MINERALOGY

APOLONIO
ECLEVIA
HILARIO
MAPANSA
PIOL
 MINERALS
 Solid constituents of all rocks (Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic)
and occur as crystals.
ELEMENTARY KNOWLEDGE ON
SYMMETRY ELEMENTS OF
CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC SYSTEMS
Crystallography Unit Cell
 The experimental science  Smallest complete unit of
of the arrangement of pattern in the atomic
atoms in solids. structure of a crystal.
Crystals

 any solid material in which the component atoms are arranged in a

definite pattern and whose surface regularity reflects in its internal
symmetry.
Crystallographic axes
 symmetry
Space of Group of a Crystal
 TWO TYPES OF SYMMETRIES

 Translational symmetry  Point Group Symmetry

 SYMMETRY OPERATIONS
Center of Symmetry Mirror symmetry
-Reflection in one point - Reflection in a plane.
or inversion.
 SYMMETRY OPERATIONS

Rotational Symmetry Roto-inversion

– Rotation about an – Rotation and after it
imaginary axis. inversion
 Forms of crystal
Pyramid Prisms
 A face which would cut all  Faces which cut two lateral
three axes. axes and are parallel to the
vertical axis and make groups of
four, symmetrically placed
about the axes.
 Forms of crystal
Pinacoid
 A face which cuts any one axis
and is parallel to the other two.
Dome
 Cuts one lateral and the
vertical axis, and is parallel to
the other lateral axis.
 CRYSTAL CLASSES
 With all these point symmetries, combinations can be
made. And this results in a total of 32 unique possibilities
which are grouped into 6 crystal system.

 CUBIC OR ISOMETRIC SYSTEM

 MONOCLINIC SYSTEM
 TRICLINIC SYSTEM
 ORTHORHOMBHIC SYSTEM
 TETRAGONAL SYSTEM
 HEXAGONAL SYSTEM
 CUBIC OR ISOMETRIC
SYSTEM
 The three crystallographic axes are all equal in length and intersect at
right angles to each other.
 There are 15 isometric forms , but the most common are: Cube ,
Octahedron , Dodecahedron, Tetrahexahedron, Trapezohedron,
Trapezohedron, Trisoctahedron, Hexoctahedron.
 CUBIC OR ISOMETRIC SYSTEM

Pyrite
 MONOCLINIC system
 Three unequal axes , two are inclined with oblique angles, the third is
perpendicular.
 It has two forms : Pinacoids and prisms.
 Common monoclinic rock forming minerals: clinopyroxene , mica,
orthoclase and titanite.
 MONOCLINIC system

Mica
 TRICLINIC SYSTEM
 Three unequal axes with oblique angles.
 The b axis should be longer than the a axis.
 All forms are pinacoid, therefore must consist of 2 identical and
parallel faces.
 Common triclinic rock-forming minerals: microcline, some
plagioclases and wollastonite.
 TRICLINIC SYSTEM

Wollastonite
 ORTHORHOMBHIC SYSTEM
 Three mutually perpendicular axes of different lengths.
 Perpendicular to each of the axes b is a mirror plane.
 There are 3 types of form in the class: pinacoids, prisms, and
dipyramids.
 ORTHORHOMBHIC SYSTEM
Aragonite
 TETRAGONAL SYSTEM
 Three mutually perpendicular axes, two are equal, the third (vertical)
is shorter.
 The 2 horizontal axis in a tetragonal mineral are oriented in the plane
of the horizontal. Therefore, If a=b, c must be in the vertical.
 There are 5 mirror planes.
 General class: Ditetragonal-dipyramidal class.
 4 types of form: basal pinacoids, tetragonal prisms, tetragonal
dipyramids and ditetragonal prisms.
 Common tetragonal rock forming minerals: zircon, ritle and anatase
and apophyllite.
TETRAGONAL SYSTEM
 TETRAGONAL SYSTEM
 Apophyllite  Zircon
 HEXAGONAL system

 Three equal horizontal axes (a1 , a2 , a3) and a 4th perpendicular

vertical axis of different length.
 7 mirror planes.
 General Class: dihexagonal-dipyramidal class.
 5 types of form : pinacoids, hexagonal prisms, hexagonal dipyramids ,
dihexagonal prisms, and dihexagonal dipyramids.
 Common hexagonal minerals: beryl and apatite
HEXAGONAL system
 HEXAGONAL system
 Apatite  Beryl (Emerald)
CRYSTAL SYSTEMS
 Importance
 SOCIETY:
 scientists are able to study the chemical bonds which draw one atom to another.
 could study biological materials, such as proteins or DNA, by making crystals out of
them.
 development of all new materials.
 Virtually everything we know about rocks, geological formations and the history of
the Earth is based on crystallography.
 Drug design is strongly reliant on the use of crystallography.
 IN CIVIL INGINEERING:
 The field of crystallography provides the foundation of the structure–properties
relationship. It bridges the fundamental understanding of materials with their
applications.
 ROCK- FORMING MINERALS
Rocks are composed of minerals.
A mineral is a naturally occurring
substance which is usually solid,
crystalline, stable at room temperature
and inorganic.
The rock-forming minerals are: feldspars,
quartz, amphiboles, micas, olivine, garnet,
calcite, pyroxenes.
ROCK- FORMING MINERALS

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

COLOR
CRYSTAL HABIT
Acicular Bladed Botryoidal
Columnar Cubic Dendritic
Fibrous Foliated or lamellar Granular
Hexagonal Massive Octahedral
Platy Prismatic Radial or stellate
ROCK- FORMING MINERALS

HARDNESS
STREAK
LUSTER
ADAMANTINE DULL GREASY

PEARLY VITREOUS SILKY

RESINOUS METALLIC

CLEAVAGE
ROCK- FORMING MINERALS

THE STUDY OF THE FOLLOWING

ROCK FORMING MINERALS

QUARTZ FAMILY
FELDSPAR FAMILY
PYROXENE
HORNBLENDE
 QUARTZ FAMILY
A chemical compound consisting of one part
silicon and two parts oxygen. It is silicon
dioxide (SiO2).
It is the most abundant and widely
distributed mineral found at Earth's
surface.
It is present and plentiful in all parts of the
world.
It forms at all temperatures.
It is abundant in igneous, metamorphic,
and sedimentary rocks.
It is highly resistant to both
mechanical and chemical weathering.
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF QUARTZ
CHEMICAL SILICATE
CLASSIFICATION
COLOR QUARTZ OCCURS IN VIRTUALLY EVERY COLOR.
COMMON COLORS ARE CLEAR, WHITE, GRAY,
PURPLE, YELLOW, BROWN, BLACK, PINK, GREEN, RED.
STREAK COLORLESS (HARDER THAN THE STREAK PLATE)

LUSTER VITREOUS
DIAPHANEITY TRANSPARENT TO TRANSLUCENT
CLEAVAGE NONE- TYPICALLY BREAKS WITH A CONCHOIDAL
FRACTURE
MOHS 7
HARDNESS
 SPECIFIC 2.6 TO 2.7
GRAVITY

DIAGNOSTIC CONCHOIDAL FRACTURE, GLASSY

PROPERTIES LUSTER,HARDNESS
CHEMICAL SiO2
COMPOSITION

CRYSTAL SYSTEM HEXAGONAL

USES GLASS MAKING, ABRASIVE, FOUNDRY SAND,

HYDRAULIC FRACTURING PROPANT,
GEMSTONSES
 OCCURRENCE OF QUARTZ
 Quartz occurs as an important constituent of
those igneous rocks which have an excess of
silica, such as granite, rhyolite, pegmatite. It is
extremely resistant to both mechanical and
chemical attack, and thus the breakdown of
igneous rocks containing it yields quartz
grains which may accumulate and form the
sedimentary rock sandstone. Also occurs in
metamorphic rocks, as gneisses and schists,
while it forms practically the only mineral of
quartzites.
 VARIETIES OF QUARTZ

1.CRYSTALLINE VARIETIES

2.CRYPTO- CRYSTALLINE
VARIETIES
 CRYSTALLINE VARIETIES
AMETHYST
a shape of quartz that stages from a shiny to dark
or stupid crimson shade.
BLUE QUARTZ
contains inclusions of fibrous magnesio-riebeckite
or crocidolite.
DUMORTIERITE QUARTZ
Inclusions of the mineral dumortierite within
quartz pieces regularly bring about silky-appearing
splotches with a blue hue, shades giving off pink
and/or grey colors moreover being found.
CITRINE
Is a spread of quartz whose colour levels from a
faded yellow to brown because of ferric impurities.
Natural citrines are uncommon; maximum
commercial citrines are heat-treated amethysts or
smoky quartzes.
MILKY QUARTZ
The white colour is due to minute fluid inclusions
of gasoline, liquid, or each, trapped at some point
of crystal formation, making it of little value for
optical and first-rate gemstone packages.
ROSE QUARTZ
is a type of quartz which exhibits a pale purple to
rose red hue. The color is commonly taken into
consideration as due to hint quantities of titanium,
iron, or manganese, inside the fabric.
SMOKY QUARTZ
is a grey, translucent model of quartz.
PRASIOLITE
also referred to as vermarine, is a ramification of
quartz that is inexperienced in coloration.
 CRYPTO- CRYSTALLINE VARIETIES
FIBROUS VARIETIES
 Carnelian red chalcedony
Chrysoprase apple-green Heliotrope or bloodstone
chalcedony
Agate Onyx
 granular VARIETIES
Flint Chert
Jasper Prase
 FELDSPAR FAMILY
 Is a group of rock-forming-tectosilicate minerals that compose
the Earth’s Continental Crust Weight by 41%.
 It’s a crystallized form of magma as veins in both intrusive and
extrusive igneous rocks; also present in many types of
metamorphic rocks.
 WORLD PRODUCTION OF FELDSPAR
 WORLD PRODUCTION- 20.88 MT
 ITALY (4.7 MT)
 TURKEY (4.5 MT)
 CHINA (2.0 MT)
 THAILAND (1.04 MT)
THREE MAJOR GROUP OF
FELDSPAR
ALKALI BARIUM PLAGIOCLASE

K & Na Ba & Na Na -> Ca

(“K-Feldspar”) (Barium
Feldspar)
High K is Replaced Plagioclase
Temperature by Ba Series of
Environment Feldspar
 ALKALI FELDSPAR AND ITS
CRYSTAL VARIETIES
ORTHOCLASE (MONOCLINIC)
- One of the most abundant rock-forming
minerals of the Continental Crust.
SANIDINE (MONOCLINIC)
- Stable at the highest temperature. It’s
occurrence are mostly in felsic volcanic
rocks.
- Found in young volcanic discharge/
volcanic rocks.( recrystallized as orthoclase.)
MICROLINE (TRICLINIC)
-stable at the lowest temperature among
alkali feldspar.
-formed through direct process of
crystallization from magma/ hydrothermal
process.
ANORTHOCLASE (TRICLINIC)
-A variety of Alkali Feldspar which is rich in
Na or Na rich feldspar.
-Occurs in rich volcanic rocks.
 BARIUM FELDSPAR AND ITS
CRYSTAL VARIETIES
CELSIAN (MONOCLINIC)
- Celsian mineral occurs in contact metamorphic rocks with
significant barium content.
- Uncommon feldspar mineral.
HYALOPHANE (MONOCLINIC)
- An Barium rich potassium feldspar.
-A crystalline mineral that mainly used as
gemstone.
-Occurrence of Hyalophane is rare; crystals
are found in Busovaca, Bosnia.
 PLAGIOCLASE FELDSPAR AND ITS
CRYSTAL VARIETIES
ALBITE (TRICLINIC)
-Occurs widely in pegmatites and felsic igneous rocks (e.g.
granites).
-Also occurs in Low-Grade metamorphic rocks and certainly
contains sedimentary varieties.
ANDESINE (TRICLINIC)
- characteristically occurs in
metamorphic rocks of granulite-amphibolite
facies commonly exhibiting antiperthite
texture.
- Also occurs in intermediate igneous rocks.
LABRADORITE (TRICLINIC)
- An isomorphic solid solution series of the
Plagioclase Feldspar group.
- Can display colors from the internal fracture of
mineral that reflect light(Labradorescence).
BYTOWNITE (TRICLINIC)
- Occurs in mafic igneous rocks (e.g. gabros &
anorthosites).
- It also occurs as phenocrysts in mafic volcanic
rocks.
-A rare variety of metamorphic rocks.
ANORTHITE (TRICLINIC)
- A calcium-end member
-One of the isomorphic solid solution series.
-Rare on Earth but abundant on the moon.
 CHEMICAL WEATHERING
Illite
 a secondary mineral precipitate.
 similar to muscovite, although has
a greater amount of (Si,Mg,I, &
H20).
Kaolinite
 a clay mineral partly used
 has low cation –exchange capacity
 ideal for many industrial
applications.
 USES OF FELDSPAR
INDUSTRIAL
Product hardness
Durability of the material
Resistance to Chemical Corrosion of the
Material.
CERAMICS
Alkali in Feldspar act as a Flux; lowering the melting
temperature.

EARTH SCIENCE & ARCHEALOGY

 K-Ar Dating
 Ar-Ar Daring
 Luminescence Dating
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS TO FELDSPAR UNDER
SPECIFIC AMOUNT OF PRESSURE
 Power X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD)
 Electron Microprobe Analysis (EMPA)
 Single-gram Xray Diffraction (SXRD)

TRIVIAS

 66% of Feldspar in US are used in Glassmaking in year 2008

 Mckinney Mine is the “largest feldspar mine”.
 HORNBLENDE FAMILY
 Hornblende is a field and classroom name used for a group of
dark-colored amphibole minerals found in many types of
igneous and metamorphic rocks.
 The word it is derived from the German horn and blenden, to
‘deceive’ in allusion to its similarity in appearance to metal-
bearing ore minerals.
TYPES OF HORNBLENDE
Ferro-hornblende Magnesio-hornblende
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Color Usually black, dark green, dark brown

White, colorless - (brittle, often leaves

Streak cleavage debris behind instead of a
streak)
Luster Vitreous
Diaphaneity Translucent to nearly opaque
Two directions intersecting at 124 and 56
Cleavage
degrees
Mohs Hardness 5 to 6
2.9 to 3.5 (varies depending upon
Specific Gravity
composition)
Crystal System Monoclinic
 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Chemical Classification Silicate mineral

General Formula (Ca,Na)2–

3(Mg,Fe,Al)5(Al,Si)8O22(OH,F)2.

Ferro-hornblende {Ca2}{Fe2+4Al}(AlSi7O22)(OH)2

Magnesio-hornblende {Ca2}{Mg4Al}(AlSi7O22)(OH)2

Common Impurities Ti,Mn,Na,K

Chemical Classification Silicate mineral

 Occurence
It is a common component of many
magmatic and metamorphic rocks such as
granite, syenite, diorite, gabbro, basalt,
andesite, gneiss and schist.

A rare kind of hornblende contains less than

5% of iron oxide, is gray to white in color and
Edenite is named Edenite from Orange
County, New York.
 USES
It is the most abundant mineral in a rock known as amphibolite, which
has numerous uses.
Crushed and used as road construction and railway ballast.
It was cut to be used as a dimension stone.
The highest quality pieces are cut, polished and sold under the name
“black granite” for use as building facades, floor tiles, countertops
and other architectural uses.
It was used to estimate the depth of crystallization of plutonic rocks.
Those with low aluminum content are associated with crystallization at
shallow depth, while those with high aluminum content are
associated with greater crystallization depths. This information is also
useful for understanding the crystallization of magma and for mineral
research.
 Amphibole
Amphibole is an important group of inosilicate
minerals, forming prism or needlelike crystals, composed of
double chain SiO.
Edenite
 MONOCLINIC
Monoclinic - having three unequal axes with two
perpendicular and one oblique intersections.
PYROXENE FAMILY

The pyroxenes (commonly abbreviated

to Px) are a group of important rock-
forming inosilicate minerals found in
many igneous and metamorphic rocks.
 OCCURRENCE / PROCESS
They are found in almost every variety
 -

of igneous rock and also occur in rocks

of widely different compositions formed
under conditions of regional and
contact metamorphism.
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
PYROXENE FAMILY
SHAPE ORTHORHOMBIC OR MONOCLINIC

COLOR BLACK

STREAK COLORLESS (HARDER THAN THE STREAK PLATE)

LUSTER GLASSY OR METALLIC

CLEAVAGE TWO PLANES THAT MEET AT NEARLY A 90-DEGREE
ANGLE
MOHS 5-6.5
HARDNESS
 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
XYZ2O6, in which X= Na+, Ca2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Mg2+, Li+;
Y= Mn2+, Fe2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, Al3+, Cr3+, Ti4+; nd Z= Si4+,
Al3+
 USES OF PYROXENE
THEY ARE AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF
MANY DECORATIVE BUILDING STONES, WHERE
THEIR DARK GREEN TO BLACK COLORS
CONTRIBUTE TO THE STONES’ DECORATIVE
SPODUMENE IS MINED AS AN IMPORTANT
SOURCE OF LITHIUM, USED IN CERAMICS, AND
IS ALSO PRIZED AS A GEMSTONE.
A PYROXENE IS AN IMPORTANT MINED SOURCE
OF LITHIUM, USED IN HEAT-RESISTANT
CERAMICS, MEDICATION, AND BATTERIES.
 TYPES OF PYROXENE
HYPERSTHENE
is a common rock-forming inosilicate mineral
belonging to the group of orthorhombic pyroxenes.
Its chemical formula is (Mg,Fe)SiO3
AUGITE
- a dark green or black aluminosilicate mineral of
the pyroxene group. It occurs in many igneous
rocks, including basalt, gabbro, and diabase.
- Augite has a chemical composition of
(Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe,Al)(Si,Al)2O6