1.

Fracture
 It is the appearance of broken surface of a mineral. The nature of a broken
surface.
a. Conchoidal Fracture- Broken Surface shows curved convex or concave.
Example:Quartz
b. Even- Fracture surfaces are nearly flat or smooth. Example: Chert
c. Uneven- Fracture surfaces are rough or irregular.

6. Form
 The internal atomic arrangement of a mineral which is manifested
outwardly by development of geometrical shapes or crystal characters.
a. Crystallised - well defined crystals with perfect cleavage indicative of
perfect atomic arrangement. Example: Rock Crystal
b. Crystalline- Development of small grains and virtually incipient crystals.
Example: Zebra agate
c. Amorphous - neither crystal nor cleavage. Example: Talc

Symmetry Elements of Crystallographic Systems

An object is described as symmetric with respect to a transformation if the object

appears to be in a state that is identical to its initial state, after the transformation.
In crystallography, most types of symmetry can be described in terms of an
apparent movement of the object such as some type of rotation or translation.
The apparent movement is called the symmetry operation. The locations where
the symmetry operations occur such as a rotation axis, a mirror plane, an inversion
center, or a translation vector are described as symmetry elements.

Symmetry in Crystals
 Typically, crystals have flat faces and sharp edges. Also, many crystals will have
one or more directions that can be cleaved cleanly. 
When you look at several crystals from one material, you will soon notice that,
although the crystals may have different sizes, all crystals have the same shape or habit. In
particular, the angles between certain pairs of faces of the different crystals will be the
same. 
This observation was first made by Nicholas Steno in 1669. This observation
became known as the law of constancy of interfacial angles.

Rotational Symmetry
There are two basic types of rotational symmetry operations. Proper rotations
move an object, but do not change the handedness of the object. Improper rotations
include a proper rotation as well as a component that inverts the handedness of the
object.

a. 1-Fold Rotation. A 1-fold rotation

operation implies either a 0° rotation or a
360° rotation and is referred to as
the identity operation.

b. 2-Fold Rotation. A 2-fold rotation

operation moves the object by
(360/2) ° = 180 °. The symbol used to
designate a 2-fold axis is a solid oval

c. 3-Fold Rotation. A 3-fold rotation

operation moves the object by
(360/3) ° = 120 °. The symbol used to
designate a 3-fold axis is a solid
equilateral triangle.
 d. 4-fold rotation. A 4-fold rotation
operation moves the object by
(360/4) ° = 90 °. the symbol used to
designate a 4-fold axis is a solid
square.

e. 6-Fold Rotation. A 6-fold(C6)

rotation operation moves the object
by (360/6) ° = 60 °. The symbol used
to designate a 6-fold axis is a solid
hexagon.

Center of Symmetry
A center of symmetry exists in a crystal if an imaginary line can be extended from
any point on its surface through its center and a similar point is present along the line
equidistant from the center. This is equivalent to 1, or inversion. There is a relatively
simple procedure for recognizing a center of symmetry in a well-formed crystal. With the
crystal laid down on any face on a tabletop, the presence of a face of equal size and shape,
but inverted, in a horizontal position at the top of the crystal proves the existence of a
center of symmetry. An imaginary mirror plane (or symmetry plane) can also be used to
separate a crystal into halves. In a perfectly developed crystal, the halves are mirror
images of one another.