Rotoinversion

A rotoinversion axis combines rotation about an axis of rotation with inversion.

Rotoinversion axes are symbolized as 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6, where 1 is equivalent to a center of
symmetry (or inversion), 2 is equivalent to a mirror plane, and 3 is equivalent to a
threefold rotation axis plus a center of symmetry. When the axis of the crystal is
vertical, 4 is characterized by two top faces with identical faces upside down
underneath. 6 is equivalent to a threefold rotation axis with a mirror plane perpendicular
to the axis.

Quartz Family

 is composed of silicon (Si) and oxygen (O) SiO2 (Silicon Dioxide)

 Quartz is the second most bountiful mineral found in Earth’s crust.
 discovered in Alps (Mountain range in Europe), was believed to be a form of frozen
water and therefore called crystal.
 Quartz comes in a vast array of colors and shapes (when in crystals), and the
cryptocrystalline varieties offer an almost endless spectrum of color and patterns.
 Quartz (SiO2) can be divided into two major categories: Macrocrystalline varieties
and Microcrystalline varieties (cryptocrystalline).

MacroCrystalline

The crystalline varieties are those that occur in distinct, visible crystals. It includes
the more transparent to translucent stones: amethyst, smoky quartz, citrine, rose quartz,
and milky quartz. The color origins in
crystalline quartz are complex and are only
now beginning to be fully understood.

a. Rock Crystal
  Rock Crystal is the name given to all clear colorless quartz.
 Used in faceted gems, beads, carving, decorative objects, and lamps.
 The name Rock crystal is from the Greek krystallos meaning ice.

b. Amethyst
 Amethyst is violet or purple quartz
 The name amethyst is from the Greek 
amethystos , meaning not
drunken. 

c. Brown Quartz
 The variety called Smoky quartz is pale beige, tan,
brown, or deep brown in color.
 Very dark brown material is known as
either morion or cairngorm, the latter from the
locality in the Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland.

d. Yellow Quartz
 This variety is known as citrine and ranges in
color from pale yellow through yellow
orange to rich golden orange, to very dark
orange. 

e. Rose Quartz
 the color of this variety is pink or
(rarely) rose-red. This is due to
presence of manganese.
 The material is nearly always
cloudy or translucent, rarely
transparent.
f. Milky Quartz
 The milkiness is due to myriad tiny
cavities and bubbles filled with CO2.
 Vein quartz is often white and
frequently contains gold.

g. Amethyst-citrine
 also known as ametrine, trystine,
and so forth
 Cut gems display both violet and
yellow colors, sometimes in a
striking zonal pattern