BRAIN IMPLANTS

• The human brain has the same general structure as the brains of
other mammals, but is larger than any other in relation to body
size. Large animals such as whales and elephants have larger
brains in absolute terms, but when measured using the
encephalization quotient which compensates for body size, the
human brain is almost twice as large as the brain of the
bottlenose dolphin, and three times as large as the brain of a
chimpanzee. Much of the expansion comes from the part of the
brain called the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes,
which are associated with executive functions such as self-
control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought. The portion of
the cerebral cortex devoted to vision is also greatly enlarged in
humans.
• Brain implants, often referred to as neural
implants, are technological devices that
connect directly to a biological subject's
brain - usually placed on the surface of the
brain, or attached to the brain's cortex.
• PURPOSE

• Brain implants electrically stimulate, block or record (or

both record and stimulate simultaneously) signals from
single neurons or groups of neurons (biological neural
networks) in the brain. The blocking technique is called
intra-abdominal vagal blocking. This can only be done
where the functional associations of these neurons are
approximately known. Because of the complexity of
neural processing and the lack of access to action
potential related signals using neuroimaging techniques,
the application of brain implants has been seriously
limited until recent advances in neurophysiology and
computer processing power.
BRAIN IMPLANTS ARE USED FOR VARIOUS PURPOSE:

 For Mind Control.

 For depression.
 For seizures.
 For epilepsy.
 For Parkinson's.
 For hearing.
 For vision.
BRAIN IMPLANTS FOR MEMORY

• First brain implant-1874 Ohio , U.S.A.

• PMD-useful for mankind to some extent.
• For old age people
• Microchips are inserted into the brain
• Can help to track people
• PMD helps to store first memory
• PMD helps to detect biometric data , pulse respiration
monitor mood
• Facial gestures and voice pitch can be recorded and tracked to
sense subtle emotional reaction to stimulus.
WORKING OF PMD

• Microchips are generally

used to control the brain
• Specific frequencies are sent
to the brain.
BRAIN IMPLANTS FOR DEPRESSION

• Deep brain stimulation, or

DBS -- targets a small brain
structure known as Area 25,
the "ringleader" for the brain
circuits that control our
moods.
• Electrodes can reset the
mood from sad to normal.
COMPARISON BETWEEN NORMAL AND DEPRESSED BRAIN
BRAIN IMPLANTS FOR VISION

• A visual prosthesis, often referred to

as a bionic eye, is an experimental
visual device intended to restore
functional vision in those suffering
from partial or total blindness.

• Visual prosthetics are being

developed as a potentially valuable
aid for individuals with visual
degradation..
• The ability to give sight to a blind
person via a bionic eye depends on
the circumstances surrounding the
loss of sight.
• Candidates for visual prosthetic
implants find the procedure most
successful if the optic nerve was
developed prior to the onset of
blindness. Persons born with
blindness may lack a fully developed
optical nerve, which typically
develops prior to birth
BIONIC EYE
BRAIN IMPLANTS FOR HEARING

• The cochlear nerve (also auditory or

acoustic nerve) is a nerve in the head
that carries signals from the cochlea
of the inner ear to the brain.
• It is part of the vestibulocochlear
nerve the 8th cranial nerve which is
found in higher vertebrates; the
other portion of the 8th cranial nerve
is the vestibular nerve which carries
spatial orientation information from
the semicircular canals
• It is a sensory nerve, one which
conducts to the brain information
about the environment.
BIONIC EAR

• A cochlear implant (CI) is a surgically

implanted electronic device that
provides a sense of sound to a person
who is profoundly deaf or severely hard
of hearing.
• having severe to profound
sensorineural hearing impairment in
both ears.
• having a functioning auditory nerve.
• having lived at least a short amount of
time without hearing (approximately
70+ decibel hearing loss, on average) .
• having good speech, language, and
communication skills, or in the case of
infants and young children, having a
family willing to work toward speech
and language skills with therapy not
benefitting enough from other kinds of
hearing aids, including latest models of
high power hearing instruments and FM
systems
• having good speech, language, and communication
skills, or in the case of infants and young children,
having a family willing to work toward speech and
language skills with therapy not benefitting enough
from other kinds of hearing aids, including latest
models of high power hearing instruments and FM
systems.
• having no medical reason to avoid surgery
• living in or desiring to live in the "hearing world"
• one or more microphones which picks up
sound from the environment
• a speech processor which selectively filters
sound to prioritize audible speech, splits
the sound into channels and sends the
electrical sound signals through a thin cable
to the transmitter,
• a transmitter, which is a coil held in
position by a magnet placed behind the
external ear, and transmits power and the
processed sound signals across the skin to
the internal device by electromagnetic
induction,
• Internal:
• The internal part of a cochlear implant
(model Cochlear Freedom 24 RE)
• a receiver and stimulator
BRAIN IMPLANTS FOR PARALYSIS

• Implant that directly controls a

reaching and gripping robotic
arm by sensing and decoding
the patient's brain signals.
• The work is part of a US
clinical trial of an experimental
implant called Brain Gate that
doctors see as a first step
towards devices that can
bypass damage to the nervous
system and allow paralysed
people to regain control of
their limbs or amputees to
move prosthetics.
BRAIN IMPLANTS FOR EPILEPSY

• Epilepsy causes repeated, sudden

seizures, people with the
condition would benefit greatly
from a therapy that can detect
seizures just as they are starting
or, eventually, predict them
before they begin and prevent
them from happening.
• Closed-loop devices are
STIMULATING: A new
considered a new frontier in generation of implantable "closed-
epilepsy treatment because of loop" devices are designed to monitor
the seizure focus, detect patterns of
their responsiveness. electrical activity that indicate a
seizure is beginning, and quickly
respond without external
intervention.
Brain Implant Improves Thinking in Monkeys, First Such
Demonstration in Primates

• Scientists have designed a brain

implant that sharpened decision
making and restored lost mental
capacity in monkeys, providing
the first demonstration in
primates of the sort of brain
prosthesis that could eventually
help people with damage from
dementia, strokes or other brain
injuries.
NEUROETHICS

• Security
• Privacy
• Side effects
• Cost of the implants
• Uses of animals