Characterization of Bayongan, Capayas, and Malinao Dam Sediments

Kent Juv L.Galleposo, Kristine Mae Adaptar, Douglas Mariel Cerna

University of San Jose- Recoletos, Department of Civil Engineering

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

1.1 Introduction

Sediments are the tiny particles produced by the flow of water and

deposited at the bottom of the water bodies. The deposit of those materials is a

result of ongoing participation in both natural and anthropogenic activities. It is a

serious concern since the storage capacity (or health) is limited or otherwise

affected. Therefore, it is necessary to know the sediments in formulating methods

to use them as a resource made by humans as effectively as possible. The

importance of various sediment attributes (physical, biological, morphological,

geotechnical, toxicological, and microbial properties) in the aquatic bodies can

help to determine their potential as a natural resource substitute material

(Sharma and Singh, 2014).

Reservoir sedimentation studies are necessary for the analysis in

research and management problems related to watershed sediment budgets,

dam systems, dam operations, and disposal of dams. Sediment removal reduces

dam performance and life and also the flow of rivers (Eroglu et al., 2010). There

has been an analysis of the society's 145 largest rivers with long-term continuity

1
records of sediment, and the findings indicate that about 50% of the rivers

statistically have a long-term sedimentation deterioration (Walling and Fang,

2003). Sumi and Hirose (2009) estimated that the global gross storage capacity

of the reservoir is approximately 6000 km3 having an annual sedimentation rate

of about 31 km3 (0.52 percent). These indicate that the total storage capacity of

the flow rate of the water at this rate of sedimentation would not be more than 50

percent by 2100.

In the study conducted by Ara and Zakwan (2018), it states that sediment

deposited in dams creates a problem in the operation of the dam and eventually

results in its decommissioning. Bray (2004) also insists that dredged materials

are considered as waste as if they had no worth and that their destination on land

or at sea is always problematic. The beneficial reuse of sediments as a building

material will improve the management of natural resources.

This study aims to assess the characteristics of sediments and to

determine whether the collected dam samples have met the standards set by the

ASTM, and when achieved, evaluate if the quantity, grain size, and other

characteristics of the impounded sediment.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The study aims to characterize the various samples of dam sediments

which is according to ASTM. Specifically, the purpose of this study is to answer:

1. What are the characteristics of the Dam Sediments as aggregates?

 Grading

2
  Bulk Density (Unit Weight)

 Relative Density (Specific Gravity)

 Absorption and Surface Moisture

 Abrasion

2. What is the aggregate classification of the dam sediments based on?

 Grading

 Bulk Density (Unit Weight)

 Relative Density (Specific Gravity)

 Absorption and Surface Moisture

 Abrasion

1.2 Significance of the Study

The generalization of this present study would be a great contribution to

the vast knowledge in relation the dam waste sediments. Vital results of this

research could be highly significant and beneficial specially to the following:

 STUDENTS. Through the help with this research, this may serve as a

guide and reference for the students undertaking similar studies.

 CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL INDUSTRY. Sediments are usually related

to soil, which can be used as an alternative construction material.

3
  RESEARCHERS. Through this study, researchers will discover new

learnings on gathering data for the characterization for the dam

sediments.

 FUTURE RESEARCHERS. This research will be a useful reference for

the researchers who would plan to make any related study precisely on

this research.

1.3 Scope and Limitation

This study is about dam sediments collected from Malinao, Bayongan, and

Capayas Dam in Bohol only for characterization to the American Association of

Testing and Materials. The researcher will use tree trials for each of the different

testing methods listed in Chapter 3, Testing Method. The tests for this study have

been affected by limitations.

4
 CHAPTER II

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter offers a summary of the conduct of the study. It shows the

overall picture of the research based on several concepts in the form of a

framework.

The figure below is an outline of the study and a guide to answering the

objective of this study.

Collection of Dam
Sediments in Bohol Preparation of Dam
Sediments

Characterization of the Testing and Analysis of Data

Sediments

Figure 2.1 Conceptual Framework

5
2.2 Review of Related Literature

2.2.1 Properties of Dam Sediments

The study of sediments' properties helps determine physical (such as the

distribution of particle size and mineral components) and chemical properties

(such as quality of organic matter, pH, contaminants, and chemicals absorbed by

sediments) (Dinakaran & Krishnayya, 2011).

According to Turgut, Ozalp, and Bahtiyar (2015), the mechanical

properties of sediments should comply with the criteria for their intended use.

Compressive strength is useful to factor for aggregate usage of the concrete

supply. California Bearing Ratio (CBR), impact, and abrasion resistance are

considerations for the use of sediment in pavement construction. Tensile strength

and Young's modulus are some useful properties. The required value should be

tested for its intended purpose by the use of aggregate and other recycled

sediment methods.

A study in Artvin's Borcka Dam reservoir, Turkey, shows that recently

deposited sediments have physical and chemical characteristics, with the

majority of the texture groups being loam in the surface layer and fine loam in the

sub-surface. It states that some physical and chemical properties, including the

distribution of grain size, moisture content, and organic material, of deposited

sediments, must be evaluated. The depth can range from 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm.

Also, the surface layer's penetration resistance values, sand content, and water-

6
stable aggregate values were significantly higher than those of the subsurface

layer. The moisture and organic matter content of the subsurface layer were

considerably higher than that of the surface layer. This research showed that

there were significant differences between the layers in the evaluated physical

and chemical properties of the recently deposited sediments (Turgut et al.,

2014)..

2.2.2 Effects of Dam Sediments to the Environment

The dam's environmental effects are long-term and short-term. In terms

of their benefits, dam sediment has some beneficial and harmful surrounding

effects, including control of stream systems, flood control, household water

storage, and irrigation, and power productions are the dam's environmental

impacts. The reservoirs affect the social, cultural, and economic structure of the

region considerably (Tang et al., 2011).

The sedimentation and erosion of the upstream areas of rocks, biological

materials, soil, corrosion at the banks of rivers, and other upstream flows are the

product of natural and agricultural dams. Reservoir sedimentation over many

years causes significant capacity losses of reservoirs. Many studies conducted to

estimate the amount of sediment of the rivers of the world varies widely in terms

of the assumptions made in the research and the reported increasing levels of

erosion due to human activities, representing the difficulty in many countries in

obtaining accurate values for sediment concentration and discharge. The study

found that about 40,000 major dams worldwide suffer from sedimentation, with

7
an approximate loss of 0.5 to 1 percent of their total storage capacity per year

(White, 2001). Sediment control is complicated not only by the quantity of

sediment that affects downstream regions but also by its quality. Several studies

have reported the use of dam sediments as a minor or essential part of the

construction industry.

Several studies have tested the development of lightweight aggregates

(LWA) produced from dredged dam sediments and found that they are suitable

for the production of lightweight aggregates (Junakova, 2017).

According to Reddy, Y.R., Swetha, D.V., and Dhani, S.K., (2015) that the

data on water quality from Chimhanda treatment plant waterworks showed that

water quality is decreasing as a result of the increased sediments in the dam.

The catchment typically suffers from mild land losses yet, the decline in

sedimentation and water quality in water bodies has resulted from high and

extreme soil losses. Due to sedimentation, there is a loss in reservoir capacity

within the catchment. Sedimentation of the reservoirs affects water quality. The

water quality of water bodies can be affected by sedimentation.

2.2.3 Properties of Sediment

Various characteristics of mineral sediment grains have different effects

on the formation and subsequent development of deposits. The size, shape,

hardness, specific gravity, chemical composition, and degree of weathering of

the mineral grains affect the rate and location of the deposition, and the nature of

the deposits eventually produced. Size is a significant particle characteristic that

8
is easily measured. Bulk properties tend to differ by particle size in a more or less

consistent manner. In many ways, the various forms of sediment particles are

formed (Pettijohn, 1957).

The particle size distribution of mineral grains is one of the most significant

properties of the sediment. Different methods of determining the size-frequency

distribution of deposits, the distribution of grain size is essential to consider the

impact of deposit and calculate their specific weight. The coarsest fraction is

distinguished by direct calculation of gravel or larger sizes and by sieving sands

(Guy, 1969). It is also essential to differentiate between coarse and fine

sediments, both in terms of qualifications in river systems and their resistance to

being trapped by reservoirs (Kondolf, 1995). Differences in the texture of dam

sediments control or change the uses for which the substances are suitable in

agriculture, industry, and construction (Pettijohn, 1957).

The degree of sediment sorting depends on the similarities and

differences between the particles of the components. Most characteristics,

including size, shape, specific gravity, and mineral or chemical composition, may

refer to similarities. In most sediment studies, the classification refers to the

distribution of the size. The engineering word "well-graded" means poorly sorted

and that the deposit contains many grade sizes (Grabau, 1913).

The permeability of the sediment varies widely. Permeability is extremely

poor in clay materials, even though they may have high porosity and are water-

saturated. The outermost layers between the clay particles are small enough to

9
hold water close to the molecular attraction. For coarse, permeability is the

highest (Wenzel, 1942).

2.2.4 Local Studies

The San Roque Dam is the largest man-made dam in South East Asia

and is a private hydropower project in Asia. It would also help to monitor the

floods of the Lower Agno River, which overflows its banks every year and floods

downstream municipalities. But Dr. Sergio Feld said, "The dam can become a

tailings dam for silt and sedimentation." This would compromise the storage

capacity of the reservoir, and residents have observed their land being

consumed by growing sediment loads backed up behind the dams.

An independent group of experts found that the reservoir could be flooded

with sediment much quicker than expected by the project's environmental

assessment, thereby shortening the life of the project. Accumulation of

radioactive sediments may have polluted the water in the reservoir and

downstream. The dam could be more vulnerable to earthquake failure than the

EIA expects and could worsen, rather than mitigate, the floods. (Bengwayan, M.

A., 2017)

Research on the analysis of sediment in the San Roque Dam culminated

in high values of Cu, Cr, Pb, and Zn, which are common components of the body

mine and obviously of the tailings. Strong metal (Hg, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn)

10
amounts in the river are also in compliance with the DENR requirements.

Sediments or products carried by the water can be divided into three primary

states: dissolved matter, suspended solids, and bedload. The dissolved matter is

mainly inorganic ions, but a large amount is made up of soluble organic

molecules. The remainder of the sediment is called alluvium, which also includes

humic compounds. The sediments are deposited in each water body, displacing

the same amount of water and thus reducing the storage power. The pH

spectrum of the sediment collected was 7.14 – 8.64 (Abejero, 2015).

The largest dam in the Philippines is the Magat Dam.  It is used for

irrigation, flood control, and power supply in the Luzon region. Sue Blonde, S,

says. A survey was performed in 1988 on the Magat Dam reservoir

sedimentation levels, which is projected to be 11 x 106 m3 per year. This figure

suggests a mean erosion rate of 38 t per hectare per year. As a result, if not

resolved, the life expectancy of the dam will be shortened from 100 to 25 years.

This argument is supported, as a rise in sediment yield of about 50 percent per

decade can be anticipated in Asia.

The Binga Hydropower Plant is a dam in the Agno River, in the northern

part of the Philippines. It was commissioned in 1960 for power generation and

flood protection, but sediments were filled due to inadequate sediment

management. In 1986, the dam lost 35% of its initial capacity due to

sedimentation. SN Aboitiz purchased the dam in 2008, but sediment control is

now a critical aspect of maintaining the dam operational. The annual intake of

sediment from the dam is 2.2 million tonnes.

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 The reservoir capacity of the dam was just 21 Mm3 in 2015. This amounts

to 22 percent of its original power (The International Hydropower Organization,

2017). In conclusion, sediment control should be considered as one of the main

principles for constructing dams. Without it, the life of the operation will be

reduced and, in the process, the power generating capacity will be lost, among

other advantages.

2.2.5 Course and Fine Aggregates

Aggregates are the fundamental elements of concrete. Fine

aggregates and broad aggregates are two primary types of aggregates for

concrete. Both are filling ingredients found in mixtures of concrete. The key

distinction between the two types of aggregates is based on the scale. Fine

aggregates are small filler materials in building, while bulk aggregates are

bigger filler materials in construction. Fine aggregates are particles that move

through a sieve of 4.75 mm and maintain a sieve of 0.075 mm, whereas

gross aggregates are particles that retain a sieve of 4.75 mm(ASTM, 2004).

According to Mahmun, Iqbal, the bulk of fine aggregates are River

sand or machine sand, crushed stone sand, crushed gravel sand with a

surface area of fine aggregates is larger. The key role is to fill the spaces

between the coarse aggerates in concrete. Fine aggregates are also used in

mortar, paint, asphalt, lining of road paving layers, etc.

Coarse aggregates are derived from dolomite aggregates,

crushed gravel, or stone, the natural disintegration of rock. C is a significant

12
cause of coarse aggregates. The surface area of the gross aggregate is

smaller than the fine aggregates. Coarse aggregates serve as an inert filling

material for concrete and are primarily used in concrete works.

On the other hand, aggregates may also be their density and

application. It is categorized into three categories: light-weight, normal-

weight, and heavy-weight aggregates.

Lightweight aggregates originate from natural materials, or they may

even be plastic. Its bulk density is estimated to be less than 1120 kg/cu. m.

and its internal porosity is high. Lightweight aggregates have a high

absorbing potential due to their high porosity. Other industrial materials are

developed using pre-processing methods such as volcanic glass, slag, or

glass waste.

Normal weight aggregates are composed of crushed stones, gravel,

ordinary sand, etc. It has a bulk density of between 1,520 and 1680 kg/m 3

and a specific gravity ranging from 2.4 to 2.9. It is primarily used in

construction works, asphalt concrete, and road sub-bases.

Heavy-weight aggregates are high-density aggregates that are used

mainly in the manufacturing of heavy-duty concrete used for nuclear radiation

protection and as a bomb shelter. Strong weight aggregates have a high real

gravity. These types of materials are often used for radiation shielding and

applications where a high mass-to-volume ratio of the unit weight required

ranges from 200-6400 kg/m3.

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 2.2.6 Testing Methods

2.2.6.1 PARTICLE SHAPE AND SURFACE TEXTURE

The shape and texture of aggregate will significantly affect the fresh and

hardened concrete properties. this impacts concrete workability and strength. In

this discussion, the shape and texture of the sample aggregates were

determined through visual inspection.

Aggregate with a rough texture and angular or elongated shape require

more water to produce a workable concrete. On other words, using this type of

aggregate reduces concrete workability. While the smooth texture and rounded

aggregate require less water to create a workable concrete. Angular aggregates

required more cement to maintain the same water-cement ratio. However, using

satisfactory aggregates for crushed and uncrushed aggregates from the same

rock will produce the same strength for the same cement factor. 

However, the increase of angularity and roughness of surface for

aggregates will result in increasing the bond between concrete and aggregates.

Also, it will improve the flexural and compressive strength of concrete. Voids

content for compacted fine and coarse aggregate can be used as an index of

differences for aggregates with different shape and texture for the same

14
gradation.

Flaky and elongated aggregates should be avoided in a concrete

mixture. Flaky and elongated aggregates can adversely affect concrete. Flaky

and elongated aggregates are difficult to compact. Therefore, using flaky and

elongated aggregates will reduce concrete workability, which required more

amount of water to produce a workable mix. Increasing water content will reduce

concrete strength and durability.

Moreover, these aggregates are not robust, which leads to lowering

concrete strength. Aggregates considered flaky if the least dimension (thickness)

is less than three- fifths (0.6times) of their mean dimension. While aggregates

considered elongated if the greatest dimension (length) is greater than nine-fifths

(1.8times) their mean dimension.

2.2.6.2 SIEVE ANALYSIS (ASTM C136)

A sample of aggregate through a series of sieves with progressively

smaller openings to determine the particle size distribution of the test sample.

The standard test method for the sieve of fine and coarse aggregate is

used primarily to determine the grading of materials proposed for use as

aggregates and to determine the compliance of particles size distribution where

applicable specifications are required and to provide necessary data for quality

15
control of the production of various aggregate products and mixtures containing

aggregates.

2.2.6.3 Grading Requirements

The first table that will be shown below is the Grading Requirement

Structural Concrete according to the ASTM standard. On this table, here we can

use this as a guide for determining whether the fine and coarse aggregate

samples passed or failed the Grading Requirements.

SIEVE DESIGNATION MASS PERCENTAGE PASSING

COARSE AGGREGATE FINE AGG
STANDARD (MM)
Road Construction Structural Buildings  
75      
63   100  
50 100 95-100  
37.5 95-100    
25   35-70  
19 35-70    
12.5   10-30  
9.5 10-30   100
4.75 0-5 0-5 95-100
1.18     45-80
0.3     5-30
0.15     0-10
0.075 0-1 0-1 0-3

Table 2.1. Item 405- Structural Concrete

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 The table shown above is also used by the Material Testing and Quality

Control Section from the office of the Provincial Engineer at Cebu Capitol, which

is also used by the ASTM Standard. The mass percentage passing discussed for

both the coarse and fine aggregates, which the coarse aggregate has two (2)

columns for the road constructions passing and for the building or residential

constructions passing.

Since coarse and fine aggregates were mentioned above, the difference

for the fine and coarse aggregates is that, Fine aggregate generally consist of

natural sand and crushed stone with most particles passing through a 4.75mm

sieve, while Coarse aggregate are any particles greater than 4.75mm, but

generally range between 9.5mm and 38.1 mm in diameter.

This test also considered Fineness modulus where fine aggregate having

fineness modulus more than 3.2 should not be considered as fine aggregate.

Various values of fineness modulus for different sands are detailed below, this is

according to ASTM C33 standards.

Type of sand Fineness Modulus Range

Fine sand 2.2 - 2.6
Medium sand 2.6 - 2.9
Coarse sand 2.9 - 3.2

Table 2.2. Type of Sand based on the Fineness Modulus

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 2.2.6.4 SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION

An aggregate’s specific gravity is the ratio of its mass to the mass of an

equivalent, the absolute volume of water. It is used for mixture proportioning and

control in certain computations, such as the space occupied by the aggregate in

the mix design process of absolute volume. The specific gravity of aggregates

normally used in construction ranges from about 2.5 to 3.0.

The absorption of the aggregate was determined so that the overall

concrete water content can be managed, and batch weights calculated correctly.

A paper by Anchor et al discusses the BS 8007 (1987, Code of practice for the

design of concrete structures for retaining aqueous liquids). Regarding aggregate

absorption which states that water absorption of aggregates is retained at 3%

maximum. 

Specific Gravity of aggregates is considered as an indication of strength.

Material having higher Specific Gravity is generally considered as having higher

strength.

2.2.6.5 RODDED UNIT WEIGHT (ASTM C29)

On this test, this aims to perform on determining the rodded unit weight of

the fine and coarse aggregates. Thus, the researchers will be able to compute

the unit weight of the aggregates by relating the data gathered from the

experiment. Aggregate is most known to be inert filler in concrete. The different

properties of aggregate especially the unit weight have a large impact on the

18
strength, durability, workability, and economy of concrete. Therefore, these

properties allow the designers and contractors the most flexibility to meet their

design and construction requirements .

Different density aggregate will have much different applications.

Lightweight and ultra-lightweight are more porous than their heavier

counterparts, so they can be put to a great use in green roof construction, for

example. They are also used in mixes for concrete blocks and pavement, as well

as insulation and fireproofing. High Density aggregates are used to form

heavyweight concrete. They are used for when high strength, durable concrete

structures are required. The lightest manufactured aggregate has a unit weight of

below 588.40 N/m3, though a range of 3,922.66-1,277.65 N/m 3. Aggregate range

with 10,983.45-17,259.70 N/m3 were normal-weight aggregate (Ian Sims &

James Ferrari, 2019).

2.2.6.6 ABRASION TEST BY USE OF LOS ANGELES

ABRASION MACHINE (ASTM C131)

Toughness can be characterized as the ability of the aggregate to

withstand the impacting and grinding forces applied during manufacture,

installation, and compaction. Aggregates must be able to tolerate abrasion and

corrosion during the manufacture, placement, and compaction of asphalt

concrete mixtures. The most famous test used to assess this resistance is the

Los Angeles abrasion test (LA). The Los Angeles Deterioration Test (LA) tests

the total susceptibility to wear or abrasion. The LA abrasion test was provisionally

19
introduced in 1937, the Deval test system was the only agreed method for

determining the strength of aggregates (Amirkhanian, Kaczmarek, & Burate,

1991).

Los Angeles abrasion test on aggregates is the measure of aggregate strength

and resistance to abrasions, such as crushing, deterioration, and disintegration.

This test is carried out by ASTM C131: Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size

Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion.

The LA abrasion test reveals the relative consistency of composite

sources with identical mineral compositions. While it cannot actually compare

vastly different origins, it can identify the type of rock. Strong rocks tend to have

lower percentage losses, whereas soft rocks tend to have higher percentage

losses.

Rock Type L. A. Abrasion Loss (by

percent weight)
Hard Igneous Rocks 10%
Soft Limestones and
60%
Sandstones
For specific Rocks:
Basalt 10%-17%
Dolomite 18%-30%
Gneiss 33%-57%
Granite 27%-49%
Dolomite 18%-30%
Limestone 19%-30%
Quartzite 20%-35%

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 Table 2.3. Typical Type of Rock based on the L. A. Abrasion Loss Values

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter discussed the research methodology project design,

operation, and testing procedures.

         3.1 Type of Research

In this study, an experiment type of research is used characterized dam

sediments from Bohol. Experimental research requires a hypothesis, a parameter

that the researcher can control, and variables that can be measured, estimated

and compared (Harland, n.d.).

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         3.2 Material Preparation

         This study was conducted using dam sediments from the Malinao,

Bayongan, and Capayas Dam in Bohol. Half sack (25 kilos) of sediments were

collected in each dam. Then, the samples were sent to the Material Testing and

Quality Control Section, Cebu Capitol, Cebu City for testing. The collected

sediments were put in laboratory conditions, and then the sediment samples

were air-dried (Junakova and Junak, 2016). Lastly, the dam sediments will be

tested with three trials each test.

         3.3 Testing Method

3.3.1 Particle Shape and Surface Texture

An aggregate’s particle shape and surface texture have more impact on

the properties of freshly mixed concrete than on the properties of hardened

concrete. Use ASTM D 4791, it helps to assess flat or elongated particles while

using ASTM D 3398 provides an indirect method of determining a particle index

as an overall indicator of the shape or texture of particles.

3.3.2 Grading

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 Grading or also called particle size distribution refers to the proportion by

mass or weight of aggregate particle distribution in special particle size ranges,

and it is determined by using Sieve Analysis (ASTM C 136). 

3.3.3 Bulk Density (Unit Weight) 

Also called dry-rodded unit weight, specific weight. Bulk density of

aggregates is the mass of aggregates needed to fill the container of a unit

volume after batching the aggregates based on volume. Methods of determining

the bulk density of aggregates and void content are given in ASTM C 29.

3.3.4 Relative Density (Specific Gravity)

The relative density (specific gravity) of an aggregate is the ratio of its

mass to the mass of an equal absolute volume of water. It is used in certain

computations for mixture proportioning and control, such as the volume occupied

by the aggregate in the absolute volume method of mix design. Test methods for

determining relative densities for coarse and fine aggregates are described in

ASTM C 127 and ASTM C 128, respectively.

3.3.5 Absorption and Surface Moisture

According to ASTM C 70, the absorption and surface moisture of

aggregates should be determined, so that the overall concrete water content can

be managed, and batch weights calculated correctly. The internal structure of an

aggregate material consists of solid matter and voids, which may or may not exist

23
 3.3.6 Abrasion

         The abrasion test is called out to test the hardness property of aggregates.

The principle of the Los Angeles abrasion test is to find the percentage wear due

to relative rubbing action between the aggregate and steel balls used as an

abrasive charge. The proportion of loss between weight A and weight B of the

test sample should be expressed as a percentage of the original weight test

sample. This value should be reported as an aggregate abrasion value = (A-B)/B

x 100%.

CHAPTER IV

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

This chapter shows the interpretation and analysis of data gathered.

After performing the specified test for each dam waste sediment samples,

data were gathered and the results of all the samples were compared to analyze

the characteristics and make conclusions. The following tables to be shown is the

result of each experiment of the samples.

4.1 Report for the Sediments Shape and Texture

24
 The Malinao Dam sample aggregate has the same shape and texture with

the Capayas Dam sample aggregate. The two samples have losing edges and

corners which is determined as a round-shaped aggregate which is the smallest

point aggregate, and it also has a smooth texture. Rounded aggregates give

more workability and require lesser amount of water-cement ratio. They are not

considered for high strength concrete because of poor interlocking behavior and

weak bond strength.

The pictures below are the sample of the Malinao and Capayas Dam

aggregate, which shows that the two (2) samples have the same shape.

The Bayongan Dam has a rough texture, and it is an angular shaped

aggregate since it has well defined edges and corners. Angular aggregate gives

less workability. Aggregate with a rough texture and angular shape requires more

water to produce a workable concrete. Angular aggregate has more compressive

strength than the rounded shaped aggregate, which means the angular shaped

aggregate gives more friction or it has a good interlocking behavior, they are

useful in high strength concrete manufacturing.

25
 The picture below is the sample of the Bayongan Dam aggregate, where it

shows that the Bayongan Dam has an angular shape aggregate.

4.2 Report for Sieve Analysis

The table shown below is the report of the Sieve Analysis sample test for

each Dam in Bohol which were the Malinao, Capayas, and Bayongan Dam. The

unit used for the weight of the sample is grams (g). In this report, the Malinao and

Capayas Dam were tagged as fine aggregates since it passes through 4.75mm

size, while the Bayongan Dam was a coarse aggregate since it has a greater

size than 4.75mm.

On determining the Fineness Modulus for the Fine Aggregate, the

percentage retained of the sieve size (mm) 9.50, 2.36, 1.18, 0.60, 0.30, 0.15, and

0.075 were summed up then it will be divided by 100.

SIEVE SIZE (MM) WT. RETAINED WT. PASSING CUMMULATIVE (%) SPEC'S
RETAINE REMARKS
      PASSING  
D
9.5 42 2,634 98 2 100 FAIL
4.75 150 2,484 93 7 95-100 FAIL
2.36 324 2,160 81 19 -  

26
 1.18 409 1,751 65 35 45-80 PASS
0.6 54 1,697 63 37  -  
0.3 59 1,638 61 39  5-30 FAIL
0.15 65 1,573 59 41  0-10 FAIL
0.075 34 1,539 58   0-3 FAIL
Pan 5          
Wash 1,534    
Malinao Dam Fineness Modulus = 2.00
Total 2,676    

9.5 682 3,067 82 18 100 FAILED

4.75 272 2,795 75 25 95-100 FAILED
2.36 653 2,142 57 43 -  
1.18 402 1,740 46 54 45-80 PASSED
0.6 42 1,698 45 55  -  
0.3 130 1,568 42 58  5-30 FAILED
0.15 156 1,412 38 62  0-10 FAILED
0.075 70 1,342 36   0-3 FAILED
Pan 28          
Wash 1,314    
Capayas Dam Fineness Modulus = 3.15
Total 3,749    

Table 4.1. Malinao and Capayas Dam Sediments report for Sieve

Analysis

27
 Sieve Analysis Curve
120
93 98
100
81 82
Percent Finer %
75
80 65
5961 63
58 57
60 45 46
3842
36
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Particle Size mm

Malinao Capayas

Table 4.2. Sieve Analysis Curve

The graph shows that the Malinao dam sediments is finer than the

Capayas dam sediments sample, since the Malinao dam has the highest

percentage finer of 98% than the Capayas dam which only have 82% percent

finer, which shows and to be discussed on the result of the table below, that the

lower the fineness modulus amount, the finer the aggregate is.

After determining the remarks of the samples, the researchers calculated

right after the Fineness Modulus of the sample from the Malinao and Capayas.
28
The result of the fineness modulus of the two fine aggregate samples is used to

determine the type of sand. Values of fineness modulus for different sands and

results are detailed below.

Type of sand Fineness Modulus Range

Fine sand 2.2 - 2.6
Medium sand 2.6 - 2.9
Coarse sand 2.9 - 3.2

Table 4.3. Type of Sand based on the Fineness Modulus

 Malinao Dam sediments FM – is a Very Fine Sand, since the value of the

fineness modulus is lower than 2.2. Very fine sand is used to backfill utility

pipes such as water, gas, or electric, and to back fill trenches, but it is also

used for horse arenas, and to fill sandbags.

 Capayas Dam sediments FM – is considered to be a Coarse Sand, since

the value of the fineness modulus of the sample is 3.2, which means

coarse sand is our concrete sand that is washed and screened to a larger

grit than our Fine Washed Sand. Coarse Sand is used with aggregate,

water, and cement in the production of ready-mix concrete.

SIEVE SIZE WT. WT. %

REMARKS
(MM) RETAINED PASSING PASSING

Road Structural
       
construction Building

29
 50   6,154 100 PASSED PASSED
37.5   6,154 100 PASSED  
25 4,037 2,117 34   FAILED
19 326 1,791 29 FAILED  
12.5 113 1,678 27   PASSED
9.5 65 1,613 26 PASSED  
4.75 147 1,466 24 FAILED FAILED
0.08 646 820 13 FAILED FAILED
Pan 10        
Wash 810        
Total 6,154        

Table 4.4. Bayongan Dam Sediments report for Sieve Analysis

Table 3 shows the remarks of the Bayongan Dam that is under on a

coarse aggregate specification for the road construction and structural building

construction. Bayongan dam did not have a fineness modulus amount since this

sample is not a fine aggregate. Due to the result for the Bayongan dam

sediments, can still use this for light construction purposes, since it shows that is

has a balanced outcome for the remarks.

4.2 Report for Specific Gravity and Absorption

Description A B  
Weight of sample in air (surface dry) 500 g 500 g  
Weight of sample in air (oven dry) 488 g 485 g  

Volume of flask 1000 ml 1000 ml  

Volume of water to fill with sand 826.8 ml 827.4 ml  

Absorption 12   15  
% Absorption 2.46 % 3.09 %  

Specific gravity (SSD) 2.89   2.9  

True specific gravity 2.82   2.81    
Average Absorption = 2.78% Average Specific Gravity (SSD)= 2.89

30
 Table 4.5. Malinao Dam Sediments report for Specific Gravity and Absorption

Description A B  
Weight of sample in air (surface dry) 500 g 500 g  

Weight of sample in air (oven dry) 489 g 486 g  

Volume of flask 1000 ml 1000 ml  

Volume of water to fill with sand 830.6 ml 831.2 ml  

Absorption 11   14  

% Absorption 2.25 % 2.88 %  

Specific gravity (SSD) 2.95   2.96  

True specific gravity 2.89   2.88    

Average Absorption = 2.57% Average Specific Gravity (SSD)= 2.96

Table 4.6. Capayas Dam Sediments Report for Specific Gravity and Absorption

Description A B  

Weight of sample in air (surface dry) 795 g 698 g  

Weight of sample in air (oven dry) 783 g 667 g  

Volume of flask 495 g 417 ml  

Absorption 12   31  
% Absorption 1.53 % 4.65 %  
Specific gravity (SSD) 2.65   2.48  

True specific gravity 2.61   2.37    

Average Absorption = 3.00% Average Specific Gravity (SSD)= 2.57

Table 4.7. Bayongan Dam Sediments report for Specific Gravity and Absorption

31
 After obtaining the results from all the Dam sediments samples, it is safe

to say that the three (3) samples are generally considered as having a higher

strength, since the values of the specific gravity of each sample falls under the

used amount in construction which has an average value of 2.68 required. Lower

value of specific gravity will cause a weaker strength, which can also be used for

asphalt. A typical specific gravity for asphalt is around 1.03.

For the result of the absorption test, the three samples did not exceed 3%

for absorption of the aggregate which we can also use this for both high strength

construction and road constructions.

4.3 Report for Rodded Unit Weight

Trial No. RODDED UW Unit

1 4,466 grams
2 4,455 grams
3 4,484 grams
4 4,470 grams
5 4,474 grams
Volume     3,309 cc
Ave. Rodded Unit Weight 4,470 grams
Rodded Unit Weight 1.35 g/cc
      13,230 N/m3

Table 4.8. Malinao Dam report for Rodded Unit Weight

Trial No. RODDED UW Unit

1 4,681 grams
2 4,659 grams
3 4,665 grams
4 4,677 grams
5 4,670 grams
Volume     3,309 cc
Ave. Rodded Unit Weight 4,670 grams
Rodded Unit Weight 1.41 g/cc
      13,818 N/m3

32
 Table 4.9. Capayas Dam report for Rodded Unit Weight

Trial No. RODDED UW Unit

1 5,584 grams
2 5,563 grams
3 5,560 grams
4 5,564 grams
5 5,571 grams
Volume     3,309 cc
Ave. Rodded Unit Weight 5,568 grams
Rodded Unit Weight 1.68 g/cc
      16,464 N/m3

Table 4.10. Bayongan Dam report for Rodded Unit Weight

Each sample has conducted five (5) trials for the test, to determine the

amount of the rodded unit weight. The five (5) trials were summed up, then

divided into five (5), to get the average amount of the unit weight. The

aggregate’s weight is measured and divided by the volume of the container to

yield the weight of the rodded unit weight.

Due to the results that was shown from each sample, we can clearly

identify that the three (3) samples fall under normal-weight aggregates, since the

normal-weight aggregate ranges from 10,983.45-17,259.70 N/m 3. Normal-weight

33
aggregate were used in most concrete construction, it is also obtained by

draining riverbeds or mining and crunching formational materials.

4.4 Report for Abrasion

TEST DATA AND

GRADING TEST RESULTS RESULTS
SIEVE SIZES WEIGHT OF INDICATIONS, GMS. WEIGHTS
Road Structur
RETAINE Constructio al FINA DIFF
PASSING D n Buildings C D ORIGINAL L .
37.50 25.00 1250 ± 25       1252    
25.00 19.00 1250 ± 25       1249    
12500 ±
19.00 12.50 1250 ± 10 10     1248    
12500 ±
12.50 9.50 1250 ± 10 10     1254    
12500 ±
9.50 6.25     10        
12500 ±
6.35 4.75     10        
5000 ±
4.75 2.36       10      
5000 ± 5000 ± 5000 ± 199
WEIGHT OF CHARGE 5000 ± 10 10 10 10 5003 3008 5
NO. OF SPHERES 12 11 8 6      
TOTAL REVOLUTION 500 500 500 500 TOTAL    

%Wear=4
0   PASSED

Table 4.11. Bayongan Dam Sediments report for Abrasion Test

The abrasion test can only be done for coarse aggregates since the

Bayongan Dam sample has a coarse aggregate. The hardness property of the

34
aggregate is determined by conducting the abrasion test. The sample’s wear

percentage is at 40 percent, which means the sample passed for the construction

aggregate’s hardness property since the percentage of the wear sample must not

be less than 40 percent to pass.

According to the typical type of rock based on the L. A. Abrasion Loss

Values, the result of the sample from the Bayongan Dam falls under the

specification for the specific rocks, which the rock or the aggregate were

determine to be as a Granite rock, since Granite rock ranges between 27%-49%

and the result of our test for L. A. Abrasion Loss Values is 40%.

Granite rocks is used in buildings, bridges, paving, monuments, and many

more other exterior projects. For indoors, granite rocks can be used in tile floors,

stair treads and many other design elements. Granite is a prestige material, used

in projects to produce impressions of elegance and quality.

35
.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the conclusion and recommendations of the data

reviewed in the previous chapter. The conclusion and recommendations were

based on the statement of the problem and the significance of the study.

5.1 CONCLUSION

Through intensive testing conducted on the dam sediments collected from

Bohol here is the characteristic of three dam sediments:

 The Malinao Dam sediments have losing edges and corners and are

smooth in texture. These characteristics give more workability and require a

lesser amount of water-cement ratio in concrete making. For the sieve analysis,

the sample sediments have a fineness modulus of 1.80 which is considered as

very fine sand. The sediments have an average of 2.78% in absorption and 2.89

for the specific gravity. This implies that these sediments can be used in

36
construction works since it a higher value than the average value of 2.89. While

the rodded unit weight of the dam sample is 13,230 N/ cu. m which falls under

the Normal-weight aggregates.

The Capayas Dam sediments are considered as round-shaped

aggregates and smooth in texture. This implies that in the concrete making it will

not produce a high strength concrete due to its poor interlocking behavior and

weak bond strength. The Capayas Dam sediments are coarse sand since its

fineness modulus is 3.2. For the absorption and specific gravity, the results were

2.57% and 2.96, respectively. The data implies that the Capayas Dam sediments

have a high strength that can be used in construction works since it a higher

value than the average value of 2.89. While the rodded unit weight of the dam

sample is 13,818 N/ cu. m which falls under the Normal-weight aggregates.

The Bayogan Dam sediments have a rough texture and are angular in

shape. Aggregates that are angular in shape give less workability and it requires

more water for workability, but it will provide more compressive strength

compared to rounded shape aggregates. Based on the sieve analysis, the

Bayongan Dam sediments are under coarse aggregate specification for the road

construction and structural building construction and it can still be used for light

construction purposes since it shows that it has a balanced outcome for the

required specification. The specific gravity of the sample is 2.57 and has an

average absorption of 3.09%. The specific gravity of the Bayogan Dam

Sediments is higher than the average value of 2.89 in construction works. This

37
implies that the sediments as high strength and can be used in construction. The

rodded unit weight of the dam sample is 16,464 N/ cu. m., which falls under the

Normal-weight aggregates. Lastly, the abrasion test the Bayongan Dam

sediments have a 40 % wear which means the sample passed for the

construction aggregate’s hardness property and based on the L. A. Abrasion

Loss Values the sediments are granite rocks.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

Based on the results, discussion, and findings of this study the

researchers will recommend the following.

 To conduct more tests to characterize the other properties of the dam

sediments.

 To test other dam sediments if they are suitable to become aggregates.

 To find other methods to make dam sediments useful.

 To collect and test dam sediments sample from different layers.

 To test the chemical characteristics of the dam sediments.

38
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APPENDIX A: DAM SEDIMENTS

Bayongan Dam

45
 Capayas Dam

Malinao Dam

Figure 1. Location of the Dam Sediment

46
 Figure 2. The Collected Dam Sediments

APPENDIX B: TESTING DOCUMENTATION

47
48
Figure 3. Preparation of the Samples for Testing

Figure 4. Testing the Samples

49
APPENDIX C: RESULT OF THE TESTING

50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
C

60
 URRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name : Kristine Mae Adaptar

Nickname : Tine

Address : Lapu-Lapu City

Date of Birth : April 21, 1999

Place of Birth : Cebu City

Contact Number : 09389017920

Civil Status : Single

Father’s Name : FelixBerto M. Adaptar

Mother’s Name : Edna C. Adaptar

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Primary : Gun-ob Elementary School

Secondary : Gun-ob National High School

Tertiary : University of San Jose – Recoletos

Course : Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

61
PERSONAL DATA

Name : Douglas Mariel C. Cerna

Nickname : DM

Address : San Antonio Village,

Apas, Cebu City

Date of Birth : September 29, 1997

Place of Birth : Cebu City

Contact Number : 09432745671

Civil Status : Single

Father’s Name : Richie I. Cerna

Mother’s Name : Lyn C. Cerna

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Primary : Visayan Nazarene Bible College

Secondary : Lyceum of Cebu

Tertiary : University of San Jose – Recoletos

Course : Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

62
PERSONAL DATA

Name : Kent Juv L. Galleposo

Nickname : KenKen

Address : Road 23, Barangay Dawo,

Dapitan City, Zamboanga Del Norte

Date of Birth : June 11, 1999

Place of Birth: Dapitan City

Contact Number: 09166635792

Civil Status : Single

Father’s Name: Juvy B. Galleposo

Mother’s Name: Ma. Janette L. Galleposo

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Primary : Sulangon Central School

Secondary : Zamboanga del Norte National High School

Tertiary : University of San Jose – Recoletos

Course : Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

63