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Types of Foundations: Shallow Foundation Deep Foundation
Types of Foundations: Shallow Foundation Deep Foundation
(M.E. Haque)
TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS
Foundation Systems
Raft or Mat
foundation
Lecture Note COSC 421 2
(M.E. Haque)
Shallow Foundations – are usually located no more than 6 ft below the lowest
finished floor. A shallow foundation system generally used when (1) the soil close the
ground surface has sufficient bearing capacity, and (2) underlying weaker strata do not
result in undue settlement. The shallow foundations are commonly used most
economical foundation systems.
Footings are structural elements, which transfer loads to the soil from columns, walls
or lateral loads from earth retaining structures. In order to transfer these loads properly to
the soil, footings must be design to
Types of Footings
Column
Footing
Wall
Footing
Columns
Footing
Combined Footing
Property line
Property line
Columns
Footing
Mat or Raft
Skin friction
Wf
Hard soil/
Bedrock
End bearing
Skin friction
Wf
Skin friction
Wf
V M
Column Column
Piles Piles
(a) (b)
Column
Pile Cap
Piles
Pile Foundation
Lecture Note COSC 421 11
(M.E. Haque)
Column
Pier shaft
Bell
Frost Depth (Frost Line or Freezing Depth) —is the depth to which the
groundwater in soil is expected to freeze due to temperature drop.
• Ice growth requires a water supply that delivers water to the freezing
front via capillary action in certain soils.
• The weight of overlying soil restrains vertical growth of the ice and
can promote the formation of lens-shaped areas of ice within the soil.
• Yet the force of one or more growing ice lenses is sufficient to lift a
layer of soil, as much as 30 cm or more.
• The soil through which water passes to feed the formation of ice
lenses must be sufficiently porous to allow capillary action, yet not so
porous as to break capillary continuity. Such soil is referred to as
"frost susceptible".
[Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost_heaving ]
Lecture Note COSC 421 14
(M.E. Haque)
The capillary action is due to the pressure of cohesion and adhesion, which
cause the liquid to work against gravity.
[Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary_action ]
Water
Lecture Note COSC 421 15
(M.E. Haque)
Bearing pressure, p
= P/A = P/(W x L)
L
Lecture Note COSC 421 16
(M.E. Haque)
pmin
pmax
L/6 L/6
W/6
W
W/6
Kern Boundary
L
Lecture Note COSC 421 17
(M.E. Haque)
CASE II ( e1 = L/6)
e1
Pmin =0
pmax
L/6 L/6
W/6 Load
W
W/6
Kern Boundary
L
Lecture Note COSC 421 18
(M.E. Haque)
p min = (P/A) – (M . c / I)
p max = (P/A) + (M . c / I)
where
A= W x L
M= P x e1
c= L/2
I = W x L3 /12
c/I = (L/2) x 12/(W x L3) = 6/(W x L2)
Therefore,
p min = P/(W x L) – 6(P x e1) /(W x L2)
p max = P/(W x L) + 6(P x e1) /(W x L2)
CASE II ( e1 = L/6)
Direct Stress = Bending Stress
(P/A) = (M . c / I)
P/(W x L) = 6(P x e1) /(W x L2)
Therefore, e1 = L/6
p min = 0
p max = P/(W x L) + 6(P x L/6) /(W x L2)
= 2P/(W x L)
Lecture Note COSC 421 19
(M.E. Haque)
P
L/2 e1 X=(L/2 – e1)
Pmin =0
pmax
L/6 L/6
Load
W/6
W
W/6
Kern Boundary
L
Lecture Note COSC 421 20
(M.E. Haque)
P = ½ (pmax) (3X)W
ex
Load,
ey P
W X
where
Cx = L/2; Cy = W/2;
Ix = L. W3 /12; Iy = W. L3 /12
Lecture Note COSC 421 22
(M.E. Haque)
e e = M/P
P
Lecture Note COSC 421 23
(M.E. Haque)
EXAMPLE 1:
A reinforced concrete footing (Fig 1) supports a 12”x12” column reaction P=100 kips at
the top of footing. Based on the soil test, allowable bearing capacity of soil is 5 ksf.
Check the adequacy of the footing based on bearing pressure.
Frost line
2’-0”
5ft
5ft
Lecture Note COSC 421 24
(M.E. Haque)
Solution:
Soil pressure p = 120.94/(5x5) = 4.84 ksf < allowable bearing pressure 5 ksf.
OK
Lecture Note COSC 421 25
(M.E. Haque)
EXAMPLE 2:
A reinforced concrete footing (Fig 2) supports a 12”x12” column reaction P=100 kips at
the top of footing. Based on the soil test, allowable bearing capacity of soil is 5 ksf.
Check the adequacy of the footing based on bearing pressure.
M =50 k-ft
Frost line
2’-0”
5ft
7ft
Lecture Note COSC 421 26
(M.E. Haque)
Solution:
---------------------------
Total weight on soil = 29.54 k
EXAMPLE 3:
A reinforced concrete footing (Fig 3) supports a 12”x12” column reaction P=100 kips at
the top of footing. Based on the soil test, allowable bearing capacity of soil is 5 ksf.
Determine the size of the footing.
Frost line
2’-0”
L
Lecture Note COSC 421 28
(M.E. Haque)
Solution: