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Name: Rai Shehzad Ali Kharal Roll No: Bs-HND-F19-199 Discipline: Human Nutrition Semester: 2nd Section: C To be submitted to: Professor Umera Siddique Define and
explain functional group? From the following list of compounds, name any functional groups that are present in these molecules. Also explain what properties these
functional groups give to these compounds. • Glucose • Fructose • General structure of an amino acid • Fatty acids FUNCTIONAL GROUP: In organic chemistry,
functional groups are specific substituents or moieties within molecules that may be responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. The same
functional group will undergo the same or similar chemical reaction(s) regardless of the size of the molecule it is a part of.[1][2] This allows for systematic prediction of
chemical reactions and behavior of chemical compounds and design of chemical syntheses. Furthermore, the reactivity of a functional group can be modified by other
functional groups nearby. In organic synthesis, functional group interconversion is one of the basic types of transformations. Functional groups are groups of one or
more atoms of distinctive chemical properties no matter what they are attached to. The atoms of functional groups are linked to each other and to the rest of the
molecule by covalent bonds. For repeating units of polymers, functional groups attach to their nonpolar core of carbon atoms and thus add chemical character to
carbon chains. Functional groups can also be charged, e.g. in carboxylate salts (–COO−), which turns the molecule into a polyatomic ion or a complex ion. Functional
groups binding to a central atom in a coordination complex are called ligands. Complexion and solvation are also caused by specific interactions of functional groups. In
the common rule of thumb "like dissolves like", it is the shared or mutually well-interacting functional groups which give rise to solubility. For example, sugar dissolves in
water because both share the hydroxyl functional group (–OH) and hydroxyls interact strongly with each other. Plus, when functional groups are more electronegative
than atoms they attach to, the functional groups will become polar, and the otherwise nonpolar molecules containing these functional groups become polar and so
become soluble in some aqueous environment. Combining the names of functional groups with the names of the parent alkanes generates what is termed a systematic
nomenclature for naming organic compounds. In traditional nomenclature, the first carbon atom after the carbon that attaches to the functional group is called the
alpha. GLUCOSE: Glucose is by far the most common carbohydrate and classified as a monosaccharide, an aldose, a hexose, and is a reducing sugar. It is also
known as dextrose, because it is dextrorotatory (meaning that as an optical isomer is rotates plane polarized light to the right and also an origin for the D
designation. Glucose is also called blood sugar as it circulates in the blood at a concentration of 65-110 mg/dL of blood. Introduction Glucose is initially synthesized by
chlorophyll in plants using carbon dioxide from the air and sunlight as an energy source. Glucose is further converted to starch for storage. Up until now we have been
presenting the structure of glucose as a chain. In reality, an aqueous sugar solution contains only 0.02% of the glucose in the chain form, the majority of the structure is
in the cyclic chair form. Glucose contains aldehyde, alcohol, and hemiacetal groups. Glucose exists in a straight-chain form and in various cyclic forms. In the straight-
chain form. Functional Group: Functional group at C-1 is an aldehyde group.The functional groups on C-2 to C-6 are alcohol groups. In the cyclic form, the functional
group on C-1 is a hemiacetal group.A hemiacetal has an OH and an OR group on the same carbon atom.Since carbohydrates contain both alcohol and aldehyde or
ketone functional groups, the straight-chain form is easily converted into the chair form - hemiacetal ring structure. Due to the tetrahedral geometry of carbons that
ultimately make a 6 membered stable ring, the -OH on carbon #5 is converted into the ether linkage to close the ring with carbon #1. This makes a 6 member ring - five
carbons and one oxygen. Steps In The Ring Closure (Hemiacetal Synthesis):
1. The electrons on the alcohol oxygen are used to bond the carbon #1 to make an ether (red oxygen atom). 2. The hydrogen (green) is transferred to the carbonyl
oxygen (green) to make a new alcohol group (green). The chair structures are always written with the orientation depicted below to avoid confusion. Compare Alpha
And Beta Glucose In The Chair Structures The position of the -OH group on the anomeric carbon (#1) is an important distinction for carbohydrate chemistry. The Beta
position is defined as the -OH being on the same side of the ring as the C #6. In the chair structure this results in a horizontal projection. The Alpha position is defined
as the -OH being on the opposite side of the ring as the C #6. In the chair structure this results in a downward projection. The alpha and beta label is not applied to any
other carbon - only the anomeric carbon,in this case #1. Compare Alpha and Beta Glucose in the Haworth Structures. The Beta position is defined as the -OH being on
the same side of the ring as the C # 6. In the Haworth structure this results in an upward projection. The Alpha position is defined as the -OH being on the opposite side
of the ring as the C # 6. In the Haworth structure this also results in a downward projection. FRUCTOSE: Fructose is more commonly found together with glucose andin
honey and fruit juices. Fructose, along with glucoseare the monosaccharides found in disaccharide, sucrose. Fructose is classified as a monosaccharide, the most
important ketose sugar, a hexose, and is a reducing sugar. Introduction An older common
name for fructose is levulose, after its levorotatory property of rotating plane polarized light to the left (in contrast to glucose which is dextrorotatory). Bees gather nectar
from flowers which contains

Sources Similarity

Functional group - Wikipedia

30%
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_group

Functional groups - WikiVisually

classically, chemical reactions encompass changes that only. 1. a thermite reaction using iron(iii) oxide.the haloalkanes are a group of chemical compounds derived
from alkanes containing one or more halogens. they are a subset of the general class of halocarbons, although the distinction. 10%
https://wikivisually.com/wiki/Functional_groups

Functional group - Wikipedia

furthermore, the reactivity of a functional group can be modified by other functional groups nearby.functional groups binding to a central atom in a coordination
complex are called ligands. complexation and solvation are also caused by specific interactions of functional groups. 15%
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_group

Functional Groups!!! Please help!?!? | Yahoo Answers

the atoms of functional groups are linked to each other and to the rest of the molecule by covalent bonds. when the group of atoms is associated with the rest of
the molecule primarily by ionic forces, the group is referred to more properly as a polyatomic ion or complex ion. 10%
https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20101029085931AADbhMm
 Functional group. Quite the same Wikipedia. Just better.
in organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups (moieties) of atoms or bonds within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical
reactions 5%
of those molecules.in the common rule of thumb "like dissolves like", it is the shared or mutually well-interacting...
https://web.archive.org/save/https://wiki2.org/en/Functional_group

Functional Group | Functional Group | Organic Chemistry

for example, sugar dissolves in water because both share the hydroxyl functional group (–oh) and hydroxyls interact strongly with each other. combining the
names of functional groups with the names of the parent alkanes generates what is termed a systematic nomenclature for naming organic... 5%
https://www.scribd.com/document/383721197/Functional-Group

Combining the names of functional groups with the... | Course Hero

...with the names of the parent alkanes generates what is termed a systematic nomenclature for naming organic compounds .nitrogen o 1.5 groups containing
sulfur o 5%
1.6 groups containing phosphorus o 1.7 groups containing boron o 1.8 names of radicals or moieties 2 see also 3...
https://www.coursehero.com/file/p4eqs6a/Combining-the-names-of-functional-groups-with-the-names-of-the-parent-alkanes/
Carbohydrate | Carbohydrates | Glucose
glucose glucose is by far the most common carbohydrate and classified as a monosaccharide, an aldose, a hexose, and is a reducing sugar. it is also known as
dextrose, because it is dextrorotatory (meaning that as an optical isomer is rotates plane polarized light to the right and also... 5%
https://www.scribd.com/document/109689244/Carbohydrate

Glucose (Dextrose) - Chemistry LibreTexts

it is also known as dextrose, because it is dextrorotatory (meaning that as an optical isomer is rotates plane polarized light to the right and also an origin for the d
designation. glucose is also called blood sugar as it circulates in the blood at a concentration of 65-110 mg/dl of blood. 13%
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Monosaccharides/Glucose_(Dextrose)

Carbohydrates | Carbohydrates | Glucose

in reality, an aqueous sugar solution contains only 0.02% of the glucose in the chain form, the majority of the structure is in the cyclic chair form. since
carbohydrates contain both alcohol and aldehyde or ketone functional groups, the straight-chain form is easily converted into the chair form... 10%
https://www.scribd.com/document/75048611/Carbohydrates

What functional groups are in glucose? | Socratic

glucose exists in a straight-chain form and in various cyclic forms. in the straight-chain form, the functional group at c-1 is an aldehyde group. the functional
groups on c-2 to c-6 are alcohol groups. 7%
https://socratic.org/questions/what-functional-groups-are-in-glucose

Aldehydes - what are they and what do they really smell like?
although in the open chain form it has an aldehyde functional group at one terminus, only 0.02% of the glucose is in chain form, the majority of thesince
carbohydrates contain both alcohol and aldehyde or ketone functional groups, the straight-chain form is easily converted into the chair... 4%
https://www.basenotes.net/threads/209281-Aldehydes-what-are-they-and-what-do-they-really-smell-like

Ribose - Chemistry LibreTexts

the hydrogen (green) is transferred to the carbonyl oxygen (green) to make a new alcohol group (green). the chair structures are always written with the
orientation depicted above to avoid confusion. carbon # 1 is now called the anomeric carbon and is the center of a hemiacetal functional group. 11%
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Monosaccharides/Ribose

Carbohydrates - Fructose
the beta position is defined as the -oh being on the same side of the ring as the c # 6. in the ring structure this results in a upwards projection for the
-oh on carbon # 2. 3%
http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/543fructose.html

Compare Alpha and Beta Glucose in the Haworth Structures

glucose is also called blood sugar as it circulates in the blood at a concentration of 65-110 mg/dl (or 65-110 mg/100 ml) of blood. glucose is initially synthesized
by chlorophyll in plants using carbon dioxide from the air and sunlight as an energy source. glucose is further converted to starch for... 3%
http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/543glucose.html

Alpha and Beta Glucose - Notes? - The Student Room | Forum

compare alpha and beta glucose in the haworth structures: open graphic of haworth structures in a new window. the beta position is defined as the -oh being on
the same side of the ring as the c # 6. in the haworth structure this results in an upward projection. 3%
https://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/showthread.php?t=168144

Fructose - Chemistry LibreTexts

fructose is classified as a monosaccharide, the most important ketose sugar, a hexose, and is a reducing sugar. introduction. an older common name for fructose
is levulose, after its levorotatory property of rotating plane polarized light to the left (in contrast to glucose which is dextrorotatory). 5%
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biological_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Biological_Chemistry)/Carbohydrates/Monosaccharides/Fructose