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SPREAD FOOTING DESIGN

Spread Footing Design

Topics:

▪ Introduction
▪ Determine the size of spread footing
▪ Determine the depth of spread footing
▪ Design reinforcement for spread footing
▪ Design of square footing
▪ Design of rectangular footing
▪ Design of wall footing

1. Introduction

One of the most common ways to support the column is spreading the column load over a large footing area.
There are two parts in spread footing design:

Service load design:

1. The footing area should be large enough so that soil pressure under the footing is not larger than
allowable soil bearing pressure.
2. The weight of footing should be able to out-weigh column uplift due to wind or seismic forces safely.

Reinforced concrete design:

3. The footing depth should be deep enough to resist punching shear and direct shear transferred from
column load.
4. The reinforcement in the footing should be designed to resist bending moments.
5. The dowels at the column-footing interface should be sufficient to transfer column loads.

2. Determine size of footing

Topics:
1. Column subjected to axial column load and uplift
Example 1: Determine footing sizes for axial loads and uplift.
2. Column subjected to both axial column load and moment or eccentric loading
Eccentricity is within 1/6 width of footing
Example 2: Determine maximum and minimum footing pressure for footing with eccentricity <
B/6.
Eccentricity exceeds 1/6 width of footing
Example 3: Determine maximum footing pressure for footing with eccentricity > B/6

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Column subjected to axial column load only

Since factor of safety is included in determining allowable soil bearing capacity, there is no need to add addition
factor of safety in determine the footing sizes. But, since the bottom of footing is at a depth below ground surface,
the weight of soil and footing above the bearing area should be subtracted from the allowable soil capacity. The
required footing area is column load divided by the net allowable soil bearing capacity.

P
A= [2.1]
Qanet

Where
A = required footing area.
P = Axial column load
Qa net = net allowable soil bearing capacity.

The weight of footing and the soil above should be heavy enough to offset the uplift forces from wind or seismic.

Wt  U * F.S. [2.2]

Where:
Wt = Total weight of footing
U = uplift force
F.S. = factor of safety.

This situation usually occurs at column at building bracing location. The factor of safety for uplift force in most
of building codes is 1.5.

Example 1: Determine footing sizes for axial loads and uplift.

Given:

Column loads:
Live load: 110 kN
Dead load: 110 kN
Uplift = 89 kN
Factor of safety for uplift = 1.5
Footing information:
Top of footing at 0.30m below ground surface, unit weigh weight of soil: 16 kN/m3
Allowable soil bearing capacity = 144 kPa
Unit weight of concrete: 24 kN/m3

Requirement: Determine footing sizes for axial loads and uplift.

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Solution:

DL=110 kN
Wt of soil
U

0.30m

0.30m
Total column service load = 110 + 110 = 220 kN

Assume a footing depth of 0.30m

Net allowable soil bearing capacity = 144 – 24(0.30) – 16(0.30) = 132 kN/m2

220 kN
Required footing area = = 1.67 m2
kN
132 2
m

Using square footing, 1.67 = 1.30 m ➔ Try 1.30m x 1.30m, footing area = 1.69 m2

Required weight of footing to offset uplift = 89 x 1.5 = 134 kN

Weight of soil above footing = 16 (1.30 x 1.30) (0.30) = 8 kN

Required weight of footing = 134 – 110 – 8 = 16 kN

W 16
Required volume of footing = V = = = 0.67 m2
D 24

V 0.67
Required depth of footing = V = A(t ) → t = = = 0.40 m
A 1.69

Therefore, use 1.30 m x 1.30 m x 0.40 m footing

Columns subjected to both axial load and moment or eccentric loading

Columns at the base of a moment resisting frame are often subjected to moment in addition to axial load.
Columns at the edge of buildings often have to be designed with eccentricity due to limitation of property line.
The bearing pressure at the bottom of footing will distribute in trapezoidal or triangular shape. The footing has
to be sized so that maximum footing pressure does not exceed allowable soil bearing capacity.

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Eccentricity is within 1/6 width of footing

Figure 2.1 Footing pressures with eccentricity not more than 1/6 footing width

When eccentricity is less than 1/6 width of footing, footing pressure under the footing is distributed in trapezoidal
shape. When eccentricity equals to 1/6 width of footing, footing pressure distributes triangularly with zero
pressure at one end of the footing.

The soil bearing capacity can be calculated as,

P M
Q=  [2.3]
A S

P = Axial column Load

A = footing area
M = P*e, column moment in the x direction, e is eccentricity in x direction.

S = LB2/6 section modulus of footing area in x direction

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For a rectangular footing, the equation can be written as

Q= P / A  M / S
= P/(BL)  P*e/(LB2/6)
= (P/A) [1e*B/6] [2.4]
L, B are length and width of footing.

When footing is subjected to moments or eccentricities in both directions, the equations become

Q = P / A  Mx / Sx  My / Sy [2.5]
Or
Q = (P/A) [1ex*B/6ey*L/6] [2.6]

Example 2: Determine maximum and minimum footing pressure for footing with eccentricity < B/6.

Given:
Column loads:
Live load: 25 kips
Dead load: 25 kips
Live load moment = 20 ft-kips
Dead load moment = 20 kips
Footing information:
Footing sizes = 6 ft x 6 ft

Requirement: Determine maximum and minimum footing pressure.

Solution:

Total axial load = 25+25=50 kips

Total column moment = 20+20=40 ft-kips
Eccentricity = 40/50=0.8 ft < B/6 = 1 ft
Maximum footing pressure = [50,000/(6x6)][1+0.8*6/6] = 2500 psf
Minimum footing pressure = [50,000/(6x6)][1-0.8*6/6] = 277 psf

Eccentricity exceeds 1/6 width of footing

When eccentricity exceeds 1/6 width of footing, soil pressure under pressure distributes in a triangular shape
with a portion of the footing having zero pressure. The resultant of footing pressure, R coincides with column
load, P as shown below. Since the center of the resultant is at 1/3 length of the triangle, the length of the bearing
area is three times of the distance from the center of the column load to the edge of footing.

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Figure 2.2 Footing pressure with eccentricity greater than 1/6 footing width

Therefore,
P = Qmax [3(B/2-2)L/2]
Then,
Qmax = 2P/[3(B/2-e)L] [2.7]

Example 3: Determine maximum footing pressure for footing with eccentricity > B/6

Given:

Column loads:
Live load: 25 kips
Dead load: 25 kips
Live load moment = 30 ft-kips
Dead load moment = 30 kips
Footing information:
Footing sizes = 6 ft x 6 ft

Requirement: Determine maximum and minimum footing pressure.

Solution:
Total axial load = 25+25=50 kips
Total column moment = 30+30=60 ft-kips
Eccentricity = 60/50=1.2 ft > B/6 = 1 ft

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Maximum footing pressure = 2*50,000/[3*(6/2-1.2)*6] = 3086 psf

3. Determine depth of spread footings for shear

This portion of reinforced concrete design of spreading footing follows the requirement of ACI code 318-99.
Factored loads should be used instead of service load. Factored footing pressure is used to determine footing
depth and reinforcement.
The topics include:

Punching shear (Two-way shear)

Director shear (One-way shear)
Example 4: Check footing depth for punching shear and direct shear for footing subjected to axial column
load only
Example 5: Check footing depth for punching shear and direct shear for footing subjected to axial column
load and moment

Determine depth of footing for punching shear and direct shear

The depth of footing is usually governed by punching shear and direct shear because shear reinforcement is
normally not used. For a square footing, punching shear usually governs the design. For a rectangular footing,
direct shear may be more critical.

Punching shear (Two-way shear)

The critical section of punching shear is located at one half effective distance from the faces of column. Shear
strength of concrete should be larger than factored shear stress at critical section as

The punching shear strength  vc in ACI is

[2.8]
where = 0.85 for shear, c is the ratio of long to short sides of column, and fc' is the compressive strength of
concrete.

The punching shear stress is factored shear force at the critical section divided by the perimeter of the critical
section and the effective depth of the footing. The factored shear force at the critical section is factored
column load minus factored footing pressure under the critical section. It can be calculated as

[2.9]
where
vu is punching shear stress,
Qu is factor footing pressure,
B, L are width and length of footing,
b, c are width and length of square column

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d is effective depth of the footing.

Figure 2.3 Critical sections of punching shear

Direct shear (One-way shear)

The critical section of direct shear is at one effective distance from the face of column. The direct shear
strength specified in ACI is

[2.10]

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The factored shear stress at the critical section is the factored shear force divided by the width and depth of the
footing at the critical section. The factored shear force at the critical section is the area from the critical section
to the edge of the footing multiplies average factored footing pressure in the area.

Figure 2.4. Critical section of direct shear

Example 4: Check footing depth for punching shear and direct shear for footing subjected to axial
column load only

Given:
Column loads:
Live load: 25 kips

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Dead load: 25 kips

Footing and column information:
Footing sizes = 4 ft x 4 ft x 1ft
Column size: 1 ft x 1 ft
Concrete strength at 28 day = 3000 psi

Requirement: Check if the footing depth is adequate for punching shear and direct shear.

Solution:
Factored column load = 1.4*25+1.7*25= 77.5 kips
Factored footing pressure = 77.5/16=4.84 ksf
Effective footing depth = 12”-3” (cover) – 0.5” (assumed diameter of #4 bar) = 8.5”
Check punching shear:
Area under critical section = [(12”+8.5”)/12]2=2.92 ft2.
Factored shear force at critical section = 77.5-4.84*2.92=63.4 kips
Perimeter of critical section = 4 (12” + 8.5”) = 82”
Factor shear stress at critical section = 63,400/(82*8.5) = 90.9 psi
Punching shear strength of concrete = 0.85*(43000) = 186 psi > 90.9 psi O.K.
Check direct shear:
Distance from critical section to edge of footing = 4/2-1/2-8.5/12=0.83’
Factored shear force = 4.84*0.83*4=16.1 kips
Factored shear stress = 16,100/(4*12*8.5) = 39.5 psi
Director shear stress of concrete = 0.85*(23000) = 93 psi >39.5 psi O.K.

Example 5: Check footing depth for punching shear and direct shear for footing subjected to axial
column load and moment

Given:
Column loads:
Live load: 25 kips
Dead load: 25 kips
Live load moment = 25 ft-kips
Dead load moment = 25 ft-kips
Footing and column information:
Footing sizes = 6 ft x 4 ft x 1ft
Column size: 1 ft x 1 ft
Concrete strength at 28 day = 3000 psi
Requirement: Check if the footing depth is adequate for punching shear and direct shear.
Solution:
Factored column load = 1.4*25+1.7*25= 77.5 kips
Factored column moment = 1.4*25+1.7*25=77.5 ft-kips
Eccentricity of factored column load = 77.5/77.5 = 1 ft
Maximum footing pressure = [77.5/(4x6)][1+1*6/6]=6.46 ksf
Minimum footing pressure = [77.5/(4x6)][1-1*6/6]=0 ksf
Effective footing depth = 12”-3” (cover) – 0.5” (assumed diameter of #4 bar) = 8.5”
Check punching shear:

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Average factored footing pressure = (6.46+0)/2=3.23 ksf

Area under critical section = [(12”+8.5”)/12]2=2.92 ft2.
Factored shear force at critical section = 77.5-3.23*2.92= 68.1 kips
Perimeter of critical section = 4 (12” + 8.5”) = 82”
Factor shear stress at critical section = 68,100/(82*8.5) = 97.8 psi
Punching shear strength of concrete = 0.85*(43000) = 186 psi > 90.9 psi O.K.
Check direct shear:
Distance from critical section to edge of footing with maximum footing pressure
= 6/2-1/2-8.5/12=1.83’
Distance from critical section to edge of footing with maximum footing pressure
= 6-1.83=4.17’
Factor footing pressure at the location of critical section=6.46*4.17/6=4.49 ksf
Factored shear force = [(6.46+4.49)/2]*1.83*4=40.1 kips
Factored shear stress = 40,100/(4*12*8.5) = 98.3 psi
Director shear stress of concrete = 0.85*(23000) = 93 psi <98.3 psi N.G. Need to
increase footing depth.

4. Design reinforcement for spread footings

This portion of reinforced concrete design of spreading footing follows the requirement of ACI code 318-99.
Factored loads should be used instead of service load. Factored footing pressure is used to determine footing
reinforcement.

The topics include:

Moment calculation
Calculating Reinforcement
Minimum and maximum reinforcements
Example 6: Determine footing reinforcement for footing subjected to axial column load
Placing reinforcements.
Design column dowels
Bearing strength of concrete at base of column
Reinforcement required at the base of column
Length of dowel for compression
Example 7: Design of column dowel

Design footing reinforcements

Moment calculation

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The footing needs to be reinforced for the bending moment producing from upward footing pressure. According
to ACI code, the critical section is at the face of column. The factored moment at the critical section can be
calculated as
Mu = Qu * l2/2 [2.11]
Where
Qu is factored footing pressure
l is the distance from the face of column to the edge of footing.

Figure 2.5 Critical moment section of a footing

Calculating Reinforcement

The footing reinforcements are designed based on ACI strength design method. At ultimate stress situation, the
concrete at top portion is subjected to compression. The compressive stresses distribute uniformly over a depth

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a. The resultant of compressive stress, C is located at a distance, a/2, from the top surface. Tensile force is
taken by rebars at an effective distance, d, from the top surface.

Figure 2.6 Tensile and compressive forces and stresses on a footing secti0n

According to ACI code, the ultimate compressive is 0.85f’c, where f’c is compressive strength of concrete.
Therefore, the compressive stress, C = 0.85 f’c a b, where b is the width of the footing in calculation. By
equilibrium, the tensile force is equal to the compression resultant,

T = C = 0.85f’c a b [2.12]
Therefore,

[2.13]
The nominal moment strength of the section,
Mn = T (d-a/2) [2.14]
ACI code requires that the factored moment,
Mu   Mn
Where,  = 0.9, is the strength reduction factor for beam design. Then, the tensile force,

[2.15]

and, the area of reinforcement is

[2.16]
where Fy is the yield strength of reinforcing steel.

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There are many ways to determine reinforcements. One simple method is using a trial and error method by
assuming the depth of compression block, a. The steps are as follows:

1. Assume a depth of the stress block, a.

2. Calculate tensile force, T using equation [2.16].
3. Calculate new depth of the stress block, a, using equation [2.13].
4. If the new depth, a, is not close to the assumed, a, in step 1, repeat step 2 and 3 with new depth, a.
5. If the new depth, a, is close to the assume, a, calculate area of reinforcement using equation [2.16]

Minimum and maximum reinforcements

ACI code requires the minimum reinforcement ratio,

[2.17]
Where, As is the area of reinforcements. In addition, it also said that the minimum reinforcement does not need
to be more than 4/3 of the calculated value,

[2.18]

Example 6: Determine footing reinforcement for footing subjected to axial column load

Given:
Column loads:
Live load: 25 kips
Dead load: 25 kips
Footing and column information:
Footing sizes = 4 ft 6 in. x 4 ft 6 in. x 1ft
Column size: 1 ft x 1 ft
Concrete strength at 28 day = 3000 psi
Yield strength of rebars = 60 ksi

Requirement: Calculate footing reinforcements

Solution:

Calculate factored column load,

Pu = 1.4*25+1.7*25=77.5 kips
Factored footing pressure = 77.5/(4.5*4.5) =3.827 ksf
Distance from critical section to edge of footing = (4.5-1)/2=1.75’
Factored moment at critical section = (3.827)*1.752/2=5.86 ft-kips/ft
Effective depth = 12”-3” (cover)-0.5” (rebar size) = 8.5”
Assume a = 1”
T = (5.86*12)/[0.85*(8.5-1/2)]=10.3 kips/ft
Check a = 10.3/[0.85*3*12] =0.34”
Assume a = 0.34”

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T = (5.86*12)/[0.85*(8.5-0.34/20]=9.9 kips
Check a = 9.9/[0.85*3*12]=0.32” (close enough)
As =9.9/60=0.165 in2/ft
The reinforcement ratio, = 0.165/[8.5*12]=0.0016
Less than min = 200/ 60=0.0033 or min = (4/3) 0.00162=0.00216
For a footing width of 4’6”, As = 0.216*8.5*4.5*12= 0.99in2.
Use 5#4 in both direction, As = 5*0.2=1.0 in2.

Placing reinforcements

Reinforcements should be placed at the tension side at the bottom of the footing.

For a square footing, rebars are placed uniformly in both directions. ACI code requires that the rebars be placed
not more than 18 inch apart.

For a rectangular footing, rebars in the long direction are placed uniformly but not the short direction. ACI code
requires a certain portion of reinforcements in short direction to be placed within a band equal to the width of
footing in the short direction. The distribution ratio is calculated based on the aspect ratio of footing as

[2.19]
where is the ratio of length to short side.

Design column dowels

Dowel rebars that go from the bottom of footing into the footing need the meet the following requirements:

1. Transfer vertical column forces when column load exceeds the compressive strength of concrete.
2. Transfer moment at column base.
3. Meet minimum reinforcement in ACI code.
4. Meet splice requirement for column reinforcement.

Bearing strength of concrete at base of column

The bearing strength of column at the column base

Pc = 0.7*0.85fc’Ag

Where Ag is the gross section area of column

The bearing strength of footing at the column base is

Pc = 0.7*0.85fc’Ag  = A2/A1  2.

Edge length of A1, A2 are shown in the figure below.

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Reinforcement required at the base of column

Where there is no moment at the column base, the area reinforcement through column base can be calculated
as
As = (Pu - Pc) / fy [2.20]

Pu is factored column load. When Pu < Pc, ACI code requires that the minimum reinforcement for dowel
through column base is 0.005Ag. Ag is the cross section area of column. The diameter of the dowel should not
exceeds the longitudinal reinforcement of column by 0.15 in.

When the column base is subjected to both axial loads and moments, the column dowel needs to be designed
to resist column moment. The design procedure is the same as design of beam-columns.

Length of dowel for compression

The length of dowel below the column base needs to meet minimum development length of ACI code.

Basic development length for compression member is the larger of

Ldb = 0.02 (fydb/fc’) [2.21]
Ldb =0.0003 fydb [2.22]

Where db is the diameter of rebar

The length of dowel is modified by the area of reinforcement as

Ld = (As required / As provided)( Ldb) [2.23]

The length of dowel that projects above the footing needs to meet the compression splice requirement of column
reinforcement.

When, fy  60,000 psi, Lap = 0.0005 fydb, > Ld or 12” [2.24]

When, fy > 60,000 psi, Lap = (0.0009 fy – 24)db > Ld or 12” [2.25]

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When column base is subject to moment and the rebars are in tension, length of splice and anchor should be
designed based on tension requirement.

Example 7: Design of column dowel

Given:
Column loads:
Live load: 20 kips
Dead load: 40 kips
Footing and column information:
Footing sizes = 4 ft x 4 ft x 1ft
Column size: 1 ft x 1 ft
Concrete strength at 28 day for footing = 3000 psi
Concrete strength at 28 day for column = 4000 psi
Yield strength of rebars = 60 ksi
Column reinforcement: 4#6
Footing reinforcement: 4#4 each way.

Requirement: Design column dowels including sizes and length

Solution:

1. Determine number and size of rebar

Factored column load = 1.4*40+1.7*20=90 kips
Bearing strength of column = 0.7*0.85*4*12*12=342 kips >90 kips
A1 = 12*12=144 in2.
Effective depth = 12-3-1=8 in.
Edge length of A2 = 12+8*2*2 = 44” < 48”
Area of A2 = 44*44=1936 in^2.
The ratio,  = A2/A1=1936/144=3.7 >2 Use 2.
The bearing strength of footing at column base = 0.7*0.85*2*3*144=514 kips >90 kips
Use minimum reinforcement, As = 0.005*144=0.72 in^2
Use 4#4, As = 0.8 in^2

2. Length of dowel in footing:

Basic development for #4 bars:
Ldb = 0.02 (fydb/fc’) = 0.02(60,000*0.5/3000) = 11”
Ldb =0.0003 fydb=0.0003*60000*0.5= 9 in.
Required development length, Ld = 11”*(0.72/0.8) = 9.9”
Since the distance from the top of footing to the #4 bottom reinforcement is 7.5”, use dowel with 90 degree hook,
7.5 in vertical and 2.5 “ turn.

3. Splice length in column:

For #6 bars in column,
Lap = 0.0005 fydb = 0.0005*60000*0.75=22.5 in
Ld = 0.02*60000*0.75/40000=14 in.

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Ld = 0.0003*60000*0.75=13.5 in.
Use Lap = 22.5 in.

5. Design of square footings

The procedure for designing a square footing is as follows:

Service load design:

Determine size of footing.
Reinforced concreter design:
Determine depth of footing for punching shear and direct shear
Determine footing reinforcement for bending moment.
Determine column dowel to transfer column load.

Example 8: Design of a square footing

Given:
Column loads:
Live load: 100 kips
Dead load: 100 kips
Footing uplift: 0 kips
Column size: 1 ft. x 1 ft.
Soil information:
Allowable soil bearing capacity: 4000 psf
Soil cover above footing: 1 ft
Unit weight of soil: 120 pcf
Materials used:
Concrete strength at 28 day = 3000 psi
Yield strength of rebars = 60 ksi

Requirement: Determine size, depth, and reinforcement for a square footing.

Solution:

Service load design:

1. Determine footing sizes:
1. Assume a footing depth of 18”,net soil bearing capacity ,
2. Qnet = 4000 – 150*18/12-120*1 = 3655 psf
3. Required footing are, A = (100+100) (1000) / 3655 = 54.7 ft2
4. Use 7'-6" by 7'-6" square footing. The footing area is 56.3 ft2.

Reinforced concrete design:

2. Determine footing depth

The factored footing pressure can be calculated as

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Qu = (1.4 x 120 + 1.7 x 80) / 56.3 = 5.5 psf

a. Check punching shear

1. Assume the reinforcements are #6 bars, the effective depth
2. d = 18" - 3" (cover) - 0.75" (one bar size) = 14.3 " = 1.2'
3. The punch shear stress can be calculated as

4.
5. The shear strength of concrete is
6.  vc = 0.85 x 4 x 3000 = 186 psi O.K.

b. Check direct shear:

1. The distance from the critical section of direct shear to the edge of the footing,
2. l = (7.5)(12)/2 - 1/2 – 1.2 = 24.75" = 2.05'
3. The direct shear stress is
4. vu = (5.5)(1000)(2.05) / (12)(14.3) = 65.7 psi per foot width of footing.
5. The shear strength of concrete for direct shear is
6.  vc = 0.85 x 2 x 3000 = 93 psi > 65.7 psi O.K.

3. Determine footing reinforcement

1. The distance from face of column to the edge of the footing is

2. l = 7.5/2 – 1/2 = 3.25'
3. The factored moment at the face of the column is
4. Mu = (5.5)(3.25)2/2 = 29 k-ft. per foot width of footing
5. Use trial method for reinforcement design
6. Assume a = 0.9".

7.
8. Calculate new a,

9.  0.9”

10. at one foot section.

11. The reinforcement ratio is

12.
13. Minimum reinforcement ratio,

14. < min =( (4/3)*0.0028=0.00373

15. Use min = 0.0033,
16. As = (0.0033 )(7.5)(12)(14.3) = 4.2 in2.

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17. Use 10 - #6 bars in both directions, As = 4.4 in2.

4. Designing column dowels:

1. The bearing capacity of concrete at column base is
2. Pc = (0.7)(0.85)(3)(12)(12) = 257 kips
3. The factor column load is
4. Pu = (1.4)(100)+ (1.7)(00) = 310 kips
5. The required area of column dowels is
6. As = (304 - 257) / 60 = 0.783 in2
7. The minimum dowel area is
8. As,min = (0.0005)(12)(12) = 0.72 in2
9. Use 4 - #4 dowels As = 0.8 in2
10. The footing is shown in below

6. Design of rectangular footings

Design procedure:

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Service load design:

Determine required footing size from required footing area and limitation of footing width.

Reinforced concreter design:

1. Determine footing depth for punching shear and direct shear in the longitudinal direction.
2. Determine footing reinforcement for longitudinal direction.
3. Determine footing reinforcement for transverse direction. Distribute reinforcement based on length to
width aspect ratio.
4. Determine column dowel to transfer column load.

Example 9: Design of a rectangular footing

Given:
Column loads:
Live load: 60 kips
Dead load: 100 kips
Footing uplift: 0 kips
Column size: 1 ft 6 in. x 1 ft.
Footing information:
One side of footing is limited to 5’ due to property line
Soil information:
Allowable soil bearing capacity: 3500 psf
Soil cover above footing: 1 ft
Unit weight of soil: 100 pcf
Materials used:
Concrete strength at 28 day = 3000 psi
Yield strength of rebars = 60 ksi

Requirement: Determine size, depth, and reinforcement for a square footing.

Solution:

Service load design

1. Determine footing sizes

1. Assume a footing depth of 18”,net soil bearing capacity ,
2. Qnet = 3500 – 150*18/12-100*1 = 3175 psf
3. Required footing are, A = (60+100) (1000) / 3175 = 50.4 ft2
4. Since one side of the footing is limited to 5', the length of footing is
5. L = 50.4/5 = 10.1' Use 10’, the footing area is 50 ft2.

Reinforced concrete design:

2. Determine footing depth

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The factored footing pressure can be calculated as

Qu = (1.4 x 100 + 1.7 x 60) / 50 = 4.84 psf

a. Check punching shear

Assume the reinforcements are #8 bars, the effective depth
d = 18" - 3" (cover) - 1" (one bar size) = 14" = 1.16'
The punch shear stress can be calculated as

The shear strength of concrete is  vc = 0.85 x 4 x 3000 = 186 psi

O.K.

b. Check direct shear:

The distance from the critical section of direct shear to the edge of the footing,
l = (10– 1.5)/2 – 1.16 = 3.09'
The direct shear stress is vu = (4.84)(1000)(3.09) / (12)(14) = 89 psi per foot width of footing.
The shear strength of concrete for direct shear is  vc = 0.85 x 2 x 3000 = 93 psi > 89 psi O.K.

3. Determine footing reinforcement.

Longitudinal direction
The distance from face of column to the edge of the footing is
l = (10– 1.5)/2 =4.25 '
The factored moment at the face of the column is
Mu = (4.84)(4.25)2/2 = 43.7 k-ft. per foot width of footing
Use trial method for reinforcement design
Assume a = 1.4".

Calculate new a,

 1.4”

at one foot section.

The reinforcement ratio is

Minimum reinforcement ratio,

<  = 0.00434
Use calculated reinforcement
As = (0.00434)(5)(12)(14) = 3.64 in2.
Use 5#8, As = 0.79*5=3.95 in2.

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Transverse direction
The distance from face of column to the edge of the footing is
l = (5– 1)/2 =2'
The factored moment at the face of the column is
Mu = (4.84)(2)2/2 = 9.68 k-ft. per foot width of footing
Use trial method for reinforcement design
Assume a = 0.3".

Calculate new a,

= 0.3” assumed

at one foot section.

The reinforcement ratio is

Minimum reinforcement ratio,

> min =(4/3)*0.00095=0.0013

Use min =0.0013
As = (0.0013 )(10)(12)(14) = 2.2 in2.
Use 11 #4 bars, As = 0.2*11=2.2 in2.

Distribute reinforcements
1. The aspect ratio,  = 10/5=2
2. The distribution ratio,  = 2/(2+1) = 0.67
3. The reinforcement in the 5’ width center band is
4. N=11*0.67=7.4
5. Use 7 #4 in the center 5’ band, spacing = 5*12/7 = 8.6 in. O.K.
6. Use 2#4 each side
7. Maximum spacing = [(10*12-5*12)/2 –3 (cover)]/2=13.5 in. O.K.

4. Designing column dowels.

1. The bearing capacity of concrete at column base is
2. Pc = (0.7)(0.85)(3)(18)(12) = 385.6 kips
3. The factor column load is
4. Pu = (1.4)(100)+ (1.7)(60) = 242 kips < 385.6 kips
5. Use minimum dowel area ,
6. As,min = (0.0005)(18)(12) = 1.08 in2

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7. Use 4 - #5 dowels As = 1.2 in2

8. The footing is shown in below

7. Design of wall footings

Critical sections of wall footings:

Shear:
1. Footing supporting a masonry wall: at ¼ thickness from the face of wall.

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2. Footing supporting a concrete wall: at one effective section from the face of wall.

Moment: at face of wall:

Figure 2.4 critical shear section of masonry wall footing and concrete wall footing.

Design procedure:

Service load design:

1. Design footing width based on service load. If wall footing is an exterior wall, check required frost
depth.

Reinforced concrete design:

2. Determine footing depth and check direct shear stress at critical section.
3. Design transverse reinforcements based on factored moment.
4. Design longitudinal reinforcements for temperature and shrinkage.

Example 10: Design of a wall footing

Given:
Wall loads:
Live load: 36.5.5 kN/m
Dead load:43.8 kN/m
Wall type: 8” concrete masonry wall
Soil information:
Allowable soil bearing capacity: 2500 psf
Required frost depth: 18”
Unit weight of soil: 100 pcf

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Materials used:
Concrete strength at 28 day = 3000 psi
Yield strength of rebars = 60 ksi

Requirement: Determine width, depth, and reinforcement.

Solution:

Service load design:

1. Determine width of footing:

Assume that the footing depth is 10 inch with 8” overburden soil. The bottom of footing is at 18” below ground
surface that meet frost depth requirement.

The net soil bearing capacity is

p = 2500 – 15*10/120 – 100*8/12 = 2308 psf

The required footing width is

B = (2500 + 3000) / 2308 = 2.4 ft=29” Use 2’6” =30” width

Reinforced concrete design

2. Check direction shear
The ultimate footing pressure,
pu = (1.4 x 3 + 1.7 x 2.5 ) / 2.5 = 3.38 kips/ft
The effective depth of footing,
d = 10" - 3" (cover) - 0.25" (half of bar size) = 6.75"
The distance from critical section to the edge of the wall is
l = 30/2 - 4 (half of wall)+2” = 13"
The direct shear stress at critical section is
vu = (3.38)(1000)(13/12)/(6.75*12) = 45 psi
The shear strength of concrete is
vc = (0.85)(2 2500) = 85 psi > 45 psi O.K.

3. Design transverse reinforcement:

The distance from critical section of moment to the edge of the wall is
l = 15-4 = 11"
The ultimate moment at critical section is
Mu = (3.38)(11/12)2 / 2 = 1.42 k-ft/ft
Use trial method for reinforcement design
Assume a = 0.1".

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Calculate new a,

= 0.1” assumed

The reinforcement ratio is

The minimum reinforcement,

> min =(4/3)*0.0005=0.0007

Use min =0.0007
As = (0.0007)(8.75)(12) = 0.074 in2
Use #4 at 18" spacing, As = 0.15 in2

4. Design longitudinal reinforcement

The temperature reinforcements at longitudinal direction is
As = (0.002)(12)(2.5)(8.75) = 0.525 in2
Use 3 - #4, spacing, As = 0.66 in2
The footing reinforcements is as shown below.

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