3 Shallow Foundations-Bearing Capacity-2

CIVI-6501 Foundation Engineering
3. Shallow Foundations— Bearing Capacity 2

Chapter 12 of
SOIL MECHANICS
AND FOUNDATIONS
https://www.geostru.eu/bearing-capacity-
for-shallow-foundations/
Chapter 16 of
Fundamentals of Geotechnical Engineering
1
16.7 Eccentrically Loaded Foundations
At times, foundations are subjected to moments in addition to the
vertical load, as shown in the figure below.
2
The distribution of nominal pressure is
Q 6M Q 6M
qmax = + 2 and
qmin = - 2
BL B L BL B L
Where
Q = total vertical load
M = moment on the foundation
3
The factor of safety for these types of loading against bearing capacity
failure can be evaluated using the effective area method.
The following is the step-by-step procedure for determining the ultimate

load that the soil can support and the factor of safety against bearing
capacity failure.
1. The figure below shows a force system. The distance e is the

eccentricity, e = M/Q.
4
We now have
Q æ 6e ö Q æ 6e ö
qmax = ç 1+ ÷ and qmin = ç 1- ÷
BL è Bø BL è Bø
When the eccentricity e becomes B/6, qmin = 0
For e > B/6, qmin is negative and thus tension will develop.
5
2. Determine the effective dimensions of the foundation as
B’ = effective width = B – 2e
L’ = effective length = L
If the eccentricity were in the direction of the length of the

foundation, then the value of L’ would be equal to L - 2e.
The value of B’ would equal B.
The smaller of the two dimensions is the effective width of the

foundation.
6
3. For the ultimate bearing capacity we have
1
qu' = c'Nc Fcs Fcd Fci + qNqFqs Fqd Fqi + g B'Ng Fg s Fg d Fg i
2
4. The total ultimate load that the foundation can sustain is

Qult = qu' (B')(L')
5. The factor of safety against bearing capacity failure is
FS = Qult/Q
7
16.8 Reduction Factor Method for Eccentrically Loaded
Strip Foundation on Granular Soil
For eccentrically loaded strip foundations supported by a layer of
sand using the method of slices, we have
Rk = 1- qu(eccentric ) /qu(centric )
Rk = reduction factor
qu(eccentric) = ultimate bearing capacity of eccentrically loaded continuous

foundations
qu(centric) = ultimate bearing capacity of centrally loaded continuous

foundations
The magnitude of Rk can be expressed as Rk = a(e/B)k
8
16.8 Reduction Factor Method for Eccentrically Loaded
Strip Foundation on Granular Soil
Combining the previous equations we now have
qu(eccentric ) = qu(centric )(1- Rk ) = qu(centric ) éë1- a(e / B)k ùû

where
1
qu(centric ) = qNqFqd + g BNg Fg d
2
é æ eöù
qu(eccentric ) = qu(centric ) ê1- 2ç ÷ ú
ë è Bøû
9
16.9 Strip Foundation Under Eccentrically Inclined
Load
The figure below shows a shallow strip foundation subjected to an
eccentrically inclined ultimate load Qu(ei) per unit length.
10
Load
The load is inclined at an angle a to the vertical and has an
eccentricity e.
To determine Qu(ei), one of the following methods may be adopted:
Meyerhof’s Method
For this method, the shape factors Fcs, Fqs, and Fys all equal one.
Thus we have the equation
1
q = c'Nc Fcd Fci + qNqFqd Fqi + g B'Ng Fg d Fg i
'
u
2
11
Load
The vertical component of the ultimate load per unit length of the
foundation can be expressed as
B' é ù
Qu(ei ) =
1
( )
êc'Nc F cd Fci + qNqFqd Fqi + g B - 2e Ng Fg d Fg i ú
cosa ë 2 û
12
Load
Saran and Agarwal conducted a limit equilibrium analysis to
obtain the ultimate load which can be given as
é 1 ù
Qu(ei ) = B êc'Nc(ei ) + qNq(ei ) + g BNg (ei ) ú
ë 2 û
Nc(ei), Nq(ei) and Ny(ei) = bearing capacity factors
13
Load
Reduction Factor Method – Granular Soil
Patra et al. have provided the following empirical relationship to

obtain Qu(ei)
2-(D f /B )
é æ e ö ùæ a ö
Qu(ei ) = Bqu ê1- ç ÷ ú ç 1- ÷
ë è B ø û è f 'ø
Qu = ultimate bearing capacity with vertical centric load for a
given Df/B
14
16.10 Foundations with Two-Way Eccentricity
Consider a situation where a foundation is subjected to a vertical
ultimate load Qult and a moment M, as shown in the figures below.
15
This condition is equivalent to a load Qult placed eccentrically on
the foundation with x = eB and y = eL.
My Mx
With eB = and eL =
Qult Qult
16
We also have
Qult = qu' A'

1
q = c'Nc Fcs Fcd Fci + qNqFqs Fqd Fqi + g B'Ng Fg s Fg d Fg i
'
u
2
A' = effective area= B'L'
17
When we determine the effective area (A’), effective width (B’),
and effective length (L’), four possible cases arise.
The effective area is such that its centroid coincides with the load.
Case I: eL /L ³1/6 and eB /B ³1/6

1
The effective area for this condition is A' = B1L1
2
With
æ 3eB ö and æ 3eL ö
B1 = B ç 1.5- ÷ L1 = L ç 1.5- ÷
è B ø è L ø
Effective width is B' = A'/L'
18
Case II: eL /L < 0.5 and 0 < eB /B <1/6
The effective area is A' = (1/2)(L1 + L2 )B

The magnitudes of L1 and L2 can be determined from the figures
below.
19
The effective width is
B’ = ___________A’____________
L1 or L2 (whichever is larger)
The effective length is
L’ = L1 or L2 (whichever is larger)
20
Case III: eL /L <1/6 and 0 < eB /B < 0.5
The effective area is A' = (1/2)(B1 + B2 )L
The effective width is B' = A'/L
The effective length is L' = L
The magnitude of B1 and B2 can be determined from the figures on the
following slide.
21
22
Case IV: eL /L <1/6 and eB /B <1/6
The effective area is A' = L2B +1/2(B + B2 )(L- L2 )
The ratios B2/B and L2/L can be obtained from the figures below.
The effective width and length are B'= A'/L and L'= L
23
16.11 Ultimate Bearing Capacity with Earthquake
Condition
The failure surface in soil as shown in the figure below is used to
determine the ultimate bearing capacity of a shallow foundation
with earthquake condition quE.
24
Condition
According to this solution
quE = c ' Nc Fcs Fcd Fce + qNq Fqs Fqd Fqe + (1 / 2) BN F s F d F e
Where c’ = cohesion
Nc, Nq, Ny = static bearing capacity factors
Fcs, Fqs, Fys = static shape factors
Fcd, Fqd, Fyd = static depth factors
Fce, Fqe, Fye = seismic factors
25
Condition
The relationships for the seismic factors can be given as follows:
Fce = exp(-4.3khl+D )
é æ 5.3k 1.2 ö ù
Fqe = (1- kv )exp ê - ç h
÷ ú
êë è 1- kv ø úû
é æ 9k 1.2 ö ù
( ( ) )
Fye = 1+ 2/3 kv exp ê - ç h ÷ ú
êë è 1- kv ø úû
kh and kv = horizontal and vertical acceleration coefficients,
respectively
0.5B æp ö
With H= exp ç tanf '÷ + D f
æ p f 'ö è2 ø
D = c'/(g H) and cos ç + ÷
è 4 2ø
26
16.12 Mat Foundations—Common Types
A raft foundation (also known as a mat foundation) is a combined
footing that may cover the entire area under a structure
supporting several columns and walls.
These foundations are often preferred for soils that have low load-
bearing capacities but that will have to support high column
and/or wall loads.
27
Several types of mat foundations are currently used:
1. Flat plate: The mat is of uniform thickness
2. Flat plate thickened under columns
28
3. Beams and slab: The beams run both ways, and the columns
are located at the intersection of the beams.
4. Flat plates with pedestals
29
5. Slab with basement walls as a part of the mat. The walls act as
stiffeners for the mat.
30
16.13 Bearing Capacity of Mat Foundations
The gross ultimate bearing capacity of a mat foundation can be
determined by the same equation used for spread footings.
The net ultimate bearing capacity is qnet(u) = qu - q
A suitable factor of safety should be used to calculate the net

allowable bearing capacity.
For mats on clay, the factor of safety should not be less than 3
under dead load and maximum live load.
31
For mats constructed over sand, a factor of safety of 3 should
normally be used.
For saturated clays f = 0 and vertical loading condition, we have

qu = cuNc Fcs Fcd + q where cu = undrained cohesion
æ B ö æ Nq ö æ Df ö
For f =0 Fcs = 1+ ç ÷ ç ÷ and Fcd = 1+ 0.4 ç ÷
è L ø è Nc ø è Bø
32
We also have
æ 0.195B ö æ Df ö
qu = 5.14cu ç 1+ ÷ ç 1+ 0.4 ÷ +q
è L øè B ø
And the net ultimate bearing capacity is thus qnet(u) = qu - q
For FS = 3, the net allowable soil bearing capacity becomes
qnet (u )  0.195B   Df 
qall( net ) = = 1.713cu  1 +   1 + 0.4 
FS  L  B 
33

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CIVI-6501 Foundation Engineering

3. Shallow Foundations— Bearing Capacity 2

The following is the step-by-step procedure for determining the ultimate

1. The figure below shows a force system. The distance e is the

If the eccentricity were in the direction of the length of the

The value of B’ would equal B.

The smaller of the two dimensions is the effective width of the

4. The total ultimate load that the foundation can sustain is

5. The factor of safety against bearing capacity failure is

qu(eccentric) = ultimate bearing capacity of eccentrically loaded continuous

qu(centric) = ultimate bearing capacity of centrally loaded continuous

The magnitude of Rk can be expressed as Rk = a(e/B)k

qu(eccentric ) = qu(centric )(1- Rk ) = qu(centric ) éë1- a(e / B)k ùû

To determine Qu(ei), one of the following methods may be adopted:

Patra et al. have provided the following empirical relationship to

Qult = qu' A'

Case I: eL /L ³1/6 and eB /B ³1/6

The effective area is A' = (1/2)(L1 + L2 )B

The effective length is

The effective area is A' = L2B +1/2(B + B2 )(L- L2 )

Nc, Nq, Ny = static bearing capacity factors

Fcs, Fqs, Fys = static shape factors

Fcd, Fqd, Fyd = static depth factors

Fce, Fqe, Fye = seismic factors

1. Flat plate: The mat is of uniform thickness

2. Flat plate thickened under columns

4. Flat plates with pedestals

The net ultimate bearing capacity is qnet(u) = qu - q

A suitable factor of safety should be used to calculate the net

For saturated clays f = 0 and vertical loading condition, we have

For FS = 3, the net allowable soil bearing capacity becomes

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