Introduction to Materials Science

& Engineering (APL102)

Prof. Ankur Goswami

E.mail: agoswami@mse.iitd.ac.in
&
Prof. Lakshmi Narayan Ramasubramania
E.mail: rlnarayan@mse.iitd.ac.in

Department of Materials Science and Engineering,

IIT Delhi
Why we should Study Materials Science??
 Featureless
Polished surface

Optical microscope 100 X

https://wileyassets.s3.amazonaws.com/VMSE/index.html#1/#2/#1
 What are the kind of Questions Materials
Science Students would like to answers for?
➢ If we take two rods, one of Al and one of steel, why is it easier to bend the
Al rod as compared to the steel rod?

➢ Why is glass brittle, while aluminum is ductile? What is meant by a

ductile material?

➢ Why is wire of copper conducting, while piece of brick or wood non-

conducting?

➢ Why is glass transparent, while any typical metal is opaque?

➢ Why does the electrical conductivity of Cu decrease on heating, while that

of Si increases?

➢ Usually, good thermal conductors are also good electrical conductors.

Why is this so?
 Structure Structure
• Factors allowing us to study crystal structure :

1. Periodicity/Pattern 2. Symmetry

Honeycomb Spider’s web Flower (Rotation) Butterfly (Mirror)

• Major type of symmetry

• Inversion (0D)
• Rotation (1D)
• Mirror (2D)
Chromosome
• Translation (about lattice point) (Inversion)
• Glide (mirror + translation)
 Crystal Geometry

➢Crystal

➢Lattice

➢Motif

➢7 Crystal Systems

➢14 Bravais Lattice

➢Miller Indices
Symmetry (rotation + mirror) Symmetry

2 Fold double 3-Fold roundabout signal

pendulum fractal 6-Fold shape

Not 4-Fold - Google photo icon

(only possible if monocoloured)
Mirror symmetry
 Symmetry Symmetry
• Translation
- Moves object by displacement “d” [d= lattice
parameter]
- Most fundamental symmetry
Infinite 1D lattice

• Rotational symmetry

𝟑𝟔𝟎
o 𝐧 − 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐝 = 𝜽

a. 1 - fold (360º)
b. 2 - fold (180º)
c. 3 - fold (120º)
d. 4 - fold (90º)
e. 6 - fold (60º)
Symbolic notation
rotational symmetry
 Symmetry (inversion + glide)
• Inversion symmetry (each point is mapped equally and oppositely)

Glide symmetry
(mirror + translation)
 Atomic order
• Order – Arrangement of things w.r.t each other in particular pattern

Inert gas : No atomic order Crystalline material : Long

Amorphous material : Short range
Eg- He, Ar, Xe range order and periodic
order and lack of periodicity
Eg- A:Silica, BMG Eg- Metal, Ceramics, etc.

Increase in atomic order

• Material processing and order
• Thermodynamically driven material (Crystalline)
• Kinetically driven material (Amorphous)

• Amorphous material – Isotropic in nature

• Crystalline - Anisotropic
 Crystal Crystal
Crystal = Lattice + Motif
• Lattice - Translational periodic arrangement of point in space
• Motif - Entity associated with each lattice point
• Crystal - Translational periodic arrangement of motif in space

• Motif also k/s Basis

• Lattice – Translational arrangement such that every point has identical surrounding
• Motif can be Symmetric or Asymmetric
Types of Lattice
Counting Lattice
 Crystal Systems
7- Crystal Systems
14- Bravais Lattice
Crystal Systems