Assignment 1 
IIIT RK Valley,RGUKT-AP 
CSE Department 

 
B Sunilyadav 
R180187 
Section A 
Problem Solving and Programming through C 
26th February 2021 
 

Lecturer​:T Chandra Shekar 

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Index 
1. ​ Random Access Memory 
2. Read only Memory 
3. Cache Memory 
4. Basics Components of Computer 
5. Software and Hardware 

   

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Computer Memory

Memory​ ​is an internal storage area in the computer used to store data
and programs that is temporarily or permanently. Computer memory is
divided into two groups

1.Primary memory
2.Secondary memory
While the primary memory holds instructions and data when the
program is executing. To execute a program all the instructions or data that
has to be used by the CPU has to be loaded into main memory or primary
memory.This Primary Memory is Divided into Two Types
1.Random Access Memory(RAM)
2.Read Only Memory(ROM)
 

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Random Access Memory(RAM)

● RAM​ isVolatile Storage Area within the computer that is typically used
to store data temporarily.
● RAM Full form is Random Access Memory,It is also known as Read
Write Memory.
● RAM is considered Random Access because any memory cell can be
directly accessed if its address is known.
● When the RAM gets full ,The computer system operates at a slow
speed when we are doing multitasking means using multiple
applications at a time makes RAM fullfully occupied.
● If we want to perform our PC Smooth and Faster we have to store small
data in our RAM.

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RAM is Classified into 7 types:

1. Static RAM(SRAM) 
2. Dynamic Ram(DRAM) 
3. Synchronous Dynamic RAM(SDRAM) 
4. Enhanced Synchronous Dynamic RAM(ESDRAM) 
5. Double Data Rate SDRAM(DDDSDRAM) 
6. Rambus DRAM(RDRAM) 
7. Synchronous Link Dynamic RAM(SLDRAM)

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Read Only Memory(ROM)

● ROM​ Full form is Read Only Memory(ROM)

● ROM is non -volatile that is the data is retained in it even after the
computer is turned off.
● Moreover, Read only memory is used extensively in calculators,Mobile
Phones and Peripheral devices such as laser printers whose fonts are
often stored in read only memory.
● Stores Crucial Information Essential to Operating System,like the
program essential to boot the computer system
● Used in Embbed Systems,where the programming is no need to change

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Read only Memory is classified into 3 types:

● Programmable Read Only Memory(PROM) 
● Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory(EPROM) 
● Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory(EEPROM) 

Cache Memory

 
Cache memory is an extremely fastest type memory and it acts as a 
intermediate between RAM and CPU. 
If you use cache memory to store instructions and data that are 
repeatedly required to execute programs thereby improving the overall 
system speed and increasing the performance of the computer 
 

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Working of the Cache Memory 

1. When a program is being executed the CPU wants to read data or 
instructions in the following steps are performed. 
2. The CPU first checks whether the data or instruction is available 
in the cache memory  
3. If it is not present there the CPU reads data and instructions from 
the main memory into the processor registers and also copies it 
into cache memory  
4. when the same piece of Data is needed again the CPU reads it 
from the cache memory inside of the main memory instead of 
again accessing from Main Memory 

Basic Components of Computer

A ​Computer Device is made up of various elements of ​which help 
in  its  effective  functioning  and  processing.  There  are  five  basic 
components  of  the  computer  which  help  in  making  this  processing  of 
data easier,smoother,faster and convenient. 
T
​ here are five basic components : 

1. Input Unit 
2. Output Unit 
3. Memory Unit 
4. Control Unit 
5. Arithmetical and Logical Unit 

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5 Components of Computer 
Input Unit 
A computer will only respond when a command is given to the 
device. These commands can be given using the input unit or the input 
devices.  

For example​: Using a keyboard we can type things on a Notepad and 

the computer processes the entered data and then displays the output 
of the same of the screen. 

Output Unit 
When we command a computer to perform a task, it reverts back 
for the action performed and gives us a result. This result is called 
output.  

There are various output devices connected to the computer. The 

most basic of which is a monitor. Whatever we write using a keyboard 
or click using a mouse, is all displayed on the monitor. 

Thus, the output unit gives us the final result once the entire 
processing is done within the mechanism of a device. 

Memory Unit 
When we enter the data into the computer using an input device, 
the entered information immediately gets saved in the memory unit of 
the Central Processing Unit (CPU). Because of the presence of some 
existing programming, the Memory Unit transmits the data further to 
the other parts of the CPU. 

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Similarly, when the output of our command is processed by the 

computer, it is saved in the memory unit before giving the output to the 
user. 

Control Unit 
This is the core unit which manages the entire functioning of the 
computer device. It is one of the most essential components of the 
computer system.  

The Control Unit collects the data entered using the input unit, 
leads it on for processing and once that is done, receives the output 
and presents it to the user. It can be said to the centre of all processing 
actions taking place inside a computer device.  

Basically, the instructions taken, interpretation of entered data, issuing 

signals to execute the data and then finally retrieving the data is all 
done in the Control Unit.  

Arithmetic & Logical Unit 

All the mathematical calculations or arithmetic operations are 
performed in the Arithmetic and Logical Unit of the CPU.  

It can also perform actions like a comparison of data and 

decision-making actions. The ALU comprises circuits using which 
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and other numerical based 
calculations can be performed. 

 
 

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Software and Hardware  

A computer system is divided into two categories: ​Hardware ​and 

Software​. 

Hardware ​refers to the physical and visible components of the 

system such as a monitor, CPU, keyboard and mouse.  

Software​, on the other hand, refers to a set of instructions which 

enable the hardware to perform a specific set of tasks. 

The Software must be installed in the Hardware to function 

properly and similarly, the Hardware must be present for the tasks to 
be performed. Both are interdependent, yet they are also different from 
each other. 

Hardware 
The  term  hardware  refers  to  mechanical  device  that  makes  up 
computer.Computer  hardware  consists  of  interconnected  electronic 
devices  that  we  can  use  to  control  computer’s  operation,  input  and 
output.  
Examples of hardware are CPU, keyboard, mouse, hard disk, etc. 

Hardware Components 
Computer  hardware  is  a  collection  of  several  components 
working  together.  Some  parts  are  essential  and  others  are  added 
advantages.  Computer  hardware  is  made  up  of  CPU  and  peripherals 
as shown in image below. 
 

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Software 
A  set  of  instructions  that  drives  computer  to  do  stipulated  tasks  is 
called a program. Software instructions are programmed in a computer 
language,  translated  into  machine  language,  and  executed  by 
computer. Software can be categorized into two types − 
● System software 
● Application software 

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System Software 
System  software operates directly on hardware devices of computer. It 
provides a platform to run an application. It provides and supports user 
functionality.  
1. It Controls and Manges the Hardware 
2. It is Machine-Dependent 
3. The  Programmer  must  understand  the  architecture  of  the 
machine and hardware details to write a system software 
4. It Interacts with the Hardware Directly 
5. Writing system software is a complicated Task 
Examples  of  system  software  include  operating  systems  such  as 
Windows, Linux, Unix and Compilers,Interpreters etc. 
 

Application Software 
An  application  software  is  designed  for  benefit  of  users  to 
perform  one  or  more  tasks.  It  uses  the  services  provided  by  the 
system software to interact with hardware components 
It is Machine Independent  
In  Most  Cases  the  programmer  ignores  the  architecture  if  the machine 
and hardware details to write the Application Software 
It  Interacts  with  the  hardware  indirectly  through  system  calls  provided 
by system software 
Writing application programs is relatively very easy 

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Examples  of  application  software  include  Microsoft  Word,  Excel, 

PowerPoint, Oracle,Libre Office Writer,Impress,Calc etc. 
 
Differences between Software and Hardware are sorted out below − 

Sr.N Software  Hardware 

o. 

1  It  is  a  collection  of  It  includes  physical  components 

programs  to  bring  of computer system. 
computer  hardware  system 
into operation. 

2  It  includes  numbers,  It  consists  of  electronic 

alphabets,  alphanumeric  components  like  ICs,  diodes, 
symbols,  identifiers,  registers,  crystals,  boards, 
keywords, etc.  insulators, etc. 

3  Software  products  evolve  Hardware  design  is  based  on 

by  adding  new  features  to  architectural  decisions  to  make 
existing  programs  to  it  work  over  a  range  of 
support hardware.  environmental  conditions  and 
time. 

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4  It  will  vary  as  per  computer  It  is  mostly  constructed  for  all 
and  its  built-in  functions  types of computer systems. 
and  programming 
language. 

5  It  is  designed  and  The  hardware  can  understand 

developed  by  experienced  only  low-level  language  or 
programmers  in  high-level  machine language. 
language. 

6  It  is  represented  in  any  The  hardware  works  only  on 
high-level  language  such  binary codes 1’s and 0’s. 
as  BASIC,  COBOL,  C,  C++, 
JAVA, etc. 

7  The software is categorized  The  hardware  consists  of  input 

as  operating  system,  devices,  output  devices, 
utilities,  language  memory, etc. 
processor,  application 
software, etc. 

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Summary 
❏ RAM​ isVolatile Storage Area within the computer that is typically used
to store data temporarily.
❏ ROM​ is non -volatile that is the data is retained in it even after the
computer is turned off.
❏ Cache Memory is an extremely fastest type memory and it acts as a
intermediate between Primary Memory and CPU
❏ A ​Computer Device is made up of various elements of ​which help 
in its effective functioning and processing 
❏ There are Five Basic Components: 
a. Input Unit 
b. Output Unit 
c. Memory Unit 
d. Control Unit 
e. Arithmetical and Logical Unit 
❏ A computer system is divided into two categories: ​Hardware ​and 
Software​. 
❏ Hardware ​refers to the physical and visible components of the 
system such as a monitor, CPU, keyboard and mouse.  
❏ Software​, on the other hand, refers to a set of instructions which 
enable the hardware to perform a specific set of tasks. 

 
 

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