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Chapter 01
Chapter 01
1 Functions
1. Diagram (i): Arrow diagram 10. Given f (x) = 2x – 5 and f (x) = 10.
Diagram (ii): Ordered pairs 2x – 5 = 10
Diagram (iii): Graph 15
x = —–
2. (a) 3 2
15
(b) 2 Therefore, the object is —–.
2
(c) (i) {2, 1, –1}
(ii) {–3, 3, 6} 11. h(x) = sin x
(iii) {–3, 3, 6} h(90°) = sin 90°
(d) one-to-one = 1
3. (a) many-to-one x–7
(b) (i) {8, 9, 16} 12. g(x) = ——–
5
(ii) {9, 16}
2–7
4. Since x-coordinate is one more than y, then
(a)
5
g(2) = ——–
(a) x = 12, = |–1|
(b) y = 14. = 1
(b) g(x) = 4
5. (a) one-to-many
(b) Since image in set B is the square root of object x–7
in set A,
——– = 4
5
then y = ±AB 9 x–7 x–7
——– = 4 or ——– = – 4
= ±3 5 5
x – 7 = 20 x – 7 = –20
6. (a) many-to-many x = 27 x = –13
(b) Range = {d, e, f}
13. f (x) = |x – 5|
7. Diagram (i): one-to-one
When x = –2,
Diagram (ii): one-to-one
f (x) = |–2 – 5|
Diagram (iii): is not a function because object c has
= |–7|
no image.
=7
Diagram (iv): is not a function because it is
one-to-many relation. When x = 7,
Diagram (v): many-to-one f (x) = |7 – 5|
=2
8. (a) 5 When x – 5 = 0
(b) 4 x = 5
(c) f : x → x + 3 or f (x) = x + 3
When x = 0,
(d) (i) {2, 4, 5}
f (x) = 0 – 5
(ii) {5, 7, 8}
= – 5
9. f (x) = 3x2 =5
Image for object –1 = f (–1)
= 3(–1)2
=3
x –2 0 5 7 When x = 3,
f (3) = –6 – 1
f (x) 7 5 0 2 = –5
When 2x – 1 = 0,
f (x)
1
x = —
7 2
5
1
x 0 — 3
2 2
x
f (x) –1 0 –5
–2 0 5 7
f (x)
Range = 0 < f (x) < 7 0 x
–1 1 3
14. (a) –
2
f (x)
–5
f(x) = cos x f(x) = – 2x – 1
1
Therefore, the range of f (x) is –5 < f (x) < 0.
x
0
90° 180° 270° 360° 17. (a) f (7) = 3(7) – 1
= 20
(b) When x = 120° 3
(b) f (3) = 5 + —
f (120°) = cos 120° 3
1 =6
= – —
2
1 18. Since the graph is a straight line,
= — 3–0 3
2 the gradient = ———– = —, f (x)-intercept = 3
Hence, the range of f (x) is 0 < f (x) < 1. 0 – (–2) 2
3
Therefore, the equation is f (x) = —x + 3.
15. (a) (i) f (x) = x2 – 4 2
Image for object 3 = f (3) 19. (a) fg(x) = f (1 – 6x)
= 32 – 4 = 3(1 – 6x)
=5 = 3 – 18x
(ii) Image for object – 4 = f (– 4)
= (– 4)2 – 4 (b) gf (x) = g(3x)
= 12 = 1 – 6(3x)
(b) (i) = 1 – 18x
f (x)
(c) f 2(x) = ff (x)
12
= f (3x)
= 3(3x)
5 = 9x
4 (d) g2(x) = gg(x)
0
x = g(1 – 6x)
–4 –2 2 3
= 1 – 6(1 – 6x)
Hence, the range of f (x) is 0 < f (x) < 12. = 1 – 6 + 36x
(ii) f (x) = 5 = 36x – 5
x2 – 4 = 5
x2 = 9 20. (a) hp(x) = h(x2 – 2x)
x = ±AB 9 = 2(x2 – 2x) + 3
= ±3 = 2x2 – 4x + 3
(b) ph(x) = p(2x + 3)
16. f (x) = –2x – 1
= (2x + 3)2 – 2(2x + 3)
When x = 0,
= (2x + 3)(2x + 3 – 2)
f (0) = ––1
= (2x + 3)(2x + 1)
= –1
28. (a) t – 3 = 0 8
n = 4 + —
t = 3 3
(b) Let f –1(x) = y, 20
then x = f ( y) = —–
3
2
= ——– 6. fg(5) = f(5 + 4)
y–3
= f(9)
2
y – 3 = — x 9
=
2 2×9+3
y = — x +3 9
2 =
Therefore, f –1(x) = — 21
x + 3, x ≠ 0 3
(c) Let g (x) = y,
–1 =
7
then x = g(y)
y 7. (a) hf (3) = 2
= ——–
y+1 (b) h–1(2) = 6
x(y + 1) = y
xy + x = y 8. Let f –1(x) = y,
y – xy = x then x = f (y)
y(1 – x) = x = 3 – 4y
x 4y = 3 – x
y = ——–
1–x 3–x
x y = ——–
Therefore, g–1(x) = ——–, x ≠ 1 4
1–x 3–x
Therefore, f –1(x) = ——–
4
29. (a) The inverse function of f, f –1, does not exist
Hence, f –1g(x) = f –1(1 + 2x)
for the domain –5 < x < 5 because f –1 is a
many-to-one type of relation. 3 – (1 + 2x)
= —————–
(b) The inverse function of f, f –1, exists because f –1 4
is a one-to-one type of relation. 3 – 1 – 2x
= ————–
4
2 – 2x
= ———
4
2(1 – x)
1. (a) a = ———–
4
(b) r 1–x
(c) one-to-one = –—––
2
2. (a) f (2) = –1 9. f 2(x) = ff (x)
(b) g(–1) = 3 = f (p – qx)
(c) gf (2) = g(–1) = p – q(p – qx)
=3 = p – pq + q2x
\ f 2(x) = q2x + p – pq.................1
3. fg(x) = f(x2 – 5) Compare 1 to the f 2(x) = x + 2.
= 3(x2 – 5) + 1
= 3x2 – 15 + 1 Therefore, q2 = 1
= 3x2 – 14 q = ±1
and p – pq = 2
4. (a) one-to-one
When q = 1, p – p(1) = 2
(b) f : x → x2 or f (x) = x2
0 ≠ 2
x–n Therefore, q = 1 is rejected.
5. f (x) = ——–
x
2 When q = –1, p – p(–1) = 2
f (4) = – — p + p = 2
3
2 2p = 2
4 – n
——– = – — p = 1
4 3
8 Hence, p = 1 and q = –1.
4 – n = – —
3
2
1x
4. fg(x) = f — + 3 2 h–1g(2) = h–1 1 – —
2 3 4
2
x = h–1(0)
=1+5—+3 1
2 2 0+3
= ——–
5 4
= 1 + —x + 15 3
2 = —
5 4
= —x + 16
2
g–1(x) = y,
(ii) Let
then x = g(y)
5. gf (3) = g(5) y
=6 = 1 – —
2
y
6. (a) many-to-one — = 1 – x
2
(b) f : x → x2 or f (x) = x2 y = 2 – 2x
g–1(x) = 2 – 2x
x
7. fg(x) = — + 7 hg–1(x) = h(2 – 2x)
4
x = 4(2 – 2x) – 3
3g(x) – 1 = — + 7
4 = 8 – 8x – 3
x = 5 – 8x
3g(x) = — + 8
4
x 8
g(x) = —– + — (b) gh(x) = g(4x – 3)
12 3
4x – 3
= 1 – ———
8. h2(x) = hh(x) 2
3
= h(ax + b)
= a(ax + b) + b
= 1 – 2x – — 1
2 2
= a2x + ab + b................................... 1 3
= 1 – 2x + —
2
Compare 1 with h2(x) = 4x + 9 5
= — – 2x
Therefore, a2 = 4 2
a = ± 2 5 – 4x
= ———............................ 1
and ab + b = 9....................................... 2 2
Since a . 0, m – nx
hence a = 2 Compare gh(x) = ——— with 1,
2
Substitute a = 2 into 2, Hence, m = 5 and n = 4.
2b + b = 9
3b = 9 11.
b = 3 2
x –1 0 — 4
3
Hence, a = 2 and b = 3.
f (x) 5 2 0 10
x
9. hg(x) = h —1 2
2
f (x) = 2 – 3x
x
1 2
=3— –1
2
When x = –1,
f (–1) = 2 – 3(–1)
3
= —x – 1
2 = 2 + 3
Hence, p(x) = hg(x) =5
When x = 4, x 9
(b) f (x) = —– + —
f (4) = 2 – 12 4 2
—
= –10 5
5x 9
= 10 = —– + —
4 2
When f (x) = 0, Let f –1(4) = p,
2 – 3x = 0 then 4 = f (p)
2 5 9
x = — = —p + —
3 4 2
When x = 0, 5 9
—p = 4 – —
f (0) = 2 – 0 4 2
=2 1
= – —
2
f (x)
1 4
10 p = – — × —
2 1
5 2 1 2
2
5 = – —
2 5
x 2
–1 0 2 4 Hence, f (4) = – —
–1
–
3
5
(a) The range for 0 < x < 4 is 0 < f (x) < 10. 13. (a) fg(x) = 4x – 7
(b) When f (x) = 5 f (x – 3) = 4x – 7........................... 1
2 – 3x = 5 or 2 – 3x = –5 Let x – 3 = y,
3x = –3 7 then x = y + 3
x = —
x = –1 3
Therefore, 1 becomes f (y) = 4(y + 3) – 7
7 = 4y + 12 – 7
Therefore, the domain is –1 < x < —.
3 = 4y + 5
12. (a) f (2) = 7 Hence, f (x) = 4x + 5
2 (b) Let f –1(5) = p,
—
a + b = 7.................................... 1
then 5 = f (p)
f
(–2) = 2 = 4p + 5
–2 p = 0
—– + b = 2.................................. 2
a
Therefore, gf –1(5) = g(0)
1 + 2, 2b = 9 =0–3
9 = –3
b = —
2
(c) Let g–1(x) = y, and Let f –1(x) = y,
9 then x = g(y) then x = f (y)
Substitute b = — into 1,
2 = y – 3 = 4y + 5
2 9 x–5
—
— y = x + 3
a + 2 = 7 y = ——–
4
g (x) = x + 3
–1
2 9 x – 5
— — f –1
(x) = ——–
a = 7 – 2 4
14 – 9 f –1g–1(x) = 2x – 9
= ——— f –1(x + 3) = 2x – 9
2
5 (x + 3) – 5
= — ————– = 2x – 9
2 4
5a = 4 x – 2 = 8x – 36
7x = 34
4
a = — 34
5 x = —–
7
g(4) = p
(b)
4 = g–1(p) f (x) = 7 – 3x, 2 , x < 3
p
4 = — + 5 7
4 x — 3
p 3
— = –1
4 f (x) 0 –2
p = – 4
f(x)
2. f (x) = 2x + 1
5. Let f –1(x) = y,
f 2(x) = ff (x)
then x = f (y)
= f (2x + 1) ay – b
= 2(2x + 1) + 1 = ———
y+4
= 4x + 3 xy + 4x = ay – b
f 3(x) = ff 2(x) ay – xy = 4x + b
= f (4x + 3) y(a – x) = 4x + b
4x + b
= 2(4x + 3) + 1 y = ———a–x
= 8x + 7 4x + b
Therefore, f (x) = ———
–1
a–x
f 4(x) = f 2f 2(x)
= f 2(4x + 3) – 4x – 3
Compare to f –1(x) = ———–
= 4(4x + 3) + 3 x–2
= 16x + 15 – (4x + 3)
= —––––—–
– (2 – x)
Therefore, f n(x) = 2nx + 2n – 1
4x + 3
= —–—–
2–x
3. Since f 2(x) = 4x + 9 is a linear function. Hence, a = 2, b = 3
Let f (x) = ax + b, where a and b are constants. f (x) = 3x
f (x) = ff (x)
2
2x – 3
—–—– = 3x
= f (ax + b) x+4
= a(ax + b) + b 2x – 3 = 3x2 + 12x
= a2x + ab + b 3x2 + 10x + 3 = 0
(3x + 1)(x + 3) = 0
Compare to f 2(x) = 4x + 9 3x + 1 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
a2 = 4 and ab + b = 9 x = – —1 or x = –3
a = ±2 3
When a = 2, 2b + b = 9
3b = 9 6. g(1) = –5
b = 3 5
—–—–– = –5
1 – b(1)
When a = –2, –2b + b = 9
5 = –5(1 – b)
–b = 9 1 – b = –1
b = –9 b = 2
Therefore, the possible expressions are f (x) = 2x + 3 f (1) = 5
or f (x) = –2x – 9. a(1) + b = 5
a + 2 = 5
a = 3
5 9. gf (x) = g(x – 3)
Therefore, g(y) = —–—– and f (y) = 3y + 2
1 – 2y = a(x – 3)2 – b
Function which maps z onto x is = a(x2 – 6x + 9) – b
z–2 z–2 = ax2 – 6ax + 9a – b
1
gf –1(z) = g ——–
3 2 f –1(z) = –––––
3
Given gf (x) = 2x2 – 12x + 13
5
= —————— Therefore, a = 2
z–2
1
1 – 2 ——–
3 2
9a – b = 13
5
= ————— 9(2) – b = 13
3 – 2z + 4
————– 18 – b = 13
3
15 7 b = 5
= ———, z ≠ —
7 – 2z 2
10. gf (x) = x2 – 4x + 8
g(x – 2) = x2 – 4x + 8
7. (a) f (x) = 1 – 2x
x–1 = (x – 2)2 – 4 + 8
f –1(x) = ——–
–2 g(y) = y2 + 4
1–x
= ——– Therefore, g(x) = x2 + 4
2
g(x) = 4 + x 11. fg(x) = f (2 + bx)
g–1(x) = x – 4 = a(2 + bx) – 1
1–x = 2a + abx – 1
1
g–1f –1(x) = g–1 ——–
2 2
g f (x) = g(ax – 1)
1–x
= ——– – 4 = 2 + b(ax – 1)
2
1–x–8 = 2 + abx – b
= ——–—–
2 When fg = gf
–x – 7
= ——–– 2a + abx – 1 = 2 + abx – b
2
2a – 1 + abx = 2 – b + abx
(b) g f (x) = g(1 – 2x) \ 2a – 1 = 2 – b
= 4 + (1 – 2x)
2a + b = 3
= 5 – 2x
Let (gf )–1(x) = y,
12. f 2(x) = ff (x)
then gf (y) = x
5 – 2y = x x
–2y = x – 5 1
= f ——–
x–3 2
5–x x
y = ——– ——–
2 x–3
5–x = ————–
x
Therefore, (gf )–1(x) = ——– ——– –3
2 x–3
x
8. hg(x2) = 41 ——–
x–3
h(3x2 – 2) = 41 = —————–
x – 3(x – 3)
4(3x2 – 2) + 1 = 41 —————
x–3
4(3x2 – 2) = 40
x
3x2 – 2 = 10 ——–
x–3
3x2 = 12 = —————
x2 = 4 x – 3x + 9
————–
x = ±2 x–3
x
= ———
9 – 2x
2 x 7
Compare to given gf (x) = ——— , — + — =
–(1 – 2x)
3x – 1 2 2
a + b = 1 = –1 + 2x
a = 3 and ——– x + 7 = –2 + 4x
2
3 + b = 1 3x = 9
——– x = 3
2
3 + b = 2 x 7
For — + — > |1 – 2x|, –1 < x < 3.
b = –1 2 2