ne oun e ea an e ne o e en e o s ru an cc .

Y ur b di t ly o s o e en ,

CH A RLE S D A V IS O N S D ,
c . .
,

16 M ,
R A N OR OAD ,

B M IR IN GH A M ,

A p ri l l 2ik, 1 90 5 .

As t o wh et he r th e ea rt h i h ll w i pl c
s o o n a e s or t h at m o u n t a n s ar e i
gr wi g o n , t h e S o le ct ric t h e o ry d t u d rt k
oe s n o n e a e to d cid
e e.
 81

Se l ct ric
rgy h w v r m y b m t t r i
e en e ,
o e e ,
a e a e n an o t h e r f rm o , an d

m t t r m y b r lv bl i t
a e a rgy we e so a e n o en e ,
as e se e e v rye day in t h e
c mbu t i f c l d pr duc t i f l ct ricit y
o s on o oa an o on o e e .

Th t h i t lf c uld gr w
e e ar d b f d se o o an e e on Se l c t ric f rc
e o e, a

t t m t w h ic h m y b
s a e en p t rgum t a e o en o a en .

B t it i t p u t rgum t f it i f
s no o en o a en ,
or s a a ct , t h at t h e S e l ct ric e

th ry pr dict t h i I di
eo rt h qu k by m
e s s n an ea a e e an s o f a fir t w r i g
s a n n

se v d y fi h u b f r th v t
en a s ve o rs e o e e e en .

/90 5 —TH 5 IN D IA N EA R T H Q U A K E

f ' '
2m e aa z z s

c d w r i g f ur d y
A s e on a n n o a s t e n h ou r bfr
s e o e h an d m rk a s the s p ot

at fir t i dic t d
s n a e .

V l
20

A p r/ l 7
6 Gre e n
A
m ea /
n [m e
is o s —G R EA r '
/N D IA N EA R T H Q U A KE l oc a l t im e 6 /5 m '
”
4p n /
.
a o f 4

I? 56 5

Q 37 5

Oh m-
m a le 75 5
‘

" - “
3 0 3 '
5 2 GR EE N M E A N TI M E

S ECO N D WA R N IN G

M e nu : EA RT H Q UA K E
 82

di g m will h w t h t t h h ur f rt h qu k d it
Th e a ra s s o a e o o ea a e an s

p it i migh t h v b d fi it ly c lcul t d l g b f r h d j t
os on a e een e n e a a e on e o e an us

as t h wri t re w c lcul t it 1 1 y r
e no ft r d t a a es ea s a e a e .

M r v r it ri u c h r c t r i l vid t b c u ll v
o eo e ,
s se o s a a e s a so e en e a se a se en

pl t t g t h r wit h
an e s o d m e t k p r t wi t h t h
e rt h i t h
s u n an oon a e a e ea n e

g r l i t rc h g d b l ci g f t h t t l m u t f t h S l t i
en e a n e an e an a an n o e o a a o n o e o ec r c

f rc
o e .

Fiv pl t m k c mb i t i wi t h t h
e an e s i t h D h rm l
a e a o na on e su n n e a sa a

di t ric t d h r t h t r m d u
s ,
an ml t i
e e f p w r i p
e di te en o s a ccu a on o o e s a ss e n o

ea r t h it l ru h ,
t h w rd t w d t h
a so sH im l y
es mu t i
n or a s o ar s e a a a o n a ns

s h ki ga g r t xt
n t f c u t ry
a ea d th p i g f m th P k t
e en o o n ,
an en ass n ro e ea s o

th m
e c mbi t i
o on s f M rcury
’
o d V u T h u t h wh l
na on o e an en s . s e o e

l r y t m i g i l t i lly b l c d
so a s s e s a a n so e c r c a a an e .

N w d r gr t r f t h rt h w vi l t ly f f c t d It
o on e a ea a ea o e ea as o en a e e .

w as w ll t h t p pul t i w
e a t cr wd d o a on as n o o e .

C id ri g t h t S l c t ric f rc i t h m f ll l r f rc
on s e n a e e o e s e su o a so a o e s,

gr vit y i clud d t h r i t h i g t r g i im gi i g t h t t h h ig h
a n e ,
e e s no n s an e n a n n a e

h ill m y d s c t ig f r m t h i Cr t r t h ig b i g t h t t i
a an e a a s n o e r ea o e s n e n e a

t ud f th
es pl t t
o c h t h r T h rt h i
e an e s l t ic b dy
o ea o e . e ea s an e as o

vibr t i g t t h rumbl f c rt w h l d i i g i l rg w v
a n a e e o th a a ee ,
an r s n n a e a e s as e

fo r ce wh ic h giv lif t h ru h f r m h igh r p t t i l t l w r

es e o er s es o a e o en a o a o e ,

l g t h u dul t i g urf c
a on e n a n s a e .

S uc h th ry g f t xpl i h pp i g lik t h u d r
a eo oes ar o e a n a en n s e o se n e

di cu i
s ss o nd t ti f y th
,
mi d b t t r t h t h crud id t h t
an o sa s e n e e an e e ea a

so m t h i g h f ll d w i t h rt h i t ri r
e n as a en o n n e ea
’
s n e o .

I c t y m thi g h
an n o t f ll
sa b t d
so th t em t hi g n as n o a en u oes a so e n

c u t h wick d w t h r u l t rt h qu k t im t h r i t h
a se e e ea e su a a ea a e e, e a n s, e

liquid fir f v ri u h u t h ppr h i dr d f m y p r
es o a o s es, e a e en s v e ea o an e so n s ,

th e d g pr m it ry mo s th e t r mbli g h r
on o d c w ri g e an , e e n o se s an o e n

p ul t ry t h w ird i
o ,
ed w h i p ri g e f gh t Th r dr
n o se s , a n s e n s o os s . e ea e

wit h t h vid c b f h im will d cid f h im lf

e e en e e ore e e or se .

Th x t x mpl i f m J p 1 8 96 d i
e ne e a p ci l c
e s ro a an , ,
an s a s e a as e ,

b c u t h pr v il i g c u w t h f c t f t h r pl t rrivi g
e a se e e a n a se as e a o ee an e s a n on

th e sa m m ridi t t h m t im
e e an a e sa e e .

Wh th y w r 8 8 f r m J p h rp w r i g w giv °
en e e e d o a an a s a a n n as e n , an

w h t h y w r 5 7 5 w y t h r t h qu k t k pl c d p h p t h
en e e e
9
a a ,
e ea a e oo a e , an er a s e

gr t t
ea es i mic w v r c rd r ll d v r t h c t T w
se s se a a d
e on e o o e o e e . o as . o n s an

h ml t w
a e s um u d p pul t i d
ere n d th
ero w w pt s an o a on en s e , an e se e re s e

a wy a ,
pr b igl t e so n s e n os .

T h f ll wi g cc u t w
e o o t t th n Tim a f w d yo lt r
n as s e n o e es a e a s a e

t h c t t r ph
e a as o e.
 83

TH E GRE A T SEA W A VE IN JA PA N ,
1 8 96 .

A l
r fr m Y k h m d t d J 20 y
et t e o o o a a, a e une ,
sa s

L t t f fici l r t ur h w t h t t h m rt lit y r l t i g fr m t h
a es o a e ns s o a e o a e su n o e

gr t ea w v t h t w p t l rg p r t i f t h rt h t c t f
se a a e a s e a a e o on o e no e as
-
o as o

Jp a th
an o n igh t f Ju 1 5 i v ry much gr t r t h w t fir t
e n o ne s e ea e an as a s

s upp d Th ll ct i f i f rm t i ft r uch di t r w h ic h
o se . e co e on o n o a on a e s a sas e ,

h as pr c t ic lly b l t t d t v r l t h rivi g t w
a a o d m y m ll
e ou se e a n o ns an an s a

h ml t
a i e s, c rily t t d d by m y di f ficult i
s ne es sa t h t it i t a en e an e s , so a s no

s urpri i g if t h fir t r p r t
s n t t w r f e wid f t h m rk T h
s e o s se n ou e e ar e o e a . e

G v r r f t h Pr f c t ur ff c t d h v pr p r d li t wh ic h h w
o e no s o e e e es a e e a e e a e s s s o

a d t h r ll f v r
ea -
o It m cl r t h t t h w v rigi t d
o o e see s ea a e a e o na e

a t h r t di t
a s oc f r m t h J p c t S m di pl c m t f t h
s an e o e a an o as . o e s a e en o e

c b d b ut t h ut h r dg f t h gr t Tu c r r D p
o e an e a o e so e n e e o e ea s a o a ee

pr b bly u d di t urb c t h w t r c t i f w h ich i t h

o a ca se a s an e, e es e n se on o ,
n e

f rm f
o w v 8 0 f t i h igh t t m p i t im pi g d up
o a se a a e, ee n e a so e o n s, n e on an

e xt t f c t li
en o m 3 0 0 mil fr m t h
o as th w t t
n e so rt h t e es o e so u -
es o no -
e as .

Th rm l
e en o f li f i l rg ly cc
ou s t d f
o ss o by t h f c t t h t t h e s a e a ou n e or e a a e

vi it t i
s a curr d t igh t Th J p
on oc p ci lly i t h c u t ry
e a n . e a an e se , e s e a n e o n

di ric t r t i
st s, rly t r t d e re w k w it h t h fir t blu h f
ea o es an ar e a a e e s s o

d w p rf rmi g i d d t h gr t r p rt f t h ir d ily t k b f r
a n, e o n n ee ,
e ea e a o e a as e o e

n oon Wh . th r f r th en r t 8 p m
,
th 1 5t h i t
e e o e, it e se a o se a . . on e ns .
,

f u d m t p pl
o n l p T h r w lit t l if y w r i g f t h
os eo e as ee . e e as e, an ,
a n n o e

c mi g di t r Tr
o n m b rv r r p r t t h t it w pr c d d
s as e . u e , so e o se e s e o a as e e e

by t r m e d t th r p i t
or s , an ligh t rt h qu k h ck a o id t e o n s s ea a e s o s are sa o

h v b
a e f l t B t f t h m t p rt t h
e en e . f u d y vict im d
u or e os a e se a o n e as s an

f w
e c p d t d crib t h h r r f t h c
es a e o Th r i h w v r
es e e o ro s o e s en e . e e s, o e e ,

le ss u f f ri g c ll d t h migh t b xp t d t r ult f r m
s e n ,
so - a e ,
an e e ec e o es o a

di t r f uc h m g it ud Wh l f mili h v b r m v d d
sas e o s a n e . o e a es a e ee n e o e ,
an

f w urviv t
e s pr fi t by t h c h rit y wh ic h h lr dy b c ll d
e o o e a as a ea een a e

f r t h by t h
o wf ul c h r ct r f t h c l mit y R i i h w v r b i g
e a a a e o e a a . ce s, o e e ,
e n

se n t f rw rd t o th d v t t d r gi
a th o urviv r i m ce e as a e e on s , e s o s n so e as e s

b i g r duc d t uc h t r it t h t t h y t i
e n e e o s w t t th fi h l f t s a s a e ea n a ra s a e e s e

in t h fi ld by t h r c di g w t r
e e s e e e n a e s .

l t t r i i t r t i g d t h rigi f t h rt h qu k i
Th e e e s n e es n ,
an e o n o e ea a e s

at t ribu t d t di pl c m t f t h
e b d t t h b t t m f Tu c r r
o a s a e en o e se a e a e o o o s a o a

D p ee ,f t h m O w uld h v pr f rr d m r c v i t
a o s . ne o a e e e e a o e on en en

l c li t y f purp
o a f i v t ig t i
or t h ug h I t h i k wi t h t h
o se s o n es a on o n e

c rr p d t t h t t h
o es on w v migh t b 8 0 f t h igh
en a e se a a e e ee .

Th tw di gr m
e illu t r t i g t h i
o v t will b f u d t
a a s s a n s e en e o n o

cl rly xpl i it S l t i pri cipl

ea e a n on o ec r c n es .
 84

J A PA N

— l8 96 — Ea r t h gu a k c an a
’
S e / s m ac S e a Wa v e J A PA N

0 M
"
J U N E l4 - 22 32 G RE EN M TI M E

LO C A L T IM E 7 52 DM on It

3 0 0 00 p e n so ~s L0 5 1

pom /70 0 o f
Ec u n m:

[3 0 15 0 a

S U S N A

[68 6 -
b
7

J U N E u 20 28 G M Tl M E

EOU A YO R LO C A L . T IM E 5 48 P M

D
S H OR Y WA R N t N G WHE N rH RE E P LA N E T S

A RE o ~ Tu E S A M E M ERI IA N no Mo o n

F I GS . 52 53 .

rigi f rt h qu k
Th e o d t h ir pr m it ry ymp t m h v
n O ea a es an e e on o s o s a e

no wb fully xpl i d t h i c h p t r will c clud wit h x mpl

e en e a ne ,
so s a e on e an e a e

fr m J p w h ic h h b
o a muc h t udi d b t h t h r
an , d i as een s e o e e an n

E gl d
n an .

It i c ll d t h Mi O w ri r t h qu k
s a d it kill d
e e n o- a ea a e, an e

p pl i jur d
eo e, n d wr ck d eh u an e e o se s .

O c t b r 28 t h 1 8 91 k r f 5 00'

I t h pp d a ened h on o e , ,
an s oo an a ea o

s qu r m il a e es .

Th c u f t h rt h qu k i t t ribut d by i mic u t h rit y

e a se o e ea a e s a e se s a o

t t h d v l pm f l t i t h rt h t r t ’
o e t f e e o en O au s n e ea s s a a .

It i p ibl t h t m fr c t i f t h t t l m u t ( f di
s o ss e a so e a on o e o a a o n o s

pl c m t ) t k pl c gr du lly
a e en s y Dr D vi i Origi f
oo a e a a ,
”
sa s . a s on n n o

E rt h qu k
a d h d f a m y y r b ck b
es,
”
l wly i cr i g
an a or an ea s a e en s o n e as n ,

t h ug h muc h t h
o gr t r p rt mu t h av ccurr d udd ly t t h e ea e a s e o e s en a e

t im f the O rt h qu k e ea a e .

Th pr vi c f M i e d O w ri i w h ic h t h
o rt h qu k
n es O ne an a ,
n e ea a e

w c h i f ly f l t li
as e r th c tr f th m i i l d f J p
e ,
de n ea e en e o e a n s an o a an ,
an

a b ut 1 3 0 mil W t f T ky T h y
o ccupi d f t h m t
es es O o o . e are o e or e os

p r t by
a xt iv pl i C v r d by
an e t w rk f riv r
en s d e a n . o e e a ne o o e s an
 87

J A PA N

S E C ON D WA R N IN G

O— d

Gre e n W/ C b mean h m e -

l f b w
c l

M/N o ~ O WA R I E A R TH O U A K E

§ 475

S u b j cn

FIG 55

an d r bbi g
o n r f mr mr
on e an o t h e ,
or o e, o e .

M han f irly was ll m d

a i f r e f t h i a r t
e h t rivi
an g f n e no o s ea s n or

ric h w h ich mu t
es b l ft sN w th t w k
so on e w h w t pr duc
e . o a e no o o o e,

an d vner def r t
n ee rv t i f ea t h
s a r t
a h pron d csoi ar as e ea
’
s o u e s co n

c r d it i t im w d cid d f
e ne ,
s e w lif d v t d t i du t ry
e e e or a n e d e e o e o n s an

g r l h ppi
en e a a n e ss .

N t ur a r w rd f
’
e s idl e i w a d od d g r t
e n e ss i s ee s an e en e a on .

B t t hi i digr i s s aw t ur t c h p t r v lc
e s s o n , so e n o a a e on o an o e s .
u
 90

k w Wh b t h t h
no n . l m t h v t b c mpu t d
en o i e se e e en s a e o e o e ,
as s

c ry f
n e e ssa ucc f ul pr dic t i it i bvi
or s th t
e ss xp t e on ,
s O ou s a e er

c lcul t i
a a d xp ri c w ill b r qui d
o n an e e en e e e re .

Th x mpl f v lc ic rupt i giv will rv t d m t r t

e e a es o o an e on en se e o e on s a e

th c e onn ec t i b t w S l t i f rc d v lc ic ct ivit y
on e e en o ec r c o e an o an a .

O M rc h 20 t h 1 8 8 3 1 0 h 5 0 m p m Gr
n a wic h t h
,
w ,
. . . . e en ,
e su n as

p i g t h Equ t r i l git ud 1 7 E dir Th r diu 8 8 f r m

as s n e a o n on e . na . e a s
°
o

th e su n p v r Kr k t v lc
a sse s o W h il t h e i t ill th
a a oa o an o . e e su n s s on e

Equ t r ( t 1 1 h 1 3
a o a th m i t 7 S d 1 63 E
. dir w h ic h e oo n s a
°
. an
°
. na ,

p o i t i i 5 75 fr m Kr k t v lc
s on s
°
o a a oa o an o .

T h i i t h fir t i t im t i t h t S l t i f
s s e i s ccumul t i g
n a on a o ec r c or ce s a a n

th r e e , an d th t ri u rup t i i i pr p r t i
a a se it t k pl c
o s e on s n e a a on oo a e

thr ee m t h ft rw rd
on s a e a s .

I n1 90 6 t h r w vi l t rup t i f V uviu du i g t h
, e e as a o en e on O es s r n e

ea rly p r t f A pril T h
a o w cr i g t h Equ t r M rc h 2l t
. e su n as oss n e a o on a s

t 1 h 6 m p m Gr wic h d t h m p it i w 1 4 4 5 S ’ ’ ’
a . . . . e en ,
an e o on s os on as .

d 52 W A di t c f 8 8 f r m t h t p it i t k r diu
° °
an . s an e o o a os on ,
a e n as a a s

curv v r V uviu
es o e es s .

Th u circumf r c i t ill t h Equ t r t 1 h 3 6 m p m

e s n s
’
e en e s s on e a o a . . . .

f M rc h 21 t r diu f fr m u p it i i 24 W °
d
’
o a s ,
an a a s O o s n s os on n .

r c h v r V uvi
ea es o e es us .

T h i i t h fir t i t im t i f t h dr dful rup t i w h ic h t k
s s e s n a on o e ea e on oo

pl c f t igh t f t rw rd
a e a or n a e a s .

I N n mb r 1 90 9 t h P k f T ri f f br k t i t rup t i
ov e e , , e ea o en e e o e ou n o e on

a ft r c t ury f qui t i ct ivi t y

e a en O e na .

Wh th en cr d t h Equ t r e th
su n 23 d S p t mb r o sse e a o on e r e e e

pr vi u it w 5 7g fr m T ri f f
e o s, as d t h pl t M r i 4 10 N o en e e an e an e a s, n
° ’
.

an d 68 W w
°
l di t t 5 75 f r m T rif f
.
, as a so s an
°
o en e e .

O m d y h r d h lf b f r t h t (3 h 1 0 m p m ) t h
n sa e a ,
an ou -
an -
a e o e a . . . . e

m w t xt r m d cli t i 25 3 5 S d 5 2 E t h di t c
oo n as a e e e e na on
° ’
. an
°
.
,
e s an e

f m T ri ff b i g 8 8
ro en e e e n

I 1 8 92 J u
n 7t h t h r h pp , d gr t rup t i f t h v lc
ne e e a en e a ea e on o e o an o

o f S gir I l d
an s an .

S gi I l d i it t d i 4 N d 1 26 E S f t h P h illippi
an r s an s s ua e n
°
. an
°
.
,
. O e ne

I l s an d s A r m rk bl f t ur
. f th rup t i w it udd
e a a e ea e o e e on as s s e n n e ss .

U n -an n ou c d by rt h qu k ub t rr
n e rumbli g ea t rr ti l a e, s e an e an n s , or o en a

ri
a n s, t rrific rup t i
a e b g t 1 0 m i ut p t 6 h ur i t h
e on e an a n es as o s n e

e v i g I mm
en n . m f h d l rg t
en se kill d h u d d a ss e s o as e s an a e s on e s e n re s

i t h fi ld d vil l g w r w pt w y by riv r f m l t r ck ”
n e e s , an a es e e s e a a e s o o en o .

(R en t er ) .

ugh udd
A thol d u xp c t d so s e n an ne e e ,
the e rup t i g v on a e a S o le ct ric
wr i g lv w k bfr
a n n e e en ee s e o e .

O M rc h 1 9t h 1 5 h 3 6 m
n a , . . the su n was cr i g o ss n the
 91

Equ at o r
l git ud 1 26 E t h t i t h S l t i m idi
an d was in on e
°
.
,
a s , on e o ec r c er an

of th S gir I l d v lc
e an At t h m mi ut t h pl t S t u
s an o an o . e sa e n e e an e a rn

d 1 26 E l git d dir Jupit r i 0 4 2 S w

° ’ ° ° ’
w i 3 40 S
as n . an . on u e na . e n . as

l wi t h i v mi ut f c ju ct i wit h t h
a so n se en B t h pl t n es o on n on e su n . o an e s

w r t h r f r c t i g t h l git ud f S gi I l d
e e, e e o e, a n on e on e o an r s an .

At th m mi ut M i 23 3 5 S d 4 2 E i i t uc h wi t h
e sa e n e, ar s n
° ’
. an
°
. s n o

th t 8 8 di t
e su n a c d S gir v lc°
s an e , an an o an o .

T hi c mbi t i i s rg t fir t i t im t i t h t S l t i
o na on s an u en s n a on a o ec r c

f rc i ccumul t i g i 1 26 E l git ud
o e s a a n n
°
. on e .

Du i g t h clip f t h A pril 26t h t h 88 fr m

°
r n e e w se o e su n o n ,
e su n as o

S gir I l d ; d A pril 3 ot h wh t h m w t xt r m
an s an an on ,
en e oon as a e e e

d cli t i it w l 8 8 fr m S gi v lc
e na on , d 5 7y fr m t h
as a so
°
o an r o an o an o e

su n .

Th b e se are ut a f ew ca u se s . At the t im e of wh t m y b c ll d
a a e a e

firi g t h c h rg
n e a e, or st a rt i g n t he e rupt i on , the di gr m h w t h
a a s o s e

p it i
os on s

F IG 57

40
$ . l7 0 ¢
65 a

S u n Z en

s ub e n
3
22 50 n
S A N G IR lS LA N D

cm pt io n OF S
a
n g ir v o lc a n o

D u

o 0 0
J U N E 6 2! 23 G M T .

J UN E

On e of the gr e at es t v lc ic rupt i
o an e on s on r c rd
e o was t h at of

Kr k a at o a , u d S t r it
S n a a s, in 1 8 8 3 .

Af t e r t h i t im t i e n a on of M rch lr dy r f rr d
a a ea e e e t o, t h e e r we r e

six S o le c t i r cmbi t i co na on s a ct i g Kr k t up
n on a a oa t o M ay 20 t h ,
18 8 3 .

a 1 t
c
1
A pril 5 t h , 7h . 1 7m . (I 2 con u n ct ion
j u 9
A pril 1 1 t h , 1 8 h .

M o on on q
E u at or . 21 ° 3 0 ’ N . . 15 6 E .

A pr il 1 3 t h , 1 6h 58 m
’
0 3
. . 0 t o (I 88
(K3 Su n on S ol e c t ric M e ridian , 1 0 5 E .

(i 4 A pril 25 t h 23 h . 1 0m . M oon e x t re m ede clin at ion .

'
ro 1 9 46 N
°
.

'
0 4
13 °
18 S . 23 h . 3 0m .

(I 5 M ay 2md, 7h 7m . . (1 2 N °
. 0 6 M ay l oth , 1 7h O S o le ct ric M e r . .

°
5 7 af t e r o s e c l ipse
’ °
t 17 30 N
° ’ ’
0 5 in 1 5 27 S . C . .
 92

i
S olect ric pos t ion f rom A pr l st h t o M ay l ot h , 1 8 8 3i .

F IG . 58 .

p it i f r m A pril 5 t h t M y l 0t h 1 8 8 3
S o le ct ric os on o o a .

T h r p r t f t h R y l S ci t y C mmi i 1 8 8 8 w h ic h w
’
e e o o e o a o e s o ss on , ,
as

sent t toui v t ig t t h m t t r d t g t h r vid c f m ll

o n es a e e a e ,
an o a e e en e ro a

p rt i r g rd t t h v t y t h t t h rupt i f Kr k t
a s n e a o e e en ,
sa s a e e on O a a oa

bg
e M y 2ot h bu t i g wi t h udd
an on a vi l nc S u d f firi g
. rs n s en o e e . o n s O n ,

lik rt ill ry w r h rd t B t vi 1 0 0 m il di t t d c mp
e a e ,
e e ea a a a a, es s an ,
an o ass

dl w r vi l t ly git t d
n ee es e e o en a a e .

Th e fi rs t of t h e g reat eru pt ion s o f 1 8 8 3 . M ay 20 t h

FIG . 59 .
 94

wh ic h ubm rg d ll t h c t t w
s Th p pl k w t b
e e a e o as o ns . e eo e no n o e

kill d umb r d
e n e e

A th r w lit t l t h qu k it i vid t t h t t h w v w h ic h
s e e as e e ar a e s e en a e a es

subm rg d t h t we d c r r d r u d th
e w rld w r c u d by
e o n s an a ee e o n e o e e a se

th fl wi g i t t h v lc
e se a cr t r d b i g f qu t ly j ct d
o n n o e o an o s
’
a e ,
an e n re en e e e

wit h pr digi u vi l c u t il t h c t w g i
o o l d up
s o en e n e r a er as a a n se a e .

Th S l t i f rc e ccumul t d duri g A ugu t d c l mi t d

o ec r c o e a a e n s ,
an u na e

on igh t f 26t h d m r i g f 27t h w h t h gr t xpl i

n O an o n n O ,
en e ea e o s on s

oc curr d t h r ugh t h g cy f
e d m o i t d by S t ur e a en o su n an oon ,
a ss s e a n

an d t h gr t t pl e t Jupi t r e a es an e e .

M O N T P ELEE M rt i iqu 1 8 92 . a n e, .

T t t i d t il
O se d di cu th v i u S l t i c u
ou n e a w h ic h an s ss e ar o s o ec r c a se s

con t ribut t th m ki g d c rryi g

e o f fi t cl
e v lc ic
a n an a n on o a rs -
as s o an

e rupt i w uld r qui

on p t v lum A y i v t ig t i
o e re a se ar a e o e . n n es a on

h w v r mu t i clud
o e e ,
r f r c t t h rupt i f M t P l e
s n e a e e en e o e e on o on e e ,

M rt i iqu w h ic h t k pl c
a n e, M y 8 t h 1 90 2 oo a e on a ,
.

Priv t l t t r r c iv d i F r c w it t ju t b f r t h c t
a e e e s e e e n an e, r en s e o e e a as

ph f S t Pi r p k f t w m t h dr ug h t d f t h x t m ’
tro e O . e re s o e o o on s o ,
an O e e re e

h t
ea T hi i i t r t i g i vi w f t h S l t i p p t i
. s s n e es m ch n n e O e o ec r c re ar a o n so u

i i t d up
ns s e i t h i w rk on n s o .

Mll M rt i e f t h vic t im wri t i g t r l t iv

. a n ,
t M r ill
on e o e s, n o e a es a a se es

on M y 2 d a y y t rd y w h d t h
n sa h ck sf rt h q k es e a e a re e s o s O ea ua e,

o cc i d by t h i t rribl ig h b ur M t P l
as on e s e e ne o on e ee .

Th v lc b g t m k
e o M y 2md
an o d w ct iv ly
e an o s o e on a ,
an as a e

e rup t i g M y 3 rd O t h 5 t h M y b ili g mud t

n on a d fi
. n e a o n ,
s on e s , an re

p ur d t d d t y d t h Gu ri ug r f c t ry wit h t h l
o e ou an e s ro f e e e n s a a o ,
e o ss o

3 0 0 liv es .

O M y 6t h ll c bl c mmu ic t i
n a w b k d
a t h 7t h a e o n a on as ro e n , an on e

t h r w r f rig h t ful xpl i

e e e e wi t h h w r f d h t t e os on s s o e s o re o s on es .

A r p rt f m S t L ci t t h Tim
e o ro id O th ft r. u a o e es sa n e a e

n o on f M y 8 th th
o t m r R dd m cr w l d l wly i t
a e s ea e o a a e s o n o

C t ri
as H rb u
es a o r .

Sh w quit
e g i blas b i g g r y wit h h w h il
e u n re co n se a e, e n e as es, e

h er riggi g w di m t l d d h n il d w i g w r h gi g
as s an e an e r sa s an a n n s e e an n

t r o n an d ch r d a re .

Th c pt i e rt d t h t h h d ju t c h r d ff S t Pi rr
a a n re p o e a e a s an o e O . e e

a t 8 cl ck i t h m r i g i fi w t h f ll wi g up
O
’
o n e wf ul
o n n n ne ea er, o o n o n an a

t h u d r t rm i t h ig h t d w t lk i g t t h h ip g t wh ’
n e s o n e n ,
an as a n o e s s a en ,
o

w as i b t l g id w h h w t r m d u cl ud f m k
n a oa a on s e, en e sa a e en o s o o s o e

gl wi g wit h liv ci d r ru h i g wit h t rrific r pidi t y v r t h t w

o n e n e s s n e a o e e o n

an d p rt o .
 95

T h e t o wn in c mpl t ly v l p d i an h t i
f n s t an t wa s o e e en e o e n a s ee O

fl m f m w h ic h fi r i d b rd t h t m r
a e ro re a ne on oa e s ea e .

T w lv f t h R dd m m w r lyi g d d bur d t f
e e o e o a
’
s en e e n ea ,
ne ou O

h um mbl c m g t h bl ck ci d r wh ic h c v r d t h d ck
an r e se an e a on e a n e s o e e e e .

A t h r u viv r t t d t h t t h r w
no e s r r r d xpl i
o s a e a e e as a oa an an e o s on

c u d by t h j c t i f v t b dy f v lc ic g
a se e e e bl zi g wit h
on o a as o O o an ase s a n

i t
n e n se h t w h ic h p i d bur d v ry t h i g i it p t h
ea ,
o so n e or ne e e n n s a .

Th whi rlwi d f fi w t h mi ut i w pi g d w t h
e n O re as r ee n es n s ee n o n e

m u t i v r t h cit y d c t h r d t d d i t h t t im
o n a n o e e an a r o ss e oa s ea an n a e

v yt h i g w flm
, ,

e er n d th f m i g lik
as a b ili g c uldr
a e , an e se a oa n e a o n a on .

Ni t h ip w r
n e e en s v rwh lm d d b r t s e e o e e e an u n .

Th rui bl z d f t h h r
e ns d th a e u d w h rd or ree ou s , an en no so n as ea

sa v t h r r f t h v lc
e e th
oa cr h f f lli g t
O d th
e o an o , e as o a n s on es, an e

c l ru h f h fi
e a se e s s o n d t m s o as es, r e , an s ea .

T h r i m di cr p cy b ut t h c rr ct m t im f t h
e e s so e s e an a o e o e e an e O e

o ut bur t b c u m y f t h S t P i r cl ck t pp d t 9 m t
s , e a se an o e . er e o s s o e a . o

8 h m . a th 8 th M y
. . B t t h c pt i
on f t h R dd m
e id h a . u e a a n o e o a sa e

h d a c h d 6 S t Pi rr t 8 h m d w t lki g t t h
an ore 0 . e e a . a . . an as a n o e

a g t t t h t im f t h cc r c A vig t r
en a e e c mp ll d
o e o ur en e . s na a o s are o e e

i r g rd t t im R dd m cl ck w uld b ’
t b
o et accu a e d th n e a o e , an e o a s o o e

se t wi t h Gr wic h t d d pp r t ly t h t im f t h i
een as a s an ar ,
a a en e e O s

e rupt i w f w mi ut
on ft r 8 h
as m m
a et im t pl c n es a e . a . . e an e a a e,

r ck d f r m Gr wic h
e on e o een .

W h il t h p it i f the i f g r t imp r t
e os c i yon o e su n s o ea o an e n an

c lcul t i f v lc ic p h m
a a on o th c o t b tr t d
an en o en a, e su n an n o e ea e as a

m r p i t wit h ut m g it ud Th c t iv i fl c
e e o n o m t b a n e . e a e n ue n e se e s o e

c fi dt
on ne b l t h vi g widt h f quit 5 t
o a e d t th a n a o e
°
o ue o e

s u iz ’
n s s e .

A f w f t h pr p r t ry S l t i c mbi
e O ti
e t d e a a o o ec r c o na o n s ar e n o e .

O M rc h 1 6t h 4 h 4 m
n m bi g
a t m d cli ti
,
i . .
,
o on e n on ex e e e na on , s

l 8 8 f r m M rt i iqu
a so
°
o a n e .

O M rc h 1 6t h 4 h 4 m
n a i l git ud f M t i q it ,
. .
,
su n s on on e o ar n u e, s

S l t i m idi
o ec r c er an .

O M rc h 22 d 1 9 h m w h cr i g Equ t r i 1 1 6 W °
n a n ,
.
,
oon , en o ss n a o n .
,

5 7 4 f m M r t i iqu
°
w as ro a n e .

O M rc h 3 0 t h 4 h 4 m m
n a xt r m d cli t i ,
. .
,
o on on e e e e na on .

O M rc h 3 ot h 4 h 4 m
n a i l git ud f M rt i iqu wit h,
. .
,
su n s on on e o a n e,

M r i c ju c t i
a s n on n on .

A pril 6t h 6 h 1 2 m m cr Equ t r i 1 1 6 W t °
th,
. .
,
o on o s se s e a o n . a a

di t c f 5 74 f r m M rt i iqu d Jupit r i 8 8 f m M rt i iqu

s an e o
°
o a n e , an e s
°
ro a n e .

A pril 8 t h 0 h 1 2 m i 3 W m d M
°
th ,
th . i .
,
e su n n .
,
e oon an ar s n

4 W 5 74 f r m P l r it clip
° °
.
,
ar e o e ee su n n e a s e se .

A pril 1 2t h 9 h 5 6 m m x t m d cli t i N
,
. .
,
o on o n e re e e na on .
 96

pril 1 2t h 9 h 5 6 m
A 8 36 N 1 49 ,
. .
,
su n
° ’
.
°
W . plu s 88
°
to
M rt i iq
a n ue .

A pril 26t h 1 1 h m i i xt r m d cli t i m di

’

,
.
,
oon s n e e e e na on S . oo n s n a r

p it i plu 5 74 =M rt i iqu ; Jupit r i

os on s S
°
a n e e s on o le ct r ic m ridi e an .

O n M ay 1 st , 4 h . 5 m .
,
the su n w as in 1 4
°
55
’
N . an d 61
°
15
’
W .

v r ic ly v r M P l
e t al o e on td Mll M r t i r p rt t h t t h y h e e e , an e . a n e o s a e ad

t hr h ck f rt h qu k cc i d by t h i t rribl ig h b ur
ee s o s O ea a e o as on e s e e ne o .

F IG . 61 .

Th e rupt i e on a ct u lly b g
a e an on M ay 3 rd — T l gr m
e e a to
l Ofl
.

Co l o ni a i ce .

Th e su n an d m o on at 57 a onl g wit h Jupit r f rm e ,

o a st r g on

c mbi t i
S o le c t r ic o na on .

B ili g mud d fio p ur d t d t h Gu ri ug r f c t y
n an re o e ou ,
an e e n s a a or

w d t r y d wit h 3 0 0 liv
as es o et h 5t h M y
,
e s on e a .

Si c t h l t di g m f t h 3 d t h m h
n e e as th 5t h
a ra or e 1 ,
e o on as on e ,

m v d t th t w rd d i pl c f b i g 5 74 f r m t h
°
4 h .
,
o e o e e as a ,
an n a e O e n o e su n

dM w 5 75 f r m Jupi t i i 16 N b t c v r
° °
an t P le i on e e, S s no o er . un s n .
,
u o e s

t h S l t i m ridi
e o ec r cf P l e e an o e e .

F IG . 62
 98
1 90 2 . E n o rm o u s or P ELEE . TA B LE or COM B IN A T ION S .

M ay st d 0 (l 21 P E ru pt io n b e g an in e a rn e s t .

M ay 5 t h 0 (I 2; P S u g ar f a c t o ry des t ro y e d .

”
M ay 7t h 0 Cl Su n e c l i s
p e d B O l l in g m u d.

”
an d fi re .

M ay 8 t h 0 S t P ie rre de st roy e d
. .

M ay 2ot b 0 I E ru pt ion g re at e r t h an o n M a y 8 t h

[62 0 5 0 ,

M ! PE LE E

3 3 4 5 4!

S un - na d ir

o n

t h a n wh e n 3
7
Ma y . 19 2! 24 G wc h m h ma Er u pt io n g r e a te r 9 15 99 6
0 w M

Ma y 19 . I7 20 Lo c a l f am e wa s d e s t roy e d a ls o 8 5 8 1 5 0 1 16 S ee
w a we oc c u r r e d .

S ole c tr ic p o s rt /o n at th e U me of ou t b r e a k

FIG . 65 .

A pl an e t in c ju ct i
on n on wit h t h e S u n is an e xpl v mix t ur o si e e.

MOU N T VE S UVIUS 1 906 .

I 1 90 6 t h r w
n vi l t rup t i f M u t V uviu m
e e as a o en e on o o n es s , co

p r bl t t h t wh ic h d t y d P mp ii i
a a e o 79
a es ro e o e n A D . . .

A u l th s g v t h fi r t w r i g wh cr i g t h
us a e sun a e e s a n n en oss n e

Equ t r i M rc h d t h di r m h w t h t t h c mi g rup t i
a o n a . an e ag a s o s a e o n e on

IS O S — MA R O I-
l, 2 n M

l 28 p mG a wc m TIM E
Vi b u v ws

S u n and T H R E E p LA N E TS .

UR G E N T WA R N lN d .

S U ~ O N EQ UAv o n .

(i n 60 63 0 17

F IG . 66 .
 99

will b ri u b c u
e se o s, e a se t hr e e pl an e t s a s s st i the su n to c h rg
a e the
v lc wi t h S l t i
o an o o ec r c en e rgy .

S un u s

FL A M
m
E S 20 00 FE E T Lis u v u m e u “

F I GS . 67 68 .

Th e bg e rup t i
A pril l t d l t d
on w k di gr m 67
e an o n s an as e a ee ,
a a

sh wi g t h S l t i p i t i
o n e t th ut br k O A pril 4 t h M rcu y
o ec r c os on a e o ea . n , e r

w i c ju ct i wit h t h
as n on nwh ic h r ch d v r V uviu t 8 8
on e su n ea e o e es s a
°

fr mo di p it i
na d r i f rc d t h p it iv
r os lm t
o n an e n o e e os e e e en s .

I P r n M g zi
e a so n sm t y r g t h r pp d
’
a a ne so e en ea s a o e e a e ar e an

ar t icl by Mr Fi t zg r ld M r i t t w h ic h giv
e . g d cc u t by
e a a r o es a oo a o n an

a ct u l b rv r f t h i rupt i
a o se e o s e on .

Th f ll wi g ie p rt i f t h rr t iv wh ic h i l t i lly
o o n s a o on o e na a e s so e c r c a

v lu bl b c u Mr M ri t t b rv d t h b h vi ur f V viu
a a e e a se . ar o O se e e e a o o e su s,

on e m y y wit h h i w t c h i h
a sa ,
d s a n an .

F i t c t
or p m
n s an A pril 7t h h
e, a w th t p f th . .
, on ,
e sa e o o e

m u t i c bl w f f d fl m fl h i t t h k y t t h h igh t
o n a n s
’
on e o n O an a es as n o e s o e e

of th u
a df t o san ee .
 100

Di gr m 68 h w t h r
a a f thi d giv
s o th S l t i
s e e as o n o s an es e o ec r c

p it i
os t 9h on 1 0 m It li
a t im w h ic h ly ll w t h
. . w a an e, on a o s e ne

c h rg 1 0 mi ut t fi
a e d fu n ll m t ri l
es o r e an se a a e a s .

V lc o t pu c t u l
an o e s ar e n o rt h qu k muc h d p di g so n a as e a a es, e en n

on th qu lit y f th ub t c c t d up
e a o d t h i p r t icul r
e s s an es a e on ,
an e r a a

b ili g p i t l t h fl h p i t f t h v ri u xpl iv g
o n o n a so e i as o n o e a o s e os e ase s n

S l t i c
o ec r c c t i wit h g d c duct i g m t ri l r ck d w
on n e on oo on n a e a or o s o n

d p i t h rt h
ee n e ea .

B t I im g i
u m f ut ur vig t r t h t c t w t c hi g
can a n e so e e na a o on a oas a n

S t r mb li w h i c h i
o o m wh t t iv t th tt ti
s so f h v lye a sen si e o e a en on o ea en

b di I
o im gi t h C pt i r m rk t h i Ch i f A h t h r
e s, can a ne e a a n e a o s e , ,
e e

g S t r mb li my w t c h m t b t h r mi ut l w f pp r t
oes o o ,
a se e s o e ee n es s e o a a en

t im A d th
e . u b li vi g Ch i f will y Y i I h
n e n e e n e sa ,
es s r, e ar

th y g i g t r g wit h V u iu t fi t h cl ck ’
e ar e o n o ar an e es v s o re e on e O o

gu n .

TH E GRE A T ERUPT IO N OF VE S UVI U S ,

1 90 6 .

B Y F ITZ GE R A LD M A RR IOTT,

My cqu i t c wit h V uviu i

a a n ld t di g
an e I h v es s s an O s an n o n e , as a e

b een up t h m u t i i p t y r i t im
e o n it w a n pi c f n as ea s n ne es as a e e O

gr t g d f r t u t h t I f u d my lf t C pri w h t h fi t ig
ea oo o ne a o n se a a en e rs s ns

f t h v lc r c t ct ivi t y b c m t ic bl By pr c di g t
’
o e o an o s e en a e a e no ea e . o ee n a

on c t T rr I w i t im t wit
e o o e, t h f ull f rc f t h c lim x f
as n e o n e ss e o e o e a o

th rup t i
e e d t f my lf t h l v t ri g B c t r c
o n , an o se e or se e a a en e n os o e as e .

I l a so vi it d t h it f t h t w d t r y d by t h h
s e e s es o d rt h e o ns es o e e as e s an ea

tr m r
e o s .

F m t h i l d f C pri A pril l t I h d
ro e s an v ry dO a on s ,
a se e n a e e n se

bl ck pu f f f m k i u fr m V uviu A g i
a o s o Tu d y t h
e ss e o es s . a n , on es a ,
e

3 d r I w
,
sot ld th r d as bl ck cl ud i u d f m t h cr t r
o ,
a n o e e n se a o ss e ro e a e

wh il t h 4t h t h
e on m k f V uviu b c m v ry d
e e s d bl ck o e O es s e a e e e n s e an a ,

an d cr t r f rm d
a th fl
a e k f t h m u t i b v B c tr c
o e on e an s O e o n a n a o e os o e as e ,

th gl w f m wh ic h pp r d v ry brig h t v fr m C pri — it w
e o ro a ea e e e en o a as
 1 02

l e ss rd f t h v lc
we h e a b t t th t ti f T rr Ao u zi t e o an o , u a e s a on o o e nn n a a

C tr l
en w h r t h t i w it d q i t t mi ut I w t h ummit
a e, e e e ra n a e u e en n es, sa e s

of th m u t i cl ly t h ugh my gl
e o n d t
an p m e ar ro a s se s , an a . .
,

A pril 7t h it w p u i g t v lum f bl ck m k
,
asd pr t ly o r n ou o es o a s o e an e sen ,

wh il t I w w t c h i g I w igh t t h t I d ub t w h t h r y
s as a l n ,
sa a s a o e e an o n e e se

s aw .

g v w y t t h id f ci g m
Th e t o p o f t h e o n e d c fl d f a e a a e s e a n e , an a oo o

lv i u
a m im l vi g t w bl ck p rt i
a s s e d , at t h e s a e t f it t di g e ea n o a o on s o s an n

righ t d l f t A I w t c h d b ut
an e . th l bg t l
s a e ,
a o e se a so e an o e an

t w o d c h t h r d t h quickly f ll i t t h cr t r l vi g it
ar s ea o e ,
an en e n o e a e ,
ea n

gr t ly wid d I t t ly t h r r wit h gig t ic r r fl m

ea en e . n s an e e o se a an oa a a e

th t a h t up t s tw th u
o d f t wit h gr t t r k f ligh t i g
o o o san ee ,
ea s ea s O n n ,

an d d h t t
re th w up t o rm u di t c
s on e s Th i l t d ro n o en o o s s an es . s as e

b t u f w m m t
a e d th th f u t i
o f fi
en k pt vrg
s , an en e o n a n O re e an a e a e

h ig h t f fi
e h u dr d f t wi t h t h u d r
O ve d fl h
n f lig h t i g
e d ee ,
n e an as es o n n ,
an

a t rribl r
e ri g Th rupt i h d c mm c d it gr t t t
e oa n . e e on a o en e s ea es s ag e ,

an d it pr v d t b f th
o gr t t i t h h i t ry f t h
e o e on e O e e a es n e s o o e

mu t i
o n a n .

Th b ili g i fr m t h
e o w cr t r w
n th bl t f
n o se o e ne a e as as e as o a

th u o df cs an d qui t clip d t h t fr m t h upp r cr t r it lf

u r n a e s , an e e se a o e e a e se ,

an d wi g t t ho m k d xpl i it w d g r u t ppr ch
n o e s o e an e o s on s as an e o s o a oa

Wit h i ct u l igh t f it Th liquid l v it fl w d w f g ld

n a a s o . e a a as o e as O a o en

r g
o an d lurid m k i w h ic h pl y d l c t ric fl h
e , an c v r d th
s o e n a e e e as e s, o e e e

wh l i w f t h cr t r t my l ft b t t h l v
o e v e
'

o e b c m bl ck
a e o e u e a a so o n e a e a

as it p d w rd t t h p rt i
a ss e on l dy c li g l w r d w l g
a s o e o on s a re a oo n o e o n ,
on

ridg fif t f t h igh w h
es ee n l w w rd m v m t mi t t d l ud
ee ,
o se s o on a o e en e e a o

cr ckli g m t llic u d t h m b c m b k up i t milli

a n e a so n as e a ss e a e ro en n o on s

o f h rd f gm t t h t lid d w
a ra v r th th r
en s a s o n on e o e e o e .

I v ry dir c t i w r t h r m i f h u ri i g t f t h
n e e e on e e e e ans O o se s s n ou o e

bl ck st r mi g w t f l v t h t i pl c mu t h v b t h ir t y
a , ea n as e s O a a, a n a es s a e een

or f rt y f t d p
o ee ee .

O M d y 9t h h i g t h t S Giu pp d O t t j h d
n on a , , e ar n a an se e an a an o a

b d t r y d P lm S u d y I dr v t
e en es o e on T rzig d
a n a ,
o e o n e ar e n o , an on

th e w y pick d up q a t it i f he l pilli f d k y ll w u an es o as es or a ,
o a ar e o

c l r d gr y pumic d lid l v t
o ou ,
an e e an so a a- s on e s .

F m th r f f th h u
ro v rywh p pl w r w pi g
e oo s o e o se s e e e re eo e e e s ee n

th e h as i gr t h esp i t th t t
n ead it w w ll t l k
ea s n o e s r e e s , an a s as e o oo

ou t f th or rid i t h c t r f t h r d
ese or e n e en e O e oa .
 1 08

Wh e n r c h d S Giu pp t h h mu t h v b
we ea e t l t an se e, e as s a e e en a e as

a f t m r d p it h vi g f ll fr m 9 m t
oo or o e ee ,p m th a n a en o a . . o . . e

pr vi u d y S u d y A pril 8 t h I t h pi zz
e o s a ,
n b ch w r
a . n e a a on a en e e

t d tw
se a e f fic r i fr
o O t f m w th
e s c h urc h f S t A t i n on o e as e o an n on o ,

w h r f h d f ll i wi t h t h w igh t f h
o se oo a a d l pil li buryi g
en n e e o as e s an a ,
n

m t h t w h u d d p pl wh h d cr wd d t h r t h m r
o re an o n re eo e o a o e e e e o e

n um r u ly t h t it w P lm S u d y Th w ll w r t ill
e o s a
‘
as a n a . e a s e e s

t
s an di g S ldi r w r m vi g t h d bri
n . o e s d rryi g t t h
e re e o n e e s, an ca n ou e

b dio es .

Th p ct f t h h lf bu i d d b lu t ly rui d t w f
e as e o e se a r e an a so e ne o ns o

S an Giu pp d O t t j r c ll d t mi d vividly wh t mu t h
se e an a an o e a e o n a s av e

b e en th ct u l xp i c f t h p pl i t h d t ruct i
e a a e f
er e n e o e eo e n e es on O

P mp ii
o e .

Wh I r c h d N pl
en r li g i u pr
ea i f p
e r p pl a e s, e o s o c e ss o n s o oo eo e,

c ryi g p c t ur d im g w r t ill c t i ui g d p pl f t h t
-

ar n i e s an a es , e e s on n n an eo e O a

cl w r t ill c yi g t S G r d p mi i g l ud t h t t h y
ass e e s r n o an e n n a o an ro s n a o a e

w puld v c mmit y i g i T h ug h t h clim x f d g r i

ne er o an s ns a a n . o e a o an e s

c id r d t h v p d y t t h v lc will pr b bly c t i u t
on s e e o a e a s se ,
e e o an o o a on n e o

s h w igo sf c id r bl c ivit y f
ns o t l
on s t t h r c upl e f a e a t or a e as an o e o e O

y e ar s t i t a v l T h wh l rt h wi g t t h c h gi g f it
n er a s . e o e ea ,
o n o e an n o s

a x i
is, 18 t t f i t r
n a s a e O lc vl i n e na on u s on .

It w ill b t ic d t h t Mr M rri t
e no cc u t f t h rupt i by
e a . a o a o n s or e e on

t ti g th t
s a n th wh l rt h wi g t t h c h gi g f it xi i
a e o e ea ,
o n o e an n o s a s, s

f i t l c vul i uc h c t h b ri g f t h ”
i
n t t
a s a e o I
n e rn a on s on . n s ase e ea n o e

N t h S t r w uld b
or a lt r d ; b t it r m i t h m H w v r
o e a e e u e a ns e sa e . o e e ,

t h di ge i fa ilm i ft dif fi cult I r c ll c t yi g t

n os s o an a en t s O. en . e o e sa n o a

N gr i S i rr L
e o n e d y a e on e on e a

Y ur p m k y i cryi g muc h h pp r t b u ff ri g
o o or on e s n so , e a ea s o e s e n

i t r lp i
n e na a n .
”

N S h w O th r ply d m k y h
a , as fl it r l e e . e on e e no su er n e na

c vul i S h h g t jigg r i h i t
on s on s a d jigg r ew w k p o e n s o e , an e no a e a

an d e at h im .

xt x
In t h e ne e a mpl t h lce i ct i t g t h r
re e v o an o e s ar e n a on o e e as

r p rt d i t h L
e o e n e on d Ch r icl
on Th m u t i on it u t d e . e se o n a n s ar e s a e

on th m m ri die sa e e an wit h i dg t h t wh
n on e tr g f rc e re e , so a en a s on o e

in a nort h d ut h an so di c t i t rik t h t m ridi t h y li bl t

re on s es a e an . e ar e a e o

bl z i ymp t h y
a e n s a .
 1 04

576 2 16 0:

FIG . 69 .

Th e di gr m h w t h t t h r w
a a s o s a e e as an an n ul r clip a e se O f t he su n

at t h t im
e d th m u t i w r wit h i
e an e se o n a ns e e n S l t i r g
o ec r c an e .

Th cc u t i f ll w
e a o n s as o o s

L d
on on Ch r ic l
on e of 1 3t h A ugu t s ,
1 91 5 .

V E S UVI US ET N A , AN D S TR O M B O L I .

R OM E ,ugu t 1 1 t h (R c iv d y t rd y )
A s . e e e es e a .

E r ut f r m A t h
n o e t N pl
o b rd t h Gr k t m r en s o a es a oa e ee s ea e

Ad i tir a th
cus b rd wit d j i t r w k i g f th
o se o n oa n e sse a o n ea a en n o e

thr eegr t It li v lc
ea a M u t Et St r mb li d V u i u
an o an o e s , o n n a, o o ,
an es v s,

w h ic h cul mi t d l 0 t h A ugu t i p i g t w w cr t r i E t
na e d s n O en n o ne a e s n n a an

a d z o en e art h qu k h ck fr m V uviu ut h w rd
a e s o s o es s so a .

I mm cl ud f t m d m k i ui g f r m ll t h r
e n se o s O s ea an s o e, ss n o a ee

vl w r vi ibl f m t h
o c an o e s , e e ll d
s th t em r ucc iv ly
ro e sea a av as e s ea e s e ss e

p d d r c d d fr m c h
ass e an e e e o ea .

Di p t c h f r m C t i t d y
s a es o u c th t l v tr m
a an a o- a an n o n e a a a s ea s
 1 06

o
160 8 178 8 1 70 "

S TRO M B O L I
O s

17 43 N

5 0 173 8 1 7

o . a n .

Erupfi dn b rok e ou/ 8 ! I2 20. 6 AL T

FIG . 71 .

di gr m c mput d f igh t mi u t pr vi u t t h t t d
Th e a a o e or e n es e o s o e s a e

t im fe r pt i m k t h c u quit cl r d impl
o e u on d th a es e a se s e ea an s e , an e

o ccult t i f Ur a by t h m w
on o cu an u s e o on as o n e a se .

I h v dw lt r t h r l a g th e Eu p v lc e m r ly a e on on e se ro e an o an o e s e e

b c u Ih v b
e a se bl t b t i t h c rr ct t im f t h ut br k
a e e en a e o O a n e o e e o e o ea s

an d rup t i e on s .

S m f my l t t r t
o di t
e t c u t ri
O ki g f i f rm t i e e s o s an o n e s as n or n o a on

f orth k f ci t ific r rc h r c iv d
e sa e o w r d t h r m r ly
s en e se a e e e n o an s e ,
an o e s e e

an v iv r ply B t I t ur wit h pl u t t w x mpl f

e as e e . u n e as re o o e a es o

c u t y t my b t h ri g i q i ri
o r es o o e n n u es .

Th St d rd r p rt d t h t
e th i gh t
an f A ug t 1 4 t h
a e o e a on e n O u s ,

1 91 1 l rg p rt y f f r ig r d J p
,
a a e c d d t h v lc
a o o e n e s an a an e se as en e e o an o

o f A m f sa j ym t A iv d t t h ummit m y w r t ki g
a or e n o en . rr e a e s an e e a n

lu ch wh udd l y t h v lc
n e on xpl d d d f u p r
en s wr en e o an o e o e an o r e so n s e e

kill d d t h irt y t h r i jur d

e an -
ee n e .

T h r up I f u d f m lcul t i t h t t h
e e on h d giv o n ro ca a on a e su n a en a

w i g wh
arn n th Eq u t r M rc h 21 t (i 95
en on l e a o , on a s n
°
a so on

A ug t 6t h 6 h 20 m t h r w
us th r w r i g
, I wr t t J p
. .
,
e e as an o e a n n . o e o a an

givi g t h lcul t d t im f t h i xpl i

n e ca A ug t 1 4 t h 1 6 h
a e e o s e o s on as us , .

48 m l c l t mic l t im quiv l t t 4 h 4 8 m m f
.
,
o a as r on o a e, e a en o . . a . . o

A ugu t 1 5 t h s .

My l t t r w t by t h Brit i h C l t M F O m i
e e as sen on e s o n su o r . . or ,

S cr t ry
e e f th
a I mp ri l J p oE rt h qu k I v t ig t ie e a a an e se a a e n es a on

C mmit t
o ee .

Mr O m ri r pli d f ll y d id t h t p rt icul r xpl i

. o e e u an sa a a a e o s on

h ppa d ene A ugu t 1 5 t h 4 h 45 m 48

on m dif f r c f s , . . s . a . .
, a e en e o

2 m 12 . f m m y t im by c l ul t i
s . ro e a c a on .
 1 07

E rly i t h y r 1 91 3 I t ic d i t h M lb
a n e ea Ag , no e n e e o ur n e e an

a o n o
“
cc u t f t h Ch ili b rqu B lf t b i g t w d i t S yd y
e an a e e as e n o e n o ne

i
n a crippl d c dit i fr m l e f m t on d w i t h ll c mp on d o o ss o as s an a o asse s an

ch r m t r u l
on o e e s se e s s .

Sh h d b e t h r ug ha l c t ric l t rm I w rk d t h e p i t i
ee n o an e e a s o . o e os on

o f th b rqu f r m t h c u t d t it wi t h di gr m t my
e a e o e ac o n an se n a a s o

fri d Mr D vid R id M g r f t h Ori t Li S yd y

en . a e ,
an a e o e en ne, ne .

I k d Mr R id t bt i f m t h C pt i f t h B lf t
as e . e o O a n ro e a a n O e e as

th e sh ip ct u l p it i
s a d t h c r c t t im
a f ccid t
os th t th
o n an e o re e o a en ,
so a e se

migh t b c mp r d wi t h r ult giv by S l ct ric c lc l t i

e o a e My es s en e e a u a on
“
.

l git ud pr v d f irly ccur t di f f i g b ut 4 f m pr ci

on e o e a a a e er n a o
°
ro e se

l g t it d
on u t i r ply
e se n n e .

Th pr ci l t it ud di f f r d m d g f m my p it i
e e se a e e e so e e r ee s ro os on

b t u t rm
as s o xt d v r l rg r t h i w s e ent ri u o e a a e a ea s as n o se o s .

Th Gr wic h t im f curr
e e en w giv 1 91 2 D c mb r e o oc en c e as e n as , e e e

1 5t h , p m my c lcul t d Gr wich t im b i g D c mb r
. .
”
a a e e en e e n e e e

1 5t h 0 h 3 0 G M T
, .
,
. . .

S I w t o c d t im t S yd y yi g t h C pt i mu t b
r o e a s e on e o ne sa n e a a n s e

mi t k s a en .

I d n c ur C p t i P r j r pli d t h t h h d t m t h
ue o se a a n a a on e e a e a se n e e

l c l t im f t h ccid t m rk d Gr wic h i r r t h r w
o a e o e a en a e ee n n e ro , so e e as

fi lly di ff r c f 1 1 mi ut
n a a e en ly b t w my c lc l t d t im
e o n e s on e een a u a e e

an d t h t im e f ccurr c e o o en e .

S uc h i t m th b v w r c u gi g d I h v b
e s as e a o e e e en o ra n ,
an a e e en

th ankful t t h wh mid t h t r f t h ir w w rk c uld b r

o o se o a e s e ss O e o n o o ea

f l gl dly f my i quiri w uld pp r t r g t m y

oo s a ,
”
or n es o a ea s an e o an .

S m y r o g th
e S yr publi h d m h i g r vi w f
ea s a o e en s e a s as n e e o an

ea rli r w rk f mi
e o S l t i o I w t u d d t n e onfi d th t i o ec r c s . as as o n e o n a n

o rd r t m k t c t h r vi w r h d c h g d t w f my gi v
e o a e ou a ase , e e e e a an e o o en

d t by y r ch A d t h t m r w h ic h I h d d pict d
a es a ea ea . n e s ea e s a e e as

s t ruggli g mid h n vy a w r ugly i d k t t h t imea it s e as e e sn n oc a e e so

w t t d
as s a e Th Sy .pub li h d c rr c t i g p r g p h ft r
e r en s e a o e n a a ra a e

an i t rvi w ; b t t h r vi w w it r wh d r
n e e u c rt i M t e e e r e o a o ns a e an e eo

ro ol gi l S i t y
ca t f fr m t h m t r p li v r p l gi d d I
oc e no ar o e e o o s ne e a o o se ,
an

f r h t ill u f f r w h c ci c g w
ea e s s e s en on s en e na s .

Ig bl ct m y bri g pr t g i
no e a s a n a e se n a n

B t c m
u r m r wit h v r e di g p i
o es e o se ne e n n a n .

P k f T riff h d b d rm t f
Th e ea o en e e a e en o an or 111 y r wh ea s en

t l gr m w r d p t c h d fr m t h C
e e a s ry I l d
e e es a e o e an a s an s on N v mb r 1 8 t h
o e e

iflv lc
,

1 90 9 w h ic h t t d t h t t h p k f T
,
s a e a e ea O en er e o an o h d b gu a t e n o

e rupt fl m t a d ci d r e s , s o n e s an n e s .
 108

Af te r
v r l r t h qu k h ck t h r cr t r p d
se e a ea th a e s o s ee a e s o en e on e

p k d l v w fl wi g d w t h m u t i id
ea ,
an a a as T h vil l g
o n o n e o n a n s es . e a es

i th
n igh b u h d f t h cr t r h d b
e ne o r b d d
oo o e a e s a ee n a an on e .

S m d y l t r it w
o e r p rt d t h t t h c h i f cr t r c t i u
a s a e as e o e a e e a e on n es

t th
o w t i c d c t m t t r t h igh t f v r
ro ou n an f t th
e s en a e o a e o o e ee e

rup t i t h u f f rdi g m g i fic t p ct l Th flw f l v
,

e on s a o n a a n en s e ac e . e o o a a

i cr i v lum
”
n e a se s n o e .

A l dy m t i d t h r w
s a r ea w r i g S p t mb r 23 d
en on e ,
e e as a a n n on e e e r ,

duri g t h t im t h
n e w cr i g t h Equ t r d w r i g
e e su n as o ss n e a o ,
an a a n n on

th m d y by t h m
e sa e a e oon .

It t k c id r bl m u t f S l t i i ri t t i t w k up
oo a on s e a e a o n o o ec r c r a on o a e

t h gr
e d ld p k w h ich i vi ibl 1 0 0 mil
an O ea di ,
dig ifi d c s s e e s , an s a n e o e an

m il t e s on e .

S p t mb r 29 d 7 h 50 m M Equ t r 8 8 fr m °
e e e . . . oon on a o o

T ri f f en e e .

O c t b r 5 d 1 4 h 22 m M xt r m d cli t i N =8 8 t °
o e . . . o on e e e e na on . o

T ri ff en e e .

O c t b r 20 d 9 h 5 0 m M xt r m d cli t i S =8 8 t °
o e . . . oon e e e e na on . o

T ri f f en e e .

N v mb r 1 d 23 h 0 M xt r m d cli t i N =8 8 t °
o e e . . 111 . o on e e e e na on . o

T riff ene e .

Th thr e f ll wi g di gr m fur t h r xpl i t h m r f

ee o o n a a s e e an e an n e o

S l t i
o ec r c act i wh ich br ugh t b ut t h rupt i
on o a o e e on .

J e co fl
'
a ’ Wa r n in
g .

F IG 72 .
 1 10

Wit h a d p rumbli g i t h wh l w t r id f t h
ee n n o se e o e es e n s e o e

cr t r bl w
a e e ou t d f mil t h u u di g c u t ry w c v r d
an or es e s rr o n n o n as o e e

wit h pumic e an d h Th i t u d t h
as w th m u t i
es . s rn e e sn o on e o n a ns a

di gy bl ck
n a .

W g ui ix t y mil
an anw y w urr u d d wit h t h ick h z
,
s es a a ,
as s o n e a a e

an d th i w h
e a rvily c h rg d wit h ul ph u
as ea a e s r .

S m p plo y th t th
e eo igh t w much m r impr iv t h
e sa a e s as o e e ss e an

t h t pr
a t d by V uvi u
ese n e S t r mb li es s or o o .

Th r e f th ut br k
e aso n s t f w y
or e o ea ar e n o ar a a .

O F bru ry 28 t h 7 h 8 m t h
n e
a d Jupi t r pl y d S l t i
,
. .
,
e su n an e a e o ec r c

f rc t h r ugh T g ri di t ric t l
o e o on M rc h l t wh t h m
a ro s a so o n a s , en e o on

w as at x t r m d cli
e ti e th e d Jupi t r g i
e ct d t h
na on , e su n an e a a n a e on e

m u t i d w r i t d by S t ur d N pt u
o n a n an e e ass s e a n an e ne .

Th di gr m h w t h p i t i
e a a M rc h 9t h 3 h p m N w
s o s e os on on a . . .
, e

Z l d t im wh
e a an v ry xpl iv c mbi t i p d v r t h
e, en a e e os e o na on asse o e e

a lr dy ful ly c h rg d m u t i
ea a e o n a n .

22 2 2 5

if ?
fi r o
y r e ss
4
M a r c
-
A 4 43 141 Z ea /a n d 77 mg

F IG . 75 .

Th e l
x mpl i t k fr m J p
a st e a e s a en o a an .

It w m t vi l t d m y r t h qu k ccurr d
as os d ub t
o en ,
an an ea a es o e ,
no o

owi g t t h v r h ck t h m u t i r c iv d Bl ck f l v
n o e se e e s o s e o n a n e e e . o s O a a

th iz f h u w r t h w up d l v t bl ck d t h r ilw y
e s e O o se s e e ro n ,
an a a s on e o e e a a

23 0 mil di t t es s an .

Th ed f ur pl
su n t w r c t i g S kur wit h ut t h
an o an e s e e a n on a a, o e

m o onth t h r t hr pl t ct d i p t t h m m ridi
e o e ee an e s a e n a s o on e sa e e an

b t u f w d gr
a e f r t h r ut h
e ees u e so .

Th tw di gr m will il lu t r t t h c u
e o a f th di t r u
a s s a e e a ses o e s as o s

ev t en .
 111

S A K U RA S H I M A I° VO LCA N O

J A PA N
m
J A N UA '
RY 7 /0 - 54 6 M T 0

WA RN I N G

O -
d -
fi é

FIG . 76 .

fla mm a j
” SA
‘ lo
K U RA S H IM A VO L C A N O

d h m
ah a /7d
? c o n c e n t ra t e on do t
m a r /re d by a rro w 26’ w la b e .

at th e s am e ( l in e

J A PA N ru n s A B OU T N O ON

J A N
y
/ f
O
r ’

Q S UN - 32 8 us e

Gre e r El up fl
bfl of Vol c an o m 8 m J apa n a c co mpa m c d by ca r t u ak e s

an d s ea wa v e l ( no r/ sa n ds p er ils /7 .

FIG . 77 .

Th r w r t h r w r i g
e e N v mb r l t 1 91 3
e e o t 20 h 0 0
e a n n s, o n o e e s , , a . In .

m xt r m d cli t i
o on on e l D c mb r 20 t h m e e e na on a so o n e e e ,
o on

cr i g Equ t r
o ss n a o .

Th f ll wi g i t r t i g cc u t f t h i v lc ic rupt i i
e o o n n e es n a o n o s o an e on s

d riv d f m c bl d d crip t i wh ic h pp r d i v ri u w
e e ro a e es on s a ea e n a o s ne s

p p r d t d J u ry 1 3 t h t 1 5 t h 1 91 4
a e s, a e an a o , .

I r d i g t h d t il f fi
n ea nrup t i f t r m d u f rc
e e a s o re , e on s O e en o s o e,

fl m a d rt h qu k gr t
e s an ea wv d t yp h a wit h m
e s, ea se a a e s an a o on co

p pi i g r u d h vy r i
as se s s nn n d wful i w m y w ll k
o n ,
ea a n s an a n o se , e a e as ,

if w mu t t ill b li v t h t
e s m i t ri r t r t lipp d v r m
s e e e a so e n e o s a a s e o e so e

th r tr t d p r h p f ll i t h ll w rt h c t r ’
o e s a a an th t th
e a s e n o a o o or a e ea s en e
 1 12

of gr vit y
a ift d ; t h t t h r t h h pru g l k
h as sh e or a e ea as s n a ea an d the
se a h d w i t h t pl c
as r u n o n n o a o a e .

T h t h i g m y p ibly h pp ; b t t il l w
es e nk s a o ss a en u s , e se e a pri r o

an d m r uffici t c u t t i f y judgm t
o e s en a se o sa s ou r en .

GRE A T V O LCA N O D IS AS TER .

H EA VY LO S S O F L I FE .

F R OM O U R O W N CORRE S P ON D E N T .

T OK I O ,

J a n u ary 1 3 t h , 1 91 4 .

T rribl h v c h b c u d by t h rup t i f t h v lc
e e a o as een a se e e on o e o an o

o f S kur jim
a a- i l d i t h G lf f K g h im i S ut h r
a, o n an s an n e u o a os a, n o e n

Jp a an .

Th t w f K g h im
e o n owh ic h i t h m i l d v r l mil
a os a, s on e a n an se e a es

fr m t h i l d d i rr u d d by v lc ic r g h b
o e s an an s su o n e a o an an e, as ee n

o v rwh lm d Th i h bit t ( v r
e e e . h v
e b d d th
n a an s o e a e a an on e e

cit y .

O wi g t t h br kd w n o f t h t l gr p h
e rvic K g h im i
ea o n o e e e a se e a os a s

ne w t ffcu T h gr v t f r
o . t rt i ed f th f ty f th
a es e a s are e n e a ne or e sa e o e

fl i g p pul t i
ee n o a on .

Bc f it
e p ct cul r c h r ct r t h di t r h xcit d v
au s e o s s e a a a a e e sa s e as e e e en

gr t r i t r t t h t h f m i c dit i i N rt h r J p w h r
ea e n e es an e a ne on on s n o e n a an , e e

ten milli f c t f c wit h t rv t i

on are a e o a e s a a on .

M u t K i i h im t h irt y mil
o n r t h f K g h im h l
r s a, es no o a os a, as a so

b t i t
u rs v lc ic ct ivi t y c u i g gr t d v t t i
n o o an Mu t
a ,
a s n ea e as a on . o n

A m i C t r l J p (t h l rg t f t h ct iv J p
sa a, n en a a v lcan ) e a es o e a e a an es e o an o es ,

i
s a sol ct iv Pr f r O m ri wh h ld t h c h ir f i m l gy
a e . o e s so o ,
o o s e a o se s o o

a t T ki U iv r i t y
o o t icip t
n c t i u d v lc i c di t urb c
e s ,
an a es on n e o an s an es .

T Tu d y O K IO , es a .

T h fir t rup t i e s S kur j m e ccurr d S t urd y m r i g

on or a a- i a o e on a a o n n ,

l ot h J u ry 1 91 4 E rm u bl ck f t
an a ,
w r t hr w
. t no o s o s o s on e e e o n o a

h igh t f v r
e o ft o d e m f ll t di t c f t w t y mil . an so e e a a s an e o en es .

Str m f m lt
ea l v fl w d d w t h id f t h m t i
s o o en a a o e o n e s e o e ou n a n,

o v rwh lmi g t h r vill g

e e n Fi pr d t t h f r t t h m i
ee a es . re s ea o e o es on e a n

l d d fur t h r rup t i c rri d t h bur i g l v t K g h im

an an e e on s a e e n n a a o a os a,

i h bit t fld i ll dir c t i
,

w h ic h w t fias Th se on re b t
. e n a an s e n a e o n s, u

pr b bly h u d d w r kill d R fug cr wd d i t t r i f

o a n re s e e e . e ees o e n o a ns o

g ood w g s w h ic h l
a on sf t f t h rt h d by v i g K g h im e or e no ,
an e en n a os a

w as d rt d e se e .

A t l gr m y t rd y e e ft r
a r d Th
es e p r t r i th a a e n oon ea s e o e a o s e

so el f fici l l f t t t h K g h im f fic A ll t h t h r h v fld
o a e a e a os a o e . e o e s a e e
 1 14

l r d d h rribl c
pl e t e ly a t e e , t b wi t
an d Th f ll f o e s e n e s ar e o e n e s se . e a o

vy t h t it i lm t imp ibl t p
a sh e s is s o h e a ya Th s a os o ss e o O e n on e s e
’
es . e

sit u t i i m t d g r u
a on s d th O b rv t ry pr dic t
os f ur t h r
an e o s, an e se a o e s e

an d w r rupt i
o se e T h irt t h u d h u h v b d t r y d
on s e en o san o se s a e een es o e

h v fld
,
.

d v r 7 pr mi i g ”
an o e e s on s a e e o r ar e ss n .

Th fir t r fug f m K g h im rriv d i T ki l t ig h t
e s e ee ro a os a a e n o o as n .

I t h c ur
n e f i t rvi w h id t h t t h rumbli g d rupt i
o se o an n e e ,
e sa a e n s an e on s

bg e th
an l ot h i t
on Th m t h id u i w r h d N t
e ns . e os eo s n o se s e e e ar . o

a pr l pt ll pr p r d f d d p ck d f m rg ci
e so n s e a e a e oo ,
an a e or e e en es .

Th p p l c fl ck d t t h
e o h ru a e d w rm u r t
o e o e se as o e , an sa an e n o o s en

i th
n id f t h v lc
e s e o t h i d f t h w y up
e o an o , o n e - r o e a .

F m t h i g p t h t h ick t m k d fi w r b lc h i g f rt h
ro s a e es s o e an re e e e n o ,

ri i g t h u d f t i t h i S h rt ly f t r t h
s n a o san th r r
ee t n e a r . o a e r ee o e en s

w r vi ibl f m wh ic h h ug d h t r ck w r flu g f rt h Th
e e s e, ro e re -
o o s e e n o . e

fl m w r t rribly fi rc
a es e e v l pi g t h i l d T h i w f ll w d
e e e , en e o n e s an . s as o o e

imm di t ly by t r ific rupt i fr m t h ummit d t h k y

e a e a e r e on o e s ,
an e s

s eem d t r i fi ry ub t c v r v ry t h i g
e o a n e s s an es o e e e n .

N m rt l w rd o d crib t h m g ific t b t t rribl

o a o s can es e e a n en u e e

c
s en e .

1 5 FEET O F A S H E S IN CI TY .

N A GA S A K I,

l 4 ik J a n a aw ,
1 91 4 .

W ir e le ss
m g fr m t h w r h ip t t K g h im r p rt
e ssa e s o e a s s s en o a os a e o

th t th i l
a d f S kur jim (t h c
e s an f t h v lc
o ic rupt i i
a a- a e s en e o e o an e on n

S ut h r J p
o ) i c mpl t ly d m d
e n a an s o e e oo e .

It i h r ud d i bl ck m k
s s th o ugh wh ic h t h flick r f fl m
e n a s o e, ro e e o a es

c an b T h b y i c v r d wi t h l v t h t h
e se e n . efl w d d w fr m
a s o e e a a a as o e o n o

t h v lce o T h Cit y f K g h im i c v r d wit h

an o . e h t d pt h o a os a s o e e as es o a e

o f 15 ft Fi ur b t h d p d wid
. ss i ll di c t i
e s, o ee an e , ru n n a re on s .

Th l f life i b li v d t b v ry h
o ss o vy F m t he s f th e e e o e e ea . ro re e o e

vill g th
a es i l d f S kur jim t h r
on e r f ug
s an Th o a a- a e e a re no e ees . e

m e an s f r cu pr v d i
o d qu t t h u g h t h
es e w f l u ch
o e na e a e, o e c re s o a n es

an d mp ( ki f f ) w rk d h ic lly plyi g t
sa an s s d f s b tw o e e ro a ,
n o an ro e e en

th i l e d d t h m i l d mid h il f i c d c t t
s an an e d
a n an a a a o n an e s en s o n e s an

b uld r
o e s .

M y fugit iv w r dr w d i t ryi g t wim cr t h t r it

an es e e o ne n n o s a o ss e s a .

Ot h r w r e s u f f c t d by t h p i u g
e e s f om t h r t h qu k
a e e o so n o s as e s ro e ea a e

fi ssur e s R f ug . t t th t th h et fr m th fl m ri i g f m
e es s a e a e ea o e a es s n ro

th m u t i
e id m d it imp ibl f t h b t t
o n a n s e t h ch
a el o ss e or e oa s o u se e an n e

on th t ide e as f th i l d s e o e s an .

Th rt h qu k e ea d rup t i h v w ub id d b t pp ll i g
a e s an e on s a e no s s e , u a a n

rumbli g i t h r t h t ill c t i
n s n d t yp h
e ea
‘

i bl wi g A s on n u e an a o on s o n . n
 1 15

o ffici l r p rt t t t h t 60 0 h u c ll p d u d r
a e o s a es p ci lly a o se s o a se n e an es e a

vi l t h ck M d y d t h t t h h k i g f t h rt h ft rw rd
o en s o on on a an a e s a n o e ea a e a s

w as so gr t t h t it w imp ibl t w lk uprigh t d p pl h d

ea a
‘

as oss e o a ,
an eo e a

t cr wl
o a d t umbl t f t h cit y m i ly
an s t h ir h d dk e ou o e a n on e an s an n e es .

— R ut r S p ci l
e e
’
s e a .

T W d d y OK I O e n es a .

Th c p t i f th J p
e a crui r Ta n o h t wi l e a an e s e se on e as se n a r e e ss

m g yi g t h t t i gl p r i l ft t K g h im A
e ssa e sa n a no a s n e e so n s e a a os a .

r p rt h b r c iv d t h t h ip wh ich t k b rd 3 0 7 r f ug
e o as e en e e e a a s oo on oa e ee s

a f t r t h fir t v lc
e ic ut br k k duri g t h c d rupt i
e s o an o ea san n e se on e on .

R ut r S p ci l
e e
’
s e a .

A h f ll t O k b ut 3 0 0 mil f r m t h v lc
s es e a d t id l
sa a, a o es o e o an o , an a a

w v fl d d th c t f O k I l d
a e oo e e o as o sa a s an .

Th i i t h r drs d x mpl f w h t f ll w w h
s an o ll t h
e ea e a e o a o o s en a e

h ly b di b c m c c t r t d
e av e n o m ll r
es e o e on en a e on a s a a ea .
 116

E x p l o s io n s in C o a l M in es .

My i w c ll d t t h v ry d ccid t by t h
at t e n t on as a e o e se e sa a en s e

di t r sas e t S gh ydd S ut h W l i O t b r 1 91 3
a en en ,
o a e s, n c o e ,
.

I th b t m n g d c lli i b t h t h m d br d d i
e es an a e o er e s , o a o e an a oa an n

mi ft c id r d v ry f xpl i wit h l f lif t k

,

n es o en on s e e e sa e , e o s on s o ss o e a e

pl c It i b urd t c n clud t h t t h di f l v t
a e . s a s lw y
o o e a e se re u e en s ar e a a s

d uet gl ct wilful di b di c f t h r g l t i by t h v ry
o ne e ,
or so e en e o e e u a on s e e

pr e so n swh c rt i t u f f r m t wh
o ar e cid t h ppe a n o s e os en ac en s a en .

It pp r f t r i v t ig t i h w v r t h t m y c l mi
a ea s a e n es a on , o e e ,
a an oa ne

expl i c uld t h v b pr v t d i f c t t h y w r br ugh t

o s on s o no a e ee n e en e n a ,
e e e o

ab ut by t r l c u
o m ly
na u l t i c mbia ti a f se s , na e ,
a so ec r c o na on o an

expl iv p t t i lit y
os e o en a .

T h i qu lit y f c mbi t i c i t f t h
s a d th
O pl
o t na on on s s s o e s u n an re e an e s

u u ll y R r ly t h m t k
s a . h
a e d d ly u d r xc pt i l
e oo n a es a an an on n e e e on a

c dit i
on t w pl
o n s aret p w rful ugh t c u oxpl i an e s o e en o o a se an e o s on .

T h i c h pt r d t h xt will c i t l rg ly f di gr m d
s a e an e ne on s s a e o a a s an a

m r t t m t f t h v t illu t r t d
e e s a e en o e e en s s a e .

A t udy f t h di gr m will
s bl o r t t ud t t di c v r
e a a s en a e an e a n es s en o s o e

th t ur l l w ruli g t h
e na a r m rk bl p h m
a s n e se e a a e en o en a .

I t h fut urn S l t i C u cil f r

e i g t h t c rt i di t ri t
e a o ec r c o n o e se e n a a e a n s c

i m s c d will rd r ll u d rg r u d w rk r t t h u f c d y
en a e ,
o e a n e o n o e s o e s r a e a a

b f r h d I uc h c w h uld ly h v m t ri l d m g t
e o e an . n s ase e s o on a e a e a a a e o

d pl r
e o e .

W h il ll c f
e i v t ig t d h v w rk d t i x t r
a a se s so ar n es a e a e o e ou n e a

ordi ry h rm y wit h t h l t i t h ry
na a on tw lit t l e so e c r c eo ,
on e o r o are a e

di c rd t
s o an .

F i t c ifor xpl i
n s an ccu wit h i 20 mi t f
e, an e o s on o rs n nu es o a

c mb i t i f lli g v r
o na onr pr i u ly t h r t d
a n m y b
o e an a ea ev o s ea en e ,
on e a e

sur t h t t h xpl i h b t h w rk f t h
e a e e d pl
os on t ry as e en e o o e su n a n an e a

it t
ass s an s .

If t h mi i v r y l rg
e d w ll v t il t d
ne xpl i m y b
s e a e an e en a e an e os o n a e

d i y d up t
e a e 4 0 mi u t d th o m m y b id i n th es an e sa e a e sa n c as e e

expl di g c mb i t i i w k c i t i g y f ly t w pl t
o n o na on s ea ,
on s s n sa ,
o on o an e s

an d the su n .

uc h d l y 4 0 mi ut w uld c u
A ny s l m t f d ub t
e a as n es o a se an e e en o o

ast th r o f th ccid t d l g r i t rv l b t w t h
e e aso n o e a en ,
an a on e n e a e e en e

upp d c u
s d th
os e f f c t w uld i my pi i
a rul t N t ur l
se an e e e o n O n on e ou a a

cu a se sxpl t i f t h ccid t
as an e an a on o e a en .
expl i t k pl c t t h m c lli ry F ur h u dr d d t hi t y
o s on oo a e a e sa e o e . o n e an r

m w r kill d O ct b r 1 4 t h 1 91 3 t b ut 8 h m Figu 8 1
en e e e on o e , ,
a a o . a . .
, re .

S e N aN EN y o o CO A L M uvs

4 b n

g a ra g 5 [I Moo n at
e, I4 0 M r gra t es ! declinat io n

FI R S T WA R N IN G

¢7 ~

GEN GH E N Y DD
2
O 7 5 Q 's/ 5 e

6 A!

l9| 3

fi p /o s / o n at S EN O N E N VO O Sc u m WA LE S
60 63 0 7
25 00 4 ”0 3 Oc/‘o b e r

D
w -
8 m

43 0 M EN R I L LE

F IG S . 8 0 85 8 1 .

r As t h e ew r i g igh t d y pr vi u ly
w as a se ri u o s S o l e ct ric a n n e a s e o s

O ct b r 5 do e1 1 h 40 m Figur 8 0 t h c u f t h ccid t w
. . .
,
e ,
e a se o e a en as

c rt i l S l
e a n t i y A c mp ri f t h di gr m f
o ec r c 1 90 1 wi t h t h t
. o a so n o e a a or a

for 1 91 3 h w th ,
t b i s b z o i t h p it i
s d i c e su nct i o e n su -
en os o n an n on n e on

wit h t w pl t M r d Jupit r t b dir d z it h p it i

o an e s a s an e a su -
na an en os on s .

T h t w pl t w r ct i g f r m t h m p it i
e se .
o an e s f z it h e e a n o e sa e os on s o en or

na dir i 1 901as n .

I 1 91 3 t h
n fr m it dir p it i w t ill i t uch wit h
e su n o s na os on s as s n o

S ghen y d d t h r ugh M
en d Jupi t r o ar s an e .

I M rc h 1 90 1 d i M rc h 1 91 3 t h u c t r w wit h i ’
n a , ,
an n a , ,
e s n s en e as n

a mil f r m t h Equ t r wh 8 8 f m t h S gh ydd c l mi

e o e a o ,
en
°
ro e en en oa ne .

Th u t h r m y imil rit i b t w t h c u
s e e ar e f th an s a es e ee n e a se s o e

a ccid t i 1 901 d i 1 91 3
en s n an n .

O p i t i g i t t h t h ry d t h t i t h l p f t im
ne o n s a a ns e eo an a s e a se o e

w h ic h ccu r d b t w t h c t i f t h c mbi t i
o r e d th
e t t d e en e a on O e o na on an e s a e

t im f xpl i
e o e o s on .

I thi k thi i d t t h pr
n c f ly t w pl t l t h ugh
s s ue o e e se n e o on o an e s , a o

th pl t l t t ck fr m pp it id wit h t h
e se an e s a so a a o o os e s es e su n , as

d pict d
e e .
 119

iz f t h mi
Th e s d xc ll t v t il t i g m c h i ry m y
e o e ne an e e en en a n a ne a

h v d l y d th
a e e a xpl ie e e o s on .

T h d t ruc t i
e f th J p
es b t t l h ip Mik
on o S p t mb r e a an e s e a es asa e e e

l 0 t h 1 90 5 i
,
x mpl f t h r xpl i imil rly d l y d
,
s an e a e o an o e e o s on s a e a e .

Fut u i qui y m y cl r up t h i p i t My pi i i t h t t h
re n r a ea s o n . O n on s a e

c d ccid t t S gh ydd w c u d by S l t i c t i
se on a en a en w en as a se o ec r c a on as as

t h fir t
e s i 1 901
on e n .

On O t o c b r 22 d 1 91 3 b ut w k f t r t h S ut h
e n , ,
a o a ee a e e o W al e s
accid en t ,
an xpl i ccu r d t t h S t g C n c l mi
e o s on o r e a e a a on oa n e, n e a r
D w a son , N w M xic
e by w h ic h 261 m i r w r kill d
e o, ne s e e e .

O C TO B E R 19 l 3
w
160 “ w
O

C OA L M IN E

'
s i so
-
w
Eq u of or

s h ln f on ne p o n/ s M e t im e f o o ct a n e/ me
g
S
‘
Da ws o n s a s 35 p m /o ca l
pm
g
Ca l c u /a h on
gi v es 3 4 p m

d D m
th e s o /e c /r / c m fldl /IO H on O c /o b e r 20 4 . 48 G’ P CH WIC h m e an lim e
.

wh e n t h e Mo on wa s W / t /u n 0 5 o f g re a f e s l' d e c lm a h on

M /N E

N C re a t e s ! ace / m?

F / RS T WA RN I NG
0 /5 /I‘rc f b e c o m i ng c h a rg e d

2 d ay s 5 h o u rs b ef o re e xp /O S / o n

6
F GS I . 82 83 .
 1 20

wr t t W h i gt
I o e d N w M xic f
o d t il d r c iv d
as n o n an e e o or e a s , an e e e a

c rt u r ply f m t h S t t G v r r W C M D ld l t h
ou eo s e ro e a e o e no . . c on a ,
a so e

f ll wi g fr m t h B r u f Mi W h i gt
o o n o e u ea o n e s, as n on .

U q t i bly fi d mp w n ues t f ct r i t h i xpl i

on a ,
re a as n o a a o n s e o s on

c l du t w r p ibl d it ig it i i t h ugh t t b fr m
oa s as es on s e an s n on s o o e o

impr p r bl t i g
o e as n .

T h di g r m O c t b r 20 d 4 h 4 8 m Fig r 8 2 w r i g
e a a s, d o e . . .
, u e ,
a n n ,
an

O c t b r 22 d 1 0 h 4 m
o e Figur 8 3 t t im f xpl i r d r t h
. . .
,
e a e o e o s on en e e

cu a f thi
se s ccid t v ry m if t T h r i t h u u l w r i g
o s a en e an es . e e s e s a a n n

t m xt r m d cli t i t im d 2 d 5 h f t rw rd S l t i
’
a o on s e e e e na on e , an . . a e a s a o ec r c

c mbi t i f gr t p w r t h t t h mi bl w up t t h m m t
o na on o so ea o e a e ne o s a e o en .

Th r e e f ur pl t are i ti g t h
o d mi c t i i g
an e s ass s n e su n , an no ne on a n n

expl iv du t os h ip c
e t i i g mmu i t i
s ,
c uld p u d r uc h
or s on a n n a n on o ass n e s

a f rc wit h ut d t ruc t i
o e o es on .

I h p th t f t r t udy f t h di gr m t h U it d S t t
o e a a e s o e se a a s e n e a es

Bur u f Mi will b f t h m pi i
ea o n es I th t c mi r e o e sa e O n on . n a a se ne s

will b v d f c lli ri will t b w rk d t h d g r u

e sa e ,
or o e es no e o e on ose an e o s

d y A d th d y
a s . n t diffic l t t c mput by
o se y f mili r
a s ar e n o u o o e an on e a a

wit h tr mic l pr bl m
as on o a o e s .

Wh th M g r f S gh ydd C lli ry w
en e t ri l i r g rd
an a e O en en o e as o n a n e a

t t h dr dful xpl i
o e th r
ea I ff r d t giv e vid c t h t i ll
o s on e e, o e e o e e en e a n a

pr b bil it y t h mi w fir d by t ur l c u
o a e N r ply w
ne as e na a a se s . o e as

r c iv d ff r vid t ly c id r d t b
e e e O e e Ag i i enc on s e e o e n on se n se . a n, n a ase

ari i g t f t h l
s n ou f H M S B lw rk (L ck
o e A rmy d
o ss o . . . u a o v ers u s an

N avy A ur c C ) I ff r d vid c f t h h ip l fr m t ur l
ss an e o . o e e e en e o e s s o ss o na a

c u b t t h f f r w r fu d
a se s , u e O e as e se .

S t Oth r x mpl wit h t h bj ct f m i g vid c

o an o e e a e e O e o a ass n e en e

wh ich c t b r fu t d
an n o e e e .

O J u y 3 0t h 1 91 4 G rm c l mi bl w up killi g
n an ar , ,
a e an oa ne e n

ab ut 5 0 m
o en .

A m g fr m D rt mu d y
e s sa e xpl i c u d by fi
o o n sa s, an e os on a se re

d mp t k pl c t d y (3 0t h ) i
a oo mi
a e t A ch b ch W t ph li
o a n a ne a en a ,
es a a .

Fr m 60 t 8 0 m
o t ill i t h mi
o e n are s n e ne .

Th xpl i ccurr d h rt ly ft r 6 h i t h v i g Tw t y
e e o s on o e s o a e . n e e en n . en

tw d o d d v t m h v b r c v r d up t t h pr t
ea an se en e e n en a e e en e o e e o e e sen .

Th di gr m Figur 8 4 d Figu 8 5 h w t h t t h r w
e a a s e an re s o a e e as a

w r i g w k i dv c w h t h m w t xt r m d cl i t i
a n n a ee n a an e, en e o on as a e e e e na on ,

an d th wit h t w pl t t h r t d t h mi
e su n o an e s e a en e e ne .

A b ut 1 0 1 5 m i ut
o b f r t h xpl i
or J u y 3 ot h n es e o e e e o s on on an ar ,

th r eepl t i t d th
an e s as s s e t d t t t h l dy c h g d mi e su n o e on a e e a rea ar e ne

an d t hi g c uld
no v it n o sa e .
 1 22

CO LL I E R N EA R B A R N S LE Y YO R K S
S ILK S TO N E

O a

MA Y 26 O 6 . M T

W A R N I N G

M oon at e x t re me d o c /m a t ro n

BA RN S LE Y YORK S
ks ro ms COLU ER
.
.
s u

a b m
M AY 0 M T

[9 14
ab ou t 20 p n e w ou s

[a e Xp /o s z én

27 4 2 10

8 - 3 51 '

10 0 0 h a d com e f o r was h an d
lu r
up
es lo s t a the care:

A c a d efi t h app e n e d ab o u l 3pm on Sat u rday

F IG S . 86 87 .
 1 28

d g r T h i t m w r w rki g i t h W i m
an e . r eenct i Th en e e o n n e n o or se on . e

g r l b dy f c lli r h d cl r d t b ut t w h ur b f r Th
en e a o o o e s a ea e ou a o o o s e o e . e

m wh r m i
en d w r g g d i b ri g i b y w y d ll w t
o e a ne e e en a e n o n n a -
a ,
an a en

w ll wit h t h w rk f
e t im It w fu d e ry t c ult t h
o or a e . as o n n e ce ssa o on s e

d put y
e c rt i m t t r d h (M yc ck ) w t w y t fi d h im
on a e a n a e ,
an e a o en a a o n .

LI KE A MI GH TY WI N D IN A GA LE .

H h d l ft t h w rki g pl c
e a ly f w c d wh h h rd
e e o n a e on a e se o n s, en e ea

i lik
a n o se migh t y wi d i gr t g l
e a H w imm di t ly n n a ea a e .
”
e as e a e

th row ff h i f t a d c rri d t l t t y rd l g t h m i w y
n O s ee n a e a eas en a s a on e a n a .

H w e b dl y t u d b t h did t l c ci u
as a s nn e H w ,
u e no o se on s o sn e ss . e sa a

gr t fl m ru h p t h im d f lt t h fi
ea a e s hi f c as H i cl t h an e e re o n s a e . s o es

wr e e so on a bl z b t h p t t h fl m a e, t d u th r r e u e a es ou ,
an as so o n as e oa

h d c
a d h t ruggl d t h i f t d i f rm d t h m i t h pit
e as e ,
e s e o s ee an n o e e en n e

o f w h t h d h pp a d H t h cr wl d l g t t h pit b t t m d
a a en e . e en a e a on o e -
o o an

th r c mmu i c t d wit h t h r ffici l

e e o n d i a e v ry h rt t im o e o a s, an n a e s o e

r cu r d c d d A ll t h m wh h d b
es e s e s en e w rki g wit h
. e en o a e en o n

M yc ck w r kill d
a o e e e .

T h pit w r g rd d
e f th f t i Y rk h i
as e It w
a e as o n e o e sa e s n o s re . as

k pt crupul u ly cl
e s d w lw y w ll r gul t d T h i m y
o s e an an as a a s e e a e . s a

a cc u t f t h f ct t h t t h r f t h xpl i w
o n or e a t l rg r d a e a ea o e e o s on as n o a e an

th t th a m did t t k fi ft rw d Wh t h r cu r
e se a no a e re a e ar s . en e es e s

r ch d t h c
ea e f th xpl i e g t di t
s en e fr m t h h ft
o e e os on a r ea s an ce o e s a ,

th y f u d th t
e ll d
o g r f f t h r ccid t w v r b t g t
n a a an e o ur e a en as o e ,
u r ea

h v c h d b
a o c u d wit h i limit d r
a een a se n a e a ea .

Th di t r ccurr d h rt ly ft r 3 cl ck i t h ft r
e sa s e o e s o a e o
’
o n e a e n oo n .

F rt u t ly t h d y h if t f v r
o na e , m h d l ft
e a d t h p it w s o o e en a e ,
a n e as

a lm t idl f t h w k d d t h W h it u t id h lid y
os e or e ee -
en an e s n e o a .

T h pit w r g rd d
e f th f t i Y rk h ir d w
as e a e as o n e o e sa e s n o s e an as

k pt crup l u ly cl
e s C r t i l y if t h pit h d
u o s t b cl
e an . e a n e a no ee n so e an

th e m w uld h v t k fi
sea oTh xpl i w h w v r a e a en re . e e o s on as , o e e ,

i vit bl
ne d th
a b t r m dy w t k by c c ;
e, an e m es e e as a en h an e en

h i g l ft f t h Wh it u h lid y
av n e or e s n o a .

D IA N A N D A BELGIA N CO LLI ERY

A CA N A .

Th xt t w c i t r t i g d i t ruc t iv b c u t h y
e ne o a se s are n e es n an ns e e a se e

h ppa d wit h i qu rt r f h ur f c h t h r— y t t h y w r
en e n a a e o an o o ea o e e e e e

1 20 d gr p rt e t th ees at f th d h a th r t,th on e o e e as o e su n an - e o e o e

w t B t h mi w r fir d by t h
es . o m c m b i t i t h ug h
n es e e e e sa e o na on ,
o

sep r t d by t h A t l t ic O c
a a e d N Am r c c t i t Th
e an e an an . e i an on n en . e se

tw l mi d cl r t h t rut h f t h S l i t h ry i m t
o co a n es e a e e o e o e ct r c eo n a os

r m rk bl m r
e a a e an n e .
 1 24

B ot h ct d mi w r w d Ju
the af f e e n es e e ar n e on ne Figu 8 8
8 th ,
re s

an d 8 9 b ut t ,
d y b f r t h ccid t by t h
a o en a s e o e e a en s e sa m c mbi t i
e o na on

an d b t h firi g c mbi oti i clud d V u n o na on s n e en s an d Jupit r Th e . e

fi
g h W A R N IN G
BE LG IU M

S u b no d
d o a

J U N E 8 9 26 G m r

( ne a r Ex t r eme (f ed /n a t i o n

BE L G I U M rs wa m e d ha l f an h m r

b ef or e CA N A D A

N A O‘
is s

15 0 -
v 13 0 . 9o u

1 91 4
H I LLC R ES T COA LM I N E ROC K Y M 7 3
C A N A DA

WA R N IN G

M oo n at e xt re m e d e c im a t io n

[1 8 W

H T

M ou n t a i n t im e

s u b na d

FIG S . 88 a 89 .
 1 26

CA N A D IA N CO LLIERY D IS A S TER .

S EVER A L H UN DRED KI LLED BY E X PL O S IO N .

FL A ME S MIN E IN .

T J 1 9t h 1 91 4 OR O N T O , uue ,
.

A di p t c h f r m W i ip g ju t r c iv d y t h t 20 0 mi r h v
s a o nn e s e e e sa s a ne s a e

b kill d i t h Hil lcr t mi i t h Cr w N t di t ric t A lb rt

ee n e n e es nes n e o
’
s es s ,
e a,

t d y by
o- a t rrific xpl i a e e o s on .

Lt r a e .

L t r di p t ch h w t h t
a e f th
s aw r t mi i g di t res s o a on e o e o s n n sa s e s

i t h h i t ry f t h Cr w N t P di t ric t ccurr d t hi m r i g ’
n e s o o e o s es a ss s o e s o n n .

D t il
e a t ill m gr
s b t th
are f fici l r p r t
s f th C
ea di e, u e o a e o s o e an a an

P cific R ilw y t im t t h t t h umb r f d d i 20 0

a a a es a e a e n e o ea s .

I mm di t ly th r c ipt f t h w r cu
e a e on w t e e e o e ne s a es e car as se n

fr m Bl i m r d p ci l l ft C lg ry t
o ar o e an t hi ft r a sf e a e a a a s a e n oo n or

t h mi
e c rryi g d ct r r
n e, a d m di c l upp l i
n o o s, n u se s , an e a s es .

A bl ck m k i i ui g fr m t h pit m ut h it i b li v d t h t
s a s o e s ss n o e o s e e e a

th e it u t i i v ry ri u Th xpl i ccurr d t
s a on s e thi
se o s . e e o s on o e a s

m r i g d t h mi i f w m m t w c mpl t ly bl z
o n n ,
an e ne n a e o en s as o e e a a e .

Fift y m w r t k t b t it i
en t cl
e e r f r m t h di p t c h
a en ou ,
u s no ea o e s a es

w h t h r t h y w r d d liv
e e e e e ea or a e .

W IN N I P E G , J u ne 1 9t h .

T h e Can a di
P cific ffic h r h v r c iv d d ic r p rt i g
an a o es e e a e e e e a v es e o n

an xpl i t t h H ill cr t c l mi
e o s on a r F r i B C w h ic h i
e es oa ne n ea e n e, . .
,
s

lik ly t
e pr v of th w r t di t r i t h h i t ry f C d
o e on e o e o s s as e s n e s o o an a a .

Si h u dr d m
x n r p rt d t h v b kill d Th m g y
e e n ar e e o e o a e een e . e e ssa e sa s

th t a t rrific v lum
a e f m k i c mi g f r m t h m u t h f t h mi
o e o s o e s o n o e o o e ne

a cc mp i d by flm
o an e R ut r a es .
— e e .

T H E CR O W S N E S T P A S S COA LF I ELD S
’
.

Cr w t P b ut 4 95 N d 1 1 4 W
’ ° °
Th N e lfi ld i
o s es a ss c o a e n a o . an .
,

li imm di t ly w t f t h ummit f t h R cky M u t i i t h

es e a e es o e s o e o o n a ns n e

Cr w t P gr t r p rt f t h lfi ld i it u t d i
’
o N s Th es a ss . e ea e a o e co a e s s a e n

th pr vi c f Brit i h C lumbi xc pt
e o n e o m ll p rt i i t h s o a, e e a s a o on n e

m m di t e igh b ur h d f t h P wh ic h cr
a e ne th owt rh d oo o e ass , o s se s e a e s e

i t t h pr vi c f A lb r t
n o e o n e o e a .

T h H illc t mie w h r t h di t r h ccu d

re s th n e s, e e e sa s e as o rr e ,
ar e o n e

A lb r t e id Th t t l r f t h c l b ri g di t ric t i b u t
a s e . e o a a ea o e oa -
ea n s s a o

23 0 qu r mils Tha e m xt r m ly ric h d cc rdi g t

es . e se a s ar e e e e ,
an a o n o a

c r ful t im t v r g b ut 1 0 0 f t i t h ick
a e es a e, Th
a c t f e a e a o . n n e ss . e os o

wi i g t h c l i c mp r t iv ly l w i c t h mi i g b gi
nn n e oa s o a a e o ,
s n e e n n e ns

pr c t ic ll f m t h u f c
a a y h ft b i g u k
ro Tu l e s dug r a e, no s a s e n s n . n n e s are
 1 27

into c l m h riz t lly r il

t he oa se a l id d t h c l br ugh t
s o on a ,
a s ar e a ,
an e oa o

ou t t r ll y
on o e s .

F v t il t i
an d th
en m d r ppli c a u dt r m v
o n an o er o e n a an e s ar e se o e o e

i fl mm bl g
n a a O ly e m ll p rt i f t h c l g dir ct t
ase s . n a s a o on o e oa oes e o

t h m rk t
e a T h gr t r p r t i c
e . v rt d i t c k d h ipp d t
e ea e a s on e e n o o e an s e o

s m lt i g w rk i Bri t i h C lumbi
e n o s i th U it d S t t f r m
n s o a or n e n e a e s, o

wh ich t h lfi l d ie co a ly 4 0 mil di t t Th qu lit y f t h c l

e s on es s an . e a o e oa

is xc ll t
e e d m en y w rk bl,
an m f t h cit h v b an o a e se a s o an ra e a e ee n

di c v r d wi t h i t h l t f w y r
s o e e n e as e ea s .

BELGIA N CO LLIERY AB LA Z E .

L J 1 9t h 1 91 4 IE GE , uu e , .

A fi h br k re t i th
as Vi ll M ih y C lli ry i t h i
o en ou n e e e ar a e o e n s

di t ric t T h r w r 4 00 m i t h mi t t h t im f t h ut br k
s . e e e e en n e ne a e e o e o ea ,

an d f th o 20 0 w r impri
e se db l wf m t im b t ll w r
e e so n e e o o r so e e, u a e e

u l t im t ly r cu da e Th fi i
es pr di g R ut r
e . e re s s ea n .
-
e e .

T h c ll i ry i e i t u t d i b ut 5 0 } N d E
o e s s a e n a o 1 . an .

Th D i gr m (fi g
e 8 8 8 9 90
a d 91 ) xpl i
a s th d df ul
s .
, , an e a n e se r ea

c ll i ry ccid t i impl m r
o e a en s n a s e an n e .

I nly v ry c n e ar dduc d t h r e mr wri g i ud

e ase a e e e ar e o e a n n s ss e

by N t f h
a ur e o i t t i t h I h v fig d i t hi b k It will
er n en on s an a e ur e n s oo .

b t h w rk f S l t i C u c il
e e o o d A lm ck m k r i t h f ut r
o ec r c o n s an an a a e s n e u e

t o h v a li t f pl t ry di t c lw y pr p r d M i t k f
e a s o an e a s an es a a s e a e . s a es o

i t rpr t t i will ri t fir t b t it i b t t r f i t c t t p
n e e a on a se a s , u s e e ,
or n s an e, o s o

w rk t c lli ry f
o a a d y th
o l h lf t h m
e o r on e a an o se a e en .

Th firi g c mb i t i i clud t h
e n o rly lw y nad on n es e su n n ea a a s , an on

th e b Z suit h -
Z it h p i t i
en b t pri cip lly t h
or f rm
en os o n s, u n a e o er .

Exp ri c will ble en e t t t d fi it ly wh t r ul t wil l f ll w

en a e us o s a e e n e a es s o o

ea c h p rt icul r p it i
a a os on .

T h l t x mpl
- e as f c lli ry xpl i
e ai t k fr m J p e o d o e e os o n s s a en o a an , an

i ill u t
s t d by di gr m
s ra e (Fig 92 93 d 94 S p t mb r 23 d
a a s .
,
an ,
e e e r ,

N v mb r 26t h
o e d N v mb r 27t h r p c t iv ly
e an o e e es e e .

A l i t t l h i t ry i t t c h d t t hi v ry
e s o ri u ccid t s a a e o s e se o s a en .

I t ic d t h f ll wi g t w li
no e f w i t h D ily M il
e o o n o n es o ne s n e a a

du i g t h fir t w k f D c mb r 1 91 4
r n e s ee o e e e , .

J A P A N E S E M N E D IS AS TER .

T Y D mb l t OK O, ece er s .

A di t r i mi
s as e r ult i g i 4 3 7 d t h i r p rt d f r m
n a ne es n n ea s s e o e o

H kk id — R ut r
o a o . e e .

S uc h t rribl ccid t d m d d i v t ig t i
a e e aA H kk id en e an e n es a on . s o a o

w as t m rk d i
no my t l a d th
e d t f t h c id t i t
n a as , an e a e o e a c en s no

giv I d en , en d t fi d t h c rr c t d t
e av ou re d p it i by c lcul t i
o n e o e a e an os on a a on .
 E x p l o s io n s on W ar V e ssels .

MA I N E TH E .

E rly i t h y r 1 8 98 di pl m t ic r l t i b t w S p i d
a n e ea o a e a on s e ee n a n an

th U it d S t t w r gr t ly t r i d Cub h d ri i r b lli
e n e a es e e ea s a ne . a a se n n e e on

g i t Sp i
a a ns d wi g t t h c
an ,
duct f t h w t h r w r m y
an o n o e on o e ar e e e e an

s ymp t hi r i t h U it d S t t f t h I u g t
a se s n e n e a es or e ns r en s .

Th U i t d S t t e w v l Mi
n e w i H v
a es H b u ar e s se a ne as n a an a ar o r

a t t hi t im sU f rt u t ly F bru ry 1 5 t h b ut 9 h 3 0 m p m
e . n o na e on e a a o . . . .

th e Mi bl w up Th xpl i ccurr d i t h m g zi
a ne e . d e e os on o e n e a a ne an

25 5 m w r kill d
en e e e .

T h i v t c u d t h f li g b t w U it d S t t
s e en a se d Sp i t e ee n e e en n e a e s an a n o

b c m mbit t r d d w f ll w d i A pril
e o e e e e ,
an ar o o e n .

N w f t r i t y r it
o ,
a e b p v d t h t S p i di d t
n n e ee n ea s can e ro e a a n no

mu d r t h cr w f t h t h ip lyi g i
r e e e f h
o p rt d tr y
a s n n on e o er o s , n or es o a

s h ip b l gi g t N t i wit h wh m S p i w t ill fri dl y

e on n o a a on o a n as s en .

Up t t h pr t t im t h c u f t h i xpl i h
o e e se n v rb e e a se o s e o s on as n e e een

di c v r d H yd Dic t i ry f d t
s o e e . a y C u b lut ly
n s
’
on a o a es sa s a se a so e

u k w
n no n .

Th w ck f t h e Mire w r i d m t im g b t b y d
o e a ne as a se so e e a o, u e on

c clu di g t h t t h xpl i ccurr d i t h m g zi u d f t r g

on n a e e os on o e n e a a ne se or s o a e

o f g c tt
un t h i g fu t h r c ul d b l
o on n o d n r e o e e arn e .

T h i S l t i t h ry h w v r d fi it ly
s o ec r c rt t h t t h
eo o e e , e n e a sse s a e

m g zi w bl w up by t ur l c u
a a ne as o wh ich ct d n th na a a se s , a e on e

a mm it i t 9 h 1 6 m p m 1 5 t h F bru ry d c t i u d t d
un on a . . . . on e a ,
an on n e o o

so u t il t h xpl i t k pl c
n e e os o n oo a e .

S l t i f rc p
o ec r c th ugh ll m t ri l d t h ugh t h r i
o e ass e s ro a a e a s an o e e s

no s uc h t hi g b lut n c duc t r i d d y g
as an a so e n on -
on o ,
a r an r asses are

n e ar ly b lut a c duct r
so e n o n - on o s .

C qu t ly wh S l t i f rc p
o n se en ,
t h r ug h ien h ip o ec r c o e asse s o an r on s

an d i v d n t h m g zia d p rt m t h t i v lv d wh r v r t h r
es e a a ne e a en ,
ea s e o e e e e e e

are s ub t c g
s an wh ich t up r i t c
es or d
ase s c du se e s s an e , an ar e n o n -
on e

ti gn El ct ricit y m igh t p ibly p

. e v r t h ut id f xpl i o ss a ss o e e o s e o e os v e

s h ll f m
e s t ro th r d d
on e h rm o an o e an o no a .

S l t i f rc o ec r c f h ig h p t ti l p
o i g f r m th h v
e o o en a as s n o e ea en s or

t h r ug h t h
o t h w l d ig r t h b h vi
e e ar f m t l ou g It no e e e a ou r o e a or as .

w uld p rv d d fill t h t h t d l c lit y wit h f rc t u i g t

o e a e an e r e a en e o a a o e rn n o

h e at d i c and c t v p ur It w ul d f rc g
n an e s en i t th p a o . o o e ase s n o e o en

an d i g it d t t t h xpl i l m t
n e or e on a e e e os v e e e en s .
 13 1

We imil r r l t du i g r t h qu k wh v ri u c l ur d
see s a e su s r n ea a es en a o s o o e

fl m m u t kyw rd fl h t d f v r t h t rt l d rt h
a es o n s a or as o an ro o e e s a e ea or

wh t h impri d g
en e bu t f rt h fr m t h v lc
so n e d wi t h
ase s rs o o e o an o an

i c d c t fury kill v ry livi g t h i g

n an e s en e e n n .

C l mi oa l illu t r t t h i S l t i ct i
n e s a so w h v s ia e s o ec r c a o n as e a e seen n

t h l t ch pt r
e as H yd ga g ei f rc d
. t i t th p r d f
ro en as s o e ou n o e o en oa s o

th emi d th
ne b c m xpl iv by dmixt ur wit h rdi ry
an en e o es e os e a e o na

i
a r .S l t i f rc t h
o ec r c fir it ig it t h c l du t fl t i g i
o e en es or n es e oa s oa n n a

b dl y v t il t d pit
a en a e .

F rt u t ly wh N t u i t d t d c d t vi l c h
o na e ,
en a re n en s o e s en o o en e s e

i u wr i g
ss es d i th c
a n n s f th Mi an th fir t w i g
n e ase o e a ne e s ar n n

w as o n F bru y 1 1 t h 1 2 h 26 G M T
e ar . In . . . .

A t t h t t im t h a d V u w r i c
e ju c t i h vi g t h
e su n an en s e e n on n on , a n e

m t 5 74 di t ri u w r i g will b d r t d by r f r
°
oon a t s an ,
a se o s a n n as e un e s oo e e

en c t t h di gr m
e o e a a .

A c d w r i g w i u d F bru ry 1 5 d 6 h 5 8 m w h
se on a n n as ss e on e a . . .
,
en

th m e woon t xt r m d cli t i
as a Th m e i i t d by t w
e e e na on . e oo n s ass s e o

pl tan e s .

U u lly t h h i t c v y d t xt r m d cli t i t im i t h
s a e n on e e a e e e e na on e s e

fir t w r i g i t h i c it i t h c d
s a n n n s as e s e se on .

Di gr m will h w t h di t ribut i
a a f S l t i f rc
s o b ut e s on o o ec r c o es a o

1 4 mi u t nb f r t h xpl i
es Th
e o e d V u e e ct i g o s on . e su n an en s ar e a n

di ct ly
re th d md v l d
on e i t d by t w p w rful
oo e e ss e ,
an ar e ass s e o o e

pl t Jupit r d S t u
an e s e an a rn .

N t h i g c uld h v
o n v d t h t h ip b t quick d p rt
o a e sa m e a s u a e a ur e so e

dy bfr d
a s e o e an f 1 00 a ru n o

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t
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 134

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F IG . 1 00 .

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h ppa wit h ut m ut id t imul t i g g cy ? A d

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m r w d rf l t h t h pp
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m tl ; th
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g rg u gr
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W h v b t ug h t t t h i k I mp ri lly w mu t l
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t h i k S l t i ll y
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BUL WA RK 1 91 4 TH E ,
.

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H M S Bulw k w lyi g t S h r
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no m r S v h u d d t r i d m f t h gr t w w r kill d
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i t
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 i qu An n e st w as h e ld wh ic h r t u e rn e d a v r dict
e of A cc id en t

cu u k w
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t p w rf l
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a a o .
,
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pl t an e si ti g th ass s th nf rc p i g fr m Jupit r T h i
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c mbi t i t k
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a es on en n es o e e e e n on o e

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WA R N IN G w/73 r7 G at e xt re m e fld b b e”
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F IG . 1 01 .

on x t r m d cli t i
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c d w r i g w i u d wh
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 138

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FI G . 1 05 .

e xpl i M y 26 d 23 h 1 2 m d h w t h t f ur pl t
o s on , a . i . .
,
an s o s a o an e s ar e n

a ct i i on c mbi t i
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n a o n , an e s un an o on n an o e . e se

c mbi t i c c t r t
o na th m ridi f S h r
on s on t t h i t im
en a e on e e an o e e n e ss a s e,

an d lit t l rt h f it
a e no o .

S l t i f rc h o ec r cgr t r r g i r t h d ut h di ct i
o e as a ea e an e n a no an so re on

th i an y th r
n Ev an l c t ric m g (wi l ) t r v l muc h
o e . en se e e ssa es r e e ss a e

f rt h r l g m ri di t h i
u e a on t d w t di c t i
a e an an n an e as an es re on .

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no f tr v l e m ridi by xpl iv l ct ric
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f rc i ill u t r t d by t h di g r m r f rri g t t h It li
o e s s a e b t t l h ip e a a e e n o e a an a es

L rd d Vi ci T h r
e on a o b d ub t t h t b t h t h i h ip
a n . e e c an e no o a o s s

an d th Pri c Ir
e w r d t r y d by l c t ic p w r
n e ss en e e e es o e se e r o e .

H M S . . . NA TA L ,
1 91 5 .

On t h e l
y r 1 91 5 t h c t ry w h ck d by
ast d ay of the ea e ou n as s o e

r di g i t h m r i g p p r t h S cr t ry f t h A dmir lt y m k
ea n n e o n n a e ,
e e e a o e a a es

t h f ll wi g
e o u cm t
o n an n o n e en

H M S N t l rm ur d cr i r k y t rd y ft r
’
. . . a a ,
a o e u se ,
s an es e a a e n oon

w h il i h rb u
e n t h r ul t f
a i t r l xpl i
o r , as e es o an n e na e o s on .

A b ut 3 0 0 m w r kill d
o en e e e .

Th Pr h dl i i T h i d Expl i My t ry
e e ss ea ne s r o s on s e .

It mdt m se eu g t m t t r t di c v r t h c u f t h i
e o e an r en a e o s o e e a se o s

u f rt u t ccurr c
n o na e o en e .
 139

If the se el c t ric
ry c uld xpl i t h c u it w uld b
t h eo o e a n e a se s o e a

r li f b c u t h id f t r c h ry i
e e ,
e a se mid t b g t rv u
e ea o ea e n ou r s e e s ne o s

an xi t y d d i f cru l r pri l
e an a es r e or e e sa .

T h pr bl m w
e ot y b c u t h p it i f t h h ip w
e as n o e as e a se e os on o e s as

no t pub li h d d ws u k w t m A Brit i h w v l m y
e an as n no n o e . s ar e sse a

h v b
a e iee n y h rb ur i t h w rld t t h t im
n an f ccid t
a o n e o a e e o a en .

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,
lt h gh v lu bl h i t w
e e as n o s a e ,
a ou a a a e n as

c v y d i t h w rd ft r
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”

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o bl t d w t di gr m w h ich
a s s e as a e o ra ou a a s

pl c d t h N t l i Cr m t y B y w h t h xpl i t k pl c
a e e a a n o ar a en e e o s on oo a e,

an d t h t im e 2 h 32 m G M T
e as . . . . .

T h i c i r t h r xc pt i l t h m i pri cip l g t
s ase s a e e e on a as e o on s a n a a en ,

an d u ll y t h m i b t i xpl i rr g m t
us a e oo n s a se n n e os on a an e en s .

N d t h m giv y i t im t i t x t r m d cli t i
or oe s e oo n e an n a on a e e e e na on

p ri d pr b bly b c u i t h m t im h cr
e o ,
o a e a t h Equ t rse n e e an e s e o sse s e a o .

B t u D c mb r 26 d 2 h 3 2 m w g t h r w i g wh
on e e e . . . e a e a arn n en su n

an d m 5 75
oon are p r t — di gr m 1 0 6 °
a a a a .

Lo s s o f H M S NA TA L
. . .

IS IS

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J d 8
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DE C E M B ER 26 . 1?

w IS IS

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1 5 22 6 l5

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f ire /r app os z f c p as /Iro

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J an an d Moon a re f a k e r; fi vm ns .

F GS I . 1 06 8 6 1 0 7 .
 1 40

m d y th r i
On t h e sa th r w r i g t 5 h 12 m p m i
e a e e s an o e a n n a . . . . n

w h ic h S t u t k pl c
a i
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n a es a a e .

O D c mb r 3 0 t h 2 b 3 0 m
n e e di gr m 1 0 7 c mbi
e ,
. . a a ,
a o na

ti on f ll v r Cr m r t y B y p w rf l ug h t t fi t
a s o e o y
a a o e u eno o se re o an

e xpl iv wh ic h f r m m c u h d t ri r t d b c m i f ri r
os e o so e a se as e e o a e ,
or e o e n e o

an d giv ff g en o f l w fl h t ur ase s o o as na e .

O th n m d y t 5 h 14 m G M T
e sa t h r c mbi
e ati a . . . . . an o e o na on

c mp t t t c u t h xpl i p d v r Cr m r t y B y
o e en o a se e e o s on ass e o e o a a .

I m a bl t di t i g i h w h ic h f t h m w i c t i w h
u na e o s n u s o e as n a on en

th h ip bl w up pr b bly t h l t t r
e s e d i f rm t i
,
to th a e a e o n e , an n o a on as o e

t im d pl
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o n no o o a

c id r t i
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on s . ee p m a a or e e e ,
. .

H M S N A TA L
HOM A Q T Y BA Y

IS IS

tJ -
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EX
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d h m
De c e m b e r 30 5 I
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bv c alc u la h o n j
/

F IG . 1 08 .

T wo dv
r t h v t h w v r I f rw d d t h r lt f my
a s af te e e en ,
o e e ,
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c lcul t i t t h pr p r ut h ri t y d I t t d t h t if t h N t l
a a on s o e o e a o ,
an s a e a e a a

w as wr ck d i Cr m rt y B y d r t h h ur m t i d t h t
e e n o a a ,
an n ea e o en on e ,
a

s h ip w l t t h ug h t ur l c u
as os ro na a a se s .

A d th r nh m tt r r m i e e t e a e e a ns .

My pi i l r m i t h t w mu t l k t
o n o n a so p wd r d e a ns a e s oo o o ur o e ,
an

t h t Cr m r t y B y w
a o th c
a f t h i di t r a as e s en e o s sas e .

“T
BE N EDETT O BR IN 1 91 5 HE ,
.

Th f ll wi g t l gr m fr m It ly t k f r m t h L d
e o o n e e a s o a ,
a en o e on on

Ch r icl onf S p t mb r 3 ot h 1 91 5 w ill i f rm t h

e
’

o r dr i
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n o e ea e n

r g rd t t h i c
e a Th d y
o d h us f th wf ul mi f rt u
ase . e a an o r o e a s o n e are
 1 42

c mm di g t h
o an v l f rc t c duct
n v r i v t ig t i
e na a o e s, o on a se e e n es a on

wi t h ut r p c t f
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or e son s s o ne en e or a e es .

Exch g R m m g y t h pr
an e p ly ll g f ul pl y
o e ess a e sa s e e ss o en a e es o a

i c mm ti g bl wi g up f t h B d t t Bri "
n o en n on o n o e en e e o n .

O S p t mb r 23 d 1 5 h 4 7 m
n e e w r i g w giv t Bri di i
e . . . a a n n as en o n s ,

f ur d y b f r t h v t (Di gr m
o a s e o e e e en a a

IT A L Y
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S e pt e mbe r 23 15 47 G M T
.
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1 7

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w ag e r:

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Bu m a t B R IN O IS I

FIG 1 09 . .

Th e su n lf mil f m t h Equ t r i 5 9 W d
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Di gr m 1 1 0 h w t h S l ct ric p it i
a a S p t mb r 27 d
s o s e e e os on on e e e .

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O - s 7i

IS IS

& 4 7a

S o/ec /n é p as /Iro
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.

a f /na ke b ab ga f f /as h } ? BE/VE D E TTO B R / N an d 40 0 m m

FIG . 11 0 .
 143

20 h . 0 m G M T i mi ut
. . . . s x n es bfr e o e the xpl i
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i
th s e vid c cl rly pr v
en e ea o es t h at the a ccid t w en as du e t o n at ur l a

cu
a se s .

b rv d l t h t i
It m ay b e o se e a so a n th i x mpl s e a e t h e day h ad t o b e
c lcu
a l at e , d w ic
h h was s ucc f lly d e ss u on e .

L O SS O F H M S H A MPS H IRE 1 91 6 OFF O RKN EY IS L A N D S

. . .
, ,
.

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s a e a en e on e n e, . an s

w r l t xc pt 1 2 d m g t h m w L rd Kit c h r d S t ff
e e os e e ,
an a on e as o en e an a ,

on a v y g t Ru io a e o ss a .

A d p d i c r g ri f t
ee an c p rv d d t h wh l c u t ry
s n e e e a on e e a e e o e o n ,

f
or L rd Ki t c h r h ld u iqu p it i i t h h rt f h i
o ene e a n e os on n e ea s o s

c u t rym
o n en .

t i fi d t h t t h t ru c u f th N ti dl
’
N i 0 on e s sa s e h a e e a se o e a on s sa o ss as

b di c v r d
ee n s o e e .

B t I k w t h t rut h f it d it i t d w h
u no eN o ~ ,
an s se o n e re . o o n e can

c t t it b c u it i t h r ult f m t h m t ic l r
on es ,
e a se i g It i s e es o a e a a e a son n . s a

t ypic l c a S l c t ric c r t i t y
as e , a e e e a n .

T h r c m t h fir t i t im t i
e e o es Ju l t 6 h G M T w h
e s n a on on ne s . . . . en

th m i t xt r m d cli t i N T h i Di gr m (1 1 1 ) h w
e oon s a e e e e na on . s a a s o s

Lo s s o ur HM S HA M P S H IR E

m
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TL A N D

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FIG . 111 .
 a t h r e at enin g y wh ic h d cribra t 88 v r th w t c t es es an ar e a
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Ha d th r b i t h i c u t ry
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Mt r e eo o o l gic l S ci t y wh t h i k t h t ll k wl dg
a o e b d riv d
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fr m o a c lum f m rcury t h xp rt w uld h v t d t h h i t

o n o e ,
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an d at onc ugh t f e so c d w r i g w h ich w uld giv m r

or a s e on a n n o e o e

d fi it
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0 4 1 - 57 4? WA n N m G a n d caus e
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J UN E 5 4 -
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S o le c t ruc p o s it io n wh e n HA M P S H IR E lef t Th u ss o .

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m Q
J UN E 5 pm G we n M T ums

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Ike s t e am s In t o th e fi re f oc u s Wh i ch ta ke s

ef f ect n
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F IGS . 11 2 1 13 ,
 146

T l gr p h i g l
e e igh t fr m t h
a rt h c t f S c t l d t h
n ast n o e no o as o o an e

s p ci l c r p d
e a t f th
o r es M c h t r Gu rdi n y
on en o e an es e a a sa s

T d y I m t
o- af fic r c rg t m r wh wit h ut y
e an o e on a a o s ea e o, o an

th eo ri t ld m f h i w xp ri c d t h w wh ic h h h d
e s, o e o s o n e e en e an e ne s e a

h ea rd i Ork y crui
n an H p d t h c of t h di t r
ne se . e as se e s en e e sas e a

f w h
e f t r it h pp d
o ur s a e a en e .

It w m rk d by gr t p t c h f il t h w v
as a e d by t h a ea a o o on e a e s an e

a c t ivit y f t h p t r l b t It w
o r S k ill B y
e a th w t r
o oa s . as n e a a a ,
on e es e n

s id f t h Ork y b t w M rwick H d d t h Br ug h f Bi y
e o e ne s, e ee n a ea an e o o r sa ,

an d r h c ld r ck it w ld b b ut mil d h lf
as n e a as e ou e on ou e a o a e an a- a

fr m l
o d an .

L rd Kit c h r d h i t f f rriv d t T h ur t h rt h r
o en e an s s a a e a so , e no e n

m t p rt f t h m i l d
os o M d y d mb rk d
o e th
a n an , on on a ,
an e a e on e

H mp h ir
a s e

A cc rdi g t omy i f rm t p t r l b t r M rwick H d

n o n o an ,
a a o oa n ea a ea

g v t h fi r t l rm b ut qu rt r t i
a e e s a a M d y ig h t ,
a o a a e o n n e on on a n .

Th l rm w t h t w r h ip w
e a a fi i S k i ll B y
as d ll
a a a s as o n re n a a ,
an a

t h N vy b
e a t r u d b ut h t
oa s d t giv ucc ur Quick t h y
o n a o as e n e o e s o as e

w r it w u v i li g T h H mp h ir “
.

e e, as na k i 20 mi ut
a n . e a s e s an n n es ,

an d xc p t f
e fl t i g wr ck g d bl b f il t h c
e or oa n t e a e an o s o o on e o e an n o a

tr c w
a e l ft as e .

S m of th m h d b
e o pick d up i f ll w rm t h d t h y
e en a e en e n u a , an e

b r c r f t rribl d h p l clim b p t h cru l cli f f f Ork y

o e s a s o a e e an o e e ss u e e s o ne ,

w h r t h r ck ri h r t f t h
e e e o f s h u dr d se sf f t S m ee ou o e se a or n e s o ee . o e

f t h cli f f i t im h ig h r t h t h d m f S t P ul i ’
f
o e s a re n n e es e an e o e o . a s, . e , .

f e et

Th e t a e l in t h e il ds an s L rd Kit c h r
w as t h at o en e an d h is s t a ff

h ad l ft t h
e e sh ip i n on e o f th b t w h ic h h d b
e l toa s a een os ,
an d t h at in a

st o rmy se a it h ad g on e to pi c g i t t h r ck
e es a a ns e o s .

T O RPED O T H E O RY REJE CTE D .

Mv i f rm t d ev r l t h r p pl w h h d c t u l xp eri c
n o an an s e a o e eo e o a a a e en e

o f t h w t h r r u d O rk y
e ea M d y d Tu d y mp h t ic lly
e o n ne on on a an es a e a a

r j c t t h i d t h t t h H mp h ir w u k by t rp d f r m
e e e ea a e a s e as s n a o e o o a

G rme ubm ri
an s a ne .

G rm ubm ri h v i it d t h p rt b t t h g r l
e an s a n es a e v s e ese a s, u e en e a

t t im
es y i th t u l
on i t sum mir cl f luck it w uld
a n e ss o n e s o ass e a a e o o

h a veb imp ibl t l u c h t rp d wi t h y c h c f t riki g

een os s e o a n a o e o an an e o s n

in s uc h h igh a se a .

Am g f r r t h r i l muc h c p t ici m b u t t h mi
on se a a e s e e s a so s e s a o e ne

th ry t h ugh t h i c p t ici m i t w ll w rr t d
eo ,
o s s e s s no so e a an e .

1 h v it th u t h rit y f t h w h h
a e c u t r d th m
on e a o o o se o a v e en o n e e e
 1 47

t h atl mi w o os e d fr m t h ir m ri g by r ugh w t h r h v
n es , as h e o e oo n s o ea e ,
a e

o cc i lly bas on a r th w t c t f O k y
e en s e e n n e a e es o as o r ne .

Thi m t h m t pr b bl xpl t i t h ugh m y f t h

s see s e os o a e e an a on , o an o e

t r wl r w h
a p k
e s by i t im t xp ri c f t h c t t ill f v ur
o s ea n a e e e en e o e o as s a o

t h id eth t th d ea t ruc t i a f th H mp h ir
e w
es impl c on o e a s e as a s e as e .

o f h ipw ck
s th re rt h r r f — h idd b t t ri u p ril
on e no e n ee a en u no o o s e .

AD M I R A LT Y A CCO UN T .

A Y T h ur d y pm D M IR A LT , s a ,
. .
,

Fr m t h r p rt f t h i quiry i t t h l f t h H mp h ir
o e e o o e n n o e oss o e a s e

a t w h ic h t h t w lv urviv r fr m t h t h ip w r ll x mi d t h
e e e s o s o a s e e a e a ne , e

f ll wi g t h c clu i
o o n ar e rriv d t c c r i g t h circum t c
e on s on s a e a on e n n e s an es

o f t h di t r
e s as e

Th H mp h ire w pr c di g l g t h w t c t f t h
a s e as o ee n a on e es o as o e

O rk y ne h vy g l w bl wi g wit h t h
s a ea br ki g v r t h
a e as o n e s e as ea n o e e

s h ip w h ic h
,
c it t d h b i g p rt i lly b t t d d w B t w
ne e ss a e er e n a a a en e o n . e e en

d an p m th v l t ruck mi . .d b g t e c t ttl ess e s a n e an e an a on e o se e

by t h b w h li g v r t t rb rd b f r h fi lly w t d w
e o s, ee n o e o s a oa e o e s e na en o n

a b u t fi f t mi ut ft r
o ee n n es a e .

O rd r w r giv e s by t h c pt i f ll h d t g t t h ir
e e en e a a n or a an s o o o e

es a t bli h d t t i s sf e b d i g h ip S m f t h h t c h w r
s a on or a an on n s . o e o e a es e e

o p d d t h h ip c mp y w t quickly t t h ir t t i
en e an e s
’
s o an en o e s a on s .

Efi t w r m d wi t h u t ucc
or s e e t l w r m f th b t
a e o s e ss o o e so e o e o a s, on e

o f t h m b i g br k
e i h lf duri g t h
e n pr c
o d hen ccup t n a n e o e ss an er o an s

t hr w i t t h w t r
o n n o e a e .

A th m sw r m vi g up
e en f t h h t c h w y t t h ir t t i
e e o n on e o e a a s o e s a on s

L rd Kit c h r cc mp i d by
o en e v l f fic pp r d T h
a o an e a na a o e, a ea e e
“
, .

l t t r c ll d t M k w y f L rd Kit c h r
a e a e ou d th y b th
a e a or o en e ,
an e o

w t up
en t th qu r t r d ck d ub qu t ly f ur mili t ry
on o e a e -
e , an s se en o a

o f fic r w re s th q rt r d ck w lki g f t t h p rt id
e e see n o n e ua e -
e a n a on e o s e .

T h c p t i c ll de t f
a L rd Ki t c h r t c m up t t h f r
a n a e ou or o en e o o e o e o e

bridg r w h r t h c pt i b t w h i t d h w l h rd
e nea e e e a a n s
’
oa as o s e ,
e as a s o ea

c alli g f L rd Kit c h r t g t i t t h b t b t
n or o i
en ebl t o e n o e oa ,
u n o one s a e o

sa y w h t h r L rd K i t c h
e e r g t i t th b to t wh t en e o n o e oa or no , n or a

o ccurr d t t h i b t e o did y s y f th b t g t l r
oa n or an o n e s e e an o e oa s e c ea

o f th h ip e s .

L rg umb r f t h cr w u d t h ir lif vi g b lt w i t
a e n e s o e e se e e -s a n e s, a s

c t t w h ic h pp r t h v pr v d ff c t i i k pi g t h m
oa s, e c .
,
a ea o a e o e e e ve n ee n e

a fl t T h r r f t w r f ly l u c h d d wit h b u t 5 0 t 70
oa . ee a s e e sa e a n e ,
an a o o

m c h f t h m g t cl r f t h h ip A priv t ldi r pp r
en o n e a o e o ea o e s . a e so e a ea s

t o h v l ft t h
a e h ip e f th r f te s b t it i t k w w h at
on one o e a s, u s no no n

b c m f h im
e a e o .

It w ligh t p t b ut 1 1 p m
as u o a o . .
 1 48

T h ugh t h r f t wit h t h l rg umb r f m g t f ly

o e a s es e a e n e s o en o sa e

a w y i a c, t f
n on ev r 70 m b rd 6 ly urviv d T h
ase o u o o e en o n oa on s e . e

sur i v r ll r p r t t h t m g du lly dr pp d f f d v di d
v o s a e o a en ra a o e o ,
an e en e

on b rd t h r f t f r m xh u t i
oa e xp ur d c ld S m f t h
a s o e a s on , e os e an o . o e o e

cr w mu t h v p i h d t ry i g t l d t h r cky c t f t r uc h
e s a e er s e n o an on e o o as a e s

l g xp ur
on e d m di d f t r l di g
os e , an so e e a e an n .

I f rw r di g t h i r p r t f t h i qui y t h C mm
n o a n d r i Ch i f s e o o e n r , e o an e -
n- e

o f t h Gr d Fl t y
e an ee sa s

I t d qu t ly xpr t h rr w f lt by m p r lly
c an n o a e a e e e ss e so o e e e son a

an d by t h ffi c r d m f t h Gr
e o d Fl t g r lly t t h f t
e s an en o e an ee en e a a e ac

th t a di t i gui h d
so ldi r d g t m h uld h v l t
s n s e a so e an so r ea a an s o a e os

h i lif w h il u d r t h c r f t h Fl t
”
s e e n e e a e o e ee .

B f r w k h d p t I f rw rd d t t h pr p r u t h ri t i
e o e a ee a as o a e o e o e a o es a

di gr m h w i g t h c
a a f th
s H mp h ir
o l n d it i e au s e s o e a s e s
’
o ss , an s

c mf rt i g t k w t h t
o o Fl t w i
n wi t bl m f t h t
o no a ou r ee as n no se o a e or a

r gr t t bl
e e t a e e v en .

I h p m d y (p r h p b f r I m my lf c ll d t r t ) t h t
o e so e a e a s e o e a se a e o es a

som bl f f i i l imp rvi u t g ib m y by m

e a e o c af t h i th
,
ry e o s o es, a e an s o s eo

sav m y g ll t m f r m vi l t d t h
e an a an en o a o en ea .

Th e D ily M il
a a of Se t e p mb r e 1 2t h , 1 91 6, publi sh e s the
f ll wi g
o o n

I T A L IA N NA VA L D IS A S TER .

A U GU S T 2N D , 1 91 6 .

DRE A D N O UG H T BL O W N UP IN HA RB O UR .

24 8 LIVE S L OS T .

Mr o e t h an a m
li Dr d ug h t m t f t imil r on t h ag o an It a an ea no e a a e s a

to th t f th B a d tt B i
o d i e w N vy f t h Bulw rk
en e e o r n , an n our o n a o e a ,

N t la a d P ri c,
Ir
an b i g bl w p i h rb ur b t t h t ry
n e ss ene, e n o n u n a o ,
u e s o

h ly j t b publi h d
as o n us e en s e .

Th h ip i qu t i
e sw th L d d Vi ci f
n es t on as e e o n ar o a n ,
o on s

di pl c m t S h w
s a e f th
en i fi . t h ip p ed by It ly as o n e o e s x nes s s o sse s s e a

a t th b gi i g f t h w
e e Sh w
nn n rm d wi t h t h ir t 1 2 i
o e ar . e as a e ee n n .

gu igh t 4 7 i g u t w t y lig h t r g u
n s, e e en d t hr ubm rg d
n . n s, en e n s , an ee s e e

t rp d t ub
o e d h h d
o p d f 23 k t
e s , an s e a a s ee o no s .

Of m b d 24 8 l t t h ir liv en A ug t 2 d on o ar , os e es on us n

1 91 6 .
 1 50

O fii cer s ri k f t h ir liv t d by mpl yi g

an d m en , at t he s o e e s, s o o ,
e o n

e v ry v il bl m
e a t a v id f ur t h r di t r
a e e an s o a o e sas e .

Th c pt i d h i c d i c mm d b t h di d fr m bu
e a an an s se on n o an o e o rn s

an d w u d T h f rm r
o n ft r b i g h url d v rb rd w v d by
s . e o e ,
a e e n e o e oa ,
as s a e

a b t b t h d h im l f h i t d b ck b rd g i
oa u a d di d l t r i
se o s e a a oa a a n , an e a e n

fl i g g i f m bur
,

h pi t l ft r
os a a e su er n a on e s ro ns .

A l l ig h t h i t h r f f ic r
n d um r u m di pl y d imil r
s o e O e s an n e o s en s a e s a

e x t r r di ry h r i m b t ll i v i It w t h d cid d i t h
ao na e o s ,
u a n a n . as en e e n e

l t x t r mi t y t p t h v l
as e e d i k th oh ip b f r t h fi
o en e a v e s an s n e s e o e e re

c uld r c h t h m g zi
o ea e a a n es .

Sh k r pidly f t r t h i
e san d f rt y fi mi ut f t r t h fi
a a e s , an o -
ve n es a e e re

b g h h d di pp r d wit h t h xc pt i f t h f u l d
e an s e a sa ea e e e e on o e nne s an

t urr t wh ic h t ill m rg d b v t h w t r
e s, s e e e a o e e a e .

N OT S P ON TA N E OU S CO M B U S T I ON .

cc rdi g t m r p r t pr limi ry i quiry t t ribut t h

A o n o so e e o s a e na n a es e

c u t p h t h t ki g fi b t p ci l c mmi i will w m k
a se o na a a n re , u a s e a o ss o n no a e

an e x h t iv inv t ig t i
au s O thi g h
e b t h r ugh ly t b
es a on . ne n as e en o o es a

li h d
s e d th t i th t th
,
an xpl i w a t c u d by
s y p a e e os on as n o a se an s on

tan eo u s c mbu t i f p wd r h llo s on O o e or s e s .

Di t r i w rd w h ich w ll d crib t h i v t It m
s as e s a o e es es s e en . e an s

so m udd c l mit y br ugh t b ut by vil i flu c f t h t r

e s en a a o a o e n en e O e s a s .

T h r w r m y u xpl i d ph m
e e e e i
an ld t im d th
ne a ne en o en a n o es an e

as t r l g r bl m d t h
o o e s t r f m y f t h m Th It li w rd
a e e s a s or an o e . e a an o

di t r s as vil c h c h w up t h t r d f t h ug h t i t h
o an e an e, s o s e en o o n o se

d y a i s r f r c t u xpl i d vil It w mer im gi t i

n e e en e o ne a ne e . as e a na on

p r h p d y t t h r i t rut h i it
e a s , an e e e s n .

Th fi t di gr m 1 1 4 July 25 d 1 6 h 3 8 m h w
e rs a a tr g ,
. . . s o s a s on

w r i g t T r t wh t t h m x t r m d cli t i p ri d ’
a n n o a an o , en a e o on s e e e e na on e o

th r e e aret w t hr t i g c mbi t i o v r h g i g t h di t ric t d

ea en n o na on s o e an n e s an

h rb ur
a o .

Th c d di gr m 1 1 5 A ugu t 2 d 1 0 h 5 4 m h w h w t
e se on a a ,
s . . . s o s o a

t h v ry mi u t
e e f th v t th n d thr
e O pl t cr wi t h t h
e e en e s u n an ee an e s o ss e

m oon T r t h rb ur i t l f T h u c mbi t i c
on a an o a o se . e s n s
’
o na on o n ee n

tr ta es on t h m ridi f T r t i
e m r imili r t t h t wh ic h
e an O a an o n a an n e s a o a

h pp d i th c Pri c I ”
a en e f n e ase o n e ss re n e .

Af t r rc h i g i q i y ll id f h t il c t i fr m u t id
e se a n n u r a ea O os e a on o o s e, or

o f p s t on u c mbu t i i t b xclud d y t h r p r t
an e o s o s on s o e e e ,
sa s e e o .

Th m v rdic t r ult ft r v ry i quiry i t h

e sa e e w es s a e e e n n o t e no

n um r u xpl i e o b t t l h ip
s e os o n s o n a es s .

Th p it i i th r f r
e os f ll w on s e e o e as o o s

(1 ) I t i gr d t h t my c t i f r m ut id c u d t h
s a ee a n o en e a on o o s e a se e

xpl i e os on .
 151

IS IS

71 9 m m

0 ‘ c

J u /y , 25 /6 38 . G M nm e

M oon mm m
18
f c x /re c

d ea l/ n a f /o n
/ 7 23 o

WA RN IN G Io Ta r a n f o

{ S am a r a

F IG S . 11 4 11 5 .
 1 52

ut h ri t i l gr t h t t h mmu it i did t
(2) A o es a so a ee a e a n on no

xpl d t h ugh p t u c mbu t i

e o e ro s on an e o s o s on .

B t m c u mu t xi t f t h
u so xpl i
e a se s e s or e se e os on s .

Evid t ly t h v ri u A dmir lt i i cli t t h pi i t h t

en e a o s a es n ne o e O n on a

so m i id t r ch ry i t h c u f t h di ccid t T h i
e ns e ea e s e a se o e se re a en s . s

p ibly m y b t ru i m c
os s b t th
a x mpl i clud d i
e e n so e a se s , u o se e a es n e n

t hi b s k d f wh ic h di gr m h v b d w t I m ur
oo an or a a s a e e en ra n ou are a s e,

th f f ct
e e f t ur l c u
e s o na a a se s .

Th D ily M il f O c t b r 1 7t h 1 91 6 pri t t h f ll wi g
e a a O o e , ,
n s e o o n

T A LIAN RE WA RD
I .

O c t b r 1 6t h 1 91 6
o e ,
.

R OM E .

M dy on a .

li G v r m t i f f ri g
Th e It a f
an i f o e n en s O e n or n o rm t i wh ic h
a on

will fix t h r p ibilit y f t h bl wi g up f t h
e es on s or e o n o e Dr d ug h t ea n o ,

L rd d Vi ci (Exc h g )
e on a o a n . an e

It w uld i d d b pl o t t x cu t m py t r it r guilt y
n ee e e asan o e e e so e s or a o

o f t h i t rribl
s ut r g e e o a e .

B t if my c u t ti i t ru d it i t w h ll by t h
on t dy
en on s e , an s ru e, e s a e s u

an d f S l t i
u se O b bl t v id uc h wful h pp i g i t h
o e c r cs e a e o a o s a a en n s n e

fut ur Th It li G v r m t m y t f l di p d t pr t m
e . e a an o e n en a no ee s o se o e sen e

wi t h t h e R w d I mu t pr t t h m wit h t hi i f rm t i f
e ar ,
so s e se n e s n o a on or

h um it y ak ’
an s s e .

P O WDER WO RKS E X PL O S IO N S .

P wd r o e an d mu it i n on w rk o s on l d
an are n ot immu ne fr m o

ac cid t en .

Wh en f ac t ri w d c
t h e se t i umb r f i o es are ne an on a n a n e o n ex

p i d wrk r
e r e n ce th r mu t lw y b ri k f m c ry
o e s, e e s a a s e s o so e n e e ssa

pr c ut i b i g f rg t t
e a on It i r m rk bl t h t
e n gr t qu t i t y
o o en . s e a a e a so ea a an

of mu i t i h n b m uf c t ur d wh il t h u d f t h w rk r
on s as ee n an a e e o san s o e o e s

h v b n i xp r t
a e eed w t th bu i
ne y t l y f w ccid t
e an ne o e s n e ss e on e a en s

h v h pp
a e d a ene .

I D b n 1 91 5 t h r w r t w
e cen l mi g f c t ry xpl i
er , ,
e e e e o a ar n a o e o s o n s,

on ev ry r gr t t bl t H v
e e d th th r
e t a r gr t t bl t
e a a r e , an e o e no so e e a e a

Mu t r i G rm y
ns e n e an .

B th th c o w r l t i ccid t e se d it i pr b bl t h
ase s e e so e c r c a en s , an s o a e e

my w bl m d i b t h v t
en e as a e n o e en s .

O D c mb r 1 1 t h 1 91 5 t h B lgi
n e e p wd r f c t ry t H vr
e , , e e an o e a o a a e

bl w up d b l w i
e ,
c u t fr m d ily w p p r i c d d
an e o s an ac o n o a a ne s a e n on e n se

f rm
o .
 1 54

Th e T mp y A i quiry h b m e s sa s : n n as ee n a d by t h civil
e e ,

milit ry d v l ut h ri t i i t t h u f t h
a an na a a o es n o e ca se s O e c t t r ph
a as o e .

Di gr m 1 1 6 D c mb r 1 0 d 21 h 27 m h
a a ,
e e e . . .
,
s o w th l t i
s e so e c r c

c dit i 1 8 mi ut b f r t h r p r t d t im f di
on on n es e o e e e o e e o sas e t r d i quit
,
an s e

str g ugh t bri g b u t t h ccid t d crib d

on en o o n a o e a en es e .

J upi t r d V u th m t d g r u pl
e an en s are e os an e o s an e t s wh en a ct i g n

wit h t h e su n .

Po wo e n
IS IS
O a

Da c s ma a n lo Z I ~Z7 G re e n
o lec t r ic mo n
’

mean t un e
S Pb s £8 b e f o re t he

. ne
po rt e d t une oF d is a s t e r
.

‘
'
f2 - 5 7N

55. 5 1 x“

fl fl
0 u

U m Be/g / an Gov ern m e n ts

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f "
Acco u rz l s /a /es [ at at . ec l l

HJ wae f Wo rks f Ha vre ble w 11 0 M e n kil l e d 5 3 0 0 wou n ded

’
,
t wo m i l es rom ,
up

M0 ~ = 6Y e
-
We s r p H A L IA Gu n m en !

S o lect r ic
po s it io n at th e b me

le is
OF e x p o s io n l

'
8 6é u

”
2 4 00 1 07
/8 d
-

Pru ss /a n Arm s E d o'

y f( lown up b et wee n 8 an d [ pm .
De c ’

zyg ot e
'
hu n dreds: wo u n de d iron? no/f c éd 58 f bf 8 exp/0 5 1 b”.

F I GS . 116 117 .
 1 55

GERMA N MUN I T IO N FA CT O RY 1 91 5 , .

T h f ll wi g cc u t d crib
e o i m il r b t gr t r xpl i
o n a o n es es a s a u ea e e o s on

th anth l t e as .

Mu t r i i W t p h li — 5 2 N d 7 E
ns e s n es a a
°
. an
°
.

J upi t r d V u gi e c picu u l m t Di gr m
an en s a a n are on s o s e e en s . a a

1 1 7 D c mb r 21 d 8 h 3 4 m
,
e e h w th eit u t i lit t l b f r . . .
,
s o s e s a on a e e o e

th fir t xpl i — t h t h r w uld f ll w t h f c t ry w
e s e o s on s e o e s o o o as e a o as an

a mmu it i d p t n on e o .

B IG ARMS F A CT O RY BL O W N UP 5 2 N 7 E . .

PRUS S IA N S T A TE WO RKS W RE CKED .

A M S TE R D A M ,
D ecem b er 22n d, 1 91 5 .

iv l fr m O b k (H v r ) t O ld z l (H ll d )
A rr a s o sn a ru e c an o e a en aa o an ,

t t
s a e th t th r w r t h r xpl i i t h mu it i f ct ry
a e e e e ee e o s on s n e n on s a o

(p wd r
o d mmu it i d p t )
e an r Mu t r (W t ph li )
a n on e o s ,
nea en s e es a a ,

b t w 8 d 1 1 cl ck l t igh t 21 /1 2/1 5
e e en an O
’
o as n ,
.

O f 600 w m mpl y d t h r 3 00 r p rt d t h v b
o en e o e e e ar e e o e o a e ee n

kill d E rm u d m g w d t t h t w d r ilw y t r f fic
e . no o s a a e as on e o e o n an a a a

i d l y d
s N thi g i k
e a w f t h c u f t h xpl i
e . o n s no n o e a se O ,
e e os on .

R ut r
e e .

Th C t r l N w r p rte y t h t w rk t t h I mp ri l f c t ry
en a e s e o sa s a o a e e a a o

w i full wi g w h
as n th xpl i ccu r d T h i m g giv
s n en e e o s on o r e . s e ssa e es

th umb r f d d 4 0 0 m t ly w m
e n e od c h il dr T h gr t r
ea as ,
os o e n an en . e ea e

p rt f t h f c t ry d m y dj c t b i ldi g w r wip d t f
a o e a o an an a a en u n s e e e ou o

exi t c s en e .

G RE A T HA VO C OF MUE N S TER SH ELL E X PL OS IO N S .

A M S TE RD A M ,
Tu d y es a ,

Th eld z l c rr p d t f t h T l g f t l g p h
O en aa o es on en o e e e ra a e e ra s

f f th
u p rt icul r f t h xpl i
er a t mmu it i f c t ry t
a s o e e os on s a an a n on a o a

Mu t r W t p h li B f r t h xpl i
en s e , f w h ic h t h r w r
es a a . e o e e e os on s , o e e e e

se v r l ccurr d v ri u w m r m rk d m k i dif f r t c t i
e a ,
o e ,
a o s o en e a e s o e n e en se on s,

b t li t t l
u tt ti we ap id t t h i it t i fr qu
en t ly h pp
on d as a o s , as no n e en a en e .

A rg t wh w m ki g h i r u d b rv d m k c mi g
se e an , o as a n s o n ,
O se e s o e o n

fr m t h fl r d rd r d t h w m t l v t h f c t ry S h rt ly
o e oo ,
an o e e e o en o ea e e a o . o

a ft rw rd vi l t xpl i ccurr d by w h ich t h rg t d

e a s a o en e os o n o e ,
e se e an an a

l rg umb r f w rkm i t h f c t ry l t t h ir liv A b ut 75 0

a e n e o o en n e a o os e es . o

p pl w r i t h f c t ry
eo e e e n e a o .

I mm di t ly f t r t h expl i ~m w m
a e d c h ildr i
a e e e o s on , en , o en an en n

th igh b urh d ru h d i t t h t r t M y t h ugh t it w

e ne o oo s e n o e s ee . an o as an
 156

air r id T h i w t h c u f m y d t h b c u t h b mb
a s as e a se o an ea s, e a se e o s

xpl d O h ll flw i t
.

an d h ll i t h f c t ry c
s e ti u d t
s n e a o on n e o e o e . ne s e e n o

th i d f ll i t h
e a r an tr t t ri g big h l It d m g d gr t
e n e s ee ea n a o e . a a e a ea

numb r f h u e d kill d O v r l p pl o se s an e se e a eo e .

Th xpl i w e e vi l t t h t c h il d w r h url d i t t h
o s on as so o en a r en e e e n o e

i
ar A r ilw y bridg w
. b dly d m g d A m g t h xpl di g
a a e as a a a e . on e e o n

sh ll w e t r h ll f
s rm u illim i t i p w r wh ic h lit up ll
as a s a s e o en o o s na ve o e a

Mu t r Th umb r f vic t im mu t h v b
en s e . v r 400 — R t r
e n e o s s a e e en o e en e .

Fe w wh o h a p ti c t r d thi b k f v e f il
h ad t h e a en e o ea s oo so ar c an a

t b li v t h m
o e e g c t i d i it
e e e s sa e on a ne n .

T h ir t y y r g w h I b g t g t h r m t ri l f t h i w rk I
ea s a o en e an o a e a e a or s o

k w th r w
ne m g t d liv r b t w h t it w c m v ry
e e as a e ssa e o e e , u a as , a e e

l wly i d d Of t t h pr bl m
s o n ee .m d i lubl b t fl d f en e o e s see e n so e, u a oo O

ligh t lw y fl w d r u d t h dg f d p i
a a s o e o n e e e O es ar .

A d I c
n f t d di r g rd f cri t ici m
so , o n e ss I m pr p r d o a sa s e a o s a e a e

t b o mu d wit h
e a se ,

P h P h S i it i t t ru Sioo oo r, s no e r

N i t h r i it w Si i f ct
e e s ne ,
r, n a

W lw y k w Si e a a s ne , r .

T h u l g umb r f crit ics a ar t f C u t

e n w h ic h r mi d e O s are o u o o r e n s

m f
e o N gr pr c h r I
a c h rd h ldi g f r t h t S i rr L
e o ea e on e ea ,
o n o a e a e on e ,

fr m t h t p f b rr l
o e o o a a e .

B de h r t giv y m g f m t h L rd ’
I re re n , se e e o e ou a e s sa e ro e a .

T h L rd f f r e lv t i t t h bl ck m
a O H ff r
e s sa lv t i a on o e a an e O e s sa a on

fr t k t h L rd f d m t i g Mi d I
ee, an e ur f t h
a or e n . n ,
’
se n o so s e O e

wh it m I w t e t lk wi t h hi m
an , so (Ch r ) an s n o a .
’
ee s

I d p t d th e f it m d t m t h t t h pr ch r u p c t d
ar e en , or se e e o e a e ea e s s e e

I mig h t pr duc rgum t d riv d fi m t h h igh r crit ici m

o e a en s e e
'
o e e s .

B t th rgum t I h v dduc d h r
u e a b d th t r en s a e a e e e are ase on e s a s .

H w ft o d t h xi u vig t r k dvic f m A rct u u

o en oe s e an o s na a o se e a e ro r s or

as k t h w y fr m A t r
e a Th t r d ll f t h m h v b
o n a es e se s a s a n a o e a e ee n

t ri d fri
e d t h im t h r ugh lif t h y d t m m r ly brigh t p
en s o o e e o no e an e e s e cs

i n d rk b ckgr u d T t h vig t r t h i v ic i
a a a o thi g
n . O e na a o e r o e s soo n

V t ll
ox s e m wh i p r w t guid c t t h wh
ar u sh r e s s ee an e o ose o c an ea .

A d wi t h t h
n id f h i t h r fri d t h m g t ic dl t h
e a O s o e en e a ne n ee e e

se a m cut h i c u i c fid c t h r ugh t h p t h l d p
an s s o r se n on en e o e a e ss ee .

Th m t x t r rdi e ry f ll gif t fr m N t u t m i t h t f
os e ao na o a s o a re o an s a O

th l d t
e o mi r l t h t h b t t b fr ly u p d d d it will
e s on e , a ne a a as u o e ee s s en e an

a t ll t im
a i dic t dir ct i fr m wh ic h ll t h r m y b t c
es n a e a e on o a o e s a e a on e

d duc d S uc h i t rum t w d ig d f
e e . i t llig t b i g
an ns en as es ne or an n e en e n

it i f s o ut ilit y v t t h i d t t g ril l
no e en a s a e o a o a .
 1 58

M e t e or s an d Ot h er Ph e n om e n a .

i c h p t r i gi v t h lu t i f v ri u pr bl m f t ur l
In t h s a e s en e so on o a o s o e s o na a

p h m wh ic h h v t h it h rt b e xpl i d
en o en a a e no e o e n e a ne .

Th i v t ig t i
e nh b di f ficul t wi g t t h
es a on it y f d t
as e en o n o e scar o a a

an d t h i u f ficie cy f d t il
ns en o e a .

Duri g t h rly y r f t h i i qui y I ugh t t h k y w h ic h

n e ea ea s O s n r so e e

w l d u l ck t h c v f E lu
ou n o d l y
e p t h cr t f t h
a e o o s, an a O en e se e s O e

wi d n d thu l r
s, an t k w wh y t h wi d bl w t h w h r it
s ea n o no e n o e e e

li t t h T t h i d mpl t f m y y r w r c ry d
s e . o s en a e no es or an ea s e e ne e ss a an

w ere o bt i d d t h a ne t h v b
,
an uff ici t B t I dr m d
e se n o e s a e e en s en . u ea e

no t th t th a k y f t h wi d w ul d pr v t
e e O b m t ky
e n s o o e o e a as e r e ,
a

s ci t ific Op S m
en d th t i
en th m c v dw l t t h
e sa e,
”
an a n e sa e a e e e

v lc fi d t h rt h qu k fi d d t h xpl i imp
o an o en ,
e ea a e en ,
an e e os on .

I f c t t t h b ld xpl r r f t h c v N t ur rt i p ’
n a o e o e o e o e a e a e s se c e s n ro

fu i s on w it i g di c v ry B t ch b
a re a a n f tr s ou r quir e . u ea ox O e as re e es

c r ful u p cki g t h t
a e n a ugg t f k wl dg m y b l f t i t h
n ,
so a no n e o no e e a e e n e

du t s .

W i t h t h i w l t h f k wl dg s it w r
ea p b f r m Ifi d
o no e e as e e O en e o e e, n

my lf u pr p r d t m t it O mu t h v t
se n e a e o d f c t r dy
ee . ne s a e n o e s an a s ea ,

t o en a bl t h rm
e on e i t h i w k wl dg w i t h c t u l xp ri c
o a on se s ne no e e a a e e en e .

B t f rt u
u t ly I h v
o m dt
na e w h ic h t pr c d a ugh
e so e a a on o o ee eno

i my judgm t t pr v t h c
n en m ti d o o e e ase s en on e .

Am g t h i fi it p rmut t i p ibl t t h i S l t i
on e n n e e a on s o ss e o e n ne o ec r c

e el m t d th
e n s an wit h wh ic h w h v b w rki g t h r mu t
e su n , e a e ee n o n ,
e e s

b e cc i
o w h t h t rmi l f t w S l t i c mbi t i
as o n s en e e na s o o o ec r c o na on s

a ppr c h h t h r
oa e ac t c m w it h i t riki g di t c b t t
o e so as o o e n s n s an e, u no

nea r gh t c c t r t
en ou o d fi it on en a e on a e n e are a .

T h i i f mil i r i cid t i l c t ric w rk d i c ll d

s s a a a n h rt
en n e e o an s a e a s o

circuit Fir .
”
c mm r l t f t h
e s are a h r t ci c i t
o on e su o e se s o r u s .

Wh w im gi
en th e rm u l gt h f t h S l t i circui t
a ne e eno o s en o e o ec r c

s t r t ch i g t h u
e n d f milli o f mil — w
san s Or li t h t h rt on s o es e c an ea se a a s o

S l t i circuit m y b
o ec r c y t h i g up t a mil e an n o es .

T h i i t rv l di t c f
s n e S l t i
a h rt s and p d up t h e o a o ec r c s o e en s on e

p t t i l f t h p rt f f ct d Th gr t r t h v l t g t h f t h r
o en a o e a s a e e . e ea e e o a e e ur e

can an e e l c t ric f rc p th ugh i l t i g m di um

o e ass ro an n su a n e .

M t r the eo s vid c f p rki g ; f rc i ru h i g

en are e en es o s a n
”
o e s s n

th ro ugh c duc t i g m t ri l f r m
a n o n - on p w rful c mbi t i
n a e a o on e o e o na on

to an o th r t
e di t c
one a a s an e .

M r v r if v lum f S l t i f rc t v ry h igh p t t i l
o eo e ,
a o e o o ec r c o e a e o en a

f rc it lf t h ugh p c
o es se ro t m ph r it m y m t v i u
s a e or our a os e e, a ee ar o s

g ase s o f th l m t d ri g t h p g
e e e en s u n e assa e .
 1 59

Th urr u di g ge se i th s p t h f t h f rc b t w
o n y n ase s n e a o e o e e e en ,
sa

Jupit r d t h r t h m y b c ugh t up d fu d t g t h r d t h u
e an e ea ,
a e a an se o e e ,
an s

c h g d i t v ri u m t l
an e n o a o s e a s .

Th S l t i f rc e t d t b c m l t t i lidit y d w
o ec r c o es en o e o e a en n so ,
an e se e

on a s m ll c l t h m ki g f w rld
a s a e e a n o a o .

W k w fr m xp ri c ie no at u l m t t r t h t xc iv o e e en e n n ra a e s a e e ss e

f rc i f t b rb d by c h g f c dit i
o e s O en a if g so ubj c t d e a an e o on on ase s ar e s e e

t xt r m pr ur t h y liquify if lid
o e e e e ss h t d uffici t ly t h y
e e so s are ea e s en e

ch g i t g
an e n o as .

Ch mb r y Tw t y f ur f t h t rr t ri l c h mic l l m t
a e s sa s en -
o o e e es a e a e e en s

h v b
a f u di
e lit
e en d o w l m tn t f u d rt h
n acro e s , an no ne e e en no o n on e a

h as b f u d th m e en o n on e .

T h b di f ll t r t h d b c m p rt f it m t im
e se o es a o ea an e o e a O ,
so e e s as

so lid b di w igh i g m y to es t t h r t im
e t h y xpl d i t h n an on s , a o e es e e o e n e

a t m ph r osd c t t r f r gm t f
e e an d wid s a e a en s ar an e .

I th di gr m m t r t r ck i f t f c v i c k
n e a a s a e eo
’
s a s O en or on en en e sa e

d t d by ig g li ; t h i d e t ig if y t h t t h m t r
en o e a z -
z a ne s o s no s n a e e eo

a d pt zig g c ur
o s a -
za o se .

M A DR ID METE O R I TE .

F bru ry 1 8 96 l rg m t rit xpl d d wit h

O n t h e l ot h e a , ,
a a e e eo e e o e a

pr dig i u i v r M drid
o o s n o se o e a .

T h r ugh t h c ur t y f t h Brit i h Emb y I w pl c d i

o e o es o e s ass ,
as a e n

c mmu ic t i wit h t h dir c t r f t h M t r l g ic l O b rv t ry

o n a on e e o O e e eo o o a se a o

at M drid d Dr Fr
a ci c I g ki dly t m p mp h l t
,
an . an s o n u ez n se n e a a e on

th ubj c t f L B lid writ t by h im l f

e s e o os o o s,
”
en se .

Fr m th t w rk I h v g t h r d t h d t il pp rt i i g t t h i
o a o a e a e e e e a s a e a n n o s

M drid m t rit
a e eo e .

El b lid pr t b l p c t d o di bl c d di m t r
o e se n a a e as e o e un sc o an o, e a e o

ap t pr xim m t ig u l l d l l y q
ar e n e o dirigi r pid z
a en e a a e so , u e se a co n a e

d OS O
c E N E l u v y m di t
a . . . a as n
"

e e e a, e c .

Th mt wh i h e pp r d l rg
e e or , th w f i t c a ea e as a e as e su n , as o n e n se

b illi c
r dan t wit h t di g t h pl d r f t h d y w
e , an no by s an n e s en ou o e a ,
a s se e n

all .

It w as t h e sh a p e of a di c d t r v lli g r pidly t w rd E N E
s an a e n a o a s . .

wh t 9 h 3 0 m i t h
en a . . n e m i g d df ully l ud xpl i ccurr d
o rn n a re a o e o s on o e

wh ic h h k buildi g t s oo n s o t h ir f u d t i
e d br k wi d w p
o n a o n s an o e n o an e s .

T h i m t rit h d s e eo e a e vid t ly lidi fi d b t bur t t gr t h t

en so e u s a a ea ea

n ear t M drid o a .

Ot h r m t rit w r f rm d l g t h
e r t h w rd t r ck A
e eo es e e o e a on e no a a

(M drid ) t B t h S l t i h r t c ircui t
a o m k df c v i c
,
e o ec r c s o ,
as ar e or on en en e

by t h zig g li i t h cc mp yi g di gr m 1 1 8 F bru ry
e za ne n e a o an n a a ,
e a
 1 60

Pat h of th e mel e or A w e . 60 0 miles

[8 96

SU N 51 4 0

14 1 26 4!

a n in
TH E MA D R rD M E TE O R IT E : ab o u t 9 3 0 0 m Fe b rua ry IO local b ine .

" .

Fe b r u ar
y 9 21 4 5 G reen w ch i mean Dine .

FI G 1 1 8 . .

10 d .m T h i t ck i 600 m il i l gt h d m t rit
a . . s ra s es n en ,
an e eo es

w r r p rt d t v ri u pl c
e e e o r ut i t h S p i h pr vi c f
e a a o s a es en o e n e an s o n es o

N v rr
a Ri j d H u c S m f rc w l d pr b bly b b rb d
a a, o a an es a . o e o e ou o a e a so e

by t h p k f t h Pyr e ea d m t rit w
s o r e en e e s an a e eo e as se e n n ea

B rd ux h vi g cr d t h m t i
o ea a n os se e ou n a n s .

T h m t r t r v ll d c r ct ly cc r di g t t h ry d m
e se e eo s a e e o re a o n o eo an so e

mu t h v r c h d t h E gli h Ch
s a e l t h t h r t rmi l (B ) f t h
ea e e n s an n e ,
e o e e na o e

s h r t ci cui t
o Th p d f t h S l t i p rk h b
r . t im t d
e s ee O e se o ec r c s a s as e en e s a e

a t fr m 20 t 8 0 mil
o p c d t h t t h w h l j ur y fr m (A )
o es e r se on ,
so a e o e o ne o

t (B ) c uld b
o cc mpli h d i h lf mi ut
o e a o s e n a a n e .

It will b t d th t d m it u t d t
e no e p rt a su n an o o n are s a e a a a ,
a

p it i wh ic h S l t i t c h i
os on d v l pi g gr t p t t i l
o e c r cs ea s on e e e o n a ea o en a .

METE O R O FF W O LF R O CK ,
1 91 0 .

i c t ry t h v vid c f t h p it i f
It is sat sf a o d f o a e e en e o e os on o on e e n o

th h r t cir ui t
e s oh m t r giv
c wh f lli g i t t h
,
su c as a e eo es u s en a n n o e se a,

b c u it implifi c lcul t i
e a se s es a a on
“
.

F m t h L d D ily Ch r icl
ro e f 29t h J
on u ry 1 91 0
on a on e o an a , ,

t h f ll wi g cc u t i t k
e o o n d m wh t bbr vi t d
a o n s a en , an so e a a e a e .

Th t m h ip T f lg r l f t P rt T lb t W l
e s ea s ra a a e o a o ,
a e s, on

J u ry 26t h 1 91 0 wit h c l f B t i B i t r u w t h r d
an a , , oa s or as a . o s e o s ea e an

h vy w t rm w r xp ri c d ft r ili g
ea sn o s o s e e e e en e a e sa n .

A b ut 8 h ur m o t h 28 t h t h hip w 1 0 mil
o S W
s a f . . on e e s as es . o

t h W lf R ck w h
e o th h ip t r mbl d vi l t ly
o d th r w
en l ud e s e e o en ,
an e e as a o
 1 62

b di c t i g t t h mi ut f ccurr c t h zig
S o le ct ric o es a n a e n e o o en e, e z ag lin e
d t i g t h m t r t r ck f m p it i ( ) t W lf R ck
en o n e e eo
’
s a ro os on a o o o .

Th xt x mpl i f i h d by t h C rr p d t
e ne e a e s ur n s e e o es on en Of the
D ily M il
a O c t b r 3 d 1 91 0
a on o e r ,
.

H UGE METE O R .

ON LY 1 50 MI LE S FR O M TH E E A RT H .

( FR OM O U R O WN CORRE S P ON D E N T ) .

J O HA N N E S B U R G,

M on daJ .

Jh o burg w t rt l d t
an n es thi i g by t h l rg t
as s a e a s ev en n e a es

sh ti g t r
oo n mt r vr
s a i t h di t ric t
or e eo e e s een n e s .

It lig h t w qu l t t h t f v l rc h ligh t t fift y y rd ’

s as e a o a o a na a se a a a s

r g Th k y w illumi d f t h m i ut
an e . e s asd th tr t w r ne or ree n e s , an e s ee s e e

as ligh t if it w r d y N t iv w r t rrifi d b li vi g t h t t h
as e e a . a es e e e e ,
e e n a e

en d f t h w rld w
o t h
e d o as a an .

Th tr mic l b rv r t t h l c l b rv t ry w r
e as on o a O rly se e s a e o a O se a o e e nea

bli d d Th dir ct r f t h b rv t ry t im t d t h t t h m t r
n e . e e o O e O se a o es a e a e . e eo

w as o nly 1 5 0 mil f m t h rt h Th h d f t h m t r h y
es ro e ea . e ea O e e eo ,
e sa s,

w asp r h p d d h lf t h iz f t h m i di m t r Th t il
ea -
s a e an a e s e o e o on n a e e . e a

w t r ig h t t fi t b t f t rw rd t ur
as s a a d t w rd t h ut h
rs ,
u a e a s ne o a s e so .

Th di gr m 1 20 f
e O ct b r 3 d 6 h 5 2 m G M T h w
a a or lr o e . . . . . . s o s a so a

62 5 2 G M T/m e
0

Oc t o b e r 3

h M

La rg e me t eo r pa s s ed o ve r J ohan n e s b u rg at 8 -
50 p m local t ime

FIG . 1 20 .
 1 63

an d a lu r c mbi
na o n at on i w t es an d e ast of J o h an n e s burg .

t r ck w rk ru i g p r ll l °
Th e a o s ou t as nn n on the a a e of 265 8 . f or

18 0mil es .

T h mi u t r eem t b xc iv t im t f t h du t i f
n e s se e s o e an e e ss e es a e o e ra on o

th m t
e ric fl h lig h t If m t r t k l g upw rd d d w
e eo as . a e eo oo a on a an o n

w rd c ur
a w ll
o h riz t l
se a s m i u t w l d b p ibl
e as a o on a on e , a n e ou e o ss e,

b t t hr
u mi ut d r t i i p rh p mi t k f b rv t i
ee n es u a on s e a s a s a e o O se a on .

H ULL METE OR .

f ll wi g cc u t r f r t
Th e o o i cid t wh ic h h pp d
n a o n e e s o an n en a en e

on t h 6t h D c mb r 1 91 0
e e e e ,
.

M H V H ULL E TE ORITE S
’
A OC A T .

C id r bl d m g t pr p rt y w c u d t H ull rly
on s e a e a a e o o e as a se a ea

y t rd y m r i g by m t rit wh ic h cr h d t h r ugh buildi g

es e a o n n a e eo e as e o a n

i th
n t r qu r t r f t h ci t y
e e as e n d bu i d it l f i t h
a e rt h o e an r e se n e ea .

O t bl w d m li h d wh il t t h r f Of fi t h r w r
ne s a e as e o s e ,
s e oo s ve o e s e e

s h tt r d
a T h r w r igh t h r i t h t bl b t ll f t h m
e e . e e e e e o se s n e s a es, u a o e

es c p d i ju y t h ug h t h y w r di c v r d i pit i bl t t f
a e n r ,
o e e e s o e e n a a e s a e o

frig h t .

A y wi t n f th
e ccurr c id t h t t h m t rit l k d
e- n e ss O e o en e sa a e e eo e oo e

lik b ll wit h t il f fi
e a a a a o re .

H U LL
(a / 1b ” U LL 60 0 m /7e s

/h e m e t e o r
p r/y
a a f

iw .

h m
Me t eor a t HU LL ,
6 De c e m b e r 5
O

Oe c e m b e r 5 78 I7 Gre e r/ mud ? m e an l l w a

FI G 1 21
. . l
 1 64

By t h di gr m w e t h t t h S l t i h r t ci cui t t r t h d
a a e c an se e a e o ec r c s o r s e c e

ou t t l gt h f
o a whi c h i quit p ibl wi t h Jupi t r i
en O s e o ss e e n on e

co mbi t i na on .

Th t im i et t d rly y t rd y m r i g
e s s a e d rch
as ea es e a o n n ,
an a se a

t h r ug h v ri u j u
o l h a to bl d m t giv t h t im m r
s o rn a s as n o en a e e o e e e o e

a ccur t ly fr m b rv t i
a e ,
o O se a on .

B t by c lcul t i
u th m t r f ll t 6 h 1 7 m m D c mb r 6t h
a a on e e eo e a . . a . . e e e

w h ich m t m t t h c
see s d di gr m 1 21 D
o ee mb r 5 d 1 8 h
e ase , an a a ,
e ce e . .

17 m i m d . t f
s t h t t im
a e ou or a e .

If y tr an mr m t r l gi t (w rt h y f t h
as on o e m) ,
or e eo o o s o o e na e c an

b t t r xpl i t h i i cid t by t h ir w ci t ific m t h d it w uld

e e e a n s n en e o n s en e o s, o

b b tt r d
e e quickly
e on e .

M t r l gi t p ci lly mu t t xp ct t h public t t k t h m
e eo o o s s es e a s no e e e o a e e

on t ru t muc h l s gr on e .

If t h y u bl by t h i w ci c by c t uri f b r
e are na e e r o n s en e en es o a o

m t r r c rdi g ; by m uri g r i f ll d by t h c t i u u
e e e o n e as n a n a ,
an e on n o s

r c r di g f t m p h ric t mp r t ur if t h y u bl t cl rly
e o n o a os e e e a e e ar e na e o ea

e xpl i t h a n t u l ph em d l t wit h i t h i b k t h y mu t
na ra en o en a ea n s oo ,
e s

s ubmit t b c id r d b l t o e on s e e o so e e .

M t r l gi te eo o o lr dy v rw h lm d wit h u l r c rd
s s are a ea o e e e se e ss e o s

wh ich t h y u bl t dig t e are na e o es .

I f c t t h r i li t t l m r t b g t h r d fr m b rv t i
n a e e s w h ic h
e o e o e a e e o o se a on s

m r ly t ll f
e e v ry mi ut t h w ig h t d t mp r t ur d
e us or e e n e e e an e e a e an

m i t ur f t h t m p h r
o s e o e a os e e .

I my pi i it i r pr h ibl w t f public m y t
n o n on s a e e en s e as e o on e o

c ll ct t h mi t i f d t il— l di g wh r Wh t w r lly
o e e se nu ae o e a ea n no e e . a e ea

l ck
a l rg f c t d fir t pri ipl
are a e a d th I m firmly
s an s nc e s , an es e a con

i
v n ee d ly S l t i
on upply o e c r cs can s .

W w c m te no c w h ic h i pl r t i v t ig t b c u
o e o a ase s a easu e o n es a e, e a se

it i cur t ly d crib d d ll c ry d t f c lcul t i

s ac a e es e an a n e e s sa a a or a a on ar e

giv en .

Th l t t r fr m C p t i P ck h m f t
e e e o m h ip B rb r i a a n a a O s ea s e e a s

an n e x d t k fr m L d p p r
e ,
a en o a on on a e .
 “
1 66

IS

A 5
3 1 E B 220 m z /e s - p a rh o f f h e M e t eo r ,

3 11 5 ,

su b na

A L YA I R

p 01

/8 . 9
. 5 1 G M .
7

20 50 !

1 5 27 S. u

o
‘

M e /eor rep or/e d by S S BE R B E RA M A Y , /8 1/ 40 /aca£

S o/e ct r/Z
: po s it /on at t he m in u t e of occ u r r en ce

FI G . 1 23 .

r f r c t t h di gr m 1 23 M y 1 8 t h 9 h 5 1 m h w t h t
A e e en e o e a a ,
a . .
,
s o s a

th m t e r r fr m rly v rh d f t h h ip T h c t ll t i
e eo o se o nea o e ea O e s . e on s e a on

C r B r li w i f c t ly t h h ip m ridi t t h t im ’
o on a o ea s as n a n e ar on e s s e an a e e

w h t h m t r h t cr t h h v
en e e eo s o a o ss e ea en s .

I t k it t h t t h
a e B rb r w b u d t w rd p b bly t
a e e e a as o n e as a ,
ro a o

P rt S id b c u t h m t r cr d h d f t h h ip
o a ,
e a se d w e t e eo o s se a ea o e s an en

t w rd t h
o t r A l t ir
a s Al t ir t t h t t im w
e s a i l g t it d a . a a a e as n on u e

92 E c qu t ly it w ld b lit t l t r
° '
d 8 37 N th
‘

. an .
,
o n se en ou e ar a e on e s a

b rd b w f t h v l d r t h r l w d w
oa o o e e s se ,
an a e o o n .

T h di gr m i e t t f th
a x c t t im f b rv t i f t h
a s se ou or e e a e o o se a on o e

m t r d it will b bvi u t h t t h c lcul t i g iv

e eo ,
an ccur t
e o o s a e a a on e s an a a e

expl t i f t h p h m
an a on o f r m it t rt t A t t h fi
e l plu g
en o e n on
,
o s s a a o e na n e

t B d h fr m t h u mbi t i t A t t h m ’
It i
’
a . s a as o e s n s co na on a o e oon s

c mbi t i t B
o na on a .
 1 67

M r v r it m y b t d t h t t h u c mbi t i c i t f
o eo e ,
a e no e a e s n s
’
o na on on s s s o

S t ur
a Ur u d N p t u
n, an s an e ne .

N w Mr C mb t h t h i d f fic r
o ,
y it r mbl d kit wit h
. o s e r o e sa s e se e a s

thr d lig h t i it t il
e e re Fig 1 22 s n s a ,
se e . .

Th h d f th m t r w f m th
e ea o d w f l c t ric
e e eo as ro e su n an as o an e e

blu c l ur d t h t h re t rlik lig h t f brilli t d c m f r m t h

e o o ,
an e e s a e s o an re a e o e

pl t S t u Ur u d N p t u
an e s a i n ,
an s an e ne .

T h i x mpl i v ry c vi ci g Lit t l did M C mb fi

s e a e s e on n n . e r . o s, ve

y r g t h i k t h t h i f i t h ful b rv t i f m t r wit h
,

ea s a o, n a s a O se a on o a e eo a

brill t d t il w uld c u m
an re m t r l g i t t m dit t
a o th a se an v a e eo o o s o e a e on e

acq i m t f m d t d m ur
u re en O a o es e e an o .

METE O R 1 91 1 S I CI IA N L ,
.

T h f ll wi g ie i t r t i g cc u t f t h p g f m t r
o o n s an n e es n a o n o e assa e o a e eo

acr C l b i d S icily It i t k fr m t h D ily M il

o ss a a r a an d . s a en o e a a an

i d t d M
s a e i A pril 1 1 t h 1 91 1 Th cc u t h rm i x c t ly
,
e ss n a , ,
. e a o n a o n se s e a

wi t h c lcul t ia d th di gr m f A pril 1 0t h 7 h p m fully

a on , an e a a or . . .

expl i t h r m rk bl ci cum t c
a ns e e a a e r s an e .

“
H A LY
’

19

5 19i w h
’

Grea t M e t eo r pa s s e s a c ro s s C a la b ri a an d 67c

FIG . 1 24 .

MYS TERY OF TH E SKY .

G RE A T M E TE OR
’
s E X PLO S I O N A B O VE M E S S IN A .

Th e f ll
a of g r t
a m t r h r y
eat rd y v i g w t h cu
e eo e e es e a e en n as e a se

of p ican all o v r S icily d C l bri A t v cl ck t h w h l k y

e an a a a . se en o
’
o e o e s
 1 68

sudd ly gl w d f b ut mi ut wit h i t
en o wh it ligh t
e or a o a n e an n en se e as

str g br d d yligh t
on as oa a .

T h i w f ll w d f ur mi ut l t r by t h l ud u d f di t t
s as o o e o n es a e e o so n o a s an

expl i udd gu t f wi d d rumbli g t h h ki g f ll

os on , s en s s o n an n s, e s a n o a

h u o d by t w
se s , an ligh t r t h qu k o s ea a es .

It i imp ibl t d crib t h t rr r f t h p p l t i wh

s o ss e o es e e e o o e o u a on , o

f r d t h t t rribl r t h qu k c v l i w uld f ll w Th
ea e a a e e ea a e on u s on o o o . e

pr b bl xpl t i i t h f ll f
o a e e imm m t r wit h i t h
an a on s e a o an e n se e eo n e

M i C t i di t ric t b t t h x c t l c lit y i t y t k w
e ss n a a an a s , u e e a o a s no e no n .

Th e c mbi t i wit h J upit r Ur u d N pt u t rik

su n in o na on e ,
an s an e ne s es

th ut h d f It ly t t h t t im t h m i c mbi t i wit h
e so en o a a a e e o on n o na on

M rc y d S t r i i t uc h wit h t h w t d f S icily Th ru h
e ur an a u n s n o e es en o . e s

o f f rc fr m C l bri t
o e S icily i gr t r t h
o a a th l d c rry
a o s ea e an e an can a

c v i t ly pr v d by t h rt h q k
on e n en ,
o d gu t f wi d
e h rt e ea ua e s an s s o n ,
so a s o

circuit i t bli h d d migh t y m t r ru h t h r ugh t h

s es a s e an a e eo s es o e

a t m ph r os e e .

Mt r g d vid c f t h S l t i f rc ur u di g
e e o s are oo e en e o e o ec r c o es s ro n n us

an dp i g t h r ugh
ass n w pl t i d d pl t i t i t h
o ou r o n an e n ee o ur an e a ss s s n e

m uf ct an a d di t ribu t i
ur e f th
an fr A m t r i s h ug on o e o ce . e eo s a e

S l t i p rk
o ec r c s a .

Af t r f w r m rk by t h w y w
e a e h ll pr c d t
e x mi
a s e a e s a o ee o e a ne

f r t h r x mpl f t r g ph m
u e e a es o s an e en o en a .

I r c ll c t e o cc i c mpi g i t h Ch il i C rdill r d
e on o n e o as on a n n e an o e a e

l
os A d n t h ig h t f b ut
es a a ft Th mul
e w r u ddl d
o a o . e es e e n sa e ,

rug d quipm t pl d t h gr u d It w
s an e en cl r c ld d ac e on e o n . as a ea ,
o , an

fi ne a ft r d th f z
e n oon , an p t icl f w r fl c t d t h ligh t i e ro e n ar es o sn o e e e e n

b ut iful pri m t ic c l u
ea sif t h gr u d w r t r w wit h di m d
a o o r s, a s e o n e e s e n a on

s h vi ga n s .

S udd ly w f l t u en lv lif t d up b dily t h mul cr m d

e e o r se es e o , e es s ea e

wit h frig h t d g t cl t t h gr u d t h l t t r x mpl w t w m

an o ose o e o n , e a e e a e e o en

quickly f ll w d o o e .

T h I h d t r g r r f wi d t h ddl
en e ar a s d bl k t an e oa o n e sa e s an an e s

an d rug d w t r h r
s an il d il t ly upw rd i t t h i
a e ly
o n s sa e s en a s n o e a r n ear

1 00 f t d th
.
,
qui t ly c m d w g i
an en d r um d t h e x ct a e o n a a n , an es e e e a

s p t ch h d t rt d f m
o ea a s a e ro .

A l t h ug h t h i m v d t h lif t i g f t h
o e bj c t w
a r t o e , e n o e o e s as n o an

e f f c t f wi d
e o d ly b d crib d S l t i
n ,
an can o n e es e as o ec r c .

I h ig h m u t i
n u r gi f m ili r igh t i t h ligh t i g
o n a no s e on s a a a s s e n n ,

pl yi g l g t h ridg
a n a on t t im h t f blu fi
e c u l g thes a es s ee s o e re o r se a on e

gr u d o n dfi ,
b ll d c
an th p k
re a s an e on e ea s .

D t hi t h w t h rt h t b i
oe s s no di t i f S l t i
s o e ea o e n a con on o o ec r c

a c t ivit y .
 1 70

Th at the ph
ic h h v b di cu d c u d by t h en o m en a wh a e ee n s ss e ar e a se e

su n i vid t t h t t h y pri cip ll y l c t ric i l cl r

s e en a e are n a e e s a so ea .

W h v c ll d t h e ct i S l t i
a e a e e a on o ec r c .

Th ly qu t i r m i i g i t w h t h r t h t h ry t t
e on es on e a n n s as o e e e eo se ou

h r i t h c rr t S l t i t h
e e s ry
e o ec o ec r c eo .

It m w t h v r c iv d m t h m t ic l pr f B f r y
see s no o a e e e e a e a a oo . e o e an

th ry c uld b f rm d h u dr d f
eo o h d t b ex mi d do e n e s o c ase s a o e e a ne an

c l ul t d
a c a e .

A f w ly f t h x mpl h v b giv b t t h y wi ll b
e on o e se e a es a e e en en , u e e

c id r d u f fici t t pr v t h c
on s e e s en o o e e as e .

T h v ry c mpl xi t y f t h
e ubj c t i w rr t f t h t rut h f t h
e o e o e s e s a a an or e O e

expl t i f
an a m y t y t r c cil umb rl pl
o n s, or d
on e a r o e on e n e e ss an s , an

f ll w t h u d di f f r t p t h b t f il
o o a o w i t if t h t rut h i t
san e en a s, u a
'
iu c a a s, e s no

in it .

b di mu t b t c r t i d fi it di t c f r m
T h e S o le c t ric o es s e a e a n e n e s an es o

ea ch t h r ; t h y mu t b t c rt i d fi it di t c fr m t h
o e e s e a e a n e n e s an es o e

a f f ct d r
e e f di t urb c
a ea o d t h di t b mu t h pp t t h
s an e , an e s ru
‘
an cc s a en a e

p rt icul r t im w h ll t h
a a c ry f c t r
e i en ct i a f w e se n e e ssa a o s ar e n a on , a e

mi ut f m rgi b i g t t im ll w d
n es o a n e n a es a o e .

A y w h implicit ly b li v
n on e i t hi t h o ry d t h writ r e e es n s eo ,
as oe s e e ,

mu t b t ruck by t h b c f c h c d t h r ig f d ig d l w
s e s e a se n e o an e , an e e n o es ne a

w h ic h p rv d t h w h l l r y t m t h t y t m wh ic h w h v
e a es e o e so a s s e ,
a s s e e a e

t rm d t h S l t i
e e yt m e o ec r c s s e .

Evid t ly t h w r f ll t t h r t h wi t h ut t h
en no a s o t e a s o e ea o e cor se n ,
as

it w r f th
e e, w h l S l t i f mily ; i t h r t rm
o e o e t r ubl o ec r c a ne e s o n or o e

s h k a th pl t wit h ut t h m
es e d
an e m ki dr d igh b u o e oon an so e n e ne o r

s t r t ch i g
e t r li vi g h d
n ou a e e n an .

O mi d m y b t m ll t u d r t d wh t p w r d ig d
ur n s a e oo s a o n e s an a o e es ne

th lw b tw
e se a b s, ur t h y u t f u d d
e c an f lly e s e e are n o o n e on o ,
n o r are

t h y rre g d wit h uc h c r wit h ut purp

a an e s a e o ose .

A d it i c mf r t i g t m
n fl ti p c
s o t h i pl
o t n rt h o an a oa n s a e on s an e ea

t k o w t h t h i t h ugh t t h gh i fi it ly m ll i c mp ri
no a s o f
s, ou n n e s a n o a so n are o

th m ki d t h
e sa e f t h d ig
n r d th t
as u d r t di g f
o se o e es ne an a an n e s an n o

t h w rk mu t l
e o dt s u d r t di g f t h w rk r
s ea o an n e s an n o e o e .

Z ph r o f J b a c mf rt r r pr vi gly k d h im C t
,
on e o o
’
s o o e s, e o n as e ,
an s

t h u by rc h i g fi d t G d I ”
o se a n n ou o

S ci c b ldly r pli en t d y th t
e rc h i g i t h ly w y
o e es o a a se a n s e on a .

W h ll ew sw h t xpl t i S l t i
a no g iv
see f th a e an a on o e c r c s c an e o e

r m rk bl xp ri
e a a wh ich f ll w
e e e e n ce o o s

Th cc t i t k fr m t h Liv rp l Ev i g Expr
e a ou n s a en o e e oo en n e ss ,

o f A pril 1 1 t h 1 90 7 ,
.
 1 71

OC A N E CH A S M .

L IVERP O O L S TE A M ER S P LUN GE ’
.

Th e Wh it e
r li r T ut ic w h ich rriv d t Qu t w
St a ne e on ,
a e a ee n s o n

y t rd y fr m N w Y rk br ugh t d t il f w d rful
es e a o e t ry o ,
o e a s o a on e sea s o .

I d d
n eef ll t h
,
Ox t r rdi ry h pp i g t h t h v v r f u d
a e e ao na se a a en n s a a e e e o n

pl c i l g b k t h
a e n o w d t il d i t h m t r m rk bl
oo s It i
e on e n o e a e s e os e a a e . s

th t ry f
e s o xt r rdi ry xp ri c t h t b f ll t h cr w f t h
o an e ao na e e en e a e e e e o e

Liv rp l t m r P l t N p t u
e oo s ea t l cr w t m r f
e an e e ne,
”
a s ee s e s ea e o .

ton s gr r gi t r d b l gi g t t h L yl d S h ippi g C Lt d
o ss e s e , an e on n o e e an n o .
, ,

(M r R W L yl d
e ss s . C . M g r ) Liv rp l
. e an o .
,
an a e ,
e oo .

Th t ry d t il d i i d d r m rk bl It i f big d
e s o ,
as e a e ,
s n ee e a a e . s o a an

w ll l d Brit i h f r igh t r t m i g qui t ly v r m lit

e a en s e e ,
s ea n e o e a o on se a ,

s udd ly pit ch i g h d f r m t i t
en c h m w h ic h m b
n ea o e os n o a as so e su

t rr c vul i m t h v p d i th c It
’
e an e an on b d
s o n se e s o a e O en e n e o e an s e .

see m d id Ch i f O ffic r Br w wh h d ju t quit t d t h bridg t

e ,
”
sa e e o n, o a s e e e a

t h t im tr g cc r c t h t big ct i f t h c ’
e f th e o e s an e o ur e n e, a a se on o e o e an s

b d h d udd ly c v d i t
e a s m t r m d u d pt h d u k
en a e n o so e e en o s e ,
an s n so

s udd ly t h v c u d h ug w ll lik d pr i
en as o a th ec a se a e e -
e e e ss o n o n e o e an s
’

s urf c Th h w f t h h ip plu g d d w w rd udd ly t h t I

a e . e o o e s n e o n a so s en a

th gh t h w g i g t r igh t t t h b t t m
ou s e as o n s a o e o o .
”

It i t im t d t h t it w
s es b tw i d
a e v c d bfr a as e ee n s x an se e n se o n s e o e

th dippi g f r f t f u d t h b t t m f t h pit Th v l h
e n o e oo o n e o - o o e . e e sse as

a b ut 1 8 f t f r b rd f r w rd d wh i i id t h t m
o an -
. ee f
oa o a ,
an en s s sa a a ass o

w t r t h t w fully 1 5 f t i h igh t w di h d v r t h b w t h
a e ,
a as . n e as s e o e e o as e

v l b g r c v ri g f m h d w w rd plu g m id f t h
e sse e an e o e n ro er o n a n e , so e ea o e

d p t h f t h ch m
e o b h d e as ca n e a .

St di g l k t t h f r c t l h d w
an n oo m -
md
ou on e o e as e ea as a se a an na e

S h lb ga Af t r h h d r c v r d c
er . ci u e h id t h t wh h
e a e o e e on s o sn e ss e sa a en e

f l t t h b w d ppi g fr m u d r h im h i t i c t iv ly cr uc h d
e e o ro n o n e e ns n e o e

b h i d t h br kw t r d gr p d ri gb lt B t t h w igh t f
e n e ea a e an as e a n o . u e e o

15 f t f w t r ru h i g v r h i h
. o a e d w t muc h f h i t r g t h
s n o e s ea as oo or s s en .

H w e f u d curl d b ut ir t c h i t h upp r p rt f h i
as o n e a o an on s an on , e e a o s

b dyo id f t h t c h i t h l w r limb t h t h r O
on on e s e o e s an on , e o e s on e o e . ne

l g w
e br k as wri t di l c t d d t h m t h rwi
o en , a v r ly s s o a e , an e an o e se so se e e

i jur d t h t h will b crippl f lif

n e a e e a e or e .

Th Pl t N p t u (c t i u t h t ry ) i fr m M t Vid
e an e e ne on n es e s o s o on e eo ,

fr m w h ic h p rt h h d il d F b y 22 d S h f u d t h
o o s e a sa e on e ru a r n . e o n e

h l i t w h ich h pit ch d f d y f t l vi g t h t p rt d
o e n o s e e our a s a er ea n a o ,
an

w h h w b ut 20 0 mil f f t h u t h r c t f B r zil Th
en s e as a o es o e so e n o as o a . e

pr ci l t i t ud d l git ud c uld t b c rt i d b t t h l g
e se a e an on e o no e as e a ne , u e o
 1 72

b k oo w d th t th v l t
sh o e t h t d y F bru ry 26t h 1 90 7
a e e sse a n oon a a , e a , ,

i l t i t ud 29 4 6 S l g t it d 4 7 8 W
° ’ ’
w as n a e .
,
on u e .

Th Pl t N p t u
e f t h L yl d S h ippi g C mp y Lt d
an e e ne o e e an n o an , ,

did t h i cc i
on t ly j i wit h t h r l pl t N p t u b t
s o a s on ,
no on o n e ea an e e ne , u

s h te k h i t ric p r t i p w rful c mbi t i f ll t h pl t

oo a s o a n a o e o na on o a e an e s ,

i cludi g t h rt h l t h
n n d m
e ea ,
a so e s u n an oo n .

I d d i v t ig t i
n eeh w th t i n rly y t h r p r t f t h
es a on s o s a n nea an o e a o e

w rld t h Pl t N p t u
o e w uld h v b l t du i g
an e e ne o a e ee n os r n an

ea r t h qu k cycl a e or on e .

Hm i d r t h qu k
'
r can e s a n v ry r r i t h S ut h A t l t ic ea a e s are e a e n e o an ,

fro m w h ic h w m y pr um t h t t h l d d w t r f u d ti
e a es e a e an an a e o n a o n s are

e x t m ly g d c duc t r
re e oo on o s .

O ly i t h i w yn th d g r u c mbi t i w h ic h mu t
n s a ca n e an e o s o na on s s

i vit bly f ll v r
ne a l rg u f c f t h i
a o b r drd
e a a e s r a e o s o ce an e en e e

h rml
a e ss .

Th f rc wh ic h w uld b d t ruc t iv l wh r
e o es br o e es e e se e e are o ne

a w y di ip t d
a ,
d imm di t ly p
ss a e d l g t t h r p rt f t h
an e a e a sse a on o o e a s o e

ea rt h t t h m ,
d b ck t t h
o e t h r fri dly pl t h rt
o o n an a o e su n or o e en an e s o

o f rgy
en e .

Th cc mp yi g di gr m h w w h t c lc l t i pr v t b
e a o an n a a s o s a a u a on o es o e

t he f act .

l90 7

. . '
Fe b ru ary 26 -
lo 33

GMT

Ro m /o

St e am e r m s moo t h waf er d i ve s su dd e n /y inf o de e p c h as m

(a ) pla c e a/ a d co n o f S un s comb m crh o n at t im e of oc c u rr e n c e

{b } as / h o n of s h ip d fld U76 ch a s m
P

F IG . 1 25 .
 1 74

Th e di t urb c w l d h v
s an e ou a e so m r e a e a, it w uld
o n ot be a mr e e

pi o nt .

N f cu f S l t i ff ct x ct ly c c t wit h t h r
o w, on e o s o o ec r c e e e a on n e s e a ea

of c o wh ic h t h h ip w t h t mi g Th m
e an on N pt u e s as en s ea n e oon , e ne,

fl
.

S t a
q d th
rn a nr t h c mbi t r c iv t h t r m
e ea d u w f f rc o ne o e e e e e en o s o o o e

ru h i g fr m p it i (A ) 1 5 0 mil fu t h r ut h d t ri g t h
s n o os on , es r e so an en e n e

ea rt h t (B ) t h ch m
a e as .
”

A t p it i (A ) i c c t r t d t h p w r fr m t h
os on d th s on en a e e o e o e su n an e

oth r fi epl t wh m t l
ve b l c i t h t r ct i
an e s , o us o se o n a an e n e an sa on .

Wit h c h migh t y f rc i c t i w
su u d r t d t h f rm o es n a on e c an n e s an e o a

ti on Of th c h m d crib d by t h cr w f t h Pl t N p t u
e as es e e e o e an e e ne

a s k t c h f wh ich i t t mpt d by t h rt i t
e o s a e e e a s .

. ”
Th e P la n e t Nc u ne

o u a
P u n9 m 9 in to an Oc e a n c ha s m
FE B RU A RY 26 lo 33 G MT .

F IG . 1 26 .

At a 30 k
p d d w t h i cli t h h ip w uld t r v l h
n ot s s ee o n e n ne e s o a e er

w l gt h i c d ”
o n en 6 7 n or se o n s .

I thi t
n g d i t ruc t iv h pp i g t h r i r m rk bl
s s r an e an ns e a en n e e s a e a a e

c i cid c Th p t wh ic h c m
o n en e . r t b t h w t ry gr v f t h
e s o a e nea o e e a e a e o e

h ip Pl t N pt u c t u ll y pr p r d by t h r l pl t ”
s w
an e e ne, as a a e a e e ea an e

N pte t hr dy bfr
u nc, ee a s e o e .

O F bru ry 23 d 1 h 0 m G M T N p t u
n e a w ccul t d by t h
r ,
. . . . . e ne as o e e

m i 21 5 N d 665 W
o on n r g f 5 75 p
°
. an v r t h p it i . a an e o
°
as se s o e e os on

w h ich w ccupi d by t h h ip t h lf p t 7 p m t h 26t h

as o e e s a a as . . on e .

N i t h t ll
or O F bru ry 23 d 3 h 3 2 m t h m
s a a . tt i dn e a r ,
. . e oon a a ne

ex t r m d cli t i 21 6 S d 1 03 W di w it h N p t u cl
e e e na on
° ’
. an .
, na r, e ne a os e

c mp i
o A g i t h y r ch d
an o n . t d pr p r d t h
a n c er th ea e ou an e a e e o e an , n e a e

pl c w h r t h Pl t N p t u w uld p t
a e e e e p m t r c iv
an e e ne o a ss a . .
, o e e e

a tr m d v lum f S l t i f r
e en o us o e O o ec r c o ce .

I t hi nc i cid c t h r w r v pl t ry c h c
s o n en de e e e e se en an e a an es an

th u od f h ip m h c g i t uc h
san s o s v t y t it
-
na e c an e s a a ns s an e en , e

h ppa d e ne .

C i cid c o n m r ly i t r t i g d vid c f t h i g
en e s a re e e n e es n ,
an e en e o no n .

Wh t mi g h m w rd du i g v y g fr m S ut h A m ric
e n s ea n o e a r n a o a e o o e a,

I w t lki g t
as tha T hird Of fi c r w t c h
n o ig h t S id h
e e on a , on e n . a e,

alludi g t t h S l t i t h ry
n o I e t ic Si y h v c lcul t d
o ec r c eo , no e r, ou a e a a e a

N rt h r f
o V lp r i
e or t hi d t a Y id I r i i g my m
a a s o on s a e . es sa ,
a s n ar

an d p i t i g upw rd
o n d t t h S W i t h dir c t i
n a f t h t pl c
s an o e . . n e e on o a a e
 1 75

an d I b li v
ur t h N rt h r h b gu t bl w
e e e at th i v ry
s e ho e o e as e n o o .

B t I did
u t fi i h th t c f t t h t m m t h ug gr
no n s e se n e n e, or a a o en a e ee n

m t r fl h d t i t h v ry di c t i t wh ic h I w p i t i g I
e eo as e ou n e e re on o as o n n .

w t i h d t h t m y m r m i d p i t i g u t il t h m t r
as s o as on s e , a ar e a ne o n n n e e eo

di pp r d Wh I t ur d t ddr t h T h ird O ffic r h b ck d

sa ea e . en ne o a e ss e e ,
e a e

fr m m wit h f r i h i f c
o e d I thi k h c rc ly cr dit d m
ea n s a e an n e s a e e e e

wh I t ri d t xpl i t h t my rpri w qu l t h i
en e o e a n a su se as e a o s .

T h i w c i cid s b t t f y v l
as a ci t ific vid c
o n e n ce , u no o an a u e as s en e en e

of th N rt h r f
e w w r i th o N rt h A t l
e t ic ,
d f fr mor e e e n e o an an ar o

V lp r i
a a a so .

R O LLER S .

So m c ubj ct t
e tr
oast s are g b h vi ur f t h c s e o a s an e e a o o e o e an ,

w h ic h h t r c iv d uffi i
as n o t tt ti t
e bl
e t i f c t ry
e s c en a en on o en a e a sa s a o

e xpl t i t b di c v r d
an a on o e s o e e .

I R p r Pr ct ic f N vig t i
n a e s
’
xc ll t b k it i a e o a a on , an e e en oo ,
s

t t d th t
s a e R ll r i t rm ppli d t v ry h vy w ll ri i g
a o e s s a e a e o a e ea s e s n on

p rt icul r c t wit h ut y k w c u g r lly v ry quickly d

a a o as s , o an no n a se , ene a e an

s ub idi g v ry
s n d w h ic h c
e t i t ut f rmid bl
so o n , d gr an on s es a o a e an e .

H M S Juli w w ck d i c lm t T i t d A h i f w ’
. . . a as re e n a a a r s on cu n a n a e

mi t nu es M r r c t ly v ry v r l w xp ri c d t S t
. o e e en e se e e o ss as e e en e a .

H l e en a R ll r . t ic d o gr t d g r
e s are th c t f no e as a ea an e on e o as o

Gui w h r t h y br k i 5 6 f t h m
an a , e e e ea n or a o s
“Th U S Expl ri g Exp di t i
.

e . c h r d f f S F ci c o n e on an o e o an r an s o,

N v mb r 1 t 1 8 4 1 t h
o e e Vi c s ,
b i g i 7 f t h m d 3 mil ,
e n en ne s e n n a o s an es

ff h r
”
o s o e .

A b u t 1 0 p m t h r ll r g t up
o d br k wi t h t h c
. . ti u d
e o e s o an o e e on n e

r r f urf A t mid igh t

oa o a s br k
. b rd t h Vi c n a se a o e on oa e n en n e s a

s h ip f 78 0 t o di pl d t h b m d b t d k ill d m
on s, s ace e oo s an o a s an e a an .

Th t h r h ip i d p r w t r f l t
e o e s i c v i c
s n ee e a e e no n on e n en e .

St H l .i f m u f t h vi i t t i
e en a f r ll r
s S i W Gr y
a o s or e s a on o o e s . r . e

Wil th G v r
so n ,
r t ld m t h t M y 24 t h 1 8 97 t h r ll r w r
e o e no o e a on a ,
e o e s e e

h eavi r t h t h y h d b f 3 0 y r
e an e a ee n or ea s .

N r t h Ch il o P ru d C t r l A m ric e, l f t t r ubl d
e an en a e a ar e a s o o en o e
“
wi t h urf d y s th y c ll d w h ic h r d r l di g d m
a s as e are a e en e an n an e
,

b ark ti a f c rg on p o g r imp ibl C mm rc m y b

a o or asse n e s o ss e . o e e a e

t pp d f
s o dy
e or a s .

Th c u f th
e r ll r i g r lly t t ribut d t m di t t
a se o e se o e s s en e a a e o so e s an

h eavy g l t h y t h ug h t t
a e b t rm w v
e w h ic h h v
are o o e s o a es a e

t r v ll d
a e f r e a a .

T h i m y b t h c u m t im
s a d it c mplic t
e t h pr bl m
e a se s o e es , an o a es e o e

b t m r pr b bly t h c u
u o e i S l c t ric
o a e a se s e e .
 A N q c ns c o 37
122 W!

24

h m

/8 20
N ov e m b e r

6 M t 1m e .

Ve s s e l
'

su
.
b3 e n
U S Ex p /o ra h o n
.

N C E N N E S
VI

e ri e n c es
f o l/e rs .

e xp

at an ch o r

g o t Up
r o l le r
s
” t he
” l /0 pm
Ab a u

NOV [
5 7
lb . I? p m
[ ac 3 1 t im e ,
an

t 8 4 ‘
‘
C IS CO
N F R A N
1 22 w

N M
’7 G M T
m b er I
No v e
d hl
mi n i
g
l t m e
l o ca i
"
N o v I
o f

ra t i on Ve s s el
Exp l o
U 8

k on
S ea b ro e
hf
l
[ a
At m i d g n/

Man
kl /lCd
.
a
” and
b o a rd

s ubna

14 4 5 3

1 28
F IGS .
1 27
.
 1 78

B ay

Tn m q o

[4 N ”

~
°

s lo 3 ~ 61 5 n

P 09 5 a s ho r t l
'
C U I C of ISO mi le s

30 14 3 0

W k M
n
u m
NO VE M B E R 4 lo - o 6 M T . LO C A L T imE . 5 5 2 c m No v - 4 .

An i s la n d ris e s Fro m th e oc e an at S .
in f ire a nd s mo k e

lg l I
— Fm e a '
WA m e
S EC O N D WA R N lN G

6 Da e mo n OF S u n
l /oa/r a t
"
e x/re m e fl/mafi ?
ee a)
O C /o b e r 27 G M T

an d Mo o n at t h e t um e o F if Ie a/m ws
p0 / fl/ f a Me do t
ab e s t B C II P S B o Ft he S u n
g re
0 u M
re p re se n /m g Me /5 /a n d W/l / C/I
'
OC T O B E R 2| - 15 - 5| Gn c e u MT .

ca m e up f ro m 3 EA m
'
3e ~
~
O io [7l
.

l 6 ~Gl e
’
/5 3 ano
’
5 71 W
(I . IO w no d /r

‘
3 LA N D

T H IP D WA R N IN G

o — q - s m
1-3 —5 2 6 MT
N O VE M B E R zé 3
e 's no d

F IGS . 1 29 1 3 0
,
13 1 .
 1 79

gr t t clip
e a es c b r 2l t w h ic h w lm t v rt ic lly v r t h
e se o n O to e s ,
as a os e a o e e

sp t wh r t h
o i l d ft rw rd c m up
e e e s an a e a s a e .

Wh th i l d r fr m t h
en th r e w gr t p it iv
s an ose o e se a e e as ea os e

l t i pr
so ec r c ur th rt h d t t h pl t d t h
ess e on h rt e ea ue o re e an e s an e su n s o

c ircuit i g n .

Th ly f pr c di g w t t r f rm p w r i t m t ri l
e on sa e o ee n as o an s o o e n o a e a ,

w h ic h w d by t h cr t i f i l d
as on e e ea on o an s an .

T h f ll wi g i t r t i g cc u t f t h i
e o o v t i c pi d fr m t h
n n e es n a o n o s e en s o e o e

L d Pr
on on e ss .

B IRT H OF A N IS LA N D .

A TL A N T IC P H E N OME N O N .

P S O RT o r P A IN ,

N ov em b er 6ik, 1 91 1 .

An i l d h ri fr m t h w t r i t h S rp t M u t h S t r it
s an as sen o e a e n e e en
’
s o a ,

b twe een Tri id d d V zu l

n a an en e e a .

Th e ph m w pr c d d by xt r rdi ry c mm t i i
en o en o n as e e e e ao na o o on n

the s e a , an d h ug c lum f m k d fl m wre o ns o s o e an a es e e se en .

LA N D B O R N IN S M OK E A N D F I RE
IS .

PE O PLE W H O M IS T O O K IT F O R T H E EN D O F T H E W O RLD .

P R S O T or P A IN ,

T R IN ID A D ,

N ov em b er 7t h .

up h v l f m ll i l d fi t h u t h r c t h
Th e ea a o t ur lly
as a s an o e so e n o as as n a a

cr t d m xcit m t i t h c l y p ci lly i t h di t ric t w h r

ea e so e e e en n e o on , es e a n e s e e

thi trs s g ph m an ccurr d e en o e n on o e .

N thi g b t th o d f t h w rld c uld i t h

n u y f t h c u t ry
e en o e o o ,
n e e es o e o n

p pleo th dj i i g c t b h pp i g w h cl ud f m k
e on e a o n n o as , e a en n en o s o s o e

an d fi hu d d re ,f f t h ig h w r b lc h d pp r t ly fr m t h
n re s o p ee , e e e e a a en o e o en

d th y d
s e a , an rt d t h i dw lli g m
e d i t h r f ll
e se e th e r e n s en a sse an e e e on e

r ad d pr y d fld t t h w d f h lt r
o an a e , or e o e oo s or s e e .

T h h ig h t f th fl m
e m y b u d r t
e d fr m t h f ct t h t
o e a es a e n e s oo o e a a

th y w re i P rt f S p i
e e s ee n 4 0 mil w y Th fir t i t im t i
n o o a n, es a a . e s n a on

of yt h i g u u u l w
an n t h m r i g f t h 4 t h N v mb r w h
n s a as o n e o n n o e o e e , en

a fi h rm b rv d m ll c
s e an f l od pr t rudi g fr m t h
se e a s a on e o an o n o e s e a,

wh r h k w
e e l d h d xi t d b f r . O ppr c h i g h
e ne no an a e s e e o e n a oa n , e

f u d t h w t r bubbli g ll r u d d g t t i g frigh t d r w d
o n e a e n a o n , an e n en e , o e

awy a .

Duri g t h v i g t h r w n l ud r p rt imm di t ly
e e en n e e as a o e o , e a e su c

ce ed d by ed c lum f m k d t h fi
a Th i c t i u d
e n se o n o s o e an en re . s on n e ,

b t gr du lly di m i ish d u t il t h
u a a ly m r i g n e n e e ar o n n .
 18 0

Th e ne w
c mmu ic t d t t h G v r r S i G rg L
s w as o n a e o e o e no ,
r eo e e

Hu t n th e, m igh t d rly xt m i g h l f t i
e sa e n f th ,
an ea ne o rn n e e n on e o e

G v r m t t m r wit h
o e n en m ll p rt y t vi it t h pl c O
s ea e s a s a a o s e a e . n

a rr iv l it w f u d t h t t h i l d t h b ut 2% cr i xt t
a as o n a e s an , en a o a es n e en ,

w as s it u t d m t w mil ff t h vill g f Ch t h m t h B y f
a e so e o es o e a e o a a ,
1 11 e a o

Eri w h r C lumbu i id t h v l d d
n, e e o h i di c v ry f
s s sa o a e an e on s s o e o

Tri id d d 1 2 mil f r m t h B c dc 1 S i rp
n a , an S rp t es o e o a a e e, or e en
’
s

M u t h t h u t h r t r c t t h Gulf f P ri A lt h ugh t h
o , e so e n en an e o e o a a . o e

s u f c w t ill h t t h p rt y m g d t l d d f u d t h cru t
r a e as s o , e a an a e o an , an o n e s

f irly h rd t w rd t h c t r f t h i l d
a a o a s e en e o e s an .

Tw cr t r t d t b ut 6 f t i di m t r T h h igh t
o a e s s oo ou ,
a o . n a e e . e es

p i t w b ut 1 5 f t b
o n as a l v l Th r w
o di t i ct m ll . a ov e se a
‘

e e . e e as a s n s e

o f ilo d ulp h ur
an d g ws t ill c pi g f m t h cr t r G
, an as as s es a n ro e a e s . as

c uld b h rd rumbli g b l w d i t h pi i f
o e ea xp rt w h n e o , an n e o n on o an e e o

w as pr t t h p h m w r d t
e sen e rup t i f mud v lc
en o en a e e ue o an e on o a o an o ,

o cc i d by il g
as on e Th f ili d r m i f m ri
o as im l w r
. e o ss se e a ns o a n e an a s e e

no t ic d e .

Th xp rt c u t d f t h bl z by t h t riki g t g t h r f
e e e ac o n e or e a e e s n o e e o

r ck c t i i g ir pyrit w h ic h ig it d t h g
o s on a n n on d c u d th es, n e e as , an a se e

e xpl i d fi
o s o n s an — R ut r re o e .

Th xp r t w h cc mp i d t h G v r r i rd r t xpl i
e e e ,
o a o an e e o e no n o e o e a n

th eseh pp i g cc u t f t h bl z t by t h t riki g t g t h r
a en n s, a o n s or e a e, e c .
, e s n o e e

o f r ck o T h fi h rm
s . y h t d t h w t r bubbli g ll r u d
e s e an s a s e no e e a e n a o n

an d b c m f rig h te a d H m k e r m rk b u t m ll f g
en e . e a es n o e a a o a s e o as .

Th w t r w pr b bly b ili g O ly m ll c
e a e as o f l dwa o n . n a s a on e o an as

vi ibl
s d r ck w r t riki g t g t h r S upp
e , an no o h u
s wr e e s n o e e . ose a o se e e

bur t d w n d o xp rt w r
n , an t t di c v r t h c u f t h
an e e e e se n o s o e e a se o e

a ccid t ; d upp h i r p rt w t h t t h h u w buil t f

en an s os e s e o as a e o se as o

i fl mm bl m t ri l d w d t r y d by t ki g fi
n a a e a e a W uld an as es o e a n re . o

t hi t t m
s s a e t ti fy i ur c c mp y ; d d t h b v
en sa s an ns an e o an an oe s e a o e

e xpl t i b u t t h r ck t i f y y p r
an a on a o f v r g i t ll c t
e o s sa s an e son o a e a e n e e .

S l t i h
o ec r cst ug h t w h t f rc t h as d pl a t wi ld us a o es e su n an an e s e

an d wh t c umi g fi t h y
a ons d v l p ; t h t fut ur xp r t
n re s e c an e e o so a e e e s

pr idi g t t h birt h
es n ad l g r t ifl e se curi it y wi t h s n ee no on e s e ou r os a

mud v lc c mp d f r ck t riki g fi
o an o o ose o o s s n re .

H EA T AND CO LD W A VE S .

Ch an g es of te mp r t ur e a e o vr e the ea rt h ’
s s urf c a e ta k pl c
e a e

gr du lly
a a , as a rul e .

O n t h is ch g a cc u o nt t he c au s e s o f the an e ar e di ff icul t t i dic t o n a e

f f ct ft f ll w f t r d y i t rv l cumul t iv if
’
th e e e s o en o o a e a a s n e a ,
an d ar e a e

simil r c mbi t i c t i u t d v l p
a o na ons on n e o e e o .
 18 2

in r f w mil w y— d t h i h pp wit h v ry p ibl

an o t h e a e es a a an s a en s e e os s e

lu r c di t i
na on on .

B li f i t h i flu c f t h m up t h w t h r
e e s n e n f en ll e o e o on on e ea e ,
are o a

c h ri h d ill u i t h v ry h rd t t kill O uc h t h t t h f ull

e s e s on s , e e a es o . ne s a e

m o on t up t h cl ud h f u d
ea s upp rt f m y t m t ic
e o s as o n no s o ro s s e a

o b rv t i P f r Gr g ry t ll
se a on s, Th ly d fi it
r o e ss o ci e o e s us . e on e n e ass o a

ti on th t b r g rd d
a c an t bli h d b t w
e ch g f t h m
e a e as e s a s e e e en an es o e oo n

d w th r dd r l t t t h ccurr c f t h u d r t rm ”
an h
ea e , e a s, e a e o e o en e o n e s o s,

an d it i t w rt h y t h t t h i i
s no e v rl k d c mpl t ly i pr rbi l
o a s s o e oo e o e e n o ve a

p h il p h y T h u d r t rm
oso . f u d t b ligh t ly m r fr qu t
n e s o s are o n o e s o e e en

n ea r wm ne d th fi t qu rt r t h
o on r f ll m
an d th e rs a e an n ea u o on an e

l t qu rt r
as a e .

Th fir t p r g ph t t t h t v r l u t h it i
e s a a ra gr d s a es a se e a a or es are a ee

th t a f ull m a i bl t di p r cl ud Pr f r Gr g ry t h r
o on s a e o s e se o s . o e s so e o e e

up t ll t h t fr m y t m t ic b rv t i t h m h
on e s us a o uc h
s s e a o se a o ns e oo n as n o s

i flu c
n en e .

t h r Pr f r tr c lu r p ri d i c t ury ’
Th e o e o e ss o c an a e no na e o n a en s

r c rd T h i b k h b writ t i v i if t h r d r d
e o . s oo as t een en n a n e ea e oe s n o

p rc iv t h t t ur l p h m
e e e a th
na r ul t f t h c t i u u
a en o en a ar e e es o e on n o s

p rmut t i
e f t a S l c t ric b di
on s o d p rh p m r en e e o e s , an e a s o e .

Th S l t i i t r ct i
e up
o ec r c th r f th n e a m on on one an o e o e su n , oon

an d ig h t pl e t i t h mig h t y c u an e s f th w d rful di pl y f
s e a se o e on e s a s o

f rc di cu d i t h i b k d f w t h r l
o e s s se n s oo , an o ea e a so .

S up ri r p pl t ll e th t
o B li f i t h i flu c f t h m
eo e e us a e e s n e n en e o e oo n

up t h w t h r
on e f ll c h ri h d illu i
ea e th v ry h rd t t
are , o a e s e s on s e e a es o

k ill .

W i t h uc h lik p h r s d c rt i ci t i t gr t t h m t ur
e as e s o e a n s en s s ee e a a e

wh d r o t r a es rc h h t b i g d ck d i U iv r it y r b
o e se a ,
e no e n e e n n e s o es .

Th m t i l t d p t r i i g br c h f ci c i t h t f
e os n s o en an a on s n an o s en e s a o

m t r l gy b c u it i t h m t ig r t
e eo o o , e a se s e os n o an .

W i t h r gr t I r m mb r h w f t e my i quiri
e e t t th
e i e o o en n es , s e n o au or

ti es b t h t h m d br d r g rdi g t im d pl c f
o a o e an v t
a oa , e a n e an a e o an e en

h ave r c iv d r ply e e l e v ivno wr e l rg h t f , o r e s e an e as e an s e on a a e s ee o

ppr a e .

A p h il ph r d t w ll t b
oso gry l t h im r t h r r j ic
e oe s n o e o e an e a e e o e,

th t b f r
a l g t im c rt i ci t i t d m t r l gi t will h v
e o e a on e e a n s en s s an e eo o o s s a e

to b rb t h m
a so lik wi ll t he pl t i t t h ir i t ll ct u l
oo n , e se a e an e s , n o e n e e a

c vi t i f
a t t h rwi
es , or n o N t ur gr t t w rk h u d r t d
o e s e c an a e s
’
e a es o s e n e s oo .

Th f ll wi g e x mpl f h t d c ld
o o n xt r m c
e a es o ea an o are e e e as e s ,

b c u th c
e a se th ose impl t t xpl i as e s d illu t r t
ar e by e s es o e a n an s a e

di gr m It w
a a t d i th fir t c h p t r t h t imp rt t r ul t
as no e n e s a e a o an es s

f flw f t h S l t i f
.

f ll w d fr m t h dir c t i
o o e o e e on o o o e o ec r c o rc e .

W h ll w e s t h t wh a p it i i c t d up by g t iv
no s ee a en a os on s a e on ne a e
 18 3

S ub z e n

| 8 96

Ze n 20

F
heat Fo r Fo u r d a y s /18 7 -

18 96 S ub /73

2/ 113

BOU R K E

s va ~e v r ep o r t s g re a t e s t h e a t; on

F IGS. 1 3 2 85 1 3 3 .
 18 4

rc h t i t up t t h t p it i
S o l e c t ric f o e ea N g t iv f rc
s i
se a a os on . e a e o e s

giv f f by S l c t ric g t w h t h y t t r l t iv di t c f
en o e e a en s en e ac a e a e s an es o

5 74 fr m th r p it iv f rc i ci t d wit h t h di t c
°
o o n e an o e os e o e s as s o a e e s an e

d wi t h t h c u
an f l w t mp r t r e a ses o o e e a u e .

I th n y r 1 8 96 t l gr m duri g t h l t t r h lf f J u ry
e ea , e e a s n e a e a o an a

d crib d t h h t i N w S u t h W l
es e e ea t rrific
n d m y d th
e o a e s as e an an ea s

w r ccur i g fr m u t r k
e e o r n o s ns o e
“Th Tim
.

f J u ry 24 t h 1 8 96 r p r t f ll w
” —I
e es o an a , , e o s
- as o o s n

N w S ut h W l
e o th h t i pr t r c t d
a es i t h B urk di t ric t it i
e ea s o a e n e o e s s

t rribl
e T h t mp r t u
e . eW d e d y t h 22 a w 1 25 F i
e a re on e n es a e n as
°
. n

th h d
e s d th
a v r ag t mp r t ur f f ur pr vi u d y h d
e , an e a e e e e a e or o e o s a s a

b ee n 5 Th v r g f th m th i
. e a d t S yd y t h
e a e or e on s an a ne e

h ig h t r c rd t h r F rt y fi d t h h v ccurr d f r m h t
es on e o e e . o -
ve ea s a e o e o ea

a p pl xy d ll bu i
o e an i u p add s n es s s s s en e .

Th x d di gr m 1 3 2 d 1 3 3 f J u ry 20 t h d 22 d
e an n e e a a s an or an a an n

64 w.. .

0
N EW YO R K 5” 0 N e w YO R K

. L SU Q ’ C I)

9 13 44 8

65 W 74 25 3 J U bJ en
6 3 ! w 13 24 S

x w 13 n o M y 72 1 w
S UN

0 n a. u u .

Au g u s t 8 3
”
I7 2 7 ,
Aug u s t 10 . 5 O G M T
. .

'
/o ca/ t 1 m e [0 6 0 V l im e .
Au g u s t /0 f lv o o lv

/ 63 D e a f /i s l /7/fs da y

H EA T W A VE N ew Y
ork .

F I GS . 134 135 .
 18 6

We at h e r
B r u t d t d th tr t l v l t
u ea Th s oo a an on e s ee e e a e

e v i g p p r publi h li t f t h h t c u lt i w h ic h ccupi
en n a e s s a s o e ea as a es , o es

tw lid c lum
o so Tw t y fi t h u d p pl l p t l t ig h t i
o ns . en -
ve o s an eo e s e as n n

t h d cke Th t h r
o g f xcur i i t fr m t h cit y xc d d t h
s . e on s o e s on s s o e e ee e e

c p cit y f t h b t d r ilw y t bri g t h m b ck

a a o e o a s an a a s o n e a .

T h i c mbi t i f Jupit r d t h t w i f ri r pl t wit h

s o na on o e an e o n e o an e s

th i m r p w rful t h
e su n c mbi t i f y t h r pl t
s o e o e an a o na on o an o e an e s

wit h t h f d v l pi g h t
e su n , or e e o n ea .

xt x mpl i f m S u t h A m ric T h h t t Bu
Th e ne e a e s ro o e a . e ea a e n os

Ay duri g t h l t w k f J u ry 1 90 0 h d b p h m l
r es n e as ee o an a , ,
a e en en o en a ,

b t it i t
u i t y i cr d duri g t h fi t d y f F bru ry
s n en s n e as e n e rs a s o e a .

Th Bu e A yr H r ld f F bru ry 9t h 1 90 0 c
e n os t i
es e a
”
o e a on a ns
“
, , ,

th f ll w i g
e o — Th
o h t w v i Bu
n Ay Hu d d e f ea a e n e n os r es . n re s o

c rpo w it i g buri l Milit ry i t c T rribl c

se s a a n a F . a ass s an e . e e s en es . or

th p t tw w k th h
e as t h o b p h m l d it h g
ee s e ea as ee n en o en a , an as on e o n

a ccumul t i g u t il it m y b id t h v r c h d t h p i t f h um
a n n a e sa o a e ea e e o n o an

en dur c T h ur d y l t F bru ry l t d t h v r m i d t
an e on s a as , e a s , an o a e e a ne a

t h t p i t fr m t h
a o n u t il S u d y v i g F bru ry 4 t h b u t
o en n n a e en n , e a ,
a o

9 cl ck w h t h w lc m u d f H v
o
’
o , en rt ill ry w h rd
e e o e so n o ea en s a
’
e as ea ,

an d t h p t p cl ud g v up w h t w h d ll b
e en -
u o l gi g f wi t h
s a e a e a a e en on n or

uplift d y t h g t l r i fr m H v
e e es , e en e a n o ea en .

T hi r i c t i u d m r s l i t th m r i g d t
a n on n e o e or es s n o e o n n , an a

s u ri n t h wri t r w
s e , as d d h i w y h m fr m c
e e w h ic h w ulden e s a o e, o s en es o

h v m d th
a e t ut t h
a e rt qu il t h i f l t
e s o f t d b lmy
es ea s a , e a r e as s o an a as

one e xp ri c ly c t wic i lif t im

e en es on on e or e n a e e .

Th f f ct f t h gr t h t w v b g
e e e t b f lt i
s o ll t h ir
e ea ea a e e an o e e n a e

f rco Frid y F bru ry 2 d d t h public mbul c c rp w

e on a , e a n , an e a an e o s as

r lly c ll d i t h f t h fi r t t im t r d r id t m y uf f r r
ea a e n en or e s e o en e a o an a s e e

w h dr pp d d w i t h
o o tr t
e o n n e s ee s .

O S t urd y F bru ry 3 d t h h t w
n a mr it
a , e d a r , e ea as o e n en se , an

m y m r ic t im w r dd d t t h l rg li t ; b t
an o e v s Su d y e e a e o e a e s u on n a ,

F br ry 4 t h t h clim x w r ch d w h t h mbul c c rp
e ua , e a as ea e en e a an e o s

d l t wi t h 3 20 c
ea f u t r k t h m j ri t y f w h ic h pr v d f t l
ase s o s ns o e, e a o o o e a a .
”

T w w k pr vi u ly t ho h
ee t b g s t b xc iv
e od s e ea e an o e e e ss e , an on

J u ry 26t h t h
an a d m w r 5 75 p r t id d by S t r
e s u n an oon e e
°
a a , a e a u n .

T h i w r i g c mbi t i f ll Bu
s a n n A yr d c u d th
o na on e on en o s e s an a se e

t mp r t ur t ri
e e a e o se .

di gr m 1 3 6 f F br ry 4 t h 2 h 5 4 m h w
°

Th e a a or e ua ,
. . s o s

g p h ic lly w h t w r t h c u w hic h c t d Bu
ra a a A yr
e e d e a se s a e on en o s e s an

pr duc d gr t h t t h t m y di d i t h t r t
o e so ea a ea a an e n e s ee s .

H r ld y t b u t 9 cl c k n S n d y v ni g ’
Th e e a sa s a a o o o o u a e e n ,
 18 7

Fe b r u a ry 4 2 54 G M T

$ 43 W 9
‘ 9 "S
‘
ab z an

He a t w a ve m

RIVB I
'
P la t e

i o/f es f p er / Cd 3 20 c as e s o f s u ns /To k e

22 3 ”
h
A

J il n

0 M

N M

l oca l [ 10 76 Fe b )
’
4 3 /6 p m

f /7e f re a f
'
ca m e an d b rea k up o f

F IGS . 136 137 .

F bru ry e a w lc m u d f H v
4t h , t h e rt ill ry w h rd
e o e so n o ea en s a
’
e as ea

et c .
,
d th hant w v w e di p r d by r i
ea a e as s e se a n .

Wh t c u d t hi l g d f
a a se ch g i t h w t h r ? Th
s on e or an e n e ea e e

an n e x d di gr m 1 3 7 c lcul t d f 9 h 1 6 m p m t Bu
e a a a Aya e or . . . . a en o s res

an s w r t h qu t i
e s e Th r es w t hr
on .l m t f 8 8 ct i g
e e ar e no ee e e en s o
°
a n

on th cit y r f h i g ll t h i g wit h p it iv f rc d m ki g t h
e ,
e res n a n s os e o e an a n e

air f l ee xp ri c
as ly c t w ic i lif t im
on e e e en es on on e or e n a e e .

Th c e d as e mplifyi g ;
n ee s d r m t b t ifi t h
no a n no a o n en e au es e
 18 8

Le t E gl d
u s sh ift the scen e to n an .

Duri g t h m t h f July 1 91 1 t h w t h r i E gl d b c m
n e on o , , e ea e n n an e a e

v ry h t d t h i u u u l t mp r t u culmi t d A ugu t 9t h
e o ,
an s n s a e e a re na e on s .

Th f ll wi g cu t t i g fr m t h P
e o o d crib t h m t r l g ic l
n n s o e r e ss es e e e eo o o a

c dit i
on ons .

O c d c ly i c ccur t r c d w fir t t k
n e an on e on , s n e a a e e or s ere s a en ,

h v L
a d r xp ri c d h d t mp r t u wit h i t w d g r
e on on e s e e en e a s a e e e a re n o e e es

of t h t h pp i g A ugu t 9t h 1 91 1 w h
a a l r li blen n on s , , en se v e ra e a e

i t rum t i t h Cit y r g i t d b t
ns en s 96 n d d fe f w e s er e e a e en
°
an an or a e

mi ut t h t h rm m t r t Gr w ic h O b rv t ry w h ic h h b
n es e e o e e a een se a o ,
as e en

u d t h Gr w ic h t d d i c 1 8 4 0 t d t
se as e een s an ar s n e ,
s oo a

HO TTE S T D A Y ON RE CO RD .

“L ON D O N CH R O N ICLE , A u gu s t l ot h , 1 91 1 .

All h e at r c rd e o s in t h is c u t ry w br k
o n e re o en y e st e rd y A ugu
a ,
st

9t h , t h e t e mp r t ur e a e at the M t r l gic l O f fic
e eo o o a e at So u t h K i gt en s n on

r c h i g 97 i t h h d
ea n
°
n e s a e .

T h i figu w l t t i d t H il t i N rf lk
s re as a s o a a ne a hn g on ,
n o o ,
96
°
w as
r h d t Li c l 95 t K w d 94 t N t t i g h m
e ac e a n o n,
°
a e ,
an
°
a o n a .

U l u xp c t d t h d r t rm bri g r li f t h r
n e ss ne e e un e s o s n e e , e e is e v ry
e

pr p c t t h t t h t mp r t ur m y ri t i ll h ig h
os e a The e e a e a se s er . ere w as l tas

nigh t ig f br k i t h w t h
no s n o a ea n e ea er .

EA T S TR ICKE N CITY H -
.

TEM PER A TURE T O UCH E S 90 A T 9 O CL O CK ° ’

.

Th h ig h t t mp r t ur
e r r c rd d ffi ci ll y i L d w
es e e a e ev e e o e o a n on on as

r c h d y t rd y A ugu t 9t h t h t h m m t r t t h M t r l gic l
ea e es e a , s , e er o e e a e e eo o o a

O fii S ut h K
ce , i gt t uc h i g 97 A imil r figur w r c rd d
o en s n on , o n s a e as e o e

at H illi gt i N r f lkn on , n o o .

It w rly vid t t h t t h d y w g i g t b p h m ll y
as e a e en a e a as o n o e en o en a

h t o Th r w
. t br t h f i ligh t h t h z h u g b ut
e e as n o a ea o a r, a s ea a e n a o ,

an d ly 9 cl ck t h t h rm m t r h d climb d t 90 i t h
a s e ar as o
’
o e e o e e a e o
°
n e

sh d a T h r f t r it r t dily u t il t h m ximum w t t i d
e . e ea e o se s e a n e a as a a ne .

I t h Ci t y t h h
n t w et ur ll y v r ly f l t d f rt u t
e ea as n a a se e e e ,
an un o na e

p pl wh w r c mp ll d t t v r t h
eo e o e e c rc h d t r t o e e o ra e se e su n -
s o e s ee s

exp ri c d t r pic l c dit i

e en e Cu i u ly o ug h h w v r t h
a on on s . r o s eno ,
o e e ,
e

m ximum t mp r t u r c rd d i t h Ci t y did t qu l t h t t t h
a e e a re e o e n e no e a a a e

M t r l gic l O f f ic Th h urly r di g by M r N g r t t i
e eo o o a e . e o ea n s e ss s . e e

Z mbr i t rum t i H lb Ci cu w r
a a s
’
ns en s n o o rn r s e e
 1 90

pe r at u r e v r E gl d ;
o e n an y e t we c an se pr a at e ct i the a on of ea ch
so le ct r ic b dy d h w
o an s o o n w h at p it i
os on it s i flu c f ll
n en e a s .

ypic l c
A t f c ld w v will w b g iv
a ase o a o a e no e en .

Th Gr p h ic f F bru y 1 6t h 1 8 95 y
e a E rly t h o e ar , ,
sa s a on e

m i g f F bru ry 6t h 1 8 95 t h t h m m t f ll t z r i t h
o rn n o e a , ,
e er o e er e o e o n e

Mi dl d an d ll v r t h Br t i h I l
s , an d it w c id bly b l w
a o e e i s s an s as on s er a e o

freezi g p i t
n o n .

Th Th m we fr z v a d fr m L
es d B idg t S u y
as o en o e r , an o on on r e o r re

C mm rci l D ck w
o e alid m o s a s a so ass .

Th M dw y f r m S h
e re D cky d t th I l
a f G i w
o e e n e ss o ar o e s e o ra n as

fr z
o v r ; d c mmu ic t i wit h t h g u r d h ip T h u d r r
en o e an o n a on e a s n e e

at the N o r e cu t o ff .

A ll ov r t h c u t y w muc h di t
e e o n r as s re ss u
t hro g h t h e c ldo , an d w ild
bird s di e d i h u dr d
n n e s .

M/o S CO YLA N D

77
73 c old wa v e
Fe ar/ ( E

ex t r e me oer/1 17 5 0 00

13 6

7778 g re a t: Fr o s t: p e r/0 d wh e n t he t e mp e r a t u r e

th e fld/ / ah o s
’
wa s Z e ro .

F IG . 139 .
 1 91

Th e c ld l
om w k b t t h m r i g f t h 6t h
a st e d f or so e ee s, u e o n n o e

F bru y d t h 7t h w t h t im f g r t t i t it y
e ar an e er e e es o ea es n en s .

Th xt m t mp t u u u lly y c h i w it h t h m
e se e re e e er a re s s a s n r o n se e oon s
’

v y h ig h d cli t i
er rt h e ut h na on n o o r so .

I thi i t n c th s m r i g f t h 6t h F bru y t h m
n s an e , on e o n n o e e ar ,
e oo n

w as a t 28 36 39 N
°
v y h ig h d cli t i
’
d t h di g m 1 3 9
”
.
,
a er e na on ,
an e a ra

i c lcul t d f
s a t h t p t icul
a e t im F b u ry 5 d 1 8 h
or GMT
a ar ar e e r a . . . . .

S v r
e c ld i r p rt d f m S c t l d d
e e o s f e S ut h
o f e ro o an an as ar as o o

Fr c
an e .

Th li f 88
e d m t t t h p culi p w f p it iv
n es o
°
e on s ra e e e ar o er o os e

l t i f rc
so e c r c o e .

Th m t h f J u ry d F bru y 1 91 7 i t h B it i h
e on s o an a an e ar , ,
n e r s

I l s an d will b m mb d m t h f f t d w J
s e re e y er e as on s o ro s an sn o . an u ar

w as d p d i g l m d t h ug h t h
ra e n b k t h ugh i F bru ry
oo ,
an o e su n ro e ro n e a

t h t mpe e t ur f ll l w r t h
e ra b f r Th c u f t h i l gt h d
e e o e an e o e . e a se o s en en e

p ri d f m l c h ly w t h w
e o o e an i f m p it i wh t
o ea er a s a s er e s o oon os on s en a

e xt r m d cli t i f m w h ic h w c t c f 8 8 v r E gl d d
e e e na on ro e re as ar s o
°
o e n an an

a dj i i g c u t ri
o n n o n es .

O J u y 5t h 1 2 h t h m
n an war x t m d cli t i . e oo n as on e re e e na on

no r t h d 8 8 w y f m Brit i h l l d B t t t h i t im t h
an
°
a a ro d s s an s . u a s e e su n an

a ll t h pl t w lik wi t h w i g p it iv S l t i rc f 8 8
e an e s e re e se ro n os e o ec r c a s o
°

o v v i u d t ict f
er ar o i l d d f th c t t
s is r s o ou r s an s an o e on in e n .

O J u ry 1 9 d 22 h
n an F bru ry 1 d 1 8 h
a d F bru ry . .
,
on e a . .
,
an on e a

1 6t h 8 h t h m .w ll t h
e d t t x t m d c li t i
oo n d as, on a e se a es a e re e e na o n an

in i m il p it i f t riki g c ld i t W t r Eur p
a s ar os on or s n o n o es e n o e, as on

J u y 5 t h Lik wi t h
an ar . d m y pl t c t d i c mp y
e se e su n an an an e -s a e n o an

wit h t h m ed t th m f f c t D i gr m h v b d w t
o o n an o e sa e e e . a a s a e een ra n o

illu t r t t h i m k bl i flu c b t I v id burd i g t h b k
s a e s re ar a e n en e ,
u a o en n e oo

wi t h m o re .

Th u i flu c t 8 8 i l f c ld d c v r g t r
e s n s
’
n en e a
°
s a so or o ,
an o e s a r ea e

r
a ea th d th m an i flu c b c u wi g t t h u
oe s e oon s
’

n en e e a se o n o e s n s
’

lw mvm tm
s o er o r f t h rt h r t t u d t h i i flu c
e en o re a e a o e ea o a es n er s n en e

t uc h t im O M h 20 t h 1 91 7 p p Gr wic h t im t h u ’
a s a e . n ar c ,
a . ee n e e s n s

c tr w
en e th Equ t
as o n W h il cr i g it t h e f r m it di a or . e o ss n e su n o s na r

p it i t h r w br d
os on b lt v r E g l d t
e a d thi c u d
oa ar e o r e o e n an ,
e c .
,
an s a se

a m th m on f wi t r f ldi r d f rm t b t t l g i t O
o re o n e o r so e an a er o a e a a ns . n

th t d ya c ld r t h wi d d w qu ll ig ll d t h c mi g
a a o no n an sn o s a s s na e e o n

m th on .

T h l t x mpl i t h t f
e as c ld w v w hi c h p d v r E g l d
e a e s a o a o a e a s se o e n an

i F bru ry 1 91 2
n e a ,
.
 1 92

D AI LY MA I L FEBRUA RY ,
5 TE , 1 91 2 .

BEL O W ZER O .

YE A R S OO LD E S T DAY FO R 45 .

3 5 DEGREE S O F FR O S T .

S N O W P L O UG H S I N L O N D O N .

S KA TER S CA R N I V A L
’
.

S t urd y F bru ry 3 d w
a th c ld t d y f 4 5 y r A t
a ,
e a r ,
as e o es a or ea s .

D v r S t urd y igh t t h m t r l gic l t t i r gi t r d 3 5 f

o e on a a n e e eo o o a s a on e s e e
°
o

fr t — 3 F h h it b l w z r A t N rwic h t h m c y t uch d
os
°
a ren e e o e o . o e e r ur o e

h lfa d gr b l w z r T h i i t h m t v r F bru y w t h r
a e ee e o e o . s s e os se e e e ar ea e

r c rd d i E gl d d t h c ld t w t h r i c J u ry 4 t h 1 8 67
e o e n n an ,
an e o es ea e s n e an a , ,

wh t h t h rm m t r t d t 4 b l w z r i L d
en e e o e e s oo a
°
e o e o n on on .

Th f ll wi g t bl h w t h d gr
e o f f r t r gi t r d t t h r
o n a e s o s e e ees o os e s e e a o e

pl c duri g t h w k d
a es n e ee -
en

I) e gr e e s .

We st m o re l an d 29 g m
N o t t in h a
R di g
ea n 23 Bl ckp la oo

B rd r Di t rict
o e 22 s M lv r a e n

Li c l h i
n o ns 20 re W t up r M r
e s on - s e -
a e

Birmi gh m n 18
a A b ry t wy t h
e s

L d on on 17 W ym u t h
e o

H rr g t
a o a e 17 T rqu y
o a

N wc t l
e as 17
e

S w t rm cc mp i d by t r g k
no s o s, r t h rly wi d
a o an e a s on ,
e en ,
no e n ,

s w pt e rly ll p r t f t h c t ry d i g t h w k d
nea a a s o e o un ur n e ee -
en .

L d y t rd y m r i g 4 t h F bru ry w
on on es e cit y f il c a o n n ,
e a ,
as a o s en e .

A f t w h i t c rp t f
so w hu h d th e d f ll t r f fic d i t i
a e o sn o s e e so u n o a a an n en s

fi d th
e u l S bb t h c lm P pl
e u s at h ir w y t a ch u ch t r d
a a . eo e on e a o r o

i l ly t h w hi t cl d p v m t O ly t h c h urc h b ll br k
n o s e e ss e e- a a e en s . n e e s o e

th il c
e s en e .

T h fi t di gr m 1 4 0 i c lcul t d f
e rs J u ry 3 0 d 21 h 3 8 m
a a s a a e or an a . . .

G M T t h t im w h t h m w wi t h i 5 c d f t t i i g
. . . e e en e o on as n se on s o a a n n

e xt r m d cli t i N
e e e na on .

T h i di g m i v ry i t ruc t iv
s d v ry
a ra l t i b dy s e ns e , an e e so e c r c o co n

t ribu t t th g r l c dit i
es o E c h li f 8 8 h it p t icul r
e en e a on on . a ne o
°
as s ar a

o bj c t iv m rk d l g it lt h ugh t h ir rc v r t h l d mu t
e e a e a on ,
a o e a s o e e an s

O ft i t r ct
en n e se .

Th c d di gr m F b u ry 2 d 1 4 h 5 4 m
e se on a h w a , e r a . . . s o s

th p it i
e t th
os t im w h t h l w t t mp r t
on a wre e en e o es e e a ur e s e e
 1 94

e xp ri c d Th E t c t i
e en e il d wit h vig ur d t h c ld
. e as oas s a s sa e o an e o

i gr t t t h r
s ea e s e e .

A m r ccur t xpl t i f h t d c ld w v
o e a a e e an a on o ea an o a e s , n or o n e so

f ll y
u t i f c t ry h
sa v r b di c v r d w m y p
s a o ,
t as n e e e en s o e e ,
so e a ass o n o

o t h r pr bl m
e ft r of u t h r b rv t i
e Th pls a t du i g t h i e a r e o se a on . e an e s r n e r

c ju c t i wit h t h
on n c u c ld w v t h u h t b i g
on e su n a se o a e s, e s n s
’
ea e n

dr w w y f r m t h
a n a th a i pp it i t h i r v r f f t
o e e ar n O os on er e s a e e se e ec .

Jupit r f x mpl i c ju c t i wit h t h

e or e p duc
a c ld e n on n on e su n ro es a o

sn a p v r t h r dir c t ly ff ct d b t w h Jupit r i i
o e e a e as j e a e e u en e s n co n u n c

ti on w it h t h m r i t rm p duc d E c h pl t pr duc
e o on a n s o s ar e ro e . a an e o es

it s sp ci l f f ct d if c t i g i c mp y wit h t h r t h y p duc
e a e e an a n n o an o e s e ro e

c mplic t d ult w t h r mpl

o a e t yt u v l
re s s, ea e sa es n o e as o n ra e .

YLUMS AS .

R mTh e o an s mu t h v t d c t u i
g t h t c rt i p r s a e no e en r es a o a e a n e so n s

w r li bl t fi t
e e a e o s o f i it y t i t rv l m r
p ci lly t t h p ri d
n san a n e a s, o e es e a a e e o

o f f ull m o on .

I m f n so i t it ut i I l r t h t xt r i t c i r qui d
e o o ur ns on s ea n a e a ass s an e s e re

a t b ut f ull m
a o t im t tt d lu t ic o on e o a en na s .

I r c ll c t efi d y vi i t i g
o e g tl m on e bu i d Ine a s n a en e an on s n e ss an

f u d h im i t h h ll wi t h
o n umbr ll v r h i h d H w it t i g
n e a an e a o e s ea . e as s n

on a c h i cr i g d igh i g b t t u h ppy I w r qu t d
a r oo n n an s n ,
u no n a . as e es e

t ow it wh il a m st r w f t
a t f ull m
e , as b t id t h a e as o en so , a o on ,
u ,
sa e

m id t h t t ck will
a e a p a soo n ass .

I t hi i t n c Lu (t h m ) r m v d h i flu c i h lf
s n s an e na e o on e o e er n en e n a

an h u
-
o r .

Ag i it i t a n i fi q ,
t ccu r c i umm r f
s no tr g
an n
'
e u en o r en e n s e or a s on

m ant b kil l d by u t r k Th urr u di g t mp r t u

o e e s ns o e . e s o n n e e a re

pr b bly m y t xc d 90 F h d y t m ypr m y f ll
°
o a a no e ee a .
,
an e an e so n s a a

u c ci u i t h t r t f m t h f f c t f t h u r y
n on s o s n e s ee ro e e e o e s n s
’
a s .

t l r t T ki h b t h d °
A m an h t f 20 0 F h i
can o e a e a ea o a . n a ur s a , an

e v en muc h h igh r t mp r t
a y t h m y di f etr k i e e a ur e , e e a e o su n s o e n a

t mp r t ur u d r 1 0 0 F h
°
e e a e n e a .

Evid t ly t h f f ct
en t d t h t l Th y d
e se e e s ar e n o ue o ea a on e . e are ue

t o th v lum d h igh p t t i l f l t i f c wh ic h m y b
e o e an o en a o so e c r c or e a e

p i g t t h t im
ass n a e e .

By h rt ci cuit i g t r g curr t f l t ricit y t h ugh

s o r n a s on en o e ec ro a

m an sb dy h m y b l c t r cut d Th m
’
o ,
e rv t h t i h i
a e e e o e . e an s n e
’
e s, a s s

l c t ric c duct r h d t t h
e e on y c p cit y f c rryi g
o s, a no e n ece s sar a a or a n so

g t c h rg T h y w uld t h r f r b d t r y d i fl h d
re a a a e . e o e e o e e es o e n a as ,
an

lif w uld c
e o c mm ic t i b t w br i d mu cl w ld
e ase as o un a on e een a n an s e ou

be n o n -e x ist e n t .
 1 95

imil rly t h h rm i u w rki g f w k b i m y b

S a e a on o s o n o a ea ra n a e

d t r y d by t h p g f p culi r qu lit y f l t i f rc uc h
es o e e ass a e o a e a a o so e c r c o e, s

as a f rc f m o m w h ic h h d b m difi d by pl t
e ro su n or oon a een o e a an e
’
s

i flu c ;
n en v th p g f e l t i cu r
or e t t t g t
en e as s a e o a so e c r c r en a oo re a a

p t ti l f
o en w k b i t t l r t migh t ir t ri v bly d m g t h
a or a ea ra n o o e a e, re e a a a e e

judgm t d mi d f t h fl en an n o e su e re r .

W h ll f ll w up t h i rgum t by l c t i g x mpl
e s a o f uddo s a en se e n e a es o s en

o ut br k t ylum f t h w k mi d d Af t t h uit bl
ea s a as s or e ea -
n e . er e s a e

c lcul t i h v b m d w h ll t h b bl t judg
a a on s a e t een a e e s a en e a e o e as o

wh t h r t h
e ut br k w c u d by t h l t i c dit i t h i
e e o ea s ere a se e so e c r c on on en n

f rc
o w r d t m t h g t t y t di c v r d
e , or e e ue o so e o er a e n no e s o e e .

I 1 8 90 t h rn pp r d t ic i m f t h L d w p p r
e e a ea e a no e n so e o e on on n e s a e s

t th
o f ll wi g f f c t
e o o n e e

O UTBRE A K OF C R IM IN A L LUN A T I CS ,
1 8 90 .

P A R IS , M ay 27t h

v y i u u t br k t k pl c y t
A er t th
se r o Crimi l s o ea oo a e es e rd y a a e n a

Lu t ic A ylum Bic t r
na s ,
e e .

O f th m t dne o g u lu t ic br k m b r d p d
e os an e ro s na s o e so e a s an O en e

th c ll f t h r pri r It w f u d c ry t c ll d t c h
e e s o o e s on e s . as o n ne e ss a o a a e a

m t f ldi r fr m t h f r t d f t r g d d l f r i t c t h
en o so e s o e o ,
an a e a oo ea o e s s an e e

lu t ic w r v rp w d d c fi d i t r it w i t c t
na s e e o e o e re an on ne n s a a s oa s .

A i p ct i f t h di gr m
n ns h w th t th r w
e fir t w r i g
on o e a a s s o s a e e as a s a n n

of t r ubl o M y 2l t 21 h 8 m e on wh t h m w a s ,
. . en e oon as o n

ex t r m d c li t i
e di gr m 1 4 2
e e na on a a .

T h er w c d w r i g wh
e d m
as w r
a se on a n n en sun an oon e e

di t t f m
s an th r M y 23 d 2 h 5 6 m G M T
ro o n e an o di gr m“ e ,
on a r ,
. . . . . a a

1 43 .

imm di t c u f t h ut br k
Th e t t gr p h ic lly by
e a e a se o e o ea i s se ou a a

th di gr m 1 4 4 f 8 h 4 3 m m f M y 26t h T h r w gr t
e a a ,
or . . a . . o a . e e as ea

l t i
so e c r c pr ur v r t h A ylum t t h t t im e ss l t
e o e e s a a e, a so a

2 h 4 6 m p m P ri t im
. wh t h . d S t ur
. cr d
. a s e, en e su n an a n o sse

o v r t h A ylum t 5 7
e e s a

Th xt x mpl i t k f r m t h U it d S t t
e ne e dth a cc u t e s a en o e n e a e s , an e a o n

f
ro m Liv rp l P t d M rcu y e oo os an e r .
 1 98

FIGH T WITH 3 00 L U N A T ICS .

Ce n t r lN
a e w Tlg m s e e ra .

N EW Y O RK ,

F rida y , A u gu s t 23 rd, 1 90 7 .

ibl lig h t ccu d y t d y t t h p it t y t D

A t e rr e o rre es er a a e en en ar a an n e

m N w Y k St t
o r a, e b t w t h i m t w h c i t t ir ly f
or a e ,
e een e n a es o on s s en e o

i c imi l d w d
n s an e r Th lu t ic
n a s , an 3 00 i umb r t t ck d ar ers . e n a s, n n e ,
a a e

t h gu r d
e wh a t fi t t ur s,d t h h up t h m b t w r f t
o a rs ne e o se on e , u e e a er

w rd f rc d t
a s o t h i rifl e Af t tw o h u th
u se ut b k w e r es . er o o rs e o re a as

s ubdu d O i m t w kill d d v l i jur d

e . ne n a e as e an se e ra n e .

A r f r c t t h di gr m h w t h t t ic f t h v t w
e e en e o e a a s s o s a no e o e e en as

giv A ugu t 1 9t h 1 9 h 5 0 m G M T
en on Tw w
s i g w r g iv ,
. . . . . o ar n n s e e en

a t th m t im b c u t h m w t h 5 7 5 di t t f m t h
e sa e e, e a se e o on as en
°
s an ro e

su n l ,
xt m d cli t i w h 8 8 f m t h A ylum t
a so on e re e e na on ,
en
°
ro e s a

D m r di gr m 1 4 5
an n e o a, a a .

Th c d di gr m 1 4 6 A ug u t 22 d 2 h 3 m h w t h t
e se on a a ,
s . . .
,
s o s a

th pl t
r ee i ti g th
an e s ar e a s s st xcit d f v r t h b i f t h n e su n o e e an e e e ra n s o e

i mt fD
n a es o m r lu t ic ylum an n e o a n a as .

O w d r if it i p ibl t h i ld p t c t t h i t it t i
ne on e s s o ss e o s e or ro e e se ns u on s

fr m S l t i
o f f ct ft
o ec r c e th m f lig h t i g c e duct rs, a er e an n e r o n on o s .

T h r i muc h r t ic c t ccu r c i lu t ic ylum

e e s e en e as o o r en es n n a as s , so

th t I h v h d m
a ath th eu u l diffi cul t y i g t h i g li bl
a ore an e s a n a er n re a e

i f rm t i
n o T h f ll w i g i t
a on .c i f m t h L d pr e o o n n s an e s ro e on on e ss .

REF O RMA T O RY MUT IN Y 1 91 2 ,

.

P Th d y J y 4 ih 1 91 2 A R IS , u rs a ,
au u ai
‘

,
.

T h h u dr d g i l mut i i d t
ree f m t ry t Cl rm t f
n e r s n e a a re o r a o a e on or

fi veh ur Tu d y ig h t J u y 2 d Th di c t f t h
o s on es a n ,
an ar n . e re or o e re

m t y pl d d w i t h t h m i v i d wh t t mp t w md
’

t or a or ea e e n a n ,
an en a e s e re . a e

t r t r
o d r t h girl t k f ug i t h d mit ri
e s o e or e ,
d c rid r
e s oo re e n e or o e s an or o s,

s m h i g v ry t h i g t h y c uld l y h d
as n e e n e o a an s on .

T h p lic w r d wh th y riv d t h g irl t k fi '

e t f o e e e se n o r , an en e ar e e s oo o

t h ir e bt d u d th m
sa o s w p t k p t h ffi c r t
an se e as ea on s o ee e o e s a a

di t c Fur t h r i t c h d t b umm d d it w
s an e . e ly
as s s an e a o e s on e ,
an as o n

a t cl ck i t h m r i g f t 3 4 f t h gi l h d b
on e o
’

o n r t de o n n ,
a er o e r s a ee n ar e s e ,

th t p a c w t r d
ea e as re s o e .

Th fi r t w i g f t h i ut b k w m if t d wh t h m
e s ar n n o s o re a as an es e en e oon

w as xt m d cli t i D c mb r 2ot h 1 7 h 5 4 m G M T
on e re e e na on ,
e e e ,
. . . . .

di gr m 1 4 7
a a .

m O w f r m Cl m d f ur pl wr °
Th th
e 88 o t n t as en o er on an o an e s e e
 1 99

Re m
‘
a tri x. rc a v
LLC M N I

7 I N

De c e mb e r 20 17 - 5 4 . G MT
'

WiU l IflI (s e c o nd ) o Fe x t re me d e c lin a t io n

3
/ ‘

~
'

27 53
7

3 z

FIR S T WA R N l N G TO CLE R M O N T RE FO R M A T O R Y '

CLI RM ON T Pe m o M A ro p Y

49 ZO N

PA R / 3

5 14 624911

S ECO N D WA R N IN G TO CL E R M O N T RE FO Q M A TO R Y

De c e mb e r GMT Q 57 :

F I GS . 1 47 1 48 .

Th e su n was a ct i l
v di t ric t t u t h w t w d b t
n g a one o er a s o so ea ar , u

atP ri a s an d f
as B y f Bi c y v r y t rmy w t h r w
ar as a o r p rt d
s a ,
e s o ea e as e o e

owi g t n o th p w f ul S l t i c t i
e o er t up b t w
o ec r c th u a on se e een e s n s
’

p it i d th t f th m g c mbi
.
’
os o n an a o t e t
o on s s r o n o n a io n .

Th e se c d w r i g t k pl c wh t h
on a n n oo d m w r
a e en e su n an oon e e
 an

4 5 e M T
l9 | 2 J a n u a ry
- .

C LE R M O N T RE FO R M A
’

TO R Y
26 FR A
N N c E

2 3 0 F

S u b / 76

26 3 5-
S

M u t in y at a Q I P iS re Po n ma t o e
y b ega n 8 60 t

l
°

i i Th e m o o n is a b e o
‘
F 8 8 u n t i
t h s t me a ra n
g

m i d n ig h t Pr o m C LE Q M O N T

F IG . |4 9
 20 2

thr ugh m y d v ri u p h m w fi d u lv
o it w r i
an an a o s en o en a e n o r se e s, as e e, n

a l t ic ylum t udyi g wit h P f r L mbr

una A d th
as s n r o e s so o o so . n e con

l i w
c u s on s r iv t v y imil r e a r e a ar e er s a .

Th i S c t r c h ry p rf ct i t im pl c d ci cum t c
s e le i t eo ,
so e e n e, a e an r s an e

m t u it
se e th us d puzzli g pr bl m i t
o c it t
n e a o s an n o e s n o on e o n s s en

d ig If t h Cr t f ll t h i g h d t h id f f rmi g
es n . lr e e a or o a n s a e ea o o n a so a

sy t m wh ic h h u l d b ut m t ic i it m v m t
s e d lt im t ly s o e a o a n s o e en s , an u a e

b fici l i it ff c t w
en e p rc iv t h y t m t w rk v ry
a n s e e s, e c an e e e e s s e a o e e

d ay .

m t b i t h g r l c h m f t h i g t h t w mu t
It se e s o e n e ene a s e e o n s a e s

v qui h muc h vil b f r t t i i g y g d It i if t h w ld h

an s e e o e a a n n an oo . s as e or as

a tt i d t t h p ri d w h t h ut m t ic imp t u i dyi g t
a ne o e e o en e a o a e s s n ou , so

f ar a s th g v r c f i t llig t lif i c c r d
e o e n an e o n e en e s on e ne .

A w y b ck i th c t uri w h ic h h v l p d N t ur rul ’
a a n e en es a e a se ,
a e s e

c it d f
on s s e l w m g li vi g t h i g m ly Migh t i Righ t
o on e a a on n n s na e s .

M r lit y i u k w t N t u p r t fr m M
o a s B t M
n i no n o a re a a o an . u an s a

d v l pm t f N t
e e o d d cr en t h t Rig h t h ll b M ig h t i
o a u I e , anm e ee s a s a e n so e

fut r d y t v ry f w y
u e a ,
n o e ar a a .

W ili g t h r ugh p c i c h g f t h i p rt icul pl t

e ar e s a n o s a e n ar e o s a ar an e ,

an d l g wit h a on br t h r pl t w circl c t i u lly r u d t h

ou r o e an e s e e on n a a o n e

lif givi g
e It i i n p w r t m k t h i pl t
su n . b d f s n o ur o e o a e s an e an a o e o

h ppi
a wh r Trut h h ll r ig upr m
n e ss , e e s a e n s e e .

Th t im h t y t d w
e d wh l ck d k y h ll b
e as no e a ne en o s an e s s a e

o b l t d m h ll d vil t
so e e an th r
no an s a o e o an o e .

M i t llig c h w v r i qu l t t h pr bl m d w it
an s
’
n e en e, o e e ,
s e a o e o e ,
an a s

on ly W il l t d on o o .

Wh u v yi g t h i w d rful l r y t m d t h d t il f
en s r e n s on e so a s s e an e e a s o

e v t hi
en m ll pl t w s on e s t ruck wi t h t h p w r
a d i t lli g c an e e are s e o e an n e en e

di pl y d A v lc ic rupt i
s a e . ic b rg gr wi g pl t
o an e on , an e e ,
a o n an ,
a

m t h wi g m rv ll u w rk
o
’
s n are a e o s o s .

M h im lf i an qu lly A w tse b li v t h t h h b s e a so . re e o e e e a e as e en

pr duc d m r ly t ff gri f xi t y t r ubl p i

o e e e d t lbu
o su er e ,
an e ,
o e, an ,
an o a o r

in d
an t f t ou b t i f d g i lit t l h u f pl ur
o s e aso n o o a n oo or a n a e o r o e as e,

an d ft r th t th a ie thi g Th r i
a ,
wi d m i uc h
e re s no n . e e s no s o n s a

d iges ly f lly ; d v t h i w rk will h w t h t

n , on o pl t an e en s o s o a o ur an e

an d it w y s t f u d d a f lly
s ar e n o o n e on o .

W h ll w c clud by givi g t w x mpl

e s a no f g t l b h vi u
on e n o e a es o en e e a o r

on th p rt f t h S l t i f rc wh ic h will illu t r t t h c l
e a o e o ec r c o e s, s a e e e ase e ss

flw t h r ug h d
o ,
d th o rt h d t d f an ro u n e ea ,
an o an ro .

O t h 1 3 t h F br n ry 1 91 2 t h
e d Ur u t h w rc f e ua , ,
e su n an an s re a s o

5 75 v p it i A t h c t f Ku t c h I di A t t h i m m t
°
o er a os on on e o as o ,
n a . s o en

3 h 58 m p m G M T t h m
. . w . wi t hi. c d f tt i i g
. . . e oon as n o n e se o n o a a n n

e x t m d cli t i
re e d M c mbi d t r wit h t h m
e na on ,
t an ar s o ne o c o ss e oon a
 20 3

57 v r p it i t t h rt h w t w rd f t h u p it i A
o e a os on o e no es a o e s n s
’
os on

l dy m t i d T h i cr w i 26 N d 66 E rt h w t f
a re a en on e . s o ss as n . an
°
.
,
no -
es o

K r c h i d ll t h i c t r gi b c m g t iv ly ch rg d wit h
a a ,
an a s o as e on e a e ne a e a e

S l t i f rc
o ec r c o e .

O F bru ry 1 7t h b u t 8 h p m l c l t im t h t m r
n e a , a o . . . o a e, e s ea e

A i t p i t i b ut 23 4 0 N d 67 3 0 E y 20 ° ' ° ’
w
r os o i as n a os on a o . an .
,
sa

mil fr m l d d 1 27 mil
es o rt h f Dw rk
an an es n o o a a .

T h i p it i w l t p i t i A d it i w c c t r t d
s os on as c o s e o os on ,
an on s no on en a e

a m c mbi t i wit h Ur u —
oon s
’
o h w by di gr m 1 5 0 f
na on an s as s o n a a or

F bru ry 1 7t h 3 h 3 6 m G M T
e a ,
. . . . .

494 1 5

A
n ea r Ka re e m

30

H . M .

F bru ry 1 7t h
e a ,
3 . 36 GMT . . . S o le ct r ic Fl w fr m B
o o to A .

H . M .

Sh ip ’
s t im b ut e a o 8 . 0 p m . . Sh ip en v l p d i brilli
e o e n an t lig h t .

FI G . 1 50 .

Th e su n at c mbi t i wit h S t ur d
the sa m t im e e f o rm s a o na on a n an

M rcu y w h ic h cr
e r t B t th SE i b ut 1 5 N d 72 E o s se s a o e . n a o
°
. an
°
.

A tr g l t i c r t i w t up b t w B d A d t h
s on so e c r c ur en s no se . e e en an ,
an e

rt h d v r t b rb much f t h f rc
ea en ea ou s o a so o e o e .

T h r ul t i w ll d crib d i t h f ll w g cc u t d crib d
e es s e es e n e o o in a o n , es e

as W i d xp ri ce r li r t e e en e on a ne ,
”
e c .

W E IRD
E X PER IE N CE O N A L IN ER 1 91 2 , .

S E A L I KE A B O I L I N G P O T — BUT O N LY IN I M A G IN A T I O N .

A cc u t f m t curi u xp ri c i t h I di O c
n a o n o a os o s e e en e n e n an e an o n

F bru ry 1 7t h h b f rw rd d by C p t i H Br dl y m
e a as ee n o a e a a n . a e , co

m di g t h W il
an n li r A ri t t t h Imp ri l M rc h t
e so n ne os o,
”
o e e a e an

S rvic Guild
e e d t t h I di G v r m t O b rv t ry t B mb y
an o e n an o e n en se a o a o a .

Th ig h t w cl r d cl udl
e n d th m t h wh
as ea an o e s s, an e se a s oo , en ,
 20 4

he sa y s, m d i t t h m t cu i u d w ird t m p h ric
we st e a e n o e os r o s an e a os e

ph en o m it h b my l t t
en on i ll my 4 0 y r
as xp ri c
e en o o se e n a ea s
’
e e en e

o f li f
a se a A w ppr ch d it it h d t h pp r c f br k r
e . s e a oa e ,
a e a e a an e o ea e s

on a l w b o c h b t w h w g t i t it t fir t it l k d lik fl h
ea ,
u en e o n o a s oo e e as es

o f lig h t ( t brigh t ) c mi g f
no m ll dir c t i i quick t im Af t r
o n ro a e on s n e . e

so m f w mi ut f t h i t h fl h
e e n um d l gt h d h p
es o s e as es ass e a en en e s a e,

f ll wi g quickly
o o n ft th th r f m th rt h d t h
on e a er e o e ro e no ,
an e se

c t i u d m mi ut t dily v i g t d ut h d ut h
on n e so e n e s, s e a eer n e as an so an so

w ti t
es n th w t o n or -
es .

A ll t h t im t h i w g i g t h urf c f t h s pp r d
e e s as o n on e s a e o e ea a ea e

t o b vi l t ly gi t t d t t im v ry h igh
e o en a if t h y w uld
a e ,
a es e se a s , as e o

en gulf t h h ip t h im gi d w v lw y g i g i t h m ai
e s e a ne a es a a s o n n e sa e re e

ti o n as th w v f lig h t
e a es o .

Th pp r d lik b il i g p t g ivi g
e se a a ea e m t curi u e a o n o ,
n on e a os o s

f li g t h h ip b i g p rf c t ly t il l d xp c t i g h t l rc h d
ee n ,
e s e n e e s ,
an e e n er o u an

r ll v ry i t t It t ur d m dizzy w t c h i g t h m vi g fl h
o e e n s an . ne e a n e o n as es

o f lig h t th t I h d t
,
so cl my y f r m t im t t im W w r
a a o o se e es o e o e . e e e

t
s ea mi g i t h i f 20 mi ut
n n d th
s p d t f it
or n e s , an en as s e ou o .

F 20 mi u t or v ryt h i g r u d um d it
n es e m l c di e n a o n ass e s n or a on

ti on , a b ut iful fi cl r d cl udl
ea ig h t A t t h d f t h i
ne, ea an o e ss n . e en o s

t im w e g i w t h m t h i g h d f t h h ip d i f w
e a a n sa e sa e n a ea o e s ,
an n a e

mi u t w r f irly m g t it g i b t if y t h i g lig h t ly w r
n es e e a a on s a a n ,
u an n s o se ,

th w v e a f lig h t c t i g i pr ci ly imil r m
es o a r thi c d l t
n n e se s a an n e ,
s se on o

l t i g b ut 1 5 mi ut w h w g i t m d t f it
as n a o n e s, en e a a n s ea e ou o .

“W h th fl h p d v r th
en e pp r d ju t f t h t
as es as se o e e se a a ea e s or a

i t t f t im t b f ll f j lly fi h b t I d t t h i k t h r w r
n s an o e o e u o e s , u o no n e e e e

an y b ut a I h v
o . t h wh t w t r m a y t im i t h i A r bi
e se e n e i e a e an es n s a an

se a , b t t h i did
u t pp r lik t h t i y w y It g v
s no a th ea e a n an a . a e on e e

id f t h ci m t gr p h wit h u t t h brigh t
ea o e ne a o th fl h a b i g o e n e ss , e as es e r so

quick i t h ir m v m t n e o e en s .
’

Th A i t e rriv d t K c h i t 2 h 3 0 m m F bru y
r os o a e a ar a a . . a . . on e ar

1 8 t h h vi g p,
a d v r p it i A w h r t h m
n as se o d Ur e os on ,
e e e oon an an u s

w r d i g t h ir u t m t t
e e o n i t t h rt h i b l ci g f rc
e os o ass s e ea n a an n o es .

T h l t x mpl i e as xpl i d t l g t h by t h f ll w i g c t t i g
e a e s e an e a en e o o n u n

fr m t h L d
o e D il y Ch r icl
on on f A pril 22 d 1 91 6 a on e o n ,
.

H OW N E WS CA ME FR O M T IIE A UR O R A .

ME SSA GE GO T T H R O UG H UN DER FRE A K CO N D ITIO N S .

P ER A T O R S N IG H TLY VIG IL
O
’
.

It will b r m mb r d t h t t h fir t w f t h di
e e e e e a e s ne s o e s a st e r of the
th R h ip f S i Er Tr c ic
’

A '
i u o r a, S e o ss t Sh kl t ea s o r n es ac e on s an s - A n t ar t
 20 6

W h en ur r u d r Li ut M cki t h
the A w o a, n e e . a n os ,
as

ab t t l v S yd y i D c mb r 1 91 4 f h j
ou o ea e y t th R
ne n e e e , ,
or er ou rn a o e o ss

S wh r h w t w it t h rriv l f S i Er t S h ckl t
e a, e e s e as d o a a e a a o r n es a e on an

h i p r t y f t r t h ir j u
s a y cr t h A t rct ic C t i t it w
a e e o rn e a o ss e n a on n en ,
as

sugg t d t h t t h h ip migh t b m t ri lly f gu rd d i h

es e a e s e a e a sa e a e n er

p ril u j u y if h c rri d wir l quipm t

e o s o rn e s e a e a e e ss e en .

N r w t h ugg t i m d t h t h p pl f S yd y
o so o n e as e s es on a e an e eo e o ne ,

wit h t h i t r dit i l public pi it d g r it y ub crib d f t h

e r a on a -
s r e en e os ,
s s e or e

ne c ry pl t Th
e ssa p ch d w t h t w h ic h p v d
an . e on e ur a se as a ro e so

u ful i t h M w
se n xp di t i eh r t t im b f r
a so n e e on a s o e e o e .

TR A FFIC IN S O UT H ER N S E A S .

It w h p d t h t wi t h t w
as ot hr e wir l t t i a p r ti g i o or ee e e ss s a on s o e a n n

th S ut h r
e o S d c t t t r m f t r f fic b t w N w
e n e as , an a o n s an s ea o a e ee n e

Z l d d t h S t r it f M g ll u f ul ig l migh t b xch g d
e a an an e a s o a e an , se s na s e e an e

on cc i wh h lp migh t b c id r d c ry T h r w
o as o n s en e e on s e e ne e ss a . e e as

ju t t h r m t p ibilit y l t h t u d r f r k c dit i
s e e o e o ss a so a ,
n e ea on on s

l dy llud d t
a re a m m g migh t g t t h ugh t t h wi l
a e o , so e e ss a e e ro o e r e e ss

t ti
s a t bli h d f
on es a ci t ific r rch i M cqu i I l d d
s e or s en e se a n a ar e s an ,
an

an o t h r muc h m r p w rful t t i
e t A w ru i t h
o e ut h f N w
o e s a on a a a n e so o e

Z l de a an .

Th i t ll t i w giv
e ns a ff ct iv t r mit t i g r diu f
a on as en an e e e an s n a s o

ab ut 200 mil
o d H k r p r t t h t h w bl t k p i
e s , an oo e e o s a e as a e o ee n con

t
s an t c mmu i c t i
o wit h M cqu ri I l d u t il t h p ri d rriv d
n a on a a e s an n e e o a e

o f p rp t u l d ylig h t wh
e e a wir l ig l c rry l b ut t h i d f
a ,
en e e ss s na s a on v a o a r o

t h di te c wh ic h i p ibl i d rk
s an e s o ss e n a n e ss .

22 4 7 .

T" H M

March - 0 GM T

S h ac k le t o n s A n t ar ctic Ex p e dit ion

From AUR ORA to s ole ct r/C s t a t ions on NE W Z E A LA N D . or on 724 8 M 4N m , a b ou t law /

f oxc s .

FI G . 1 51 .
 20 7

Th e A ur r
ryi g t g t i t c mmu ic t i d y d igh t
o a, t n o e n o o n a on a an n

f or m y m t h t l t M rc h 25 t h 1 91 6 ucc d d i h ri g
an on s, a as on a , ,
s ee e n ea n

an w r t h ig l f r m N w Z l d d T m i T h
an s e o er s na s o e e a an an as an a . e

di g m 1 5 1 f t h i d t i c lcul t d f 5 h p m Gr wic h wh
a ra or s a e s a a e or . . . een ,
en

th m t x t r m d cli ti rgy ° ’
e w oon as a S 26 4 5 e S l t i e e e na on . o e c r c en e

is a lw y c t iv t t h i p ri d d w w h v
a s a e a x mpl gr t
s e o ,
an no e a e an e a e on a ea

c l f w h t t k pl c
s a e o a m ll c l oo F bru ry 1 7t h 1 91 2a e on a s a s a e on e a , ,
as

d pic t d i t h l t di gr m
e e n e as a a .

I thi c n th s tr gly upp rt d by Jupit r d M r

as e e su n , s on s o e e an a s

c c tr t
on en ra e on r 5 7 S d 1 62 E p w rf ul p it iv
an a ea n e a . an
°
. a o e os e

p m
r e ss f S l t i
‘
e o rgy o ec r c en e .

A t t h i t im t h m s d t hr pl t e c c tr t d v r
e o on an ee an e s ar e on en a e o e

p it i B 1 1 N d 1 0 4 E
os on ,
0
. an
°
.

T h i p it i i t h u d f mil w y b t di t c i
s os on s o san s o es a a ,
u s an e s no

o b t cl t f rc r gi g t h r ugh t h wh l l r y t m
s a e o a o e an n o e o e so a s s e .

A ru h f curr t s t p k t k pl c f r m t h
o en t rmi
,
sol o s ea ,
a es a e o e su n s e na

i th
n ut h t t h t f t h m i t h rt h d p ibly dir ct
e so o a o e oon n e no ,
an o ss e

t oth m e t h z i t h t t h rt h t f N w Z l d l
o on ,
a er en o e no -
e as o e e a an : a so

th e s u n and p it i B w r pr b bly i t uc h t h y
os on rly e e o a n o as e are n e a on

th m m ridi
e sa e e an .

U d r t h circum t c t h u f rt u t A ur r h
n e e se w s an es e n o na e o a as n o

a s t r k f luck
ea Th o h ip i wi t h i t h r ff c t d by t h i p it iv
. e S s n e a ea a e e s os e

S l t i f rc ;
o ec r c by t h i c lcul t i h i b ut
o e mil f r m s a a on s e s a o es o

civili t i sa d t h S l t i r c iv r
o n an T th u pri f t h w ir l
e o ec r c e e e s . o e s r se o e e e ss

o p r t r m g w r c h di t c fi t im f u t h r fr m t h
e a o a e s sa e no ea es a s an e ve es r e o e

s h ip t h th pp r t u w d ig d f
an e a a a s as es ne or .

T th t ud
o t f S l t i
e s thi i t v ry u pri i g
en op ci lly o e c r cs s s no e s r s n ,
es e a

wh t h di gr m i
en e t udi d a Mr vr a m y w c clud t h t
s s e . o eo e on e a no on e a

t h w rde W ir l
o i mi m r ppli d t t h m g
e e ss s a sn o e a e o e se e ssa e s .

I th fir t pl c wir t
n e swir t r t c h d i di ff r t
a e e an en n a
e or es s e e n e en

dir ct i e on s lw y c ry t t h pr j c t i g d r c ivi g
ar e a a s ne e s sa a e o e n an e e n

t ti
s a on s .

S c dly t h f rc u d i S l t i f rc t h r f r t h m g
e on ,
e o e se s o ec r c o e, e e o e, e e ssa e s

s h uld b t rm d S l t i m
o e e g e o ec r c e ssa e s .

I c t r t wi t h t h i c
n on f wir l
as m g t r v lli g f by s as e o e e ss e ss a e s a e n ar

m f
e an s o t ur l f rc nath r i th pp it c dit i f t l gr ph
a o e s, e e s e o os e on on o e e a s

an d ubm ri s c bl r fu i g t t Wh t h i h pp t h c
a ne a es e s n o ac . en s a en s e au s e

i t t d by u t h ri t y t b
s s a e a m g t ic t rm o d f u t h r i quiry o e a a ne s o ,
an r e n

w uld b d m d imp r t i t t h i qui r w uld b h umbl d by

o e ee e e n en or e n re o e e

b i g r f rr d t t h
e n e e pt
e o e su n s o s .

S l t i h w v r
o e c r cs t hr w m lig h t t h qu t i
o e e O ,
can o so e on e es on . n

O c t b r 3 l t 1 90 3
o e ll t hs c bl fr m Eur p t N wf u dl d
, ,
a e a es o o e o e o n an

ut t rly r fu d t w rk xc p t
e e se fr m Br t t N w Y rk O
o o ,
e e on e o es o e o . ne
 208

c bl w d t r y d y t h Gl b f N v mb r 7t h Th
a e as es o e sa s e o e o o e e . e st o rm
l t d m r t h 24 h ur d i r f rr d t i t h f ll wi g
as e o e an o s an s e e e o n e o o n ne w s

p p r cut t i g fr m t h Tim
a e n o e es .
”

MA GN ET IC S T O RM A .

C id r bl d l y w
on s c i d i t h w rki g f t h b
e a e e a as oc as o n e n e o n o e su

m ri c bl
a ne S t urd y O c t b r 3 1 t by
a es on xc pt i l l t ric l a a ,
o e s ,
an e e on a e ec a

di t u b c w h ic h i d c ib d t h w r t f 1 5 y r
s r an e s es r e as e o s or ea s .

Th dir c t r f S t y h t C ll g O b rv t ry t t t h t t h
e e o o on u rs o e e se a o s a es a e

di t u b c f t l gr ph li b t w L d
s r an e o d P ri w
e e l a n es e een on on an a s as a s o

no et d t h ir i t rum
on t d w th
e gr t t i c 1 8 67 T h r
ns en s an as e ea es s n e . e e

w r gr t d r pid c h g f h riz t l dir ct i

e e ea an d f rc
a gr t r an es o o on a e o n an o e, ea e

th th
an i t rum t c uld m ur Th t rm b g t 6 h m
e ns en s o eas e . e s o e an a . a . .

on S t urd y a d d d t 5 h m Su d y b t t h r w r h u f
a an en e a . a . . on n a ,
u e e e e o rs o

s m ll r pid cill t i
a a t th b gi i g d di g Th urf
os a on s a e e nn n an en n . e s ac e

o f th w m k d by t w p t
e su n as ar e o s o s .

S l t i c lc l t i
o ec r c m k it cl r t h t t h c u f m m i
a u a on a es ea a e a se o co u n ca

ti on b mi g i t rrupt d w t h t t h c bl
ec o n rt h w rd f Br t
n e e as a e a e s, n o a o es

an d N w Y rk w r e v rwh lm d by g t iv S l t i f rc
o e e o e e e ne a e o ec r c o e .

T h i f rc f ll up t h S W f Ir l d d w imp rt d by t h
s o e e on e . o e an an as a e e

s un m ,
M rcury d V u t r g f 5 7
oo n , e d by M r t an en s a a an e o an a s o

N wfe dl d l t 5 7s
ou n an a so a

Th c bl w r cl r d d r um d w rk
e a es O ct b r 3 1 t
e e ea e an es e o on o e s

17 h t w h ic h t im t h
.
,
a S W f Ir l d t rmi u w u d r t h e e . o e an e n s as n e e

p it iv S l t i i flu c t 8 8 f t h m
os e o ec r c d M r t th
n en e a
°
o e o on an a s : a e

sa m t im t h N wf u dl d t rmi u w cl r d by t h p i t iv
e e e e o n an e n s as ea e e os e

i flu c f Jupi t r d V u c t i g f r m 8 8
n en e o e an en s a n o

Ag i i 1 90 9 g r l l c t ric t m t k pl c ff c t i g ll
a n, n ,
a en e a e e s or oo a e a e n a

wi i Bri t i
re s d Fr
n T h r w r l c t ric di t rb c i
a n an an ce . e e e e e e s u an es n

Ru i A u t r li d t h U it d S t t wi t h di pl y f A u r
ss a , s a a an e n e a es s a s o r o ae .

I E gl d t h t rm l t d f r m h lf
n n an h ur b f r e s o as e o a an o e o e n oon on

S p t mb r 25 t h u t il 8 h p m
e e e Th D ily M il f S pt mb r 27t h
n . . . e a a o e e e

sa y A gr t l c t ric t rm wid i it f f c t ccu r d

s -
ea e e s o e n s e e s o r e on

S t urd y 25 t h
a a .

T l gr p h wir w r p t t f c t i by li curr t i
e e a es e e u ou o a on a en en s n

E gl d t h C t i t d A m ric w hi l i t h r p r t f t h
n an ,
e on n en an e a, e n o e a s o e

w rld t h l ct ric rgy m if t d it lf i t h pp r c f

o e e e ene an es e se n e a e a an e o

nort h r ligh t T h i p t t b t il t t rm w t h w r t t h t
e n s .
”
s o en u s en s o as e o s a

h ast k pl c i c O c t b r 1 90 3 Th c u f t h udd
a en a e s n de o e ,
. e a se o e se s e n an

i r gul r l c t ric ph m i by m
r e a e e c rt i ly k w b t t h r en o en a s no e an s e a n no n u e e

is an e vid t c c t i b t w t h m d u r l di pl y d
en on n e on e e en e an a ro a s a s an su n

s p t c t ivit y N w Y rk r p r t m g t ic t rm f u pr c d t d
o a . e o e o s a a ne s o o n e e en e

vi l c I c d c t r i t c l mp gl w d w irdly w h t h
o en e . n an e s en e s s an e a s o e e en e
 21 0

c l ur
o o pr b bl t h t t h i qu lit y i pr duc d by t h t i
s , an d it is o a e a s a s o e e ac on

o f t h r S l t i b di
o e b id t h t h r wi g
o ec r c rc f p it iv o es es es e su n o n a s o os e

f rc w h ic h i t r mi gl i r di
o e c n e -
n e n a an e .

I f ct r i b w m y b S l t i
n a rc m d m if t
an o d it s a e o ec r c a s a e an es an

is no t tr g t h t r i h il h uld f t cc mp y t h m b c u
s an e a a n or a s o o en a o an e e a se

t h p i t iv
e osrc c ld d c h ill t h i e a s ar e o ,
an e a r .

T h r ccurr d r m rk bly vivid m i ci cul r i b w t

e e o e a e a a se -
r ar an o a

C c pci
on e Ch il (3 7 S d 73 W ) i t h y r 1 90 0 F bru y 28 t h
on , e . an . n e ea , e ar .

Th r w e e ut r b w l as d p rt anf t h ird io rm t e o a so , an a o a nne os on e ,

brigh t r t h t h ut r
e T hi b w w c u d by t h pr c f
an e o e on e . s o as a se e e sen e o

f
o ur p w rf ul S l t i b di
o Th
e dM r w r ct i g dir ct ly
o ec r c o es . e su n an a s e e a n e

on th di t ric t t
e Jupit r w 8 8 f r m t h
s a d th m e as
°
o e su n , an e o on

8 8 fr m Jupi t r Th m t im t pl c w 5 h 12 m p m
°
w as o e . e e an e a a e as . . . .

P it i f S 7 5 0 N 1 4 8 W b
os on o Jupit r =21 4 N un
° ’
.
°
. su z en . e
° ’
.

61 W
°
d M =1 2 29 S 1 5 7 W
. na . M =6 1 7 S 23 E
ar s
° ’
.
°
. z en . o on
° ’
. .

su b n a .

In 1 91 3 , c b r 11 d O to e . 3 h . 46 m . I n ot e d an o t h e r
bril li t an r i b w i th I l
an o n e s e of W ig h t . Th e su n , Jupit r e an d Mr a s

w r 88
e e
°
fr m b rv r p it i
o o se e s os o n at t h at t im e .

W J upit r =23 E
'
Su n =6
° ’ ° °
58 S . 5 95 . z en . e 20 S . 20 . z en .

Mr a s =23 di °
24 S
’
. 28
°
E . na r .

By r f rri g t t h di g m f t h gr t xpl i t S gh ydd

e e n o e a ra or e ea e o s on a en en

c lli ry S u t h W l O ct b r i 4 t h it wil l b
o e ,
o th t th b v a e s, o e ,
e se e n a e a o e

th r eeS l t i l m t u d th l
o ec r c e e f v r 400 m en s ca se e o ss o o e en .

A if t c firm t h c t t i t h t r i cl ud i u d
s o on e on en on a a a n o s se as a

scr up w h ic h t h pict ur f r fr c t d S l t i f rc i t h r w
e en on e e o e a e o ec r c o e s o n

an d i t h u m d vi ibl
s t h f ll wi g l t t r i
s f i t r t
a Th m
e s e, e o o n e e s o n e es . e oo n

1 44 E t t h t im f b rv t i fr m L igh t t h m ut h
°
w as df . a e e o o se a o n an ar o e a e o

o f t h Th m e a es .

Mr P t t r d crib t h b w
. a c mpl t rc h f p culi r
e so n es es e o as a o e e a O e a

lig h t t h lf p t mid ig h t f N v mb r 1 5 t h 1 91 4
see n a a as n o o e e ,
.

G H T T IME R A IN B O W A NI -
.

T t h Edi t r
o e D ily Ch r icl o a on e .

S n— P r h p u f y ur r d r m y b e b l t xpl i
a s on e o o ea e s a e a e o e a n a

p c l i r rch f ligh t i t h ky t h ig h t f S u d y l t t h 1 5 t h
e u a a o n e s on e n o n a as ,
e .

It w a s, r th y c l d m ur f t h m iz
as n ea as e e e ou e as e, o e sa e s e as a

r i b w Th c t r f t h rc h b r
a n o . ew t fr m h ren e o e a o e n or
’
-
n or
’
-
es o e e

it w r t h r dim y t f rm d p rf c t ly t h t t h r p r
as a e d I
,
e o e so e e a an o e e so n an

sa w it di t i c t ly f r m h riz t s h riz —
n th t i u lik m t r i o o on o o on a s, n e os a n

b w it w
o s, c mpl t rc h f m y h as a T h t im w o e e a ,
o a oon ue . e e as

an dr i w f lli g t i t rv l
a n A l t h ug h I h v g
as a t h r ug h
n m a n e a s . o a e on e o so e
 21 1

tho ud f igh t w t ch I h v v r b f r
san so n t h i ph m -
a e s, a e ne e e o e se en s en o e n on .

Th ly ppr c h t it t h t I r c ll c t w r m d g
e on a oa ft r o a e o e e e o on o s, a e

t h u d r t rm i t h t r pic
n e s o b t th y ly pp r d wh t h m
s n e o s u e on a ea e en e oon

w r h full d w r muc h t h m
as n e a er dg ft r
,
an e e e sa e as su n - o s a e

r i t rm by d y B t i t h i i t c t h r w
a n -s o s m aIl k d . u n s n s an e e e as n o oon . oo e

f t h ph
or m e g i l t igh t b t it w
en o t vi ibl
e n on ait h a n as n u as n o s e, n e er

w r t h r cl ud r i
e e e e o s or a n .

J E PA TTER S O N . . .

L igh S N 1 7 1 91 4 e -
on - e a, ov .
,
.

c lcul t i
S o le ct ric h w th t t th t im
a f b rv t i a on s o s a a e e o o se a on

J upi t r d S t ur h d t h ir b m f 8 8 cr d v r L igh S °
e an a n a e ea s o o sse o e e ou
- -
ea

an d vic i i t y Th nw i t uc h wi t h J upi t r l
. t Th
e su n as n o e a so a e

illu m i t d rc h h w d t h t gr t i t it y f f rc w m ki g
na e a s o e a a ea n en s o o e as a n

i t lf m if t
se an es .

P it i f os t t im
on f b rv t i 1 8 4 N 1 1 W dir
O su n a e o o se a on
°
.
°
. na .

Jupit r =1 7 20 Ne E dir S t r =22 1 5 S 3 0 E

° ’
. . na . a u n
° ’
.
°
.

su b z e n .

f ct fi ry writ i g f t h i t ur i t h h v t ll f t h
In a e n o s na e n e ea en s e s o e

co n c tr ti f S l t i f r
en a f h ig h v lt g
on o d it m t th
o ec r c o ce s o o a e , an see s o e

w it r n t t pr g fi w t h r C id ri g t h l rg v lum f
r e o o e sa e ne ea e . on s e n e a e o e o

f rc
o v r ci cul t i g v r d t h r ugh t h urf c f
e e e r a gl b n d o e an o e s a e o ou r o e , an

th t a t i t rv l
a S l t i c mbi
n e ti m y
a s udd l y i cr a o ec r c o na on a s en n e as e

b t h t h curr t d volt g imm ly it m imprud t t

o e en an a e e n se , se e s en o u se

l c t ric ligh t i g i mu i t i f ct ri
e e n w h ip t r d wit h
n n on a o e s, or on ar s s s o e

expl iv os es .

T h f c t ry h uld b
e illumi t d fr m
a o t l d m h vi g
s o e na e o a ce n r a o e a n

a ll wir u t id H ki g b t t l h ip t t h c h rg d rt h by
es O s e . oo n a a es o e a e ea

an c h r d f w f t f ir c bl mu t b d g r u t t im
o an a e ee o on a e s e an e o s a es .

i w rk i p i g t h ugh t h pr
As th s o s as s n ro e e ss ne w h b s as e en

r c iv d f m B gh d d t lli g f t h gr t h
e e e ro a a e n o e ea e at e xp ri c d t h r
e en e e e

by t h Brit i h A rmy T h di gr m
e s . e a a on ne x t p g giv a e es
a simpl xpl t i d i f i t lf
e e pr f f t h
an a o n an s o se a oo o e so e c r c l t i th ry eo .
 21 2

Fr m Edmu d C dl r
o rr p d t f t h D ily M il
n an e ,
Co es on en o e a a

B S t S p t 1 5 1 91 7 A GH D A D , a .
,
e .
, .

I M p t mi 1 91 7 h b t h h t t t
n e so o a f w h ic h
a as ee n e o es s e a so n o

r c rd xi t B g h d di y t h y d t r m mb r w
e o e s s . a umm r
a s sa e o no e e e a orse s e ,

an d t B a h wi g t t h m i t u f t h i d t h ut h wi d
u ssora ,
o n o e o s re o e a r an e so n s,

th c e dit i h v b
on v m r t ryi g Th h ig h t t mp r t u
on s a e e en e en o e n . e es e e a re

r di g t B g h d d w
ea n a Jul y 20
a a as on .

ma
I9 l 7
M e s o po ta i 9
d 5 m 1

J u ly /9 70 46
. G M T

19 £3 4 2 /o c a / h f “

Sq u a l‘o r
E

( CG
‘
US Q S o
‘

f Re c ord l /e af m M e s ap o f a m /a

Di g r m r f rr d
a a e e e to on pg a e 21 1 .
 T
CON E N TS .

P A GE .

Th e S o le c t ric Th ryeo

E xpl i
an at o n

Wat e r spo u t s

T mp t
e es s

E r t h qu
a ake s

V lc
o an o e s

E xpl i os o n s in Co a l Mi n es

E xpl i o s on s in War sh ip s

Mt re eo s, &c .

R ll r
o e s

H e at an d Co ld W v a es

As ylum s

Ot h e r Ph en o m en a
t e l e g ra m s , P ot t e r, M in o r ie s , Lo n d o n .

A D M I RA LT Y A GEN T FO R C H A RT S ,

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th e N o r t h e rn H e m is p h e r e .

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 A D M IR A LT Y C H AR TS
(P u b lis h e d b y t h e H y d ro g ra p h ic D e p a r t m e n t )

P . o l a n ry t b u t f e w pe rso n s c o n n e c t e d w it h t h e N a u t i ca l W o r ld w h o h a v e n o r h e ard o f t h e
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. . .

t h e i m m e n s e a m o u n t o f wo rk d o n e b t h e O ff i c e rs a s s o c ia t e d w it h t h is v a s t b u t u n pre t e n t io u s e s t a b li sh
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t h e n e w b u ildin g in W h i t e h a ll kn o w n as t h e A d m ira l t
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a nd c o m i le s u c h in f o r m at i o n a s m i h t a
p g ppe a r to be re q u is it e f o r t h e u r o s e o f i m ro v in g n av ig a t io n
p p p .

T h e g e n t le m a n se le c t e d b y Ea rl S pe n ce r in 1 795 f o r t h e po st of f i rs t H y dro g ra ph e r was M r .

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A le x a n de r D alry m ple , a n o f fi ce r i n t h e Eas t In dia C o m pan y s S e rv ice .

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an d C h in a .

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drau g h t s m an .

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,

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.

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 L is t of N au t ical Work s pu b l ish e d by J . D POTTER
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h as t o b e a pp l ie d t o t h e a l t it u de t a ke n dir ect f r om t h e b ook Th e en t ire l og ar it h mi c .

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con ju n ct i on wi t h t h e N a u t ica l A l m a n a c a l l t h e u su al
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way o f fi n din g t h e A l t it u de b y m e an s o f l oga r i t h m s

 List of N au t ica l Wo r k s pu b l i h s ed by J . D P OTTER . .

A N e w A lt it u de -A z im ut h Ho u r- A n g le C h a rt " T h is n e w in v e n t io n doe s (1
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.

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A M e t h o d f o r fi n d in g t h e La t t u d e b y t h e S m u lt a n e o u s A lt t u d e s i i i
o f T W O S t a r s , b y Ca p t B u r dwoo d R N (re prin t e d 1 8 96) .
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CO OK ERY .

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TIM E A Z IMUTH TA B ES L .

S u n s
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m e ridi a n , an i m pro v e m e n t re n de red n e c e s sa ry b y t h e v e ry g e n e ra l us e o f t h e M a rc o S t H i la ire .

m e t h od .

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.

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Da v i s s
'
S u p p le m e n t a ry Az m i Til e ut h T a b l e s (n o w p u b li s h e d s e pa r a t e ly ) .

T im e A z im u t h Tab le s in g e n e r al u s e do n o t. o f t e n g iv e a z i m u t h s n ear t h e
m e ridia n , w h ic h ar e in f i e q u e n t d e m a n d f or e x m e r idia n o b s e r v a t io n s , b u t t h e ) -

°
w ill b e f o u n d in t h is b oo k , in a ddit io n t o c o m pl e t e t a b le s e x t e n d in g t o l a t it u de 64
(S u ppl ie d t o ELM . F lee t b y A d m i ra l t y o rd e r )

Dav i s s i
S t a r A z m u t h T a b l e s , c o m pu t e d f o r a l l l a t it u de s b e t w e e n 60 N o rt h
’

°
°

a n d 60 S o u t h , b y P L H D a v is T h is b o o k h a s f o llo w e d o n t h e v e ry g e n e r a l
. . . .

ado pt io n of s t e ll a r d su ppl ie s t h e se am an
o b se r v a t io n s as a m e an s of n av ig a t io n an

wit h t h e sa m e d e t a ils r e ga r din g s t ar s , as h e ca n g e t f ro m

“ B u rd w ood a n d D a v is
”
,

w h e n t h e s u n is c o n c e r n e d S o m e in g e n io u s a l t it u de m a r k s a r e u s e d f o r t h e
.

fi rs t t im e in t h e s e t a b l e s w h ic h m a t e ria l ly aid in t h e ide n t ifi ca t io n of an y h as t i ly

o b s e r v e d s t a r , a s t o w h ich do u b t m a y e x is t 20 U
( S u pp li ed t o E M Fle e t b y A d m ira lt y . . o rd e r . )
 10

List of N au t i ca l -
Wor ks pu b l is h e d by J . D P OTTE R . .

n h Tab l e s b t w
Lat it 61 u d de ec H e een
°
an By P r y L D a v is

T h i wor k w h i c h w or i gi l l y p r p d f or d
.
,
.

d by the A n t a i ct ic

E x p di t i o do p t d f Nv wi l c r i l
r
s , as na e a e an u se

f 1 90 1 h w b in ti M y an d l ta
c i t y i ll h i p t r d i g t or t he r or
e n o , as n o e en a e or u se . . a e n y
b ts
i e d t o M l ee dm r l t ord e r
e a ne ess n a s s a o n n
n p .

(S u ppl H F t by A i a y )
c o l ete o f the bov e T b l e d e l i g the do i th d e c li t i o t o
. . .

i th r c t i ll vi b l e l t i t d e h v e the e fe c t o f r e d e ri Tim e co id e re d
A mp se t a a s, a n as y W a ll na n s up a nd

w
as a lo ri th mi c ro b l e m o b ol ete T he e xte i o o f the
p
ga
a ca
y a ll n a

h ov e er ecot dC irimc l eoret rfetc trl e gel t e thr l t theth tr e dhe r the
p
ol t io
ga

o T b l e e ffe c t d Mr v i
a

f the ro b l e m o f i di C o r e
, s
u
.
s, a
ns
f
ns
n
A mm ut h
ng t he
a s
A u mut h ,
e by
ns

. Da s

co r e mor e e i l d ete rm i e d th the

a a s n p an su , a y n s u n p f n ng u s
up
o r d m a ry M e r c teordi t iCo o r e
n a

N a w g at i o n (1 920
G a
e x m l e foo t ote t o g e o f e r r c t ic e o f
a
p

n
u
. )
s
y
.
n
Fo r
a , so
a p
a
s
s uc
se e
a u s
n
is n o w

pa 1 36
as y
Ra p
’
s
n
P a
an

Sh o rt A cc u at e and Com p h i u d A i m u t h T a b l or h
A lt it to
h ow r o & f or l i d
, r , re e ns ve e - z es
t h e t u e b e ar in g o f t h e S u n M o n , an e t s Pl 7 tu 0
°
to 5
°
t
d d ci io or h o l o
s c , , , . at e n

o r s au t h ; a t it u e s 0
°
to an d l
e l n at 30 n
°
t to 30
°
th ; th e
r C o o li h d r
n s u a s

A pp o x at e S h p im
e, by A J hn s n , R N i T im
Pub s e ( ) by e q u e st

e l t dmir ord e r
. . . .

(S u pp l i d to E M . . F ee by A alt y . )

Ca t ai p n Wei '
r s A z im u th D i ag a m r 1 0

(S u ppl ied le et
t o EL M . F by A dm t ord e rir a l y .
)

Ti me Az im u th D i ag r am . by H o fr u gh G d ay M A . .

CH A R T S .

Cha rt s : th ir h hir d m a
i h ch r i ng W it t t een ti g u and t a ts,
H rb Fo r
e u se an e n , re s e g
b y Dr G er t wle
ic ivd r o ch r li d r
. . e

h T i wh h bel be t h e fi s t b o k o n
to a ts
y e t p u b s h e , b in g s
h r for m o w h ic h i h r o i bl f ro m v
s, is e e

t o ge t in i t e t o h as b e e n
h b t a n a e o n ly e i na l

ch d l w i h r c or om o ic v i i o l c h r wi t
e at n

tea in g It t M e at an d Gn g at n a a ts an d h
oro og c l oh r c i cc fr m r c i c oi
. ea s n na ,

Mete l i a an d t e i w
s ie n t fi im
h a rt s , c a p a t al p n t of v e in s ple
la n g u ag e .

CHRON OM ETER TA BLES

a Tab l e s ; ho l c d l it w
.

D i '
Ch ro n o m et e r f o r se le te t u de s b e t ee n
t h
w i“ v i tio l H
v s s or, ur an g e s a

la t it u de s O an d
°
n s f or l in a ll e e m e n t s , b y L
’
P D am s
o f wor i r i h m ic h v b C h ro o m t r
ar a . . . .

M e an s k ng a un ar t S
a ll y e e n f or m
d i r m hd d h l
n e e et a e a ny y e a s

e s de a t u b p b li
s e , in 1 793 , b y La a n de ; in 1 8 27, b y L n n ;
, an

vi o mi i d r
a av e ee n u
y
a n d b y H o m m e y , i n 1 8 63 ; b u t M r D a s, b y t h e s s o n o f u s e l e s s o r u n e s i a b le
de c o i io of i d d c io
.

s , an d t h e i n l u s i n o f Var a t A lt t u e , La t i t u e a n d D e l i n a t n ,
’
alt it u n s in 1

m
h as ad e a t a b l e of r c c l ili
g e a t pra t i a u t ty Th e b oo
k , as a s u s t t u t e b i f or
lo h mi c c c l o lmo c
or .

a ch ec k on g ari t a l u a t i n , is a s t a n e e s s i t y , a n d is e s pe c m lly u se u f l
l i d l at t u e s h
e ss t a n A com r i o
pa s n h as b e e n m d
a e in a t u a c l wo
rk o f t h e
b r r l wi h ho o b i d ord r h ow i r c i c l l
in

t a u la e su t s t ta n e in t h e i n a y w ay , s p a t a y
d ic
t se ng

i e n t al r e s u l t s 20 0

T he
a n
g e e r l do io o f the o i t io i e m eth od
by
n
s
dd e
fin
dn gr e t l
g ori keid i thth ithem ethhodol e odfegreedi ogf hl ot i tr degl ee re timt o l e ril tht imt etd ei c cctheo t di ere e o ith
a a pt t
n
o the dv u
t P ean
s n
by
L
S
n

p a
s h as a

, f ar
a y
f o llo w m g as
a
ns
a n ag
. By

c orre c t for l t i t d e l t o ethe r th v ig th d o f the or k ddi t io t o th i

w ng W w a u n a s t he a u by a un we sp ns W t he

me kthee ther o beecrvo dt ioc l c lo t io c ome limi

a
10 1
l ete dteegrd ee o f l t imt ede o f thege e r ll o i b l e ll dmod
s
a
a
u
n up
a
n a
g

ep
d t
,

e
o r te l
b v e the
i
u s sa
e n one
a u
u

, as is n
w
a y p
If in
ss
a
in
n
a y
s

f
we
n

htheo r li ec l fo lmd icth C mor e t ro b l e th r e e te d the flo f i ro i

‘
w a , a s n a u a n is na , a nd by a ns v a r i i t io : i s a u a o
ang
t i is un W
lr e d mno
e t io e d b li he d o p by C O f I J C t IO e le m e n t
’
u u a n is s n an n
f
C h ro om ete r T b l e t ro gl r e c omm e d e d the o f e x c t d e gr ee o f l t i t d e
N a ut a A ana . ap a n H o m me y wh o , as a a y n n , pu s a se t

c o e t io i th the T b l e
n a s in 1 8 63 , s n y n u se an a a u in
nn c n w a s .

N o t h M a ag m t t of C h o o m e d h M a u m t of t t
i ia i a c r r C re
es o n e n e n r n e e rs a n e e s re en
Me r d n D st n es , b y Re a -A dm i al ha l s S h a dw ct l F R S ,
. . .
(1 8 61 )

EQ UA L AL TITU D E S
Ta b l e s a at i o of u al A lt it u d F
.

f F c i l it Met h d
'

th Eq by A L K it c li i n ,
N r co
or ng e es , .

B A . .
,
aval In s t u t r, RN . . 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 .
 12

List of N au t ica l Wo rks pu b lis h ed b y J . D P OTTER . .

LA TITU DE BY EX- M ERI DI A N TA B LES .

D a i '
Ex - M e r i d i a Ta b l e s
u ppl m t a y A i m ut h andH S by P L
T h im wor c o i C c d c io ri i
v s s n e en r z s , . . . 3 .

Da v is is po rt a n t k n ta n s al u l at e Re du t n s t o t h e Me d
o lti l ow r cl i i o
. an

l
f o r h u r an g le s ess t h a n an d a t u de s t h an De d
N oo o
n at

i d
e ns an
° °
La t t u e s 3 4 a n d 64 and S T h e u se o f t h e b k is q u it e e a s y t o
f m li r wi h m h w h i c h co
. . an y ne

i a t the Az im T
ut h ab l e s l m
Th e S u pp e e n t a ry A z i u t s , m pa n y
iv ri r m ii i cl i o v i w h ic h
a ac .

it g e b e a n g s t o o n ea t h e e r d an f o r n n in B u rd w oo d an d Da s
f or o i i o i m i wo
.
us

a re n o w in g r e at r e q u e st p s t n l n e s an d e x - e rid an rk 20 O

rTehec e ordi mo g t the A gr e t m ber

n s M e r id i T bl e th t h v e b ee b m i tte d t o the b l i c
t e rr ther c e d vire Tt obol eb t io ccfrom i te rox i m i te eformo i tl io the for i thec orrfollo
a nu
i g re o
or Ex - an a s a a n su pu in
n y a s Da

cc r te ol t i o d e i r e d t o r e fe r t o eco d i fe re c e T b l e for
na y p o u
s
is
a

l e m e
e ct io
t r
s
a n itf
i t
u py q u
a n ap p
a un
a
q u p s
u a
n,
ma n
w
n
n
and
as n.
an

T he vthe
a
Da i T b l e h o e ve r
u a

h ol e
s

c orr e c t i o
s
u
a
n is
ri oros
form l o f he ri c l
c e i th r c t i c ll the m e cc r c
s w
,

are
o ld r e l
de du c e d f f ro m
t h
from
i ch
a S
a
n

g
D f
us
n
u a
a
Sp
a s u pp
a
y q ua n
T riz o n o m e t ry . w
n a y .

log l irictht mioic ocf the

s appl i es
a lc l Mti orc T hemof c tl ithe tmthe
w
a
eth od
u ae d c t io
dd m
ns .
te r i th
n at
e l f c ili t the
c i

i ll t o the v l e o f the or k h il e the

a a
, w
R
p a
u
a
ns
y
m ay b d e m plo y e d W
sa a u a y as

q
w
ua
u
a
su

y in
app
l e
o bt i i g ed ct ioe
S upp
a n n
a
im th nt
n

R
i t a ry
u
i th the e d c t i o o et the gr e t c o v e i e c e
i m th from the m e vol m e
Az
a

n a nd
q po s
u
A
s,
z
”
b o u nd
u
n n
up w
sa
s a s
R
u
a
u
.
a
ns,
y
d
'
a u
a
w
n
,

n
w
n or

Ta b l f es th R d u t i o of E M i d i a A l t i t u d
or e e c T To
n x e r n es , by J . . w s on , l 0

E M x- i d i a D i ag a m
e r n F r N , r c or
by . A . L Kit c h in , B A
. . .
,
aval In s t u t ,
RN . .

H OU R A N G LE S
v ro o m t r
.

S e e D a is “C h T b le
n e e a s,
pa g e 1 0 .

H Y D R O G RA P H ICA L EN G N EER N G I I .

A Es s ay Hy d r g r ph i c o a al E i i ic l a ppl ab e to Fl oa t n g i Sea
H c Nv
n on n g n e e r n g , as
B a rr ie rs , ar b o u rs , Ba t t e r e s , i C oas t f
De e n e s , a n d a a l Fo r t ifi ca t io n s by C
r F (w h io
. apt

A dde ly S l e ig h , RS L . . . it ll
I u st ra t n s ), (1 8 5 9) 10 0

I N T E RP O L A T I O N .

N ot es on I n t e rp o l at i o n , M at h e m t ic la a and P ra ct i c a l , b y Rea r A dm i
- r al C . S h a dw e ll
FRS . . .

LA TI TU D E AN D LON G ITU D E .

O n P in d ln th L t it a ud e an d L o ng it ud e i C l o u d y W at h e r an d at
ot h ime s o o r wi
e n e
e r , by A . C . J hns n, RN . . En la g e d t o 5 6 pag e s , th A ppe n d i x
an d P art II .

Sh o rt Tab l e s Ru l e s
an d f fi di n g L t it a ud an d L o g it ud by S i gl
o Pol o
or n e n e n e
&c
,
an d D u b le A lt it d u es, e S t ar , Lu n ars , .
, by A . C J h n s on , R N
. . .

Sc al of L t i t de a u f om r 5
°
t o 60
°

pr o po t i o al r to a adli of Lo i gi oi
mil f ci l
es n
tu
f m
d e ,

t wo
w h e re i in
Su m n er li
.

n e s,
one
by R E P
e,
e a ke ,
arra n g e d to a it a t e t h e fi n
sc e
n
g of po s t
n
n
ro s e t, 5 0
pe r
. .

T b a le s s o
h w i n g t h e Le n g t h in Fe e t of a u t D e g re M in
o of a u o u wi h co r o d i e e an d
L t i t d e a n d L n g it d e ,
, ,

Sec nd
.

t mthe
St c h D g r of L t i d m r o f i d or r esp n ng nu ber of
M il i d h t t i be of M La t t u e
N t i c l M il c t i d i D g r o f Lo g i d d r c h P r ll l o f i d
at u t e es n ea e ee a u e ; an e nu nu tes
au a es on a n e n a e ee n tu e, u n e ea a a e La t t u e,
by R . C . Ca rr m g t on , F R G 8 . . .
(1 8 68 )

LA W .

H a db oo k
t h e Law a n d P r c t i c e r e l t i n g t o A p p r e n t i c e s t o a a
a a r d
n on the
M e r c n t i l e M r i n e S e rv i c e , b y F W G a r dn e (o f t h e M d le T e l e) i m
p
. .
 13

List of N au t ical Works pu bl ish ed b y J . D P OTTER

. .

LI G H T S
of f
.

L ig h t Ra n g e T a b l e (h e ig h t l ig h t 1 0 t o 1 000 e e t ; an d h e ig h t of 1 0 t o 1 20
f co J
eye,
eet )
. m pil e d a n d a rr a n g e d b y S Coor m a n de r M a s t er M a r-
m ar . .

L i g h t s in Ly r i c Gl an ce
h e C h an n e l Lig h t s as Pil o t in g M ar s o n a r u n r om k f
o cc o Co
s , or a at t

c
S illy t o t h e N re , a m pa n ie d b y a P a r t in g P re e p t o n m p a s s D e v at c i io
o of o
. n,
11 ddr e s e d t o al l y u n g e r M arin e r s Wit h a ie w t h e C a s u e t s , N t e s an d C h ar t s v q
§
.

( 1 95 9

L UN A R S .

N ot e s on th e Re d u t io n c of Lu Obse rv at i ons M at h e m at ical an d

P ra c ict a l , b y Re a r A dm ir a l
nar
C S h a dw e l l , F R 3 (1 8 8 1 )
,

o
. .

See a ls L at it u d e a n d L n g i t u d e o .

LO GA RITH M S .

Dav is '
Re q i it e T a b le s
by P L H ( Lo g a r i t h m
Da m s T ab le s i c) of
o of o ok
s u s , . . .

L g a rit h m s t o fi v e pla e s c
de im al s n y , f o r pr a t i a l s e a w r c
Th e t y pog r a ph y l c c
of oo k co
.

an d a rr a n g e m e n t the b w il l r e n de r it s u it ab l e f o r h a b it u al u se , a n d i t n t a in s

a t ab l e o f L g a r it h m i o
an d N a t u ra l c
H a e rs in e s s pe ia l y de s ig n e d f o r m de rn v c l o
n a v ig at i n o 12 6

Dav i s s
’
Fi v e - Fi g u re Lo g s
b y P L H D a v is an d A nt i Lo g s c
S pe ial ly pre
o
- . . . .
,

c
par e d f or u s e in A t u ar ia l a n d G e n e r a l C al u l a t i n s Th e s e t a b l e s c v
e r y l e g ib l e

f
. ar e
an d do n o t a t i u e t h e e e in u s e
g y

M A S T -H E A D A N G LE S .

T a b le s of M as t H e ad A n g le s f fiv e f v fo
in t e r als r m 8 0 t o 28 0 e e t , a n d ary in g f v
fo fo o
, or ee t .

dis t a n e s r m c c ab l e s
’
le n g t h t o u r m ile s , w it h t h e ir a ppl i a t i n t o N a u t i a l c c
o o of o
a

v
S u r e y in g ; a l s the de t e rm in at i n c
dis t an e b y s u n d, W 1 t h an

M EA S UR E S .

Fo r e i g n M e a s u re s an d th e ir E n g l is h V a l u e s , co m p l i ed fo fc
r m Ofi ia l S o
ur es, c
b y R C Ca r r m g t on , R R G S
. . .
(1 8 64 )

M ER CA N T I L E M A R I N E .

A Vo i c e f ro m t h e Q u a rt e r e o u r M e r c a n t i le D ck th St t f
M a r i n e b y Jo p h M y
on e a e o
, (M as t e M arin e ) (1 8 76)
se a n e r r

An A d d r e s s d e l i v e re d t o t h e B o y s o f t h e T ra i n i n S h i p s ”
C h ic h e s t e r
an d A"
re t h u s a,
g
b y G M C wh e a d
. . o (1 8 8 5 ) u

M E TE OR O LO G Y
o of oc
.

S o le c t r ic s ; a the x pl a in in g th e c
Te m pe s t s , S e is m i an d V l c an i c
I ov
ry e au se s
Dis t ur b a n c d h ow t o c c
a l u l at e t h e ir t im e an d pl a e l l u s t ra t e d b y c
oo o co o
e s, an er
v
.

1 5 0 diag r a m b y A lf r e d J C pe r , N a ig a t r
s, .
(S e n d Edit i n ) .

Th e C au s e s of W e at h e r and Ea rt h q u a ke s (w it h fo D i ag r a m s ), b y
A lf oo (
r ed J C pe r 1 90 2)
ur

oy k l co f cc y o f fo c c o of
.

b c c ll
T h es e w r s r e at e t o a s u je t w h i h is s t i in it s in a n , b ut

b f l ll f o
b e h e a rd i n e a rs t o me T h e re m a r a e m an n e r in w h i h de fi n it e
.
wh i h m re w ill u n dc u b t e dly

c ore ast sk blt h e a u t h r ha e

b co c c
o
boo k
v
v
oeen u fi ed r m t im e t o t im e
a r use d c o nmde ra b le int e re st , n o t n
an n t b e as cri e d t o m e re
o ly o
in ide n e , a n d t h e
a m n g s t n a u t i a m e n , b u t w it h t h e g e ne ra p u i a s
s ha e
c l l bl c l o .

n h t a s a M o t i v e P o w e r, a S e rie s of M e te o oo r l g i c al E ss ay s by L ieu t .

R H A rm l t ’ R N ‘
.
u 0 o n o n

See a ls o Wi n ds .
 14

List of N au t ica l Works pu blish ed by J . D P OTTE R

. .

R EV E R S I B L E TRA N S IT IN S TR UM E N T .

N o tes the
o n use of th e P o rt a b l e Re v e r s i b l e T ra n s i t , a n d t h e
M e t h od o f C lc la t ion of the O b s e rv at i o n s , w it h dia g ra m s a n d
oo
a u

ph t g r aph s . b y Ca p t . C E . . M on r o , R N . 3 o

ROY A L N A VY .

Ch a rt of th e N av y of G re a t B rit ai n , f om th Ea r l i e s t Pe i od of
o o
r e r
H i s t o ry , co m c l
pile d f r m H is t o r i a pu b l i at i n s , o l d re o rds , P ar iam e n t a ry c c l re t u r n s ,
an d o ther au o c
t h rit ie s , b y Fr e der i k For t ou l ( t h e A d m ira l t y ), 1 8 60 of
R UL E S OF TH E ROA D .

Th e Ru le s of th Ro a d at S co m p ris in g the o
Re g u l a t i n s f o r p r e e n t in g v
c o ll o fo c i o
e e a,
S e a 191 0 , an d Ru l e s in
is i n s a t H a rb v
Ri e rs , a n d n la n d Wa t e r s ; I
o
r e
. n u rs ,

x
w it h e pl a n a t o ry n t es a n d o b s e r v a t m n s b y H u b er t S t ua r t M o o re a n d N or m a n
o
.

D m ica n , M C (4 t h Edit i n ) . . 21 O

3 H ( H ow
’
He r H e ad ) i n d i c at o r an d Ru l e of the Ro a d at S
b y Ge o r ge
s
Sp il l a n e
ea .

N A V I G A T IO N .

Th A lph B e t a. Gam m N i g at i o n Ta b le s , ov l in g a ll t he pr b le m s o
o o fo fo of
e a, a av s
u se d fi in g p s it i n
in x lin e s b y ru le s d e n ve d r m a S in g le rm u a l S ph e ri a c l
T n g o n o m e t ry , b y H B . . Goodw m , M A ,

An Eq u a t o ra i Az im ple an d u n i th T a b le , s im v ers al meth d o of fi nd i the

o of
u a ng

i
A z im u t h , e t h e r b y T im e o r A lt it u de A z im u t h a ppli ab le in c a ll la t it u de s t o b die s
o o o
. an y

c
D e lin at i n N rt h o r S u t h , b y H B Goodw in , E N . . . 10 0

Th e Co n w ay M an u al of N av ig a t
8 0 pag e s n t h in g is ion In t h is b oo k o f o
k
t a e n f o r g ran t e d A ll r m u l as a r e d n d t h e de pe n de n e Nfo
a ig at i n a n d ov .

c of v o
oo o o o of
pr e a.

c
N au t i a l A s t r n m y u p n t h e s l u t i n P an e a n d S p h e r i a l Tria n g e s is le ar ly l c l c
o
b r ug h t o u t c
P a r t i u la r e m ph as is h as b ee n l aid u p n m e t h d By M or ga n , o o J
o
. . .

ALA (S en ior M as t e r ) a n d T P M a r h a n t , A L Woo d (N a v ig a t i n M as ters ), H M S c

o
. .

Conw a y ”
S ho l S h ip c
b c
Su h a c c
m p i at i n as t h is ,o blo o o by m
yv en o
ol f
d b v y
xp i c 'i t h t ch i g
f g re at
l t
e er en e n e ea n of n au t i a c l
o of o dv t g o f t h Co w y
"
su j e t s f o r use o n a rd t h e i C n wa sh u e did t p p er use u o ca n a es re a rin g
f or t h e
B a rd x
T rade e a m ina t i ns , wh o h a
.

e not h d th a e a an a e e n a p re h m i n ary
t ra in in g .

Th e P ra t c ic e of N av i g at ion an d N au t i c a l A s t r o n o m y c“ o m plet”e w it h taatbile s

al s o t h e o) , ,

b y Lieu t Rop er , R N . . S N ew
( N a v ig
ee n 30 O

N au t i ca l T a b le s , b y Lie u t ]t aam .
, RN . do .
,
do . 21 0

ha v b
e
In t h e z i e t e dit i n
e e n a dde d t o
t h is
rin g t h e w b
o o f ok o re n
r
ok bl
w ned w r , pu is h e d d u rin g t h e e ar 1 920 .
up t o t h e s ta n da rd m de rn re q u ire m e n t s of o y .
v
a ri u o Ta bl es

T RA V E R S E TA B L E S .

(f o v
m Ra pe r s N a ig at i n ) n o w 1 s s u e d a s a se pa ra t e pu b li a t i no c o
'
T r a v e rs e T a b le s
I ) co o
r

T a b le (92 pag es n t a in s t h e D idi La t a n d D e p f o r t h e C u rse a t e e ry de g ree , v

of co o
.
. .

an d f or e a h m le c i c dis t an e t o 60 0 m ile s , wit h t h e t im e r re s

p n di n g t o ea h de g re e c
 16

List of N au t ical Works publish ed by J . D P OTTER. .

N EW
‘ ’
TH E N A V IGA TIO N .

A ppe d ix t o Ra p e
'
P r a c t ic e of N ig a t io n B e in g a n x pl i n the o of
oo o o of
n r s av . e an at

N e w A s t r n m i a l N a i g at i n b y t h e m e t h d c v C al u a t e d c l Z e n i t h Dis t a n c e s
W f o ok
.

c
it h S pe ia l T a b l es f or S im pl i y in g a n d S h r t e n i n g t he w r , b y Wi l l ia m H u l l
Ch a p l a i n a n d N a v a l n st r u ct r ( C h i ef I o N a va l In s t i it c tor .
Ro y a l
A u s t r al ia n N a v y )
f of ocfo bA s pe ci l
M r H a s w r 18 t h e T a e o f
a e a t u re ll
m i n e d N a t u ra a n d L g a r i t h m i
.
‘

o k
bl o f
bl c o b
ovf l l
l bo
o c
c
v o o bl o f v o f ob by v fo of
V e rs m es B y m e an s m in e d T a es t h is n a t u re a g re at s av m g a u r is e ff e t e d
v l c
.

c l o ly co o b of l c o
a r i us p r ems N a ig a t i n A u rt h e r sa in g IS t a in e d g i in g a u es t o ur p a es
c
.

acc c y
de im a s n
u ra q m t e s u fio
It i s g ra dna lly
‘
. m in g t o b e re g n iz e d t h a t t h is n u m e r
ic ne n t f o r a ll rdin a r p u rp s e s
p a es ff e rs a de g re e o i
y o .

'
N A UTICA L A N D GEODE] IO A STRO N OMY .

N au t i ca l A st r on om y (E C m m i f S by y ) T h W
e b fls t P S ym o n ds o o
o of c o o o
a: s s i ner.o u /r v e s . . .

m e t h ds c
al u l a t in g H u r -A n g l e , a n d fi n d in g L n g it u de a n d Lat it u d e Th e s h r t e s t
o
.

E x -M e ridian m e t h d wit h N e w Tab l e S id e r e a l a n d M e a n T i m e m a de c lea r T h e N e w

o o
. .

x
N av rg’ a t io n e pla in e d a n d t h e M d e r n I n e t h O 'l s o f w o r in g D u b l e A l t it u de s a n d k
o o o of
.

dra win g P s it i n in e s Th e E u a t i n l
E u a l A l t it u de s m ad e e as y , a n d u s e d f o r q q
o fo o
.

fi n ding L n g it u d e r m Ex -M e r xdia n s a n d f o r de t e r m i n in g e r r r in La t it u d e d u e t o
o
.

S h ip m v in g N o r S Lu n a xs s im pl i fi e d . C h a pt e rs o n fi n din g Dis t a n e s, t h e T i de s
. . c ,

& c , w it h m a n y diag ra m s
.

N au t i ca l A st on om y M a d e Eas y , b y A C Jo o hn s RN A ll t h e Ru e s b e in g l
ok oo o
r . . n ,
.

w r ed by a S m a ll Ta b le on On e P ag e , d e s ig n e d t o ec n m ies Tim e a n d La b u r

An In t r o d u t i o n to the c
P ra t i c c e of N av i g at i o n an d N au t i cal
A s t r o n o m y , b y R E Ho oppe l l , M A , . . . .

H a n dy M et h od s of G e od e t ic A st on om y f La n d S o rs by
C RA H A A/ G l i l b B Lb
’ ’
Al lmt C A
r
A uth o r oi
or
Pre l i m i n a ry S u r
u rv e
v e
y,
”
y
etc etc

yo o W y o o o f o o col y o b oc
.
,
.

bl l k l c
oc l
! f
ro e n a e a n ne
kn w e d g e h a s g r w n r u s t
it h t h e m st

o
im it e d n w e d ge
a t o n c e , Il l a n y p a rt o i i h
bl b
G e de t i
w r d , t o s e lee t
w h i h a re m s t s u i t a e t o r o s e r a t i n a t t i m e a n d p la C f -z The n te v o o l o ly x
A str

t b oo k
t h o se
n

b
m
e e s t ial

n ece ssa i y
; or w h
je t s
se

g
c l l c k
e in
b
.

t h e A ri d ge d N a u t i a A m a n a o r W h it a e r ,

S A IL IN G D IR E CTI O N S .

C a n ad a n i N o rt h A t la n t i c
S t e a m s h ip Ro u t e s b e t w e e n t h e B r i t i s h
Is l e s an d C a n ad a c
D i s t a n e , Lat it u de , L n g it u de , Var iat i n , a n d t r u e C u r s e , o o o
Woo
.

by R A . . dw ar d, Li e u t R N . . .
R .

Co ct M ag n e t ic Co and Dist an c es f r om an d to Va r i o u s
o oo
r re u rs e s ,

P o rt s ou nd i i
t h e B r t s h Is le s , b y A r t h wr U n d e r h ill , L L D , C m m d r e
o of o
r . .

f t he R ya l Cru isin g Clu b , ass is t e d b y s e e r al M e m b e rs the C ub Sec nd v l

o
o .

Edit i n n o n o n o

Co ci N i g at i n g D i re ct i o f th Ri v e T h a m e s , in c l u din g a ll the
o fo o o
n se av ns or e r
P o ls , Re a h e s , an d C h a nn e ls c r m Lo n d n B ridg e t o t h e S u t h Il or e la n d a n d
‘

O rf or dn e s s , a n d f o r t h e En g is h C h a n n e l t o B e a h y He a d ; a s f o r t h e P rt l c l o o of
k q oc
D u n e r u e a n d t h e a ppr a h e s t o t h e S h e d t , b y S te p h e n P e n n y , Tr i n i t y P i l t , c l o
Gra v es en d (ill u s t ra t e d b y n in e t e e n C h ar t s )

Eas t Co
as t R v e rs . i
C h ar t s an d S a i l in g D ir e t i n s f o r t h e Ri e rs R a h , C r u h , c o v o c o c
l ck o
B a w a t e r , C l n e , S t o u r , Or w e ll, D e b e n , O re a n d A ide ; t g e t h e r w it h G e n e ra l o
fo
C h ar t s r m t h e T h am e s t o S u t h w l d, b y Li eu t S V S C M cs su m , R N o o . . . . . . .

Th e P i l ot G
’
ide f in oo rpora t e d
the En g l i s h Ch l (w it h w h i h is c n ow
“ o oo k o
s u or an ne
b y S t a ff C m m a n d e r J W K in g ,
”
f or t h e En g lis h C h a n n e l
’
Th e P il t s H an d b
o o of o
. .

c o m pr is in g t h e S u t h C a s t E n g an d a n d g e n e r a l dire t i n s f o r t h e l c
v o of
N a ig a t i n t h e C h a n n e ; wit h n u m e r u s Ch ar t s a n d P l a n s l
H a rb o u r s , e dit e d o ,

of
b y H D J en kin s , . .
 17

List of N au t ic al Works pu blish ed by J . D P OTTER . .

Ya h t c C
r u s n , b y Cla u d i i g or t /i S e n d Edit i n W
t h is , a s t an da rd w r co o of ok d
on
o o
. s . .

c
Y a h t in g n o w i s s u e d, 4 4 8 a es R
opo
y al O C t l V O , w it h 1 0 0 illu s t rat i n s , pla n s , a n d pla t e s 21 O
‘

g
c
C o u r s u r s — T h e Fa s in a t io n
c
o f Ya h t s i n B a d W e a t h e r

l ol
th e S ea A w ar n in g
N t e s o n N a w g a t io n
S e a w o rt h i n e ss
C as t a N a ig a t i n
ck l
.
O n t h e M a n a ge m e n t

y
D e e W a t e r N a iga t i n
.

o . ol
,

l v o T b
v o .

S ai s

a Ya h t
G r un d T a
.

c
e

B u i n g a Ya h t
D in g h
W i n t e r S a i i n g La in g li p W in t e r w r
of y
S e in g a Ya h t
y
S a n it a t i n S in g e -h an d e d C rm s m g
F it t in g o u t
. im e r a n d S pa rs ,
.

P a i n t in g an d V a r n is h i n g
c ll The h i e
Ya h t H a n d s P r is i n in g , a n d m an in t e re s u n g
.
ok c
.

.
.

c . ov o .

y c oc
C r u s e s , 1 8 8 8 /i 920 .

Co as tw i s e -C r o s s S e as . T he
!
T ri b u la t i o ns an d T riu m ph s of a C as u a l C ru i s e r ,

15
b y [f em 'y Rey n olds O
boo k c o
l c io o f h c i m d by t h t h o i 6—t c t t b t w
y vo d d w ll wo t c k d f o m B it y i t h o h
T h is n t a ins a se e t n t e r u s es a e e au r n a on u er e e en
th 88
o
d 90 H h
vo y g d t l c ly d b y m ll y c h T h boo k W ll
,

e e ars 1 ! an 1 1 . e as a i e e rn ra s , an r r t an n e s ut to

l t o g l y t v y o wh y d y ch i g c c ly
Sh d
e t an h h h h in t e n rt e as a e o p a e s ra re V is i t e a a ts e i
ch
, s .

l d w h W ll d iv pl
y w y
t o y of dv t o
ap e a
p s r n t d
o e er d ne o is i n a n a in e res t e in a t s an a t n an in a s ar e
l d g t th g
.

t fo t h c h m g t y l W h m od t y d q i t h m o
ess e re e , o f e m h e n e ra t p re a er o i er e e as u re ro t e s r a e n u r us ri s
se r in a ar in s e it es an u e u ur .

C i s in g S a i ls an d c
Ya h t i n g T a l e s Pe rs n a l A dv e n t u re s o f FR A N K CO W P E R o
o of o o o
ru .

T u rs ) w it h 4 0 ill u s t ra t i n s a n d 3 n a v ig at i n a l ch arts
”
(A u t h r S aili n g 20 O

ov y er
B e in g a re
e a r s o ld a n d
c o of oy
rd

50
s me
e a r s s pe n t
oi t h e ge s t e s
in e p
o f
x lo o
ll an
ra t i
i
ns.
u si e v pe r s o ly na i t . A ll t h e w ok
r o f on e m an

A m at e u r S a i l i n g ( 1 8 71 Re m in isce n c es by C F A bdy Wi llz a m r

oo
. . .

In 1 0 ch a
pt e rs , 1 1 2 pag e s an d ph t g ra ph s .

c c l Co t
P ra t i a as al N av i g at i o n , wit h ch art s a n d dia g ram s b y Cou n t
’
cc M n m on t 1 O

F o m C lc t t
r t a u B o m b ay
b e in g t h e S e o n d Edit i n
a o t h e Han d Co as t ing c o of
ook b o t o t h e P r t s o n t h e C as t i n dia e t w e e n C al u t t a an d B m b a y , in lu din g o of .

b c o c
o v
C e y l n a n d t h e M al di e an d La a div e s lan ds , wit h 1 1 C h ar t s a n d 1 2 P h o t n a ph s , cc I
. . . o
b y Lie u t H S B r wn , R N R P rt Of fi e r , M a rin e D e part m e n t , M adras P re s iden y 1 0 . . o c c . O

Th e c O d cc
P th f Sto m
u rre n d h e t e an M e t h d of a s o r s , an o
A oi i D m g
d ng f om Th m
a e ] by S Co m m a n der , M as t e r M a rin e r An
occ c of o o k o co
v a r e ,
. .

’
E ss ay o n Th e u rre n e an d
pat h s t h s e s t r m s n w n as Cy l n e s , as t h e y
ar e e n co u n t e re d in o
Eas t e rn S e as b e t w e e n A de n an d S in g a p re , in l u din g t h e c
o oo o f
n e ig h b u rh d of I c
M au rit iu s an d t h a t par t t h e n dia n O e a n b e t wee n M au r it us i
Ian d o
n dia o o fo
A ls t h e m e t h d o f av idin g dam ag e r m t h e m
.

3 on

Wi d d C ts f t h M di C t e r r a n e an , b y u pt A B B e c ker , R N , w it h
k o o of fo o
n s an u r re n o e e . . . . .

re m ar v it s N a iga t i
n at d itf e r e n t S e as n s t h e Y e a r , c o m pile d r m ar i u s v
o
s on

aut c fl h ( )
rit ie s , h ie y S pan ish 1 8 64

N ig t io f th At l t ic O c C e an , b y A B B ec ke r , R N , wit h a n a
ap t . cco unt

of o o o
av a n o e an . . . .

W W t he in ds , e at h e r a n d C u rre n t s t u n d t h e r e in t h r u g h u t t h e y e ar (wit h
C h ar t s ) (1 8 92)

N i g at i o n of t h e In d i a n O c e an Ch i d A t ra l a n i S
b y Cap t e as ,
o fo
av n a an us .

A B e cker , R N , w it h a n a c u n t o f t h e Win ds ,
B c We a t h e r a n d C u rre n t s und

o o
I
. .

t h e re in t h r u g h u t t h e y e a r (w it h C h art s ) (1 8 64 )

C h a rt f the S l i n a B ra n ch f the Da n u b o
(E u r pe an C m m iss i o o of the
o fo o of o o
o u o e n

v
D a n u b e ), s u r e y e d b y R b e r t H a n s rd , S u r e y r v C m m is s i n , u n de r
t he the
dir e t i n c o of
C A H ar t l e y , E n gin e er in Ch ie f (s h o win g 45 n a u t i a l m ile s th e c of
fo
. .

v
Ri e r r m S u lin a), s iz e 1 0 f t x 2 f t 3 in (1 8 60 ) . . . 20 O

N ot e s on Ch e rb o u rg (Ge o g r a ph i al an c d H is t o ri ca l d c es ript i n o of &c ) . an d Ch a rt

b y Comm a/adv B ed/0r d P t m , R N . .
,
 18

Lis t of N au t ical -
Wo rk s p u b li sh e d b y J . D POTTER
. .

S E A M A N S H IP
o
.

U n d e r t h e Re d En s lg n Go i ng t o S "
; o r, e a. b y Th m as Gr a y (1 8 92 )

S h i ps ’
D at a h a n dy re rd A co
e e ry t h in g r e l at in g t o t h e H u ll of
a s h ip ; v of
al h abe t i a l c l
,

y a rr an g e d an d s ee n a t a g lan e E e ry M a rin e S u pt s h u d h a e a c v ol v
p
o ck
. .

co
py in h is p et b y 7 B Al a t fi eson , (A ss t M a rin e S u pt , C u n ard Lin e )
v co o
. . . . . .

N B — T we l e pie s b u n d as o n e v o l , prin t e d o n e ry t h in pape r, w it h t ab s 1 t o 1 2 v

co v
. . .

li m p e rs , su it ab le f o r M ar in e S u t s
p .

S EX TA N T S .

C i
a pt a n s
’
an d O f fi c e rs
'
'
B r i dg e fi n din g P oop Com p i o T ab l e s f
o c o ( o of c
or an n . or

t h e dis t an e o f c
b je t at s e a b y in s pe t i n c
wit h u t t h e u s e pe n il o r
of o
an

pape r ), at t h e sa m e t im e g i i n g t h e dist an e t h e s h ip w il g o w ide vt h e b je t c l c

fo
b e re g e t t in g t o it , an d t h e t o st e e r t o co
b t a in a r e u ire d d is t a n e o q c
ov of co o ov
u rs e .

Th e ab e g i es w it h t h e a id v m pass n l , t h e dis t a n e o f a m in g S h ip c
fo o
a ,
y
r m an y fi e d b jec t x
B y A H at terot h . .

Co u rs e an d P os it i on by S e xt a n t O b s e rv at ion s of t wo kn o w n
c
O b je t s , b y Lt -Co l En g lis h , lat e R E . . .

S H IP P I N G .

H is t o r lc a l N ot e s on S h lp p l n g , b y P . L Is a a
. c
, (18 79)

SP EEDS .

S pe e d an d Co ns u m pt i on S t e a m -S h i p s
a n d S t a b l t y , w it h A l g e b ra i
of i i c
o co o ic
F rm u la f o r E n m al S pe e d, an d Ru le s f or a l u la t in g t h e al t e ra t i n s in D ra u g h t c c o
an d Trim c
o rr e spo n din g t o Ch an g e s in D isp a ce m e n t , a n d f or u s in g t h e H y d r m e t e r l o
o
t o e st im at e t h s e du e t o D iff e r e n e s in t h e S pe ifi G ra it y the c
at e r ; f or u s e in c c v of W
o c
t h e R y al N a vy an d M e r a n t ile M a rin e ; t o w h i h h a s b e e n ad de d a C h a pt e r o n c
c c
S t a b ilit y , wit h P ra t i al Ru le s ; S e n d E dit i n , Re is e d co o v an d E n l a r ge d , b y J F
oc I o
. .

R u t h ven , M as t er M a rin er , l a t e Lieu t R N R A s s nst N A Yo wn ger B r t h er of t he

o
. . . . .

Trin it y H u se ,

S p e e d T a b le s , f o r fi n din g t h e dist an c e in a g iv e n t im e at a g iv en spe e d , b e t w ee n

of ko o o
ru n
t h e l im it s 10 to 18 n ts, b y J . D . M a cp her s n (P a fi S t ea m N av ig a t i n ci c

S T A B IL I TY .

A N ew T h e o ry
t h e S t a b ll lt y o fof S h lp s , c o
se on d e dit i n , re v ise d an d e n l arg e d

(wit h 28 diag ra m s ), b y A l] C per . J oo.

(1 8 99)
S ee a l so S pe e d an d Co nsu m pt ion of S t e am s h i ps .

HOW S HIPS A RE LOST .

H O W S h ips a re Lo s t . an d h ow t o sa e v l i fe an d pr o e rt y
p at s ea (ill u s t rat ed ) b y
W . P . M . M am ( 1 8 79)
 0

Lis t of N au t ic al Wo rk s pub l is h e d b y J . D POTTER

. .

TID E S .

T i d e T a b le s f
I c l u di n g t h e Ri e r a n d G u
or
v
as t s o f
th ean a d a f o r t h e y e a r 1 9 2 4
Ea s t e
l f of
rn
Fu n dy ,
Co C c of
S t La wre n ce , t h e A t la n t i U c a n , t h e B a y
o o fo o
n .

N r t h u m b e rlan d an d C a b t S t rait s a n d in
,
rm a t i n o n C u rre n t s , b
y D r E v il -
D a w s on . G ra t is

A S i m p le
t im e an d
an d
h e i g h t in e
Ra pi d
q l i
m et h od of T i de P re d i t
W
c “i o D
n
R E
(i n c l u din g di u r n a l
ERA S
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C
u a it e s ) by M . E G/z e u ry . 67 . M . O

C a pt D Fu lt on T i d a l D i ag ra m a n e as y an d re adv m eth o d of c om p t in g t h e
ct io o o o
. . 8 ,
u

c o r re n to be a ppl ie d to t he s un din g s , m un ted on st i fi c a r db a rd w it h R t ie an d

Cas e co m p le t e .

M o x ly ’
s T h e o ry
f t h e T i d e s , wit h m er o d ia g r a m s S e co d Ed i t i o Re vi se d

J
o n u us n n ,

an d E n lar e d, b
g y Cafp t F Ru t h v en . . . ,

Th e c
D i re t i o n a n d Rat e o f t h e T i d a l S t re a m s a t e v e r y H o u r , f o r 48
c
Lo a l i t i e s b e t w e e n t h e N o r a a n d S c iiiy i s l e s , c m pil e d r m A d m ir a l t y o fo
S o c o ur es n ly , b y F H w a r d C l lin s. o o
Th e G e n e ra l D i r e t i o n o f
“
c the T i d a l S t r e a m s in t h e N o r t h S e a f o r
“a f t e r , a n d a t H i g h W at e r . D o v e r ,
Hou r b e f o re
"
e v e ry an d
c o m pil ed
b y Com . G . K . Ga n d y , R N R , . fo r m O di c ial P u b l i c at i o ns (o n one sh ee t ,

s iz e 23 b y 1 7

Th e U i
n v e rs a l T i d a l Re a d y Re c ko n e r, c lca u la t e d by Ca p t .
W E H u t c h i ns
. . o n . l 6

Th e N o rt h S e a. It s Ph y s i c al c
Ch a ra t e r is t i c s, T i de s , C u rre n t s an d Fi s h e r ie s , by
W . H . Wh ee ler ,

How f ar is t h at Li g h t ? T a b le s t o a l l o wf c ur re n t in fi n di n g t he d is t a n c e
o
or

by d u b lin g t h e an g e o n l the b o w , b y Fr e dk . B a l l , ALA .

TIM E .

H o w t o Fi n d t h e T i m at S in l e s s t h a n M inut e b e in g New d
o Jo
e ea a , a an

A cc u ra t e M e t h d, w it h s pe ci l ly a ad a pt e d Ta b le s , b y A . C . hn s on , R N .

T i m e -A lt i t u d e s f Ex p e d i t ing the C lc lat i on of A p pa re n t -T i m e

Jo o
or a u ,

&C .
, by A . C . hn s n ,
RN . .

T h e B lu e Co at B oys C lo c k A dial s h win g t h e o s im u lt a n e o t im e of da y a t a ll

of fc . us

part s the ea rt h
’
s sur a e , s iz e 20 x 1 7 in h e s c 6 u

W IN DS .

Th T r u e D i re t c ion an d V e lo ci t y o f W n d , b se r e d i o v fo m S h ips w h i e S a i i n g , l l
of oo o c oc
e r

b y J a m e s N M i l le r (M e m b e r v
t h e Li e r p l P ly t e h n i c S ie t y ), w it h Ta b e f o r l
I c o of
.

n di at in g t h e Tr u e Dir e t i n c t h e Win ds at S ea (1 8 70 )
 21

Lis t of N au t ic al Wor k s p u b li h e d b y J s . D POTTER. .

CA T I O N S F O R Y A C H T S M E N
U S E F UL P U B LI .

Ya c h t C i i g C Wo by col au d o of h i
rt h ok
S e n d E dit i n t s t an dard w r on s d
o l c o h i o
ru s n s, . a .

,
c
Ya h t in g n o w is su e d, 4 4 pa g e s R y a O t av , wit [ 0 0 llu st rat i
8 n s, plan s an d pl a t e s 21 0

c o o f
C O N T E N T S — T h e F a s in a t i n
c o o o
l v o
th e S ea A w a rn in g S e a w rt h in e s s O n t h e M an age m fi m . .

o y o W
.

W
o f Y a h t s in B a d eath e r N O i e s o n N a v ig a t i n C a s t a N a ig a t i n De ep a t e r N av 'Ea t Yl
l ck l l
.
.

y Wo k
. .

Sa s
i G r u nd Ta e D in g h S a n it a t i n
“ S i n g e h a n d e d C r u i s in g T i mb e r a n d S p a rs . -

l
, .

W
. . ,

y
i n t e r S ai in g
o f a Ya c h t
C ru i s e s
'
c
W
L a in g u p
ll c c
in t e r r
y Fit t i n g o u t
B u in g a Y a h t S e i n g a Y a h t Ya h t H a n d s
.
.
P a in t in g an d V a rn is h i n g
.
T h e 0 11 0 1
P ro w s io n in g an d m an in t e re s t i n g
.
. .

. .
.

Co a s t -w i s e — C ro s s S e as . T h e T rib u lat i o ns an d T riu m ph s of a C a s u a l C ru ise r

b y H e n ry Rey n olds
boo k co l ct io o f t h c i m d b y t h tho c t t b tw
t he yl T h is
e a rs 881
o
d 9
1 H h
an vo d d w ll w o t c k d f om B it t y h o t h t l
n t a in s a s e e

vo y g d t p l c
1 10 . e as
6t

l y vi it d by m ll y c h T h boo k w l
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, r
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o g l yt ht gv yo l whd i wih Wy llw dy ivt pl t d i yf ocmh t h dtyo ychofi gdv dt o c p c l yt
0

an d i n th th h he n r e as a e o a e s ra re s e s a a ts e i

l
.
.

a pp e a st r n o e er ne o s n an a n e re s e n a t s an a t n an in a s ar e
l
, ,

fo es s de g r e e , t o
rt h i n a ar c h m g y l w it h m od t y d q i h m o
e
in st
e n e ra
e
re a er
es
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i

u et
e ri e
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e as u r e
ur .
r e s r a e n u r u s t ri s se

C is ing S i“l s c ht i
d Ya g T a le s P e rs o l Ad v t f FR A N K CO W P E R
o o ) o v ig t io l ch t
ru a an n .
na e n u res o

(A u t h r o f S ai l in
g T u rs
”
W it h 4 0 i llu s t ra t i n s an d 3 na a na ar s 20 0

co o f o o f o f ll iv o l t y A ll t h wo k i
ov er 724. y
B e i n g a re rd s me t h e g e s t es
e a rs o ld a n d 50 sp e n t i n e p rat i x lo o n
an i us e pe rs n a i ?
e r o on e m an

Am at e u r S i li n g (1 8 71 Re m in is e n c c b y C F A b dy Wil liam s
a
oo
. es .

In 1 0 ch a
pt e rs , 1 1 2 pag e s an d
ph t g raph s .

P ra t c ic l Co a as t a l N av i g at ion ,
w it h ch ar t s an d diagram s b y Cown l do M irmnon t 4 0

N av i g at i o n S i m p li fi e d , b y Sy st e m of
Te a h in g b as e d o n Firs t P r n ipl e s , f or c i c
fc fo
a

O fi e r s ( r m 2n d M a t e x
t o E t r a M as t e r ) in t h e M e rc an t il e M ar in e an d Y a h t s m e n c
Il
lu s t r a t e d b y n u m e r u s o diag r a m s , b y Cap ta in P Th m p son , . o
Ea s t Co as t R i v e rs
C h a r t s an d S ailin g D ir e t i n s f or t h e Ri e rs R a h , C ro u h , c o v oc c
ck o o o
.

B la w a t e r , C l n e , S t u r O r we l , D e b e n , Ore an d Ai de ; t g e t h e r w it h Ge n e r al l
f
Ch a r t s ro m t h e Th a m e s t o S u t h w ld, b y L ieu t S V S C M e ssm n , R N
,

o o . . . . . . .

Th P i l ot
’
Gu ide f th En g l i s h Ch an n e l (w it h w h i h is c n ow in co o d ra t e

o ok co o of
e s or e rp
f o r t h e E n g lis h Ch an n e l m pr is in g t h e So u t h C as t
’
Th e P il t s H an db o
E n g l an d a n d g e n e ra l dir e t i n f o r t h e N a ig at i n t h e Ch a n n e l c o
w it h n u m e r v o of o
of o J
us

C h a r t s a n d P l an s H ar b u r s , e dit e d b y H D en kins , . . 15 0

C o r re ct M ag n e t ic Co d Dist an c
t o Var f om an d i ou s
o
u rs e s an es , r
Po rt s ou nd
t h e B r i t i s h i s le s b A rt h u r Un der h il l , LL D , Co m m od f
o
r re o
, y . .

t h e Roy a l Cru is m g Clu b , a s s is t e d b y s e v e ra l M e m b e rs o f t h e Cl u b 2n d e dit i n .

3 H (H o w
'
s He r H e a d ) In d i c at or and Ru le of th e Ro a d at S e a.
b y Geor ge Sp i l lane

Th e Ro x b Com p h Err o r C
Fo r u i ly an d a u ra t e ly orre t in g a rd . q ck cc c c
Co Co o
u rg as s
Tru e an d m pas s u r se s an d B e ar in g s b y a N e w M e t h d ; e t re m e ly s im ple an d x
e asy t o wor k S . iz e 1 0 x 1 1 in h e s ; arn is h e d c
B y C R Wy lie v . . .
 22

B RA S S D IV I D E R S 6 8 iti e h
-
5 o

FI E L D S P A RA L L E L
’
R U L E RS .

24—in ch . 24
’
21 -
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i n ch . 18 / 1 5 iri h
-
c if ) 0

24 i ch
n . 24/ 2l in h
-
c . 2l l 18 -
i i e li
t , 18 / 1 5 iii ch
-
. 15 0

TH E D O U G LA S C O M B IN E D P RO T RA C T O R

AN D P A RA L L E L R U LE .

c
A n im prov e d pro t ra t o r f o r t h e u s e o f s e am e n . P aralle l Ru l e rs an d

D iv ide rs a re u n n e e s sar
y P o s scib le e rr o rs
. in La y in g O ff or Re adin g Of !
Cou rs es , !t o . are av oide d . B ookle t is s u e d gr at is .

Pric e in s t ou t c ar db oar d c ase . s iz e 10 x 10 in .

I N D EX .

Ad a lt y C u a r t s (u 5 e f u i i n f o r m a t io n ) 2, 3 , 4 , 5 , 6, 7 an d 23

J D P ot t e r io u s P u b lic a t i 8 t o 22
’
. . s v ar o
ns

B oo ks f o r Ya h t s m e n c

Prices f or Moun t ing (on Linen) t h e Admiral!y Ch art s .

S m al l S h e e t s , 20 x 27 in . 2 0

L arge S h ee t s , 4 0 x 27 i n . 3 0
Large r S h ee t s t h an ab ov e 3 6 an d 4 6

Le at h e r P or t f o lio s (s iz e 27} x 21 5 X 4 iii ) w it h s t ra ps an d b u c kle s f o r t h e A dm ir alt y

C
.

h art s in cl u d i n g S h e e t f o r In de x in g t h e Ch ar t s 30] e ac h , .
 T HE M A RI N E C H R O N O M ET E R .

Th is w oki
r s t he fi rst t o b e de v o t e d ex c l iv
us e ly t o th e Ch r oo
n m et er
.

J U ST I
P U BL S H E D

1 92 3

POS I T IO N Li N E T A B LES ( S in e M et h od ) .

B y Dr . w . M . S M A RT , M A . D Sc
. .

'
The appr o priat e T ab le s re f e rre d t o in t h e A dm iralt y M an u al o f
N av ig a t io n (1 922) V o l II page 1 8 6 w ill b e re a dy in A pril
. .
, ,

1 924 . T h e b oo k w ill c o n s is t o f 3 4 pa g e s o f Ta b le s an d s o m e
1 0 pag e s o f E x pla n at io n b o u n d in s t iff c o v e r
,