Wolfgang Maasberg (auth.) - Commercial-Industrial Cleaning, by Pressure-Washing, Hydro-Blasting and UHP-Jetting_ The Business Operating Model and How-To Manual for 450 Specific Applications-Springer-V

Commercial-Industrial Cleaning,
by Pressure-Washing, Hydro-Blasting
and UHP-Jetting
Wolfgang Maasberg
Commercial-Industrial
Cleaning, by
Pressure-Washing,
Hydro-Blasting and
UHP-Jetting
The Business Operating Model and How-To
Manual for 450 Specific Applications
123
Wolfgang Maasberg
IPAC Solutions
Salt Lake City, UT 84101
USA
e-mail: wolfgang.maasberg@gmail.com
ISBN 978-0-85729-834-8 e-ISBN 978-0-85729-835-5

DOI 10.1007/978-0-85729-835-5
Springer London Dordrecht Heidelberg New York
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A Catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Ó Springer-Verlag London Limited 2012
Editing by Jill Maasberg and Corey Buxton
IPAC Solutions
Salt Lake City Utah 84101
Pictures and drawings courtesy of:
Hammelmann Maschinenfabrik, Oelde Germany, Wolfgang Leifeld
IPAC-MIS, Salt Lake City Utah, USA, Wolfgang Maasberg
Kärcher GMBH, Winnenden Germany, David Wickel
Sewer Equipment Company of America, Glenview Illinois, Dan O’Brian
WOMA GMBH, Duisburg-Rheinhausen, Germany, Theo Sausen.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as
permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced,
stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the
publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licenses issued
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sent to the publishers.
The use of registered names, trademarks, etc., in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of
a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore
free for general use.
The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the
information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors
or omissions that may be made.
Cover design: eStudio Calamar S.L.
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Delivering the promise of high-pressure
waterÓ
v
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank the following individuals for providing technical reviews of
this manuscript or portions thereof:
Jorge Rankin, President and Founder of Aqua-Dyne
Lydia Frenzel, Executive Director WJTA, Advisory Council
Mike Bulard, Parts Marketing, Jetstream of Houston
Pat DeBusk, Co-Chairman WJTA, and Vice President of Inland Industrial Services
Travis Mecham, C-Tech-Kärcher-North America
Theo Sausen, President WOMA, GMBH
Tom Pritchett, CEO, Champion Industrial Services
vii
Quick Guide
Commercial: Industrial Cleaning
1. In Chap. 1 introduction, categorize the industry or business, its area and/or

hardware, exposing the specific application criterion, customer contacts, resources
and detailed safety regulations
ix
x Quick Guide
2. Document customer contacts, the industry resource criterion and safety cur-
riculum to the application review form, followed by a jobsite risk assessment
allowing for the particular job location and its circumstance
Quick Guide xi
3. Decide on the required job entity and its correlating core number provided
within manuals application ‘‘Register’’ (2)
xii Quick Guide
4. Evaluate the recognized core application curriculum, (primary–secondary

numbers)
Quick Guide xiii
5. Choose the primary and/or secondary gear-list authorization form to classify

and document necessary tooling (jobs gear up-list)
xiv Quick Guide
6. Track paperwork (job-walk) through jobs conclusion

Contents
1 Introduction: Succeed in Residential, Commercial

and Industrial Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Agricultural Environment, Cattle-Hog-Poultry Operations,
Kennels-Zoos-Aquariums, Veterinary Facilities. Bacteria,
Pest and Corrosion Control, Biological Security Program,
Various Cleaning Applications, Customer Contacts,
Business Resources, Safety Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Asphalt-Tar-Mastics Industries, Bituminous Compound
Manufacturers, Waterproofing Applications, Manufacturing
Hardware and General Equipment Cleaning Procedure
Industries Technical Resources, Customer Contacts,
Safety Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3 Automotive Manufacturers, Automotive Suppliers-Industries,
Hydro-Blast History, Industrial Cleaning Applications
for Manufacturing Hardware and Machine Shops, Vehicle
and Trucking Facilities, Mobile Vehicle Washing Applications,
Important Customer Contacts and Trade Resources . . . . . . . . . 16
1.4 Airports, Aviation Industries and Their Municipalities,
Hydro-Blast History, Servicing Shop Environments,
Coating and Rubber Removal Applications, Introduction
to General Surface and Equipment Cleaning Techniques,
Customer Contacts and Technical Resource Information. . . . . . 22
1.5 Battery Manufacturers’ Process and Recyclers’ Plant
Hardware Cleaning Applications, Services to Industry
Suppliers, Industry Resource Info, Customer Contacts,
Safety Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.6 Beverage, Bottling Facilities, Breweries, Distilleries, Juice
Processing, Equipment and Area Cleaning, Specialized
Tooling, Specific Safety Requirements, Customer Contacts. . . . 32
xv
xvi Contents
1.7 Butchers-Slaughterhouse Operations, General Processing,

Cattle-Hog-Poultry and Animal Rendering Facilities,
Equipment and Area Identification, Hygiene Requirements,
Customer Contacts, Technical Resources
and Safety Stipulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.8 Building Washing, Exterior-Interior Surface-Prep., Graffiti
Removal, Restoration, Coating-Removal, Water-Proofing,
Specialized Tooling, Scaffolding Procedures, Industry Resources
and Safety Requirements, Various Customer Contacts . . . . . . . 44
1.9 Commercial-Industrial Structures, Demolition-Rehabilitation
Procedures, Construction Clean-Up, Surface Preparation,
Equipment Resources, Safety Issues and Resources,
Customer Contact Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
1.10 Refinery-Oil-Polymer-Chemical-Epoxy-Resin-Vinyl-Latex-Paint
Manufacturing Environments, Area and Manufacturing
Hardware Identification, Psi-Gpm Performance Requirements,
Hydro-Blast Background, Customer Contacts and Industry
Resources, Plant Safety Stipulations and Training
for Contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
1.11 Coal Mines, Coal Gasification Plants, General Mining
and Mineral Extraction, Hydro-Blast Equipment History,
Customer Contacts, Contractors Resources
and Safety Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
1.12 Coffee, Tea, Cocoa, Seeds-Leaves-Herbs, Process-Extraction
Hardware Cleaning Services, Hydro-Blast History,
Contractors Customer Contacts, Resources
and Safety Prerequisite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
1.13 Cement-Lime Manufacturing, Ready-Mix Concrete Industries,
Prefab Assembly Lines, Pipe, Brick, Block Manufacturing
Equipment Cleaning, Hydro-Blast History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
1.14 Dairy Foods, Byproduct and Derivatives, Milk Processing,
Industries Hazardous Analysis and Critical Control Point
System (HACCP), Customer Contacts, Establishing
a Sanitation Program Incorporating Hygiene and Safety
Principles Recognized by USDA and FDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
1.15 Fish Hatcheries, Aquatic Farm Environments, Tropical
Marine Livestock Centers, Balancing Lake & Pond
Ecosystem (Dredging), Recognizing the Hazardous Analysis
Critical Control Points, Various Pressure-Washing
and Hydro-Blast Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Contents xvii
1.16 Food Service Industry, Restaurants, Healthcare Organizations,

Corporate Kitchens, Custodial Kitchens, etc., Produce Retailers,
Food Processing Companies, Trucks-Tankers and Rail Cars,
Pressure-Washing Applications, Hydro-Blast History,
Customer Contacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
1.17 Foundries, Steel Mills, Forging Shops, Nonferrous Metals
Industries, Pelletizing and DRI Plant Services, Numerous
Pressure-Washing and Hydro-Blast Applications, Necessary
Equipment Hydro-Blast History, Customer Contacts
and Resources, Industry Safety Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
1.18 Glass, Porcelain, Ceramic and Enameled Product Industries,
Various Low and High-Pressure Cleaning Applications for
Wastewater Treatment Facilities and Air Emissions
Hardware etc., Customer Contacts and Trade
Association’s Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
1.19 Maritime Vessels, Offshore Oil Platforms, Shipyards, Harbor
Facilities, Piers, Recreational Boating, Various Low and High
Pressure Water Cleaning Applications, Including Underwater
Jetting Operations, Hydro-Blast History, Customer Contacts
and Resources, OSHA Safety Standards and Shipyard
Competent Person Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
1.20 Municipalities’ Wastewater Treatment Facilities, Shopping
Zones, Parking Facilities, Exhibition and Sport Arenas,
Highway-Road Services, Sewer-Cleaning, Vacuum
Sludge-Debris Removal, Coating Removal, Various Low
and High-Pressure Water Cleaning Solutions, Safe Work
Practices, Customer Contacts and Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
1.21 Pharmaceutical, Cosmetic, Drug and Dietary Supplements
Industries, Low and High-Pressure Water Cleaning Applications
for Biological Separation-Extraction and Chemical Synthesis
Process Equipment, Process Area and Equipment
Decontamination, Customer Contacts-Resources-Safety . . . . . . 170
1.22 Pulp-Paper, Paperboard, Cellulose and Engineered
Wood-Lumber Industries, Hydro-Blast History, Various Nozzle
and Tool Configurations, Low and High-Pressure
Cleaning Applications for Plant Hardware, Customer Contacts
and Resources, Safety Procedures in Pulp-Paper
Plant Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
1.23 Power-Plant Services, Coal-Oil-Natural Gas Combined Cycle,
Biomass, Hydro or Nuclear-Powered, Hydro-Blast History,
Low and High-Pressure Cleaning Application for Boilers,
Heat-Exchangers, Condensers, Stacks and Cooling System,
Compressor Oil Lube Services, Customer Contacts
and Operational Safety Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
xviii Contents
1.24 Railroad-Commuter-Light Rail Maintenance Yards, Railway

Historical Associations, Theme Parks, Rail-Bridge,
Steel-Concrete Rehabilitation, Rail Accident, Site-Emergency
Response, Hydro-Blast History, Applications, Customer
Contacts Resources and Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
1.25 The Business Operating Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
1.25.1 Retain and Safeguard Corporate
Application Itinerary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
1.26 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
1.27 Application Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
1.28 Application Core Curriculum 1,000–55,000 psi . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
1.28.1 The Gear-List Authorizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
1.28.2 GEAR-LIST Authorizations’ for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
1.29 Application Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
1.29.1 Develop the Trade Curriculum, ‘‘Introduction’’ . . . . . . 217
1.30 Compile Application Register Catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
2 Application Register. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

2.1 Example: Identify a Job Criterion and Create
its Job Specific Gear-List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
3 Application Core Curriculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 247

3.1 Brick-Block-Stone-Stucco and Masonry Façade Cleaning,
Structuring, General Surface Preparation and Restoration . . ... 250
3.2 Surface Pasting, Airborne Dust Suppression, Applying
Extended Service Non-Film Forming Seal Applications,
Biosecurity, Sanitizing, Deodorizing, Decontamination,
Chemical-Concentrates-Proportioning-Metering, Foaming,
Flash Rust-Corrosion-Inhibitors, Use Of Acids, Bleach
and Fungus-Mold Inhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 272
3.3 Clinker-Slag-Coke Removal, Kiln-Boiler-Furnace Cleaning,
Thermal-Hot Scale Removal (Cracking) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 285
3.4 Condensers or Small Tube Heat Exchangers, Large Tube
Heat-Transfer Units, After Coolers, Steam Generators,
Three Drum Water Tube Boilers, Ring Exchangers, Plate
and Frame Type Exchangers, Bayonet-Tube Exchangers,
Dryers-Incinerators, Heat Transfer Hardware. . . . . . . . . . . ... 290
3.5 Coating-Paint-Graffiti Removal Techniques on Surfaces
such as Asphalt, Concrete, Masonry, Structural Steel
and Aluminum, High-Temp Industrial Coating-Insulation
Deletion Methods, Surface Flash-Rust
Corrosion-Oxidation Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 303
Contents xix
3.6 Concrete-Aggregate, Cleaning-Cutting-Scarifying,

Demolition-Restoration and Finishing, Concrete
Removal-Cleaning Procedures on Industrial Equipment and
Vehicles Utilizing the UHP-Hydro-Blast Equipment. . . . . . . . . 327
3.7 Dry-Wet Vacuum Applications, Dredging, Emulsifying
Sludge, Hydro-Excavation, Gravel Cleaning, Pumping Fluids,
Dust-Refuse or Bio-Product Loading, Transfer or Removal
of Industrial Product. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
3.8 Duct-Work, Canopy Hood Installation Cleaning, Acid
and Sanitary Treatment, Cleaning and Chemically Treating
Pipe Prior to Installation of Liner Systems, and the Coating
of Interior Steel-Iron Pipe () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
3.9 Directional-Horizontal Underground Pipe Installations,
Water Well Cleaning, Water Jet-Grouting, Pile Driving . . . . . . 371
3.10 Expansion-Control Joint Cleaning on Rigid Pavement,
Sidewalks, Decking, Tank and Pool Construction,
Grout-Membrane-Plastic-Rubber-Elastic Removal
(New Product Installation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
3.11 Filters, Screens, Felts, Bag-House Units, Trays
for Catalytic-Cracking, Vacuum Suction Rolls,
Radiators-Fin-Fan (Exterior), Air-Preheater Baskets,
Staggered Channel, Wire Mesh-Plate-Vane Mist
Eliminators (Centrifugal, Basket, Vane-Type), etc . . . . . . . . . . 384
3.12 Flatwork-Surface Cleaning, Gas Stations, Banks, Restaurants
Drive-Thru, Machine Shops, Warehousing and Parking Garage
Areas, Airport Runways, Jet-Bridge and Hangar Facilities,
Vehicular-Pedestrian Tunnel Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
3.13 Hazardous Industrial Waste Recovery and Soil Treatment,
Asbestos, Radioactive Trace Element Remediation,
Vehicular Accidents and Cleanup of Crime Scenes . . . . . . . . . 409
3.14 Hydrostatic Testing of Boilers-Steam Generators, Gas and
Vacuum Vessels, Towers, Tanks and Nondestructive Leak
Testing of Hydraulic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
3.15 Mold Remediation, Disaster Cleanup, Water Damage-Sludge
Removal, Insect-Pest Suppression Odor-Stench Control . . . . . . 429
3.16 Oil-Lube Systems (Industrial), Tanks, Oil Compressors,
Hydraulic Equipment Services, Light-Oil Jetting . . . . . . . . . . . 435
3.17 Ornamental-Statuary-Monuments, City Fountains,
Theme-Amusement Parks, Hotel and Municipal Pools,
Aquatic-Marine Pools and Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
3.18 Polishing, Etching, Metal Burr-Flash Removal, Weld Seam
Polishing, Surface Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
3.19 Sewers, Laterals, Culverts, Sumps, Industrial Pipe Cleaning,
Pipeline Cleaning and Cutting Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
xx Contents
3.20 Steam-Vapor-Gas-Flue Stacks, Industrial Elevator Shafts,

Laundry-Garbage Chute Cleaning and Sanitizing . . . . . . . . . . . 470
3.21 Stationary-Portable, Industrial-Commercial Equipment,
Vehicle Fleets, Rail-Car, Truck-Trailer-Tanker Trucks . . . . . . . 477
3.22 Tanks, Vessels-Autoclave, Precipitators, Container Cleaning,
Volatile Substance Removal and Effluent Separation . . . . . . . . 488
3.23 Hydro-Abrasive Blasting, Steel Cutting-Demolition
Applications, Underwater Hydro-Blasting and Dredging . . . . . . 507
3.24 Wash Water Control, Recovery, Filtration, Recycling,
Wastewater Reclamation Technology, Evaporation,
Hazardous Materials Cleanup, Chemical Rinse Aids . . . . . . . . 522
3.25 Wood Structures-Roofs-Decks-Landings-Fencing, Wallboard
Cleaning, Facilitating Coating Painting-Preservation Procedures,
Vinyl and Aluminum Siding Cleaning, Tile-Asphalt
Roof Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532
4 Associations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
5 Safety Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557

5.1 Contractor’s Basic Safety Information Bid and Paperwork
Illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
5.2 Application Register Catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560
About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
Glossary of Acronyms, Abbreviations and Symbols,

Industrial Language Discovery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
Trade Related Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
Chapter 1
Introduction: Succeed in Residential,
Commercial and Industrial Environments
Abstract The introduction and documentation encompasses over 500 distinctive

service identities within the agricultural, marine, industrial and commercial
environment utilizing tools energized by high-pressure water. Portrayed are the
industry specific application diversities and its established correlating safety
requirement. The business and technical introduction offers the research and
ground work to support and shore-up services-sales, tooling and equipment
choices by presenting the correct application approach to customers within 24
commercial-industrial sectors. The introductory business model establishes inde-
pendently the confidential procurement procedures and narration of application
methods, technique and processes to safeguard corporate application itinerary
voiding the loss of application technology and know-how to various and often
repetitive circumstances.
1.1 Agricultural Environments, Cattle-Hog-Poultry

Operations, Animal Pounds, Horse Stables,
Kennels-Zoos-Aquariums, Veterinary Facilities
The great number of animals held in today’s confined production, transportation,

holding or display facilities situated often in remote or isolated locations, result in
distinctive pressure-washing and hydro-blast application varieties and services.
The encountered acidic and highly humid environment generally poses a specific
threat to humans and animals alike, accelerating bacterial growth, pest develop-
ment, corrosion, coating and concrete deterioration.
In this atmosphere, contractors and service providers must establish a biological
security program encompassing operational exterior–interior cleaning require-
ments for buildings, equipment and surfaces in feed storage facilities to protect
W. Maasberg, Commercial-Industrial Cleaning, by Pressure-Washing, 1

Hydro-Blasting and UHP-Jetting, DOI: 10.1007/978-0-85729-835-5_1,
Springer-Verlag London Limited 2012
2 1 Succeed in Residential, Commercial and Industrial Environments
Fig. 1.1 On demand

chemical metering pump
Fig. 1.2 Flock breeding

facility
animals and humans alike (biosecurity, Fig. 1.1). This also includes and involves
the controlled behavioral requirement of contractor’s labor force, tooling and
pressure washing equipment introduced to the jobsite. A contractors’ biosecurity
program can only be successful when pooled with the customer’s operational
circumstances, on-farm-facilities compulsory HACCP system (hazard analysis and
critical control point) which incorporates the existing integrated pest-bacterial
management programs. Visiting and conferring with local veterinarians in regards
to past history and possible conclusions of flock pest-infectious-disease control
requirements pertaining to the job site and general surrounding areas is a wel-
comed and necessary practice to support a qualified bid procedure.
Suitable future or rotational chemistry applications, specifying disinfectants,
biodegradable soaps, bacterial-pest control products and the availability for ade-
quate tested blast water (bacterial-Salmonella) should also be discussed with the
customer and his veterinarian.
A contractor entering the egg, broiler and chicken stock breeding industry does
best (Fig. 1.2) when it is understood that he intends to operate within the food
manufacturing industry (animal to food), which also encompasses FDA, EPA and
OSHA guidelines. Due to the multitude of encountered applications, jobsites,
human and animal conditions, a standardization of a biosecurity program in ‘‘one
size fits all’’ cannot be established (Fig. 1.3). Most bird infections-pathogens-
salmonella or respiratory diseases can be spread by multiple incoming or outgoing
routes. The biosecurity program will include standard operational procedures
(embracing food safety guidelines) to eliminate the risk of exposure to organisms,
1.1 Agricultural Environments 3
Fig. 1.3 Cattle feeder unit
Fig. 1.4 Grain and feed silos
therefore protecting animal health. A constant review-updating process identifying

and prioritizing the potential sources between, during and after facility visits and
designing adequate application techniques is vital to the program. Further, it is
only of value in written form, and treated equal to a job-bid report, when signed off
by all involved to gain legitimacy. Contractors must also guarantee that equipment
is sterilized, warranting no possible cross-contamination from neighboring farms,
their herds, equipment, or prior job sites. As veterinarians sterilize-sanitize
themselves between farm visits, so must also be the contractor’s crew and their
equipment.
The service provider may also encounter mandatory quarantine restriction
periods (3–7 days) between visitations to primary flock breeding facilities, a
minimum of 4–5 weeks for bird houses, and 6–7 weeks for laying houses.
Needless to say, technical capability and versatility in applying pesticides and
disinfectants correctly during an application processes is mission critical and must
be verifiable. No producer or exhibitor is willing to put thousands of animals at
risk due to contractor’s negligence or incompetence.
Once flock replacement schedules are confirmed, facilities clean out schedule
and necessary maintenance procedure is established in written form. Contractors
may offer interior or exterior cleaning and pest-bacterial control measures on
concrete floors, plastic curtains, ceilings, walls, feeders, drinkers, feed drums and
all other production equipment (Fig. 1.4). This includes cleaning and
Fig. 1.5 Wastewater

recovery shoe
decontaminating-sanitizing flock placement vehicles, feed container silos

(Fig. 1.5) water supply equipment, etc. Once on-site and cleaning operations are in
progress it is important to work closely with flock supervisors and laboratory
personnel (veterinarian) that will evaluate and perform bacterial counts on cleaned
areas to determine a ‘‘passing’’ status before restocking.
Cleaning schedules in hog operations, furrowing and finishing houses may
provide a one to four day window in their production cycles. Zoos and safari parks
provide cleaning schedules during fall and winter seasons.
Aquariums, kennels and racetracks may offer contracting possibilities, seasonal,
biannual or annually. In these environments, offering an established biosecurity
program integrated to contractor’s application varieties will greatly enhance
business opportunities. Most operations own in-house hot or cold pressure washing
equipment, performing at 1–3,000 psi, 1.5–5 gpm. The available application range
(90%) to the contractor requires between 3 and 8,000 psi at 5 to 35 gpm, hot water
200 Fahrenheit plus and/or cold water equipment.
In slurrifying or dredging organic waste, cleaning and sanitizing, decontami-
nating or sterilizing, the contractor must streamline his hydro-tool variety to the
application encountered and may require the following:
On demand chemical metering accessories (Fig. 1.1), dehumidifying equip-
ment, hydro vacuum-dredging tools (Fig. 1.5) that are often fitted to a vacuum
box; for flat work spin jet equipment with vacuum support, foam nozzles and
rotary nozzles; manual or exterior automated tank cleaning equipment, sewer and
pipe cleaning nozzles, water-filtration-recycling equipment and/or water abrasive
blast gear.
Due to ambient temperature conditions (Fig. 1.6) and possible atomizing water
jets in agricultural application environments (misting), equipment operator’s
pressure-washing or hydro-blasting in confined agricultural areas quite typically
experience visibility problems. The possible creation of barn, silo or tank fog
within an otherwise routine cleaning application must always be considered.
Fig. 1.6 Milk parlor
According to the specific application, adequate ventilation and/or dehumidifying

equipment will therefore be considered.
Some applications encounter methane gas environments or chemical-burn-fire-
explosion hazards demanding safety procedures to protect structures and involved
personnel (pulverized or pressurize-humid grain-organic products). Major appli-
cations include: Cleaning grain elevators, feed mill equipment, silos and flour bins,
harvesting machinery, vessels, including dredging sedimentation ponds, regener-
ating water wells and preparing wooden fencing, decks or buildings for staining
and/or painting applications.
Most high-pressure water cleaning applications may also be offered or are an
intricate part to production in orchard, potato, rice, soybean, tobacco including
catfish fish farming environments. When out there in God’s country, one must
never underestimate the variety of products manufactured. Alfalfa grass is not only
used for feed, but also converted into nutritional supplements or added to phar-
maceutical products. The sugar cane-root harvest season promotes the seasonal
business in sugar refineries.
These plants are also often found in sugar beet growing areas as are fuel
(ethanol) and power producers, utilizing agricultural product and waste products
(Fig. 1.7).
Grain production, their mills (Figs. 1.8, 1.9), storage facilities, rail and truck
transportation equipment must also be considered. Farming cooperatives may
service their equipment in large machine shop facilities in need of periodic
cleaning services. There are many opportunities to justify activity in the agricul-
tural environment.
Veterinarians and red meat producers may disagree on the best practices for pest
or bacteria control procedures. Some prefer the chemical method, others the hot
water method or a combination of both. Therefore, applying higher pressures with
hot water at 200 plus Fahrenheit and up to 9,000 psi, deep cleaning cracks, bug
Fig. 1.7 Feed silos and

loading facilities
Fig. 1.8 Grain silos
Fig. 1.9 Cattle feeder

holes and fissures in concrete slabs applying pesticides, killing pest eggs, larvae and
bacteria should be sufficient in convincing either veterinarian or producer.
Further applications include: Coating-paint removal on steel or concrete sur-
faces in aquariums, sedimentation vessels, pools of all types, animal exhibition and
holding areas; Cleaning and treating pedestrian areas, fountains, ponds and public
exhibitions;
Decontaminating, cleaning, restoring aluminum or stainless steel equipment,
tractor trailers, tanks, etc. with acid treatments; Sterilizing and sanitizing animal
operating rooms, recuperating cells, and holding areas; Routinely sterilizing,
sanitizing and treating production equipment in poultry hatcheries, cattle and hog
facilities.
Contacts. Your local veterinarians and associations, avian contract breeders,
zoo curators, purchasing and maintenance superintendents, dog pounds and ken-
nels, breeders and farmers, truckers and feed lot operators (Fig. 1.10), dog and
horse racing facilities.
Resources. Equipment and materials; WJTA, PNA, CETA, SSPC.
On the Internet. Veterinary associations, farmers and livestock cooperatives.
Principles of disease prevention in commercial broiler integrated operations.
Research requirements for biosecurity, cleaning or decontamination-disinfecting
poultry equipment and housing; contact the American Association of Avian
Pathologists, University of Pennsylvania.
Safety. On the Internet. Research sanitation performance standards compliance
guide, FSIS-USDA best practices for equipment maintenance by pressure washing,
http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/*lrd/hccp.html, Competency in agricultural hygiene.
Safety procedures vary, depending on application and may include establishing
confined space entry procedures, air monitoring devices, electrical or mechanical
equipment lockout procedures. Establishing a step in/out area, where disinfectants
are applied to boots, protective clothing and tools, or an all in/out decontamination
procedure. A multitude of industrial safety regulations may be required.
APPLICATION REVIEW
Customer, Company: Da Date: Nr:
Address:
City:
Web site: P.O. Box:
e-mail: State: ZIP Code:
Purchasing Engineering Maintenance Safety
Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

e-mail: e-mail: e-mail: e-mail:
Job Description:
Job Location: Job Site Risk Assessment: Specify:
Job Site Review:
Safety equipment and procedures: ©

Concrete cleaning, feeders, tanks, production equipment, silos.
WORKSHEET- PURCHASING - SALES

1.2 Asphalt-Tar-Mastics Industries, Bituminous Compound, Manufacturers 9
Fig. 1.10 Tar-pitch-product

facilities
1.2 Asphalt-Tar-Mastics Industries, Bituminous

Compound Manufacturers, Solvents, Emulsions,
Adhesives Environment
In the mid 1950s, plant maintenance personnel invited Wolfgang Maasberg Sr.,
founder of WOMA corp., to design and develop specific tooling for coal
producers’ hardware, taking into consideration the difficulty of cleaning tar-pitch-
product and treatment facilities (Fig. 1.10). Supported by the pump’s quick-
exchange plunger capability in manipulating the crucial gpm–psi ranges deemed
necessary for product cutting or scaling applications, Otto Teufer, a WOMA
employee who was considered a bona fide high-pressure water application tech-
nician in the developing Hydro-blast market designed an array of nozzles, lance-
flex-lance equipment and combined them with tank and pipe cleaning techniques,
applying 7,000 psi at various gpm-hp ranges. It was obvious to all involved that
his discipline and work ethic as a submarine captain during World War II had
given him great insight and intuition to correctly develop high-pressure water
tooling. This in particular where the visual performance confirmation of a nozzle
pattern, water-jet product penetration and tool interaction with scaled refuse
manipulated in a confined space (sewers, pipes, flue-exhaust duct, etc.) was
unknown or technically–physically not manageable. The ingenuity of Otto’s
techniques are today utilized by service providers with sophisticated equipment or
application methods and are still steadily employed by asphalt emulsion-solvent
manufacturers, bituminous roofing, vinyl flooring production facilities, coating
manufacturers, asphalt recycling plants and asphalt paper-felt manufacturing
processes only to name a few. He also constantly stressed that in an emerging
hydro-blast market, manufacturing processes-technology-hardware and possible
fouled product characteristics must be understood before a correct hydro-tool
selection, safety procedures and necessary supplies could determine a successful
Fig. 1.11 Refinery
Fig. 1.12 Gravel mill for

asphalt-concrete
job completion. Regardless of previous successful cleaning or scaling methods,

tooling and pump fluids applied (water–emulsions–oils) the behavioral product
characteristics of bituminous, viscous-sticky products such as tar, pitch, bunker
seed or liquid mastics must always be taken anew into consideration.
Tar is derived by the destructive distillation of coal or the cracking process of
petroleum (refineries Fig. 1.11). Straight run asphalts are distillates resulting from
the evaporation of the volatile constituents of crude oil in a vacuum in the presence
of steam. The further the distillation is carried, the harder the product. Blown
asphalts are produced by blowing air through soft asphalt or heavy bituminous oil
at high temperatures. These asphalts have a higher softening point, lower ductility
and are less affected by temperature than comparably hard straight run asphalts.
Emulsified asphalts are emulsions of asphalt cement and water that contain a small
amount of an emulsifying agent. Cut back asphalts are asphalt cements that have
been liquefied through blending with petroleum solvents. They are used as binding
agents in cold mixed asphalt-concrete or as a penetrating prime coat surface
treatment applied, for instance, on water dams, bridge or building foundations. The
industry provides five penetration grades indicating the hardness of asphalt cement
(Fig. 1.12) before mixing and at surface temperature; AC. original viscosity, AR.
viscosity after hot mixing (40–50, 60–70, 85–100, 125–150 and 200–300).
1.2 Asphalt-Tar-Mastics Industries, Bituminous Compound Manufacturers 11
Fig. 1.13 Asphalt plant
Penetration and adhesion parameters of asphalts or coatings must be known when

cleaning procedures are defined. Porous, cleaned or reconstituted surfaces (anchor
profile) which receive a new product or coating system should preferably receive a
compatible product, producing and guaranteeing correct adhesion effectiveness.
The contract cleaner servicing a tar manufacturer’s distillers, tanks, heaters,
condensers, pipe systems or their containment areas should consider the vast array of
products manufactured elsewhere utilizing tar in one form or another. To name a few
corporate identities; Weather-control-protection-roofing products, irrigation pipes,
insulation foils, pavers, adhesives-mastics, and paint-coating manufacturers. These
can be serviced applying the existing knowledge base and equipment-tool variety.
Removing asphalt residue or tar appearing in bulk (Fig. 1.13) or thin layers has
in the past been achieved by vacuum, steam, chemical cleaning or sandblast
methods. Heated product behavior can be quite controversial when attempting to
achieve the desired cleaning objectives. Steam composed of heated water/air
droplets in a highly compressed stage leaving the nozzle orifice will create an
ultra-high velocity when expanding into the atmosphere, thereby diminishing the
mechanical energy rapidly by becoming a compressible blast medium. This
process will not allow efficient bulk product removal above 1/8 in. Asphalt
products softened by heat will move and generally then again adhere to surfaces
yet to be penetrated by heat and steam velocity. This situation can be frustrating.
Some contractors will apply chemical agents or emulsifiers to lubricate loose
material in an effort to eliminate cleaning surfaces twice, creating quite a mess.
The Hydro advantage is relatively low water compressibility, at approximately
0.5% at 10,000 psi, allowing a great nozzle standoff distance to the material being
removed with minimal mechanical energy loss, moving the bulk material quickly
and in a comparatively controlled fashion. Against popular belief, viscous tar,
bituminous or bunker-seed products can be removed, pumped and emulsified with
much higher efficiency than generally known by applying either water or emul-
sifying agents as the pump fluid medium. This is noticeable especially when the
application is combined with a Hydrovac system operating in dry mode, removing
the material from the jobsite.
Fig. 1.14 Asphalt-gravel

chute
Abrasive blast techniques are successful in removing thin layered asphalt, tar
and mastic products (Fig. 1.14). The sandblast system’s energy can be transmitted
to the product and surfaces quite well. Air velocity will accelerate the abrasives
extremely high, creating a better nozzle standoff distance compared to steam
systems. However, the problems are evident. Continually adding blast material to
the product is considered undesirable as this will increase overall volume, removal
and transportation costs.
Adding a porous profile (Fig. 1.15), especially where soiling reoccurs, will cer-
tainly hamper future cleaning attempts. When porous base surfaces are present
(anchor profile), sandblast, steam or chemical techniques are slow and cumbersome
while hydro-blasting, pressure washing procedures surpass and excel in time
management, equipment mobilization and environmental protection. At times, on an
existing structure where an anchor profile must be added or reestablished,
hydro-blast and abrasive blast techniques (air-slurry-water-abrasive) are combined,
preparing base surfaces for future coating procedures.
There are also some applications where ice blasting techniques can be
employed in a stepped combination with high-pressure water (2,000–3,000 psi)
producing accelerated bulk removal times due to the products low temperature
(coal-tar-mastics). Recently developed industrial ice blasting equipment is in its
infancy, but promising, especially where distances between equipment and jobsites
(trigger gun operator) could exceed 50’. Establishing a controlled, measurable or
adequate anchor profile for most coating applications is limited.
Contractors apply high-pressure water to clean or prepare production facilities
in asphalt stills, processing raw asphalt into a roof grade product or offer their
services to companies converting glass and organic felt into asphalt-bituminous
mats, insulating siding, coal tar emulsions, asphalt mastics or powder goods and to
manufacturers of general construction and weather sealing products such as
mineral asphalt-shingles etc. Services include cleaning heat exchangers, boilers,
polymer tanks (Fig. 1.16), vacuum suction roles, flue systems, water treatment
Fig. 1.15 Asphalt plant

loading tracks, heater and
baghouse
Fig. 1.16 Asphalt polymer

tanks
Fig. 1.17 Rock quarry

sorting plant
facilities and so forth. Rock quarries producing gravel, sand or concrete may also
manufacture asphalt-bituminous products utilized in (hot) road surfacing appli-
cations. These plants are open to hydro services in a multitude of environments-
manufacturing hardware du to a great product variety manufactured combining the
composition of oil or coal tar (Fig. 1.17).
General water pressures throughout this industry range from 3,000 to
20,000 psi at various gpm performances.
Fig. 1.18 Asphalt loading

facility
Surface cleaning and surface preparation methods for re-installment of paint

and coatings will provide an outstanding adhesion factor. Deep penetrating high-
pressure water can prepare rock foundations, fissures, expansion joints, etc. Expert
tool configuration permits surface preparations of soft underlay substrate such as
rubber, plastic, wood and wallboard, or hard concrete and steel surfaces. Above
and below grade, structural water proofing applications, architectural restoration
and mold remediation are all business facets important to the pressure washing and
hydro blasting contractor.
Contacts. Purchasing, maintenance superintendent in distribution facilities,
municipalities, related trucking, transportation (Fig. 1.18). Asphalt-mastic-coating,
waterproofing companies, restoration, demolition, quarries and construction
industries, equipment rental companies etc.
Resources. Technical ‘‘SSPC–WJTA’’. Trade papers, bid and contracting
information on specific job descriptions provided for contractors and subcon-
tractors by corporate web sites.
National association of waterproofing and structural repair contractors,
http://www.nawsrc.org, Water-Proofing contractor Association, htpp://www.the
waterproofers.org Bitumen Waterproofing Association, http://www.bwa-europe.com,
Web info: ‘‘Asphalt-tar-mastics-manufacturing’’.
Safety requirements. Dependent on application, confined space entry permits,
hazardous awareness training, competency in scaffold primary access (PAT), and
supervisory competent person training (CPT). Hazardous waste management,
EPA-OSHA-CWA-HUD compliance. Numerous applications frequently require a
combination of controls.
APPLICATION REVIEW
Customer, Company: Date: Nr:
Address:
Web site: City:

e-mail: P.O. Box:
State: ZIP Code:
Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Area: Area: Area: Area:
Job Description:
Job Site Review:

Tar and asphalt related production equipment, tower distiller, tanks, tub heaters or condensers, suction rolls,
waterproofing, faults and fissures profiling.

1.3 Automotive Manufacturers, Automotive

Industries, Suppliers
Before World War II, the versatile industrial complex in the USA required high
volume fluid transfer processes at comparatively elevated pressures (1,200 psi
plus). Applying a massive horsepower input, Allis Chalmers, Gardner Denver,
Ingersoll-Rand and F.E. Myers etc. provided the know-how and manufacturing
capacity to develop and deliver enormous high-volume reciprocating pumps
operating within their industrial environments. Necessary maintenance and
cleaning cycles on in-plant hardware in these environments utilized a variety of
mechanical and chemical cleaning procedures which starting in 1956 Europe were
uncompromisingly displaced with tools manipulating high-pressure water. These
tools replaced chemical circulation-purging and flushing methods, surface cleaning
or product removal by steam cleaning equipment, rotary-flex lance brush and drill
pipe operations servicing fouled boiler, condenser and heat-exchanger tubes. As
water powered abrasive-blast equipment proved functional, rust, including paint-
coating removal and establishing or reestablishing an anchor profile by applying
air or electric driven needle-chisel-guns and in numerous industrial environment
abrasive sandblast techniques were increasingly replaced or reduced to a sup-
portive maintenance role (1959). Also, in light of the newly discovered application
variety, Europe witnessed in the late 1950s, an accelerated hydro-blast equipment
and tool development phase geared to Western, Mid and Far-Eastern industrial
markets substantially surpassing technical development criteria and equipment
sales in the United States. The introduction of high-pressure water in early 1960 as
a cleaning, scale removal, abrasive-blast or vacuum tool proved cumbersome on
US soil. Entrepreneurial efforts in the US converting the existing reciprocating
pump equipment by reducing fluid volume and raising operating pressures to
hydro-blast performances was the preferred norm and proved awkward. Also quite
unexpected was the skepticism and disbelief in high-pressure water tool capabil-
ities by plant maintenance personnel, competing service providers, pump manu-
facturers and engineering identities alike. Skepticism stubbornly prevailed into the
mid 1960s. Surprising, as in the past high-pressure water already gained promi-
nence in hydraulic mining procedures, steel slag removal-quench-methods,
washing concrete slurry off newly poured structures on construction sites or
applying low-volume pressurized water to clean in agricultural environments
(Fig. 1.19), slaughterhouse facilities, pulp, paper and cardboard industries and
servicing vehicle fleets.
In Germany mid 1956’, founder Wolfgang Maasberg, WOMA Corp., in the
early 1950s Paul Hammelmann, Hammelmann Corp. and Alfred Kärcher, Kärcher
Corp., all three in somewhat similar positions after the war, believed in Wolfgang
Maasberg’s idea and concept ‘‘water as a tool’’. Alfred Kärcher repaired US
military steam cleaning equipment which resulted in the development and man-
ufacturing of Kärcher hot and cold pressure washing units and tooling.
1.3 Automotive Manufacturers, Automotive Industries, Suppliers 17
Fig. 1.19 Early twin piston

pump
Fig. 1.20 Left, Oskar and

Wolfgang Maasberg, Sen
Wolfgang Maasberg (Fig. 1.20), operating out of a car garage at his father’s
business Oscar Maasberg in Duisburg, sold to slaughterhouse operations and
dairies the F.E. Myers reciprocating pump line, operating up to approximately
1,200 psi. To overcome the lack of applicable water pressure he then sometimes
found it necessary to substitute or return to chemical cleaning methods. This led
him to specifically design and manufacture the first hydro-blast pump series,
(starting at 75–150 then 45 hp Fig. 1.21) founding as a result WOMA Corp.
At this time his pump design already featured quick exchange plunger con-
figurations. The Pump head incorporated a manual pressure regulator permitting a
gun-valve design, achieving the all important water shutoff capability operating
above 5,000 psi.
Paul Hammelmann followed immediately by designing and improving avail-
able hydro-blast tool configurations converting his existing industrial Ruck-Zuck
pump identity to hydro-blast equipment. Today Hammelmann Corp. is known
worldwide and noted for their successful upright packing-less pump designs. In the
US, George Rankin, founder of Aqua-Dyne, Houston, Texas, also a pump engineer
and one of the first to develop hydro-blast pumps, gear and fluid ends within a
comparatively compact design structure avoiding competitor’s habits (US) to
convert fluid transfer pumps to hydro-blast equipment.
Fig. 1.21 75 hp, quick

exchange plunger and
pressure regulator
Fig. 1.22 43,000 psi Hp-gun
In the early 1970s, Flow Research of Renton, Washington was sponsored by the
US government to develop hydraulic powered intensifiers, achieving water pres-
sures of an astonishing 60,000 psi plus.
ADMAC, a partner of Flow Research, followed to develop and produce, in the
USA, the first mobile contract cleaning, paint stripping and steel-concrete cutting
UHP units. In-house stationary UHP pump intensifying equipment developed into
two and three dimensional component cutting systems. These units incorporated
abrasive or nonabrasive water jets in conjunction with NC, advanced CAD and
robotic equipment and were integrated in a wide area of industrial manufacturing
processes to enhance conventional product cutting methods. For instance, the
equipment produces precision cut instrument panels, carpets, headliners, bumper
parts and a multitude of composite component products. This is not to say that the
automotive industry inspired engineers to develop equipment in the UHP pressure
range.
Challenging application requests from the marine and industrial environment,
application specific parameters, required tooling and operational effectiveness
(efficiency), are the forces spurring high-pressure water tool designs (Fig. 1.22)
and applicable pump pressures to 55,000 psi. Hydro-pump manufacturers (recip-
rocating) strive to achieve operating pressures at 55,000 psi plus, redefining tool
development anew (hoses, nozzles, rotary seals, etc.) for service providers,
equipment designers, and their customers.
Accommodating the car and industrial vehicle manufacturer, automated or
manual service requirements seldom exceed 40,000 psi operating pressure. In their
Fig. 1.23 a, b Coating removal
respective foundries, the global car manufacturing industry, starting with Mercedes,
GM, Ford and VW began in the late 50s to experiment and clean their engine motor
blocks. Casting sand and protruding metal flash were removed in oil and water
passages with approximately 5,000 psi, at about 5 gpm. Ever since, high-pressure
water cleaning applications have found their way into manufacturing environments,
providing successful service solutions. In the early 1960s, as equipment durability
and water pressures became adequate, the paint removal application expanded into
automotive paint facilities (Fig. 1.23a, b).
Manufacturers, in their pursuit to apply superior paints to their products, benefit
with today’s available pressure–volume ranges and tool capabilities. Through the
years, paint and coating development for impact and abrasion resistance, adhesion
parameters and thermal durability in structure, led to a slow but constant rise in
necessary water pressures regardless of a specific tool utilization or water volume
configuration.
Combined with application specific tools, the UHP low water volume cleaning
method offers a superior controllable product penetration. While in operation,
comparatively lower tool recoil forces result in the laborer’s extended physical
endurance and safety. This permits the manual cleaning of vehicle transport
equipment, paint booth surfaces and so on. Substantial flat work and grid-iron
surfaces may also be cleaned with hand held or mobile spin jets. Contract cleaning
companies offering their service capabilities to the automotive industry may
approach their clients with a multifaceted sales strategy.
Most manufacturing plants have their in-house equipment and unionized labor
force involved with specific turnaround schedules and maintenance procedures.
The marketing strategy can, but should not be, based on turnaround schedules
when streamlining an entrance to this field. Contractors do well in constantly
educating maintenance engineers and purchasing identities in their specific areas,
offering new application technology and equipment capabilities which cannot or
will not be challenged by the in-house labor force. Aggressive competitiveness,

technical superiority, a close relationship with contractor’s equipment engineering
departments and a superior emergency response capacity will provide contract
possibilities when in-house inoperable equipment, union strikes, a newly devel-
oped product line or manufacturing necessities arise. When all other business
parameters, such as insurances, labor force status, equipment durability and
accessibility is guaranteed, routinely upgraded and reviewed by customer’s
maintenance and purchasing department’s, employment is plausible.
Contractors operating hydro-blast equipment offer in-house applications for
automotive manufacturers to include: tank cleaning procedures, paint removal on
grid flooring, paint spray booth surfaces, cleaning chassis transport units and their
related manufacturing equipment.
Heating ducts and air-conditioning systems, bag house, flue-stack and heat
exchanger or boiler services may also be offered in a subcontractor status to
specific hardware suppliers and erectors.
Cleaning floor surfaces in machine shop and warehouse facilities with a min-
imum 20,000 square-foot per hour surface cleaning rate (36 hp plus), which
includes the recycling of blast water, is also an important facet. Manufacturing and
warehouse facilities’ pipe-sewer systems, and followed by servicing the water
treatment plant again is a further aspect one must consider.
Service providers operating hot or cold pressure washing equipment
(3–5,000 psi.) clean the following:
Loading docks, industrial-commercial warehouse facilities, air-conditioning,
heating and duct systems or equipment, in-house cafeterias, wash and change
rooms. Smaller machine shops are cleaned by utilizing floor spin-jets with water
filtration recycling and oil water separation equipment. This equipment can also be
useful when cleaning parking lots and car garage structures or when providing
chemical spill and storm cleanup services (Fig. 1.24 a–c). Tractor trailer fleets,
cars for dealerships and vehicle rental companies, tractor trailer manufacturers,
their engine and drive train repair facilities, trailer axle rebuild and service com-
panies are all corporate identities to be considered.
Contact. Engineering, housekeeping, purchasing, maintenance superintendent
for car truck-rental companies, engine-transmission-drive train rebuild operations,
automotive part manufacturers, automotive paint shops, vehicle dealers, ware-
housing, vehicle shipping and trucking facilities, automotive foundry and metal
works.
Resources. Yellow Pages, Trade papers, Internet. Automotive plant mainte-
nance facility contracts through engineering, purchasing and maintenance super-
intendents. Automotive trade associations, such as AWDA the warehouse
distributors association http://www.awda.org, or manufactures, distributors and
dealers association and general automotive trade identities http://www.ashop.org,
their machine shop facilities, purchasing and maintenance personnel.
Safety requirements. According to application encountered, combinations of
controls are frequently required.
APPLICATION REVIEW
Address:
Web site: City:

e-mail: P.O. Box:
State: ZIP Code:
Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:
Job Site Review:

Warehousing, trucking, loading docks, machine shops, paint shop facilities, chassis transport equipment,
Garage structures and bag house units.

Fig. 1.24 a–c Fleet washing, water recovery-recycling
1.4 Airports, Aviation Industries and Their

Municipalities, Suppliers
The aviation industry always offered a wide variety of flat work (horizontal),
serviceable equipment, buildings and business identities. This fact accelerated in
the early 1960s development of application possibilities which today contractors
and equipment manufacturers do specialize in. Service companies do well when
competing throughout the private, commercial and military aviation industry,
applying pressure washing, hydro-blast and UHP technologies. Take into con-
sideration the thousands of runways and landing pads within the continental USA
and their subsequent necessary service support.
Pressure washing contractors clean private and commercial aircraft utilizing
wash water recycling procedures, a variety of specialized tooling and polishing
techniques to remove engine exhaust stains, oil and insect splatter from wing
(Fig. 1.25), aircraft cowlings and discolored or soiled fuselage areas or the con-
centrate on servicing hangars, machine shops, freight facilities, restaurants and
parking garage structures and their floors (Figs. 1.26, 1.27, 1.28).
Industrial hydro-blast services may remove rubber on runways, service b heat
exchangers and chillers in air-conditioning and heating systems, clean lube oil and
fuel tanks as well as removing industrial coatings on hangar floors and structures.
1.4 Airports, Aviation Industries and Their Municipalities, Suppliers 23
Fig. 1.25 a–c Wing surfaces
Fig. 1.26 Pedestrian areas-

before
Fig. 1.27 Pedestrian area-

safety cones
This environment also holds a vast application array within surrounding support
businesses. Staying abreast of newly developed application varieties, subsequent
tool and equipment changes, the aggressively changing technology provided by the
pressure washing and hydro-blast manufacturing industry demands the constant
education of purchasing agents, maintenance superintendents, contractors and their
labor forces alike. Competition is stiff; therefore contract cleaners cannot sit back
and wait for contracting opportunities provided by walk-in customer contact.
To gain experience in this field, smaller corporate service identities or entre-
preneurs may pursue a subcontractor status with larger established companies.
Approaching the industry’s hardware suppliers, commercial building management
identities, building contractors, their coating and painting companies may accel-
erate the learning curve substantially. A job specific superior hydro-tool variety
enhancing productivity is also important to establish prominence within this field.
Service providers pursuing contracting bid status should research the FAA’s
(Federal Aviation Administration) compliance regulations when involved with
aircraft or air carrier companies. They familiarize themselves with airport
Fig. 1.28 Pedestrian areas-

after
authorities’ runway maintenance schedules, requirements and guidelines, the

proper containment and filtration or recycling practices of blast-wash-waste water
today also established by airport authorities, city, state or the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) and learn to comply with labor safety standards guided
by the Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) (Fig. 1.28).
Providing adequate insurance is a business strategy amid a wide ranging price
variance. A runway cleaning contractor will pay a substantial higher annual rate
than the service provider cleaning airport parking structures. Due to the application
variety, which may start with servicing airport restaurant kitchen exhausts (hood
systems), airline catering food storage-manufacturing and receiving areas to rubber
or coating removal on runways and in jet bridge areas renders the insurance
question an important, sometimes decisive one for competing contractors.
Within the constant landing process of aircraft a tremendous mechanical fric-
tion between runway and aircraft tires results in a gradual rubber build-up,
decreasing effective braking performance in adverse weather conditions. In the
past this rubber build up was removed through a sandblasting process or chemical
treatment. Needless to say this was inadequate.
In the mid 1960s WOMA Corp., West Germany, designed and developed a runway
cleaning (test) unit operating between 150 and 600 hp. Much of their technical base
knowledge applied then was derived from the manufacturing of street washing
(Fig. 1.29) and sewer cleaning equipment sold throughout European municipalities.
This street washing equipment operated in combination with a standard rotary brush
supported by a curbside mounted vacuum shoe featuring a high-pressure water jet
spray bar. A hydro vacuum injector (Hydrovac-system) delivered refuse and water to
the onboard mounted water filtration recycling unit. This wash or blast water recycling
capability is now a must for competing service providers.
In 1967, while cleaning and removing rubber build up on runway surfaces at
NATO airports, such as the Husum air base near the Danish border, it became
obvious that environmental changes, runway structure (Fig. 1.30) and surface
friction coefficient, (asphalt-concrete-rubber) were not the only parameters for a
correct cleaning and rubber removal solution by high-pressure water.
The following parameters were then established: Necessary pressure and water
volume configurations on a multitude of runway (asphalt-concrete structures,)
considering the multiple ambient temperatures and surface conditions, followed by
adequate nozzle designs, their standoff distances, rigid and/or oscillating spray bar
configurations, their width and horsepower requirements. Consolidating all
Fig. 1.29 a–c 1963 Street

washing equipment
technical variables became measurable-recordable by outfitting the unit with a

manually metered, onboard hydraulic drive system powered by PTO. The elimi-
nation of the driver clutch and gas pedal operation provided precise measurements
in cleaning, rubber removal times and nozzle performance criteria while guarding
against surface polishing or otherwise possible concrete or asphalt surface damage.
Today, operational changes are obvious.
Pressure and volume configurations have altered due to technical developments,
environmental considerations, runway design and surface testing procedures.
Cleaning intervals are determined by aircraft weight, landing frequency, tempera-
tures and general runway surface conditions. High traffic runways are generally
serviced bi-annually. Airport maintenance may also resort to optical, physical,
friction and texture testing procedures on the affected pavement before and after
cleaning (mu-meter, grease- smear technique, ultrasonic thickness gauging). Coat-
ing or paint removal on taxiways and runways, Jet Bridge and plane parking areas
(Fig. 1.31a, b) are next on the list of possibilities. Constant construction cycles and
multitude of approaching aircraft types in service areas produce a necessary, quite
lucrative and specialized field in itself. Epoxy coatings, plastics, bituminous paints
found in the above-mentioned areas as well as in aircraft hangar’s general aircraft
production lines and paint facilities belong to this application group.
Blasting expansion joints clean of existing rubber or bituminous systems found
on runways and taxiways can be achieved at any necessary width, depth or length.
Fig. 1.30 a, b Runway layout
Fig. 1.31 a, b Jet bridge area
One must be cautious in determining why the need to do so arises. Maintenance

operations vary extensively in their reasoning, due to changing weather, envi-
ronmental conditions, normal-abnormal aircraft tire wear during the landing pro-
cess, concrete surface and subsoil conditions including expansion joint service b
history or general construction procedures.
Corrosion-rust accumulations removed by various high-pressure water blast
techniques followed by chemically cleaning and painting or coating procedures in
air conditioning, heating systems, vacuum ducts, tanks and pipes below or above
ground can effectively be offered and performed as an competitive and save
alternate solution.
Aircraft engine parts operating at extreme high temperatures are the most
difficult to clean and strip of their soiling or coatings. Coating processes, materials,
operating temperatures in their specific engine locations are parameters a UHP
manufacturer considers when supplying automated equipment to the aviation
industry. This field is quite specialized and does not directly compete with a
contractors’ business environment. Nevertheless, in some areas, developments in
coating removal practices are applicable to the industrial field.
Cleaning an airports heating and air-conditioning system, their condensers and
chillers (Fig. 1.32) or jet fuel and oil tanks including their pipeline systems are
more or less industrial applications performed by experienced service companies.
Fig. 1.32 a, b Condenser-

sheet
Fig. 1.33 a–c Before-after

and source
Airport parking-garage structures, airline catering and foodservice facilities,

pedestrian and employee traffic locations, exterior building cleaning, truck loading
docks, freight distribution centers, machine shops and so forth are applications
providing great growth opportunities for the successful commercial pressure
washing service company (Fig. 1.33).
1.4.18
APPLICATION REVIEW
Address:
Web site: City:

e-mail: P.O. Box:
State: ZIP Code:
Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:
Job Site Review:
Fig. 129. c. 1963 Vacuum-jetting apparatus for mobile self-contained and water recycling street washing equipment, later converted
for various surface cleaning applications including rubber removal,( second patent draft).

Expansion joint services, food catering facilities, warehouse services, epoxy and paint removal, concrete cutting, tank
cleaning, sewer cleaning.
Fig. 1.34 Aircraft coating

removal unit
A multitude of equipment is available operating at 3–55,000 psi with water

volumes varying by applications encountered (Fig. 1.34). Water filtration and
recycling units will greatly enhance contracting possibilities, especially when
combined with a vacuum recycling capability, separating and isolating debris.
Achieving acceptability as a subcontractor with construction, restoration,
industrial maintenance, and coating/paint companies is of vital interest to the new
comer.
Contacts. On the Internet Airport Management Associations, Purchasing,
engineering, maintenance through airport authorities, air carriers, includes air
freight carriers, corporate fields for contracting policies and procedures, aviation
insurance carriers, requesting vendor’s application form for annual contracting
opportunities and contact, Airport pavement maintenance management.
Resources. Equipment-technical support. WJTA–SSPC. General information;
Air Transportation Association (ATA) offers an online database, aviation mar-
ketplace, also contact the Federal Aviation Administration’s acquisition’s policy
and contracting departments, craft dealers, brokers and private clubs.
Safety requirements. Customers requirement, specific to applications encountered.
1.5 Battery Manufacturers, Recyclers, Suppliers,

Process Equipment
Battery manufacturing and recycling processes and their chemical, plastics and
metal suppliers are an obvious customer base for the industrial contractor. The
major battery groups are nickel–cadmium, nickel–zinc, nickel–alkaline, nickel-
metal-hydrate, lithium–ion and commercial or industrial lead acid deep-cycle
batteries most commonly found in cars, boats, forklifts and the industrial envi-
ronment. In the last 20 years a multitude of custom battery packs, lead acid
hybrids, rechargeable micro batteries were developed and are found in the com-
puter, aviation, auto and medical environments.
The recycling process starts by the removal of combustible materials such as
plastics. Plastics are melted and forced through an extruder, producing pellets for
reuse in the battery manufacturing process. Separating plates, alloys and acids are
the next step. Lead parts and lead oxides are melted in smelting furnaces producing
ingots at 65 pounds, or hogs at 2000 pounds. This lead again is recycled for the
manufacturing of new batteries. Acids are either processed or converted into
sodium sulfate which is applied in detergents, glass and textile manufacturing or
neutralized with a baking soda like compound, resulting in treatable water which is
then restored to clean water standards.
The variety of base products found in the battery manufacturing and recycling
process are plastics-polypropylene-vinyl, polymers, carbon graphite, nitric acids,
sulfuric acid converted to hydrochloric acid, lead–lead oxides, nickel hydrate, zinc,
lithium, titanium, platinum alloys and an array of insulation materials. Considering
all these battery components, it is obvious that the industry is highly regulated by
local, state and federal agencies which inspect manufacturing and recycling plants
periodically to verify the compliance to required standards.
Contractors and service providers research this environment and do best by
obtaining all necessary permits and licenses to adequately perform and promote
their business possibilities. Gaining knowledge in industrial lead abatement
procedures, labor hygiene, air filtration and clean air work practices is of sig-
nificance, as is the awareness of technical or circumstantial fugitive potential
lead emissions. For instance this may include poorly cleaned and dried surfaces
introduced to air turbulence or cross winds resulting in unacceptable air lead
contamination. A contractor and customer may be surprised that past cleaning
efforts were only visually successful. Other lead dust sources can include dry
sweeping, deferral-suspension by water mist, fumes, and burning. Also, when
providing mobile vacuum, water filtration and recycling equipment procedures
the components such as carbon, phosphoric or otherwise filtration (HPAC)
systems must operate within regulatory standards. Competent contractors provide
proof of equipment capabilities, which can result in laboratory test procedures
sampling for contamination on equipment surfaces, collected effluent and air
exhaust streams.
Submittal of federal-state licenses and the capability of adhering to customers’
plant safety procedures are necessary in achieving a bid status. Manufacturing
facilities and recycle plants install interior and exterior air monitoring equipment
to provide verification as to the permissible airborne activity within regulatory
laws guarding against potential lead overexposure.
Labor forces operating within these areas are informed in writing of the
potential harmful effects when exposed to lead. Contaminated clothing cannot
leave the jobsite and must be handled in accordance with company and OSHA
regulations. The correct use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is imperative.
Respiratory protection, positive or negative airflow situations are encountered and
have to be correctly dealt with. In general, manufacturing plants submit and
1.5 Battery Manufacturers, Recyclers, Suppliers, Process Equipment 31
enforce safety regulations vigorously and are supportive when contractors adhere
to them, especially when in-house safety classes are provided to contracting forces.
The contractor’s labor force may also be required to produce certification from a
blood lead laboratory prior to job or bid execution.
The entry-level entrepreneur will find this industry quite stimulating. He is
advised to research EPA and OSHA requirements, and enrolls in necessary
training courses to gain competency status through testing, acquiring hazardous
material removal training and confined space entry procedure training.
It sounds more difficult than it actually is. The acquired education will help
tremendously in choosing the right equipment and work method necessary to
compete in this field.
Plant shutdown or turnaround schedules allow for the cleaning of the spent
battery reclaim, repair, receiving, assembly, plate processing, oxide and grid
production areas, followed by services to the plants environmental pollution
control system as is the cleaning of under floor pipe ducting and filtration
equipment, employee change rooms, truck loading docks, general storage facilities
and the cleaning or preparation of concrete containment areas for coating proce-
dures in areas where acid or chemicals are manipulated. The utilization of vacuum
supported spin jets and water recycling/filtration systems are of great benefit.
Industrial contractors also service battery crushing equipment, separation and
desulphurization units, their piping and conveyor systems, tanks, water treatment
facilities, sodium sulfate crystallization plant hardware, furnace flue gas heat
exchangers, their piping and bag house systems, including rotary furnaces, crys-
tallizer towers, hoppers, condensers and stacks, lead smelter equipment, wet and
dry scrubbers and so forth.
Contacts. Purchasing Departments, maintenance superintendents, plant labo-
ratory personnel, plant engineers in manufacturing, distribution, transportation,
and recycling facilities.
Resources On the Internet ‘‘Battery council.org’’, ‘‘A–Z industry groups,
associations and organizations’’. Battery recyclers waste prevention, storage-fuel
cell, and battery engineering departments. ‘‘Battery manufacturers-processes-
equipment’’. WJTA for equipment specifics, SSPC for supervisory and competent
person training for ‘‘DELEADING of industrial structures’’.
Safety requirements. Hazardous waste management and awareness,
EPA-OSHA-CWA regulations. OSHA provides an interactive web-based training
tool on lead exposures in battery manufacturing environments, safety and health
topics, http://www.osha.gov. In-plant training of specific corporate and plant
safety requirements, respiratory protection and medical surveillance, identifying
potential sources of exposure, Supervisory and competent person training (CPT).
Many applications frequently require a combination of controls. Individual state
laws may be more stringent than federal laws.
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Receiving and pollution control areas, truck loading docks, condensers, heat exchangers, tanks,
crystallization plant equipment, bag house units.
1.6 Beverage Bottling Facilities, Breweries

and Distilleries, Juice Processing
In this global industry at virtually every production level one will find successful
application technology applied. The vast variety in product or produce converted
into digestible liquid substances is unlimited. Service providers must study and
understand the process and process equipment necessary to convert raw materials
into finished products.
Raw material processing differentiates dramatically between product identities,
seasonal schedules and is paralleled only occasionally in manufacturing, for
instance within the bottling, packaging and shipping method. Plant layouts and
manufacturing hardware also vary between product identities and age of the plant
encountered.
Beer, wine and distillation processes have been with us for ages. This industry
was one of the first to apply pressure washing and hydro-blast applications in the
early to mid 50 s. Equipment manufacturers supply mobile and stationary equip-
ment integrated into specific and continuous workflows, generating pressures from
1,500 to 5,000 psi, 180 plus hot or cold water, chemical metering devices
applying suds-soaps, automated tank (Fig. 1.35) or barrel cleaning equipment and
product recovery systems which include workstations with multiple gun operation
capability situated on hotspots in the production line.
1.6 Beverage Bottling Facilities, Breweries and Distilleries, Juice Processing 33
Fig. 1.35 Telescope fixture
In the last 35 years this industrial complex advanced enormously in plant

automation, encompassing all production lines. In only one regard has nothing
changed and that is expressed in producing continuous good and extremely taste
neutral clean water. Companies may utilize two water supply systems for lesser
and higher-quality potable water resulting in large water purification systems
featuring filtration, reverse osmosis, boilers, heaters, condensers and evaporation
units where periodic hydro blast services are necessary.
When production plants are located in remote regions where water access may
be a problem and water conservation is a given, a coarse solid waste grouping of
production materials and byproducts is performed utilizing cross filtration units,
centrifugal separators, etc. The constant cleaning, sanitizing, sterilizing and pas-
teurization process and sometimes unavoidable occurrence of product spill
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Fig. 1.36 3D Nozzle
Safety equipment and procedures:

Cooling tower, evaporators, fermentation tubes, refrigeration systems, cold storage facilities, tanker trucks,
Fig. 1.36 3D nozzle

requires large effluent treatment plants to control waste streams delivered by pipe
systems, floor drain, pits and trenches.
This effluent, or better said, waste stream, must be chemically neutralized with
a pH correction procedure in place to avoid overloading the treatment plant and its
equipment, again providing hydro-blast and pressure washing applications. In any
case, most companies are not permitted to incorporate the storm water system
within their operation, demanding tight controls from in-house laboratory quality
control managers, enforcing hazardous and critical point inspection procedures.
Byproducts may be separated, dried and milled supporting secondary product
identities in medical, pharmaceutical or for instance in feed and fertilizer manu-
facturing operations. This provides the next layer of equipment services to be
considered by contractors.
The service provider must assure his future customer that he is aware and
understands that fruit, vegetable and grain processing, not only in the fermentation
procedure, but also in manufacturing method, storage and transportation envi-
ronments, may create a substantial safety hazard in oxygen deficiency, combus-
tibility and toxic nature.
All industrial safety procedures may be encountered, including confined space
entry, correct respiratory protection, egress methods, scaffolding, fall protection
requirements, hardware lock out-take out procedures, and in plant safety-hygiene
education just to mention a few.
The challenge is to plan and design an effective service agenda integrated with
plant shutdowns individual maintenance schedules. This includes taking into
consideration customer’s hygiene and safety requirements, delivering a high degree
of initiative to work within maintenance issues provided by maintenance planners,
schedulers, maintenance superintendent and laboratory personnel (Fig. 1.36).
The pressure washing service provider has many opportunities, especially in
smaller production facilities where processes may vary substantially from larger
plants.
Services start with loading docks, trucking facilities, dry goods storage units,
silos, refrigeration, cold storage facilities, maintenance machine shops utilizing
water filtration and recycling equipment, cleaning corporate buildings and parking
areas. Further, servicing equipment, hardware in fabrication-restoration locations
(turn around yard), as in filter component, suction-roll equipment repair and
cleaning procedures.
Professional behavior, incorporating and understanding safety requirements
found in prospective environments, providing flexibility in service schedules and
maintaining an educated labor force will set a contractor apart from others, cre-
ating opportunities for the future. Also consider that recently many microbreweries
(Fig. 1.37) have established businesses in restaurant identities, permitting a multi-
faceted business strategy that introduces kitchen exhaust hood cleaning, general
area and building cleaning procedures, including trucking and loading docks in the
Fig. 1.37 a–e Various brewer vessels
food receiving location. Utilize hot or cold water with or without corrosion pro-
tective or sanitizing additives.
Specialized equipment may be necessary, such as automated tank cleaning
equipment (Fig. 1.36), vacuum units, surface spin jets, vacuum assist water
recycling and product recovery equipment, non marking food grade high-pressure
hoses, disposable raingear, etc.
The manufacturer’s environment, process, process knowledge, hygiene, sani-
tation and sterilization procedures must be studied, understood and followed.
Contacts. Purchasing, maintenance superintendents, engineering, brew masters,
product laboratories, grain, sugar, fruit manufacturers, distilleries and wineries,
frozen juice or soda pop manufacturers and their storage and transportation
facilities. End-users such as microbreweries and restaurants.
Resources. Companies and product manufacturers by name, Internet resources,
‘‘Wineries, breweries, distilleries and juice processing companies’’, http://www.
brewersadvocate.org. Area Yellow Pages, product and process specific trade
papers, and their trade associations for instance. ‘‘Brewers Associations of
America’’
Safety requirements. USDA, FDA, EPA and OSHA requirements are enforced.
Many applications frequently require a combination of controls. Individual State
laws may be more stringent than federal laws and can be process oriented or a
combination of.
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Hop strainers, incubating dryers, production settling and separation tanks, storage vessels, heat exchangers, boilers.

1.7 Butchers-Slaughterhouse Operations, General

Processing, Cattle-Hog-Poultry, Animal Rendering
In the mid 1950s pressure-washing and hydro-blasting applications were suc-

cessfully introduced to slaughterhouses-abattoirs, their meat processing facilities,
animal rendering plants, storage, packaging and trucking identities. Today’s
equipment manufacturers provide in-plant units slated mainly for production ori-
ented cleaning cycles (Fig. 1.38). As in the agricultural sector, controlled cleaning
procedures, well executed sanitation programs concerning all machines, produc-
tion rooms and manufacturing hardware are in place.
It is important that the service provider understands the slaughterhouse ‘‘code
of good practices’’. This code will introduce him to all areas of importance.
Plant hardware and cleaning necessities may also vary between type of animal
slaughtered and product manufactured. Daily volume of animals slaughtered is
also a parameter to consider. One must reflect on specialty food manufacturers
which may utilize carcasses in small numbers or large operations which slaughter
and process in the hundreds, if not thousands of animals.
Slaughterhouse and production lines have a never ending consumption of
steam, ice, cold/hot utility water or apply water regenerating plants for product
manufacturing needs, creating application identities service providers should feel
at home with.
Animal rendering facilities require another set of operational cleaning guide-
lines. They differentiate between the manufacturing of edible byproducts fit for
human consumption and manufacturing of products such as fats, proteins, bone
meal etc. utilized in animal feed, industrial applications, pharmaceutical and
medical products. These facilities can be situated in remote locations or within the
slaughterhouse environment and feature a wide variety of applications available to
the service provider.
Obvious applications include the cleaning of condensers, heat exchangers,
cooling towers, boilers and evaporators, stacks, bone mills, support equipment
such as tanks, product conveyors, etc. The feed silos, animal holding areas and the
livestock transportation environment can also be considered.
Permanent and itinerant personnel must be trained in in-plant operational and
safety procedures. Contractors will seldom be offered a cleaning opportunity
within the meat or product processing cycle. The principal in modern processing is
that clean and unclean operations are efficiently separated. Contractors’ personnel
will not be permitted to enter clean areas during production cycles that start, in
most companies, with the scalding/hair removal facility, inclusive of the poultry
environment.
Manufacturers clean the following areas: Evisceration room, chilling and
hanging facility (Fig. 1.39), cutting de-boning area, cooking and smoking, canning
rooms, packaging, cold storage and freezer units which include delivery and dry
storage facilities. Nowadays, most floor surfaces are concrete based, but one will
find food grade nonporous tile as well as asphalt stabilized brick (Fig. 1.40).
1.7 Butchers-Slaughterhouse Operations, General Processing 39
Fig. 1.38 Hot hp-water

through heat-exchanger
(steam)
Fig. 1.39 Animal fat-blood

removal before
Fig. 1.40 Animal fat-blood

removal after
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Heat exchangers, boilers, cooling towers, kill floors, autoclaves, water treatment facility.

Due to the corrosive environment and hygiene requirements, most production

equipment is manufactured from stainless steel, aluminum, food industry graded
plastics and does not necessarily include plant hardware.
The service provider will deal with strong to medium alkaline detergents
(sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide), strong to medium acidic detergents
(phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid) and anti-corrosive agents or inhibitors. When
chemicals and disinfectants are used in a cleanup procedure it is recommended that
the contractor finish his work cycle by thoroughly rinsing the entire area with
water, then applying a water wash down under low-pressure with 200 ppm
chlorine or otherwise recommended solution. Residue encountered on production
floors, equipment and slaughter slabs include carbohydrates, sugars, fats, protein,
salts, soy protein, glutei, amino acids found in animal tissue, etc., or a mixture of
all. In house cleaning crews find that denatured proteins are very difficult to
remove. Fat smear accumulations developed from proteins, mineral salts and other
components turn into a wax like consistency and are often encountered in plant
turnaround procedures.
A contractor must be qualified and adept to apply all necessary detergents,
inhibitors and acids on demand. Plant maintenance and hygiene departments are
most often the best information resource for these products. They will determine
required solution ratios.
A prerequisit may exsist that the contractor’s equipment or tooling is designed
to operate under food manufacturing standards. High-pressure water hoses must be
fat-acid resistant limiting hose streaking on floors which cannot be permitted. This
includes providing boots, gloves, raingear and hair dress designed for this industry.
When working with a wand and/or hydro trigger gun, plant maintenance or
inspectors may demand that over-spray or misting be eliminated (Fig. 1.41a, b, c).
In this case, hand operated spin jets and surface floor units (Figs. 1.42, 1.43) with
vacuum assist recycling and water filtration can be used. Due to waste encoun-
tered, the Hydro-vac method may be employed in grease pits, pipe and sewer
cleaning and general product or waste recovery. 80% of work found in this
environment will require 3–10,000 psi, at 5 to 35 gpm hot (200F.+) or cold water.
Contacts. Slaughterhouses, poultries, their purchasing and maintenance super-
intendents, including management in processing and hygiene departments,
refrigerated warehousing, distribution facilities, trucking and rail companies. Food
safety consultants and inspectors may be of help.
Resources. Technical: WJTA–SSPC, USDA–FDA, Internet food safety links,
butchers, poultry business directories and associations. Retail distribution trade
associations, North American Meat Processors Association, Meat traders associ-
ations, specialty meat producers found in area Yellow Pages and on the Internet.
Safety. Sanitation performance standards and compliance, personal hygiene.
USDA-FDA standards. Clean Water Act, OSHA regulations. Food processing
plants operate under tight State and Federal regulatory controls. Step-in/out area
procedures, lock-out/takeout procedures, Awareness in hazard analysis of critical
Fig. 1.41 a, b, c Surface

cleaner
Fig. 1.42 Wastewater

recovery
Fig. 1.43 Floating surface

prep. equipment
control points in the manufacturing process are of an advantage (HAACP). Cus-

tomers appreciate contractor awareness and compliance. Applications require a
combination of controls.
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(b)
(c)
Fig. 1.41 b. c. Various jetting spray-bar configurations intended to reduce misting (fogging), also operated with mobile hydro-vac water
recovery, filtration and recycling equipment. First patent draft 1964

Silos, loading docks, grease pits and pipes, product conveyors, tanks.

1.8 Buildings, Washing Exterior–Interior, Surface Prep,

Graffiti Removal Restoration, Waterproofing,
Stone Care, Wood Care
The maintenance of properties generates a never ending application variety. The

industry vigorously develops new tooling to support the demands in cleaning,
maintaining or restoring high-rises, industrial-corporate buildings (Figs. 1.44–
1.47), churches, monuments, hospitals, hotels, duplexes, rental and residential
housing markets.
When considering today’s available pressure washing and hydro tool configu-
rations, combined with the industry’s specialization in necessary support equip-
ment to accommodate the forever changing job environment, experienced safety
minded employees and subcontractors in their specific fields are essential.
Maintaining and developing the labor forces educational path in safe access,
fall protection, jobsite safety procedures, behavioral habits’, including achieving
the all important awareness of how to apply hydro-tools in adverse job locations
and conditions, is considered a cost of this business. In a bidding process, pro-
fessionals strive to foresee the unknown, leaving nothing to chance and mini-
mizing the results of possible customer suggestiveness or wishful thinking.
Meticulously recording all related job specifics will build and enhance an
entrepreneurs’ business identity. Service providers that record job successes and
their shortcomings add to their overall classification and provide a certain amount
of accountability and controllability in gathering corporate hands-on application
knowledge. It also enhances management costing methods in application variety,
flexibility and possible labor or equipment employment strategy.
The paperwork trail begins with the salespersons worksheet when visiting the
future jobsite and ends with checking of the equipment gear-up list when returning
to the yard after job completion. This is absolutely necessary to establish corporate
statistics.
The job gear-up, break-down times must be estimated and may include scaf-
folding-tarpaulin-sidewalk canopy procedures.
Pedestrian-vehicle traffic control and the customers’ working hours are con-
sidered when coordinating job access and performance schedules.
Applicable, hazardous waste identification, its removal, transportation, disposal,
safety equipment, and essentials like duct-tape, signage and traffic cones are just
some of the obvious costs to consider in the bidding process. Support equipment
technical-legal status, practicality, availability and cost are established. Scaffold-
ing and tarpaulin methods have developed exponentially, accommodating pressure
washing and hydro blast methods not only in confinement, but also in load clas-
sifications, permitting loading of equipment to crash floors. Availability in labor
access equipment has improved dramatically. Jobsite waste or product removal
systems may be integrated into the work process.
1.8 Buildings, Washing Exterior–Interior, Surface 45
Fig. 1.44 a, b In-situ repair
Fig. 1.45 In-situ wall repair
Confined space, vacuum assist filtration and water recycling-debris separation

equipment is today an equipment identity necessary for flat, vertical and overhead
work in a multitude of situations.
Limited water access may also introduce filtration and water recycling equip-
ment to the jobsite. These evolving technical application elements must be realized
and studied as they represent the entrepreneurial vehicle to service providers,
moving their potential into the commercial and industrial environment.
Future marketing strategy and completed job history is of utmost importance
when deciding on equipment combinations or when to purchase them. Too often,
Fig. 1.46 Aggregate before
Fig. 1.47 Aggregate after
equipment, although powerful, is not flexible enough in mobility, tool utilization

or requires too much water which may hamper filtration and water recycling
efforts. It can also be assumed that the lack of application knowledge is visually
identifiable when visiting a contractor’s yard.
The need to work within EPA, OSHA, state, city regulatory laws and guidelines
providing sound environmentally correct cleaning methods is not to be looked
upon as a hindrance but as a generator in application specialization efforts. Service
providers committed to do so create a vast variety in business opportunities.
When servicing the private sector, major applications include: Fire-disaster
cleanup; Cleaning, disinfecting, sanitizing contaminated areas; Exterior–interior
mildew, fungus, moss control and cleaning procedures; Removing masonry
coatings, paints and surface deterioration to prepare for painting, water-proofing or
Fig. 1.48 Construction site

cleaning
Fig. 1.49 Building

restoration
construction needs; Removal of deposits such as concrete spatter (Fig. 1.48–1.50),

graffiti and hydrocarbons, soot, fly-ash, loose paint, grease deposits, bird droppings
and/or organic growth.
Starting out, the entrepreneur can consider roof and house washing applications,
learning to protect the flower and foliage environment in his vicinity, masking
possible openings and protecting windows, window frames, in particular when
chemicals are applied, as well as cleaning, staining wooden structures, fences,
terraces, concrete driveways and so forth.
When entrusting vital project decisions to a contractor, private home owners are
quite suspicious, reluctant or simply nervous deciding on how to clean their home.
A beginner wishing to compete in the residential property cleaning application
is best advised to study and research the general criteria building and façade
inspectors utilize. Building inspectors’ standard practices in building site access,
periodic inspections of building façades for unsafe conditions, recognizing
Fig. 1.50 Building washing

prior to tuck-point procedures
previous maintenance justifications, repairs, modifications and façades perfor-

mance issues can help dramatically in correctly analyzing job necessities.
A vast variety in building designs and construction materials are encountered in
the house washing application. Concrete, masonry, wood maintenance, paint and
coating knowledge will further enhance the marketability to the home owner. To
further their course, aggressive entrepreneurs may acquire experience, technical
knowledge slowly incorporating building demolition-restoration and construction
site cleanup procedures. Specializing in supporting high-profile restorations on
buildings, monuments, including working on intricate, creative, and architecturally
historic structures, providing cleaning methods designed not to damage or alter
surface profiles encountered, and where expertise in a wide range of trades must be
combined and coordinated with innovative pressure washing and hydro-blasting
techniques. This can include offering the installation of bird control fixtures on
exterior façades after cleaning and substrate treatment measures are completed.
To ensure a successful bidding process, application related preferable tool
configuration must be explained and demonstrated in detail, as a practical solution
to the available nondestructive pressure washing-hydro blast cleaning method.
Conservationists, architects, chemists, structural engineers, construction superin-
tendents, masons and carpenters alike will demand this attention to detail.
Cleaning the exterior of high-rises and monuments is not for the faint (every-
thing above four floors) of heart or inexperienced. Restoration, building
enhancement (Fig. 1.51) and water proofing needs are the most likely generator for
a job-bid walk.
Close attention and cooperation in developing a job strategy between the
customers’ architect, trade contractors, scaffolding company and building-façade
inspector is a requirement. A well insured and equipped service provider supplies a
safety minded and where applicable, a licensed, educated labor force operating on
swing stages, boatswain’s chairs, scaffolding systems and access lifts.
Besides cleaning and water proofing applications, a contractor may be asked to
perform a controlled hydro excavation of structural steel joints, rebar systems,
Fig. 1.51 Brick wall

washing
Fig. 1.52 Brick patina before washing, after tuck-pointing
removing concrete, masonry structure, architectural stone on high-rise exteriors

and interior surfaces.
The enlightened service provider, who maintains contracts cleaning sidewalks,
drive-thru and parking areas for convenience stores, restaurants, banks, gas sta-
tions, hotels, office units and garage facilities is prudent to consider the
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Concrete interface prep:
a b
Fig. 1.53 Abrasive-blast Fig.1.54 a.b. Concrete interface Fig. 1.55 Concrete form-boards Fig. 1.56 restored balcony structure
injector before-after
Trade Related Publications:

6. Jonathan M. Whitt (1999) Power-washing 101, A manual for operating a residential and light commercial,
pressure washing business, Advantage publishing company,
Little Rock Arkansas 72205-3823, Tel. 501-280-0007
http://www.adpub.com [6.28.406]
7. Master Painters Institute (2002) Maintenance Repainting Manual, by MPI, exterior systems evaluation,
surface preparation,
http://www.mpi.net [6.28.406]

Pipe and sewer cleaning, high-rise laundry - garbage chute cleaning and disinfecting, sidewalks, oil-debris removal.
Figs. 1.53–1.56
Fig. 1.57 10,000 ft2 plus per

hour flat-work
Fig. 1.58 Hydro-vacuum

result while cleaning
commercial-industrial market as their equipment should be capable of performing

in this environment.
Commercial buildings, their business identities and manufacturing processes
offer the widest application range and growth opportunity to the service provider.
Their businesses encompass most industrial cleaning procedures, facilitating and
accelerating the contractor’s necessary experience and confidence required when
engaging the industrial environment.
Servicing the commercial sector, major applications are: Cleaning and surface
preparations for painting-coating on masonry structures, cleaning production
hardware, equipment and vessels, steel preparation facilitating painting-coating
procedures in support of fabrication and/or maintenance work, providing
10,000 ft2 plus per hour general surface cleaning capacities on manufacturing and
warehouse flooring during vacation or maintenance turnaround schedule utilizing
vacuum assist water recycling and filtration capabilities.
The contractor’s professionalism in cleaning large exterior and interior surfaces
may open the door to entertain a bid status supporting manufacturers’ processes or
routine equipment cleaning requirements (Fig. 1.52).
APPLICATION REVIEW
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Fig.1.59 a.b.c.d Bird repel system
A fixture to repel birds,

straightforward installation to susceptible building areas

3. Cyril Harris (1993) Dictionary of Architecture & Construction, McGraw-Hill, Inc.,
http://www.mhprofessional.com [6.28.406]

Graffiti removal, masonry coating removal, paint and coating removal, emergency spill remediation, aluminum siding.
Fig. 1.59 a–d Bird repel system

1.8.1 Application Capacities
A. Washing exterior–interior surfaces including dust removal in high access

cleaning procedures with effluent and debris recovery techniques employing
the hydro-vac, filtration, water recycling or evaporation methods. An extensive
surface variety is encountered. This equipment configuration can lead into
criminal, accident and disaster clean-up opportunities, and is often overlooked
by salesman prowling for business opportunities.
B. In combination with high-pressure water cleaning methods, employing water
filtration, recycling and HEPA vacuum procedures, dehumidification equip-
ment in mildew-spore and fungus remediation applications is considered a vital
up-and-coming application. Due to application diversity, a high degree of
knowledge must be gathered in how and why mold-fungus-spore-moss grows.
Before finding an adequate remedy, a consultation with area chemists, building
inspectors and possible coating specialists is advisable (Figs. 1.53–1.56)
Environmental conditions found indoors and or outdoors, such as dark and
damp surroundings, poor ventilation, nourishment in construction materials,
indoor environments with high transient humidity or structural microclimates and
their favorable surface temperatures are obvious research points that remedies
must be found for. Accidents and natural disasters are also generators of this
application. Specializing in this field requires applying today’s equipment cor-
rectly in combination with job specific support equipment and tooling. Job cir-
cumstances can lead into the hazardous material removal business as well.
C. Paint and coating removal on commercial, industrial structures applying
environmentally correct cleaning methods, adhering to all necessary safety
procedures, supervisory competent personnel implementing effective controls
in paint-coating identification, if necessary, exposure control, environment
monitoring, including product recovery and disposal. This application may
evolve into lead or asbestos abatement practices, chemical spill clean-up and
accidental product recovery procedures.
D. Demolition and restoration applications throughout the commercial environ-
ment. This is a facet with no limitations of specialization and growth. The
water blasting specialist is capable of removing surface deposits from archi-
tectural sand stone without damaging or altering surface profile. He may clean
and prepare wood structures for painting or staining procedures. High-pressure
water can be applied to ready marble-granite slabs minimizing scarring or
scratching by foreign objects in the polishing procedure, providing savings in
time and materials. Wear vibration or surface damage by air hammer or other
mechanical means is not acceptable; the demolition capability of high-pressure
water may lead into restoration specialization of historical structures. When
applying the non-destructive cleaning method in historical architectural res-
toration and preservation applications, the pressure washing and hydro-blasting
specialist is virtually indispensable. The investigative phase, deconstruction

phase and desired preservation method is accommodated and supported by a
wide variety of applicable tool configurations, including the hydro vacuum
method (Fig. 1.57) with adjustable vacuum-airflow performances and job
specific tooling (Fig. 1.58)
Contact. Purchasing, maintenance, engineering, housekeeping commercial and
industrial business identities. Municipalities to receive funds from HUD for façade
improvement programs and their published and detailed guidelines for businesses
interested in participation of a bid status. Also building owners requiring funds for
restoration CDBG, which are HUD funds.
Resources. Condominium associations, real estate holding and management
companies, insurance companies, building and façade inspectors, architects, res-
toration, waterproofing and painting companies, Yellow Pages, Trade papers and
consulting companies or the Internet.
Industry resources. WJTA, SSPC, PNA, IWCCI, ISSA, IICRC, ASTM E2270-
03, Standard practice for periodic inspection of building façades for unsafe con-
ditions. ASTM E06.55, Water leakage of building wall’s. ASTM D5107-03,
Preparatory surface cleaning of architectural sand stone.
Safety requirements. Hazardous awareness training, environmental compliance
EPA, OSHA, and state regulations. Clean Water Act, Scaffold primary access
training (PAT), http://www.scaffold.org, competent person training in applicable
field (CPT), Traffic control laws and regulations, work zone-pedestrian-traffic
safety regulations. SHAFACT Sheet, http://www.osha.gov (Fig. 1.59)
1.9 Commercial–Industrial Structures, Demolition-Rehab.

Procedures, Construction Industries, Surface
Preparation
The forever growing variety of dilapidated or deteriorating surfaces encountered

on marine, commercial and industrial structures in need of rehabilitation, resto-
ration or structural changes will expose the hydro-blast journeyman to a constant
learning and seamless job recording process. Further more, customers and con-
tractors estimating performance and time requirements will include surface
roughness or anchor profile parameters, guaranteeing not only paint-coating
adherence stipulated by manufacturers, engineers and coating inspectors but also
an estimation of how much coating material is needed to achieve required strength
or coating-liner thickness. Necessary tool selection, pressure and water volume
configuration may vary substantially and must be chosen not only in accordance to
scale or product removal requirements but must also be adapted to the jobsite,
considering safety, effectiveness and accessibility when applying the hydro-tools.
Following are a few possible concerns that pressure washing and hydro-blast
journeyman, service providers and their customers must consider:
1.9 Commercial–Industrial Structures, Surface Preparation 55
Fig. 1.60 Gravel-aggregate

before-after
1. Product-effluent removal and transfer procedures to the recycling and filtration

unit, correctly installing supply and transfer hose systems maintaining work
related mobility, which includes controlling and confining water-effluent run-
off.
2. Correct identification, declaration, packaging and removal procedures to a
licensed hazardous waste site.
3. Construction sites safe access requirements and their educational, procedural
necessities. Engineering must provide scaffolding with correct structural weight
classifications, in particular when equipment placement on crash floors and
effluent transfer reservoirs are utilized.
4. Testing the job environment for possible contamination before, during and after
job completion.
5. The correct placement of laborers break, shower, toilet, and staging facilities,
establishing step in–out areas.
6. Traffic control and overall job-site security necessities.
These aspects are compounded and are rarely the same between jobsites.
Pressure washing and hydro-blasting environments may be found underwater,
between, below ground or at ground level in confined spaces and naturally, above
ground locations situated at any imaginable height.
In the mid 1950s hydro-blast equipment manufacturers supplied and integrated
the first units into concrete product manufacturing and process hardware services.
Applications then concentrated on removing installed paper adhering to aggregate,
controlling cement drying processes surrounding gravel material on pavers and
prefab concrete slab modules intended to show open gravel-aggregate structures
(Fig. 1.60). High-pressure water replaced the sandblast or brush technique. Soon
thereafter plant maintenance personnel discovered an abundance of applications
which spread throughout the entire Portland cement and concrete component
manufacturing environment. In the mid 1960s high-pressure water extended
cement kiln operating times with clinker removal procedures utilizing the thermal
Fig. 1.61 Rebar corrosion
Fig. 1.62 Concrete

carbonation
shock method on clinker rings while the kiln rotated during production, mini-
mizing Remington cannon shell usage and down times due to clinker build up.
Much has since changed in the cement plant operating environment, rendering
some of these application procedures to the past or elsewhere applied in industrial
environments. In 1967 concrete scarifying, removal and demolition applications
gained prominence both overseas as well as in the USA. Handheld and mobile
equipment attained a level of dependability suitable for most facets of concrete
cleaning and rehabilitation methods. This includes demolition applications on
bridge decks, pylon structures, building façades and on a multitude of industrial
structures. The equipment does not necessarily need to be purchased as it can be
rented nationwide.
Engineers and contractors alike have gained valuable experience and are able to
estimate performance schedules successfully. Damaged concrete structures are
most often visually identifiable and submitted to physical failure analysis
(Fig. 1.61). This involves laboratory testing prescribed by engineers and concrete
specialists throughout the marine, industrial and commercial environment.
Basic test requirements include recording overall visible defects, including
cracks, their length, width, depth, depth of concrete carbonation, presence of
chlorides, chloride profiles, which include sulphate levels, concrete delaminating
measurement in depth (Fig. 1.62) and area, degree of rebar reinforcement corrosion
and existing efflorescence on concrete surfaces, possibly lime or salt deposits etc.
Before a removal procedure is described and submitted inspectors and engi-
neers involved in nondestructive testing of concrete surfaces will resort to an array
of available tooling and work methods. They may include concrete pull-off test
procedures, core drill tests for moisture and saturation, determining the extent of
Fig. 1.63 Hydro concrete mill
structures internal damages by applying ultrasonic-pulse-impact-echo equipment

and laboratory testing for chemical contamination status, etc.
The structure’s environment and the chemical mechanism of concrete deteri-
oration found is only one parameter necessary to establish a hydro-tool selection
and work method. It is crucial to be correctly informed on the impending reha-
bilitation method and procedure to deliver a tool selection generating measurable
adhesion parameters in surface roughness, desired porosity (anchor profile) and
cleanliness to support new product installation and product warranty guidelines.
The rehabilitation process starts with the removal of deteriorated concrete
material above and/or below the rebar structure, in the process neutralizing car-
bonation-salt-rust or acid damaged surfaces, checking periodically for surface
roughness or anchor profile. This is done by utilizing a digital unit which provides
the important readout. The contractor will establish cleaning and drying times of
concrete structure before the painting-coating-liner resurfacing procedures
commence.
The concrete scarifying method (Fig. 1.63) is also employed on new or existing
structures where conversions, add-ons, load enhancement or coating and painting
is required. Here again, a measurable surface treatment in porosity or surface
roughness (anchor profile) is provided by the hydro technique, eliminating sand
blasting, acid etching or mechanical equipment requirements.
Concrete bridge decks in need of an asphalt road deck installation may be
prepared with a mobile hydro concrete mill. Aircraft hangars requiring a new
coating system may utilize similar equipment, removing a partially measurable
amount or a total removal of deteriorating coating when repairs are essential. Fish
tanks, pools, fountains, concrete holding ponds and water tanks in need of coating
procedures are all essential locations for the pressure washing, hydro-blasting and
UHP service provider.
Coating removal practices on oil rigs, piers, water dams, their spillways, or
steel–concrete bridges and water tanks require an educated, competent workforce.
Access methods to these work sites are engineered by scaffold system manufac-
turers and rental companies of such equipment. With each access development,
special attention must be given to environmental conditions, including prevention
Fig. 1.64 Vacu-coating

removal
of overspray, denying a positive air pressure situation in confined work spaces,

correctly assessing and engineering the scaffold systems life load qualifications.
Scaffolding engineers must be made aware of incorporating water runoff con-
tainment and weight of effluent transfer units. At this time journeymen will decide
on the necessary tool variety to access the surfaces in question. A scaffold designer
will also incorporate all other necessities required by painters, welders, electri-
cians, inspectors, etc. Needless to say, the complexity is staggering requiring
engineering and practical experience. (CPT) All involved must provide certificates
attesting to their capability in these specific areas. Hazardous waste removal
experience is also a must, most likely a practice necessary within a job description
to provide water recycling, filtration and decontamination capabilities.
To support the pressure washing, hydro-blasting-UHP journeyman the SSPC
and NACE Society for Protective Coating and Corrosion established standards
with a written and visual comparison. These visual guide references also provide a
standard in evaluating the degree of rusting on painted steel surfaces depicted in
general rusting, spot rusting and pinpoint rusting. Due to their visual comparison in
cleanliness and surface conditions the standards are a great help in sales, engi-
neering and application oriented endeavors. For the experienced, a guideline is
established providing an approximate comparison when estimating a job by
drawing from personal experience when comparing before and after with these
references (photographs).
Paint and lead rich coating removal (Fig. 1.64) on elevated city water tanks also
presents a prominent application, minimizing environmental concerns. The Hydro
contractor will work in unison with painting contractors when a total removal of
existing dilapidated coating system is necessary. Often, over coating procedures
are desired, permitting a vacuum assist wash down utilizing approximately
4–12,000 psi. Pressure ranges in over coating procedures vary depending on paint
conditions.
Throughout the chemical, oil, metal, food and produce manufacturing processes
one will find secondary containment structures. The presences of destructive,
aggressive or environmentally dangerous substances often accelerate the deterio-
ration process on concrete and steel surfaces. These surface preparation needs and
sheer business volume are often underestimated by pressure washing and hydro-
blasting-UHP contractors. Surface treatment, demolition and scarifying methods
are employed to facilitate relining, specialty coating, and hybrid concrete instal-
lation needs (Fig. 1.65).
Fig. 1.65 Manual coating

removal
Fig. 1.66 Manual surface

prep
For that matter, all construction sites are of interest to the entrepreneur, espe-
cially when a recycling and water filtration with refuse separation capability is
available. Opportunities are plentiful. As always, there are facets where lesser
experienced service providers may gain knowledge in a subcontracting status, for
instance, by providing services to ready a site for inspectors and engineers in their
preliminary investigation phase. The hydro demolition company preparing a
deteriorating concrete structure in excavating the rebar system to ready the site for
concrete gunning or ‘‘Shot Crete’’ applications may not be interested to perform
the construction cleanup phase. Therefore, removing possible concrete overspray
and spatter is another sub-contracting possibility (Fig. 1.66).
Contacts. On the Internet, ‘‘masonry associations’’, Rehabilitation, restoration
and construction firms, their project managers, architects and field supervisors.
Consider city engineering, waterproofing companies and painting contractors. Also
inquire for service bids in cement, brick, masonry and structural cement compo-
nent manufacturing plants. Many cement or masonry manufacturers will have their
in-house equipment for specific application needs. This does not mean a service
provider should ignore upcoming plant shutdowns and service schedules.
Resources. WJTA–SSPC. Internet, ‘‘national contractors’’ Bid and/or request
for proposals generated by product manufacturers, architects, cities, housing
projects, also all varieties of commercial contractors and property owners.
Safety. Specific requirements for subcontractor ‘‘construction safety’’, Con-
struction site varieties, their locations, structural circumstances or processes
demand a keen safety oriented perception and operational qualification. For
information OSHA’s A–Z index pages for construction safety, http://www.
osha.gov. The Pressure washing, Hydro-blasting or UHP service provider must
notice all necessary elements, not only for the important human safety aspect but
also in providing a correct bidding process, taking into account all operational
circumstances that may change during the contracting period. States, cities, or
companies may require a contractor’s license for specific jobs or in general.
APPLICATION REVIEW
Address:
Web site: City:

e-mail: P.O. Box::
State: ZIP Code:
Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Location:
Jobsite Review:
Concrete removal at 43.000 psi
Fig. 1.67 Concrete removal-demolition
Trade related publications:

1. Andreas W. Momber, (1998) Waterjet applications in Construction Engineering,
by A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, NL
http://www.balkema.nl [6.28.406-1]
2. ACI- American concrete Institute and, BRE, ICRI (2003) Concrete repair manuals volume 1 and 2
published jointly [6.28.406-2]
http://www.concrete.org (Fig.1.67) from Page 61

Concrete scarifying, under water surface prep, dike repair, bridge deck concrete demolition, water tank cleaning.
Fig. 1.67
Fig. 1.68 Self-propelling

nozzle
Fig. 1.69 Product cutting

nozzles
Applications frequently demand a combination of controls, including a trained and

licensed labor force, providing for instance, confined space entry permits, scaffold
primary access training or supervisory and competent person training-certification
in specific application environments. City, state and federal laws must be con-
sidered and applied. (EPA-OSHA-CWA, etc.)
1.10 Refinery-Oil-Polymer-Chemical Manufacturing

Environments, Epoxy-Resin-Vinyl-Latex-Paint
The development of compact triplex pumps enabled commercial sewer cleaning

professionals (1956) to apply the self propelling nozzle technology incorporating
the necessary high-pressure hose assembly. This technology developed and pat-
ented by Wolfgang Maasberg Sr. enabled the cleaning of pipe and sewer systems
in remote locations. The pumps compact design and comparatively low psi per-
formance, (1,600 psi. plus) but high water volume output and a hydro-vacuum jet
pump configuration, accelerated the development of truck and trailer mounted
sewer-pipe cleaning equipment, featuring hydraulic operated hose reels, water-
waste tanks, and so forth.
In Germany in the late 1950s to early 1960s, equipment manufacturer WOMA
Corp. developed the 10,000 psi, approximately 22 gpm pump capacity utilizing
150 hp. air cooled diesel engines or stationary electric motors. This performance
level facilitated the introduction of the tube-bundle cleaning method by high-
pressure water.
The development of adequate nozzles (Fig. 1.68) and steel wire reinforced
hoses, basically manufactured then for the oil-hydraulic environment, permitted
the self propelling of flex lance assemblies throughout a condenser or liquid
product transfer tube (pipes) with horsepower inputs and high-pressure-water
volumes that were new to this era.
Product cutting nozzles (Fig. 1.69) were designed and employed on rigid steel
lance assemblies wherever extensively fouled or solidly plugged tubes were
Fig. 1.70 Hydro-lance unit
encountered. The reaction and possible hydraulic forces developed by multiple

nozzles pointing forward, concentrating the waters energy directly towards product
and surrounding tube surfaces can be dangerous to a novice rigid lance operator.
Product behavior and physical structure throughout a condenser or heat exchanger
system may vary extensively. Hydraulic forces may develop, adding to already
existing reaction forces upon the lance operator. When permitting product to
collect behind the nozzle mount, then forming a seal between the tube wall and
rigid lance body, can develop an explosive hydraulic piston situation towards the
operator.
This cleaning practice is now more often semi-automatically performed
(Fig. 1.70), avoiding the otherwise physically challenging and when incorrectly
applied, dangerous product removal method for a hydro-lance operator. Depending
on the product this may also occur with a flex lance operation when one forward
jetting nozzle is, for instance, incorrectly sized or manipulated, penetrating too
quickly through the product in question, possibly creating a hydraulic product
piston, which reacts upon nozzle head surfaces thus blowing backwards towards
the operator.
In the late 1950s to mid 1960s durability of hydro-blast equipment was mar-
ginal. V. packing, packing glands, O-rings, suction and pressure valves, piston-
plunger configurations and their water sealing surfaces were subject to mechanical
failure. Existing job reports of this period bear witness to the constant changing or
replacement procedures of vital parts before, during, and after a job assignment. It
was not only the pump’s water and gear end side which needed consideration.
High-pressure hoses adapted from the hydraulic environment were not suited in
necessary durability and flexibility when applied to changing application varieties
encountered.
Nozzle flow technology (Bernoulli theory), and metallurgy had to be studied
and researched, taking into consideration the tremendous water velocities, nec-
essary water cleanliness, filtration procedures and manufacturing methods. Oper-
ational stand times of pressure regulators, high-pressure guns, dump guns and
rotating cleaning heads were also in their/or infancy and not very dependable.
Engineers needed to understand metal stress parameters, packing glands and
1.10 Refinery-Oil-Polymer-Chemical Manufacturing Environments 63
Fig. 1.71 Hydro-cutting and

demolition
O-ring installations, applying correct metallurgy and understanding cavitations

influence on parts introduced to high pressure, high velocity water. In short, a
never ending development and engineering process began.
Initially, cooperation and unified thinking habits between plant maintenance,
engineering and purchasing allowed hydro manufacturers to design and further
develop or test available and emerging technologies. Superior surface cleanliness,
drastically reducing cleaning times, replacing costly alternative cleaning methods,
such as employing rotary brush techniques, drilling and chemical cleaning pro-
cedures justified the engineering and development necessities to solve these
mechanical weaknesses. Today’s chemical, plastic and refinery environments will
utilize pressures between 3,000 and 55,000 psi, with horsepower requirements
ranging from 20 to 600 hp, determined by application necessary psi-water volume
configuration.
In refineries 90% of the available job variety is performed between 4,000 and
35,000 psi and does include demolition work (Fig. 1.71). More often than not,
they also operate in-house automated equipment like tube bundle cleaners and
rotating hydro-coke drum cutters manipulated by a drill gantry structure.
Experienced hydro service providers classify the refineries available application
variety more or less as a standard operational procedure, however, this cannot be
assumed when servicing chemical and plastic processing hardware. The journey-
man not only considers the arising and sometimes stringent safety requirements
due to product encountered, but must also understand the product behavior when it
is introduced to pressurized high velocity water and solvents. Necessary water
volume and pressure configurations, combined with an expert tool selection may
vary between job assignments due to product manufacturing processes. Products
adhesion to surfaces and its tensile strength-elasticity-stickiness, systems process
and operating temperature or void of, accidental product molecule changes due to
manufacturing failure, or preparing hardware for product changeover require-
ments, to name just a few of the parameters considered, may alter cleaning and
removal techniques greatly. If this would not be enough, the journeyman must also
Fig. 1.72 Chemical-abrasive

injector
be aware of cleanliness requirements which can be extreme. Generally, contractors

do best when they understand that within the chemical and plastics environment,
‘‘clean’’ means cleaning to an absolute degree of cleanliness, eliminating all traces
of prior existing residue. The final inspection process or method and inspection
equipment applied by maintenance departments should be known to the jour-
neyman, eliminating possible and nasty surprises before a job completion is
recognized.
The newly developed UHP low water volume cleaning method offers, in
combination with application specific tools, superior controllable product and
corrosion penetration parameters. While in a cleaning operation, a lower tool
reaction force generally developed by 2–3.5 gpm with a vacuum assist technology
will remove debris and hot or cold water, benefiting the laborer’s extended
physical endurance and safety. Heated water and refuse is simply cooled utilizing a
vacuum chill box, eliminating the need for long, high-temperature vacuum hose
runs.
When incorporating the hydro-vac system, a secondary air cooling cycle may
be provided to lower emerging temperatures to acceptable operating exhaust
levels. If lead coating-asbestos removal procedures are encountered, an air filtra-
tion system (HEPA) may be of essence. This controlled cleaning or removal
application technique of industrial coatings is therefore not only possible on large
surfaces (remote vacuum assist equipment), but also in confined areas including
corrosion removal on liquid transfer pipes, tanks of all designs and equipment
protected by industrial insulation.
Steel surfaces with deteriorated paint-coatings will most likely reveal a prior
anchor profile procedure (wet-dry abrasive blasting). On raw steel, high-pressure
water can not alone provide a satisfactory anchor profile. Depending on a coating
specification, a correct garnet (abrasive) must be metered to the high-pressure
water injector (Fig. 1.72) producing this all-important anchor profile, facilitating
the desired coating adherence.
Concrete surfaces, new or deteriorated, may be pressure washed, hydro-blasted
(Fig. 1.73) or prepared with the UHP method, to eliminate the use of abrasive
materials and achieve a variety of desired anchor profiles (surface roughness).
Inspectors verifying a correct anchor profile or surface roughness (Fig. 1.74) will
verify coating manufacturers recommended guidelines requiring the correct
operation of surface gauging equipment.
Fig. 1.73 Defective coating
Fig. 1.74 Defective coating

removed
Before commencing with high temperature surface preparations, inspectors

must test the structural integrity of the hardware in question. Where insulation
systems are present, inspectors will survey the hardware after the removal of
possible asbestos laden insulation. Where metal wall thicknesses are insufficient,
resulting either from external pitted corrosion or internal wear typically found on
elbows or the lowest point of an inlet pipe component, a replacement or metal
patching procedure must first be considered.
In any event, the service provider and UHP tool operator must be the final
inspectorial link, especially when blasting commences while plant or hardware is
in operation. Controlling the possible heat-exhaustion of the labor force involved
is best overcome with a rotation procedure of the workforce (in–out), providing
adequate breathing gear and work area environment (area air-conditioning, neg-
ative air space, etc.). When working in confined spaces such as in the interior of
tanks, etc., the ambient temperature must be controlled to minimize flash rusting
(exhaust fans, dehumidification equipment, etc.).
Federal, state and customer awareness in striving to perform a correct and safe
environmentally sound maintenance procedure accelerated the development of
equipment and the marketability of the coating or corrosion removal method by
high-pressure water. Further, the arising environmental obligations to the con-
tractor are more manageable in water recycling, filtration, debris separation or
possible evaporation procedures, which today are recognized by structural
Fig. 1.75 Tarpaulin shrink wrap
engineers working in unison with paint and coating manufacturers, scaffolding-

tarpaulin providers (Fig. 1.75), maintenance departments and contractors alike.
They have begun to understand the available tool capability of high-pressure water
equipment, therefore trying to accommodate service providers with technical
necessities when involved in their design strategy and the endless pursuit to
develop new heat resistant, elastic or hard scratch and chip proof coating systems
which may require removal pressures of 20,000–55,000 psi.
To acquire bid status in refineries and chemical plants, contractors must provide
adequate insurance, past and present performance standards, safety education and
certification for their employees, possible and necessary equipment capabilities,
prior extensive verification in similar job activities, access to qualified hydro-
blasting or UHP journeyman and professional supervisors with a track record in
safety, quality in scheduling, planning, job execution and in meeting their past
contracting time lines. Proof of enduring relationships as contractor or subcon-
tractor in similar plants can help greatly. Service quality, budget control and timely
completion may create a preferred contractor status (Fig. 1.76).
Refineries and chemical plant maintenance departments include an array of
standard must do hydro-blast applications in maintenance and plant turn-around
bid procedures. By identifying plant locations, plant hardware-equipment and
product manufactured in these areas, it becomes obvious that a great variety of
specialized or technically refined hydro-equipment can be employed. Some of the
product or by products manufactured in chemical plants and refineries are:
Ammonia, sulfur, synthetic rubber, latex, base feed stock for chemical fibers,
organic or inorganic fertilizers, paint base products, all varieties of fuel, coke,
waxes, aromatics, graphite, lubricants-oil, asphalt-tar base stocks, pharmaceutical
base stocks, etc.
APPLICATION REVIEW
Address:
Web site: City:

e-mail: P.O. Box:
State: ZIP Code:
Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:
Job Site Review:

Trade related publications:
9. NASSCO (206) Jetter Code of Practice, WRc Swindon, Frankland Road Blagrove, Swinden, Wiltshire
SN5 8YF, England, [6.28.406]
http://nassco.org
10. Raymond E.F. Weaver (2003) Practical Math for the Protective Coatings Industry, The Society for
Protective SSPC, [6.28.406]
http://www.sspc.org
11. The Society for Protective Coatings (2004) Surface preparation and coating of concrete, surface
preparation and considerations for concrete substrates, SSPC,
http://www.sspc.org [6.28.406]
12. The Society for Protective Coatings (2002) Good painting practice, Painting manuals volume 1 a. 2
SSPC,
13. The Society for Protective Coatings (2001) The inspections of coatings and linings,
SSPC, [l6.28.407]
http://www.sspc.org
14. The Society for Protective Coatings (2000) Protective coatings, fundamentals of chemistry, corrosion
and its control, [l6.28.407]
http://www.sspc.org
15. The society for Protective Coatings (2004) The fundamentals of cleaning and coating-concrete,
Common mechanisms of concrete deterioration SSPC,
http://www.sspc.org [l6.28.407]

Product removal services in secondary containment areas, lube oil system cleaning, heat exchanger - boiler cleaning, sulfur condenser services.
Plant-area (Fig. 1.77), hardware-equipment and general services or cleaning

applications include: Hydrostatic test procedures (Fig. 1.78) which can be per-
formed on all forms of vessels (Fig. 1.79), related production equipment and fluid
transfer systems (pipelines); Cleaning new or rebuilt high velocity turbine lube oil
systems (flushing), this includes debris, corrosion-rust and scale removal in
Fig. 1.76 Refinery plant
Fig. 1.77 Refinery plant area a, b
Fig. 1.78 Hydro test-block

Fig. 1.79 Hydrostatic test

vessel
compressor housings, oil tanks and oil supply lines; Cleaning refinery towers’
internals, fractionation trays and liquid distributors, mist eliminators, including the
coke stripping on valves and related equipment or servicing atomizers, evapora-
tors, autoclaves, reactors, and air pre-heaters, or boilers on water and fire side are
standard applications and include the sulfur condenser’s service (OD-ID-cleaning
practice), vertical or horizontal fin fan cleaning practices (cooler-exchanger), in
short, all fluid feed lines and product handling equipment can be considered
subject to the hydro-blast cleaning method.
Servicing smoke stacks, cooling towers, sludge removal in settling ponds above
or below water level, tank cleaning and bulk product removal services in tank
farms or the correct preparation of containment areas and secondary containment
facilities such as loading docks where caustic soda, hydrochloric acid, spent sul-
furic acids are handled and concrete coating procedures are deemed necessary;
demolition-cutting on concrete and steel structures in refineries is also considered a
vital and necessary application.
Contact. Plant purchasing, engineering- maintenance and maintenance super-
intendents in their specific areas, general service providers such as insulation and
coating companies, their inspectors for subcontracting possibilities, including
specialty fabrication contractors supplying hardware and fluid transfer equipment.
Resources. http://www.goliath.ecnext.com, Petroleum refining company pro-
files, WJTA–SSPC, OSHA–EPA. On the Internet, ‘‘petroleum refining processes’’
Oil–petroleum–gas, petrochemical associations, consulting and engineering ser-
vices. Mechanical contractors associations.
Safety. NPRA, national petrochemical and refiners association for safety
training and requirements, http://www.npradc.org. The successful candidate will
have the ability to understand and comply with regulatory requirements such as
OSHA–EPA compliance of in-plant safety procedures, which includes safety
training in customers’ specific environment and areas. When a reactive chemical
hazard possibility exists or must be eliminated, some applications demand spill
prevention compliance or training and knowledge in necessary pre-job area
preparation. A hit or miss strategy is under no circumstances acceptable. Clear for
entry, tank degassing procedures, confined space entry permits and procedures,
electrical and hardware lockout-takeout procedures, managing a gas detector
program, hygienically maintaining and managing breathing apparatuses-egress
systems and their use. Competent person’s operating air monitoring devices, and
enforcing emergency response procedures and/or training, competent persons for

scaffolding access, access equipment and tool rigging requirements are all nec-
essary must-do basics in this application environment.
APPLICATION REVIEW
Address:
Web site: City:

e-mail: P.O. Box::
State: ZIP Code:
Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:
Job Site Review:

Bag house services, insulation removal, paint-coating removal, hydrostatic testing of tanks and product vessels, flu-stack services.

1.11 Coal Mines, Coal Gasification Plants, Mineral Extraction, General Mining 71
Fig. 1.80 Hydraulic-area

pasting pump station
Fig. 1.81 Open pit coal mining
1.11 Coal Mines, Coal Gasification Plants, Mineral

Extraction, General Mining
Light-weight, compact reciprocating pumps developed in the mid to late 1950s,

ranging between 45 and 150 hp, benefited the coal mining industry immediately
and resulted in the delivery of WOMAs underground hydraulic and area pasting
pump stations (Fig. 1.80), operating on a 24 h, 365 day schedule. Introduced
industry wide, the pump design featured a quick exchange plunger-piston con-
figuration, accommodating water-emulsion-oil capacities required for hydraulic
roof shoring gear and similar equipment. In confined spaces, gpm–psi performance
criterion provided superior water-emulsion deployment when directives were
given by mining and maintenance engineers for area pasting requirements
(Fig. 1.81), suppressing movement of coal dust caused by underground weather
(air-velocities). In sensitive areas where water accumulations must be kept to a
minimum, general hardware cleaning operations where now possible due to high
pressure water jetting techniques at comparatively low water volumes. It can be
noted that for scientists and engineers alike, the performance capability of
equipment spurred and enhanced the growing awareness of high-pressure water
characteristics within coal-rock stratospheres, energizing experimental develop-
ments in coal-rock drilling (Figs. 1.82, 1.83) and general mining assist applica-
tions. Long underground distances between pump stations and confined work areas
forced WOMA Corp. to immediately develop pneumatic-hydraulic pressure
Fig. 1.82 Rock-bore

operation
Fig. 1.83 Rock mining

operation
regulators, semi and automatic bypass valves, high-pressure oil-emulsion accu-

mulator systems and fluid vibration-shock absorbing hp-hose fixtures to prevent
wall breakouts. The correct application and installation of fluid pulsation damp-
eners was necessary due to the forever extending hp-hose and hydraulic line runs.
In this confined but vast environment, with widespread distances between confined
spaces in need of service, it became clear that the existing spring loaded hp-gun
designs were inadequate due to psi range and fluid velocity–volumes–mass.
The dump gun valve and its operational requirements were impractical because
of subsequent product loss or unnecessary water accumulation in the work area.
This prompted the design of an hp–gun incorporating a labyrinth valve configu-
ration (Fig. 1.84), which in operation decreases the fluid-volume’s energy shock
and/or loading, controlling the valves impact to its sealing surface and sealing
components.
WOMAs unique invention minimized component fatigue and facilitate a safe
continuous manual gun operation.
When actuating the trigger gun, pressure drops reducing hydraulic forces upon
the top labyrinth valve body (Fig. 1.84), forcing an open gun position. When
releasing the gun trigger into off position, the necessary hydraulic forces are
reestablished, moving the valve body into a closed position (Fig. 1.85).
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Surface cleaning, tank cleaning, sewer cleaning, concrete cutting, pasting procedures.

Fig. 1.84 Valve in open

position
Fig. 1.85 Valve in closed

position
Fig. 1.86 Piston pressure

stroke
The labyrinth technique was developed in this era (1967-WOMA). WOMA

engineers and application technicians, managing high velocity water within a
given tight gap (labyrinth valve), was transferred to a plunger–piston design.
Today this technology is successfully utilized in equipment featuring packing-less
plunger–piston configurations. In simple terms, the plungers reciprocating action
(Fig. 1.86) produces an alternating fluid drag force (glide surfaces), utilizing in
delay time the low velocity labyrinth cavities (turbulent) thus slowing the water’s
velocity and therefore pressure to a near zero level within the suction or pressure
stroke of a plunger. Water emission is reduced to a minimum, providing adequate
lubrication and cooling for plunger operations (Fig. 1.87).
Competing service providers and their crews must understand or be familiar
with modern technical basics of industrial mineral extraction and process methods.
Companies differentiate in how they apply separation chemistry or electrical
(cathode–anode) and mechanical extraction from random rock (Fig. 1.88), coal,
earth, and a variety of organic matter by crushing, grinding, smelting or liquid to
liquid extraction. The latter can be a mass transfer operation, in a liquid solution
(feed) and is contacted with an immiscible or nearly immiscible liquid (solvent)
that exhibits preferential affinity or selectivity towards one or more of the
Fig. 1.87 Piston suction

stroke
Fig. 1.88 Rock mining

operation
Fig. 1.89 Gold extraction

unit
components in the feed. Two streams result from this contact, the extract, a solvent
rich solution containing the desired extracted minerals (Fig. 1.89) and the residual
feed solution containing the leached waste. Regardless of which extraction method
employed, the pressure washing and hydro-blasting industry will find an endless
supply of applications in production cycles maintaining and cleaning equipment,
plant hardware or production areas (Fig. 1.90). Within this environment, qualified
service providers may be called upon to prevent catastrophic equipment failure.
Fig. 1.90 Copper smelter
Fig. 1.91 Truck services and

wastewater treatment
The equipment encountered in typical mineral extraction processes include

mixers, settlers, static, agitation and packed columns with random liquid distri-
bution structures, centrifugal devices such as high-speed multistage rotary
machines, product crushers, grinders and water treatment facilities. Static
extraction may be performed in settling tanks (combined with axial mixing
autoclaves) or cement, asphalt and plastic lined settling ponds, high heat evapo-
ration systems or chemical processing facilities providing solvent extraction.
Extraction processes substantially differ, as does the equipment in need of service.
Companies may utilize boilers, heat exchangers, solvent extraction tanks, lime
silos, acid wash vessels, carbon conditioning tanks, drying ovens and general feed
processing hardware. Others may require sewer-pipe cleaning applications for
water supply and discharge lines, including servicing waste water treatment cen-
ters and their storage tanks or evaporation facilities (Fig. 1.91). Another facet
could include servicing mineral transport equipment such as trucks, railcars,
conveyor equipment, transport cages, maintenance shop facilities or process
machinery, including rotary disk and drum filters, trolleys, grinders, blowers, etc.
Coal washing facilities require cleanup of coal dust in confined or open spaces.
Utilizing the hydro-vacuum system eliminates costly air filtration methods. This
includes sludge or slurry pumping from tanks and settling ponds (tailings-lime-
etc.) below or above effluent-water levels, protecting sensitive pond liners in the
process. This industry utilizes point source dust collection equipment incorporat-
ing fume scrubbers, air ducts and bag house systems, all in need of periodic
cleaning.
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Coal washing facilities, evaporation facilities, bag house systems, maintenance shops.

Fig. 1.92 Coal gasification

plant
Coal gasification plants require services on all major plant hardware compo-
nents during the shutdown-turnaround procedure (Fig. 1.92). Water chillers, wash
towers, vaporizers, steam drums, coolers and sour water-condensers, heat
exchanger deck hardware for low temperature heat recovery, sulfur condenser,
reactor equipment, quench and condensate degassing columns, scrubbers, stacks,
all up and downstream equipment pipelines which includes turbine oil delivery
systems and compressor gear-end or their oil tanks (when catastrophic failure has
occurred), water cooling tower and water treatment facilities are some of the
equipment service providers consider in a job procurement.
Applications such as cutting tank-pipe steel plate or support structures (steel,
concrete, wood) in volatile environments are further possibilities. Also, one should
consider water abrasive lasting or UHP services (without abrasives) as specified by
maintenance departments, providing rust, paint coating or insulation removal
applications. Adding the potential of delivering a necessary anchor profile or
concrete roughness enhances job variety when surveying applications in the
mineral mining and extraction industry. Maintenance needs and turnaround
schedules are specified by purchasing and maintenance superintendents.
A pressure washing contractor wanting to break into this industry should
concentrate marketing activities on the housekeeping departments of administra-
tive buildings, their change-washrooms and building hygiene needs, cleaning
exterior and interior surfaces, fleet washing, or cleaning parking garages.
Maintenance shops may also provide specific applications for in-house vacuum
assist surface cleaning, or the hydrostatic test method of vessels and pipe systems
(Fig. 1.93). These can be offered with equipment ranging between 1,500 and
5,000 psi (pressure washer), supplying a simple water charge pump, certified
pressure relief valves for pressure washer and equipment being tested providing a
mechanical or electronic certified chart recorder to establish important vessel–pipe
test record by utilizing a converted dumb gun as the manual control charge valve.
These types of activities may open the door for a smaller service company to gain
bid status for tank cleaning applications, as well as drain, pipe and sewer cleaning
jobs. There are absolutely no limitations to your marketing efforts.
Fig. 1.93 Hydrostatic test

block
Contacts. Geological or mining engineers supervising construction, processing

or plant operations of open pit, quarry, underground mining environments or
engineers that are involved in the direct mineral processing operation of separating
minerals from dirt, rock or other materials. Plant-purchasing or maintenance
engineering departments for solvent extraction and leach plant processes, waste
water treatment management and facilities, storage, packing, trucking and rail
identities. Contact coal gasification plants; purchasing, engineering, maintenance
departments and plant hardware manufacturers, or industrial coating companies for
subcontractor status.
Resources. National Mining Association http://www.nma.org, Mining and
mineral associations, http://www.onemine.org, WJTA–SSPC, industrial and
commercial mining consultants, mechanical engineering and manufacturing
facilities for upgrades and hardware design, metallurgical engineering services and
their process engineering departments associated with gold, copper, zinc, uranium,
tungsten, nickel, tin, etc.
Safety. A multitude of safety procedures will be encountered in this industrial
environment and requires an in-plant safety training obligation for the contrac-
tor’s crew and can include a ‘‘Hazard-Awareness Assessment Program’’ for
surface and alternative mines. A mining safety engineer will always be present
or involved in one form or the other. They are responsible for labor safety,
monitoring-verifying mining environment, operational-performance in safety and
equipment-hardware compliance. Oxygen deficiency, explosive atmosphere and
exposure to toxic gases and vapors are possible. All federal-state and in-plant
safety requirements are enforced (OSHA–EPA). Frequently applications require
a combination of controls.
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Servicing Pelletizing plant, water treatment facilities, rail and field services.

1.12 Coffee, Tea, Cocoa Seeds, Leaves, Herbs Extraction-Processing 81
Fig. 1.94 Coffee roasting

unit
1.12 Coffee, Tea, Cocoa Seeds, Leaves, Herbs

Extraction-Processing
In 1954, the founder of WOMA Corp., selling chemicals, disinfectants and pump
equipment to dairies, concentrated and/or granulated milk producers,realized the
opportunity to develop and manufacture mobile and stationary plant equipment.
Heating hardware and related plant equipment (boilers, condensers, evaporators,
cyclones, tanks, etc.) developed excessive hard, stubborn or bulk contaminants in
milk concentration, powder operations and pasteurization processes. By applying
high-pressure water as a tool he realized the great reduction in cost compared to
manual and chemical cleaning methods then standard within this industry.
Municipal sewer and pipe cleaning methods, also in their infancy, applying the
high-pressure water hose propulsion technique (water jetting equipment), com-
bined with the emerging oil-hydraulic high-pressure oil transfer hose technology
(external steel wire reinforced), enabled him to adapt these technical developments
for the cleaning method with high-pressure water, and in doing so, delivering
application techniques as the pressure washing and hydro-blast industry identifies
these today. For contractors already involved in the food or beverage industry it is
a natural to consider the specialization of their service capability for manufac-
turing plants of heat sensitive and aroma based consumer products. The extraction,
centrifugal separation, concentration, filtration, aroma preservation, drying, spray
drying, agglomeration-granulation and powder handling procedures (Fig. 1.94)
and their subsequent process hardware are all individual identities in need of
pressure washing or hydro-blasting services. Extraction methods found in these
environments may differ with seeds, leaves or plant identity, which may include
the extraction and isolation of major food additives, pharmaceutical or industrial
base byproducts.
The coffee, tea and cacao bean extraction process and their evolving byproducts
may show some similarities in manufacturing hardware being serviced (heat
exchangers, filters, evaporators, tanks, process pipes, etc.).
Fig. 1.95 Process container-

tank
Decaffeination of coffee-tea or the spice and herbs extraction process (pulping)

can also be achieved through a water extraction method, in which, for instance
coffee beans are soaked, steamed and rinsed allowing the caffeine to defuse from
the beans into the water using no artificial chemicals.
Application variety and tooling will change in the direct solvent extraction
method. The decaffeination is accomplished by direct application off ethylene
chloride, ethyl acetate or carbon dioxide to the coffee beans. The beans are then
steamed to remove the residual solvents, dried and roasted. Plant hardware differs
from the water extraction method.
Cocoa derived from the cocoa plant (cocoa-beans), and utilized for cocoa milk,
chocolate, confections, but also for the extraction of Theo-bromine, a light central
nervous system stimulant as well as Theo-philene, a mild stimulant derived from
the tea leave and applied in pharmaceutical products, will differ only slightly in
tooling and gpm–psi requirements. Considering only a few extraction processes it
is obvious that there are vast application varieties and service possibilities avail-
able to the high and low-end service provider.
Health, sport or boutique oriented products requiring plant extraction processes
belong within this category and must be considered by the low-end service pro-
vider in smaller commercial business identities (Fig. 1.95). The growing specialty
product market, such as the development of the micro brewery industry, opened
the door for the low-end contractor (3-5,000 psi), especially when acquiring
knowledge in industry safety standards, hygiene and technical expertise.
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Evaporation facilities, bag house systems, maintenance shops, boilers
As in the food and beverage category, coffee, tea, cocoa and herb extraction
methods vary and offer a wide variety of process machinery (Fig. 1.96): Boilers,
heaters, heat exchangers, evaporators, mixers, box driers, cyclones or centrifugal
separators, vacuum drying equipment such as distillation equipment, air–gas–
liquid filtration systems of all types, freeze driers, roasters, grinders,–refrigeration
Fig. 1.96 Pasteurizing

equipment
and cooling environments, bag house units, smoke stacks, wet and dry storage
tanks and so forth.
The low-end contractor concentrates his service capability on in-plant cleaning
schedules, specializing in machine shop cleanups, cleaning of transportation
equipment such as delivery and product supply trucks, manufacturing equipment,
product storage facilities, silos, tanks, conveyor belt systems etc., or sterilizing and
possibly chemically treating production floors and production equipment, which
may include the hygiene areas for the plant labor forces, servicing exterior admin-
istrative offices, parking facilities, truck loading docks and so on. Researching the
extraction plants technical environment is of vital importance for future service
possibilities.
Contracting opportunities may be seasonal. The high-end service provider will
find most industrial application identities within this field. Acidic-corrosive
environments can be encountered and require metal preservation procedures
within boiler, condenser and tank cleaning operations. Food grade paint-coating
removal and installment applications in secondary containment areas and
production floor environments are also not unusual. Servicing water treatment
facilities, their storage tanks and filtration units is a reoccurring application
criterion.
It is an advantage to understand the multiphase operating systems encountered,
which may incorporate natural raw material extraction and separation technology,
atmospheric process systems, reflux or heat elevated pressure processes.
Contacts. Manufacturer’s engineering, purchasing, maintenance superinten-
dents for contracting status and possibilities. Process engineers specialized in food
drying–freezing and hardware such as air suspension drying equipment, atomizing,
fluidized bed drying facilities, flash drying and rotary or spray drying procedures.
Consulting services for roasting companies involved in business start-up and
expansion. Manufacturers producing artificial sugars, herbal oils and ointments
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Condenser, box driers, tanks, centrifugal separators, stacks.
utilizing supercritical fluid extraction and pharmaceutical-bio chemical extraction

processes, the beverage industry producing organic teas, coffees and juices, etc.
Resources. On the Internet, ‘‘Coffee extracts, decaffeination process’’, much of
today’s manufacturing and product extraction specifics can be researched and
studied, plant hardware manufacturers, plant engineering departments, Specialty

Roasters Guild of America, the directory for coffee marketing database (Associ-
ations), the National Food Processors Association, for contractor’s equipment,
WJTA, PNA, CETA, SSPC.
Safety. In addition to understanding and enforcing state and plant food safety-
hygiene regulations (FDA compliance), a multitude or combination of controls
may be necessary, including confined space entry permits, lockout-takeout pro-
cedures, hazardous material handling capability and so forth. Permitted in food for
human consumption (bulk chemicals) are food additives, microorganisms, chem-
icals and polymer substances which are present in specific containers and/or fouled
manufacturing equipment identities and may pose a threat to the labor force in a
condensed, liquid or gaseous state. Code of federal regulations: 21 CFR173
secondary direct food additives http://www.foodsafety.org.
1.13 Cement, Lime Manufacturing, Ready-Mix

Concrete Industries, Prefabricated Building
Assembly, Pipe, Brick and Block Manufacturing
The Portland cement and lime manufacturing environment, a relatively small

industrial identity in the late 1950s, was a significant contributor, not only for
service opportunities in a wide variety of power washing and hydro applications
but also in its support of practical how-to demonstrations within specific experi-
mental tool development stages. In this environment, working with water seemed
ludicrous. Introducing high-pressure water jets to dolomite lime (hydration) or
cement dust encrusted equipment, including layered deposits on roof structures,
plant structural framing, and hardware was not yet heard of. This created a far-
reaching skepticism with maintenance superintendents. Sentiments have changed
within the last 40 years. Understanding the environmental pressures, air emission
standards, control practices-equipment and hydro tool developments, the safety
oriented service provider, knowledgeable in plant operations, familiar with wet or
dry production processes and aware of the possibility of high or low reactivity of
cement or lime dust to moisture, has changed this sometimes adverse opinion. The
successful manipulation of large (dry-wet) product volumes or product-scale
behavior, adherence parameters, tensile strength and product solubility when
introduced to high-pressure water are today well documented fact.
Traditionally, to maintain a kiln in operation, the clinker ring buildup frag-
mentation in problem areas was performed via an externally mounted Remington
cannon or other mechanical means. The hydro-method is based on thermal shock
fragmentation, applying high pressure, low-volume bursts directly to the clinker
buildup (Fig. 1.97) within a 75–100 feet distance from the inspection apertures
while the kiln rotates in a semi-full production cycle, thus maintaining necessary
1.13 Cement, Lime Manufacturing, Ready-Mix Concrete Industries 87
Fig. 1.97 Cement–lime kiln
internal kiln temperatures. While in rotation, correct nozzle-lance configuration

(angulations) prohibit structural and fire brick damage (refractory). Comparatively
minute or necessary water volumes will keep developing gases within operating
guidelines while effectively cooling the hp-lance and nozzle assembly. Initially,
the fracturing process with high-pressure water was developed by utilizing tech-
nical experience gained in clinker removal services performed by contractors in
fossil fueled (coal) steam boilers during the early 1960s with WOMA Corp.
equipment. The sheer length of modern cement–lime kilns (60–980 feet) and
today’s operational efficiency may render this clinker removal method inadequate,
except in areas where hydro lance access to clinker build-up can be provided
(control-inspection aperture). There are approximately 250 cement–lime manu-
facturing operations within the continental USA to be pursued by contractors.
Lime manufacturing facilities are not necessarily part of a cement plant. Lime
production or lime reclamation can also be found in the pulp-paper industry, sugar
refineries and so forth. They burn calcium and or magnesium carbonate, calcareous
materials as coral, chalk and shells or a mixture of liberating carbon dioxide to
obtain the derived oxide. The calcium oxide product from the kiln is generally
crushed, milled or screened and stored in silos. From storage, the burned lime is
delivered to the end-user in the form of quick lime or transferred to a hydrating
plant where it is reacted with water to produce slacked lime. A contractor’s
technical and sales force must study the integrate pollution prevention and control
mechanisms and their necessary plant equipment identities. Fugitive dust emis-
sions and debris buildup are comparable to cement kiln operations and therefore
abatement and hydro-blast cleaning procedures are similar. Job set-ups differ
between kiln type and size, wet or dry process, plants’ product volume manu-
factured and vertical shaft kilns found in antiquated or smaller companies pro-
ducing specialty products. Depending on the job description it may also be
Fig. 1.98 Kiln bag house and air filtration
important to be familiar with the energy type utilized within the clinker burning
process.
The hydro-blasting service provider will navigate his potential to air filtration
systems to clean bag house units (Fig. 1.98), stacks, flues, electrostatic precipi-
tators-scrubbers (wet or dry scrubbers), closed-loop water treatment facilities,
removal of sludge-lime-dust deposits in settling ponds, gravel bed filters, cooling
towers, silos, tanks and agitators. The hydro vacuum unit either directly employed
or fitted with a mobile product recovery box of 20–40–60–80 yard capacity, will
always be of advantage within these types of applications. Especially where
increased water usage must be kept to a minimum within the destruction of semi
solid concrete waste, or where lime-cement dust and silica buildup, filter cake
sedimentation must be dredged below or above water, liquefied, pumped, moved
or loaded.
Removal applications of tough scale or sedimentation found on internal in-plant
hardware, produced by the closed loop plant water which is laden with calcium
carbonate, chloride, magnesium, iron, silica traces and enriched with sulfuric acid
to balance water (ph-seven) are of a general nature. This includes hydrostatic test
procedures with turbine oil or de-mineralized water on pressurized plant equip-
ment, tanks or cleaning plant’s oil lube systems, oil-compressors, fuel storage and
transfer equipment, etc.
High or low temperature paint and coating removal applications may be
required when a premature brick failure (refractory) occurs on a pre-heater kiln,
main kiln, clinker cooler, or refractory lined vessels, resulting in a localized shell
deformity, forcing a unit shutdown. During the 16–20 h cool down period, plant
masons and maintenance superintendents will coordinate refractory or partial
refractory repair strategies. Hydro-blasting or UHP jetting procedures, removing
brick’s adhesion material from the interior shell reduces not only the overall
replacement cost but is environmentally friendly. Replaced steel can quickly be
water-sandblasted on site, creating the crucial anchor profile. Not all kiln plant
environments employ their own bricking masons or equipment (bricking robot
Fig. 1.99 Blending equipment
Fig. 1.100 Ready mix plant
equipment). It is advisable to locate kiln, maintenance identities involved in this

work for business opportunities.
The power washing contractor (3–5,000 psi.) should consider servicing
equipment in maintenance yards (over 8000 quarry operations exist), their
equipment and shop facilities, conveyor systems, crushing, grinding, milling,
proportioning, blending equipment or areas (Fig. 1.99) and loading ramps, load
towers, product packaging equipment labor hygiene areas, etc. Power-washing
companies do best when including water pick-up, filtration and recycling equip-
ment capabilities in their general services. Following the cement–lime product trail
into ready mix plants (Fig. 1.100) paving plants, concrete reclaim facilities and
portable mobile batch plants will greatly enhance marketing perspectives.
Fig. 1.101 Concrete batch

equipment
Fig. 1.102 Concrete precast yard
The ready-mix concrete industry exploded in the last few years to over 5,000
plus batch plants (mobile-stationary) throughout the continental USA offering
power-washing, hydro-blasting and UHP contractors a wide variety of opportu-
nities. Concrete batch equipment (Fig. 1.101), identified as low profile-central,
transit mix plants and paving plants, must be serviced before, during and after job
completion. Tilt mixers, hoppers, tanks, cement silos, conveyor equipment, cement
and concrete mixer trucks are the service targets. Primarily their function consists
of mixing water, cement, sand, gravel or crushed stone and delivering it into a
customer’s construction site in an unhardened state. Today’s entrepreneur spe-
cializing in this field will justify the necessary equipment investment by providing
application flexibility, versatility with his hydro tooling and support equipment,
demanding a wider customer base within a construction cycle or throughout the
general construction and maintenance environment, including offering services to
heavy equipment rental yards and used construction equipment suppliers.
Stationary pre-cast companies and their batch plants (Fig. 1.102) which
manufacture pipe, brick, block, architectural components and hollow core concrete
extrusion products such as building panels (Fig. 1.103), bridge girders, under-
ground tanks etc., also belong to the customer base of a quality contractor ser-
vicing the cement, lime, and concrete industry. Their tooling requirements also
permit offering services to pottery, ceramics and plumbing fixture manufacturers
engaged in shaping, molding, glazing and firing ceramics. This also includes the
glass product, glass fiber manufacturing industries, where again, a high tempera-
ture conversion of various raw materials (milled quarry products, recycled glass),
Fig. 1.103 Building panels
Fig. 1.104 Brick-block and

building composite’s yard
predominantly borosilicate, is the prime process requiring services, such as

cleaning refining equipment, heat exchangers, boilers, condensers, flues, tanks,
water, air filtration equipment and last but not least, their specialty equipment
producing the end product.
Contacts. Quarry supervisor, engineer maintenance personnel, yard foreman
(Fig. 1.104). Cement process consultants, Cement–lime plant purchasing, main-
tenance and waste management personnel. Concrete batch plant operator, main-
tenance supervisor and concrete transportation identities. Pre-cast companies,
plant purchasing, maintenance superintendents, construction planning, construc-
tion site’s project engineer, project specifying personnel, architects, field engi-
neers, field superintendents, etc.
Resources. Cement and Concrete basics (http://www.cement.org). Equipment,
WJTA–SSPC–CETA–PWNA. Manufacturing locations, quarry-cement–lime
manufacturing associations, the area chamber of commerce, all other identities
applying high heat processes to quarry and industrial byproducts, PCA—Portland
Cement Association, NPCA—National Precast Concrete Manufacturers Associa-
tion, http://www.precast.org.
Safety. Guard against eye, skin and respiratory tract irritation from exposure to
cement dust, heat exertion, awkward work posture, chemical burns, incorporate
safety gear for caustic-gaseous environments, possible oxygen deprivation and
provide slip-trip-fall protection. Oversee safety meetings before job commence-
ment and tailgate meeting with the labor force. Study safe practices in cement and
lime plants (Internet). Request details from specific trade associations. In general
consider all industrial, OSHA and in-plant must-do safety regulations. Most
environments and applications require a combination of safe practices, safety gear
and safety training and may differ between job assignments.
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Landfill, other uses

Limestone Gaseous Emissions
Clay, Shale,
Sandstone,
Iron Ore Product
crushing and grinding recovery
Raw materials Storage & Kiln & preheater & precalciner &
Finishing Mill blending clinker cooler fine grinding
Slag’s, Fly-ash
Bottom-ash
Alumina, Mill scale
Finished product Packaging

Portland & blended
Masonry cements
Fuels
Natural gas Storage Additives
Coal, Coke crushing & Gypsum 3 to 7%
Fuel oil blending Storage & Fly-ash, Pozzolanes, GGBFS for
Liquid-solid Loading Blended cements
Waste
Limestone, lime as plasticizers

Customer Masonry cements
Product manufacturing equipment, flues, precipitators, stacks, conveyor belts, trucks, heat exchangers, cooling towers,
kilns, water treatment facility.

1.14 Dairy Foods, Byproducts and Derivatives, Milk Processing, Concentrates, Powders 93
1.14 Dairy Foods, Byproducts and Derivatives,

Milk Processing, Concentrates, Powders,
Refrigerated-Frozen Dairy Products
In the early 1950s compact reciprocating pumps featuring low water volume at
comparatively high pressure configurations (1,200 psi) were introduced by FMC
Myers Corp., USA. The commercial and industrial versatility of this equipment
proved valuable to Mr. Wolfgang Maasberg Sr. the founder of WOMA Corp.
Subsequently, surprising Myers Corp. by his modifications and add-ons, trans-
forming their equipment to then unknown commercial-industrial identity intro-
duced to the USA as Hydro Blast Equipment, or today referred to as Water
Blasting Equipment, in Europe-England (WOMA-England) as Water Jetting
Equipment and in Germany as Hochdruck-Wasserstrahl-Gerate, later registered as
ATÜMAT (High Pressure Water Jet Equipment). In 1954 Wolfgang Maasberg’s
company, in its infancy, was selling industrial pumps, chemicals and chemical
cleaning solutions to the dairy and general food industry. It became apparent that
after a dairy’s high heat processing cycles, most hardened product residue and bulk
material adhering to the disassembled manufacturing hardware could be removed
with available water pressures, manually administered with a rudimentary spring
controlled valve assembly, similar in appearance to that of a pistol, hence in
German ‘‘hochdruck wasser strahl pistole’’ (high pressure water jet gun). In
avoiding equipment disassembly or reducing obvious chemical, time and labor
costs to the customer, the need to provide specialty tooling designed to manipulate
water jets in hard to reach or distant internal equipment areas spawned WOMAs
future. This prompted aggressive business and engineering commitments by per-
sistently developing new tool capabilities for application procedures not yet
available to the general industry.
The pressure washing contractor, cleaning and sanitizing the dairies free or tie
stall barns (Fig. 1.105), tunnel ventilation systems, automated and gravity flow
manure gutters, feed storage silos, tractors-animal trailers and farm equipment, etc.
or making use of his pressure washing equipment’s hydro-vacuum system in
servicing settling ponds or underground tanks (sludge-sedimentation removal
practices, etc.) which includes cleaning water treatment facilities and regenerating
water wells, could consider expansion of his service capabilities to the milk parlor
environment.
In researching this possibility he will realize quickly that hygienic work habits,
sanitation, hygienic support equipment, hydro tool design and the use of chemical
applications differ greatly when compared to livestock areas and equipment
cleaning operations.
Regardless of the contractor’s prior quality in labor hygiene practices and
general sanitation programs, when in job solicitation or cleaning operation, he
must incorporate and perform a series of protocols and personal equipment
cleaning procedures, aimed to eliminate possible prior exposure possibilities (feed
Fig. 1.105 Dairy feed stall
Fig. 1.106 Dairy milk parlor

and equipment
and livestock area) to avoid a cross contamination into the milk parlor or dairies
product manufacturing environment (Fig. 1.106). The possibility of spreading
foreign organisms and bacteria, including unidentified soil and microbial product
residue from prior jobs. or human viral influences cannot be permitted.
When involved with dairy purchasing and maintenance departments, it is
especially important that one adheres strictly to the established controls that pre-
vent, reduce or eliminate problems from occurring. Contractors are under intense
scrutiny to avoid any possible introduction of foreign micro-organisms such as
bacteria, mold or yeast to the milk processing environment which also results in
poorer product quality and shelf life.
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Tanks, tanker trucks, loading docks, cooling towers, water treatment facilities.

Fig. 1.107 Dairying plant
When establishing a sanitation program, the plant’s (Fig. 1.107) maintenance-

process engineer and laboratory personnel must be involved to identify and pri-
oritize remedies against the possible introduction of harmful organisms. The
contractor should advise or design with the customer the necessary chemical
resources, composition and ratios to be applied with high-pressure water before,
during and after cleaning requirements. This includes identifying adequate blast
water for areas or equipment in question, equipment changeover to various plant
locations, equipment breakdown, sanitation and correctly discarding job essentials
such as gloves, coveralls, tarpaulin, earplugs, spent eye wear, empty containers,
etc. after a job completion. To be effective, every service provider’s employee
must know that it is part of his or her job description to eliminate the risk of
contamination possibilities to the area, equipment and product by effectively
implementing established sanitation guidelines. All written procedures and state-
ments must be signed by maintenance-laboratory personnel, providing the job
history. The validated program is added to the bid paperwork, gear-equipment-job
report folder and must be saved for possible inspections or verifications.
It is of an advantage to be knowledgeable of the plants hazardous analysis,
critical control point system (HACCP) and guidelines, providing the operational
quality assurance within specific production-equipment-hardware (Fig. 1.108) or
plant areas to by serviced.
This does not necessarily rely on testing the final product manufactured but
concentrates more specifically on internal hygiene, laboratory tests of all milk
products and their contact surfaces, plant operating temperatures and equipment
operating parameters throughout all storage—sterilization–pasteurization—man-
ufacturing cycles and plant maintenance processes.
Today’s milk processing environment and product cycle is highly automated
and features a clean-in-place system (CIP) and procedure, accommodating the
industry’s necessary cleaning ordinances or better cleaning intervals for raw or
heat treated milk storage facilities, including all inline milk contact surfaces
(Fig. 1.109) of plant processing equipment.
Fig. 1.108 Dairy product

vessels
Fig. 1.109 Cream

pasteurization equipment
Milk contact surfaces may feature a variety of scales (milk stone, powders, fats,
etc.) and differ not only by product being manufactured and transferred, but also
vary do to CIP flushing or cycling of specific dairy detergent-wash solutions.
These may be chlorinated alkaline or hot-acid-caustics, low or high temperature
fluids and are designed for plants specific process and hardware requirements. The
solution is circulated throughout the system with a relatively high fluid velocity
and then returned to the holding reservoir.
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Water pretreatment plant, boilers, condensers, evaporators, filtration systems.

Fig. 1.110 a Chiller-

condenser, b condenser tubes
Offering cleaning procedures and application technologies with limited or non

misting side effects (overspray), utilizing available hydro vacuum systems-
equipment and recycling the necessary blast water within the dairy environment
will find a positive response from maintenance superintendents, laboratory
personnel and purchasing-management alike.
Elevated water pressures are mainly necessary in the high heat producing part
of the plant. Cleaning milk powder equipment, their product lines, conveyors,
boilers, heat exchangers (Fig. 1.110a, b) water and milk evaporators, cooling
towers, filter housings and waste water treatment centers, sewers and drainage
pipes are some more of the general hydro-cleaning varieties encountered.
Typically, a service provider will gain access to the milk reception, processing,
product manufacturing and storage-distribution areas only when a facility mal-
functions or a routine plant shutdown is imminent. Modern dairies feature an
abundance of welded and continuous product transfer pipes (Fig. 14.7), tanks and
silos, hopefully with strategic access ports, permitting the application of flex lance
technology and equipment. To achieve high velocity water access to all hidden or
cumbersome internal areas, gasket, flange and possibly inaccessible pipe surfaces
are in need of special attention when hydro-tool selections are considered. In large
plants, milk tank trucks are cleaned and sanitized internally. Maintenance
departments verify and tag each time the tanker is cleaned and perform a log book
record for each procedure. This does not mean that external truck cleaning
operations cannot be offered.
Ice cream and frozen yogurt manufacturing facilities are another opportunity
for service providers. The conversion of skim milk, milk fat, milk solids, sucrose,
corn syrup, emulsifiers and specialty ingredients into ice cream or yogurt by
fermentation, blending, mixing, pasteurizing, homogenizing, aging, freezing,
hardening, packaging, storage and distribution offers numerous application vari-
eties. Milk, milk byproducts, fruit, chocolate and a diverse variety of ingredients
added to the variety of manufactured products demand the same diligent opera-
tional integrity, applying hygiene, sanitation and biosecurity guidelines. Product
transfer pipes (Fig. 1.111), silos, tanks, filtration equipment, heat exchangers,
boilers, cooling towers, refrigeration-freezing equipment, waste water or water
treatment centers, trucking and warehousing are all points of interest.
Contacts. Farm-Dairy-operations, unit managers, feed managers, veterinarians,
feed suppliers, Artisan cheese and ice cream manufacturers, farm equipment
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Feed silos, silo cleaning, mist eliminators, general building sanitation.

Fig. 1.111 Dairying transfer pipes
repair-maintenance and dairy product storage (refrigeration) and transportation

facilities, etc.
Resources. Equipment, WJTA, CTA, PNA, for coatings SSPC, dairy industry
resources thru the Internet, dairy breed associations, local dairy associations, local,
national and international dairy foods associations, states milk inspection services,
etc.
Safety. Milk and dairy food safety guidelines, US-FDA, USDA, a multitude of
industrial safety, sanitation, hygiene, operator training and supervision procedures
are required. http://www.cfsan.fda.gov.
1.15 Fish Hatcheries, Aquatic Farm Environments, Tropical

Marine Livestock Centers, Secondary Fish Processing
Plants, Lake and Pond Management, Fish Processing
Marine and freshwater aquaculture can be as the growing of fish and shellfish to
supplement natural supplies for recreational, tribal, commercial and scientific
purposes. At this point, everyone understands that during the last 40 years oceans
suffered unsustainable harvesting practices. Overall counts of many species are
dangerously low and cannot be expected to maintain their existence by natural
procreation alone. Global seafood consumption, national-international fishing
fleet’s offshore production capabilities, combined with the degradation of ocean
and landlocked spawning habitats by human populations, growth-activities and
subsequent ecological changes are the major forces which accelerated research,
development and construction of marine-freshwater aquatic farm environments.
Fig. 1.112 Fish farm ponds
The maintaining of fish health and their procreation in large numbers in a

confined space was the number one research-development question, which today
results in the aquaculture product penetration to markets in the millions of tons.
Fish-farms, hatcheries–nurseries rearing (Fig. 1.112), donor, brood fish pond
design-structures and commercial holding facilities differ by species (cold-cool-
warm-water), as do the water recirculation-treatment facilities and their possible
leach field layouts. The fish farm water source may also vary and could be ocean,
lake, stream, spring, surface or deep well water. In the early 1960s, with the
growing consciousness of biologists to better manage bacterial and biological
controls in the fish farm-hatchery environment, maintenance personnel began
utilizing a 150 hp hydro-blast unit, displacing the sewer jetting technique. This
resulted in a more effective rust, algae and bacteria removal practice of offshore
salt water supply and discharge lines operated by land-based marine hatcheries.
Ever since, power-washing and hydro-blast applications have been administered in
the aquatic farm environment.
Hot water above 190, at 3–8,000 psi removing bulk contamination (aquatic
growth, sedimentations, various scales, etc.) in its wake neutralizing harmful
bacteria not only on surfaces but also in otherwise difficult to penetrate crevices,
reset gasket areas, concrete fissures, etc. also results in a chemical cost reduction
when final startup prep procedures of equipment and related structures are per-
formed. Cleaning feed equipment and silos, tanks, commercial holding facilities,
interior or exterior race ways (Fig. 1.113) degassing units for catfish hatcheries,
packed column aerators and water treatment center equipment, including pipes,
filtration equipment and chillers, are considered general pressure washing appli-
cations. Fish farm or hatchery laboratories will advise as to the correct application
of disinfectants, for instance, applying a nonselective germicide (1% active iodine)
as is often utilized in laboratories and veterinarian facilities. Balancing fish pond
ecosystems and water quality standards are a vital management facet in farming
operations. Service companies should be able to perform water chemistry analyses
and interpretation to support ongoing application endeavors.
1.15 Fish Hatcheries, Aquatic Farm Environments, Tropical Marine Livestock Centers 103
Fig. 1.113 Race way facility
Fig. 1.114 Fish pond

environment
The hydro-vac dredging method can be utilized in several ways and is pref-
erably applied as a preventive pond cleaning procedure, removing fish-waste-feed-
algae controlling ammonia and nitrite levels, etc. before a fish kill occurs, or in a
prime dredging operation servicing pond bottoms (Fig. 1.114). Dredging opera-
tions can be performed at or below water levels, not disturbing or damaging
sensitive soil-clay-plastic pond liners. Gravel beds can be pulled, gravel cleaned
and returned to pond bottom and the effluent can be pumped directly to leach
fields, tanker trucks and water filtration-recycling systems. In this application the
hydro-vac method is far superior, providing application versatility, tool variety and
cost effectiveness in comparison to other dredging operations.
Expansion or renovation of existing hatcheries, spawning facilities, concrete
raceways, etc. may call for partial-total concrete or coating removal, construction
site or prep-cleanup. Serious contractors will pursue and qualify for a subcon-
tractor status with all structural and equipment manufacturing identities involved
within the aquatic farm industry. A variety of hydro blasting and pressure washing
techniques found in the aquatic farm environment can also be transferred to the
tropical marine rearing, holding and exhibition environment. Lake and pond
Fig. 1.115 Processing

equipment
management companies also share similar job opportunities, but most likely are
not driven by the high priority sanitation concerns fish farms-hatcheries-processors
must consider.
Developing national and international industry trends, incorporating processing
capabilities adjacent or within a fish farm environment expands the overall
application variety and business opportunity into the processing (Fig. 1.115),
packaging and transportation field.
On-shore seasonal or periodic manufacturing schedules, species variety and the
variation in processing systems in today’s conversion of raw materials for human
consumption, revolves around or includes freezing, drying, smoking, spiced-
marinated (pickled) products, cooking, frying-breaded, canning, vacuum packing,
cold storage, etc. Most large canneries also operate a fish meal and/or fish oil
production facility, applying high heat and vacuum, drying, grinding processes.
The hazardous analysis critical control point system (HACCP) and specifica-
tions varies between processors and is tailored to their specific production needs.
Opportunities for pollution prevention, odor control, bacteria-decontamination
procedures, cleaning process equipment, production areas and so forth between
seasonal or product manufacturing cycles, differ from most at sea processor
environments.
Studying spawning facilities within the food industry segment encountered will
quickly enlighten a service provider of possible application opportunities.
Following the in-plant water usage trail, which includes water for refrigeration
systems, washing of raw materials and process equipment, conveying products
from one process area to another, dissolving and extraction processes, steam
generation for cooking-heating, evaporators and turbines, etc. ending with cooling
towers and water treatment facilities is a clear indicator to the abundance of
application possibilities Fig. 1.116.
Fig. 1.116 Spawning

facilities
Soiled boilers, condensers, heat exchangers, cooling towers, refrigeration

equipment, wastewater treatment facilities, manufacturing floors including
receiving-distribution areas provide standard application identities to contractors.
A bacteria free environment is essential to shellfish producers. The service
provider may offer scale removal-cleaning of water supply pipelines over exten-
sive distances, under water cleaning of shellfish breeding surfaces, removing
barnacles on stock pylons and separating kelp from base material-surfaces.
Within this environment 90% of applications are performed with hot or cold
water between 3 and 12,000 psi. Offering an expert chemical application proce-
dure by providing a precise chemical-water ratio metering control is also of
importance to the customer.
Fresh, round or dressed, frozen fish, fillets, shellfish and crustacean products are
highly susceptible to texture breakdown, decomposition, discoloration and flavor
changes caused by a multitude of natural and circumstantial factors. Supervisory
and maintenance personnel striving to minimize spoilage, maintaining their
product integrity, desired palatability and shelf life, demand that a contractor or
service provider perform his operation within all specified plant ordinances,
varying by species and subsequent products manufactured. The FDA’s food
hygiene requirements and guidelines concerning personnel and equipment utilized
by service providers are always enforced.
Contacts. State fish hatchery complexes, Fish and wildlife services (USFWS),
state water conservation districts, licensed and authorized commercial and private
hatcheries, consultants for design, construction of fish hatcheries, aquaculture
consultants for shellfish and marine fish farming, fish feed manufacturers, the
laboratories involved with fish health, environmental monitoring and technology,
fisheries-fish-farm biologist and supervisor. Aquaculture water treatment facilities
and reclaim systems, engineering and design-management identities. Fish stocking
operations, and transportation companies, fish processor, their purchasing-main-
tenance departments, specialty products operations, canneries, etc.
Resource. For equipment, contractors, coatings, WJTA, PNA, CETA, SSPC,
plant’s HACCP system identifying FDA’s critical inspection points.
Safety. FDA’s and OSHA regulations are enforced, according to application

encountered, many applications frequently require a combination of controls and
all industrial standards can be expected.
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Boilers, condensers, chillers, cooling towers, production facilities.

Fig. 1.117 Briggs and

Stratton
1.16 Food Service Industries, Food Processing Companies,

Produce Retailers, Suppliers,
Trucks-Trailers-Tankers-Railcars
The question as to who was first to utilize, ‘‘high-pressure water as a tool within
1,500–3,000 psi at 5 gpm or less, is probably related more to when cost effective
and reliable engines were available to withstand the demands triplex pumps
require in performing pressure washing operations. In the mid 1960s to early 1970s
Italian and Japanese firms developed and subsequently mass-produced affordable
compact pumps. They were, for all purposes quite similar to their big brothers,
operating at 25–150 hp., featuring a V. packing design, ceramic plunger sleeves,
caged plate valves, manual pressure regulation combined with a pressure relief
function for manual trigger-gun operations (avoiding the dump-gun service),
controlling water usage and undesirable side effects. At this time engine manu-
facturers including Briggs and Stratton (Fig. 1.117), Honda (Fig. 1.118), Kohler
(Fig. 1.119), Kubota, etc., developed suitable engines (5–20 hp.) by taking into
account the operational rigor reciprocating pumps may undergo within a service
application. This engineering and design event facilitated adequate pump drives,
revolutionizing the new-age pressure-washing industry.
Some ask why hydro-blast equipment manufacturers were slow to respond or
passive to the existing pressure-washing market. One answer is that they actively
pursued the complexity of the emerging industrial potential in operating above
25–150 hp, providing application specific water volumes and tool combinations
(interchangeable piston-plunger combinations). Or, one can also theorize that
within the constant quest to produce higher pressures and water volumes above
25 hp. (capping out in the mid 1960s at 150 hp), application varieties below 25 hp.
were all of secondary interest and only important to service providers capable of
operating multiple hydro-tool combinations of one triplex pump in a specific job
environment. I speculate that service providers and manufacturers alike did not
anticipate an adequate amortization or return on their investment in emerging
markets at 2–5 gpm and 1,500–5,000 psi. This is most surprising considering the
vast amount of jobs available within this performance criterion.
1.16 Food Service Industries, Food Processing Companies 109
Fig. 1.118 Honda
Fig. 1.119 Kohler

Fig. 1.120 Prison facilities
This was not the case with steam vapor-hot water equipment manufacturers
who understood the added application advantages in the commercial service-
cleaning industry. Incorporating or outfitting the available hot water or steam
technology with these pumps (5–18 hp.) resulted in a variety of high-pressure
water-steam equipment combinations, followed by the birth of the modern mobile
and stationary hot–cold water pressure-washer and systems (1,500–9,000 psi).
The successful downsizing of existing hydro-tool varieties (5–10,000 psi) was
also of benefit to service companies. Today, the industry supplies manually
adjustable pressure regulators, pipe cleaning nozzles, abrasive injectors and tank
cleaning heads, spin-jets for flat or vertical work, hp-gun-wand-flex lance com-
binations and their nozzle technology. Industrial vacuum heads-equipment,
product separation techniques and up-down-stream chemical metering equipment,
etc., accommodating gpm–psi ranges associated with the pressure-washing
industry, were also modified and successfully applied. These events quickly cre-
ated application marketability for cleaning private, commercial and industrial
environments.
In the USA, leading equipment manufacturers (1,500–5,000 psi) with foresight,
at their own time and expense, accelerated the design and development of closed
looped water recycling-filtration-evaporation and reverse osmosis systems. These
systems are today readily available in stationary and mobile form, supporting the
service industry’s application marketability, in particular where environmental
constraints and liquid waste disposal regulations require detailed attention.
The food service industry established compliance requirements regulating fire
hazard control, air quality-temperature and food safety within the transporta-
tion, produce-storage-handling and assembly areas, identified as produce receiving
area, cold-storage, refrigerated walk-in facilities, product prep-rooms and kitchens.
These requirements are well documented and competing service providers should
familiarize themselves with them. In their constant daily routine and effort to
eliminate the introduction of food borne illnesses and possible fire hazards, res-
taurant owners, chefs and custodial management in institutions such as prisons
(Fig. 1.120), healthcare organizations, schools and corporate kitchens expect
service providers and their labor force to submit appropriate certification in
Fig. 1.121 Fast food

industry
kitchen exhaust cleaning procedures. This includes incorporating the practical

relevance or variety between cleaning and sanitizing objectives, correct waste
removal practices and if necessary, implementing closed looped water-refuse fil-
tration recycling methods. Alkaline-detergents-acids-solvents-disinfectants their
implementation-concentration and neutralization within a job requirement must be
governed by health department’s sanitary guidelines and FDA approved. Product
containers must visually identify contents by displaying up-to-date material safety
data documentation (MSDS). Jobsite access where nonessential personnel traffic
could occur may also require this visual warning or identification of hp-washing
operations and potentially hazardous products in use. As for over the road trans-
portation, MSDS documentation must identify and accompany chemical-powders
and liquids. Drivers must display a visual warning-identification sign on the back
of the vehicle in question.
For the most part, within their business-theme and on their premises, the fast
food industry (Fig. 1.121), designed and developed exhaust hood-duct and fire
prevention equipment to better facilitate services and cleaning procedures. Ser-
vices and oil-grease removal-pickup schedules are determined by operating time
and the product volume manufactured. They further present a wide variety of job
opportunities. Their premises require periodic attention, which could include
cleaning restaurants drive-thru (flat work), exterior customer window assemblies,
parking or pedestrian areas, children play facilities, produce receiving areas
(loading docks), garbage-refuse locations and dry storage surfaces. Oil recycling
areas and equipment, which can include an incinerator environment in need of
services, or graffiti removal applications, are all further possibilities for a
contractor.
State and County health and fire departments are not yet nationally unified in a
standardized inspection curriculum for restaurant hood-duct systems. The decision
to incorporate adequate cleaning intervals is mostly left to the judgment of facility
operators. Therefore, commercial duct-hood cleaning-sanitizing schedules and
their service complexity may vary drastically between business locations and their
Fig. 1.122 Fire

extinguishing-suppression
equipment
Fig. 1.123 Denatured fat

contaminated surfaces after
cleaning
management. Today, they can prove in large measure similar in intricacy to hydro
blast operations. This is in part due to cuisine variety, product volume, type of
cooking oil-fats-moisture and temperature utilized in the production process.
Furthermore, exhaust systems efficiency, oil-grease filter type (grease removal
devices), the design of fire extinguishing-suppression equipment (Fig. 1.122), their
location and a duct systems age-structural integrity or accessibility are all con-
stantly changing factors playing a part in these challenges.
Chemical applications within a kitchen (approved acids, solvent, soaps) and the
wide variety of high-pressure water tools, their jetting characteristics manipulating
oil-grease or denatured fat contaminated surfaces (Fig. 1.123), demands effective
tarpaulin-covering procedures (splash proofing) to minimize and direct water-
refuse overspray into the nearest containment area, always keeping food safety
Fig. 1.124 Roof duct installation and fan assemblies
regulations and overall cleanliness in mind. This requires practical experience and
incorporating application oriented flexibility within every encountered jobsite.
Incomplete or mediocre cleaning procedures may also present a liability factor
to a service provider. Most hood-duct fires are due to burning foodstuffs.
According to state-county enforced fire codes, when performing grease extraction
procedures on hood canopies, grease-traps, grease filtration-extractors and their
kitchen exhaust duct system, including duct risers, roof installation and fan
assemblies, a service provider must be properly trained, certified and qualified to
recognize different types of commercial kitchen exhaust systems and components
(Fig. 1.124). Identifying a noncompliant system, often found in older establish-
ments (grandfathered), and when restaurant ownership changes sporadically,
demands proper recording-reporting of non compliance for tool inaccessibility,
blind spots and possible oil-grease leak or pooling situations. In short, reporting
the overall status before, during and after a system is serviced is a requirement.
With proper technical authority, this may also involve the installation of grease
proof, air, fire and water tight service access doors to inaccessible areas of a
system. Basic plumbing, sheet metal fabrication skills, knowledge of electrical
circuitry and performing lockout-takeout measures is a necessary prerequisite. The
contractor is expected to test the system after job completion, guaranteeing and
making ready for proper functionality before any restaurant activity or function
continues. Training and employing an educated labor force is very important.
Labor dress codes, safety and hygiene methods should also be responsibly guided
and not seen as a negative criterion, rather as a necessary professional, safety
oriented function, resulting in the customer’s ease of mind and supporting
management in their sales efforts. When scheduling services, take into account a
kitchens natural operating and down times, which might include operations in
produce receiving, storage and prep areas.
Having proper education and experience in ventilation control, fire-protection-
prevention and or equipment supply industry for commercial cooking facilities
offers further opportunities. This includes servicing and, if necessary, charging fire
Fig. 1.125 Food-produce

retailers
suppression systems to guarantee their functionality and upgrading exhaust sys-

tems to current (NFPA) fire code requirements.
Technically well versed contractors or entrepreneurs can also expand their
potential into the grease interceptor business. In general, their sizes are determined
by product volume-usage and existing uniform plumbing codes or otherwise local
standards. Externally situated, these grease interceptor units hold a minimum of
650 gallons plus effluent. Pumper truck employment (hydro-vac system) and
possible microbial treatment procedures are of essence. Cleaning the air-condi-
tioning system’s (duct work) evaporation coolers, etc. is also an important facet.
Food-produce retailers (Fig. 1.125) offer obvious application varieties, starting
with cleaning shopping carts, floor surfaces in produce receiving or warehousing
facilities, refuse locations, pedestrian and parking areas. Employing the closed
loop high-pressure water cleaning method is ideal, in particular in equipment
service areas or suppliers-customer vehicle parking locations where dirt and oil
accumulations are likely. Federal and most local laws will not permit the intro-
duction of created effluent by pressure washing operations into the storm water
conveyance systems. Due to the intensive use of disinfectants, harsh cleaning
solutions, acidic produce, heavy human and equipment traffic, coating renewal or
removal applications in warehousing, cold storage and produce display areas are
also common job descriptions. Some retailers also operate in-house restaurant or
kitchen style food service, requiring periodic hood-duct cleaning applications.
Besides operating highly sophisticated computerized distribution centers, giant
national supermarket chains often maintain bread, milk, cheese or ice cream
manufacturing environments (Fig. 1.126) where standardized high-pressure water
cleaning solutions are of necessity.
All food processing-manufacturing activities, including packaging, storage and
transportation, are conducted under conditions and controls necessary to minimize
the potential for growth of microorganisms or other possible contamination. The
industries complying with these requirements monitor physical factors such as
time, temperature, humidity, pH, pressure and product flow rates in manufacturing
Fig. 1.126 Dairying plant
processes such as freezing, hydration, dehydration, heat processing, acidification

and refrigeration. The industries risk assessment for possible product contamina-
tion led to establishing critical control points (HACCP) throughout the manufac-
turing process. Plant cleaning schedules challenging suspicious food or edible
product contact areas accelerated the design and manufacturing of stationary hot
and cold pressure washer systems. They are placed in production facilities sup-
porting sanitation standing operational procedures (SSOP). This fact does not add
to or diminish the business potential for a contractor. Most service opportunities
are created during production line shutdowns or product changeover procedures
which can be seasonal or when starting up a new product line requiring cleaning of
contaminated hardware components. In the food retail-processing environment a
prerequisite might exist that the contractor’s equipment or support tooling be
designed to their industry standards.
The aspiring entrepreneur does well when realizing the type of energy and
hardware applied within specific manufacturing processes. Boilers and steam gen-
erators, heat transfer equipment (condensers, heat exchangers), cooling towers,
pumps, air compressors, their pressure and discharge product lines, water treatment
facilities, refrigeration, freezer hardware and areas, are often the heart of a process
environment. Bakery, candy, confectionery processes, beverage and cannery envi-
ronments, dairy products, dressing and sauces, vacuum packed frozen-refrigerated
fruit and vegetables, grain and cereals, meat, poultry or seafood products, snack
foods, etc. are all manufactured with production equipment and areas in need of
periodic services. Ovens and driers, precipitators, tanks, mechanical-centrifugal or
bag house filtration units, accumulators, mixing-blending or fermentation vessels,
product forming, sorting, grading equipment, packaging machinery or product
conveyors are only a few equipment identities. It can be noted, as within the produce
retailer’s environment, that acidic activities of foodstuffs, thermal conditions and
mechanical forces by loading equipment, etc. to floor coverings accelerates wear and
tear demanding frequent removal and installation procedures of FDA-USDA
Fig. 1.127 2D nozzle carrier

extended
approved floor systems. Working with paint-coating installers can be a viable sub-
contracting possibility.
In the mid 1960s the first nozzle carriers with an automated rotary function
were developed, operating at 7,000 psi delivering 36 gpm (Fig. 1.127) and pressed
into industrial services for evaporator, tanks, autoclaves, rail tankers and tanker
truck cleaning applications. Rotary nozzle carriers outfitted with various acces-
sories drastically improved the industrial application potential. This type of
equipment was engaged throughout the commercial, industrial and military sector,
including smokestack maintenance (Fig. 1.128), sewer, horizontal-vertical
Fig. 1.129 Rail-tanker telescoping fixture
Fig. 1.130 3D Tank nozzle
industrial pipe cleaning operations, container and casing decontamination proce-

dures (Fig. 1.129).
In the mid 1960s, the first high pressure 3D nozzles (Fig. 1.130) became
functional, producing further enhanced cleaning methods, operating at 7,000 psi
up to 89 gpm. This profound nozzle technology often eliminated the otherwise
customary confined space entry method found necessary in square-round-elon-
gated tanks or spaces by permitting water jets to reach all problem corners and
areas. At that time, this type of equipment was temperamental, nevertheless, an
industry benchmark in its performance criteria and today is an industry standard
for performing cleaning and product scaling operations within most available low
to high pressure gpm–psi ranges.
Since the conception of water as a tool, refrigerated trucks, trailers, tankers and
railcars, the major movers of foodstuffs, have been cleaned with hot or cold
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Food service industries, food retailing, suppliers, food processing companies, tanks, trucks, trailers, railcars, and
mechanical equipment.

Fig. 1.131 Fleet washing
high-pressure water in one form or another. As well as mobile foodservice units,

this type of equipment is today cleaned only by incorporating EPA (Clean Water
Act), state and city guidelines, regulating industrial and commercial wash water
discharges. The continued cleaning with high-pressure water and sometimes
necessary chemistry, in rural and industrial areas, of trucks, trailers and for this
matter all other mechanical equipment on unprotected permeable grounds, is
deemed environmentally an unacceptable work method. This includes not only the
illegal discharge of waste or wash-water to open ground-soils-gravel surfaces, but
also into storm sewers and septic systems.
Regardless of the job in question, qualified and conscionable service providers
will always first consider the possible environmental impact by the downstream
blast water refuse. In these service areas, past inappropriate precautions resulted in
gradually accumulatively developing leach fields containing high-levels of pol-
lutants which contaminated surface-soil-ground-aquifers and subsequent well or
potable water sources for decades to come. Responsible for this are the possible
pollutants in turbid wash water. Liquid waste containing total dissolved solids in
excess of 400 mg/l or containing a chemical oxygen demand in excess of 45 mg/l,
detergents and materials causing foaming or frothing, acids or alkaline substances
having a pH value lower than six or higher than 10., traces of emulsified oils-
grease and/or toxins such as benzene, cadmium, chromium, toluene, mercury,
copper, lead, metals, etc. must never be introduced to the separate storm water
conveyance system. EPA, state, county and city drainage utility authorities under
the national pollution discharge elimination system (NPDES) controlling storm
water discharges from sites of industrial activity, prohibit all non storm water
discharges to the municipal separate storm water conveyance systems. In
researching all necessary regulations, a service provider is best advised to consider
the closed loop non discharge cleaning method to avoid the obvious, but also
possible implications resulting from past activities by unknown violator.
This no discharge reality, in itself, presents a terrific business opportunity. Fleet
washing (Fig. 1.131) demands a high degree of trade flexibility. Engaging in
weekend and night work, having emergency response capabilities and tooling
Fig. 1.132 Wash-water

recovery
befitting the multitude of a fleet owner’s equipment and location varieties, means
maintaining a qualified labor force, planning and organizational skills.
A ‘‘one size fits all’’ equipment and tool selection must be viewed with
skepticism.
Primary cleaning considerations are;
1. The type of road film encountered and remaining waste of previous products
transported; 2. Vehicles or equipment purpose, seasonal circumstances, fleet
location, scheduling requirements, location of possibly necessary electric power
and water sources; 3. Ground, refuse runoff conditions or circumstances must
conform to EPA, state, county-city-locality wastewater discharge regulations.
For the most part, variables will likely change between jobsites. Local muni-
cipal ordinances can also be more stringent than federal regulations and can
include heightened discharge policies regarding sanitary sewer systems by limiting
the liquid volume introduction (gpm) of non-hazardous wash water. Varying in
cost, municipal waste water discharge permits can be a requirement regardless of
the wastewater volume in question. Concentrating any liquid waste stream on a
customer’s site can result in a hazardous product. In general, only when service
providers remove unidentified hazardous materials from a customer’s location,
will he become partially or fully responsible for the correct disposal of such
materials. In addition to EPA and FDA regulations, most city and counties offer
internet resources for non-storm water discharges, providing waste water treatment
links. Some incorporate best management practices for mobile pressure washing
services. Once these parameters are understood, qualified equipment and tool
selections can be determined.
The savvy service provider will find professional products-tooling and chemical
rinse aids specifically designed for closed loop wash water pickup (Fig. 1.132),
incorporating removal of fine solids and pollutants such as oil and grease
manipulated by vacuum, water filtration-recycling-compacting and/or possible
evaporation methods. As well as fleet and equipment washing, justifying the
investment in such equipment is a matter of the company’s entrepreneurial growth
and future potential. Mobile integrated mat and vacuum boom systems, sewer-pipe
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Kitchen hood canopies, air duct exhaust cleaning, grease filtration-extractor services, fleet washing,
and drive-thru’s.

drain covers, tarps, wet-dry vacuum equipment with an internal sump-pump

function, converting pressure washing-hydro blasting equipment to hydro-vac
technology and most importantly, choosing job specific tooling-essentials, keeping
application flexibility in mind, enhances the contractor’s application potential and
overall marketability. Most equipment can be utilized for disaster cleanup or
servicing parking garage facilities, gas stations, bank drive-thru, building resto-
ration work or, for instance, in general area decontamination of crime scenes and
accident sites, floor and equipment services in machine shops, warehouse facilities,
and in most other in-house surface cleaning operations.
Contacts. Hotels, restaurants, institutions, food-produce retailers, food pro-
cessing-manufacturing, process engineers, maintenance-services, purchasing
departments, product transportation environments, their purchasing-maintenance
personnel or facility managers.
Resources. Refrigerated Transportation and Warehouse Association,
http://www.IARW.com, Areas ‘‘Food Processors Association,’’ for possible cus-
tomer info, http://www.mwfpa.org. Internet; ‘‘Storm water management and dis-
charge control’’, Best management practices for mobile cleaning’’, EPA, state, city
or county wastewater discharge departments, local fire departments for existing
regulations and fire prevention codes (restaurants), etc.
Safety. FDA, and OSHA regulations within the specific commercial or indus-
trial environment.
1.17 Foundries, Steel Mills, Forging Shops, Nonferrous

Metal Industries, Pelletizing (DRI) Plant
Some consider the hydraulic mining method the first high-pressure water appli-
cation within the mining and metals industry.
That is highly debatable, considering the prerequisite of an industrial pump,
wire braided reinforced hoses, suitable 4,000 psi plus pressure gauges and high-
pressure water a. tools, all of which had not yet been developed. The washing and
removing of ore from a prospecting site by a concentrated high-volume low
pressure water jet ended as a controversial mining technique. First by gravity flow,
later by steam engine-pump combination, developed water pressure and on the
hillside manually operating mounted nozzle contraptions provided the mechanical
force. Some applied Bernoulli’s nozzle design criteria, expediting dislocation of
mineral aggregate in the millions of tons, leaving much of the affected environ-
ment in shambles. In the early 1900s, quench procedures performed on red hot
metal surfaces applying a thermal shock with water (spray bar over rolling stock)
is also referred to by some as one of the early high-pressure water application
techniques. Again, this is suspect as this technique did not represent a new method
1.17 Foundries, Steel Mills, Forging Shops, Nonferrous Metal Industries 123
Fig. 1.133 a DRI plant, b Smelter, c Foundry
of slag scale removal within the industry (Fig. 1.133). The notion that anyone in
the 1800s to mid 1900s produced the necessary psi and gpm configuration has
never been confirmed. What’s more, today it is known that high-pressure water
methods, including UHP performances present certain limitations in removing
such slag.
In 1956, at his father’s business location, Wolfgang Maasberg developed the
fundamental equipment identities for WOMA Corp., promoting and manufac-
turing high-pressure water tools operating within the 75–150 hp. range. Applying
high-pressure water above 5,000 psi at various gpm performances within foun-
dry, non-ferrous metal smelting and refining industries developed more or less by
chance. Situated in Duisburg Germany, the heart of not only intense coal mining,
iron foundries, nonferrous metal smelting and refining operations but also the
cargo industry with their Rheine-Ruhr river ship yards, did encourage tool design
criteria for these industries. Able to apply his newfound technology, which he
coined ‘‘water as a tool’’, and equipment identified as ‘‘ATÜMAT’’ supporting
these tools, delivering correctly the all important application oriented water
volume-pressure configuration, he introduced hydro-blasting or water jetting
techniques to these industries. In Germany in 1958, water blast techniques per-
formed by WOMA for foundry processes supporting the mold recovery, shake-
out, shot blasting and mechanical core removal application in large motor
castings with various interchangeable hp-gun lance extensions, were not
transferable to the Japanese market. Kobe and Kawasaki steel works therefore
automated (1964–1968) their engine casting division by remotely controlling
high-pressure water guns. Impacting casting sand and filaments within a cast
motor block (Fig. 1.134) on a remotely controlled rotary platform, providing a
successful cleaning procedure was then an astonishing achievement and not
thought of by burly hydro-blast operators. Damage control to casting from knock
out procedures, such as chisel, shot or abrasive techniques, reducing the caustic
solution and disposal costs, operating in a dust free environment and permitting
the recycling of core and shell materials was an obvious benefit. Yet, this
method, protecting the operator behind a glass screen or better, in an operator
cubicle was later downsized to support the development of enclosed automated
casting cleaning systems, ‘‘CASTÜMAT’’, providing similar attributes
Fig. 1.135.
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Sand and core removal, machine shop cleaning, washroom services, sewer and pipe cleaning, gas flue cleaning,
electro static precipitator services.
1.17.79 WORKSHEET- PURCHASING - SALES

Fig. 1.134 Cleaned engine

castings
Fig. 1.135 Casting sand

removal
Fig. 1.136 1963 Sewer

cleaning nozzle
In mid 1958, adding a substantial power capacity (75–150 hp) to the newly
developed sewer jetting technology proved especially successful when cleaning
blast furnaces horizontal and vertical gas flue systems having diameters of 50 plus.
Sewer jetting heads incorporating crudely drilled nozzle orifices were exchanged
for a nozzle carrier arrangement integrating individual, exchangeable hard-hitting
nozzles (Fig. 1.136). Designed and guided by Bernoulli’s strategy for compress-
ing, accelerating and focusing a fluid jet over the longest possible standoff distance
penetrating adhered scale or refuse proved successful. These nozzle carrier designs
also accommodated encountered pipe circumferences (Fig. 1.137) to deliver the
necessary gpm performance to drag in or lift the high-pressure hose assembly
while cutting and flushing debris. Besides the emerging nozzle carrier technology,
hoses providing the necessary gpm performances when operating at 5,500 psi plus
ushered in the high-pressure cleaning era for large industrial pipe and tube
cleaning applications.
It can also be noted that debris accumulating in designated or accidental waste
collection areas permitted the first employment of hydro-vac systems, still in their
Fig. 1.137 Low profile

sewer nozzle
infancy, but proving extremely effective in the pickup of dislodged refuse, water
separation and filtration or product pumping and lifting capacities over vertical
elevations of 600 –900 feet plus.
The iron and steel making process usually starts with converting coal to coke,
also called coking. Baking coal in a battery of large coke ovens in the absence of
air preventing combustion, will release a variety of volatile byproducts and
chemicals including tar, light oil, ammonia-ammonium sulfate, sulfur-sulfuric acid
and others. In the past, the by-products and chemicals were of high value but are
today more economically manufactured using such technologies as those of oil
refineries. Some of these byproducts are recovered to power waste heat boilers
(coke oven gas, light oil, etc.), converting energy to high-pressure steam, in turn
generating electricity, otherwise likely rendered harmless by an expensive pollu-
tant control and recovery system. The byproduct recovery plant area and its pro-
cess equipment such as tar separator units, electrostatic precipitators, wet-dry
scrubbers, the tar and liqueur plant equipment, still-tower and ammonia scrubber
systems or waste water treatment facilities are all standard location and equipment
identities serviced by high-pressure water and-or pressurized emulsion or light oil
blast techniques.
In the past, blast furnace operations in steel mills and foundries produced a
multitude of product, creating subsequent frequent processing difficulties. The
resulting application variety is nowadays considered a standard in the service
industry. Responding to these applications requires pressures ranging from 3,000
to 45,000 psi at 2.5 to 60 gpm. Approximately 75% of the available application
criteria can be managed within the 3,000–12,000 psi range at 2.5–36 gpm.
Services may include cleaning heat producers, boilers, converters, heat
exchangers, sulfur condensers, kilns, gas pipes, steam or fog tunnels, blast fur-
nace’s air cooling baffles, filters, cooling towers (Fig. 1.138), stack and bag house
units, water treatment facilities, etc. (Fig. 1.139). Sales departments (services) do
well in identifying sub-industry’s maintenance needs, which may vary from the
primary metal manufacturer’s application criteria. Starting with the steel pipe and
tube divisions, to the aluminum, copper, zinc, titanium, nickel and lead divisions,
an extensive application variety can be mobilized.
The pressure washing contractor also offers his services to this industry’s giant
open pit mining operations which are generally located in faraway desolate areas.
Numerous application possibilities exist permitting a gradual introduction to
Fig. 1.138 Foundries

cooling tower
Fig. 1.139 Water treatment

facility
industrial services by cleaning colossal mobile plant equipment, interior machine

shop areas or exterior maintenance yard facilities which can include bath-house
conveniences, interior or exterior office structures, dust removal and pasting
applications, servicing field laboratory environments, visitor center and so forth.
Due to the physical locations of most mining operations, adding hygienic oriented
cleaning methods to the available application palette is of great advantage when
offering 3,000–5,000 psi cold or hot high-pressure water services. With disinfec-
tants or chemical assist applications, especially when spin jets and water-refuse
removal operations with vacuum capabilities are offered, application varieties can
greatly be expanded for an existing or possible new customer.
Industrial service providers utilizing 5,000–14,000 psi high-pressure water
equipment may also enter into the mining environment, especially where taconite
rock, bentonite and-or limestone aggregate is produced and delivered to an on or
off-site pellet plant. Pellet types manufactured are numerous and based on cus-
tomer specs. Product change over procedures sometimes results in fouled equip-
ment. In-plant services include cleaning concentrate’s gravity spiral lines, disc
Fig. 1.140 Flew and bag-house renewal
filters, concentrate storage tanks and distribution units, product conveyors, various
screens and vibratory machines, pellet kiln, burner and cooler assemblies, stacks,
and bag house units, water treatment facilities and their settling tanks or ponds,
pellet loading and transportation-rail identities.
DRI technology, providing the direct reduced iron pellets from iron ore (tac-
onite aggregate) to the melting process, also offers an application variety. Cleaning
DRI top gas scrubbers, cooling gas scrubbers, ejector stacks and flues, bag house
equipment, etc. are common applications found throughout the industry.
Newly developed and changing manufacturing processes or the closure of many
blast furnace operations in their existing locations are not necessarily product
quality oriented activities. Blast furnace operation’s smelting and refining iron ore,
bauxite, copper, tin, scrap metal and in some instances, uranium ore, etc., have
produced an indefensible pollution burden, forcing and accelerating an environ-
mental control criterion, which today manages and guides the general ferrous and
nonferrous metal manufacturing technologies. This also led in some areas to a
decentralization of the steel industry and the development of so-called mini-mills,
which are found in numerous rural areas. Mini-mill-plants (Fig. 1.140) make every
effort to maintain the smallest possible footprint regarding pollution to the envi-
ronment. Contract work includes cleaning of metallurgy stations, their fume-
particulate filtration equipment and bag house units, centrifugal separators, flues
and stacks, scrubbers, dust collection bins, water treatment facilities, sound-
proofing equipment and their voids, exterior and interior tank cleaning applica-
tions, heat exchanger services, etc. Plant operators monitor air quality for
compliance during plant operation and cleaning schedules. Due to their rural
location, pressure washing operations between 3,000 and 5,000 psi are common
and not only performed within the interior of buildings or manufacturing areas, but
often mobilized for external building and roof structure cleaning applications to
maintain an aesthetic appearance befitting their rural environment. Exterior hot
corrugated roof structures and walls are cleaned during plant operation with
temperatures ranging from 90 to 160F. Staging, rigging and access, scaffolding
and operating man lifts while plant is in operation demand a tight collaboration
with mill’s safety planners and control personnel.
Bauxite mining and crushing equipment, washing or wet screening hardware,
bauxite transportation-rail and shipping identities require general pressure washing
and hydro-blast services up to 8,000 psi. Plant hardware in alumina refining

operations such as digesters, filters, precipitators, rotary kilns and the calcination
equipment producing the hydrate for the aluminum smelting process can require in
or on some equipment, water pressures up to 40,000 psi. Modern primary alu-
minum smelting operations manufacture a variety of specialty alloys integrating
not only iron, silicon, magnesium and their alloys, zinc and zinc alloys or copper,
etc., but also blend recycled aluminum into their final product composition
requiring prior stripping-cleaning and possible paint removal processes. Regard-
less of the foundries’ melt process, type of energy consumed or type of furnaces in
place (electric arc and induction, crucibles, iron foundries cupolas, etc.), scrap and
bone yards supplying a specific metal grade or scrap waste to the melting process
also depend on high-pressure water for maintenance solutions. Today cleaning
equipment in scrap metal production facilities which control emissions from
shredders, combustion facilities, their particulate scrubbers, bag house systems and
flues, tanks and storage facilities for volatile and toxic substances or their areas, is
of essence to any modern scrap yard operation. The effective guidelines and
continuous controls to prevent air and soil pollution or excessive emissions when
in the dismantling, burning, grinding, compacting, storage and transportation
processes are tightly regulated by state and-or the EPA. Soil-earth remediation is
also an operational aspect service providers should make available to this industry.
Hydro-blast equipment with a few tool add-ons and filtration-chemistry is most
cost effective in these operations. Aluminum smelting is an electric, energy
intensive process offering power-washing and hydro-blasting marketing opportu-
nities in nearby hydro electric, coal, natural gas or nuclear power plant operations.
Contacts. Purchasing and maintenance superintendents in steel mills, forging,
foundries and Pelletizing plants. Mining engineers supervising construction or
plant operations and processing facilities. Purchasing, engineering and mainte-
nance departments for gravity-evaporation extraction, leach plant, solvent
extraction and the treatment for the plant process water. Manufacturers of plant
hardware for emission control equipment such as precipitators, scrubbers, bag
house units, etc. Purchasing, maintenance and emission control department in
scrap and bone yards.
Resources. The Steel Manufacturers Association, representing primarily elec-
tric arc furnace producers and operating mini-mills, http://www.steelnet.org,
American Iron and Steel Institute comprised of producer member companies and
suppliers to the industry, http://www.steel.org, On the Internet: Iron scrap, bone
yards and the general recycling industry. CISPI member directory, pipe institute,
http://www.cispi.org.
Safety. Steel mills, steel pickling facilities, foundries and nonferrous metal
industries utilize or produce a variety of hazardous gases, fluids, fugitive dust and
toxic substances which can be found in confined spaces or open areas and on
contaminated plant hardware (coke oven gases, hydrochloric acid, chlorine, sulfur,
phenols, fuels, etc). Study the National emission standards for hazardous air
pollutants for integrated iron and steel manufacturing facilities (NESHAP) 68 FR
27646. Traffic hazards by heavy mobile industrial equipment, including overhead
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Gravity spiral line cleaning, pellet kiln services, gas scrubber cleaning, tank cleaning, pickling facility cleaning and soil
remediation services.

cranes, high heat areas, below and high above work locations with or without
unwarranted heat-dust-fume levels, or oxygen deficiencies, excessive noise or
distances between contractor’s equipment and job location, open unprotected
electric and mechanical equipment, etc., are all factors considered when a bid walk
is performed. It can be required that salesmen be trained, which can include a
specific safety criterion in areas or process environments encountered in a specific
in-plant job location. A contractor’s crew submits to a plant safety awareness
course, possible blood testing for existing lead-asbestos levels, etc. Further a safety
meeting before work commences and a daily tailgate meeting of the crew should
be the professional standard. A combination of safety controls and methods are
always likely and coordinated with plant personnel.
1.18 Glass, Porcelain, Ceramic and Enameled

Products Industry
In the early 1960s, the newly developed pressure washing and hydro-blast tech-
nologies were quickly custom tailored and introduced to plant maintenance
requirements found in glass, ceramic and porcelain trade environments referred to
as the non-metallic mineral product manufacturing industry. Long gone are the
times where maintenance departments of production facilities creating table-
flatware, cable-insulators, glass containers, kitchen and washroom or commercial
window products delivered the bulk of cleaning services performed at 25–150 hp.
Product volume requirements and the specific product oriented manufacturing
process and its equipment utilized by glass fabricators, takes today advantage of
incredible hydro-blast tool capabilities operating at pressures ranging between
3,000 and 55,000 psi.
Production facilities manufacturing flat glass, including industrial plate and
architectural, glass tile-brick products, automotive glass, pressed and machine
blown glass, light bulbs or television tubes and specialty products such as wire
glass, textured glass, heat resistant glass, safety glass, glass fiber products, etc.,
support a multitude of application varieties geared specifically to the product and
product change over procedure, eliminating most application identities past glass
manufacturing processes required.
Services include cleaning of vitrification furnaces, ash furnaces, revolving
furnaces and glass kilns, Penn-Vernon Drawing machine and equipment, down
draw and re-draw process equipment, production molds, air blowers, heat
exchangers, air-fume control equipment, conveyor and fabricator lines, storage
tanks, sewer pipes, etc.
Today, the glass melt is prepared from pellets (Fig. 1.141) silica sand, lime,
dolomite, soda and recycled glass waste. Besides silica sand (Fig. 1.142), large
optics, precision optics, fiber-optic, specialty glass for instrumentation, commercial,
Fig. 1.141 Glass pellet feed
Fig. 1.142 Silica sand prep
analytical, laboratory and technical applications may also incorporate potash, lead
oxide, zinc and a variety of other metal oxides depending on the product manufac-
tured. The service provider must be aware of possible hazardous and/or chemically
contaminated areas and confined spaces with oxygen deficiencies, possible haz-
ardous-contaminated equipment which can include the utility water provided by
plant maintenance being too aggressive (pH value), abrasive or otherwise chemically
and/or bacterially contaminated requiring appropriate attention to protect the labor
force and/or equipment operations. Generally, four types of air emissions are gen-
erated. Those from the combustion of fuel for operating the glass melting furnace and
fine particulates from the vaporization and re-crystallization of materials in the glass
melt and airborne or windswept particulate from storage facilities and transportation
equipment and last but not least, from cutting, grinding and honing operations.
Emissions generated provide an excellent business opportunity for commercial and
industrial service companies utilizing an array of pressure washing and hydro-blast
tool combinations. The pollution prevention hardware and control equipment or
method differs due to product manufactured, the type and size of furnace encoun-
tered, fuel utilized and composition of the feed material. Not to worry, the emission
control equipment is of standard commercial or industrial design, starting with
exhaust blowers, smokestacks, flues and air ducts, centrifugal cyclone separators,
bag house units, tanks, cooling towers, water treatment facility area and equipment,
filter systems, evaporators, silt settling ponds, etc. The jobsite bid procedure and
1.18 Glass, Porcelain, Ceramic and Enameled Products Industry 133
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Exhaust blower, bag house units, smokestacks, flues, air ducts, tanks, cooling tower.

necessary safety methods demand prior identification of possible hazardous emis-

sions, encountered hazardous products and/or accumulated total volume of gener-
ated waste within a service operation before the correct price, job procedure and labor
safety requirement can be established. Main emissions may include sulfur oxides,
nitrogen oxides and particulates which can contain heavy metals such as arsenic,
boron and lead. Specialty glass can produce and release hydrogen chloride, hydrogen
fluoride, arsenic, boron and lead from raw materials and must be considered spe-
cifically if the job requirement calls for raw material or waste removal practices.
Liquid effluent from float glass processes, coating and electroplating operations
may also vary substantially. Therefore, on a prospective jobsites, the employer’s
labor department, regulating plant safety, engineering and laboratory personnel
controlling plant environments and operations, which generally includes the
wastewater treatment facility, will always provide the best or safest information
base and criteria to a service provider. Purchasing identities sometimes miscal-
culate job oriented safety issues concerning a possible in-plant work order or
services description.
The varieties of ceramic products machined or molded by industrial identities
may also incorporate some metals within their structural composition. Companies
applying high-heat, high-pressure and chemistry in their manufacturing processes
always rely on water as a specific maintenance tool. Air pollution, effluent fil-
tration-control equipment, waste water treatment facilities and equipment are the
first line of any company’s environmental defense and therefore of immediate
interest to a contractor.
Today’s manufacturing facilities for advanced ceramics or engineered ceramic
products can be found in rural, urban and industrial areas. They produce armor
protection systems (plating-fabrics), ceramic filters, membrane filters, ceramic
coatings for military industrial and medical applications, or components for air
frames, aircraft engines, power generation equipment, oil field equipment, fiber
optics and optical lenses. Also and vital to contractors offering high-pressure water
as a tool are manufacturers of ceramic capacitors, transducers, superconductors,
etc., servicing the electronic industry. This is also accurate concerning facilities
which manufacture enameled products. The enameller utilizes dense mineral
powders and metals for his coating process, producing laboratory and industrial
equipment, household goods such as kitchen and bathroom fixtures. Further, the
ceramic-porcelain-tile industry, which can be of industrial or decorative nature,
applying high heat processes utilizing industrial furnaces, driers, silos, conveyor
belts, tanks, autoclaves, boilers, heat exchangers, etc.
Taking all this into consideration, the non-metallic mineral product manufac-
turing industry should always be seriously pursued by a service sales force. A
contractor can offer his capabilities starting on the silica quarry production site
(Fig. 1.143), to the glass recyclers’ facility and the transportation environment to
production facilities applying the high heat glass melt processes.
Contact. Glass Association of North America, http://www.glasswebsite.com.
Product manufacturers, purchasing, laboratory, engineering, maintenance person-
nel, product specific manufacturing associations acquiring a customer base, air
1.18 Glass, Porcelain, Ceramic and Enameled Products Industry 135
Fig. 1.143 Silica grain sorting equipment
Fig. 1.144 Silica storage

bins
pollution engineering and waste management control identities, mineral mining-

quarry operations and their product transportation and storage facilities
(Fig. 1.144).
Resources. Trade associations as the NGA—National Glass Association,
http://www.glaas.org, GMIC Glass Manufacturing Industry Council, http://www.
gmic.org, and includes automotive, Fiberglas, flat glass, glass container, hollow
glass, optical glass fiber, pressed and blown glassware and safety glass
manufacturers.
Safety. Due to the variety of manufacturing environments and diversity of
energy, raw materials or chemicals utilized within the industry, a single set of
safety recommendations for an external plant labor force is not possible. The
environmental health and safety guidelines for the glass manufacturing environ-
ment, describing emissions to air, wastewater and solid waste is the best guideline
and source besides the specific plant, plant area and product handling requirements
encountered with every jobsite. This will likely be a requirement produced within
a job description provided by purchasing and maintenance identities. Some
applications require thermal protection gear, eye protection, confined space entry
qualification, and so forth. Excessive long distances between a jobsites and
equipment–equipment operator can be encountered. Most job applications require
a combination of enforced in-plant safety requirements.
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Water treatment facility, settling ponds, evaporation beds, autoclaves, boilers, condensers.

1.19 Maritime Vessels, Offshore Oil Platforms, Shipyards 137
1.19 Maritime Vessels, Offshore Oil Platforms, Shipyards,

Harbor Facilities, Piers, Recreational Boating
In 1968, to support their growing customer base, WOMA Corp. of Germany

established a subsidiary in Linden, New Jersey, introducing their products, hydro-
blast techniques and services to the US market. At this time with sales, distribution
and manufacturing facilities in over forty-seven nations the company felt at ease to
undertake this endeavor. In the US the majority of foreign customers that were
aware of cleaning with hp-water and its application varieties, a exploited this
techniques first. The New Amsterdam, a Dutch liner for example, stranded in 1968
in the New York Harbor on pier 48, was such a customer. Her fouled boilers were
cleaned on the fire, water and high-pressure steam side applying hydro-flex and
rigid lance technologies. Power, steel, chemical and refinery plant identities ser-
vicing their equipment with high- pressure water in European, East and Far
Eastern industries were to some extent also educated in the utilization of hydro-
blast technologies. Abroad, in their subsidiaries, US refineries and chemical plants
were already accustomed to industrial high- pressure water cleaning services for
approximately a decade. In no small measure did this support the US industry and
or initiated the rapid development of hydro-blast equipment and services by local
engineers and industrial entrepreneurs calling b the technique ‘‘water blasting’’…
As indicated in 1975 reports, US start-ups (Fig. 1.145a, b) encountered prob-
lematic equipment dilemmas. This included poorly functioning hp dump-gun
designs, excessive pressure drops in hp-hose assemblies and nozzle designs cre-
ating internal streak patterns. The applied corrosion inhibiting technology also
proved quite ineffective. Pump valve and/or packing failures appeared most likely
when equipment operated over extended times above 8,000 psi. Notorious flaws in
nozzle design criteria, pitiable machining processes, and little consideration
to equipment-cleaning method, and created shortcomings application oriented
gpm/psi configuration concerning hp-hose by poorly designed knock-off tooling
and nozzle criteria and tool assemblies, which often failed to produce or replicate
an expected cleaning rate or surface a appearance and more shocking, these
nozzles are still peddled to the unsuspecting novice, reminding us of this not so
happy hydro-blast era. It is also noted that a decade earlier, technicians flirting
with similar problems in European and Far Eastern markets introduced a far more
adequate, but no doubt more expensive design and manufacturing technique
avoiding these obvious and in some cases, persistent problems.
Besides heat exchanger, condenser, boiler, ship-hold or tank cleaning appli-
cations, the superstructure or ship-hull above or below the water line was first
manually washed or hydro-blasted with hp-guns applying fan-jets. Working from a
powered platform on the ship-hull’s water line (Fig. 1.146a, b) offsetting tools
recoil forces produced the immediate b development of balanced underwater
hp-guns which were then pressed into service by industrial divers (1959). The
effective manual method quickly evolved into the practical application of rigid and
Fig. 1.145 a, b Navy introduction to 1968 Hydro-blast equipment-cleaning method, and created
shortcomings by poorly designed knock-off tooling and nozzle criteria
oscillating nozzle carriers (OCR) also designed and intended for street cleaning
equipment and rubber removal by runway cleaning equipment.
Jetting equipment was first affixed to mobile crane or hydraulic staging
(Fig. 1.147), gear operating from the pier side of a vessel or mounted to a mini-
ature tractor in service on the interior of dry docks. Shipyards realized immediately
the advantages of a fixed and distant controlled jetting device. In streamlining this
application, it became obvious that a remote controlled nozzle assembly would be
of an advantage by eliminating staging equipment and minimizing the labor force.
In a group effort WOMA engineers and an affiliate shipyard (1967–1971)
designed a unit called MAGNOMAT (Fig. 1.148), operated by one man utilizing
the ship’s railing or shipyards crane. The bond of the nozzle carrier to the ship hull
and offsetting the nozzles recoil forces while providing remote controlled mobility,
guaranteeing the correct overlapping of previously cleaned surfaces, is achieved
with three powerful electro magnets. An array of plastic sheeted wheels will
provide the necessary nozzle standoff distance and remote steering necessity.
Today the MAGNOMAT is still of interest, especially in washing or advanced
cleaning situations where algae barnacles or general marine growth must be
removed from hull surfaces. This avoids the contamination of lake or seawater by
Fig. 1.146 a, b Offsetting

tool recoil forces
Fig. 1.147 Rigid nozzle

carrier
eliminating within the cleaning process the introduction of paint chips, excessive
rust or other scale deemed a contaminant to the water’s environment. A 150 hp
drive input produces up to 4000 yd2 per hour. The hourly cleaning rate can be
doubled by adding horsepower.
Today’s coating removal equipment (Fig. 1.149a, b, c) may appear somewhat
similar, but operational and technical comparisons can not be found. Vacuum gear
blowers are responsible for equipment bond to hull surfaces and the subsequent
controlled refuse transfer to a pier side or floating water filtration assembly. The
Fig. 1.148 Magnomat
Fig. 1.149 a–c Various

coating removal equipment
Fig. 1.150 a Wastewater

separation, b vacuum ring
pump
UHP vacuum Spin-Jet technology utilizing low water volumes for the coating and
a rust removal process is replacing standard abrasive blast applications and earlier
water-blast techniques common to spin-jet assemblies applying high pressure–
volume water to remove paints, concrete surface slurry, etc. b The industrial low
pressure, high volume rotary tank cleaning nozzles manufactured by companies
such as Butterworth (1925) and Sugino in Japan can nowadays be found in most
shipyards. High volume-high pressure rotary nozzles (5–22,000 psi.) are more or
less in operation with manufacturers periodically cleaning their tank and autoclave
vessels.
Contractors–-subcontractors will operate high-end mobile equipment in a
variety of c industrial or commercial tank cleaning applications. With great suc-
cess some service providers are also qualified to exploit the variations of hydro-
vacuum systems within the maritime industry (Fig. 1.150a, b).
Developed for culvert and street cleaning equipment, the simplicity, unmatched
performance and physical practicality on a jobsite is indisputable and its business
potential totally underestimated. In oxygen deficient or enriched, b explosive,
flammable or toxic atmospheres, this equipment provides superior functionality,
ease of operation and decreased operating costs in comparison to equipment
customarily put into service under similar job conditions.
Powered by high-pressure water at 7,500 psi, the ‘‘hydro-vac’’ component
producing at any altitude continues maximum theoretical vacuum, consequently
transferring super high air volumes (Cfm) throughout a vacuum system results in a
specific job criterion which cannot be challenged by equipment powered by means
of fan and mechanical vane or gear pump-blowers. Vacuum fan pumps (impeller)
Fig. 1.151 Hydro-vac barge loading
are naturally restricted in vacuum performance. Vane and gear-blowers (direct

displacement) quickly tend to wear and are more susceptible to performance
reduction, most noticeable when operating in elevated altitudes. More importantly,
they also generate tremendous heat on their internal meshing and exhaust surfaces
which can be a notorious fire hazard by misinformed or unintentional incorrect
work procedures.
Volatile or flammable, combustible and toxic products in liquid, viscous,
gravel-rock like, granulated or powdered form are simply and cost effectively
loaded while separated and filtered from transferring air or water to any degree
desired. Mobile Vacuum-box containers designed to facilitate a maximum airflow
throughout a vacuum system and operating at max-vacuum standard (32 Hg–10 m
at 4,500–6,500 Cfm), taking into consideration various material separation and
filtration techniques including HPA filtration, are nowadays custom manufactured
and readily available nationwide.
Regardless of available hydro-blast or UHP equipment on hand, competent
service providers must produce a multitude of trade certifications directly related
to the marine environment. These certifications will permit bidding processes
applying all available equipment identities utilizing pressure-washing or hydro-
blast techniques. An incredible job variety is considered, therefore requiring a
Fig. 1.152 Equipment barge
complex tool selection or availability, substantial safety equipment and established

verifiable safety procedures.
Service providers with rivers and lakes in their vicinity should consider the
barge cleaning, repair and breaking industry. Often a barge must be cleaned
between loading dissimilar cargoes (Fig. 1.151). The reasons can differ and be
seasonal or production and product related and may involve the interior removal
of trace chemicals, flammable or combustible liquids, dry bulk or powdered
industrial-commercial granulated or gravel like materials. These cleaning or
preservation requirements must not necessarily be performed in a dry dock or
shipyard.
Mooring can be found adjacent to production or loading facilities, beached or at
anchor and in lonely dock facilities situated in rural areas. A barge cleaning
process can and will involve many hazards. The most important hazards are due to
combustible, flammable materials, inhalation or by skin contact from inadvertent
chemical exposure.
The flammable–combustible cargo barge cleaning process is the removal of the
residual cargo by cleaning the tanks on the barge. OSHA guidelines are precise
and involve pre-planning and preparing to clean, set-up for cleaning, cleaning and
completion criteria, hazard communication, personal protective equipment and
exposure limits, which should be evaluated throughout the barge cleaning process
(Fig. 1.152).
There is much more to consider when identifying the cargo’s remaining
residue within a tank structure. Hopefully, this is verifiable through MSDS
identification aboard the vessel (Top side mailbox) and includes the internal
areas of product transfer pipes and inaccessible tank voids. OSHA also provides
guidelines for the most typical hazardous barge cargoes found throughout the
marine environment.
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Heat exchanger, condenser, boiler, ship hold cleaning.

Preparing steel surfaces on the vessel’s superstructure and hull for coating–
painting procedures or removing specialty coatings, as for instance on submarines,
is currently a routine application performed by contractors servicing naval and
industrial–commercial shipyards. Remotely operated UHP crawlers or vacuum
supported manually controlled UHP spin jet equipment and guns are common-
place. This should include abrasive blast techniques using hp-water above and
below the water line. Service and sales forces often dismiss this straightforward
tool capability. Often, while Hydro-blast services are conducted near hot work,
performing specific limited structural changes or spot repairs to a hull or
superstructure will require a final coating procedure. Prior to, or while services are
in-house, the shipyard’s purchasing, maintenance superintendent, including the
vessel’s chief mate, should always be made aware of the nearby capability. The
need arising to produce or reestablish a necessary anchor profile can be lucrative.
Often, the motivation to force an unsuspected work order is the negated or
otherwise difficult job set-up procedure, arising air hazards and area contamination
usually associated with abrasive air blast techniques.
To avoid typical suggestiveness or varying opinions on a steel surface condition
before, during and after a water-blast or UHP procedure, the reference guide and
photographs for ‘‘Steel Surfaces Prepared by Water-Jetting’’ developed by the
society for protective coatings and NACE can be practical. ‘‘SSPC publication 0-
1-05, NACE, international corrosion association item Nr.22016, ISBN1-889060-
56-9.’’
The photographic guide is a valuable tool for any bidding and inspection
process of a job criterion. Levels of cleanliness and flash rust of prior deteriorated
multiple metal conditions and their final appearances are portrayed. This possible
surface comparison is also important when considering various coating charac-
teristics or their specific future installation methods. Coating manufacturers,
coating inspectors, painters and vessel owners alike are most likely willing or
accustomed to utilizing this visual guide. Confirming specific anchor profiles and
reference surface appearances, before and after preparation by water jetting pro-
cedures, considering climate changes, application of possible chemical corrosion
inhibitors, timing priorities for surface preservation, drying time and maintaining
readiness for coating operations and their various applicator provisions is this
guides support function.
Salespeople intending to sell services correctly must educate themselves to a
vessels physical interior structure. Compartment or tank designation system and
identification differs between industrial-commercial and naval vessels.
Navy vessels apply a three part number.
Example
02-116-2. First digit before dash indicates the deck level. Decks start at ‘‘0’’
being main deck, 01 level being first deck above main deck, 02s, etc. Single-digit 2
designates second deck below main deck level, 3 designates third deck, etc. The
middle digits indicate forward most frame number of the compartment. The third
digit indicates side of the vessel, 2 = port side, 1 = starboard side.
The Navy method for identifying compartments is also a three part number.
Example;
B-10-3 F. The first letter designates part of the ship, A = forward of the engine
space, B = engine spaces, C = aft of engine spaces. Second series of numbers
indicate the number of tanks in that area of the ship. The third indicates the type of
product that space is used for, and whether the tanks are located (2) portside or (1)
starboard side. F = for fuel oil, W = water or ballast, J = jet fuel, L = lube oil.
The commercial method normally identifies frames numbered from forward to
aft, except some tankers in reverse.
Tanks and spaces are also numbered from forward to aft;
# 1 cargo hold, # 1 double bottom. Tanks are also marked port, STBD or
centerline, # 2 doubled bottom port, # 2 double bottom center, # 2 double bottom
STBD. Generally, compartments are not numbered, but designated by their
function as engine room, steering gear room, anchor chain compartment, etc
Fig. 1.153.
When offering to clean or perform surface area preservation, a salesperson must
take into consideration necessary safety procedures within any specific location,
configuration and description of the interior, possible restrictions to physical
movement and so forth. The onboard competent person’s practical job experience
and know-how within a specific area must be considered and never underesti-
mated. Adapting hydro-blast tools to tank and cargo hold (Fig. 1.154a) configu-
rations demands close working relationship with either the equipment
manufacturer’s engineering department or a distinguished supplier specialized in
providing custom accessories, enabling tool operators to reach all essential areas
deemed necessary in surface preparation. Cleaning double bottom framing, lon-
gitudinal girders, their angles and brackets, or the interior of forepeak, deep,
settler, bunker, day, after peak and potable tanks, heating grids in fuel oil tanks,
surfaces in anchor chain rooms, bilge wells, shaft alley, cofferdams and so forth
are the job descriptions a contractor will pursue. In general, when working in these
confined areas a service provider must be able to read and calibrate oxygen
deficiency meters and accurately measure combustible gases, handle the instru-
ments with appropriate care, be proficient in managing and training the labor force
in the correct use of air supply equipment, continuous flow respirators, pressure
demand respirator with egress unit and general protective respirator equipment.
Often safety belts, harnesses, lanyards, drop lines and lifelines are essential. Their
use and condition is guided by the National Safety Council’s standard. Most often,
hydro-blast personnel will work alongside multiple job descriptions performed by
other crews and are not related to either their company nor within their specific job
description. It is very important, that hydro-blast personnel are independently
capable to ensure that their workspace is at all times adequately ventilated,
maintaining a gas free and oxygen sufficient condition. There is an established
criterion for the correct ventilation (Fig. 1.154b, c) for double bottom tanks, cargo
hold, barge tank, tanker cargo tanks, fan and duct arrangements, etc. Specified are
the correct installation procedures of air supply and exhaust hoses and necessary
explosion proof equipment. Explained in detail are the prevention tactics for an
APPLICATION REVIEW
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Fig. 1.153 Vacuum-assist coating removal

16. The Society for Protective Coatings (2001) Paint Film degradation, mechanisms and control,
failures related to particular substrates SSPC, [l6.28.407]
http://www.sspc.org
18. The Society for Protective Coatings (1992) Maintenance coating of weathering steel,
field evaluations and guidelines, [l6.28.407]
http://www.sspc.org

UHP abrasive blasting, coating-paint removal on superstructure.
Fig. 1.153
incomplete air circulation or dangerous recirculation of exhaust air and or short

circuiting of exhaust air, possible also by the obstruction of designated escape
routes by venting hoses and equipment such as fans, air-compressors, and Venturi
blowers ventilating the hazard away?
Fig. 1.154 a Cargo hold, b ? c, tank-vessel exhaust plan
Proving operational proficiency in naval or commercial shipyards on piers

supervised by Coast Guard and OSHA guidelines is a must. Enforced or estab-
lished safety and Health regulations designed for the shipbuilding, ship repairing
and ship-breaking industry is the criteria. Various certified companies however
have their own set of competence; a standard based on an approved task analysis
and/or any set of performance criteria specific within a pressure-washing or hydro-
blasting job description and includes the step in–out procedure to the work
location. Successful service companies develop a contracting strategy based on
pre-qualification by achieving an approved contractor status with prospective
customers. Verifying competence for an entire crew, a contractor bidding on
annual job descriptions, covering all stages of a contracting cycle can be taxing
and must be routinely validated by management. Contractors hiring a labor force
should also be very diligent in proving or verifying the individual competency
status in checking IDs and the origination of certifications. Job planning and
establishing a permanent location for hydro-units and support equipment, such as
vacuum box containers, trucks, tooling and safety equipment can only be executed
by coordinating with the shipyard’s designated supervisory staff. Fire department
personnel will provide designated hydrant water supply and permit. Dry dock
operations may vary due to traffic and equipment applied.
In naval and commercial yards, a vessel’s owner, captain or chief mate and
shipyards NFPA certified marine chemist will most likely control or confirm the
contractually stated and applied technique to adequately discharge the treated
hp-wash waters (Figs. 1.155, 1.156). Contractor’s designated competent person
APPLICATION REVIEW
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Fig. 1.155 Onboard coating removal

19. The Society for Protective Coatings (20002) Surface preparation and cleaning of metals
by Waterjetting prior to recoating, Joined surface preparation standard SSPC-SP 12/NACE No. 5,
20. The Society for Protective Coatings (20004) Supplements to systems and specifications,
SSPC painting manual volume 2, cleaning metals by Waterjetting, surface cleanliness requirements,
dehumidification and temperature control during surface preparation,

Clean and preserve fuel oil tanks, steering gear and shaft alley areas
Fig. 1.155
must be capable of writing a detailed work report, and record in depth in place
safety procedures which are adhered to by all involved before a hydro-blast
operation commences, confirming a flawless work-application solution, followed
after the daily job completion by a recorded tailgate safety meeting. 80% of the
Fig. 1.156 Coating removal

in progress
Fig. 1.157 Coating removal
available application load can be handled in this field between 3,000 and
14,000 psi at five to 60 gpm and includes rubber removal on aircraft carrier
runways, servicing boiler tubes, heat exchangers, oil lube systems and compres-
sors, hydrostatic testing of boilers, condensers, pipes, pressurized vessels and
tanks. Degreasing and preservation applications are considered extensive and
require a knowledgeable labor and management force.
Shipyards often require that visiting contractors, subcontractors, including their
sales forces, undergo an in-house safety course and awareness training to limit the
possibility of accidents and fires in their workplace. The type of alarm systems,
how to evacuate in specific or differing emergency situations, location of desig-
nated assembly areas, primary exits, location of fire extinguishers, etc., are the
primary functions explained to visitors.
Working offshore demands another set of competency in personnel training
which is specifically designed for oil–gas platforms and their supply vessels, drill
rigs, submerged work methods and emergency response procedures. The logistics
of working in confined but highly visible areas on offshore structures (Fig. 1.157),
job planning and equipment mobilization procedure are a critical function, as is the
communication between owners, coating inspector and paint crew. Offshore
hydro-blast or UHP equipment and accessories must be functional under any and/
or imaginable circumstance.
Fig. 1.158 Ballast tank

coating removal
Equipment down times due to mechanical, technical or labor induced criterion

is unacceptable. Naturally, ongoing work procedures can be interrupted by
weather. Service providers do well when offering alternative job descriptions.
Cleaning tank and ballast tanks (Fig. 1.158), mist eliminators, heat exchangers,
condensers, oil lube systems, heaters or performing the coating removal on a
helicopter pad, etc., are some of the possibilities that should only be offered while
in the job procurement phase. The continuous corrosion protection efforts neces-
sary on offshore oil and gas production facilities, including the floating production,
storage and off loading vessels (FPSO) and may consist of servicing stripped-down
decommissioned oil tankers rebuilt and re-equipped to perform oil storage, sepa-
ration or drilling processes, provide a constant business potential for qualified
entrepreneurs. There are several types of drill rigs, jack-ups, which are towed to
their drill locations where the legs are lowered to the seabed and the operating
platform is lifted above sea surface. The drill ships appear somewhat like seagoing
vessels, except they feature a drill derrick above their deck line with a hole through
the center of the hull, accommodating the drill pipe assembly. Submersibles are
drill rigs floated to shallow water locations and ballasted to sit on the seabed. The
semi-submersibles have their superstructure attached onto pontoons or a hull and
are ballasted below the water surface. Large production platforms vary in size and
provide long-term accommodations for the operating crew and varying mainte-
nance personnel. Production equipment and processes differ according to product
quality, extraction process of oil or gas and the necessity to make products ready
for transport. They can be anchored or tethered to the sea floor and are considered
a floating-production, storage and offloading facility (FPSO), or tension leg plat-
forms (TLP) typically built from steel or concrete and are likewise anchored to the
sea floor by vertical ‘‘tendons’’.
Often services are performed while platform is in production. At all times and
regardless of environmental circumstance, a contractor must protect the platforms
operating environment. This includes protecting the crew from possible physical
Fig. 1.159 UHP gun,

coating removal at 43,000 psi
harm by high-pressure water, maintaining the job vicinity free of static spark
possibilities, fire hazards, accumulation of dust, abrasives or any other wind-swept
refuse which compromises mechanical seals, lip seals, packing glands, etc
(Fig. 1.159). This includes protecting rotary equipment such as pumps, compres-
sors, turbines, ventilation equipment, the water desalination environment, etc. The
effective implementation under severe weather conditions of rigging, scaffolding,
hydraulic man lifts must always be considered within the job description and
criteria, which includes the correct transportation and positioning of hydro-blast
equipment on a supply boat, barge or platform. Water supply can be taken from the
desalination plant or ballast water, guarded by filtration equipment and considering
pumps operating requirement. Offshore main process equipment for separation of
oil, liquids and gas, including the utility system such as seawater desalination
components, heating and cooling system, vent and drain systems are of general
nature and serviced by hp-water application techniques adapted from refinery-gas
or industrial applications.
A relatively new equipment identity providing the ultra high-pressure abrasive
blast capability (UHP-AB) is nowadays a somewhat standard coating and corrosion
removal technique found superior in its cost effectiveness and operational proce-
dure (speed), especially on offshore oil rigs and equipment. Minimal dust emissions
due to minute abrasive expenditure, delivering an excellent coating adhesion
(anchor profile), and comparatively low fuel consumption can provide the com-
petitive edge. A prerequisite when applying corrosion control coatings in the splash
and title zone or below is to perform a multi-level inspection including visual,
ultrasonic and radiographic methods verifying, for instance, weld seam-fusion or
corrosion levels on pipeline or any other structural integrity. The hydro-blast
technique performed by industrial divers is therefore essential (Fig. 1.160).
Submerged applications performed by underwater abrasive blast techniques since
1962 were first thought of by maintenance crews servicing floating dry-docks, piers,
locks and dams in Germany’s extensive shipyard facilities. In the late 1960s
industrial divers utilized floating hydrostatically balanced abrasive pots operational
Fig. 1.160 Underwater

abrasive container and diver
a, b
at any depth they were accustomed to. Hp-gun-abrasive-injector combinations with

recoil of set were then powered with a 75 hp drive. At this time the system out-
performed any other available method producing an anchor profile on steel surfaces
to customary abrasive blast standard S.A. 2-1/2. It can also be noted that the French
navy in the late 1960s through early 1970s, were the first to actively prepare ship
hulls by applying experimental coatings specifically designed for installation below
the water line with various successes on their vessels. The superior surface mod-
ulation effects achieved with abrasive hp-water on concrete surfaces resulted in the
immediate support of concrete repair procedures on concrete piers, dikes, spillways
and water dam structures in marine harbor, river and lake environments.
Commercial and recreational boating, their marinas, harbor and pier structures,
vessel maintenance environments, workshops and storage facilities, etc. are all
business identities important to a service provider. Required pressures are
3,000 psi plus, hot and cold water preferably with a pump drive starting at min-
imum with 18 hp. plus, facilitating the utilization of water, abrasive blast injectors,
200 vacuum equipment with filtration and water recycling equipment, applying pipe
and sewer cleaning nozzles, floor Spin-Jets producing 10,000 ft2 plus per hour,
chemical metering and foaming attachments for confined space cleaning and
preservation applications.
Most often, in this ecologically vulnerable environment where a pollutant of
any type, including generating water turbidity is viewed with suspicion and
therefore cannot be introduced to the river or lake water. This includes the
indiscriminate cleaning of submerged surfaces bearing aquatic growth, creating
turbidity (Fig. 1.161).
It is of importance within most job requirements to recommend water recovery
and filtration capabilities when services are provided on vessels, piers or interior
jobsites such as machine shops, tanks, storage facilities, loading docks, etc.
Fig. 1.161 Recreational facilities
Fig. 1.162 Manual algae and

coating removal
Barnacles, algae and general marine growth can also be removed below or
within the water splash zone of any water bound surface structure or vessel
applying the simplest filtration methods (Fig. 1.162).
Contractors working with full-service marinas should always first inquire on
their developed regulatory criteria and restrictions which identify the storm water
discharge requirement. A spill prevention response plan, maintenance and good
housekeeping program, customer established best management practices and the
correct implementation regarding materials-chemical storage, machine shop-
engine and maintenance-cleaning (Fig. 1.163) area and their methods are a
prerequisite for a water discharge permit. This includes oil water separation
equipment or their underground facilities, approved abrasive air–water blasting or
pressure-washing operations which can include coating-painting procedures in dry
docks or above ground facilities (Fig. 1.162). These areas, location, products or
work methods also require regulatory approval before a general storm water dis-
charge permit is granted.
Contact. Shippers, integrated barge owner companies transporting raw mate-
rials, independent barge brokers, barge owners transporting grain, lumber, iron ore,
barge rental and shipyard facilities, tugboat towing services, their maintenance and
purchasing departments, barge rebuild companies, marine chemists and coating
inspectors, marine salvage companies, Naval, industrial–commercial shipyards
Fig. 1.163 Ship-hull

washing
management or commercial and private marinas, their engine and vessel repair
facilities.
Resources. Shipper associations, AWO, American Waterways Operators
Associations, 801 N. Quincy St, Suite 200, Arlington, A 22203, http://www.
americanwaterways.com. Maritime Law Associations. Inland Rivers, Ports and
Terminals, IRPT, 204 E. High St. Jefferson City, MO 65101. Transportation
equipment cleaning guidelines. Superintended of Documents, US Government
Printing Office Washington, DC 20402, Ph. (202) 512-2250. On the Internet
‘‘barge cleaning guidelines’’.
Safety. OSHA standards for shipyard competent person training, which includes
atmospheric testing, confined space awareness, confined space attendant, ‘‘moni-
tor-hole watch’’, confined space entry/rescue, confined space entry/attendant
supervisor. Identify and define confined spaces, recognize hazards, entry
requirements, proper use of equipment, understanding signs or systems, and
consequences of exposure, maintaining accurate count of entrance, how to monitor
activity inside and outside of space to determine if it is safe, verify that rescue
services are available, train to perform none entry rescue, filling out and verifying
entry permits, ensure regularly that all tests specified by permit have been con-
ducted. Perform safety meetings-tailgate safety meetings, lockout-takeout proce-
dures, fall protection, competent person or awareness and preferably provide a
hazardous communication course (HAS-COM). When working in these environ-
ments, always be aware of possible hot work down line from confined spaces,
especially on product supply lines (fuel). Coordinate your actions with hot work
permit procedures.
‘‘Safety standard for marine vapor control’’ by US Department of Transporta-
tion, United States Coast Guard, http://www.purgit.com/navic1_96.html.
APPLICATION REVIEW
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21. SSPC (2000) Standard Method of Evaluating the Degree of Rusting on Painted Steel Surfaces,
22. SSPC-NACE (2001) Guide and Reference Photographs for Steel Surfaces Prepared by Waterjetting,
23. SSPC-NACE (2001) Guide and Reference Photographs for Steel Surfaces Prepared by Wet Abrasive
Blast Cleaning, The Society for Protective Coatings, SSPC,
24. SSPC (2002) Guide and Reference Photographs for Steel Surfaces Prepared by Dry Abrasive Blast
Cleaning, The Society for Protective Coatings, SSPC,
25. SSPC (2004) Guide and Reference Photographs for Steel Surfaces Prepared by Power and Hand
Tool Cleaning, The Society for Protective Coatings, SSPC,
http://www.sspc.org

Clean and preserve floating docks, fueling and maintenance areas.

1.20 Municipalities’ Water–Wastewater Treatment, Shopping Zones 157
1.20 Municipalities’ Water–Wastewater Treatment,

Shopping Zones, Parking Facilities, Exhibition
and Sport Arenas, Highway-Road Services
The business potential generated in city or county municipalities should not be

avoided by informed and successful service providers. The assortment of work
encompasses all applicable tool varieties in performing a surface preparation or
cleaning application found throughout the commercial and industrial environment.
In his daily endeavors a successful and well-resourced entrepreneur is accustomed
to provide, within his job criterion and description Worker’s Compensation
insurance, covering his employees and complying with all applicable state-federal
laws and regulations and offers to his customers comprehensive liability insurance
($500.000–1,500.000 property damage umbrella). He further guarantees equal
opportunity employment and customarily provides possible subcontractor certifi-
cation and necessary insurances or performance bonds. These general require-
ments are not enough to successfully participate in a governmental business
setting. Challenging, the municipal milieu can be very competitive, intense and
sometimes confusing. Some cities may give preference to companies owned by
women or minorities, which may require performing services in a subcontractor
status. Waiting or down times, bidding terms and conditions, excessively high
insurance requirements or excessive liquidated damage amounts, resulting in
bonding requirements favorable difficult to obtain, can be a hurdle. Variable safety
standards and procedures, work scheduling considering ambient conditions for the
coating installation, restrictive working hours and weekend limitations are all
factors only a well rounded service provider is likely to stomach. Encountered
paper work necessities developed by county or city purchasing departments con-
cerning vendor registration processes can also be taxing. Pre-qualifying for pur-
chasing departments’ source lists covering the applicable category or possible
services provided by an entrepreneur is essential. Providing an educated labor
force and the best possible equipment for a job description, combined with
established and safe environmentally correct work methods may positively sway
purchasing and maintenance-superintendents decisions, but by no means never,
ever, should one consider this a given.
The contractor’s service repertoire in wastewater treatment facilities is cate-
gorized into four major identities, as follows:
A. Cleaning the interior of failed process equipment and digesters by removing
compacted organics, snails and sewage utilizing the Hydro-vacuum system shared
with mobile vacuum containers, or pumping the effluent directly through the
injector assembly over long distances to alternative tanks, settling-evaporation
ponds and tanker trucks is a standard practice. As is cleaning, pumping and safely
removing caked sedimentations from evaporation-settling ponds (Fig. 1.164) by
slurrifying or emulsifying waste into a semi liquid form conveying the mass by the
Hydro-vacuum technique. This enables a job completion avoiding usual and likely
Fig. 1.164 Evaporation-settling ponds
Fig. 1.165 Wastewater plant
damages created by mechanical equipment to susceptible pond membranes con-

sisting of clay, asphalt or plastic liners. Pulling plastic or gravel filtration media
through the injector assembly is also a quick and unsurpassed cleaning method of
the filter media itself, while in process returning the media to its vessel or clari-
fying location.
B. Applying enhanced hydro-horsepower for pipe or sewer jetting applications
achieving industrial performance standards, or offering prior to coating procedures
a blast cleaning with the HP water-abrasive or jetting method on steel purifying
vessels (charcoal filter), filter presses, lock-gates and sliders, including mechanical
scrapers which remove scum, grease and other floating debris from wastewater,
mixing tubes in settling basins, effluent weir plates, weir troughs’ and in operation
submerged aeration pipes which are under constant corrosion attack as are cat
walks and ladders belonging to the second application identity.
C. Nationally deteriorating at an alarming rate, the aging wastewater plant
infrastructure (Fig. 1.165) offers to pressure-washing, hydro-blasting or UHP
service provider, several opportunities inherently ideal and far superior to familiar
cleaning, neutralizing, abrasive blasting and concrete rehab-breaking techniques.
Trying to stay abreast of or controlling ongoing deterioration in wastewater
treatment facilities where hydrogen sulfide gases (H2S) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
eat away or attack large aggregate and erode exposed interior-exterior concrete
surfaces, steel fixtures or essential equipment, chemist and maintenance depart-
ments operate within a continuous maintenance procedure. Today, advanced
coating systems designed for waterworks and wastewater treatment facilities
Fig. 1.166 Wastewater

clarifier
require the best possible surface-substrate preparation, therefore the UHP and
hydro-blast abrasive blast technologies are called upon. In older facilities, dete-
riorated coal-tar coatings are usually present and are replaced with coating systems
designed for specific plant locations and process oriented performances, not only
to inhibit but also in some cases to stop the deteriorating erosion processes alto-
gether. Coatings are identified for exterior weathering, UV and mild chemical
exposure for steel or concrete surfaces, interior environment exposure for steel,
concrete walls and ceilings, immersion for wastewater collection (Fig. 1.166),
primary treatment and/or secondary b treatment on steel and concrete surfaces in
immersion-tertiary treatment facilities and/or secondary concrete containment
areas.
The identification and classification of a deteriorating area, and its necessary
substrate removal volume must be determined before a correct hazardous waste
disposal classification and method can be suggested.
When working in a pretreatment sewage process area or confined spaces in the
presence of live flowing sewage water, uninterrupted monitoring for the possible
presence of highly toxic hydrogen sulfide gases must be a given. In particular
where the removal of grit-sand, gravel and other heavy solids and/or organic
particulates that have settled out by gravity from the wastewater stream are
removed before the frayed concrete-coating removal application is introduced
(Fig. 1.167). Confined space entry procedures, continuous air breathing apparatus,
egress gear, and correctly wearing full face respirator gear are fundamental to the
job description. Work areas will include the facilities closed influent and effluent
channel areas, grit chambers, primary sedimentation basins and the channels
between them. In primary clarifiers, also referred to as primary sedimentation
basins, where construction joints are highly susceptible to erosion by developing
gas above the operating waterline, including the interior roof services and exposed
walls, deteriorating concrete is generally always recognizable. This includes the
interior digester’s roof structure and when in operation the exposed settling basin
walls. Damaged coatings on older structures most likely consist of coal tar heritage
and are easily removed. Coating failures on cat walks open primary-secondary
clarifiers, at times also called primary and sedimentation basins, occur mainly to
steel anchor-fittings, and the submerged aeration piping including their scrubbers.
Services are probably required when a major unit shutdown is in progress.
Fig. 1.167 a Neutralized

aggregate, b restored
aggregate surface
Fig. 1.168 Classic concrete

deterioration
Wastewater facilities are humid environments in which surfaces can or will be

saturated with moisture, therefore work methods must be quick in concrete
removal (Fig. 1.168) and coating drying-curing times, especially in areas where
plant operations cannot be shut down for extended periods of time.
Where structural integrity must be reinforced on walls, splitter and chamber
boxes or roof structures, etc., the available UHP and abrasive hydro-blast tech-
nologies provide, in combination with modern cementitious application and
Fig. 1.169 In situ manhole-sewer repair in progress
coating systems, unsurpassed specific bonding and pull off parameters

(Fig. 1.169). This becomes especially obvious when testing concrete for essential
surface profile parameters, concrete acidity-pH value, and moisture content prior
to commencing trowel or spray on coating procedures.
D. The harsh operating environment and the exterior chemical conditions
(Fig. 1.170) buildings are often subject to a demand for a continual cleaning and
maintenance process designed to protect existing coatings, concrete and steel
structures and are ideal application requirements for pressure washing entrepre-
neurs. Maintaining machine shops, control and laboratory buildings, change
rooms, and the general interior hygienic environment, exterior building aesthetics
and publicly visible structures or surfaces such as parking facilities, belong within
this fourth application requirement.
The sewer and pipe jetting technology developed in the mid-50s, today again
gained prominence by its unsurpassed scaling, cleaning and flushing capacities.
The ever-expanding, and in many communities a deteriorating infrastructure of
pipe and sewer systems susceptible to catastrophic failure which also burdens a
wastewater treatment facility, accelerates the need for complete isolated bypass
rehabilitation procedures. The industrial high-pressure water jetting-cleaning and
abrasive blast application, combined with a hydro-vacuum debris removal routine
is preceding to a high-load composite insert installation requirement. Generally,
these locations include sewer manholes and shafts, pipelines, tunnels, lift stations,
junction boxes and wet well structures. Cleaning procedures and providing
adequate surface roughness is also necessary prior to resurfacing sewers interior

concrete and/or brick walls, followed by a troweled or spray on high-performance
coating application. The industrial jetting capability is especially of interest when
exterior remote installations of flexible tubular lining systems to a sewer-pipe
system are planned and performed.
The service provider intending to increase profit margins with sewer and drain
cleaning applications must be aware that the potential customers’ sense of urgency
requires a response criteria not to be compared to a customers scheduled bubble
gum removal application. County, city or communities providing sewer-pipe
cleaning or vacuum truck services cannot always be available in an emergency.
Pre-qualifying with city purchasing and maintenance services is done by identi-
fying the service provider’s technical application capabilities into the cities pur-
chasing source guide, which can result in a standby position for possible
emergency work. This only works if the responsible city employees are convinced
of service provider’s advanced equipment status, technical know-how, labor
qualifications and highly developed safety curriculum.
County-city water towers or storage tanks, etc., require periodic exterior or
interior coating removal applications. This is always a corrosion-aesthetics, leak or
contaminant preventive measure and can turn into a visually pleasing exterior art
form. Today’s remote-controlled UHP coating strip-mill technology permits a cost
effective coating installation. Savings occur not only in reduced scaffolding and
tarpaulin expenses. Coating applicators follow UHP mill in a stepped sequence
similar to exterior fuel tank or ship hull coating removal and installation tech-
niques. When flash rust inhibitors are not utilized, the coating applicators per-
formance solely depend on full surface dryness, after the scheduled UHP stripping,
weather or ambient temperature and time flash rust development exceeds the
inspector’s guidelines or coating instruction.
Regenerating gravel and sand formations, surrounding a tired shallow or deep
water well which includes the cleaning of the well’s sump and the submerged
suction side of pump stations and the discharge piping is an application that was
introduced in the mid 1960s. The technique itself is applied today in the US
mainly as a soil stabilizing application (Fig. 1.171) and represents an added
entrepreneurial capability. In the mid 1970s Nozon Corp. of Germany success-
fully serviced throughout the African continent hundreds of plugged-silted
gravel-soil formations in the vicinity of solid or corrugated well spears, generally
in a radius of 200’ and down to 90’ plus depth. The process often provided a
better than new well performance history. High velocity water is introduced to
gravel and important soil formations by hydraulically operated high-pressure
water rigid-lance assemblies (Fig. 1.172) with a nozzle configuration, producing
a high velocity turbulence forcing silt into the wells negative system where the
sewer cleaning and hydro-vacuum method is applied to clear and clean all
gravity areas.
Shopping zones and their parking facilities and hopefully abundant car and foot
traffic, holiday and special event businesses strive to maintain a functioning,
environmental friendly and aesthetically pleasing environment. Providing a
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a b c
d e
Fig. 1.170 a. b. c. d. e
Typical deterioration of an concrete and coating matrix:

Evaporation pond, purifying vessels, coating removal on lock gates, tank cleaning, primary and
secondary digester cleaning, Sewer-pipe cleaning.
Fig. 1.170 a–e Typical deterioration of an concrete and coating matrix
diversified service capability achieved by quickly convertible equipment to a

multitude of application varieties encountered can often be of an essential business
survival strategy.
Fig. 1.171 Soil stabilizing

application
Fig. 1.172 Corrugated well

spears-pump station
Introducing a blast-water filtration and recycling capability for coating removal

or surface cleaning applications on plaza areas or parking deck facilities, including
removing oil residue from parking lot surfaces, proves to be a successful sales
strategy, especially when combined with a concrete seal installation or general
deck maintenance in preparing and sealing concrete damage resulting from stress
or freeze cycling. This also includes the repairing of expansion joint systems, as is
the bubble gum and graffiti removal technique servicing restaurants and shops in
their vulnerable areas. The sales potential can naturally be expanded to exhibition
and sport arenas, schools, public golf courses, tennis court resurfacing applications
and so forth.
Fig. 1.173 Rigid-lance

assembly at saturation depth
Large stadiums or arenas are especially of interest due to their physical size.
Horsepower requirements are low (18 hp-plus), producing high-pressure hot-water
at 3,000 psi plus. Chemical and disinfectants application knowledge is important
as are managerial skills combined with systematic high energy hp-hose positioning
tactics supporting but not impeding the gun operator in his jetting endeavors,
producing a speedy job completion.
Food concessions and their areas wash and restrooms or sometimes competi-
tors’ facilities where environmentally correct cleaning procedures are a marketing
consideration, ground keeper’s maintenance, service and shipping-receiving areas
are potentials identified by aggressive sales tactics.
A Restoration project on historical buildings is another facet pressure washing
and hydro-blast services must consider. Specializing in stone masonry and con-
crete restoration, which include soil and stain removal applications on fountains
and city art deco pieces or historical statues, is lucrative.
Highway road services, cleaning toll plazas, their booths and road surfaces from
oil, grease and carbon contaminants and providing services to highway rest areas
facilities are also essential. Salesmen in consultation with highway departments
must not forget to offer the removal of provisional road markings on construction
sites avoiding depressions in road surfaces common to grinding or abrasive blast
techniques Fig. 1.173.
Contacts. Maintenance and Purchasing for municipal solid waste management,
consultants for organic waste management. Municipal engineering for source
development concerning utilities infrastructure, wastewater system upgrades in
Fig. 1.174 a Recreational area and competitors shops, b, c concession-public washroom

facilities
pumping stations, digesters, etc., including their storm water collection, retention
and conveyance systems. Contact purchasing, maintenance and consultants for
building infrastructure concerning administration for municipal buildings, recre-
ational facilities (Fig. 1.174a, b, c), City municipal swimming pools, library
buildings, maintenance garages and storage facilities including engineering
departments for curb, gutter and sidewalks, as well as supervisors for the sewer
storm water management program.
Resources. Municipal Management Associations, Municipal Management
Consulting Association, National Association of Purchasing Management, The
National Contract Management Association, National Institute of Governmental
Purchasing, Inc., Federal Regulations, State Regulatory Authority, County Regu-
latory Authority, Municipal Land-Use Regulation and Control, storm water per-
mitting, information, Water and irrigation conservation ordinance.
Safety. The labor force providing services in wastewater treatment facilities
must be trained to identify plant area and its specific potential hazards. Tightly
adhere to preventive measures for a multitude of possible volatile and somewhat
unpredictable conditions occurring in these facilities. There are responsible safety
officers and competent plant operators controlling the written plan for a permit
required in the confined space entry procedure, explaining materials, equipment
and methods used during the cleaning process, evaluating and possibly verifying
functionality of personal protective equipment, guarding from exposure to raw
sewage, gases, oxygen deficient voids, fire and explosions due to formation of
flammable gases, dust and so forth. A continuous recording and identifying of
atmospheric conditions for toxic gases such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon
monoxide, oxygen levels-deficiencies and oxygen rich atmospheres, including
testing for flammable atmosphere caused by methane and other gases or vapors is
necessary. At all times, ventilation equipment must be capable of replacing air-

borne hazards with verifiable atmosphere in a continuous function, controlling the
atmosphere for a safe confined space entry and fluid job procedure. Take-out, lock-
out procedures for electrical and mechanical devices, including flow bypass or
diversion equipment is also a required capability, independent but in unison with
plant operators and their procedure. Never follow a fallen comrade into a confined
space for rescue. Activate the in place rescue procedures by immediately notifying
designated trained rescue personnel and ensure all required equipment is present
before a rescue into the confined space is activated. More people die in failed
rescue attempts than those who needed rescuing. Always check for water flow
bypass or diversion mechanisms in case of rain or flash flood conditions. Establish
emergency communications procedures and know how to immediately contact
medical response and plant rescue services. By no means are these the only
guidelines and regulations necessary to perform within wastewater treatment
facilities. Besides the wastewater treatment plant’s operational handbook, OSHA’s
second edition manual for safe work practices in wastewater treatment facilities is
a great information source for regulations, codes, safety standards in areas con-
cerning pressure washing and hydro-blast (UHP) application requirements. ‘‘Safe
Work Practices for Wastewater Treatment Plants’’ http://www.OSHA29
CFR1910.146. Sewer, pipe and manhole cleaning or rehabilitation can be a
potentially hazardous undertaking. Safety regulations, requirements and labor
force training differ from wastewater treatment facilities. There is no one indi-
vidual culprit, but more or less a combination of dangerous possibilities often
underestimated by either too confident or complacent attitudes. Preferably, sewers
and pipes are cleaned by utilizing the natural gravity flow of a system. This
automatically introduces traffic either vehicular and/or pedestrian to the work site
of the service provider’s labor force and equipment.
Protection of pedestrians, vehicles, and labor force alike, which includes every
part of equipment operation, is performed by utilizing signage, safety cones,
barricades and possibly a traffic control supervisory team. Regulations can vary by
state for signs, signals and barricades. The OSHA traffic control safety workbook
for the construction industry is also of great help, as is the American National
Standard (ANS) for traffic control supervisors. A storm water and sanitary sewer
entrance demands a confined space entry permit as the labor force is likely to be
exposed to hazardous atmospheres. Never, ever retrieve an accidentally dropped
tool, nozzle, flashlight, etc., from the bottom of a manhole which constitutes a
confined space entry (Fig. 1.175a, b). Personal protective clothing and equipment,
adequate personal hygiene practices, no eating, drinking or smoking within the
work area and open sewer-pipe are a commonsense ‘‘must adhere by’’ behavior
ritual to limit or avoid exposure to biohazards. OSHA hazardous exposure and risk
assessment, standard regulations for bacteria, pollutants, toxins, chemicals, and
blood borne pathogens common to the content of sanitary sewer refuse must be
closely followed. Also, in specific applications, precise, detailed written safety
requirements and procedures are always practiced and enforced by supervisory
staff. Contractors that find themselves inserting nozzle assemblies (Fig. 1.176)
Fig. 1.175 a 1958 Sewer-

nozzle design, b 1960 Sewer-
multi nozzle carrier design
Fig. 1.176 1961 Interior

bottom profile, sewer flushing
heads
within an excavated trench area more than 4’ deep must make sure that there is a
qualified competent person present as explained in OSHA regulation 29 CFR
1926, responsible for the excavated or trenched job site. Besides the remaining
dangers of a correctly secured trench location, water or high-pressure water
velocity can quickly be a critical destabilizing factor when inadequate cleaning
operations are performed. Destabilizing by heavy load, vibrations, pressurizing or
removal through water velocity and water saturation of soil formations can
immediately endanger labor forces surrounded by weakening structural integrities.
This can result from an incorrect nozzle choice with an over and above necessary
power input, undetected faulty or damaged sewer-pipe structures where high
pressure water jets found cavities or cracks, etc., on interior pipe surfaces. Tun-
neling effects can occur quickly and are possibly recognized by operators detecting
visually changing debris flow and/or substances. This, by the way, is another
reason to always work with the natural designed downhill flow of a sewer system
to possibly permit a quicker visual recognition (refuse color change) of such a
problem by eliminating the pooling effect while flushing (Fig. 1.177), this espe-
cially when prior problem detection by camera is not available.
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Man-hole rehabilitation-sewer cleaning, water well cleaning, toll plaza cleaning, and parking deck coating removal.

Fig. 1.177 a 1958 Sewer-pipe cleaning technology by Wolfgang Maasberg Sr., b Modern
combination vacuum-sewer cleaning equipment
1.21 Pharmaceutical, Cosmetic, Drug and Dietary

Supplement Industry
By providing customized cleaning solutions to the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, drug

and dietary supplement industries, contractors and hydro-blast equipment manu-
facturers learned at once that application requests strongly and independently
differ with products manufactured. Computerized and automated production is
often lot-based. Large quantities of raw materials pass from one process step to the
next, leading to final products such as creams, ointments, tablets, capsules, aero-
sols and inject table solutions. The medical drug and supply criteria for veteri-
narians can be included within this application variety as does the cleaning of
manufacturing hardware, equipment and facilities for surgical gloves, sutures and
dressing production lines.
Application techniques are best identified when considering a likely natural
biological separation–extraction process or chemical synthesis. Operational
functions are the separation of medicinal chemicals including but not limited to,
antibiotics and vitamins from microorganisms, botanical and biological products
thru extraction and purification of organic chemicals from vegetative materials or
animal tissues and the not so natural chemical synthesizing or synthetic processes.
When synthesizing pharmaceutical products, volatile organic compounds and
pollutants (VOC) are contained. Seasonal batch requirements, product changeover,
accidental or as a result of equipment failure, therefore possibly emitting con-
tamination to the environment which results in the procurement of pressure
washing or hydro-blast services in particular when this is combined with an area or
equipment decontamination procedures.
1.21 Pharmaceutical, Cosmetic, Drug and Dietary Supplement Industry 171
Fig. 1.178 Pressure-washers

heating element
The following equipment identities and production areas are cleaned and
decontaminated by service providers: Autoclave or batch reactors which are often
glass lined hosting the chemical reaction and double as holding tanks, mixers,
heaters, crystallizers and evaporators or cleaning distillation equipment and their
heat producers. Consider as typical the condenser and secondary condenser
cleaning application, which includes tray, rotary and fluid bed dryers, wet-dry
scrubbers and carbon adsorption equipment. Service providers streamline their
safety equipment to avoid any possible contact with pollutants applied in the
pharmaceutical separation technology. Solvents of a wide variety are utilized
within processes (acetone, amyl alcohol, benzene, ethanol, ethyl acetate, toluene,
etc.) therefore specific care must be exhibited, warranting safe working conditions.
While in a production sequence, custom-designed clean-in-place equipment
systems (CIP) are found throughout most operations, supporting a bio-cleaning
process. Manually cleaning and sanitizing with hot high-pressure water can today
be a customary maintenance function. Plant generated steam is utilized to con-
tinuously heat the pressurized water between 185 and 2258F (1,500–5,000 psi at
5 gpm, avoiding within a hygienic environment the utilization of burner assem-
blies (coils). Temperature adjustments and levels are precise (Fig. 1.178) and do
not fluctuate or spike due to operators on–off jetting procedure (cycling). This
characteristic can be of importance where continues high heat sanitizing proce-
dures are a must.
Fig. 1.179 Chemical

metering utility
Service providers must be capable of verifying plant or in-house laboratory

identifications of existing waste characteristics, pollution prevention and control
methods.
Cleaning of manufacturing areas, their exterior equipment, interior walls,
ceilings and floors which are usually constructed to withstand repeated aggressive
wash downs, or cleaning analytical test lab surfaces, their work bench including
containment hoods and isolators can be considered one application faced. These
areas are most likely not inclusive of a general industrial services procurement
procedure. Laboratory environments demand a specialized application curriculum
and will most likely be product specific in specialized safety and technical
requirements.
Interior surfaces in process areas, similar to the food industry, can feature 100%
solid epoxy, epoxy acrylics, polyurea hybrid and advanced resin coatings, etc. and/
or oil–grease–acid resistant brick and tile structures. This application will require
extensive wash-down training and an advanced skill level in detergent and
chemical application techniques, ensuring an imperative surface cleanliness.
Offering or providing with cleaning processes a chemical metering utility incor-
porating a verifiable fluid volume control function (Fig. 1.179) is imperative.
Most always, in-house laboratories will identify or provide critical detergents.

They can be low foaming, heavy-duty alkaline detergents as utilized for cleaning
lab-ware in parts washers, or low foaming liquid acid cleaners and/or low foaming
phosphate free detergents, etc. Often a plant turnaround decontamination, or unit
pre-post operational decontamination process which possibly requires removing
concentrations of volatile organic, toxic bulk or trace ingredients while executing a
predetermined cleaning plan, will include the correct application of such
chemicals.
Equipment to be serviced include vapor recovery systems, gas wet or dry
scrubbing equipment, bag-house units for particular matter and in some cases high
efficiency particulate air filter system’s suction (HVAC) and discharge side,
including all duct work providing the HEPA filtration for manufacturing floors.
Fluid bed equipment performing drying, crystallizing or agglomeration and
granulation including dust collectors in tablet manufacturing processes, or dehu-
midification equipment, freeze-dryer hardware, feeders, extractors and filling or
packaging equipment, maintenance shops and cleaning transportation equipment
are all identities specifically categorized by customer’s maintenance and pro-
curement department.
Preventing cross contamination between equipment and locations during an
ambiguous cleaning or decontamination procedure which includes the periodic
analytical verification of a successful job completion will be tightly controlled by
laboratory-maintenance personnel.
Exploiting the customer’s or manufacturer’s available liquids as a blast-
cleaning, slurrifying, agitating or vacuum-pump drive medium is of significance,
in particular when the incentive to return scaled or recovered product back into the
production process exists. Also, by utilizing some of the manufacturer’s liquids as
blast medium one can avoid the contamination of a production process and the
isolation of machinery or its shutdown. This is only possible when liquids’ specific
weight, compressibility, viscosity, foaming or lack of, and abrasiveness of liquids
are identified to make adequate technical adjustments preventing pump damage or
any other mechanical problem. This generally requires equipment rpm reductions
and plunger changes, providing the application oriented necessary fluid volume
and pressure configuration. Equipment with automated RPM governors most likely
must be changed to manual rpm regulation and then supported by an adjustable
pressure regulation and pressure relief function.
With the exception of operations where expensive or dangerous products can be
returned to the production cycle, dump guns are not employed. The pharmaceu-
tical or medical product manufacturer will also need to know hp-pumps fluid-end
product compatibility which is most likely a given, since fluid-ends generally are
manufactured of high grade stainless steel and contain compatible o-ring or
packing materials (Teflon, neoprene, delrine, etc.). Equipment requiring grease
fittings therefore grease or any other packing lubrication method cannot be
introduced. Pump conversions are best performed utilizing manufacturer’s
expertise (pump-fluid-engineering).
The introduction to operate and clean with purified or distilled high-pressure

water and/or light oils found in the pharmaceutical, biotech, and cosmetic process
industry may illustrate a comparison to application procedures and methods to the
hygienic and bio-safety requirements established throughout agricultural, food,
distillation and the general extraction process industries. This includes best
cleaning practices and implementation requirements compulsory to the coffee, tea
and dairy foods concentrate and powder-granular products manufacturing identi-
ties and their plant hardware. Cross contamination is not acceptable under any
circumstance.
Cleaning procedures are completely isolated between hardware and exterior
surface identities, as must cleaning operations between buildings, clean rooms and
laboratories. Pipe systems are capped and isolated, which include valve assem-
blies. Cleaning and removal of calcifications on reverse osmosis equipment and
their storage tanks or cleaning wastewater treatment facilities hardware and gen-
eral surfaces or pharmaceutical containment systems and areas also belong to this
application identity.
As it is within the food industry, sizing operations, grading incoming raw
materials, milling, blending and mixing, compression and performing coating
techniques with a variety of equipment is part of the manufacturing step. This is
followed by bulk packing and product transportation via railroad, truck or barge,
which also offers a variety of service opportunities to the pressure washing spe-
cialist, operating at 3–5,000 psi range applying both hot and cold water. The
service provider working in the food industry can simply adapt his technique to
pharmaceutical quality standards. The food industry’s hp-water equipment is also
simply modifiable. Chemical-acid and heat resistant food grade hp-hose assem-
blies and so forth are again necessary as is all support equipment. Safety-hygienic
gear must prove compatible to refuse encountered within a cleaning environment
or process. Cleaning product contact surfaces and multiple use production
equipment requires the verification of the cleaning process by customers’ ana-
lytical method. To avoid problems a contractor best establishes the specific ana-
lytical determination for possible residual substance or the lack of. The detection
threshold is measured in parts per million or parts per billion. Residual limits after
a cleaning process for equipment and diverse surface identities should be guided
by practicality, achievability and validated by a test method first established in the
contractual procurement phase. This includes maintaining the required timeframe
test and verification procedures after a job completion. Also, pharmaceutical
outsourcing has grown into a sizable industry. Bulk product manufacturing and
packaging requires the same conscientious specialized training for equipment
operators and jetting personnel alike and can involve the issuance of PPE fitted
closing, which naturally means education in selecting proper equipment, providing
records of training routine and regular inspection of the equipment itself and its’
maintenance. Area contamination and emissions consisting of potentially accu-
mulative volatile organic compounds can be found in unsuspecting areas or within
equipment identities, especially when services are provided to pharmaceutical
contract manufacturers with, now and then, not so stringent safety guidelines or
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Slurrifying, agitating and pumping sedimentations or products, wastewater treatment facility, tank cleaning

enforced controls. Small-scale pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities, their water

systems, waste water treatment facilities, particulate bag house units and critical
utilities ‘‘clean rooms’’ are ideal entrepreneurial business entry-level identities.
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has categorized this field into
various and obvious topics: Food, including dietary supplements, drugs, medical
devices, vaccines, blood products and other biologics, cosmetics and veterinary
medicines.
Contacts. Pharmaceutical and biotech laboratories and manufacturing facilities.
Chemical, mechanical and process engineers, analyzing product quality and
equipment status in sizing, milling, blending, compression and coating operations
in the dietary supplement industry. Contact bulk manufacturers (agriculture,
mineral mining and chemical industry), operations of pharmaceutical chemicals
(BPCs), their purchasing, maintenance and shipping departments, etc.
Resources. Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA),
Pharmaceutical Drug Manufacturers Association (PDM). Independent Cosmetic
Manufacturers and Distributors, http://www.icmad.org. Best practices from
Bayer’s, Johnson & Johnson, Glaxo in implementation of various compliances in
FDA 21CFR. Industry good manufacturing practices, in production and process
control, packaging and labeling, CFR Code of Federal Regulations, industries
manufacturing practices for human and veterinary pharmaceutical products 21CFR
210-211, biological product-21 CFR 600 and 21 CFR 620.
Safety. All industrial and commercial safety procedures and equipment classi-
fications, including choice of respiratory protection may vary between installations
and areas or products manufactured. Specialized personal protection can be
required guarding against toxic and volatile conditions. Confined space entry, lock
out-take out procedures and a substantial job related combination of controls can
be mandatory.
1.22 Pulp-Paper, Paperboard, Cellulose and Engineered

Wood-Lumber Industries
Visualizing and developing a variety of cleaning solutions by means of a water-jets

genetic impact and velocity to soiled and/or contaminated surfaces in the dairy food
industry, Wolfgang Maasberg Sr. focused and applied much of his acquired power-
washing technology to the pulp–paper–cellulose production processes. In 1956,
Senior and his father Oscar Maasberg delivered maintenance solutions with pump
equipment operating at 800–1,200 psi within the pulp-paper fabrication, in par-
ticular pertaining to the wet side of pulping processes and their equipment. How-
ever, application criterion did not parallel or correspond to cleaning requirements,
horsepower-input, tooling, and jetting performances previously found satisfactory
when servicing fouled or contaminated dairy-food manufacturing hardware.
1.22 Pulp-Paper, Paperboard, Cellulose and Engineered Wood-Lumber Industries 177
Fig. 1.180 In-place nozzle

spray-bar
Fig. 1.181 Traversing

nozzle equipment
Essential water volume–pressure configurations to overcome the scales’ tensile

strength, adherence or bulk accumulations varied substantially but nevertheless
were not the only factors concerning an adequate equipment performance.
The continuous distribution and pulp dewatering–drying process required the
design and manufacturing of fixed in place (Fig. 1.180, or traversing equipment
(Fig. 1.181) operating electric or pneumatic fan nozzle assemblies.
The periodic and automated cleaning of rotating disk filters, suction rolls,
bottom-top felts and screen assemblies dramatically enhanced plant operations.
Furthermore, outfitting and/or converting cross-longitudinal paperboard cutting
equipment with hp-water cutting nozzles abolishing typical knife assemblies
presented the first product cutting application instantly formative to industries
specific tool design criteria.
Various nozzle and tool configurations, especially in the chemical Kraft or
secondary sulfite pulping process required a variety of pump and tool development
efforts which resulted in an equipment umbrella recognized as ‘‘ATÜMAT’’.
Companies exploiting the recovered black liquor by-product to support paper mills
steam generation (recovery boiler) were immediate beneficiaries of this equipment
capability. Mechanical pulping processes utilizing refiner disk plates, etc. shared
with the chemical pulping method where wood chips are pretreated with sodium
carbonate, sodium hydroxide or sodium sulfide and cooked in high-pressure single
or multiple continuous digesters dissolving the lining by separating it from
woodchip fiber strands, also required specific tool designs. This facilitated par-
ticular cleaning services, as it did for cleaning of equipment hardware applying
chlorine, chlorine dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, oxygen and/or ozone to bleach the
pulp fibers. Chlorination towers, screens and screen-suction roles (Fig. 1.182)
which dewater pulp stock during the bleaching process (Fig. 1.183), inorganic and
organic scale removal in evaporator tubes or vacuum receiver and all fresh and
whitewater tanks, including pulp product feed or discharge pipelines are all subject
to periodic cleaning procedures.
Fig. 1.182 1958 Intermittent

suction-roll cleaning
General cleaning operations in recovery boilers are performed on all interior

surfaces including smelt spouts, smelt tank interior, super-heaters, boilers gener-
ating bank and economizer, steam drum, flu-stack, flu-gas wet or dry scrubbers and
bag-house equipment. Make ready by cleaning interior and exterior boiler tubes
for necessary periodic hydrostatic test and leak detection procedures including
hazardous corrosion analysis. These testing intervals vary between 12 and
48 months.
Depending on shutdowns or maintenance schedule, flash tanks, blow tanks, chip
steamers, sulfur recovery system’s condensers (Fig. 1.184), lime kilns and calci-
nation equipment must also occasionally be cleaned. Contractors adjusting gpm–psi
performances by simply changing plunger configurations did then and now
accommodate cleaning services on plant hardware which process recycled pulp from
wastepaper and paperboard, creating products like newsprint and sanitary paper.
This advantage in equipment flexibility was particularly noticed when cleaning
Material Recovery Systems (MRF) which continuously process newsprint and
wastepaper into a manufacturing route creating insulation products, artificial fibers
of all sorts for industrial products, including filter cloth and an array of industrial
fabrics, ropes, abrasive materials and protective clothing. Hydro-blast personnel
must be careful to correctly identify adequate application technology when ser-
vicing MRF recovery systems due to a possible mix of nylon, acrylic and polyester
fiber operations. Applied process heat to chemically derived fibers drastically alters
scale-refuse adhesion, tensile strength and removal characteristics. Similarities in
cleaning procedures of manufacturing hardware can be of a visual nature only.
The corrosive paper-pulp mill environment combined with high ambient tem-
peratures and, on a good day, 85% plus relative humidity offer a consistent mixture
of coating removal and surface preparation necessities for impending coating
installations or concrete repair procedures. These application requirements can be
found on the mill’s manufacturing floor, hardware-equipment and structural con-
crete or steel components which reach up to the crane rail installations and
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a b
a 1963 Advanced and quick exchange fan nozzle design, primarily applied for traversing and/or in-place
fixed spray-bar equipment
b Nozzle fixture and body incorporate Bernoulli’s inside tapering structure

Suction rolls, disc filters, chlorination towers, evaporator tubes, water treatment facilities, settling ponds,
evaporation beds, boilers, condensers.
Fig. 1.183 a 1963 Advanced and quick exchange fan nozzle design, primarily applied for
traversing and/or in-place fixed spray-bar equipment. b Nozzle fixture and body incorporate
Bernoulli’s inside tapering structure
Fig. 1.184 1967 Tube

bundle cleaning
mezzanine beam component surfaces, stainless steel or concrete tanks utilized for
storing bleaches, liquors and other corrosive liquids, etc.
Under constant caustic exposure, cleaning and resurfacing deteriorated struc-
tural components within the proximity of a paper machine requires a superbly
executed hydro-application and an experienced labor force capable of expert tar-
paulin installation procedures. Correctly and without fail protecting the operational
integrity of the paper machine is imperative. Providing all necessary access for
machine operators and tenders servicing their equipment at will and securing a
working relationship providing a high degree of flexibility within the job procedure
concerning the machine tenders and contractor’s crew alike is of fundamental
importance. Also blocking and drawing steam from the paper machine is essential
in numerous ways. This will somewhat control humidity and without fail (erected
coverings) protect surfaces of paper equipment from falling debris, chemical or
water contaminants. Jobsite’s secondary blast enclosure is mobile, safe and sound,
guaranteeing flexibility, avoiding physical restraints to the water-blasting crew and
facilitates a secure refuse collection including a possible water filtration-recycling
capability. Reinforced polyethylene curtains, plastic sheeting and lumber material
is utilized to construct primary enclosures protecting the paper machine, which
include secondary enclosures for drive equipment of the paper machine, and most
likely will feature it’s own access and separate air filtration system. Ventilation,
air-conditioning and dehumidification equipment is employed for most coating
applications. This again requires a close working relationship with installers
applying elastic urethane coating-liners, epoxy coatings and fiber reinforced lining
systems withstanding the aggressive chemical and/or thermal environment. The
necessary coating classification and installation recommendation will speak vol-
umes in supporting the appropriate hydro-tool selection and gpm–psi performance.
The coating product warranty criterion almost always categorizes and identifies
necessary surface conditions within the application subject matter. Verifying
adequate roughness, anchor profile, aggregates possible pH and moisture content,
essential ambient environmental conditions and curing times is a prerequisite.
Coating descriptions for interior dry or wet exposure on concrete walls, ceilings
and floors are of a standard nature. They are drastically dissimilar for chemical
exposure and in acid-caustic rich interiors or in severe wet-end exposure situations
on the paper machines concrete floor and steel surfaces and/or wet-submerged
concrete-steel substrates. The corrosion control requirement in operating refiner-
ies-chemical plants (product transfer equipment, pipes, etc.) where high temper-
ature insulation must be removed before corroding surfaces are cleaned with UHP
water, entertain certain application similarities as today’s available high-temper-
ature coatings provide a new application criterion.
In today’s strictly controlled wastewater discharge requirement, plant chemists
and maintenance managers control a delicate chemical and microbial balancing
act. Maintenance prevention necessitates the constant monitoring of effluent
characteristics customary to the pulp-paper processes, especially within the high-
heat and caustic manufacturing atmosphere.
By nature concrete and metal corrosion is a predominant occurrence and/or on the
colder side of a pulp mill line where microbial activity might cause slime deposits
compromising the paper quality and possible damages to alloys. The wastewater
effluent carrying a major source of pollutants containing organic trace filtrate, will
leave the process water in a high biological oxygen demand situation (BOD).
Combine this with dissolved organic carbons (DOC) and a chemical oxygen
demand (COD) along with heavy metals, chlorides, alcohols and chelating agents
results in a rewarding application variety for qualified service providers within
wastewater treatment facilities.
This area offers the exploitation of all pressure washing and hydro-blast
application techniques, operating stationary and/or mobile equipment identities,
utilizing all facets of modern tool technologies while cleaning precipitators,
digesters, diversion basins, primary–secondary–tertiary clarifiers, dredging oper-
ations in aeration lagoons or settling-evaporation ponds, etc.
Dust control and removal on the dry site of a modern paper mill is a possible
cleaning requirement and a never ending concern to management maintaining their
desired product quality. The cleaning regimen is most likely performed within the
duration of a cold plant shutdown. Often forgotten or not addressed by contractors
marketing endeavors, but nevertheless it is a very lucrative business identity when
applying the hydro-vacuum system with industrial vacuum hose-brush and wand-
extensions. Within the removal process, dousing airborne debris and dust particles
in injector’s vacuum chamber renders removed particles harmless and can be
directly transferred to plant’s sewer system or contractors’ water recycling-
filtration unit.
Overhead beam structures, air ventilation duct systems and hard to reach
structural beam surfaces are cleaned free of flaky deposits, fibers, pulp, dust or
other wind-swept contaminants, avoiding the employment of bulky vacuum-track
modules and their equipment. Modern paper machines run at 60–80 mph, pro-
ducing 5–7,000 fpm paper products and can be over 30’wide, situated in a facility
as long as a football field. The sheer plant size and elevation of a job location can
logistically be challenging. High-pressure water and vacuum-hose runs will vary
drastically between jobsites especially compared to older facilities and include
long extended sewer-pipe cleaning applications where pressure washing perfor-
mances (10–25 hp) are most likely inadequate.
In strategic plant locations where pulp buildup or residue impedes a continuous

production process, paper mills operate, since the early 1950s, water jetting tools
similar to modern day pressure washing equipment. Today, most companies
operate electric motor driven 2,000–4,000 psi pump equipment at 4–24 gpm,
cleaning periodically failure prone equipment like rotating suction rolls, filter
screens or drying pulp from sensitive areas.
This does not necessarily alleviate the presence of customarily centralized
pump stations with air equalized and water pressurized tanks feeding super long
high-pressure pipe and hp-hose systems. Automated rotating tank cleaning and
agitation equipment for storage containers maintaining certain liquidity for pulp
and chemical products besides the now and then cleaning application are often also
powered by these centralized pump stations.
Fine and technical paper, specialty paper and packaging products are
straightforward product classifications within the pulp-paper industry. This has
changed within the last 15 years. Nowadays forestry and agricultural byproducts,
combined with waste products from the reclaim-recycling industry, produce
commodities such as specialty plywood, laminated veneer lumber, laminated
furniture components, polymer-wood and thermoplastic bio-composites, etc., and
has dramatically extended the customer base for service providers therefore again
preventing the stagnation of high-pressure water application development criteria.
Synthesizing-combining these waste products with polymers, polypropylene,
high or low density polyethylene, polystyrene, thermoplastic polyolefin and nylon
products, etc., enhance possible application varieties. Maintaining or cleaning
manufacturing hardware with high-pressure water as a tool may seem quite
comparable to cleaning technologies applied in the chemical plant environment.
Except, when there are various applications and work environments which
reach into secondary industries such as servicing steam-electric power and fuel
producers consuming agricultural products and waste product (biomass).
These business identities, starting with waste-product suppliers, waste-product
converters, final product manufacturers and their storage and transportation
environments are all great customers for pressure washing specialists. This pro-
vides a gradual transformation potential into the industrial services environment
for pulp-paper and cardboard manufacturing hardware and can also be jump
started by offering cleaning services to area sawmill operations (Fig. 1.185).
Entrepreneurial desires to compete within this industrial market must convey
advanced pressure washing, hydro-blast and/or UHP application knowledge and
available equipment identities well suited for this field. Equipment operators must
be informed and knowledgeable in paper mills operating environment, safety
regulations, product flow, locations including aerial recognition of heavy equip-
ment and electrical circuitry within their job criterion.
This includes providing MSDS identification for all chemicals introduced to the
company, adequate wash water identification and confined space entry qualifica-
tions, confidence in job related lock out-take out procedures and a corporate
verifiable safety training requirement.
Fig. 1.185 Sawmill operation
An excellent safety record and experience modifier rating which applies the
OSHA recordable rate within the industry and a variety of delighted customers in
similar industries will certainly help to compete as well as does the potential of a
substantial equipment yard. With minimal equipment modifications contractors
performing within power plants, refineries and chemical plant environments are
well-suited for this application field.
Contacts. Pulp-paper-cellulose plant engineering and operations management,
process engineers, purchasing, contract-subcontract administrators, plant chemists
and waste water treatment management. Local-national timber and logging com-
panies, their management in equipment-yards. Engineered wood and Biocom-
posite-biopolymer product manufacturers’ their engineering, purchasing and
maintenance departments. For a subcontractor status, industrial painting and
coating companies specializing in resurfacing plant equipment, structural concrete
surfaces, steel and tank rehabilitation procedures.
Resources. For customers in your area: American Forest and Paper Association,
http://www.afandpa.org, Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry,
TAPPI (www.tappi.org), Association of Independent Corrugated Converters
AICC (www.aiccbox.org), Cellulose Insulation Manufacturers Association
(www.cellulose.org), Composite Panel Association CPA (www.cctiwdc.org),
Western Wood Products Association WWPA, http://www.wwpa.org, Plastic
Lumber Trade Association PLTA http://www.plasticlumber.org, Paper-Pulp con-
version industry information http://www.paperonweb.com.
Safety. Pulp paper plant environments require in-house company training for
the visiting labor force, including their management and sales forces, as they also
prefer to deal with contractors, voluntarily acquiring OSHA’s safety protection
programs, which can also be area or site-specific. Wearing personal protective gear
at all times, and capable of identifying mechanical, electrical and chemical hazards
is a prerequisite. OSHA 10 ? Contractors safety program provides an insight of
what is essential. http://www.wipapercouncil.org. Managing the safety and health
criteria for the employed labor force, safety equipment necessities and protecting
customers’ labor force and equipment within a job requirement reminds one of the
stringent petrochemical plant safety criteria.
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15. The society for Protective Coatings (2004) The fundamentals of cleaning and coating-concrete,
Common mechanisms of concrete deterioration SSPC,
Failures related to particular substrates SSPC,
17. Steel Structures Painting Council (1998) Protective Coatings for Pulp and Paper mills, The Society for
Protective Coatings , SSPC, [6.28.407]
http://www.sspc.org

Tank cleaning, bulk product removal, loading dock and warehouse cleaning services, machine shop floor-grease, oil
and coating removal.

1.23 Power-Plant Service, Coal–Oil and Natural Gas 185
1.23 Power-Plant Service, Coal–Oil and Natural Gas,

Combined Cycle, Biomass, Hydro or Nuclear-Powered
In 1958, the design criteria for self-propelled nozzles (Fig. 1.186a, b, c) to clean
sewers and industrial pipe installations appeared at a glance to be somewhat
associated to the boiler tube cleaning requirement. This was at best an optimistic
point of view accelerating in 1959 the development of hp-water tools not yet
available on the open market. In 1960, solving specific power-plant applications
with registered patented nozzle technologies operating at higher than previously
promising pressures in generating lower water volumes, while offering various
degrees of jet impact angles was the first approach. This facilitated the cleaning of
100 –300 boiler and condenser tubes with 00 , 00 , 00 and 100 hp-hose assemblies at
250 to 500 plus in length. There were technical shortcomings encountered.
Operating between 3,500 psi at 45 gpm and 8,000 psi at 20 gpm utilizing up to
150 horse-power engine performances excessively deteriorated every available
hose configuration within a few job applications.
Hp-hose manufacturers scrambled to improve hose abrasion resistance, flexi-
bility in hose structure-radius, weight reduction for two to four layered spiral steel
braided and fiber vulcanized and/or Teflon lined assemblies. Hose armatures were
also prone to failure and not yet restructured for emerging hp-washing applications
or markets. Most often the available hose products maintained internal restrictive
hose fittings that compounded fluid pressure drops often identifiable by a nozzle
streak pattern developed on tube wall’s interior and/or unnecessary repetitious,
inadequate cleaning procedures.
Today the motivation to streamline available high-pressure water tools and
accessories is to specialize and supplement contractor’s application palette in
response to possible emergencies or unscheduled maintenance requirements. More
often than not, this type of expenditure is only feasible when a dual purpose for
such equipment exists. For instance, when furnace feed is of an inferior or
inconsistent coal quality combined with (flame) temperature changes which can
suddenly accelerate the development of a clinker buildup, jeopardizing the fur-
naces tube structure and heating capacity, therefore or subsequently putting at risk
the bottom grinder and its operation. Clinker removal techniques developed for
cement kiln operations can be transferred to a coal-fired boiler-furnace. During
operation, periodically reducing the clinker build-up volume in all fired furnace
areas will protect the bottom grinder from catastrophic clinker collapse and
therefore at a minimum significantly prolong the units operation or avoid a general
unscheduled plant shutdown. The thermal shock treatment upon a clinker forma-
tion does not jeopardize furnace tube or brick-insulation structures. This appli-
cation demands a close working relationship with boiler operators, especially
while establishing removal schedules and permissible temperature fluctuations
(boiler) when performing clinker removal applications. Maintenance department
and plant engineering will advise to appropriate lance carrier installation and
possible locations found transversely from inspection ports, etc., on cat walk
Fig. 1.186 a Filed 1958 Germany, 1960 USA patent draft, b 1/400 and 1/200 Tube-pipe jetting
nozzle 1961, c tube-pipe and sewer cleaning nozzle 1958
railings and structural components. This application can also be considered a

standby or crisis management capability.
High-heat safety gear and eye protection is also a requirement. The dual pur-
pose for the high-heat lance equipment can be soil rehabilitation, water well
regeneration and pipe installation-drilling procedures.
Providing jetting applications in coal washing plants and coal tunnels, cleaning
conveyor belts, coal grinders and pulverizing hardware including blow pipes or
screens are services considered on the furnaces fuel side and include cleaning
particulate air filtration systems, their flue-gas filters, bag house units and pulling
fly-ash formations from the boiler top side (Figs. 1.187, 1.188).
Besides clinker removal in fired furnace areas, the accessing of mud and steam
drums while in a general shutdown permit the cleaning of all boiler-furnace tubes
(Fig. 1.191). Afterward, or as tube repairs are completed, providing hydrostatic
test procedures often conclude the necessary furnace-boiler services.
Scheduled are also hp-water cleaning applications within a overhaul process,
particularly in servicing emission control equipment and plant hardware con-
cerning the desulphurization process of airborne and liquid waste streams which
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Providing restricted travel in to desiccated products this hydraulic tool-nozzle is also ideal to slurry
calcium and fly-ash formations within clay, asphalt or plastic lined evaporation-settling ponds. Within
this application criterion removing slurry or highly viscose products the utilization of hydro-vacuum
equipment and vacuum or open roll-off box containers has proven highly successful and superior
to alternative industrial vacuum and pumping methods.

Cooling tower, bag house unit and mist eliminator cleaning, water treatment facility,
boiler and condenser cleaning.

Fig. 1.187 Fly-ash

formations
Fig. 1.188 Boiler top side
Fig. 1.189 Wet/dry interface

to scrubber (before)
demand routine and specific attention. Cleaning fixed in place plastic mist elim-
inator fins on top of the interior scrubber vessel can be achieved and supported by
a light metal flex-nozzle carrier. When repair is necessary, cleaning operations are
performed on dismantled bundles similar to the in-place air preheater basket
cleaning operation. Stack-exhaust shaft cleaning is performed manually or with an
automatic hose reel function employing an industrial hp-rotary nozzle and if
necessary can be operated with an extended nozzle fixture combined with a water
volume configuration accommodating the stacks interior radius. The intake or wet/
dry interface to scrubber vessels (Figs. 1.188, 1.189) interior and vessel floor is
cleaned by utilizing jetting operations (to knock down and demolish rock hard
debris formations to size (chlorides, sulfuric acid remnants, silt-lime-fly ash and
calcium sulfate-crust-gypsum), accommodating clean-out procedures by the
hydro-vacuum method. Removing scale accumulations in a cooling tower’s inte-
rior adhering to fan blades, louvers and trays or dredging and pumping lime and
fly-ash sedimentations below and/or above water in cooling towers bottom
channels are applications requiring hydro-blast equipment and tooling operating at
Fig. 1.190 Hydro-blast

operation
Fig. 1.191 Wet/dry interface

to scrubber (after)
75–150 hp. Vacuum roll-off box containers or an optional vacuum waste-product

separator unit and water trucks are also utilized (Fig. 1.190).
Slurrifying calcium and fly-ash formations within evaporation-settling ponds
lined with clay, asphalt or plastic, and removing these sedimentations by
employing the hydro-vacuum method has proven to be highly successful. The
established comparison is to otherwise engage high velocity vacuum tractors
producing up to 6,800 CFM in combination with mechanical means such as
backhoes or pick and shovel shared with fire hose operations. In contrast, an
80-yard box can be loaded continuously in 10–20 min with the hydro-pump
process preventing damage to the evaporation pond’s liner.
High velocity water quantity above 800 mph and its submerged nozzle standoff
distance to thickened, semi dry or dry material being agitated will most often not
exceed 5% of its product volume pumped. This figure of adding 5% water is high
and can be less varying on moisture content of product. As of today, no faster or
effective dredging and removal method above and below water is available (lime,
gypsum, fly-ash) (Figs. 1.192, 1.193, 1.194 and 1.195).
On the steam side, cleaning interior main condenser tubes and shell side
exterior tube structure, tube shield, including gasket areas (when pulled bundle
surfaces are exposed) is today considered a generally matured application identity.
Specialized is the flushing, cleaning and preservation of turbine lube oil systems
which include cleaning lube oil tanks, compressor housing cavities, pressure-
discharge lines and vertical integrated oil cooler units with drip or splash proof
equipment facilitating a 4–9 tube per minute cleaning rate (Fig. 1.196). This work
Figs. 1.192 and 1.193 Coal-fired steam generator (1.192). Cooling tower, mist eliminator, stack
(1.193)
Fig. 1.194 Coal-fired power

plant
Fig. 1.195 Oil–gas, Steam

generator, steam–mud drum
Fig. 1.196 Condenser

cleaning, open splash-proof
Fig. 1.197 Combined cycle

plant
is performed with demineralized water or filtered, recycled heated light-lube oil

customary to plant operations.
The natural gas combined cycle power plant operates gas turbine generators
with a heat recovery steam generator, capturing heat from the gas turbine exhaust.
The steam produced in the heat recovery steam generator system powers a steam
turbine generator to produce additional electric power. Various plants operate
gas-oil, dual-fuel fired furnace-boiler hardware requiring light distillate fuel oil as
backup fuel, which is often trucked into be stored in adjacent tank farms. Natural
gas combined cycle power plans (Fig. 1.197), also require low water volumes
between steam and hot water cycles. Water losses consist mainly of steam and
water leaks throughout its closed loop system.
Fig. 1.198 Fin-fan heat

exchanger, combined cycle
plant
The feed water quality standards for drum type boilers (Fig. 1.195) to control
the potential of contamination and deposits and/or corrosives is high. Plant waters
necessary and destructive elements are measured in parts per billion (ppb). Control
measures are in place to avoid excessive boiler tube and turbine fouling and/or
minimizing the potential for stress corrosion and possible cracking of turbine
blades. The main source of contamination is corrosion (chemical), mechanical or
system malfunctioning and/or contractor contaminating a plant system’s interior
due to an inadequate maintenance or cleaning procedure.
When in high-pressure water cleaning process, completely removing dislodged
contaminants must be a job description as must be the identification of reliable and
approved corrosion inhibitors. Main condenser, intermittent and after condensers,
air cooled heat exchangers, HRSG fin-fan tube cleaning (Fig 1.198), rotary air
preheater baskets, economizer, evaporator, vacuum deaerator and flue gas scrubber
services as well as cleaning the make-up water system and it’s reservoir or hydro
cleaning by flushing the entire turbine and compressor lube oil system are all
service applications performed by today’s qualified contractor.
In attempting to reduce our reliance on traditional fossil fuels, fuel manufac-
turing capacities for ethanol and bio diesel facilities are added nowadays to the
agricultural services environment. The current and emerging liquid bio fuel
technology converting natural oils to bio diesel or sugars, starches and whole-grain
into ethanol, generates more rural business potentials for local service companies.
This process utilizes the agricultural waste-biomass (fired boilers) for steam
generation supporting processes and/or converting it to electric power which is
especially obvious in various sugar-cane, paper-pulp and engineered wood man-
ufacturing industries. The biomass fueled boiler and its turbine arrangements can
vary drastically in size, airborne particulate-pollution control and in wastewater
treatment facilities’ design specifications. Maintenance necessities vary depending
on type of fuel being processed and burned.
Hydroelectric power generation (Fig. 1.199a, b) and their natural plant loca-
tions yet again favor the rural service provider in a variety of possible applications
not necessarily linked to power generation. Hydropower is still the most widely
used form of renewable energy. It does not produce carbon dioxide or any other
waste which may result in the accumulation of excessive scale or corrosion
problems generally considered a service providers life blood. Controlling struc-
tural steel and concrete deterioration by supporting a possible concrete restoration
or coating-painting application can be a periodic procedure.
Fig. 1.199 a, b Hydroelectric

power generation
Fig. 1.200 Spillway
Cleaning and/or surface preparations prepping the plant water intake, trash
racks, penstocks waterline surfaces and cat-walk grates or interior valve assem-
blies, mechanical control-lock mechanisms on spillways (Fig. 1.200) and some-
times the underground surge chamber can from time to time be an expected service
requirement. The multi-use water dams providing agriculture irrigation, flood
control, upstream water sport facilities such as pleasure craft services, fishing,
camping and general tourist amenities are areas where contractors will find their
entry-level application curriculum applying high-pressure water and tooling up to
5,000 psi.
Decontamination techniques for nuclear power plant processes and methods are
somewhat of a classified nature. There is a broad application range and technol-
ogies available. Combining contractors’ possible applications criteria, with plant
maintenance and engineering specifications under plant laboratories guidelines
requires meticulous planning. Radiation protection, minimizing radiation expo-
sure, working within rules for decommissioning-decontamination of commercial
facilities that apply radioactive materials also provide a diverse customer variety.
This includes the performance of services in medical institutions as well as uni-
versities, non-weapons related government-private laboratories and their manu-
facturing sites and/or accident locations. Activities in these areas can support and
develop necessary qualifications for job opportunities when cleaning-decontami-
nation-decommissioning activities in nuclear power plant facilities are made
available. The possible variety of work justifies the training requirement and
related costs for radiation workers, controlling dose limits and establishing a dose
history database for them. Code of Federal Regulations (10 CFR Part19) and
(10 CFR Part 20) standard for protection against radiation by establishing the dose
limits for radiation workers provides the guidance for all involved. This service
activity is most always considered a hazardous waste removal application. Job
duties will include the correct disposal of various cleaning materials such as dry or
liquid broad-spectrum adsorbent products applied in a decommissioning or
decontamination procedure as well as cleaning and decontaminating dismantled
structures, equipment and soils which remain minimally contaminated but can be
disposed of as low-level radioactive waste. Decommissioning-decontamination
procedures can include dismantling equipment and structures and/or an environ-
mental restoration of affected surroundings. This work is performed by qualified
and periodically tested hazardous material removal workers which through
experience may well become qualified decontamination technicians advancing
their capabilities to radiation-protection technician. The periodically tested radi-
ation-protection technician (lead man) is aware of decontamination regulations,
guidance and communications, and capable of applying radiation test methods and
tooling, including operating survey meters to locate, identify and evaluate possible
radioactive materials. The radiation-protection technician also controls the correct
high-pressure water cleaning and equipment operation which includes Hydro-
vacuum equipment, its application and combined HEPA filtration systems when
servicing primary and secondary facilities. Performing an exact decontamination
procedure and appropriately packaging high and/or low-level radioactive waste
materials in primary and secondary containment areas for transportation, con-
trolling the process of verifying disposal treatment, which can include transpor-
tation to landfill or storage facilities in dry or liquid form and/or incineration,
belong within these application criteria.
The manual hydro-blast FGD stack cleaning operation, most likely removing
acidic residue, deemed hazardous, adhering to general interior surfaces and various
structural cavities including flange exhaust chamber are nowadays displaced by
quick-install automated equipment available for this application. This equipment
can also be utilized for elevator shaft; laundry and refuse chute cleaning operations
in high-rises, etc.
The operating longevity of hydro-electric power plants often demonstrates the
creeping concrete surface deterioration brought upon by general environmental
conditions. Carbonation (salt) resulting in physical damage to various degrees into
concrete and possible block surface structures accelerates in-depth the decay
during natural weathering cycles. These deteriorating weather cycling events can
be effectively slowed and controlled by periodic cleaning and sealing concrete-
block surfaces in depth before extensive rehabilitation events are necessary. Often
a past neglected maintenance procedure forces the securing of such structures by
Hydro-concrete rehabilitation and sealing measures which nowadays present a
major business capacity within this field. Besides the Hydro-demolition-rehabili-
tation or UHP concrete removal application, utilizing the water abrasive blast
technique is of an advantage, providing a near zero environmental impact while
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Scrubber unit and interior stack cleaning, sludge removal in cooling tower channels, plant water and evaporation
ponds.

Fig. 1.201 1960–1967 Patent file
Fig. 1.202 a, b Housing and

turbine runner
performing an industrial rated surface preparation. Most importantly, this appli-

cation does not entail more than 75 hp input, which under most circumstances far
exceeds essential concrete surface preparation prerequisites.
Industrial abrasive water-blast techniques and equipment (Fig. 1.201) were first
applied in power plant industries and fine tuned for steam turbine or compressor
cleaning operations in the early 1960s by removing the general film fouling and
hydrocarbon scale. Aluminum oxide powder admixed with high-pressure water
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(a) (b)
Fig. 1.203 a.b Pipe and Tube-bundle cleaning

½” and ¼” Nozzles 1961

Oil lube cooler, oil lube tank, fin fan tubes, hydrostatic testing, cleaning trash rack, cat walks and concrete surfaces.
Fig. 1.203 a, b Pipe and tube-bundle cleaning ’’ and ’’ nozzles 1961
was utilized to remove film like deposits on turbine blades. This application is
nowadays more often effectively controlled and performed through applying
inhibitors (chemistry) to boiler feed water and/or chemical cleaning procedures.
Admixing powders and various sized granules to a well designed high-pressure

water stream should not be a forgotten tool identity (Fig. 1.202a, b). The often
superior surface honing, polishing, rust-paint-coating removal and overall surface
preparation potential can support a specialized application itinerary which should
never be underestimate in its repetitious profitable business potential.
Contacts. Power plant maintenance engineering and purchasing departments,
retrofit service companies, providing coating-liner installations and plant hardware
for sub contractor status. Area coal mines, and Google for information, ‘‘power
generation facilities’’.
Safety. Service providers involved in electric power generation facilities will
provide a tested labor force qualified in providing clear lines of communication
with maintenance and plant safety departments, operating confined space entry
equipment, air monitoring and continuous atmospheric testing, identification of
potential physical hazards, lockout-tag-out procedures, fire prevention, etc. Hp-
water applications generally require a combination of controls in this environment
(Fig. 1.203).
For nuclear power plant services, US Department of Energy, maintenance
management programs and labor force training, 10CFR 830, Subpart B, and DOE
G 433.1-1 and DOE technical standards program web sites, http://www.hss.
energy.gov/nuclearsafety/nsps/maintenance.html. Office of nuclear safety and
environment, establishing requirements and guidance to ensure health and safety
for workers which is not a department of OSHA, Interfaces & Liaisons, DNF-SB
(Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board, EPA (Environmental Protection
Agency), IAE (International Atomic Energy Agency), NRC (Nuclear Regulatory
Commission), OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration).
1.24 Railroad-Commuter-Light Rail Maintenance Yards,

Railways Historical Associations, Theme Parks,
Rail Bridge, Steel–Concrete Rehabilitation,
Rail Accident, Site-Emergency Response
In the early 1900s, pump manufacturers designed and delivered in-house cleaning
systems and rudimentary equipment combining a water-steam function to more
successfully remove grease, oils and other contaminants from railcars and loco-
motive surfaces. Early on, manually operated wands applying 2.5 and later up to
25 hp were utilized to clean engine parts, truck-axle assemblies and the exterior-
interior of railcar tanks, etc. There is no doubt this water-steam cleaning capability
presented a marvelous tool addition to any rail yard facility. Drive-through wash
bays and today’s integrated sumps, separating oil-grease and solids from waste
streams, were later incorporated.
Regardless of the fact that in 1821 James Boyd patented the first rubber-lined,
cotton-webbed fire hose assemblies, and Charles Goodyear discovered in 1839 the
1.24 Railroad-Commuter-Light Rail Maintenance Yards 199
all-important rubber vulcanization process (1844 Patent) modernizing the

emerging industrial hose manufacturing technique and followed in 1878 by
seamless cotton woven fire hose units (American Fire Hose Company), the high-
pressure water hose and nozzle technology above 1200 psi did not yet exist to
permit the cleaning of boiler tubes in steam engines. Tubes were manually routed
with push rods and later with rotary steel brush systems. The American Fire Hose
Manufacturing Company also advertised first in1900 hose-reel and fire hose nozzle
assemblies. The reinforced industrial hose construction was made possible by
converting yarn braiding equipment. Steal-wire braiding, intended as hp-hose
reinforcement, was introduced in the mid 1920s. By 1930, industrial braiding
equipment delivered hoses in length of up to 20 m. Textile braiding technologies
were tailored to the steal-braiding curriculum and combined with existing vulca-
nization techniques resulting in production of hose assemblies for hydraulic
automotive brake systems, appearing in the early 1930s. These hose assemblies
were successful in maintaining semi static pressures only and required a sub-
stantial technical improvement before service for reciprocating pumps exploiting
the pressure washing, sewer cleaning or hydro-blast cleaning application became
possible (500 pump rpm plus).
In the late 1950s, the introduction of high-pressure water-jets and nozzles to
existing low pressure stationary drive-through facilities (1,250 psi) for exterior
locomotive and railcar cleaning procedures (Fig. 1.204a), similar in appearance to
today’s car-bus-tractor-trailer cleaning systems, proved contrary to prior belief
somewhat futile. The thin-film residue removal application, especially on painted
or lacquered glossed surfaces, proved inadequate when safely utilizing high-
pressure water fan-jets. Only by adding various water temperatures and detergents
to the stationary stepped fan-jet assemblies, combined with the introduction of a
physical friction to surfaces in question, was the removal of statically adhered and/
or carbon-oil-film deposits successful. These semi automatic cleaning systems
operate within the 100–300 plus horsepower range. The labor-intensive washing-
scrubbing method was finally displaced by incorporating hydraulic-electric driven
rotary brush or oscillating rag scrubbing systems.
With a combined fleet of 7500 plus locomotives throughout the United States,
railroad companies annually perform hundreds of overhaul and repair procedures.
So-called ‘‘back shops’’ (Fig. 1.204d, e) of engines. These facilities provide major
repair work which generally includes the complete disassembly and rebuilding of
engine and power-train assemblies including exterior deteriorated coating
removal-installation practices. These activities are also performed while actively
reducing prior pollutant loads from their maintenance operations and paint job
facilities.
Today, waterborne coatings with highly reduced solvent levels (VOCs) combined
with a clear coat system find their way onto locomotive surfaces. Under various
going-green programs high-pressure water cleaning applications, coating removal
techniques and the introduction of wastewater-recycling and filtration methods
reducing or eliminating the waste burden to the environment, can be considered an
innovative application frontier for modern service companies.
APPLICATION REVIEW
Address:
City:
Web site: P.O. Box:
Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:
Job Site Review:

Rail-tanker cleaning, paint-coating removal, livestock-car cleaning and sanitizing.
WORKSHEET- PURCHASING- SALES

Fig. 1.204 a Fuel station, b Rail yard, c Burn-off after extended engine idle, d, e Back shop
In general, locomotives are the only cars that represent the railroad company
itself. The reporting Mark is an identification assigned by the Association of
American Railroads (AAR) to rail carriers and other companies operating in North
America. They are the letters in sequence of two to four, visually and uniquely
identifying the owner of railroad rolling stock (locomotives-cars). Freight cars
owned by leasing companies do not necessarily exhibit a Railroad Mark.
The type of car in need of cleaning and/or sanitation services and/or coating
removal applications will often in itself identify the industry and company it
services, as for instance gondolas transporting bulk commodities such as aggre-
gate, coal, minerals, scrap or steel products. Open top hoppers are also designed
for bulk commodities, such as coal, coke, aggregate or sand and livestock cars
operate between cattle yards and slaughterhouse-meat processing operations and/
or transporting zoo or circus animals to their awaiting fairgrounds. Livestock cars
may also require a biologically controlled cleaning procedure. Flat cars transport
steel, lumber and other finished heavy industrial products, as auto-rack cars
transport vehicles from manufacturing location to their destinations throughout the
Fig. 1.205 a Paten file 1968, b, c 6500 psi.3D nozzle, patent draft, d 6500 psi.3D stainless steel
nozzle, e patent abstract
country. Boxcars accommodate the broadest range of manufacturer or shipper

needs. They may transport packaged food, auto parts, appliances, forest products,
building materials and so forth and generally require the least attention in cleaning
procedures and coating replacements. This differs substantially to refrigerated
cars-tankers transporting food-stuffs, liquid and meat and/or volatile dry or liquid
chemicals. These railcars specifically fall under the regulatory compliance man-
agement for freight and tank cars and demand a variety of cleaning-sanitation
options for maintenance inspection and certification (e.g. HM201).
Tank car cleaning applications naturally performed one way or the other were
automated in the early 1930s, applying low pressure high water volume rotating
nozzle equipment (Butterworth 1925).
Problems arose more often within delivery and sanitation cycles of foodstuffs
and chemical products tending to adhere to interior tank surfaces, or when frequent
cleaning intervals due to product changeover and general business growth
throughout the industrial environment escalated (Fig. 1.205a, b, c). Equipment
manufacturers hustled to develop and manufacture 3D nozzle capabilities, per-
forming with lower water volumes at higher pressures 5–8,000 psi plus and made
them available in the mid 1960 (Fig. 1.206).
The 3D nozzle technology was quite difficult to develop. There were no
technical examples or other expertise to draw from. Fluid seal technology for
rotating high-pressure water equipment (5,000–10,500 psi) controlling the
required or desired nozzle rotation (rpm) for various application necessities pre-
sented a definite engineering challenge.
Providing specialized services for rail maintenance departments, independent
terminals and private railcar owners can include activity in rail and trucking
facilities, or light rail transit yards and their maintenance operations and providing
services to subway or similar transportation identities. This includes cleaning
underpass and tunnel structures or servicing product holding tanks, fuel tank-farms
or wastewater treatment facilities, evaporation-settling ponds often located in rail
yards, customer’s storage and loading areas. Cleaning applications require gen-
erally 2,000–8,000 psi at various water volumes which permits grasping the bulk
of available service work.
Fig. 1.206 a Telescoping 3D tank-cleaning assembly, b Private tank yard, c private fill and
maintenance facility
The hydro-vacuum, water-abrasive blast and UHP equipment identities will

provide an array of possible applications permitting specialization within this field.
Coating and lining removal applications on interior-exterior steel railcar surfaces
designed for acid, alkalis, dairy, hydrocarbons and livestock transport is an area
where the UHP application rules. This, particularly within the presence of an
existing anchor profile which permits an immediate spot coating-maintenance or
installation procedure while performing within environmentally permissible
regulations.
Private railcar owners may also require pressure washing services for their unit-
trains (Fig. 1.207a, b) in their facilities or on their maintenance tracks. Units are in
general comprised of 30–125 rail cars in need of pressure washing services
completed within 2–3 day shift assignments. This requires an approved acid-
detergent-rinse application cycle and the employment of a secondary spill con-
tainment, track pans or a pan system combined with a mobile water filtration and
recycling function permitting the removal of waste-water by shifts end. This
application can somewhat be compared to tractor-trailer fleet cleaning operations,
where a complete unit is serviced between 8 and 12 min. This requires a highly
organized and systematic work method, leaving nothing to chance. The timely
utilization of an aerial lift, supply and application of acid-detergents including the
necessary rinse cycle, blast water replenishment and effluent pickup is precisely
choreographed. Simultaneously, a correct rail safety and signage procedure and the
wearing of safety gear, respirators, etc., must be mandated. This is challenging due
to job location, the graveled rail and unsecured shoulder surfaces, length of railcar
units, cleaning equipment turnaround procedures and providing a strong labor
force which will most likely vary between job locations as well as the encountered
weather.
The entrepreneur will find the restoration of locomotives and their respective
cars quite educational, in particular due to the fact that restoration work must meet
the stringent safety rules (Fig. 1.208) established by the Federal Railroad
Administration (FRA). This includes performing a correct confined space entry
Fig. 1.207 a Rail

equipment, b private unit
train cars
procedure, providing personal protective gear (PPE), enforcing HASMAT regu-

lations and furnishing MSDS identification for all chemicals introduced to the
jobsite. These guidelines are often compromised by overeager volunteers sup-
porting the railroad historical society. Contractors do best when comparing
existing volunteer work with prior work performances, showing specific time
savings achieved with available equipment capabilities and resulting final surface
appearances. Needle gun operations, steam cleaning, and pressure washing
Fig. 1.208 a–e Roof access, c water recovery-filtration-recycling, d locomotive restoration yard
practices conducted with less than 18 hp., including air abrasive blast techniques,
are inconsiderate maintenance solutions with environmental impacts unbefitting
historical societies, theme park operations, etc.
Cold-weather cycling combined with salts and acidic environmental conditions
resulting today in advanced carbonation effects (Fig. 1.209) on bridge compo-
nents, corroding and degrading not only steel decks but also the supporting con-
crete structure. This again justifies utilizing UHP concrete removal practices in
reaching below the rebar structure, avoiding further rebar deformations and the
introduction of micro fractures to the remaining robust concrete substrate cus-
tomarily produced when air-electric operated jackhammers are engaged for con-
crete removal operations.
The rehabilitation of aging rail decks and bridge structures is an ongoing
business opportunity with no end in sight. Deteriorating concrete and steel decks
beneath the rail rock ballast are a constant maintenance concern (Fig. 1.209a) to
specifying engineers, transportation departments and transit authorities. After
removing the rail section and rock ballast, water abrasive blasting or the UHP
application technique is utilized to remove the cavernous corrosion accumulations
Fig. 1.209 a Removal of advanced carbonation, b 40000 psi UHP coating removal, c Repaired
carbonation damage, d coating procedure, rail bridge deck, e repaired concrete carbonation,
f removal of advanced carbonation, g damage removed and repaired
which generally are shared with the simultaneous removal of a failing coating
system. Care must be taken to correctly identify the existing coating. Blast water
and refuse lead based coatings are rendered harmless by utilizing water vacuum-
recycling and retrieval-filtration equipment, separating solids, followed by water
treatment through recycling the polished effluent via a phosphoric filter assembly
APPLICATION REVIEW
Address:
City:
Web site: P.O. Box:
Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:
Job Site Review:

Servicing waste water treatment facilities, dredging evaporation ponds, fuel-oil tank cleaning, machine shop services.

before discarding or returning the water to the UHP suction side. This operation
can be a stepped procedure between UHP blast cycles, general repairs such as
welding, and the elastic thick-film coating installation, resulting in the water
proofing of rails underlying steel decks. Flagmen will guard and warn crews from
oncoming trains. Passing rail traffic can be quite disruptive, producing air pressure
and windswept hindrances forcing tie-down procedures of all equipment and
expendables (tarps, etc.)
Rail safety must be precise and often involves night work without the disruption
to rail traffic. Railcar accidents where spill control and subsequent spill removal
applications occur are almost always classified as an emergency response appli-
cation. Streamlining high-pressure water tools to support various emergency
response criteria can be of considerable interest, especially given that this tool
variety is also employed for far-reaching disaster cleanup procedures (fire, flood
and vehicular accident cleanup-remediation-restoration). In the absence of
mechanically generated heat, spark and or compression within the product transfer
process, the hydro-vacuum equipment characteristics provide a superior industrial
product removal capacity under adverse circumstances and isolated conditions. To
safely transfer product within a potentially explosive, volatile, flammable, acidic,
viscous or powder-granular state is its undisputed performance hallmark. While
loading railcars, tanker trucks or industrial transportation containers, adding a
HEPA air filtration capability will further be advantageous. Contractors wishing to
enter the emergency response field utilize an equipment response unit which also
consists of chemists operating a mobile laboratory to identify the nature of a spill
and the hazardous classification group of chemicals and products involved.
Because of an accidents possible location, fluencies and involvement of various
emergency responders and/or catastrophic environmental impact, these operations
are not compared to remediation procedures performed on Superfund sites, etc.,
when cleaning, packaging and transporting the identified hazardous wastes to a
designated facility.
Contacts. Railroad inspection, construction and maintenance services for sub-
contractor status. Train, subway and transit car manufacturing industries, their
purchasing and maintenance superintendents, railroad companies state transit
authorities, railroad maintenance plant (back-shop) and track maintenance super-
intendents, railcar leasing and management companies, rail freight shipping
companies, their warehouse and storage facilities maintenance superintendents,
railcar fleet leasing and inspection services. Also contact one-stop railcar service
companies performing railcar cleaning, mechanical repairs and interior-exterior
finishing services and private industrial railcar owners in agricultural, food,
automotive, mining and petrol-chemical environment, etc.
Resources. AREMA, the American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-
Way Association, http://www.arema.org ASLRRA, American Short Line-Regio-
nal Railroad Association http://www.aslrra.org, On the Internet, ‘‘Historic railway
associations’’, AAPRCO, American Association of private Railroad Car Owners,
etc. NARCOA-North American Railcar Operators Association, http://www.
narcoa.org, etc.
Safety. Workers complying with the Federal Railroad administration will

require training and testing to qualify as a roadway worker. Required safety
training involves general safety awareness and understanding the ‘‘ABSOLUTE
NO-FOUL situation or activity, FRAs, On-Track safety program, Steel bridge
inspection and safety regulations for railroads, bridge worker protection program,
roadway worker protection, 49 CFR, Part 214, Subpart C., General safety regu-
lations R920-51, safety regulations for railroads, title 49 Federal Railroad
Administration, applying to all private, common and contract carriers by rail.
Railroads safety program administrator provides contractors with a source list for
available safety training programs. OSHA’s hazardous waste operations and
emergency response (HAZWOPER) training, including DOT-HAZMAT trans-
portation labeling and placarding training under 49 CFR 172.704, OSHA, Site
Supervisory Training, 29 CFR1910.120, EPA’s Hazardous waste management
programs 40 CFR 262.34& 265.16, and HAZCOM, Hazardous communications
training, 29 CFR 1910.1200 are next to necessary tool and application capabilities
the minimal basic qualifications a contractor will produce or utilize on a jobsite.
Most jobs and applications within this field require a combination of safety pro-
cedures (Figs. 1.210, 1.211 and 1.212).
APPLICATION REVIEW
Address:
City:
Web site: P.O. Box:
Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:
Job Site Review:

Unit-rail car cleaning operations, steel deck coating removal, concrete rehabilitation procedures.

Figs. 1.210–1.211 a Overhead wood cleaning, b balcony-deck cleaning, c manual Spin-Jet

operation, d moss-fungus removal, e wastewater recovery, v-shoe, f flat-work, floating Spin-Jet,
g concrete, flat work, h Tank-cleaning, top entrance, i confined space hydro-blasting, j vertical
coating removal, k stack interface before, l concrete sacrifying
1.25 Business Operating Model
1.25.1 Retain and Safeguard Corporate Application Itinerary
Protecting service providers managerial and operational business future is essen-

tial, as is streamlining the recurring business opportunities within the pressure-
washing, hydro-blasting, hydro-vac and UHP application criterion. Confidentially
attaining the corporate identity is achieved when correctly accruing past and future
job histories, avoiding the loss of application technology and know-how to various
and often repetitive circumstances. The software-manual supports commercial and
industrial buyers and their corresponding persons in that a final job procurement
result, and the narration of an application method, including the billing process is
independently produced and processed. Maintenance and civil engineers, paint-
coating specialists, architects, restoration or preservation consultants, industrial
maintenance superintendents and/or entrepreneurs are provided with a managerial
method to correctly record and analyze an application prerequisite within their
respective field including the agricultural-aquatic, commercial, industrial and
marine environment.
The industrial documentation provides general high-pressure water cleaning,
hydro-vac dredging or bulk refuse-product removal procedures for settling ponds,
industrial tanks, sewer or industrial tube-pipe jetting services, including the
cleaning of manufacturing hardware, and paint-coating removal endeavors. Steel
cutting, concrete roughening or demolition applications, etc. are techniques also
depicted.
The software-manual’s commercial environment recognizes the know-how of
general surface cleaning applications (flat-work) on vehicle garage, drive-thru,
machine shop and warehouse surfaces, etc. and introduces façade cleaning and
rehabilitation procedures on various substrates including composite and stone,
masonry, concrete, brick or wood surfaces.
1.26 Introduction
Applications within the agricultural, marine, commercial, industrial, and residen-

tial criterion utilizing tool identities powered and manipulated by high-pressure
water. Specific safety measures, contact and resource information has been out-
lined for all included industries. The trade ‘‘application review’’ form is applied by
professionals to revise and upgrade the ‘‘introduction’’ manual with every new
application encountered, thus expanding manual’s content. Recording the job
analysis will identify and provide a guide to a variety of application methods
within the application ‘‘index’’ chapter.
1.26 Introduction 213
Fig. 1.212 a Abrasive UHP cutting, b demolition-manual, c surface preparation manual,

d concrete-aggregate demolition, e enamel-coating removal, f tube bundle cleaning, g tank
reactor, autoclave cleaning, h reactor, autoclave 3D cleaning, i brick–block–stucco cleaning,
j commercial–industrial pipe cleaning, k flat-work, l wood structures, vinyl, aluminum, m sewers
and laterals
1.27 Application Register
Corresponding to over 450 specific job entities, more than 25 core applications are
described within the commercial, marine, and industrial environment. When a
necessary application curriculum is recognized, the revealing ‘‘Register’’ numbers
are branded by business and industry identification, manufacturing hardware or
process, service industries identity or its practice, type of product to be removed,
area identification, or environmental and disaster terminology. The application
‘‘Register’’ is expanded or fine-tuned with successfully completed and not yet
registered job performances. Based on an existing job report and its application
gear-list, a correlating ‘‘register’’ number is established to identify the primary and
secondary application identities in chapter ‘‘Applications’’.
1.28 Application Core Curriculum 1,000–55,000 psi
In detail review more than 25 major marine, industrial, and commercial com-
plexes, explaining emerging and existing application techniques. When possible,
the pros and cons of prior cleaning or product removal methods, rehabilitation,
restoration and demolition practices are compared and referenced. All chapters
feature an extensive application ‘‘gear-list authorization’’ which outline the most
necessary tools, including support equipment to manage purchasing, sales forces,
and operators in their attempt to create a functional ‘‘gear-up list’’. When cross
referencing between chapters ‘‘Introduction’’, application ‘‘register’’ and the
‘‘Application’’ core curriculum, everyone involved is equipped to interact with
necessary business procedures. The all-important paper trail begins with a job
hazardous risk analysis, always followed by a trade ‘‘application review’’, and
equipment ‘‘gear-list’’, before a procurement-bidding procedure and work order
can be initiated (see Figs. 1.213–1.219)
1.28.1 The Gear-List Authorizations
The gear-list authorizations in Chap. 3 provide and identify the necessary tooling
and possible support equipment for over 450 applications within specific envi-
ronments and include:
1.28.2 GEAR-LIST Authorizations’ for
1. Brick–stone–stucco–masonry cleaning, structuring, and restoration

2. Biosecurity, sanitizing, decontamination, chem—concentrate applications
1.28 Application Core Curriculum 1,000–55,000 psi 215
Figs. 1.213–1.219
3. Clinker–slag–coke removal, kiln-boiler-furnace cleaning, thermal-hot scale

removal (Cracking-thermal-shock)
4. Condensers, small tube heat exchangers, large tube heat transfer units, tube
boilers
5. Coating-paint-graffiti removal on steel, concrete, stone, brick, and wood

substrate
6. Concrete cutting, scarifying, surface preparation, demolition and restoration
7. Dry-wet vacu applications, dredging and emulsifying sludge, transfer, gravel
cleaning,
8. Corrosion, grease removal, chemically treating and painting ([) of pipes,
ducts, tubes
9. Excavating, drilling, sheet pile driving and water well cleaning
10. Expansion control joint cleaning, sidewalks, tank and pool construction
11. Filters, screens, felts, bag-house units, trays for catalytic-cracking, preheater
baskets
12. Cleaning of gas stations, restaurant drive-thru, machine shops and
warehousing
13. Hazardous waste recovery, soil treatment, radioactive trace element
remediation
14. Hazardous industrial waste, asbestos-ACM product removal
15. Hydrostatic testing of boilers-steam generators, tanks pipelines, gas-vacuum
vessels
16. Mold remediation, disaster-sludge cleanup, pest suppression, odor-stench control
17. Oil lube systems, tanks, oil compressors, hydraulic equipment services, light
oil jetting
18. Ornamental-statuary-monuments, city fountains, hotel-municipal, aquatic-
pools-tanks
19. Polishing, etching, burr-metal flush removal, weld seam polishing, surface
modulation
20. Sewers, culverts, sumps, laterals, industrial pipe cleaning, pipeline cleaning
and cutting
21. Smoke stacks, laundry shafts and garbage chutes
22. Stationary-portable, equipment, vehicle fleets, rail–car, exterior truck-trailer-
tanker
23. Tanks, vessels-autoclaves, precipitators, cleaning, volatile substance-effluent
removal
24. Hydro-abrasive blasting, cutting-demolition, underwater hydro-blasting and
dredging
25. Wash water control, recovery, filtration, recycling, reclamation technology,
evaporation
26. Wood restoration and preservation, vinyl, wood, aluminum siding and roof
cleaning
1.29 Application Review 217
1.29 Application Review
1.29.1 Develop the Trade Curriculum, ‘‘Introduction’’
Business complex: Agricultural–Aquatic–Marine–Industrial–Commercial–Residential

Trade amendment or a variation to a subdivision in this Chapter, ‘‘Introduc-
tion’’: Nr:
Application ‘‘Register’’ numbers: in Chap. 2, ‘‘Application Register’’: Nr:
Recognize, and compare a possible similar application technique identified by
‘‘Register’’ criterion:
Describe and illustrate
Describe and illustrate an innovative or undisclosed application criterion in
which the environment, product deterioration, a manufacturing process or it’s
failure is responsible for equipment fouling, rendering plant hardware inoperable,
or is the contaminating source for various surfaces and confined and/or enclosed
spaces, predetermining pressure-washing, hydro-blasting, UHP and/or hydro-vac
application techniques.
This includes, general cleaning applications on vinyl, wood, aluminum, steel
and concrete surfaces, the interior and exterior decontamination of surfaces from
various biochemical and chemical hazardous particulate, corrosion-paint-coating
removal, UHP applications, various surface treatments as roughening, scarifying
and anchor profiling techniques, hydro-abrasive blasting, hydro-static testing,
liquid jetting other than water, industrial pipe and sewer cleaning applications,
dredging and commercial industrial vacuum services, and providing an emergency
response capability in industrial–commercial–residential environments to remove
waste-sludge-liquids or gravel-granulate-dust accumulations. This application
curriculum can be expanded to a HAZMAT response to act on environmental
emergencies (storm cleanup), and make available mold-fungus remediation solu-
tions, fire restoration, accident or crime scene mitigation.
Contacts. Identify company contacts, purchasing, contracting office, engineer-
ing and maintenance departments
Resources. Identify customers trade related information base, associations, state
and federal government trade oversight departments and regulations:
Safety procedures, Jobsite specific. Proof of necessary written, tested licensed
trained and/or retrained contractor-crew proficiency and classification for techni-
cal, safety, legal and health requirements:
Developed by: Date:
Authorized by: Date:
”INTRODUCTION”
DEVELOP THE TRADE CURRICULUM - amendment

Address:
City:
P.O. Box:
Web site: State: ZIP Code:
e-mail:
Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Jobsite specific: safety requirements, equipment-procedures, pedestrian-vehicular traffic control:

Atmospheric and physical hazards:
Biological or sanitary application criterion:
Job Location: Area:

Job access requirements:
Lock-out and tag-out procedures:
Step-in and out area:
Job Site Review:

Previous service methods:
Process equipment-hardware identification and failure analysis:
Debris identification, and hazardous material classification:
Debris-scale, adhesion classification, tensile strength, resilience, viscosity and volume:
Required tooling and its performance estimates:
Itinerary of proposed service action:
Pre-job safety meeting itinerary:
Tailgate meeting itinerary:
Labor force-contractor specific: safety equipment and procedures:
Developed by: Date:

Authorized by : Date:
WORKSHEET- ENGINEERING - FIELD-TECH

1.29 Application Review 219
APPLICATION REVIEW
Address:
Web site: City:

e-mail: P.O. Box:
State: ZIP Code:
Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:
Job Location: Job-Site, Hazard Risk Assessment: Specify:
Job Site Review:
Developed by: Date:


1.30 Compile Application Register Catalog
Marine–Agricultural–Aquatic–Industrial–Commercial–Residential
‘‘Register’’ numbers are ‘‘branded by’’ business and industry identification or
manufacturing hardware and process, identity of an service industry and particular
business practice, type of product to be removed, area identification, or environ-
mental and disaster terminology.
When a job conclusion has proven successful by conforming to all safety merits
within its performance criteria, the successful application criterion and previously
undisclosed job description is amended to chapter ‘‘Application’’. The information
includes labor force necessities, and gear/tool selections which are identified and
categorized by their ‘‘Index’’ primary numeric number (bold).
Secondary ‘‘Index’’ numbers apply either to application similarities or an
application criterion necessary within a specified primary job description. With a
winning job curriculum derived from an ‘‘application review’’ its ‘‘Gear-list’’, job
report, and job cost analysis, the application ‘‘Register’’ is chronologically
expandable and/or fine-tuned by establishing a correlating ‘‘Register’’ number to
the core ‘‘Application’’ curriculum Fig. 1.220.
1.30 Compile Application Register Catalog 221
Fig. 1.220
GEAR - LIST Nr.
Customer & Company: Date: Job Nr.:
Address:
Web site:
e-mail: City: P.O. Box:
State: Zip Code:
Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

e-mail e-mail e-mail e-mail
Job Description:
Job Review Performed by:
Plant hardware, equipment, surface area: Hydro-blast equipment:
Establishing a new ”Gear-list” prepared by an actual job

walk and its subsequent informative job ”Review” is greatly
supported by choosing job criteria from the abundant but
specific ”Gear list Authorization” located within the core
”Application” chapter.
Identifying labor force safety requirements, and
transferring or adding relevant itinerary, and tooling to a
gear-list can only be established by a job-walk, qualified
application review and a precise up-to-date job recording
program to the core ”Gear-list”.
Plant location: Expendables:
Product Encountered:
Hazardous Material: MSDS: Specify: ©
Describe Application and Work Procedure:
Describe Safety Procedure:
Itemize Equipment, Safety Gear, Expendables, etc.:
Developed by: Date:

GEAR - LIST Nr.
Address:
Web site: City: P.O. Box:
e-mail: State: Zip Code:
Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:

Plant location: Expendables:

Other:
Hazardous Material: MSDS: Specify:
Developed by: Date:

”GEAR-LIST AUTHORIZATION” - amendment
Address:
Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:
Job Location: Job-Site, Hazard Risk Assessment: Specify: ©
Job Report Performed by:
Establishing a new and innovative Gear-list ”Authorization” or

amending an existing one within the ”Application” Core chapter,
requires an application review criteria encompassing a dissimilar
access to a jobsite, unlike or unknown application histories (job
reports), with a dissimilar track record and related narration (gear-
list), unequal surface-substrate or location, dissimilar manufacturing
process or failure, product or environmental conditions, dissimilar
safety requirements, safety equipment and personal protective gear
necessities (PPE).
The mere fact of obvious product adhesion similarities, and/or
comparable product-scale removal application techniques does not
justify a gear-list “authorization” procedure or changes to an existing
one.
Hazardous Material: MSDS Specify:
Describe Application and Work Procedure:
Describe Safety Procedures:
Itemize Equipment, Safety Gear, Expendables, etc.:
Developed by: Date:

”GEAR - LIST AUTHORIZATION” - amendment
Address:
Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:
Expendables:
Other:
Developed by: Date:

Figs. 1.221–226
A job walk identifies application criteria recorded in detail utilizing the

‘‘Application Review Form’’. The encountered application is clarified by engi-
neering and/or industries terminology, manufacturing hardware and/or process,
services identity or its practice, type of product to be removed, area identification
or environmental and disaster vocabulary (‘‘Register Catalog’’).
Identifying the application by its terminology, reveals primary (bold) and
secondary numbers (‘‘Register Catalog’’) recognizing the specific core ‘‘Appli-
cation Curriculum’’ supported by an industry specific ‘‘Gear-list Authorization’’
categorizing necessary tooling, equipment and safety procedures for a ‘‘Gear-list’’
creation facilitating the proposal requirement.
Creating a ‘‘Gear-list’’ for a proposal procedure must always involve the ‘‘Gear-
list authorization’’ curriculum eliminating time, labor, proposal and technical
application irregularities.
APPLICATION REVIEW
Address:
Web site: City:

e-mail: P.O. Box:
State: ZIP Code:
Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:
Job Site Review:
Expendables:
Developed by: Date:

Individual and/or specific application requirements justifying the development of a

new ‘‘Gear-list Authorization’’ must confer with the business system 1,000 psi to
55,000 psi maintaining software-manuals integrity (Administration) (Figs. 1.221–
1.226).
”GEAR - LIST AUTHORIZATION”
Address:
Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:
Expendables:
Other:
Developed by: Date:

MANAGEMENT
”GEAR - LIST AUTHORIZATION” - amendment
Address:
City: P.O. Box:

Web site: State: Zip Code:
e-mail:
Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:
Expendables:
Other:
Developed by: Date:

MANAGEMENT
GEAR - LIST Nr.

Address:
City: P.O. Box:

e-mail:
Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:
Expendables:
Plant location: Other:
Developed by: Date:

GEAR - LIST- SHOP-YARD

Chapter 2
Application Register
Abstract The reader can identify a known and unknown job criterion including
the possible undisclosed precise particulars to facilitate the creation of an explicit
job gear-list. Corresponding to over 450 specific job entities, more than 25 primary
applications are described within the commercial, marine, and industrial envi-
ronment. When an necessary application curriculum is recognized, the revealing
‘‘register’’ numbers are branded by business and industry identification, manu-
facturing hardware or process, service industries identity or its practice, type of
product to be removed, the area identification, or environmental and disaster
terminology. The application ‘‘register’’ is also expanded or fine-tuned with suc-
cessfully completed and not yet registered job performances. Based on an existing
job report and its application gear-list, a correlating ‘‘register’’ number is estab-
lished to identify the primary and secondary application identities in chapter
application core.
2.1 Example: Identify a Job Criterion and Create

its Job Specific Gear-List
Example: How to service a Condenser or small tube heat exchanger

1. Lookup the primary and secondary application register number (s) in this
Chapter, ‘‘Application Register’’, page 235
Condenser or small tube heat exchanger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.19. 4
The correlating core number 4 (bold) identifies in Chap. 3, ‘‘Application Core’’,
section 4.203 the service application supported by its gear-up list and safety
requirement.

232 2 Application Register
2. The Secondary ‘‘register’’ number (s), .19. applies either to application

similarities or an application criterion necessary within the primary job descrip-
tion, offering the required gear-up list, facilitating the conception of an advanced
and specific tool requirement.
Section .19, ‘‘Application Core’’, section 19, explains the industrial pipe,
pipeline and sewer lateral cleaning-service method (s) often necessary or similar
within a condenser cleaning procedure, presenting its technical safety and gear-list
requirement.
Section .14, ’’Application Core’’, section .14 explains possibly necessary
hydrostatic test procedures for boilers and condensers offering the technical
requirement, safety curriculum and its specific gear-list.
3. The application ‘‘Register’’ is expanded or fine-tuned with successfully
completed job reports and not yet registered job performances. Based on an
existing job report and its application gear-list, a correlating ‘‘Register’’ number is
established to recognize the primary and secondary application identities in
Chap. 3, ‘‘Application Core’’.
2.1 Example: Identify a Job Criterion and Create its Job Specific Gear-List 233
Pressure-washing, hydro-blasting, UHP applications and environments 1,000255,000 psi

A
Acid tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.19 22
Acidize aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.24 2
Absorbers (spray-wet absorbers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 11
Absorption filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 11
Abrasives-sand-sponge blasting and refuse recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.24 23
Acid plant precipitators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.20.22 11
Acrylic removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
After coolers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Aircraft hangar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.19.24 12
Aircraft-carrier fuel tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.13 22
Aircraft, coating removal, cleaning (private-commercial-industrial) . . . . . . 13.21.24 5
Air conditioner-chillers, commercial-industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4
Air conditioning systems commercial-industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.19 4
Air-cooled finned tube heat exchanger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4
Air preheater units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Algae removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 23
Amusement parks-theme parks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.5.6.7.12.19.22.23.24.25 17
Anchor-chain, locker compartment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.12 22
Anchor chain compartment, lateral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 22
Animal grease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.12.19.24 21
Animal shelters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.7.19.24 12
Aquatic pools-tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.5.7.10.12.19.22.23.24 17
Arm and tray elevators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.22.24 21
Asbestos removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.24 13
Asphalt removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.16.21.24 12
Asphalt breaking equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.22.24 21
Asphalt mixing and paving equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.22.24 21
Assembly lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.24 21
Atomizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 22
Autoclaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Automobile repair shops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.21.24 12
Awning and sign cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.24 2
B
Backwashing tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.22 19
Bag-house cleaning and refuse removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.11 22
Balanced tray thickener-cone scraper, feed well, overflow box and pipe, blades- 22
….2.7.22.23
Ballast tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 22
Barge service (fuel tanks, containers, holds) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.13.23.24 22
Barnacle growth (oil rigs, piers, ships) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.24 23
Barrel cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 22
Bagging bins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Batch crystallizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.22 4
Batch reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 22
Barrel, solid rocket fuel, demilitarizing warheads-bombs . . . . . . 2.4.5.7.11.13.19.24 22
(continued)
(continued)
Bayonet-tube exchanger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Belt filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Benson sulfur recovery systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4.11 22
Blast-furnace pipe precipitators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.19 22
Bilge cleaning and preservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.23 22
Bitumen removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.22.16 12
Black liquor removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7.16.19 22
Blast furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.11.16.19 22
Boiler cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.7.14.19 4
Boiler hydrostatic testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 14
Boiler-slagging-slurry pipe lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.22 19
Box driers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.11.21 22
Bridge concrete reclamation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.23 6
Bridge cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.10.19.23.24 12
Bridge decks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.6.10 12
Bridge decks expansion joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.23 10
Bridge pylon cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.23 6
Bridge deck concrete rehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.23.24 6
Bridge (industrial structures) lead coating deleading-removal . . . . 2.6.7.12.13.23.24 5
Brick walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Brick (used) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.12.23 1
Bubble cap cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 22
Bubble gum removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Building washing, repair, restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.5.8.12.15.17.19.24.25 12
Bunker seed product removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.16.12.24 22
Bulk storage tanks for finished products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.11.24 22
Boats-pleasure craft services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.7.23.24 12
Bottling equipment-facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.11.12.21.19.24 22
C
Caked sludge removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.22.24 7
Calcium carbonate removal (boiler tubes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.22 4
Carbon removal (engine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.18 21
Carbon deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.12.19.24 13
Castings, filaments cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.12 18
Catch basins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 19
Canners-canning equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.12.22.24 21
Candy and confectionery manufacturers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.12.22.24 21
Caustic tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.13 22
Cedar roof shingles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.15 25
Cement dust removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.24 7
Cement slurry removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7.12.24 6
Cement truck cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.12.24 21
Chemical storage tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.19 22
Centrifugal separators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.22 21
Chemical metering-foaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Chemical rinse aids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
(continued)
(continued)
Chemigum removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5.19 22
Center dividers (roadside) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.12 5
City fountains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.5.12.23.24 17
Chewing gum removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Chicken crates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.11.12.24 21
Chlorine cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 22
Chutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.19 20
Clarifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.6.10.19.23 22
Clay pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Cinder-block cleaning, coating removal, CMU units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.15.12 1
Clinker removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.22 3
Closed belt conveyor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.20.22 19
Coating removal on steel and concrete surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Coal blow tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.19.24 20
Coal-rock crusher-grinder-pulverizing hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.19.24 21
Coal sludge, settling ponds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Coal storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.12 7
Concrete truck cleaning, cured concrete removal on vehicle components 2.5.3.22.24 21
Coke discharge headers, coke compressors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.19 3
Coke handling hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.21.22 3
Coke heater barrels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3
Coke production (refinery) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7.19.20.21 22
Coke removal after refinery fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.19.12.20.22 3
Cokers (refinery) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.3.19.20.22 21
Cold storage buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.7.24 12
Cooling towers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.19.24.22 11
Compressor service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 16
Concrete cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Concrete demolition-scarifying-rehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7.24 6
Concrete construction forms and accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.12.21.24 6
Concrete form boards, molds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.21.12 6
Concrete production machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.21 6
Concrete sealer and necessary prep-work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.12.23.24 6
Crime scene cleanup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.15.24 13
Condenser hot well decontamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.13.14.22 4
Condenser or small tube heat exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.19 4
Condenser tube sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 4
Construction site, cleanup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.19.24 12
Container cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 22
Continues vacuum crystallizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4
Continuous horizontal-vertical vacuum filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 11
Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 22
Conveyor belts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.12 21
Crank case (machine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.18 21
Crankshafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 21
Continues-flow conveyors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.13.19 21
(continued)
(continued)
Conveyor elevator shafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.22.24 20
Corrosion control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.12.23 2
Covering the angles of eaves (attic, roof space) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1
Crude oil removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.13.19 22
Culverts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 19
Cylindrical clarifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Cylindrical, coal bunker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 22
D
Dairy-barns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.8.9.10.11.15.19.22.24 12
De-burring, (burr-metal flash removal, course edge polishing, surface 8
modulation)…………….23
Decontamination of holding tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.13 22
Degassing (sewers, pipes, tanks, etc.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.22 19
Decks-porch-landing preservation-restoration (wood) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.15 25
Digester (paper, pulp, sewage, etc.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.19 22
Disaster cleanup-odor control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.12.13.19 15
Disc and plate clarifier, filter assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.22 11
Dispense bactericides-disinfectant and/or sanitizing products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Direct heat rotary dryers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3
Dredging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.22 7
Demilitarizing warheads-bombs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Drill pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.22 19
Drilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 9
Drive-thru and sidewalks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 12
Driveway cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.24 12
Drum filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.22 11
Drying beds-evaporation ponds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.24 7
Dust suppression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.12.24 2
Double-Pipe exchanger with longitudinal fins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.11 4
Double-shell indirect-direct rotary dryers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3
Dough removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.21 22
Dust-impingement separators of various designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.22 11
Dust hoppers of various designs for solids separation (cyclonic-bag-house-gravity) 7.22 11
E
Economizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 22
Etching (glass, wood, and steel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 18
Electrostatic spray cabin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5
Emulsifying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.12.16 7
Environmentally correct pressure washing, hydro-lasting and UHP services . . 2.7.13 24
Epoxy removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 5
Evaporator (forced circulation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.11 22
Evaporators, short or long tube-vertical or horizontal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4
Excavation (hydro) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 7
Exhaust fans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 8
Expansion joint cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 10
Exposing concrete slabs-aggregate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 6
(continued)
(continued)
Exposing dried concrete surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7.12 6
Explosive-volatile, environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.13 22
External piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.22 19
F
Facades, general buildings, etc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.12.19.15.23.24.25 1
Feed-water heater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4
Fermentation residue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.12.22 11
Felt, filter medium, including bag-house interior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 11
Feed silos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.10.15.19.20.24 22
Feed equipment, troughs, mix-feed grinders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.11.22 12
Fermentation towers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.24 22
Feed water tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 22
Freeze driers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 22
Fence restoring (wood) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.15 25
Fire restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 7.10.15.19.24.25 12
Fiberglass lined tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 22
Filter presses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Filter systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Fire-tube salt-bath heater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.22 4
Fire-tube boiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.22 4
Fin-fan cooler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.22 4
Flash rust removal-suppression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.12 2
Flight decks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.12 5
Floating pontoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Floors-cleaning, product-refuse removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.7.15.24 12
Floors, concrete cutting, scarifying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.23 6
Floors refinishing and resurfacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.24 12
Flues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8.19.22.24 20
Fluidized feeders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.22 19
Fluidized-bed and cyclone arrangements, including tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.11.19 22
Fly-ash removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.19.20 22
Forms and molds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.18 21
Fog tunnel (steel plant) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.16 7
Fouling film evaporator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4
Foils, 3M, removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 12
Foundation cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9.22.24 6
Fountains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 17
Footer base (concrete) Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.24 6
Food service areas, food residue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 8.15.19.24 12
Fountains-water sport facilities-gardens, municipal pools, aquatic exhibition tanks…2. 12
5.7.24
Friction rollers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 21
Fuel tanks, decontamination (nuclear) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.12.13.19 22
Fuel tanks, general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.12.13.19 22
Furnaces (revolving) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.22 3
(continued)
(continued)
G
Garbage shafts, chutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.15.19.24 20
Gas line-pipe cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8 19
Gas pipeline hydrostatic testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.19 15
Gasket surface cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.22 12
Gas stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.13.19.22.24 12
Gas distributors for gases containing solids (fluidized bed operations catalytic- 11
cracking)22
Garbage-refuse areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.15.19.24 12
Generating tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Glass-lined equipment, autoclaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.23 22
Glass flake-vinyl ester coating removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.23 5
Graffiti removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 5
Graphite removal, uranium bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.24 13
Gravel cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Grease traps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.13 19
Grease and oil pits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.19 13
Grid iron-cat walk cleaning, scale removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 12
Grinders-mineral crushers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.11.16.24 21
Grocery carts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.24 21
Gum removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Gypsum removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.24 12
H
Hatching trays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.11 21
Hazardous industrial waste recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.7.11.15.19.24 13
Heat exchanger cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Heat exchangers, shell side cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4
Heater tube sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4
Heater tubes cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Heavy equipment cleaning services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.22.23.24 21
High-rise buildings, cleaning, restoration (above four floors) 12
1.2.5.6.7.9.13.15.17.20.25.23.24
Historic structures, statues, art-deco façades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2. 5.15.23.24 12
Hop grain mills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.12.15.21 22
Hop grain storage units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.15.21.12 22
Hop strainers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.11.12.21 22
Hopper rail cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.13.21.24 22
Horizontal fire tube boiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7 4
Hotel pools and general services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.7.12.15.19.23.24 25 17
Hot scale removal (steel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Horizontal-flow plate precipitators (cement plant) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.12.19 22
Horizontal and vertical mist eliminators, vessels, tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 22
House siding cleaning (dirt, atmospheric film, mildew, fungus, oxidation 12
removal)1.2.15.7.24
Hydraulic-oil tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.16 22
Hydro-excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.19 7
Hydrofluoric acid-alkylation plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7.19.20 22
(continued)
(continued)
Hydrostatic testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.22.16 14
Hydro-vac-systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Hazardous materials cleanup technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
I
Incinerators, commercial-industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.20.22.24 3
Incubating trays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.12.21.24 2
Industrial structures, coating removal-deleading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.23.24 5
Industrial elevator shaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Insulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.12.24 21
Insect-pest suppression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 15
Injection molding machinery (plastics) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.11.19.24.22 22
J
Jacketed exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Juice deposits removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.11.21.19.12 22
K
Kettles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.10.21 22
Kiln deposits (rotary kiln) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3
Kneaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.21 22
L
Large tube heat transfer units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Latex (sealing water dams) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.12.23.24 10
Latex buildup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6.12.21 22
Laundry shafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 20
Lime silos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.19 22
Lime removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.21.22 1
Lint deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8.11.24 12
Livestock containers, holding areas, barns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.19.22 12
Locomotives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.12.24 21
Louver dryers, product feed assembly, hot air chambers and exhaust stack . . 7.12.20 22
Lube oil towers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.16 22
M
Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.11.7.12.24 21
Magnesium salts removal (boiler tubes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.19.22 4
Marine growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.17.19.24 23
Mash vats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.19.12 22
Mastic removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7.10.24 12
Masonry cleaning-restoration-preservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.6.7.15.23.24 1
Material recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.12.24 13
Meat packing equipment, processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.19.22.24 21
Mechanical parts cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.12.24 21
Metal oxidation removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.12.23.24 21
Metal, polishing-cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 18
Military-naval environment . . . . . . . . 1. 2.3.5.4.6. 7.10. 13.14.15.16.21.19.22.23.24 12
Mill scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Mist eliminators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.20.12.22 11
Mixers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.21 22
(continued)
(continued)
Molds (construction) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.12.24 5
Mold-fungal contamination, removal-remediation, odor control . . . . . . 2.7.12.13.24 15
Monuments-ornamental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 17
Multi-element cartridge clarifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.19.22.24 12
Municipal pools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.5.12.2.3.24 17
N
Natural gas lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4.22 19
Natural latex tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.19 22
Neutralizing basins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.22.23.24 7
Nuclear reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.5.7.11.12.19.14.16.22.24 13
O
Odor-stench, removal-control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.12.24 15
Oil lube coolers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7.11 16
Oil lube systems, cleaning, scale removal, preservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.11.22 16
Oil-petroleum product storage tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.21 22
Oil tanks (crude-bunker) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.16 22
Oil well equipment cleaning services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.19.22.24 21
Oil spill-cleanup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.22.24 13
Oil traps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.19.22.24 4
Ornamental statues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.5.12.15.23 17
Outside-packed head condenser with vapor liquid separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Ovens-industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.22 3
P
Packed column-towers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.19.12 11
Packed-lantern-ring exchanger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.12 4
Packing and labeling machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.24 21
Paint booth, paint overspray removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.12.20.24 5
Paint facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8.11.12.19.20.22.24 5
Paint heaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5.11.12 22
Paint pipe cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7.20 19
Paint stripping-removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.12.24 12
Paper manufacturers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.3.4.5.7.8.11.12.14.16.19.20.24 22
Paraffin removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.7.19 22
Parking areas and garages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.7.10.19.24 12
Parking garage, pavement cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.19.24 12
Parking garage, expansion-split and joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.12.19.24 10
Pasting walls, floors open gondolas-dust suppression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2
Picnic tables-grills, highway-park services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.7.5.12.23.24 25
Pile driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.24 9
Pipeline protective coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7.19 22
Pipeline hydrostatic testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 15
Piping-internal, decontamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7.19.24 13
Pipe and sewer cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.20 19
Plate and frame type exchanger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.12.19 4
Pools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 17
Polishing, metal bur-removal, honing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Polymer jetting-blasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
(continued)
(continued)
Polymerization reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.19.24 22
Pond bottom cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.19 23
Pools-residential-public, ornamental fountains, exhibition pools-tanks 17
2.5.7.19.22.23.24
Portable water tank cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 22
Preheater columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.11.19 22
Preserving steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.23.24 2
Pressure leak testing-hydraulic systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.16 14
Precipitators-scrubbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.11.19 22
Process equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8.11.13.14.16.22.24 21
Public telephone-rail-bus booth surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.24 12
Q
Quench-boilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.22 4
R
Radioactive trace element remediation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.5.7.11.24 13
Radiators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.21 11
Railcar tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 22
Railroad cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.13.22.24 21
Reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.7.11.19.22.24 13
Recovery systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.19.21 4
Refractory buildup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3
Refrigeration systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.19.22 4
Resealing-water proofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.7.10.23.24 12
Resin, solidified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.7.19.22 4
Restoration-construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.5.6.25.13.24.25 12
Road maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.7.10.19.23.24 12
Road-marking removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 12
Rocket, missile motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.13.19.24 22
Roller-flight, conveyors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.19.22 21
Roller-chain, conveyors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.19.22 21
Rotary sieves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 11
Rubber removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.21.22 12
Runway rubber removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.10 12
Rust removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.12.23.24 5
Rust proofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.12.23.24 5
Raw material bucket elevator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.19.22 21
Rotary kilns, air-tempering chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3
Rotary calciner-cooler and feeder assembly, stack, furnace lining . . . . . . . . 7.20.22 3
Railcar washing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.24 21
Roof shingle cleaning (wood, composite, plastic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.24 25
Roof safety procedures while cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Restrooms-locker rooms, showers, highway, stadiums, industrial 12
manufacturing…2.7.19.24
Radiators-fin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Roasters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Rock base cleaning (construction, mining) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9.10.24 5
(continued)
(continued)
S
Salts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.5 12
Sandstone-limestone cleaning, mold remediation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.15.24 1
Sandblast-abrasive blast methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 23
Sanitize, food service-livestock-farm-veterinarian vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.12.24 21
Sanitizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 2
Scaffold cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.12 21
Scarifying surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.23.24 6
Scrap processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.11.13.19.22.24 21
Scrubbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.11.19 22
Second stage area decomposer tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7.22 19
Sedimentation tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.19 22
Settling ponds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 7
Sewage treatment plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.5.19.23.24 22
Sewer, man-hole-culvert cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.24 19
Sewer-pipe cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.24 12
Shingle (wood-composite-plastic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.24 25
Shellfish breeding containers, tanks, areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.19.21.24 7
Ship-boat dock-piers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.7.12.24.25 23
Ship deck cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.21 12
Ship hulls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.12.24 23
Shopping carts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.24 21
Shredder systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.19.13.22.24 21
Sidewalks and drive-thru’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.24 12
Sieves-filter cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ 11
Sieve-tray tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.11 22
Silos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.21 22
Skirt cleaning, airports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.24 12
Sludge removal in settling ponds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.19.22 7
Sludge-refuse removal-disaster cleanup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 7 15
Slurrifying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.12 7
Smoke chambers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.12.24 22
Smokestacks-flues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 9 20
Soil treatment, remediation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.11.24 13
Solid waste removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.13.24 7
Soybean processing plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.11.12.19.21 22
Spiral-plate exchanger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ 4
Spill removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.12.24 13
Spill cleanup services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.12.19.24 13
Spiral wheel and roller conveyor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.12 21
Stadium cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8.10.19.24 12
Stacks and Chimneys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.19 20
Steam-vapor-gas exhaust stacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ 20
Spray-drying towers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.11.19.24 22
Steam boiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.14 4
Steam engine-turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ 23
(continued)
(continued)
Steam-plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.7.11.12.14.16.19.20.22 4
Steam generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.19 4
Steam generator, hydrostatic testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 15
Steel cutting-demolition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Steam generator channel head decontamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.14.24 13
Steam-tube rotary dryer, dust drum, steam manifold-tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.19 22
Steel mills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.4.7.11.12.14.19.20 22
Stone-brickwork cleaning, sealing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.15.24 1
Stone cleaning (monuments) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.15. 17.24 17
Storage silo with life storage shelf and reserve storage arrangement . . . . . 2.7.19.24 22
Store fronts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.24 12
Storage tanks, drums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 22
Submersible abrasive blasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Suction rolls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Sulfur condensers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Sumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Super-heaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.11 4
Surface hardened exterior finish removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.11.23.24 5
Suspension coal bunker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.12.19 22
Swimming pool cleaning services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.5.7.19.23.24 12
T
Tank lining-coating removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.22 5
Tank-cleaning, product recovery applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.13.24 22
Talcum powder removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.12.19.20.24 22
suction heater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 22
Tank trucks-urea deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.22.24 21
Tanker truck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.21 22
Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 22
Tanks, hydrostatic testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.22 14
removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.24 12
Tar cookers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.12. 19 12
Tar products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.16.22.23.24 12
Tennis courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7.24 12
Theme-amusement parks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.5.6.7.12.19.21.23.24.25 17
Three drum water tube boilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.14.20 4
Towers (trays-refineries) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.19.22 11
Towers (refinery), hydrostatic testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 14
Tractor-trailer fleet washing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.13.22.24 21
Tube bundle cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 13.22 4
Tunnel cleaning, restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.5.6.7.24 12
U
Underwater anchoring-pylons-piers-lock gate structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 23
Underwater dredging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Underwater hydro-blasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Underwater abrasive blasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Uniflux trays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.22 11
(continued)
(continued)
Utility water tanks.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 22
U -tube heat exchanger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Urea deposit removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.12.21.23.24 22
V
Vacuum-rotary dryer, steam jacket, vapor discharge pipes, spiral agitator . . . . 3.6.19 22
Vacuum dehydrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 22
Vacuum drum filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Vapor dispersion trays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Vaporizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.19 22
Vent condenser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Vacuum-ducts and piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.19 8
Vacuum-filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Vacuum towers (refinery) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.11.14.19 22
Vacuum vessel, hydrostatic testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 14
Vapor line scale removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 19
Vitrification furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. 23.24 3
Vertical-flow plate precipitators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 11
Vehicle service areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.21.24 12
Vehicular accident cleanup-remediation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.24 13
Vessels-autoclaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 22
Veterinarian hospitals and animal sanctuaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.19.24 12
Volatile substance removal and effluent separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.23 22
W
Wash water control, recovery, filtration, recycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Wash water evaporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Water abrasive blasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Water damage-remediation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 15
Water gardens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.5.12.15.19.23.24 17
Water-film pipe precipitators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.12.19 22
Water-tube boiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.14.19 4
Water tube package boiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.14.19 4
Water well cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 9
Weld seam polishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.23 18
Weld slag removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Wastewater reclamation technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Wood pulp removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.19.21.22 11
Wet or dry air-filter bank installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 11
Wood pre-staining preparations-color restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Wood cleaning, restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.24 25
Water proofing interior–exterior surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5.23.24 12
Walk-in coolers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.24 12
Water tank cleaning, dehumidification, coating rehabilitation procedures . . 2.7.13.24 12
Warehouse loading docks, storage surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.19.24 12
Wineries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7.21.22.24 12
X–Y–Z
Zoos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.4.5.6.7.8.10.11.12.15.19.21.22.23.24.25 17
Chapter 3
Application Core Curriculum
1,000–55,000 psi
Abstract In detail reviewed are more then 25 major marine, industrial, and
commercial complexes, explaining emerging and existing application techniques.
When possible, the pros and cons of prior cleaning or product removal methods,
rehabilitation, restoration and demolition practices are compared and referenced.
All chapters feature an extensive application ‘‘gear-list authorization’’ which
identify and outlines most necessary gear and tooling, including support equipment
to manage purchasing, sales forces, and operators in their attempt to create a
functional ‘‘gear-up list’’. When cross referencing between chapters ‘‘Introduc-
tion’’, application ‘‘register’’ and the ‘‘Application’’ core curriculum, everyone
involved is equipped to interrelate independently with detailed business proce-
dures. The book industry and job specific will introduce the all-important paper
trail which begins with a job hazardous risk analysis, always followed by a trade
‘‘application review’’, and equipment ‘‘gear-list’’, guiding to a procurement-bid
procedure to initiate a work order.
Pump horsepower, PSI 3 GPM: 1714 5 HP

For intermittent duty, a gas engine must produce at minimum
double the pump horsepower requirement
For continues duty, diesel engines torque-power curve at its
given rpm identifies the horsepower requirement
Fig. 3a
Brick–block–stone–stucco and masonry façade cleaning,
structuring, general surface preparation and restoration, hot
and/or cold water, detergents 1,500–5,000 psi, at 2.5–5 gpm
Surface pasting, airborne dust suppression, applying exten-
ded service, non-film forming seal applications, biosecurity,
sanitizing, deodorizing, low or high pressure, down-stream
Fig. 3b

248 3 Application Core Curriculum
injectors (Fig. 3a), metering equipment 150–3,000 psi, at 0.005–

0.010 gpm plus
Clinker–slag–coke removal (Fig. 3b), kiln–boiler–furnace
cleaning, thermal-hot scale removal, cracking 5,000–55,000 psi,
at 2.5–22 gpm plus Fig. 3c
Condensers or small tube heat exchangers (Fig. 3c), large
tube heat-transfer units, after coolers, steam generators, three
drum water tube boilers, ring exchangers, plate and frame type
exchangers 7,000–36,000 psi plus, at 22 gpm plus, hand-held or
automated tools, equipment
Coating–paint–graffiti removal techniques on surfaces such as
Fig. 3d
asphalt, concrete, masonry, structural steel (Fig. 3d) and alumi-
num, high-temp industrial coating-insulation deletion method,
2,500–55,000 psi, at 2.25–25 gpm, hand-held or automated tools
and equipment
Concrete-aggregate, cleaning–cutting–scarifying (Fig. 3e),
heavy demolition, restoration and finishing, concrete
removal-cleaning procedures on industrial equipment and Fig. 3e
vehicles with UHP equipment 10,000–45,000 psi, at 2.25–
60 gpm plus
Dry–wet vacuum applications (Fig. 3f), dredging, emulsify-
ing sludge, hydro-excavation, gravel cleaning, pumping fluids,
dust-refuse or bio-product loading, transfer or removal of
industrial product 3,000–7,500 psi, at 5–45 gpm plus Fig. 3f
Duct-work, canopy hood installation cleaning (Fig. 3g), acid
and sanitary treatment, pipe cleaning prior to installation of
liner systems and the coating of interior steel-iron pipes ([)
2,500–10,000 psi, at 5–45 gpm plus
Directional–horizontal underground pipe installations
(Fig. 3h), water well cleaning, water jet-grouting, pile driving
3,000–8,000 psi, at 10–45 gpm plus
Expansion-control joint cleaning on rigid pavement, side- Fig. 3g
walks, decking, tank and pool construction, grout–membrane–
plastic–rubber–elastic removal (new product installation)
3,000–14,000 psi, at 5–22 gpm
Filters, screens, felts, bag-house units, trays for catalytic-
cracking, vacuum suction rolls radiators-fin-fan (exterior), air-
preheater baskets, staggered channel, wire mesh-plate-vane mist Fig. 3h
eliminators 2,500–10,000 psi, at 5–45 gpm, hand-held or auto-
mated tools and equipment
Flatwork-surface cleaning (Fig. 3i), gas stations, banks, res-
taurants drive-thru, machine shops, warehouse structures, parking
garage areas, and hangar facilities, vehicular–pedestrian tunnel
Fig. 3i
3 Application Core Curriculum 249
surfaces, etc. 2,500–7,500 psi, at 5–45 gpm plus, hand-held or

semi-automated tools and equipment
Hazardous industrial waste recovery and soil treatment,
asbestos, radioactive trace element remediation (Fig. 3j),
vehicular accidents and cleanup of crime scenes 1,500– Fig. 3j
14,000 psi, at 2.5–45 gpm, including UHP services, hydro-vac
and HAZMAT operations
Hydrostatic testing of boilers-steam generators (Fig. 3k),
gas and vacuum vessels, towers, tanks and nondestructive
leak testing hydraulic systems 500–45,000 psi, hot or cold
charge water volume delivered by plant supply or centrifugal Fig. 3k
pump
Mold remediation, disaster cleanup, water damage-sludge
removal, insect–pest suppression, odor–stench control 500–
7,500 psi, 2.5–45 gpm plus, hydro-vac systems, rotary surface
cleaner, turbo nozzles, abrasive injectors, etc.
Oil lube systems (industrial), tanks, oil compressors,
Fig. 3l
hydraulic equipment services, light oil jetting, 1,500–4,000 psi;
the gpm performance may vary as to nozzle configurations
applied befitting the unit’s size and type.
Ornamental–monuments, city fountains, theme-amusement
parks (Fig. 3l) hotel and municipal pools, aquatic–marine pools
and tanks 500–5,000 psi, at 2.5–10 gpm according to tool and
application Fig. 3m
Polishing, etching, metal burr-flash removal (Fig. 3m), weld
seam polishing, surface modulation 3,000–45,000 psi, at
2.5–22 gpm, utilizing UHP technology and hydro-abrasive blast
equipment
Sewers, laterals (Fig. 3n), culverts, sumps, industrial pipe
cleaning, pipeline cleaning and high-Pressure-water abrasive
cutting applications 3,000–45,000 psi, at 2.580 gpm plus. Fig. 3n
Steam–vapor–gas–flue stacks, industrial elevator shafts,
laundry, garbage chute cleaning and sanitizing 3, 000–7,500 psi,
at 5–60 gpm, various rotating and centered 2D–3D tank cleaning
equipment
Stationary—portable, industrial–commercial equipment,
vehicle fleets, rail–car (Fig. 3o), truck–trailer–tanker trucks, hot Fig. 3o
and cold water, detergents, manual—automated equipment
2,500–7,000 psi, at 5–45 gpm,
Tanks, vessels–autoclave (Fig. 3p) container cleaning, vola-
tile substance removal and effluent separation 2,500–22,000 psi,
at 5–95 gpm, hot and cold water, detergents, manual–automated
equipment
Fig. 3p
Hydro-abrasive blasting 3,000–6,500 psi (Fig. 3q), steel cut-

ting-demolition applications, underwater hydro-blasting and
dredging 3,000–45,000 psi, at 2.5–45 gpm
Wash water control, recovery, filtration, recycling, wastewater
reclamation technology, evaporation, hazardous materials cleanup, Fig. 3q
chemical rinse aids 2,500–7,500 psi, at 5–22 gpm
Wood structures–roofs–decks–landings–fencing (Fig. 3r),
wallboard cleaning, facilitating coating painting-preservation pro-
cedures, vinyl and aluminum siding cleaning, tile-asphalt roof
cleaning 500–5,000 psi, at 2.5–5 gpm
Fig. 3r
3.1 Brick–Block–Stone–Stucco and Masonry

Façade Cleaning, General Surface
Preparation–Restoration
On restoration or construction sites, most of us have witnessed brick cleaning

efforts displaying a great dust cloud generated by dry abrasive blast operations.
These clouds prove the shortcomings of an abrasive blast material which is either
too fine, coarse or too sharp, hence possibly destroying brick glaze, mortar and
masonry surfaces. The reuse of abrasive materials, a not so uncommon practice
among contractors also furthers an uneven porous surface appearance and aided
dust development. In addition, the developed dust clouds present a tremendous
health hazard to all involved, including pedestrians in the immediate and distant
vicinity. Wet abrasive blast methods, utilizing an air blast procedure employing a
water mist to control dust expansion can discolor brick surfaces, thus requiring a
secondary wash-down via high-pressure water resulting in mud accumulations
unsuitable for delivery to a storm drain system. For cleaning purposes and in spite
of its shaky validity, the abrasive soda-blast technique in operation is also iden-
tifiable by a possibly enormous white dust cloud spewing baking soda, unidentified
coatings and the removed brick–concrete surface film (glaze) into the atmosphere
creating its own specific hazardous environment is quite often applied for graffiti
removal applications. Regardless of the so-called abrasive or micro abrasive
cleaning method employed, it is a fact that adding a profile by disturbing the
underlying surface being cleaned is not an acceptable criterion and can be cata-
strophic when applied to historic structures, stone and aged masonry within a
cleaning or rehabilitation procedure. One will only hasten the attrition to surfaces
substrate produced by soot, salts, acids, weather cycling, water, moss and/or
possible mold recurrences. Sealing these failed and most likely contaminated
surfaces with liquid sealers or epoxies only delays the deteriorating process and
does not represent a restoration or cure-all for past environmental impacts.
The last 40 years, unrivaled national and international restoration and/or
cleaning successes stand in opposition to overzealous sales efforts by service
3.1 Brick–Block–Stone–Stucco and Masonry Façade Cleaning 251
Fig. 3.1 a Drywall before,

b drywall after
providers, architects and restoration–preservation–rehabilitation officers. Some

will offer chemical and abrasive cleaning solutions by overstating their novice
opinion in suggesting that competitor’s high-pressure water cleaning operations
are damaging to honed, textured or polished finishes on brick, block, exterior
dimension stone, friezes, stucco, architectural masonry, composites and grout
surfaces. Microscopic test procedures before and after jetting processes on these
various surfaces have proven this opinion not only wrong, but also misleading.
Opponents are still not aware that for instance, 3,000 psi at 5 gpm can be utilized
to remove failing coatings from wide-ranging drywall surfaces with minimal
surface wetting, avoiding the puncture and peeling of underlying drywall paper
and gypsum (Fig. 3.1a, b). Also within this performance level a 45 fan nozzle at a
20 standoff distance is deemed perfect to gently remove residue from this opera-
tor’s fingernails. Further, microscopic tests have also revealed the importance of
exploiting a technically matured fan nozzle design with a gpm–psi configuration
specifically addressing the individual surface criterion encountered. A one size fits
all nozzle application does not exist. Adhesion–bond–absorption–adsorption and
the possible static attachment ability between a surface–substrate, deep-set stain or
soot on encountered surfaces and architectural features under examination must
first be determined (mildew, patina, dirt, soot, coatings, graffiti, chemical haze,
oils, urea, salts, efflorescence-calcium carbonate, etc.). Once an optimal technical
removal criterion is established a gentle environmentally correct and superior job
completion is the positive aspect of any high-pressure water cleaning or restoration
effort. This is especially a time-saving method when deep seated stains are
removed following high-pressure water cleaning procedures utilizing poultice
techniques under standard guide ASTM C-1515, and/or possible chemical and
bacterial concentrate or liquid seal applications. To perform standard chemical
application methods the economical exploitation of various metering devices is
also of essence. Combining today’s high-pressure water variables and cleaning
solutions with a refuse pickup, filtration and recycling capability most often ren-
ders past methods and preservation technologies too expensive or obsolete.
Today, contractors cleaning exterior building façades and architectural surfaces
for aesthetic reasons (Fig. 3.2a, b) speak to and offer application expertise to achieve
the first line of defense against potential negative environmental, traffic, human and
Fig. 3.2 a Masonry cleaning

in progress
possible vandalism impacts which can include offering a regular maintenance

program for normal care to control surface staining events. This required expertise
differs substantially between new and historic structures. The façade inspection
consists of a general inspection and detailed inspection in areas where the greatest
exposure, surface contamination and possible damage exists. As part of a façade
inspection, ASTM E2270-03 for unsafe conditions requires the review of an existing
service history. Evaluating the masonry epoch (Fig. 3.3), type and prior applied
cleaning techniques, their successes, or appearing damage which sometimes support
accelerated deterioration of soiled surface substrate will subsequently guide every
future cleaning or rehabilitation procedure. Besides environmental influences
damage can be visibly identifiable by recognizing loss of surface stability and glaze,
architectural detail due to prior aggressive chemical or abrasive cleaning techniques
which also result in advanced surface friability, reduced adhesion and tensile
strength of mortar and grout or a advanced interior degradation of brick, terra-cotta,
masonry and block structure due to the remaining active chemicals, biological and/
or acid contaminations. When these types of failing conditions are encountered the
chemical cleaning and physical scrubbing technique is deemed obsolete avoiding
further surface deterioration. Surfaces susceptible to physical–mechanical chemical
or forces are cleaned with neutralizing pressurized water only.
When determining the PSI requirement to break adhesion or produce solubility
of a specific product and surface soiling, the protection of the fragile surface is
achieved by reducing the fan jet’s water volume (mass) to the point where a
substrate surface modulation or abrasion by water velocity is null and void. The
square footage cleaning performance is determined by fan jet coverage and
standoff distance. Pressure washing equipment operating at 5 gpm, can also apply
dual 2.5 gpm fan jets either individually or overlapping attached to a nozzle carrier
(Fig. 3.4). Operating industrial equipment will permit the utilization of (Fig. 3.5a,
b) multiple gun operators, accelerating job completion.
Fig. 3.3 Brick variations
Fig. 3.4 Dual 2.5 gpm fan

jets
Fig. 3.5 a, b Duel gun cleaning operations
The variables of a customers intent to clean or restore, and/or his compre-

hension of the naturally present patina (Fig. 3.6) including architectural character
of his building components must be understood by contractor and architects alike.
They must make sure that all cleaning and restoration efforts are performed to the
mutually derived and agreed final visual appearance and necessary technical
aspect. A customer’s possibly varying opinion or his second-guessing the effects
within a jobs progression and subsequent appearing visual results while cleaning
operations are still performed must not ever undermine the contractual status.
Therefore, this situation demands a prior correct assessing of surface dilapidation,
contamination and discoloration encountered.
Fig. 3.6 Brick patina
Fig. 3.7 Water-abrasive

cleaning
Various possible brick–block and stone surface manifestations can sometimes

be suggestive and incorrectly preconceived by prospective customers when
relating to a final surface appearance found sometimes unattainable by solely
utilizing high-pressure water. Often customers’ visual guidelines or expectations
are derived from past witnessed favorable surface appearances produced by
abrasive and over aggressive chemical cleaning operations. A practical ‘‘demon-
stration’’ creating various test patches is highly recommended satisfying all
involved by projecting an overall final appearance which permits also a closer
understanding to required tool selections, time necessities or constraints and
application processes.
Contractor’s expertise will include the recording of the visual results and pre-
sentation of long term effects by extended weathering and aging of these test
patches. Extensive rehabilitation procedures will almost always allow for test
periods between 6 and 12 months, generally the longer the better.
Coated, discolored or aged deteriorated brick, block, concrete and masonry
surfaces often identify their environmental and structural circumstances related to
their decaying or unsightly appearance on specific building areas (Fig. 3.7). These
areas must be identified and, after repair–restoration procedures, also tested to
adjust cleaning procedures to achieve surface appearance similar, or at best like the
Fig. 3.8 Calcium

efflorescence
predominant surfaces on the building treated. This also includes the identification
of possible hidden metal and copper anchorage responsible for rust-copper staining
events, or masonry blistering within or above the substrate. Rust stains or sheen
developing during a cleaning procedure are often the result of an excessive iron
content reacting with minerals delivered by blast-water to the substrate. It is
imperative to check pH-values and trace metal content of the water supply espe-
cially when cleaning a light-colored porous stone and/or architectural features
preventing a possible permanent discoloration as it is important to confirm the
effective neutralization of all surfaces by rinse water with pH 6.6–7 paper (run-
off). Also, besides controlling water runoff on façades, one must control wind
swept acidic–alkaline misting to vulnerable and sensitive metal–aluminum frames,
glass, various architectural components such as marble and limestone surfaces,
wooden structures, cars, neighboring facilities and foliage within the work area.
These applications and technical controls will often vary or be fluid according to
weather and seasonal circumstances.
In the course of unintentional chemical misting and favorable circumstances a
prior incomplete chemical neutralization endeavor can also produce a mild etching
effect on various surfaces. Also excessive evaporation and absorption of chemicals
and/or blast-water refuse must be addressed immediately and monitored to avoid
contamination and future surface soiling brought on by water hydraulics and
evaporating contaminants (Fig. 3.8) to the masonry surface (aggravated by
unknown chemicals, mineral efflorescence such as soluble salts, etc.)
Conservation and restoring structures is of a specific nature where specializa-
tion justifies the addition of equipment for application processes such as for
instance brick reversal or turning outside damaged surfaces to inner wall
(Fig. 3.9), which includes the utilization of brick–block–concrete cutting equip-
ment, abrasive blast applications and water-filtration–recycling equipment.
Contractors involved must research structures diligently to general establish the
following to parameters; tensile strength of brick and masonry (Figs. 3.10, 3.11)
surfaces depth of 00 , this always varies substantially (friability) between job
assignments due to environmental impact and past brick firing processes, which
Fig. 3.9 Brick inside out

option
Fig. 3.10 Cementitious

stucco
Fig. 3.11 Stucco after

cleaning
Fig. 3.12 Pressure-washing

procedure on swing-stage
Fig. 3.13 a Efflorescence,

b removed
are today much higher, leaving a historic brick (Fig. 3.12) highly susceptible to
wrongful cleaning applications and chemical influences to their softer porous inner
core (muriatic–hydrochloric acid); mortar grout strength to the depth of 00 ,
considering all general and hard to reach) or obvious specific problem areas.
Establish necessary fan nozzle coverage (15 to 65) for problematic surfaces
such as cornices and eaves, and/or test satisfactory pressure-water volume ranges
for turbo nozzles and hand operated recycling-vacuum supported spin-jets to
guarantee a gentle surface wash down while preventing ghosting, streaking, sur-
face modulation or grout damage. Turbo nozzles must be managed with respect.
This type of nozzle rotates with ultra-high rpm a angulated straight hard-hitting jet,
producing not only cleaning but also a pulsating jet impact to the surface and can
be especially damaging to low tensile strength masonry composites, wood, friable
brick, sandstone and/or terra-cotta. This damage may occur starting at 1,000 psi
plus to 2.5 gpm plus.
Often the source of staining is an unknown. After removal of all surface con-
tamination with a 15 to 65 fan nozzle design, the appearance of metallic stains
may require a chemical reduction treatment which dissolves the metallic salts
when rinsed away. Removing these reddish-brown stains (rust) probably of ferrous
or ferric origination by embedded iron or steel fixtures located somewhere within
the structure being cleaned can be problematic. Before attempting the stain
removal application, the source must be identified. Rebar structures and metal
fixtures buried within must be laid open to undergo isolation by applying coatings
or plastic spray-on systems to all metal surfaces treated by hp-water, water
abrasive-blast or UHP method. In this process, the removal of the moisture source
to the metals must also be performed preventing future oxidation. Copper and
bronze stains often found on roof and ornamental structures mostly identified by
green or muddy brown surface discoloration are also caused by oxidation, moisture
and/or excessive humidity. If stains are produced while generating a desired patina
the source cannot be controlled. This leaves only the adequate surface cleaning and
stain removal application combined with a possible clear coat or deep absorbing
liquid seal system to the areas in question.
Fig. 3.14 a Façade before,

b façade after
Removing efflorescence (Fig. 3.13a, b) protruding from mortar on bricks,

aggregate blocks, concrete walls and/or delaminating acrylic stucco and coatings
from masonry surfaces including various stages of mildew development, ivy-vine
surface penetration, rust-copper stains and/or heavy smoke stains from fire are all
specifically identifiable applications well-suited for the pressure washing spe-
cialist. Most of these applications can be performed between 1,000 and 7,000 psi
water only, especially when combined with a water pickup and recycling capacity.
Although continuous hp hot-water above 212F can positively shorten removal
times of various coatings on masonry surfaces and/or accelerate successful deep-
stain removal applications. After a disaster cleanup, remaining fire and smoke
stains caused by wood or paper can best be treated with a solution of caustic soda
(lye: sodium hydroxide), applied with either abrasive injector, chemical pump,
metering equipment or downstream injector and/or by roller. Caustic soda is
corrosive requiring adequate safety gear avoiding skin contact and tarpaulin pro-
cedures to protect all surroundings and/or sensitive areas from possible wind swept
misting.
Cleaning natural stone brick–block and aggregate façades and/or construction
cleanup procedures on brick (Fig. 3.14a, b) and stucco walls can by considered the
most simplest application requirement within this commercial or industrial facet
but require attention in that soiled new surfaces can not be adulterated within the
cleaning process. Nor can possible water damage occur to new products like
window seals, glass, aluminum, wood and drywall. Many brick cleaners contain a
small percentage of fluoride necessary to clean silicon oxide found in brick, granite
and masonry surfaces. Precautions must be undertaken before a cleaning procedure
by high-pressure water is initiated, since the possibility of etching glass and/or
sensitive surfaces exists (particularly soft plate). It is recommended that glass
windows, doors and anodized aluminum frames be masked with polyethylene
sheeting. Sandstone, Brick, and granite cleaners should not be sprayed on windy
days as they could be deposited on unmasked surfaces.
Fig. 3.15 a Brick before,

b after
Fig. 3.16 Brick cleaning before casement installation
When performing services on high-rise buildings, brick and masonry cleaning

methods (Fig. 3.15) remain mostly equivalent to the application criteria developed
for commercial buildings (two to eight floors, Fig. 3.16). Generally, brick surfaces
are cleaned from top to bottom and versus chemical cleaning procedures which
most often start sectionalized from the bottom up. This is to avoid a chemical
attack on unclean surfaces which can result in permanent etching and discolor-
ation of underlying surfaces. The practical application approach and variety of
high-pressure water cleaning techniques is sometimes combined with a desired
chemical cleaning process which varies drastically according to the range of
building designs, their height, vehicle and pedestrian traffic, erection and
obstruction by sidewalk canopies, seasonal weather-temperature, protection of
Fig. 3.17 a Brick before,

b after
surrounding foliage and environmental concerns regarding possible hazardous

discharge to sewer systems, etc. Specific application directives are straight-
forwardly obtained by correctly evaluating the practical access and unobstructed
tool utilization to surfaces in question. This includes the vertical–horizontal
manual maneuver of spin-jet equipment supported by vacuum refuse equipment,
generally exploited utilizing the existing scaffolding (pipe) in use by other trades.
The lightweight, vertical 400 to 500 industrial vacuum hose assembly, tied to scaf-
folding in isolated hundred feet increments secured every 25 ft with tie-downs, is
sufficient to deliver low volume water refuse to the filtration–recycling unit
advantageously situated on the bottom of any building. Swing stage platforms in
size of 8–50 ft as well as operations from boom or man lifts on building surfaces
less than eight stories high are alternative access solutions. The ability to employ
various masking methods (Fig. 3.17) to sensitive structural components with
plastic sheeting, tape or liquid strippable masking products for windows and
window frames, are some of the obvious identifying job criteria which furthermore
permit the application of high-pressure water cleaning techniques on buildings
overall surfaces.
True is, that the introduction of high-pressure water applications has substan-
tially abridged chemical cleaning methods by providing environmentally correct
and superior time-saving cleaning solutions. It is untrue that high-pressure jets
drive chemical solutions into a masonry substrate regardless of prior wetting with
clean water to avoid excessive and uneven chemical absorption into a masonry
substrate. This is not to say, that on ultra sensitive, damaged or decayed surfaces a
two-step chemical cleaning process before or during pressure washing operations
would not be beneficial to some specific job assignments (deep-set stains, surface
crust-deposits). A correct chemical application is designed to neutralize itself
within the reaction process, but its success also depends on a thorough rinse
procedure. Acid with a 1.5 pH, applied to surfaces in question and upon satis-
factory dwell time treated with a 12.5 pH alkali further emulsifying contaminants
suppose to render the chemical runoff to a pH 7 solution. Chemicals are best
applied by a separate low pressure pump facilitating ease of application, fluid

volume control, unnecessary misting and a controlled dwell time procedure. This
also means starting the rinse application from bottom up and then down ensuring
that the runoff water and surface–substrate produce a neutral pH 7. Avoiding the
two-step chemical cleaning method in a surface restoration procedure, pressure
washing techniques can be enhanced today by utilizing organic chemicals (acids)
designed with a buffer component, neutralizing the acid within the emulsifying
process of identifiable stains and surface contaminants. These types of restoration
chemical are also best applied by a designated secondary pump and can mitigate
the brick saturation process with water. Rinsing all surfaces with pressures ranging
from 500 to 3,000 psi, applying cold-water will neutralize surface–substrate and
run-off water to a pH of 7.
Operational variables such as chemical strength, volume, evaporation and
saturation or the important chemical dwell time differ drastically within ambient
temperatures encountered on a jobsite. The blanket statements that historic brick
buildings are highly susceptible to damage from muriatic acid (hydrochloric) can
be considered quite outdated since the application of raw undiluted acid does not
exist within a restoration chemistry. Hydrofluoric (acid) restoration chemistry
holds a far greater potential for damage to surfaces and substrates (if not precisely
administered) than correctly diluted hydrochloric acid.
The decision to apply either the scraping method versus high-pressure-water to
remove mortar residue on new brick surfaces is only undertaken due to varying
adhesion and mortars’ possible chemical surface interaction, which may result in
visual ghosting situations due to the permanent damage or etching–softening–
discoloration by mortars saturation and dwell time. After the scraping procedure,
the use of acid is often unknowingly–knowingly applied to achieve a visual
blending effect between disturbed and undisturbed surface appearances. New brick
can be very hard on its exterior and will without doubt tolerate the direct removal
of most construction residual within a construction site cleanup procedure. In this
case, the weakest and most sensitive areas are utilized to identify the important
psi–gpm baseline configuration which can vary drastically between various tool
configurations (nozzles). Most likely determined and adjusted to concrete–grout
surface strength and brick edge–corner tensile strength, avoiding all possible
scenarios of high-pressure water damage determines this gpm–psi configuration
which must then also permit the total removal of all mortar spatter and various
construction residuals.
On new construction sites, indifferent pressure-washing operations responsible
for the removal of excess mortar, efflorescence and general construction con-
taminants sometimes bear the blame for bricks’ excessive whitening, metallic
and/or brownish staining. Most often this occurs when a specified proprietary
chemical and its intended accredited cleaning procedure by a site architect and/or
brick manufacturer is inaccurately applied. Under these circumstances the liability
of a pressure-washing contractor is immediately thought of or at best made suspect
to the appearing visual faults. This inquiry will point to possibly none or inade-
quate surface wetting procedures, excessive atmospheric cycling, humidity–heat,
Fig. 3.18 Brick staining
excessive chemical dwell time, and/or inadequate rinsing-neutralization proce-

dures or the commencing of pressure-washing applications before the curing of
concrete–masonry–grout is complete (30 days plus if at all possible). It is always
of benefit to a pressure washing contractor to be aware of an applied grout–mortar
product, which varies dramatically between brick and stone installation require-
ments. The mix proportions can sometimes be analyzed or revised to resist a
possible leaching scenario from its color, lime or Portland-cement constituents.
Architects and construction site managers should not forget that the culprit may
also be the metallic elements in clay responsible for creating various visual effects.
These metals being soluble by acid may also result in the spread of tarnish-staining
across brick surfaces more often visually stronger on brick face top and bottom
joints. Neutralizing the acid with an alkaline liquid–hydroxide solution is suc-
cessful, but it will not remove the created stains. Rather, in the drying-evaporation
process it develops a salty white residue across a brick surface, which is removed
with pH neutral high-pressure-water, after a chemical is applied to re-dissolve the
existing metallic stains. Excessive metallic activity on various brick surfaces can
also originate from incompatible mortar–masonry applications, unprotected brick
transportation and unidentifiable storage environments subject to various harmful
environmental conditions. Brick staining on new construction is most often
reversible but best avoided first of all (Fig. 3.18). The preeminent protection
guarding against the unknown is education and research prior or alongside a jobs
procurement procedure. This starts with identifying the brick and its manufacturer
to possibly retrieve their cleaning recommendations, which most always recom-
mends not using any type of acid. Nevertheless, when researching their product
recommendations, most often their label and MSDS information will refer to some
sort of acid (probably thinned-buffered). As a result leaving the unsuspecting
speechless reminding us that the specialist is always the pressure-washing con-
tractor. Also, regardless of cleaning techniques applied the contractor must avoid
all technical application circumstances which can be made responsible for
inconsistent surface appearances and ghosting possibilities. One will at a distance
first survey all surfaces in question to identify any adhering organic debris, mortar
smears, paint-coating spatter, adhesive contamination, cement dust accumulations
and specific concentrations of concrete–grout construction spatter.
These mortar concentrations are more likely noticeable in the spatter area of the
masons’ scaffold-plank board which during the building process moves
horizontally upward in 4–6 ft increments. A scrape crew must systematically

remove all spatter; protruding mortar smears and, in short, all materials which may
seal a brick surface possibly promoting an uneven absorption–adsorption rate and/
or fan-jets surface dispersion other than the rest of the unimpeded brick fascia.
The crew will mainly utilize wooden spatulas–paddles–scrapers and hard organic–
plastic brushes, removing all surface contaminants as uniformly as possible,
including the areas of soffit, eaves, gables and possible exterior insulation and
finishing systems which often require their own specific cleaning procedures.
Again, stepping away from the cleaned–scraped surfaces will help to more
effectively identify irregular uneven surface appearances before the actual wash-
down commences. Also this cleaning process should include scaffold boards
prohibiting repetitive spatter during the final rinse process.
It is important to pre-wet or better saturate all brick surfaces equally avoiding a
disproportionate sponge like chemical absorption. This also insures that the
applied chemical remains on the brick surface to be cleaned negating discoloration
by bricks soluble trace elements and/or excessive chemical absorption (squander).
The best chemical reaction results are achieved when the product contains a strong
surfactant permitting the chemical to adhere to surfaces for an extended dwell time
by controlling its runoff. Surface damage and discoloration are the result when
permitting solutions to dry. Particularly on hot days, dwell times should not exceed
2 min. Pressure-washing brick surfaces in increments from the bottom up,
applying a 25 to 65 fan nozzles with an approximately 20 ft stand off distance to
surfaces utilizing 2.5–5 gpm per wand at pressures adjusted to the necessary stain
removal threshold at the recommended stand off distances will permit a very
speedy and gentle job conclusion. Stain removal and brick cleaning operations are
concluded when buildings top row is reached and the rinse cycle with pH neutral
fresh water begins from top down utilizing an appropriate nozzle standoff distance.
Also the controlled sectionalized rinse off cycle now includes all surfaces from
eaves, cornices, window frames, etc., and requires periodic testing of surface and
its runoff water to its neutral pH 6.6–7 balance (paper).
After verifying the sufficient and important surface–substrate drying time and
result by considering also the possible entrapment of water vapor in specific or
prone areas within the substrate structure, concrete–masonry, terra-cotta and brick
surfaces are treated with either breathable barrier and/or breathable water repellent
deep penetrating clear (Fig. 3.19) or pigmented non-film forming coatings.
According to exterior exposure, climate and architectural desires, applied coatings
are solvent or waterborne and can be applied, by airless paint applicator systems
and/or water injector method.
Cleaning procedures on high-rise buildings require sometimes extensive high-
pressure hose assemblies. Identifying the psi losses within a high-pressure hose
assembly recognized as pressure drop or friction loss can simply be done by
removing the nozzle from its gun barrel retainer and actively operating the hp-gun,
avoiding nozzle restriction. The necessary psi-energy is correctly identified by
equipment pressure gauge when the direct displacement pumps max operating rpm
is maintained. A pressure gauge with a sufficient incremental readout incorporating
Fig. 3.19 Brick before and

after sealing
Fig. 3.20 Limestone before–

after
a male/female quick-coupler armature attached between a pump heads discharge

fitting and the first hose assembly is an alternative evaluation procedure identifying
the psi requirement when pushing a water column throughout an open hose-tool
assembly. Adding the indicated psi necessity to the equipments standard max
operating pressure will permit the evaluation for added horse power input pre-
requisites. Piston–plunger pumps by force deliver high-pressure water equally
throughout any system. The only question is the horsepower essentials, identifiable
by an engine and pump overload scenario when internal friction becomes exces-
sive. This technique is most practical for all pressure drop evaluations concerning
a hose-tool assembly, since it includes the hp-hose length and restricting hose
fittings, friction losses by internal gun or tool designs and distant job locations, and
is inherently far more precise than a mathematical explanation often presented by
various application enthusiasts. It will not identify nozzle design efficiency or
required standoff distances to surfaces cleaned.
Before a cleaning solution by high-pressure water for natural stone and its sub-
strate in question can be offered the requirement exists to correctly identify the
stone’s architectural intended purpose and possible origination. Marble, granite,
limestone (Fig. 3.20) or slate in their widely varying commercial applications, such
as interior and exterior wall cladding, interior or exterior paving, curbing, pool and
Fig. 3.21 Chemical

application
Fig. 3.22 Cleaning and rinse

cycle
statuary applications must be correctly identified as to their original architectural

surface structure and present soiling and/or aggressive surface contaminants.
Siliceous stones–rock are quartz based stones such as granite, serpentine, slate
and soap stone, and, under normal conditions are easy to clean. Calcareous stones
are travertine, onyx, marble and limestone which are susceptible to liquid—
chemical detergents at levels other than pH 6.6–7. Therefore, high-pressure water
cleaning and rinsing of these stones is the preferred cleaning method.
Stains in stones are likely of organic and metallic materials or of an oil–grease
saturation nature. Most deep-set organic stains will require an oxidizing agent such
as peroxide or commercial–household chlorine bleach in various solution ratios to
water. Again, deep-set stain removal processes on marble and limestone substrate
are similar and often only vary in the chemical being applied (non-acidic).
Limestone–marble contain calcium carbonate and are very sensitive to chem-
icals, especially to acidic cleaners. Chemical application specifications (Fig. 3.21)
are established only following high-pressure water removal of all surface con-
taminants and upon a dry and/or wet substrate ensuring that any products used are
specifically formulated for the limestone and marble deep-set stain removal
application (ph-neutral non-ionic detergent, light bleach or ammonia water solu-
tion). At the completion of the cleaning process the stone is properly rinsed
(Fig. 3.22) and left free of any residual alkalinity or acidity. Limestone and marble
can be pre-cleaned using high-pressure water at 500–3,000 psi with a 25 to 65
fan nozzle at 2.5–5 gpm. After the adequate drying, stone cleaning applications are
often finished by applying water repellent, penetrating but air permeable sealer.
Fig. 3.23 Dry and stabilized

art deco
Cleaning outdoor pool, hot tub and patio areas (moss and algae), with pressures
from 2 to 5,000 psi up to 5 gpm hot or cold water utilizing a turbo nozzle or fan-jet
assembly can be supported by suppressing future growth in applying a mild
household bleach treatment after the moss, fungus and algae are removed.
At times, where a stone is blackened it may be necessary to pre-clean with an
alkaline product starting from the bottom of the building or structure working
upward. The product can be applied by brush, spray applicator, roller or pressure-
washing gun, moving from natural break to natural break. Following a 3-min dwell
time, the alkaline solution can be rinsed using the above mentioned pump per-
formances. It is recommended that a mild acidized cleaner be utilized after the
alkaline cleaner has been thoroughly rinsed. This acidized cleaner and subsequent
rinsing will remove any inorganic residual contaminants and ensures that
remaining alkalinity is neutralized. Under certain conditions, such as extreme
friability of a monument (Fig. 3.23) stone surface as often found in cemeteries,
rinse pressure can be reduced to equal a kind of rubbing–brush–bristle stroke
category. Also excessively weakened, decaying brick or porous configuration
specifically stone can be treated with an stone strengthening and water repellent air
permeable solution, which when absorbed does not equal a coating rather will
slowly cure within the stone structure providing enhanced physical stability when
dried. Lightly soiled limestone seldom requires the alkaline pre-cleaning process.
Remember, limestone and marble substrates are semi-self-cleaning stones and are
most often best maintained by high-pressure water cleaning operations with
varying pressure and water volume adjusted to surfaces encountered requiring no
further chemical treatment.
Many areas of a building are never exposed to water. Nonetheless, over a period
of years, encrusted black substances, chemically identified as calcium sulfate, will
form under eaves, cornices and belt courses. Unfortunately, the few chemical
cleaners that attack these encrusted areas also attack the surrounding calcium
carbonate. Therefore again high-pressure water equipment can be applied to
Fig. 3.24 Pores limestone,

clean and dry
Fig. 3.25 Soiled limestone
dissolve the calcium sulfate by a prolonged and repetitive soaking with plain
water (atomized). Final removal is achieved by applying a pressure-washing gun at
500–3,000 psi at 2.5–5 gpm with fan nozzles at 25 to 65. Prior to commencing a
soaking operation, a building must be inspected for areas most susceptible to inner
water seepage. All areas where water could penetrate are caulked and covered by
plastic. City or well water should be tested to determine their mineral content and
pH value. Cascading water with a high mineral content may cause stone to dis-
color. In-line water treatment and filters are available to remove excessive amounts
of minerals. Water utilized for cleaning should always have a neutral pH value of
6.6–7. Excess acidity or alkalinity will also affect the minerals in the stone and can
later be possibly responsible for surface discoloration appearing at some stage
within the water evaporation and surface drying time-frame. The use of non-
ferrous tooling is recommended within this type of cleaning–restoration applica-
tion. The position of nozzle carriers will guarantee even coverage over all calcium
sulfate areas and, if the timeframe demands, securely fastened to scaffolding. The
prior wetting, soaking, intermittent jetting or continuous mist (atomized) spraying
process always commences at the top of a structure. Never forget, that in soaking
operations, foundations must be protected to prevent leakage into basement areas.
Also masonry cleaning can be quite seasonal. Porous substrate (Fig. 3.24) is
vulnerable to freezing and thawing (cycling) as is the repair or repointing proce-
dure of mortar joints which commonly will not commence with temperatures
below 40F and above 90F. More often than not are the aggressive air pollutants
(Fig. 3.25) not the only contributors to surface soiling and structural deterioration
on restoration and/or preservation sites demanding a variety of trades working

alongside in harmony. Treatment of contaminants such as iron oxides (rust),
copper stains, urea, or removal of coating–paint and sealants are identified by
historical architects as they also identify the method of removal and utilization of
specific chemicals and their application. Historical commissions providing a
funding grant may maintain a direct review involvement to guarantee projects
scope, which includes verifying the performance criteria by all trades involved
within a restoration procedure. Architects employed by a historical commission
will work closely with construction site architects to guarantee strict adherence to
agreed plans and specifications identified at the pre-bid conference, combined with
contractors insurance-bonding and can do qualification statements, guaranteeing
work methods and results. Generally the project philosophy to clean a historic
masonry, brick, marble or limestone structure is to remove and/or neutralize the
visually changing and possibly destructive contaminants such as carbon-soot,
acidity, algae, fungus, molds, paint and coatings, etc. while not damaging or
altering any of the original masonry design, stone tooling details, texture and
adjacent joint’s grout surface integrity. The contractor should always exact precise
application procedures determined by architects as to the practical validity, and
desired tool applications. This includes reviewing carefully the chemical manu-
facturer’s literature, or best, consult with a representative as to their opinions and
product warranties. Application variations must always be discussed in the man-
datory pre-bid conference to their validity avoiding discrepancies brought to the
architects’ attention after work has begun. Often an opinion may develop during
the inspection of an existing condition on a historic building site which may speak
to or dispute one or various proposed application techniques. This can include a
hidden performance problematic when working in unison with other trades.
The scope of work and specifications for masonry cleaning and historical brick
restoration may include, besides cleaning and a sealing performance, a limited
mortar joint repair–installation and/or replacement of pigeon control systems, etc.
Added trade involvements require attention.
Specifications will be identified such as masonry restoration and cleaning; and
under the division; special conditions; required miscellaneous services which call
for reasonable customary conformity inherent to restoration requirements
involving all trades including that of a pressure-washing contractor. Coordination
of work with other trades, and the continuous protection of the portion of work
performed during a cleaning and restoration procedure must therefore always be
addressed and can result in a fluid, quite varying application criteria. The pressure
washing contractor must also be careful to address the final construction site
cleanup. Various trades produce various waste materials, stains and possible sur-
face contamination. In addition to his operational cleanup provisions he can
consider and possibly include his required time and expertise to wash and polish
glass inside out, remove foreign matter, marks, stains, foreign paint, caulking,
fingerprints, soil and dirt from painted and/or decorated stained work, or on
hardware fixtures and equipment surfaces found on exterior or in interior areas.
This cleanup provisions are very important and can be quite substantial demanding
Fig. 3.26 a CMU block before, b CMU block coating removal, c CMU block after
time and equipment necessities best identified within the contracts general
conditions.
New or old buildings regardless of stone or masonry structure are most often
designed to consider basic airflow–heat loss and water vapor migration through the
buildings envelope, consequently protecting structural components as well as
guarding against damage produced by mildew and/or mold growth. The contractor
is well advised to study typical insulation, vapor and air barrier designs including
façades brick–stone iron (beams) straps, anchors and/or wall retainer systems and
their possible locations. Often when deviating from an original building design, the
subsequent changes to the air to air transmission coefficient resulting from res-
toration procedures and/or erection of structural additions, obscures or mistakenly
encloses critical areas. This can perhaps produce an unforeseen mitigating path for
mildew–mold development as it may also divert water or vapor penetration to
unexpected building areas. There are distinct differences between vapor and air
barrier systems which vary regionally in their design criteria. Various flashings,
cavity flashings and present weep-holes, their locations including drainage con-
figurations for buildings inner to outer envelope which include the identification of
interior to exterior gravity drainage locations into the public main sewer instal-
lation are all factors to be considered in a well developed job description. Infor-
mation on air–vapor barrier design technology can further be researched on the
Internet, http://www.airbarrrier.org
When the need arises to clean concrete masonry units which are smooth or
split-faced (CMU) block walls (Fig. 3.26) high-pressure water is always superior
to any other cleaning method including the application of all chemical techniques.
Most often these structures require services not due to weathering or general
soiling but more often due to the removal necessities of graffiti-tagging, surface
preparation for coating or masonry work and/or an existing coating–paint dela-
minating problem. The latter, most likely due to substandard adhesion created by
environments within the block wall cavity, responsible for producing an elevated
moisture vapor transmission through the wall. Chronic increases in moisture vapor
pressure carrying calcium salts to the outside surface of the wall forming a visually
visible efflorescence is typically accompanied by coating cracking and peeling
along block joints and block surfaces which include accelerated coating damage
on the building side more susceptible to thermal cycling (south side versus north
side). The nature of concrete block’s porous surfaces is ideal for the utilization of a
Turbo nozzle operated between 2,500 and 5,000 psi at 2.5–5 gpm hot and/or cold
water. Turbo nozzles inherent variable angle intensity permit the cleaning and
removal of coatings in deep crevices, concrete voids and pores and will always
outperform the abrasive blast technique. Manually operated, vacuum supported
spin Jets are also ideal due to the added potential of refuse separation, water
filtration and recycling capacity. When aged and deteriorated coatings are to be
removed, the reasoning might not only be to provide a sound substrate for a new
coating application. Aesthetic reasons can be the motivator to leave a substrate
uncoated and exposed or else an existing coating contains hazardous materials as
lead and heavy metals preventing remodeling or demolition procedures and/or
sometimes existing coatings are damaging to a substrate by limiting adequate
moisture release (non-breathable) accelerating structural decay.
The selection of required tooling and job essentials depend on the condition of
the substrate, the type of coating encountered, adhesion to and penetration into the
substrate, number of paint layers and elasticity–tensile strength factors. In general,
applying high-pressure hot-water above 200F utilizing a 15 to 25 fan jet or
Turbo nozzle is the preferred tool combination effectively outperforming cold-
water combinations at 3–7,000 psi. If it is found to be lead paint, which is
becoming one of the most recognized generally hazardous materials one will find,
that a comparatively low-cost coating removal application is disproportionately
obscured by necessary product-refuse handling and deletion costs due to enforced
local and federal lead abatement–disposal regulations. There are several methods
to determine whether paint contains a toxic level of lead. Savvy contractors will
always carry a household swab test kit to possibly justify a further refined test
procedure. Testing can be done with a portable X-ray fluorescent analyzer or a
sodium sulfite solution. The most reliable testing is achieved by utilizing an atomic
absorption spectrophotometer. Samples of paint are analyzed by state-commis-
sioned laboratories. Separating refuse from blast-water and recycling the blast-
water through a phosphoric filter assembly permits a concentration and volume
reduction of the lead (heavy metals) containing refuse. Contaminated paint forces
contractors to identify, contain and package the compressed refuse according to
the law before a transport to a hazardous waste incineration or deposit site is
possible. For exterior lead abatement, the high-pressure, low-volume water
removal method sometimes combined with a periodic chemical initiation process
offers several advantages over expensive snail’s pace chemical removal opera-
tions. Lead-free paint can be removed without the involvement of a hazardous
material handling regulation in particular when water recycling and refuse filtra-
tion–separation equipment is utilized. Nevertheless the accumulation of a refuse
volume must be understood as to its potency and possible health risk.
Although graffiti removal is included in the coating removal chapter, it is
impossible to determine an adequate cleaning procedure without on-site testing,
for the artist vents his creativity on the most unimaginable surfaces. Difficulties
arise due to the virtually unknown paint medium, often a solvent based product
penetrating into substrates porous surfaces or various coloring products adhering to
a vast variety of painted surfaces, which must first be tested as to its structure and
GEAR - LIST AUTHORIZATION

Brick - stone - stucco - masonry cleaning, structuring, restoration

Address:

Fig. 3.27 abrasive-blast equipment
Purchasing: Engineering: Maintenance: Safety:

Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:
Job Description:
Base structure:
Granite: Marble: Sandstone: Limestone:
CMU block w. Exposed aggregate: Sand surfaced brick: Stucco-synthetic:

Slate: Exposed concrete slab: Concrete: Steel-iron:
Brick pavers: Travertine: Brick: Other:
Scale - stain - coating - paint type :
Efflorescence: Graffiti: Urea, organic-growth: Mildew:
Lead paint: Mortar: Iron oxide (rust-copper): Fungus-mold:
Epoxies: Oxidation: Grease-oil: Other:
Lead: Test: X-Ray fluorescent analyzer: Sodium sulfite solution:
Toxic contamination:
Environment: Industrial: Commercial: Residential:
Existing structural damages: Explanation:
Patch testing:
Methods: Chemicals: Products:
Cold high-pressure water: psi: gpm: Nozzles:
Hot high-pressure water º F:? psi: gpm: Nozzles:
Water abrasive blasting: psi: gpm: Nozzles:
Steam cleaning: Temp: gpm: psi:
Total sq footage below 10 ft.: (ground up)
Total sq footage above 10 ft.: (platform?)
Scaffolding: Boom lift: (bucket) Tarpaulin procedures: Traffic-pedestrian control:
Structural circumstances: Other:
Vegetation: Aluminum fixtures:
Steel-copper fixtures: Overhead power-lines:
Drains, drainage: Vehicle traffic-pedestrian:
Describe application and work procedure:

Wand extensions, water filtration recycling, vacuum supported spin-jets, turbo nozzles, etc.:
Itemize equipment: safety gear, expendables, labor time, equipment times, etc.
possible friability. There are some surfaces which permit the utilization of a
crystalline (Fig. 3.27), inert, odorless and water soluble abrasive product, calcium
carbonate powder (baking soda) or a minuscule amount of Portland cement
powder and possibly nutshell grain products providing a buffing, slightly abrasive
surface treatment when combined with high-pressure water (abrasive injector).
The chemical industry provides many useful cleaning solvents. Applied are only
the ones which provide maximum paint removal capability while discouraging
ghosting (the faint outline of graffiti in pores). Should ghosting appear the
aforementioned cleaning techniques are effective.
Used brick suppliers may view the hydro-blast method as the most innovative
cleaning procedure available today. Bricks are laid in tight formation and blasted
between 2,000 and 7,000 psi at 2.5 to 5 gpm with a 20 to 65 fan or turbo nozzle. Tight
brick formation is essential to the preservation of edges. The industry has developed a
variety of tools that apply high-pressure water at lower volumes, achieving a much
higher square footage performance rate than previously possible with spray bars. The
industry refers to these units as whirl disc, rotary jet carrier, spin-jets, rotating ramp
carrier, surface jet mill and turbo nozzles. Their designs are intended to be mobile or in
a hand-held configuration either air, hydraulic or self-propelled. Some will feature a
vacuum capability combined with a refuse collection, and water-recycling filtration
unit. Such state-of-the-art tools are vital to any successful surface cleaning process and
often will totally eliminate the need for chemicals.
Brick restructuring or antiquing is achieved by conventional water abrasive-
blast methods. Brick glazing is removed by exposing porous, sometimes, colorful,
uneven structures. The coarseness of the blast medium applied at pressures ranging
from 3,000 to 7,000 psi is the determining factor for the final surface structure.
For brick hardness, surface strength and information on composition; Infor-
mation on the Internet; Water proofing-repellent, non-film forming silicone and
epoxy compositions for concrete, exterior brick, stone and masonry surfaces.
The Brick Industry Association, http://www.gobrick.com, EIFS-synthetic
stucco, http://www.exterior-design-inst.com, The Stucco Manufacturers Associa-
tion, http://www.stuccomfgassoc.com, The Portland Cement Association, http:
//www.cement.org, National Concrete Masonry Association, http://www.ncma.org
3.2 Surface Pasting, Airborne Dust Suppression, Liquid

Non-film Forming Seal Applications, Biosecurity, Sanitizing,
Decontamination, Foaming–Soaps–Detergents–Acids
Cleaning and/or restoration complexities or lack of necessary psi–gpm perfor-

mances may require a chemical metering process supporting pressure-washing or
water-jetting endeavors. Furthermore, there are various mitigating factors justi-
fying the tool expenditure and subsequent specialization in application technology.
Injector proficiency can support a coating and paint removal task, deodorizing
and/or solid odor counteracting technique and the application of breathable liquid
penetrating sealers to concrete–masonry–brick–block and wood surfaces. In the
transportation and agricultural environment chemical injectors and foam gener-
ating equipment may be of importance to apply insecticides and herbicides,
alkaline and/or acids to various surfaces. Commercial and industrial environments
may be in need of bulk oil–grease and/or deep set stain removal applications of the
3.2 Surface Pasting, Airborne Dust Suppression, Liquid Non-film Forming 273
same, or the utilization of flash rust-corrosion inhibitors, phosphatizing iron-steel

surfaces to enhance paint bonding criteria and/or providing biosecurity-sanitation
as well as fungus-mold inhibitors. Incorporating the equipment for polymer jetting
procedures or various decontamination practices in commercial, industrial and
nuclear industries (power plants) requires extensive technical and fluid-dynamic
knowledge facilitating the correct usage of this equipment.
In discovering today’s viable pressure-washing and hydro-blast cleaning
characteristics, the major chemical manufacturing industries have as yet to set and
create adequate practical application guidelines for customers favoring high-
pressure water tool technologies. Therefore the application technician must hone
his chemical application curriculum by recording all past job experiences and
results creating his or her practical information base. In-depth knowledge and
characteristics of contractors’ equipment and tool performances (gpm–psi) in
relevance to a variety of successfully completed application histories which also
takes into account all encountered surfaces–substrates, their uniqueness and job
specific application circumstances such as chemical dwell times and rinse proce-
dures, weather, temperature and humidity, etc. The first upstream–downstream
injectors were utilized by Leonardo da Vinci for delivering paint to his canvases.
Today there are five mechanical methods to introduce various liquids to a pressure-
washer or hydro-blast water stream. Upstream injectors introduce liquid chemicals
to the water suction side of a unit either directly into the water supply hose before
the introduction to the float tanks ball or water metering assembly or between the
float tank and the pump water intake. Both methods will permit only the additions
of liquids negating coagulation, depositing chemical constituents, generate abra-
siveness and/or foaming characteristics. Adding a liquid polymer to the blast-water
reducing water turbulence created by inferior nozzle designs in focusing its water
jet is an example as is the adding of sodium nitrate for flash rust suppression. Also
in upstream metering processes, utilizing excessive chemical acidity must be
guarded against. Keep a light chemical viscosity to avoid coagulation by insuring
proper mixing with water. If the upstream metering method must be used, consider
purchasing and installing a metering pump operating at approximately
125–150 psi with flow adjustability from 0 to 1 gpm. These chemical pumps are
electrically actuated via a float mechanism, pressure switch, or series flow switch
sensitized by the trigger-gun operation. Metering pumps operating at 24–115 V or
air-hydraulic driven are readily available. The discharge line of a metering pump
may be installed directly into the in-line suction orifice of a hydro or pressure-
washing pump.
Recently, most pressure-washing and hydro-blast systems feature a trigger-gun
operation allowing the operator to commence water jetting at will. In the off
position, an automatic pressure regulator will bypass and return the produced
water volume to the suction side of a hydro-blast or pressure-washer unit, either
into its water storage tank (float tank), or directly into the pump head suction
orifice. This operational method creates a basic problem for most upstream
metering functions installed between float tank and pump head. The necessary
vacuum is created by a pressure reduction in the water supply line restricting the
free flow of water to the pump head. A flow restrictor is strategically installed into
the suction orifice at the bottom of the water storage or float tank.
The volume of chemicals allowed entering the suction side of a pump head is
regulated by a needle valve. Preset, adjustable, or solenoid-operated valves are
available with a performance range of ten parts water to one part chemical up to
240 parts water to one part chemical.
The applicable ratio also depends on viscosity and various specific fluid char-
acteristics. A one size fits all chemical application setup does not exist due to
technical and application varieties. Contractors wishing to utilize such a chemical
injector method must be aware of the following; any water flow restriction to the
suction side of a pump is disturbing. It is a known fact that such restrictions
enhance cavitational effects. In time, accelerated cavitation will damage pressure
regulators, valves, pistons and their packing and include the gear-end when a
gaseous-compressible water medium is encountered (pressure-stroke). Dubious
also is when the trigger-gun in off position signals to the pressure regulator or
pressure relief valve to return chemically-admixed water to the storage or float
tank. This facilitates foaming and/or air saturation added to the already chemically
admixed by-pass water (internal water velocity). Avoiding further introduction of
chemicals to the by-pass water within the closed trigger-gun position, some
manufacturers return this by-pass water directly to the suction orifice of the pump
head, equalizing the vacuum otherwise maintained between restrictor and pump
head suction orifice, thus stopping chemical draw from the chemical valve.
Manufacturers in their efforts to prolong pump life discovered that saturated by-
pass water returned directly to pump heads suction orifice can cause, besides
cavitational damages to valves, pressure regulators and packing, a thermal shock to
ceramic plunger sleeves. Evident especially when prolonged jetting intervals occur
and jetting operations are continued introducing cold water to excessively heated
packing-sleeve surfaces. Due to their elevated rpm configuration piston pumps are
not suited to build a vacuum on their suction side, nor are they generally matched
to pump viscous chemicals exceeding jetting waters specific weight and friction
characteristics. Overall, the upstream chemical metering method is at best limited
therefore contractors are destined to compromise. Regardless, gravity feed pro-
cedures are more common than one admits, although continuously adding chem-
icals to the storage or float tank causes eventual damage to equipment. Job variety
can result in chemical variety only accelerating such damage possibilities.
Downstream injectors (Fig. 3.28) situated on the pressure side beyond the pressure
regulator, burner assembly and thermostat on hydro-blast or pressure-washer units
have the operational advantage that chemical, detergents and acid contact with
equipment internals is avoided. The disadvantage is that most downstream
injectors are operational only by reducing the hydraulic pressure within the high-
pressure hose. This is performed by adjustment of a dual wand assembly shifting
from jetting nozzle to an oversized nozzle reducing systems operating pressure, or
by utilizing a variable pressure single wand nozzle affixed to the trigger-gun
assembly. Most often an injector adjustment must also be performed with every
hp-hose addition compensating for the Hp. Water in added fluid friction-drag and
Chemical-detergent
Tubing-barb
Chemical flow adjustment
Check valve-ball
Vacuum chamber
Spring
Bernoulli, reversed nozzle-
Hp.Water in
Nozzle
Fig. 3.28 Downstream injector
mass. Depending on the injector’s design, Chemical volume control is recognized

to be quite inconsistent or at best difficult due to variable chemical viscosity; and
chem.-hose length. Injector performance can possibly be rendered altogether
inoperable when the hp-hose and gun assembly requires more then 220 psi water
transfer pressure impeding the necessary vacuum development of 35% plus
reduction of systems operating pressure. Only when recognizing the actual gpm
jetting performance is a precise metering function possible. A variable dual or
single lance-wand extension permits a low-velocity, low-pressure application for
the all important chemical dwell time. Most injectors are adjustable, dispensing
one part chemical to four parts water (up to 1 part chemical to 240 parts water).
There are operational disadvantages to downstream injectors. Less sophisticated
injectors do not dispense chemicals beyond 150 ft of hp-water hose length.
Accumulated friction losses and flow restrictions in hp-hose assemblies will not
permit the necessary pressure drop of 35% plus actuating the injector. On hot
water machines an erratic injector operation can be caused when lowering the
waters boiling temperature under reduced pressure. Chemical injectors’ func-
tionality will also be compromised when installed in opposition to intended water-
jet flow. Injectors are sensitive to chemical caking, fluid impurities and have a
marginal acid resistance.
Chemical applications and operation of chemical injectors is best guaranteed by
an experienced operator. Excessive hp-hose runs or pressures above 200 psi
require an in-line high-pressure chemical inject or (Fig. 3.29), which can be
installed to the first or any hp-hose assembly including the last nearest to the
jobsite and trigger-gun operator. This psi performance combined with the injec-
tors’ precise metering function supports most all application varieties.
Fig. 3.29 In-line high-

pressure chemical injector
High-pressure water
Vacuum chamber
Chemical tubing-barb
Fig. 3.30 Abrasive injector, pressure-washer
Unnecessary chemical usage and accidental misting is always of great concern.

To create and achieve a celled foam matrix to support various dwell-resident times
of a desired chemical or detergent upon a surface–substrate the industry developed
a foam nozzle technology utilized most often within the food industry, or for
biosecurity applications in agricultural environments and automated vehicle–truck
and/or rail–car wash operations. The various available foam nozzle designs prove
quite insufficient within the pressure-washing and hydro-blast application palette.
Pressure-washing and hydro-blast applications in commercial and industrial
environments often require a far greater nozzle standoff distance to surfaces
facilitating a quick and practical chemical application not achievable with dual
wand or foam nozzle technology.
Converting water abrasive injectors (Fig. 3.30) and concrete cutting heads to
chemical injection-foaming devices has proven quite successful in providing a
superb nozzle stand off distance. Displacement pumps at their given operating rpm
permit a precise chemical metering function.
Due to ultra-high nozzle velocities (Fig. 3.31) within the vacuum chamber, a
super tight foam matrix is produced, while misting of surroundings is Chemical
tubing-barb dramatically mitigated contributing to a far greater nozzle stand off
distance and area coverage otherwise not obtainable (300% plus).
Because of increased chemical resident-dwell times, the ease of visual surface
coverage-assessments, the achieved greater nozzle stand off distance between
operators and surfaces in question, or the desired advanced product foaming
parameter and/or superior water jet rinse impact renders this injector type quite
indispensable. Tool or equipment application simplicity can be specific within
Fig. 3.31 Converted cutting

head
High-pressure
water Vacuum chamber
Detergent
Chem.-nozzle
Vacuum-diffuser chamber
High-pressure water
Fig. 3.32 High-capacity injector to 7500 psi
certain industries, as for instance, decontamination in nuclear power plants, where

vacuum generating high-pressure water will carry one part chemical which is
combined with a chemical introduced on the vacuum or discharge side of an
injector.
In contrast to chemical injectors, they create a much higher vacuum and airflow
ratio. These commercial and/or industrial water abrasive blast units function more
like a jet pump to convey the otherwise necessary abrasive supply. The possible
chemical fluid draw can also be 2–8 times higher in fluid volume than the nec-
essary amount of water to operate an abrasive-blast (Fig. 3.32) or concrete cutting
as is the vacuum development between 2200 and 3100 of mercury (In HG.).
Controlling the chemical volume is achieved by a simply predetermined and
sized chem.-nozzle or in operating a needle valve assembly to adjust the chemical
supply by volume or flow. Mix ratio is determined by calculating pressure–
washers or hydro-blast units’ gpm performance and actual desired chemical vol-
ume added per minute or hour. In general, jet-injectors are the extension of a
trigger gun wand-barrel assembly isolating chemical contact to the injector
assembly. Therefore, material compatibility, acidity, flammability, abrasiveness
and viscosity are of secondary concerns. Injectors offering a superior chemical
compatibility are readily available.
The inherent advantage of this injector type is that the chemical fluids accel-
erating into the injector’s vacuum-mix chamber greatly diffuse the actual jetting
Fig. 3.33 Gas station area
Fig. 3.34 Waste stream

recovery
impact. Injector design permitting, jetting impact can also be manipulated by a

steady measured air flow to the chemical suction hose or vacuum chamber.
Exterior–interior area decontamination by sequestering radioactive metallic
ions and suspending these particles in a two-step procedure permitting a flushing–
pumping–rinsing and wiping application, or cleaning–removing and suppressing
mildew and algae contamination by utilizing a sodium-hypochlorite treatment, and
for grease or tar deletion by applying caustics such as sodium or potassium
hydroxide can be considered the industrial application utilization of this type of
injector. Performing flat work (foaming), such as on gas station areas (Fig. 3.33),
drive-thru’s and in large parking facilities or for dispensing bactericides, disin-
fectants and sanitizing products in agricultural environments, and/or pasting walls,
dust suppression on floors and open gondolas (trucks–trailers, railcars) including
performing disaster cleanup procedures and fire restoration applications can be
considered the commercial utilization.
When applying high quality, penetrating and high foaming biodegradable
chemical concentrates, designed to react with greases, fats, wax and carbonized
materials to either dissolve or emulsify them, water–chemical ratio and prede-
termined dwell times must be precise. Their general mix ratio to water for a light
soiled condition is approximate 80:1, a moderate to heavy condition diluted 50:1,
and where heavy wax, grease and carbon deposits are present diluted 20:1. It is
important to realize that a high-pressure water cleaning application performed with
fan jet, turbo nozzles or spin jets will remove 98% of all surface contaminants.
The resulting waste stream (Fig. 3.34) derived from cleaning gas stations, fast
food and bank drive-thru surfaces, parking facilities and pedestrian traffic areas,
etc. will most likely result in a hazardous waste stream classification, especially
when an emulsifying agent has been applied. This will require the utilization of a
mobile water filtration and recycling unit. Controlling and preventing all created
discharge to enter adjacent sewer systems or open grounds is imperative. Metals
such as cadmium, lead, and copper can interfere with reproductive cycles of fish,
invertebrates and other aquatic life, as does turbid water affect the growth of
aquatic plants by reducing available sunlight and the smothering of bottom
dwelling aquatic organisms. The generating source of pollutants by motor vehicles
is transferred, and therefore includes the accumulated refuse discharge from
parking lots, gas stations and drive-thru areas. Hydrofluoric, phosphoric and
Nitrilotriacetic acid, sodium–potassium hydroxide, are ingredients found in vari-
ous concrete cleaning products and includes Meta, Para, and Ortho-Xylenes
compounds found in various biodegradable concentrates. These trace elements
must always be removed from all surfaces within a high-pressure water cleaning
application.
Most of today’s water repellent silicone based technologies, providing non film
forming; deep penetrating product applications (breathable sealers) for stucco–
masonry, concrete, brick and stone surfaces are manufactured as either water or
solvent borne identities. Preferred for their environmentally correct and safety
advantages, water borne products are most often applied utilizing the water
injector method due to minimal volatile organic compound emissions (VOC). This
application is most often intended to protect and enhance the look of exposed
concrete, stucco–masonry, brick and stone surfaces. Solvent borne products are
most often applied with manual pump-up sprayer units or paint-coating equipment.
In transport to and from a jobsite all solvent and water-born products, including
chemicals in liquid or dry form must always be identified and accompanied by a
material safety data sheet, utilizing OSHA’s hazardous communications standard
29 CFR 1910.1200, recognizing the chemical manufacturer’s name, hazardous
ingredients-identity, physical and chemical characteristics, fire and explosion
hazard data, reactivity data and conditions to avoid, health hazard data, precautions
for safe handling and use, which does include product control measures.
When acting in response to operational mishaps or accidental releases, the
liquid product jetting and vac-jet recovery is an excellent application technique
when dry, viscous or liquid bulk materials–products are returned to their manu-
facturing process or containment.
Providing this cost effective and measurable product recovery solution by
circumventing further contamination of products in question is quite alluring to
maintenance personnel as is the equipment utilization when flammable or volatile
substances are present and they must be removed or transferred. Final cleanup
endeavors after a bulk removal on remaining surfaces are also most often subject
to decontamination and/or sanitation procedures by any one of these five chemical
injector methods.
Equipment effectiveness relates directly to pump horsepower-input, requiring a
minimum of 20 horsepower to enter this application field. General commercial and
industrial product transfer applications demand a 45–150 hp plus jet-pump drive.
The removal of contaminants, corrosion and condensation and/or water

entrapped within a hydraulic-oil or lube-oil system is a variance of this application
curriculum. When an appropriate scale removal and corrosion neutralizing
application is performed utilizing possibly pre-heated turbine light oils or applying
heating oils, diesel fuel and liquid chemicals, which include jetting with soda-ash
brine or if slurry-emulsifying techniques are applied, fluid knowledge and fluids
structural behavior patterns expressed in abrasiveness, viscosity, specific weight,
flammability, compressibility, foam-ability and acidity must be fully understood.
When using liquids other than water, extreme caution must be taken to protect the
pressure-washer and hydro-blast unit’s gear-ends. Fluid handling should best be
supervised by a chemical fluid engineer.
The fluid-end (pump head), packing, o-rings, hoses and trigger-guns must be
compatible with desired blast media. Piston pumps, the heart of a pressure-washer
or hydro-blast unit, utilize high-grade materials resistant to most common fluids
within this application. Incompatibility of packing structures will result in brittle or
softening of packing materials. This should not create a problem as compatible
packing is available through packing or equipment manufacturers. Products
passing through the packing structure (packing glands) are best collected in
buckets or returned to unit’s suction tank via a small portable air, hydraulic or
electrically-driven pump. Electrically-driven pumps can be used only in the
absence of volatility and fire or explosion hazards. First and always disconnect the
ignition system by removing the power cable or belt drive from the generator when
pumping flammable products through a pressure-washer and its hot water burner
assembly. Due to ignition source and heat generation, gas engine pump-drives are
incompatible with most applications. Flammability and compressibility (psi) must
always be a known parameter. Anything above the specific weight and viscosity of
water will force a reduction in pump-engine rpm. Most applications do not require
more than 1,800 psi operating pressures. The rpm reduction will keep velocity and
valve timing under control. At all times, the operation must be within the frame of
the gear-end and motor’s rpm-horsepower performance curve specified by its
manufacturer. A secondary pressure regulation and fluid oriented adjustable safety
valve combination must also be included with most every application encountered.
Polymer jetting methods are regarded by most operators as mystical.
Mechanically-charged polymer water reduces the ongoing cavitational process by
providing a fluid drag reduction to valve and pressure regulator surfaces, pistons,
ceramic sleeves, packing and nozzles. Scientists have developed liquid additives
capable of reducing up to 50% of the liquid drag found in these high velocity areas.
This is especially noticeable in units operating above 3,000 psi. Operators rec-
ognizing a dramatic improvement in nozzle standoff distance especially when
inexpensive cylindrical nozzles are utilized, which are generally designed for
approximately 3,500 psi operating pressure and are quite common to the pressure-
washing and hydro-blast industries. A 200% increase in jet nozzles standoff dis-
tance can be expected. High quality cylindrical nozzles with operating pressures
up to 36,000 psi will achieve up to a 35% improvement in standoff distance. The
nozzle manufacturer’s all-around knowledge in physical fluid technology
(Bernoulli’s theory) and his mechanical production capabilities are most often
responsible for vastly varying differences in nozzle-jet performances. Regardless,
high-pressure water containing a 0.3% polymer additive enhances the nozzle
standoff distance improving its water-jet structure. When in the market for a
polymer metering device, it is important to recognize their operating precision.
A polymer imbalance, whether positive or negative of a 0.3% solution, diminishes
all advantages gained. Employing a trigger dump-gun design is not advisable;
polymer costs are too high.
To avoid a breakdown of the emulsion, storage and operating temperatures
must be kept at 40–90 F. During operation, polymer hydration time following
continuous injection to the system’s suction tank must never be less than 2.5 min
before actual use. Polymerization of pressure-washing or jetting water is highly
debatable. Operating costs compared to the contractor’s chargeable hourly rate are
generally not profitable. It is also quite difficult to convince operators that adding
polymers will accelerate a job completion. Consider a test with polymer-charged
water when an extremely hard scale removal application must be performed and
necessary tooling and psi–gpm performances are not available. Generally a fluid
drag reduction is not of an advantage when high velocity water is responsible for
removing coatings, corrosion, concrete and resilient industrial products etc.
By industrial standards, hydro-blast equipment produces an comparatively low
fluid volume within its high pressure water application. Therefore, in the mid
1950s, the conversion to function as a hydraulic power source for the general
mining industry developed into a feasible market identity (oil emulsions). Oper-
ating hydraulic systems, hydraulic cylinders and self-adjusting shields (longwall)
in the performance of tunneling procedures was the first application criteria within
the mining environment. Today, most hydro-blast equipment is simply converted
to permit the pressurized transfer and circulation of oil emulsions, or on the jobsite
facilitating the service requirement to operate a trigger-gun and variety of nozzle-
lance and flex-lance assembly’s.
The utilization of oil-based pressurized fluids is of importance when tank-
cleaning applications or slurrification-agitating procedures are performed gaining
necessary liquid–viscous product transfer characteristics to exploit the hydro-vac
transfer, pumping and product separation method, or providing product feed to
various industrial pump equipment and tank car–truck identities. This important
application capability is especially helpful when oil-based products such as
hardened bunker-seed and tar pitch require agitation to gain a semi liquid con-
sistency dramatically enhancing removal times, or utilizing pressurized heated
turbine oil for cleaning and removal of metal remnants in failed oil compressor
gear-box equipment and their bearing lube oil supply and discharge pipe systems,
including contaminated oil storage facilities. These application entities can be
found in power plants, refineries, chemical industries, or on marine vessels and
barges, in ship-holds and product storage facilities throughout the commercial and
industrial complex. Generally pressures between 800 and 1,800 psi at 5–20 gpm
tempered or heated oil is sufficient. Speciality nozzles, controlling oil vapor–mist
effects are of necessity in confined areas or spaces.
Biosecurity, sanitizing, decontamination, chem. - concentrate applications

Address:

Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:
Job Location: Job Site Risk Assessment: Specify: ©
Downstream chemical injector: Dual wand injection:
Single wand-adjustable nozzle:
Through abrasive injector:
Foam nozzle:
Upstream injection: Pump-up sprayer:
Chemical metering: Chemical metering pump:
Admix to suction tank:
Through flow restrictor suction side:
Other:
Other:
Biosecurity Decontamination Neutralize Acidize Sanitize
Polymer jetting: Polymer metering pump:
Polymer quantity: Polymer hydration time:
Chemical classification: MSDS: Explain dwell-resident time :
Viscosity: Specific weight: Flame-ability:
Compressibility: Foam-ability: Acidity:
Water borne non-film forming, breathable silicone sealer:

Solvent borne sealer:
Identify surface structure-friability and nature of substrate:
Rinse procedure:
Water-waste stream, filtration-recycling equipment:
Verify essential tooling:
Safety procedure:
PPE-safety gear:
Water-ricochet arrester device
Itemize equipment: expendables, labor time, equipment times, etc.
‘‘Pasting’’ is described as a process which suppresses, fuses and seals or

confines industrial dust and powder-like products in any given area. Hydro-blast
applications in coal transporting tunnels and storage units, various product trans-
porting systems, dust suppression in manufacturing environments, foundation
cutting applications, etc. are in need of this pasting process. Wind whipped dust
may impede a manufacturing environment and is unanimously considered a
breathing-health hazard, which may also in accumulation form a highly-unstable
flammable or explosive environment (substance). When working in such an
environment, most often dust suppression is deemed necessary. The service pro-
vider–contractor should employ the formula of lowest fluid volume times its
highest pressure; this produces a mist–fog matrix, applied either individually with
a trigger gun and fog–mist nozzle assembly or with fog–mist nozzles affixed in a
series to a rigid lance. Railroad cars transporting mine tailings or coal dust pass
Fig. 3.35 Water arrester,

components-tooling
Fig. 3.36 Water-ricochet

arrester device
through a stationary pasting unit to mist the open loads and fuse the outer dust–
product skin; when desiccated protection against product loss by whipping-air
velocity and subsequent unnecessary dust development is achieved. The hydro-
unit’s suction tank or an upstream injector is utilized when a dust-suppressing
solvent or paste such as calcium-chloride is chosen (with a specific weight of
1.23 kg dm3). When deciding on a dust suppressant chemical it is important to
verify the liquid product’s, low viscosity (water like), foam-ability and lack of
abrasiveness to protect the pump’s fluid-end (valves, etc.).
The constant water-dusting procedure is also applied in the suppression of
airborne asbestos while performing dismantling, removal or packaging procedures
achieving a low waste product wetting factor. A continuos air monitoring and
sampling device must be worn to record and prove adequate air purity while
performing this application. A simple water-ricochet arrester affixed to operators
shoulder in close vicinity of nose–mouth-respiratory protection (Figs. 3.35, 3.36)
will protect filter test paper from water-ricochet.
When sealing earthen walls-cavities to prevent water seepage into the adjacent
ground or structure by providing and constructing a confined blast-water and
refuse pick-up basin, airless coating spray systems, available most anywhere are
perfectly suited to apply viscous sealing compounds which prove especially handy
in small, confined areas when foundation cutting applications are practiced
(rubber, plastic, foam).
Surface pasting-fortification, airborne dust suppression

Address:

Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:
Industrial area: Tank cleaning:

Dust suppression:
Mining industry: Bag-house areas:
Silos:
Food processing vessels:
Refinery: Foundation cutting: (pump cavity)
Mine tailings:
Asbestos removal:
Chemical industry: Storage unit:
Rail cars:
Other: Other:
Equipment:
Upstream injector: Hydro-blast unit:
Downstream injector: Pressure washer:
Spray-bars: Airless paint sprayer:
Nozzles: Orifice size: Water-ricochet arrester device
Specify: gpm/psi.
Other: Other:
Method: Bunker-seed removal:

Slurrifying: Pasting process:
Dust suppression:
Agitating:
Transfer oil emulsions:
Other:
Oil -temperature-viscosity:
Viscous sealing compound: Specify: rubber, plastic, foam, etc. MSDS:
Dust suppressing solvents: Specify: MSDS:
Chemicals: Specify: MSDS:
Abrasiveness: Viscosity: Foam -ability: Combustible:

Itemize further equipment, PPE-safety gear, expendables, labor time, equipment times, etc.
3.3 Clinker–Slag–Coke Removal, Kiln–Boiler–Furnace 285
3.3 Clinker–Slag–Coke Removal, Kiln–Boiler–Furnace

Cleaning, Thermal-Hot Scale Removal (Cracking)
When producing cement, etc. the continuously operating rotary kilns and mini
kilns may sooner or later develop a product ring adhering to brick refractory
reducing kiln’s internal diameter, resulting in an accelerated product movement
throughout a unit’s interior. Due to this, internal temperatures will also raise
disturbing kiln’s temperature profile to undesirable levels during the manufac-
turing process. Extreme material accumulations may completely block the internal
diameter in radial direction, forcing a production shutdown.
The 1950s method, to precisely aim a Remington cannon toward the clinker
obstruction in a cement kiln (Fig. 3.37a, b) is not only outdated, but also very
costly due to production time loss, shell and labor costs. The hydro-blast cleaning
method embodies the thermal shock principle. High-velocity, cold-water jets fired
in short bursts (water bullets) from a heavy lance (schedule 120 plus) in appro-
priate length, usually 150 –600 or up to 900 causes a thermal shock, cracking and
breaking the cement clinker while the kiln slowly rotates in its production cycle. In
this process, relatively small water volumes are applied conveying no appreciable
cooling effects to the refractory and kilns internal operating temperature. The
nozzle carrier (hard-hitter) pointed at a 5 to 10 angle produced by a curved 20
lance tip extension will strike the clinker obstruction directly avoiding all water jet
contact to refractory. As the kiln rotates, the lance will position itself enabling tool
operators to precisely manipulate the nozzle with a minor rotation of the trigger
gun-lance assembly (outer perimeter to the center of the kiln). A minimum of
10,000 psi and no more than 19 gpm are the input requirements.
Cracking rock-like formations while in a jetting operation, the general kiln
clinker movement can momentarily bury parts of a rigid lance, which is considered
an operational prerequisite. Clinker impacts to the lance assembly can be quite
violent and will, do to kilns rotation, loosen right-handed straight or tapered thread
assemblies (NPT); therefore, all lance couplers are machined and feature a counter
thread (straight, preferred metric non-tapered left) to prevent possible loosening,
water leakage and/or loss of lance. The kiln in rotation will naturally remove
material from the obstructed lance permitting the constant movement necessary to
pinpoint, within a jetting procedure, clinker formations adhered to the refractory
structure maintaining a 600 to 1200 nozzle standoff distance to brick formation. To
protect the lance from melting or deforming a constant pulse cleaning method is
adapted to guarantee adequate cooling by blast-water passing through.
Undesirable deposits also appear in the kiln’s suspension and grit pre-heaters
which may further prohibit the uniform production distribution throughout the
chute and grit cooler. To accommodate structural exterior and kiln’s interior cir-
cumstances within the removal of various clinker formations, the correct sizing of
a hydro-lance and trigger gun assembly must be performed. This is facilitated by
an array of high-pressure lance accessories in increments of 50 , 100 , and 300 ,
befitting the strategically placed service ports permitting adequate access to all
Fig. 3.37 a, b Cement kiln
important areas. Regardless of application, an aircraft grade steel-alloy lance

material enhances tensile strength (up to 50%) and is superior in flexibility factors
(bend and kink) in comparison to all other useful materials. Seamless, stainless
steel tubes may outperform carbon steel by 25%.
It is not unusual that red-hot clinker fragments are hurled with great explosive
velocity into the operator’s area. Operators involved are to dress in fire-retardant,
or best, in full fireproof safety gear featuring integrated heat and shock resistant
eye protection (filter strength similar to a medium–heavy welding glass). Due to
extreme heat, never allow a non-operating lance to remain in the fired kiln. It will
result in irreversible lance damage.
Fossil fuel utility boiler: Clinker–slag development on the fireside of a fossil
fuel utility boiler (steam generator) can be dramatic when the coals defined purity,
firing, airflow and burner tip conditions, excessive service requirements or power
utilization drops below the generator’s operating specifications. The time frame for
a clinker mass development is quite circumstantial and may develop over
12 months or possibly within a 24–48 h time frame. While in operation the early
detection and clinker poking phase by maintenance personnel maintaining the fire
room’s process, maintenance engineers will in an emergency situation consider the
simultaneous clinker–slag removal by hydro-blast thermal shock method.
Protecting suspended boiler tubes and the slag-ash grinder assembly from
catastrophic clinker collapse possibly damaging the vital interior which includes
the throat area of bottom ash hoppers or hoppers inner area depending on size of
the firebox is their intent. Power plant personnel involved with furnace slag
removal which is also referred to as clinker poking are almost always aware of the
critical areas and considered next to maintenance engineering department the best
info source for a contractor.
The hydro-blast removal method is also superior to the explosive blasting
method in that the thermal shock application permits the adequate sizing of
clinker debris in a controlled effort not to overpower the tube and grinder
assembly. This stands also true when a clinker removal application is performed
3.3 Clinker–Slag–Coke Removal, Kiln–Boiler–Furnace (Cracking) 287
under a general plant shutdown situation (off-line) and various hydro-blast

technologies including a rotary nozzle design criteria is exploited. A clinker
formation may develop from the bottom near the grinder assembly upwards or be
suspended within the tube structure which can include the area of the burner
assemblies. Inspection, service and overhaul access on boiler and steam-gener-
ators are situated upward of grinder assembly to the burner assembly area and
are utilized to orient the lance-base armature to the required internal clinker
areas. A counterweight located below the catwalk balances the jet’s recoil forces,
thus enhancing the operator’s overall lance control. This permits lance operators
to reach all developing clinker formations, including all of the lower temperature
areas which are visually recognizable by a dull reddish pipe–clinker–slag tone
(especially found in the unit’s corners and bottom sections of the fire room).
Approximately 10,000 psi, 30 gpm satisfies most circumstances encountered.
8,000 psi, 30 gpm have proven adequate in 80% of removal procedures, but is
unsatisfactory when hardened clinker bulk disrupts its own flow to the grinder
section of the unit. When hardened clinker bulk is encountered efficient cleaning
time is of utmost importance. Apply the thermal shock method to all flowing and
rigid materials, avoiding excessive interior cooling. A quick, operating response
is essential and supported by a predetermined sizing and exterior placement of
necessary high heat lance extensions fitted with quick couplers (trigger gun
assembly) and situated near service ports as are all necessary high-pressure hose
armatures are pre-installed. To offset the constant temperature loss within a
continuous and sporadic jetting procedure is it important to establish a periodic,
possibly hourly time cycle to regain max operating temperature to then again
remove clinker–slag flow restrictions and buildup starting at the cooler-cold side
of a formation. It is essential to maintain the highest possible operating tem-
perature to effectively clean and extract the available coal dust energy. Providing
services to utility companies may require the utilization of 75–250 hp pump
capacities, operating an array of industrial hydro-blast tool selections which can
include dredging tools, sludge and dry product vacuum recovery equipment and
supporting tanker–trucks.
Waste-oil, waste-product incineration utilities: Icicle-shaped ring deposits and
incrustations appear every 60 –100 in oil sludge burning systems where temperatures
may reach 2400 to 3000F. Furnace lengths range between 250 and 350 and
depending on the make and type, measure 60 –80 in their internal diameter. In-
crustations are more likely to be found on the fireside of the units. A 200 high-
pressure rigid lance (schedule 80) and a unit at 7,000 psi and not more than
16 gpm are sufficient when removing these incrustations at full operating tem-
perature. The thermal-shock clinker-ash removal method is also offered to the
commercial–industrial waste and BIO fuel incineration–heat producing industry.
Refinery coke drums and headers; in short, all coke-handling equipment,
including their chromium pipes (800 plus circumference) can present a problem
when contractors are not aware of the job location. The operator’s free movement
may be restricted by physical heights, restrictive locations and encountered hori-
zontal and vertical distances between hydro-blast unit and actual job site and last,
but most important, the extremely hard and more often glazed adhered product
found throughout a system’s interior.
Coke shakers and their screens are comparatively simple to clean; 8,000 psi,
16 gpm is adequate and best applied with a 25 fan nozzle.
To bridge horizontal shaker distances which are possibly up to 250 , a 00 rigid
lance (schedule 80) with T-form dual orifices neutralizing the nozzle’s recoil
forces enhance the operator’s control and work procedure. When cleaning refin-
eries chromium pipes the following aspects are considered: vertical heights, pipe
diameter and overall length, coke products tensile strength and adhesion, and to
prevent scale streaking appearances or events the correct nozzle and jet’s standoff
distance from the product-pipe wall. The contractor applying 20 two 36,000 psi at
9–15 gpm are the fortunate ones, especially when rotary-nozzle carriers reduce
water jet standoff distances from the pipe work. Manually-operated block and
tackle (00 ), such as those utilized offshore, permit an endless rope-feed and
present a comparatively inexpensive application method.
Block and tackle are simply installed to the center of pipe structure to lift and
transport nozzle carriers and/or ultra-high-pressure hose assemblies to any desired
height or distance, eliminating the physically strenuous and otherwise possibly
dangerous pulling techniques. Furthermore, this method permits the contractor to
correctly accomplish the cleaning procedure by pulling, in controlled increments,
the ultra-high-pressure hose assemblies, including the sometimes rotating nozzle
carrier assembly slowly upward throughout the pipe system from the bottom of
any given unit and in its wake producing a perfectly clean interior pipe surface.
There are companies specializing in providing rigging assemblies of interest when
repetitive work can be guaranteed or intended which in design is similar to smoke
stack cleaning fixtures–apparatuses.
When coke drums, headers, flanges, etc. cannot be cleaned with ultra high-
pressure water or a minimum of 14,000 psi, abrasive injectors such as concrete or
steel cutting heads can provide effective removal of coke from steel surfaces when
utilizing fine-structured or non-grit soft blast materials (soluble abrasive). This
method also effectively polishes steel surfaces within the cleaning procedure. It is
often found that interior pipe surfaces exhibit previously inflicted damage,
therefore presenting a higher adhesion factor which escalates the material buildup
when transfer processes are in action. A rigid lance fitted with two steel–concrete
cutting heads in T-form (neutralizing the recoil forces), equaling approximately
500 00 width, will allow material removal practices wherever rotating nozzle
carriers may not be applied. The hose delivering soluble abrasives is affixed to the
high-pressure water hose assembly.
Mill scale removal: Metal industries engineering groups are constantly striv-
ing to optimize the surface quality in their production of products in hot-rolling
mills. The hydro-mechanical mill slag-scale removal method is not considered a
contractor’s cleaning application rather an equipment manufacturer’s specialty.
Steel industry product and process varieties also constitute within their mill slag-
scale removal practice high-pressure water quench procedures to remove the
excess mill slag-scale by thermal shock. Red-hot iron leaving the rolling mill is
3.3 Clinker–Slag–Coke Removal, Kiln–Boiler–Furnace (Cracking) 289
Clinker-slag-coke removal, kiln-boiler-furnace cleaning, thermal-hot scale removal (cracking)

Address:

Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:
Rotary kilns: Oil sludge burning furnaces:

Grit pre-heater: Garbage incineration:
Suspension pre-heater: Coke drums:
Grit cooler: Chromium pipes:
Chute: Coke-shaker screens:
Steam generator: Flanges:
Boiler: Hot rolling mill:
Grinder assembly: Others:
Equipment:
Hydro-blast unit: Lance-recoil eliminator:
Schedule 120 lance sections: T-lance: Length:
5 -10 lance radius: Specify: Specify:
Hydro-trigger gun: Nozzle carriers:
Lance extensions: Roto-spin jets:
Specify 5’, 10’, 30’, (ft): Specify: Nozzle centralizer:
Fire retardant-proof safety gear: Rope-block and tackle:
Heat-impact-proof filtered eye protection: Abrasive injectors:
Other:
Product encountered:
Hazardous material: Specify:

Itemize equipment, safety gear, expendables, etc.
introduced to a water fan-jet treatment under various water pressures. This starts
with a stationary placed hydro-unit, producing from 300 to 14,000 psi and stock
width depending 10–200 gpm. The forced rolling mills high-speed red-hot stock
is introduced to a water fan-jet configuration mounted in an overlapping nozzle-
jet pattern to a stationary spray-bar armature creating the quench process by
thermal shock. Water volume is kept to a minimum avoiding or better controlling
the cooling and/or production chill factors which are possibly a manipulative
capacity as their production process may call for. Some companies prefer to
install pressure accumulators throughout their system to arrest the flow charac-
teristics customary to piston pumps. The hydro-power is delivered by spray-bars
mounted across the rolling stock’s face. The nozzle standoff distance determines
the location of the nozzle spray-bar from the rolling stock and is selected and
tested in the production process before the final nozzle fixation is completed. The
applied fan nozzle degree, orifice size and horsepower–psi configurations are the
determining factors. To ensure the water’s pinpoint and thermal shock capability,
the fan nozzles must be of the highest possible quality supported by very clean
water.
Mill scale, a thin layer of brittle iron oxide can be removed with high-pressure
water (35–55,000 psi) but this is not a function of a thermal shock to its surface,
rather, it is a function of erosion produced by high velocity water jet.
Combining this with unmanageable cavitational influences involving imploding
gaseous water molecules upon the mill scale surface results in a irregular product
removal function and pitted surface appearance. The removal rate with high-
pressure water of tightly adhered mill scale is commercially ineffective compared
to available alternative means such as for instance by water abrasive blasting.
Where mill scale adhesion or its interface appears in areas sporadic, lifted or
eroded by corrosion and/or demonstrates a rust development within its formation,
high-pressure water is very effective and of interest especially when surface tol-
erant coatings are to be applied.
3.4 Condenser or Small Tube Heat Exchangers, Large Tube

Heat Transfer Units, After Coolers, Steam Generators,
Three Drum Water Tube Boilers, Package Boiler Services
Condensers, boilers, heat and small tube exchangers (Fig. 3.38) are found in all
major industries. Refineries achieved a certain independence acquiring contractor
services by developing and installing stationary semi or fully automated tube
bundle cleaning systems (Fig. 3.39) which service 1–6 units at a time. Never-
theless, major plant shutdowns produce a large exchanger variety in numerous
service locations providing job opportunities to contractors well versed and tested
in this industrial environment. Service providers utilizing high-pressure water as a
tool also transferred their manual operating experience to semi or fully automated
and mobile equipment available in various configurations. This type of equipment
3.4 Condenser or Small Tube Heat Exchangers 291
Fig. 3.38 Various boiler and

condenser designs
potential can only be manipulated to its fullest capacity when manual cleaning
methods and their criteria concerning condensers and heat exchangers is fully
understood.
The procedure of tube cleaning is categorized into 4 steps starting with scale
removal of the outer circumference (shell-side), including all tube surfaces into the
center of unit, and is completed by cleaning the tube sheet of all products and
gasket materials. Shell-side cleaning is also the least strenuous and time-con-
suming procedure. Product consistency and adhesion factor, the volume of product
and physical tube design encountered will determine the technical form by which
the external tube cleaning method is performed. Service location, bundle rotation
and general accessibility, bundle exterior tube circumference, quantity of tubes and
their formation, existing damage such as deformed tubes or sagging bundles and
the actual width between tubes is a consideration. U-tube or straight tube design,
products chemical category, as well as product hardness, adhesion, viscosity and
hazardous categorization, the outer circumference fouling and characteristics
toward the center of the tube bundle and finally necessary safety procedures are all
determining factors which must be thought of in order to optimize the bid pro-
cedure, tool selection and work method. Manually cleaning condensers or heat
exchangers outer tube circumference is considered tedious work (into the center of
the unit); however, in most cases it is quite simple. The water-jet penetrating
adhering debris or product structure tends to ricochet materials and deflected water
into the direction of the trigger-gun operator, diminishing visual control, forcing
him to rely on imaginative and systematic body mechanics. It is also imperative
that all tube surfaces come in direct contact with the water jet operation. This again
is achieved by a four-step jetting procedure and the controlled rotation of the tube
bundle being serviced. It is also helpful to identify and visually mark the cleaned
tube area to ensure operators effectiveness; waterproof coloring pens or soft wires
are good marking utensils. Refrain from utilizing heavy marking objects such as
bolts due to the fact that the jets water velocity might accelerate them into a
dangerous projectile. Most hydro or water-blast tool manufacturers supply short
10 –60 ft, 00 in diameter ([) trigger-gun extensions which incorporate a nozzle
(round jet, hard-hitter) in such a way that permits the lance and nozzle retainer to
fit between bundle tube structures. This achieves a shorter nozzle standoff distance
from the product and results in a higher jet impact, especially helpful when large
and compact tube bundles are serviced or exceptionally adhering and/or hard
resilient materials are encountered.
In order to prevent renewed material adhesion to a cleaned surface, tar or sticky
viscous materials must be suspended. Soapy or thinning additives are metered into
the blast water. The common practice to heat blast water by introducing steam to a
water supply or suction tank of a hydro-blast unit to mitigate tar-like products
further adhesion possibilities will with certainty accelerate pump damage not only
to the fluid-end, but also to pump’s gear-end structure.
Operating pressures generally vary between 2,000 and 22,000 psi, 5–19 gpm
per flex-rigid lance assembly. An ample amount of face shields or tear-off visors,
rain gear (PPE) and duct tape are absolutely essential. For various reasons, next
consider the cleaning of both tube sheets and their specific areas (bolt holes,
threads, gasket areas, and tube overlap).
Because a visual identification of possibly plugged tubes is impossible when
servicing U-tube condensers, a simultaneous identification and marking of plugged
(clogged) tubes on the tube sheets face is necessary during cleaning procedures.
The verification promotes adequate safety precautions through the correct use of
hydro-tools and further supports a better estimate for a job completion. Contractors
working in plant are sometimes inclined to further accept tube bundles to the
existing workload voiding the prior bidding process. A quick verification of tube
soiling will prevent the embarrassment of presenting incorrect time estimates and
overall cost fluctuations.
To verify the location of blocked tubes, install a high water volume round jet
nozzle to the high-pressure trigger-gun operating quickly and precisely at medium
pressures over all tube rows throughout the bundle face (4,000 psi). A suddenly
developing water column will characteristically back-flush toward the trigger-gun
operator, identifying a possible plugged tube. Intensifying jets velocity by pointing
the nozzle directly into the tube orifice will often raise water pressure sufficiently
to rupture the fouling point, eliminating the need for added attention. Mark
plugged tubes with a cork slightly larger than the tubes interior diameter ([) or
mark the location on tube sheets face with a waterproof pen (Fig. 3.40). If there is
adequate tube sheet drying time the cleaned but still plugged tubes will release
products or seeping water, revealing their location. However, this method should
not be fully trusted. Bent tubes creating water pocket-condensation can slowly
release water which will mark the tube sheet, resulting in possibly incorrect
plugged tube identification. To leave a favorable impression with customers, the
Fig. 3.39 Automated system

mock-ups
Fig. 3.40 Marker tool

characteristic
tube sheet’s face should be cleaned with a short-barreled gun, with a 15 fan
nozzle at approximately 8,000 psi. To further enhance the appearance an abrasive
injector with a fine-light media (soluble abrasives 0.02 [ or less) at 4,000 psi can
be applied.
When operating a flex lance system in the attempt to clean heat-exchangers or
condensers there are 12 rules which must become second-nature to all operators
involved:
1. Never start job-rigging and cleaning operations before a prior adequate safety
meeting informing labor force of corporate safety procedures (contractor)
incorporating and providing a step in–out area for operators and their gear.
Conduct in-plant safety meetings and familiarize the work force with the
customers plant emergency procedures, which includes identifying in-plant
shower and eyewash facilities.
2. Never come in physical contact with tube bundles waste product before a
product classification has been established and safety gear is selected
accordingly.
3. Never allow the operators to work over the threshold limit of their concen-
tration and endurance. Injury is otherwise imminent!
4. Never allow the operation of hydro-rigid-flex lances unless the knowledge of

stop–go–shutdown commands communication is firmly embedded into the
operator’s subconscious.
5. Never commence operation without gaining secure footing, sometimes diffi-
cult when viscous, oily products are removed.
6. Never operate without first properly securing the condensers lance-nozzle
discharge side with tarps, restricting general surroundings with safety barri-
cade tape, identifying hydro-blast operations and being aware and in control of
water-debris flow, therefore avoiding the customer’s anger unnecessary sec-
ondary cleaning procedures.
7. Never permit a rigid or flex-lance operation without a safety back-up man who
controls either an emergency shut-of switch or a secondary in-line shut-off
valve (foot valve). At all times the safety man must also be in constant and
non obscured visual contact with lance operators, tube orifice, and hydro-lance
equipment.
8. Never permit the handling or operation of flex-lances without adequate hand
protection provided by industrial-grade chemical resistant rubber gloves. Cuts
are inflicted by defective, contaminated metal spears protruding from covered
hose braiding which may result in blood poisoning and infections. The rule
applies, regardless of whether the lance is pressurized or not.
9. Never allow free lance travel into or throughout a tube avoiding the otherwise
explosive return possibility of the lance nozzle assembly and simultaneous
excessive hose kinking, which may result in a catastrophic lance failure and
grave injuries to the operators (bursting or the development of nozzle-like
orifices).
10. Never position the operator directly in front of the tube being serviced.
11. Never operate without gauging and limiting flex lance travel within 00
beyond the tube exit orifice, thus permitting the cleaning of the total tube
length and providing an acoustic sound identification of nozzle’s location. It
also protects the lance liner from otherwise premature damage inflicted by the
tube edge to hose and nozzle armature.
12. Never after a job completion and after dismantling contractors equipment
leave the job site avoiding the corporate tailgate meeting recording all job-
related problems, successes, possible injuries if any and future possible job
improvements. Following are three similar procedures described involving a
250 condenser containing 400, 00 tubes which are mud soiled, but open.
1. Mud scale is removed throughout the unit by simultaneously operating three

flex lances, mounted to a three-pronged manifold which is an integrated part
affixed to a primary foot valve assembly ahead of secondary safety valve
assembly. The operating pressure is set at approximately 4,000 psi. The nozzle
configuration is 6 orifices 9 45 flat work, is best divided into 9 gpm per-
formance of the available hydro-blast unit. Verify the desired water volume
configuration to ensure adequate passage throughout the entire tool assembly
Fig. 3.41 Flex lance rotation
(horsepower requirement), including the high-pressure water hose, trigger guns

or foot valves and flex lances. 6–9 tubes are serviceable per minute.
2. Hard scale throughout a condenser is removed by simultaneously operating two
-inch flex lance affixed to a two-pronged manifold which is also affixed to a
primary foot valve assembly ahead of secondary foot valve-control. This
permits the cleaning of 3–4 tubes per minute. The nozzle configuration is
6 orifices 9 30 or 45 9 gpm–psi (depending on the hydro-blast unit’s per-
formance). 8,000–14,000 psi is necessary in most applications of this sort.
3. Very hard scale is removed with a single flex-lance directly affixed to a foot
valve ahead of secondary foot valve assembly. Depending on the hydro-blast
unit, the nozzle in this case, provides 6 orifices 9 30 9 22 gpm 20,000 psi
(differs with nozzle manufacturers). The cleaning rate is reduced to approxi-
mately one tube per minute. Less cumbersome, but a gray area exists when a
flex lance performs a job technically better-suited for a rigid lance procedure.
When tubes are partially-fully plugged, the nozzle in use must feature an added
jetting orifice (other than existing self-propelling jet orifices). This orifice is
located forward, toward the center of the tube, removing all products
encountered. An explosive hydraulic piston force toward the operator will
occur when debris is permitted to form a tight seal between tube wall and
nozzle (Fig. 4.5) assembly forcing the assembly ‘‘lightning fast’’ out of the
tube.
This condition is prevented when a correct flex-rigid lance application proce-
dure is introduced which includes the systematical rotation (Fig. 3.41) of the
nozzle assembly in its forward and retracting cleaning procedure (35 to 60)
(Fig. 3.42). Permitting adequate spacing between nozzle-hose circumference and
tube wall (Fig. 3.43) and/or encountered inner debris clearance must also be of first
concern. Always secure a minimum of ten times the water volume produced by the
forward orifice to pass between a nozzle-hose assembly and tube wall or its
hardened debris scale. Most important restrict the free travel of the lance assembly.
Incrementally and systematically clean tube walls completely in 40 –80 sections by
Fig. 3.42 Possible tight seal between nozzle-hose circumference and tube wall
Fig. 3.43 Adequate spacing between nozzle-hose circumference and tube wall
Fig. 3.44 Possible tight seal between nozzle-lance circumference and tube wall
removing all adhering debris before advancing the nozzle assembly further down
the tube. This is especially of importance when paints, epoxy resins, synthetic
latex, vinyl emulsions, etc. in solid and semi solid or various grades of viscous-
sticky nature must be removed from plugged tubes. The same symptoms can be
experienced when the nozzle tolerances itself to tube walls are critical, and
the operator allows the uncontrolled propulsion of the nozzle-hose assembly into
the tube structure.
Manually cleaning solidly plugged tubes is considered strenuous and time
consuming, especially when rigid-lance procedures are required. Nevertheless it
is the most effective cleaning method. Utilize the rigid-lance when extremely
hard products, resilient or utterly viscous sticky materials are encountered.
Cleaning results are achieved by directing the combined jetting force in various
degrees toward the product and tube wall, releasing numerous jet-recoil forces
upon the operator (Fig. 3.44), resulting in nightmarish operating conditions.
Furthermore, the operators endure a constant bombardment of somewhat dif-
fused, high-velocity refuse and water. If you must manually operate the rigid-
lance, never operate a lance below a 3/800 tube wall and more than 100 in length
alone; someone may risk wearing the lance around his extremities. As a 100 rigid
lance requires one operator, a 300 rigid lance must always be manipulated by
three operators; One to guide and pilot at the tube’s orifice, one situated at
approximately center of the lance pushing and guiding, and one to push and
control the hydro-blast trigger gun (Fig. 3.45). Be sure of your verbal STOP–GO
command system, because everybody’s safety depends on it. Rotate the positions
of the personnel as they tire.
Fig. 3.45 Numerous and sometimes erratic jet-recoil forces
Fig. 3.46 a Various UHP

hose interior [, b nozzles
Due to various undisclosed high-pressure hose/lance and available armature

varieties [ (Fig. 3.46a), and/or hose run distance to a job site, combined with
manually drilled soft metal nozzles (Fig. 3.46b) and their unidentified gpm per-
formance is a scenario most often responsible for inadequate and/or a slow
cleaning procedures. Completed hose-tool assemblies are best tested as to their
pressure loss by removing all nozzles, securing hose-ends within a fixture open to
atmosphere avoiding whipping while testing. Performing readout at systems
pressure gauge operating at pumps predetermined rpm requirement will quickly
identify the psi necessity to force set gpm performance throughout a tool assembly.
Identifying and adding the subsequent necessary horsepower capacity to pump
drives (motor-engine) overall performance capability within the designated power
curve reveals systems true power input requirement and will possibly reveal an
overload scenario most often responsible for pump gear-end and/or engine failure.
Shell-side cleaning is a simple application with various tool possibilities and it
nearly completes a condenser–heat exchanger service cycle. Exterior bundle
cleaning and when operators enter a shell directly to water or abrasive blast the
units surfaces clean of debris is it required that an unaware by-passer’s safety is
guaranteed. Cordoning off the immediate work vicinity, restricting traffic with
barricade tape, and post warning signs in visually-strategic areas is a must.
To verify operator’s safety always double-check the plant maintenance
department’s previous lockout procedures (locks) concerning all flanges, valves
and any pipes which enter the vessel, preferably adding your own locks. A vessel
entry permit must be obtained and the recommended safety standards according to
plant and OSHA laws must be followed. If shell-side cleaning becomes a daily
routine, build a few simple tools to eliminate the shell entrance; for instance,
Fig. 3.47 Soiled condenser

tube sheet
Fig. 3.48 Cleaned condenser
install a mobile tripod arrangement with an adjustable diameter to support T-lance

configurations, dual abrasive cleaning heads, turbo nozzles, etc. Requirements of
surface cleanliness vary depending on the visual, X-Ray or hydrostatic follow-up
test procedures. The interior shell-side cleaning method more or less is similar to
tank-sewer or surface cleaning procedures (confined space).
The condenser cleaning process is generally applicable when servicing large
tube heat transfer units (Fig. 3.47) which physically may only vary in tube [
(mainly larger and tube length considered longer). A difference also appears due to
the fact that tube bundles may not be extracted from their shell structure. The
similarity between after-coolers and large tube heat-transfer units is obvious.
However, here you will find that tubes in their numbers range from few to literally
hundreds and tube size will not exceed 00 [ (Fig. 3.48). A hydro-static test, also
belonging to the contractors application variety is possibly required after units
assembly in its location or while still in its service bay. A service provider should
always remind the customer of this possibility. Nowadays highly mobile and
automated rigid power-lance equipment (Fig. 3.49) and multiple or individual
flex-lance cleaning systems are available and can compete various areas where the
manual tube in cleaning procedure is deemed to cumbersome or time-consuming.
Three drum water tube boilers, usually categorized from 600 psi main pro-
pulsion aggregates to CK 60 commercial–naval units operating in their respective
vessels from 1,200 psi, containing approximately 1300 tubes plus, which includes
general industrial auxiliary boilers (manufactured by Foster Wheeler, Apco, etc.)
are found everywhere in the industrial environment. In the past, circulating a 10%
hydrochloric acid solution followed by a pacifying, neutralizing procedure was the
Fig. 3.49 Power-lance

equipment
general internal tube cleaning method. In their physical structure there is no

resemblance to condensers or after-coolers. However, the high-pressure water
cleaning method for scale removal on or in boiler tubes is still considered a tube-
cleaning application. Chemical cleaning, called for a final water flush of the unit,
which is intended to remove all loosened scale.
Once applied, the hydro-jetting technique (1958) immediately proved superior
and environmentally friendly displacing the chemical procedure. However, this
excludes the pacifying–neutralizing flash-rust protection process of raw carbon
steel tube surfaces. In the tube cleaning process service providers apply 1 lb.
sodium nitrate per 100 gallons blast water, avoiding aggressive oxidation and rust-
developing factors. To provide complete rust protection during the units drying
time it is wise to lightly douse the complete tube and mud drum surfaces. Mud
drums (bottom of unit) tend to be inaccessible or impractical to enter; the cleaning
is therefore performed from the top down by entering the steam drum above the
fire room. Tubes in older units (20 plus years) are up to 400 [; generally expect
100 [ to 300 [ tube sizes. Tube quantities vary from hundreds to thousands,
according to boiler’s size-power, age, manufacturer and industrial use. Likewise
for the length of the tubes; pressure-fired generating tubes are 140 –260 long and
their inside [ ranges from approximately 0.800 to 1.6700 [. In a steam drum the
longest tubes are found at the top of the unit. Tubes from the top to the center
range from 470 plus to 300 plus and from center down to the floor pattern of the
drum 300 plus to 200 plus. The tubes of a 40 year old Foster Wheeler unit (con-
taining 600 tubes at 300 [) are 360 to the center of the steam drum and then
decrease down to 250 in length.
At the time of tool selection it is important to recognize any changes in tube
size, common in most units. These units can also be found in the food processing
industry. Scales appear soft, hard, resilient or brittle and require an experienced
operator to make an adequate tool selection. When the hydro-unit’s water per-
formance is limited, streak appearances in jet impact areas are likely, especially
when large tubes bear hard, brittle and adhering scale (300 plus). A 200 whirl-jet
(ultra high rpm) may compensate for this shortcoming with its jetting character-
istics. To avoid the tangling of safety lines, high-pressure water hoses and electric
cables, start the cleaning procedure on the far side of your entry, regardless of
which side you initially entered the steam drum.
As the work proceeds a safety-man visually situated (confined space entry

qualified) on the exterior of manhole which was entered by the operator will pull
the slack of the high-pressure hose, electrical cable and safety line, providing
unimpeded movement for operator in this cramped and confined environment.
Knee protection is a must; the stubby tube ends will otherwise hinder the operator.
The operation, of a one or two flex lance assembly or a 00 [, high-pressure hose
is standard; however, selection may vary depending on equipment water volume
psi performance and pipe [.
Pressures of 7,000–14,000 psi are essential (product adhesion depending).
Lighting is best supplied by a 12-V explosion-waterproof fixture. By installing fans
or air-injection blowers to the manhole opposite the steam drum’s entry, fresh air
for cooling and breathing purposes is supplied. Important, ‘‘don’t obstruct dedi-
cated emergency exit’’. Again, never enter any vessel without having received all
permits from plant maintenance department. Make sure that all boiler drains
located at the bottom of the mud drum are opened and locked out. Furthermore,
supply an emergency egress system which is fastened to the belt of the operator
and an air back-up unit situated outside the steam drum in immediate reach of
designated safety man. Manholes come in all sizes; to prevent a possibly deadly
surprise ensure that the air back-up unit (Scott Air Pack, etc.) will fit unobstructed
through manholes entry. The safety line may also serve as a means of commu-
nication; for example, one tug means feed high-pressure hose, two tugs means
retrieve high-pressure hose, three tugs means activate high-pressure safety valve
(safety backup), and constant tugging signals an emergency. In your safety efforts
remember not only to concern yourself with your immediate work location, but
also keep a keen eye on your surroundings, especially when a major plant main-
tenance procedure is in progress and various trades perform independently a
multitude of maintenance operations.
Utility steam generators utilizing excessively contaminated fossil fuels, or
operating with inconsistent oil temperatures which may result in a varying and/or
faulty combustion, etc., can develop hard incrustations consisting of calcium,
glass, copper, vanadium and so on which may adhere to super-heaters or generator
tube surfaces. Deposits are removed on incline generating tubes by jetting them
from three sides, hitting all tube surfaces including surfaces in depth of the tube
structure. Super-heaters most often develop a clinker-glass like scale only within
the first, second and third tube structure. By fitting a short-barreled gun with a 20 ,
5/800 in [, schedule 80 rigid lance, and incorporating the nozzle in such a way that
the nozzle fixture does not exceed 5/800 in [, the free movement between the tubes
is possible, providing a greater water-jetting effectiveness. Secure necessary
scaffolding, provide ample lighting, heavy-duty raingear, gloves, double face
protection (face shield, eyeglasses) and top entry safety harnesses or, if suitable,
safety belts and lines. Consider these items job essentials. Operating pressure may
range from 8,000 to 22,000 psi, 19 to 10 gpm. To prevent soiling of previously
cleaned surfaces, water-jetting procedures start at the highest interior point of tube
structure. Various effective tools are available applying high-pressure water semi
automatically.
Condensers, small tube heat exchangers, large tube heat transfer units, water tube boilers

Address:

Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:
Plant hardware: Tube type: Nr.:

Heat exchanger: O.D. of tubes:
Condenser: Bundle rotation:
Boiler: Deformed-damage tubes:
3-Drum water tube boiler: Sagging bundles:
Mud drums: U -Tube design:
Steam drums: Straight tube design:
I.D. of tubes: Super heaters:
Small tube exchanger: Gasket area:
Tube-sheet: Fire room:
Shell side cleaning: Other:
Steam generator:
Equipment: Plant location:

Waterproof coloring pen: Vessel entry permit:
Chemicals: Nozzles:
Specify: MSDS: Remote-automated jetting equipment:
Hot water: Lance tripods:
High-pressure trigger-gun: T-dual abrasive cleaning head:
Flex-lances: Turbo nozzle heads:
Rigid-lances: Rotary jet:
3-Pronged lance manifold: 12-Volt or air-drive explosion-proof lighting:
2-Pronged lance manifold: Rust-inhibitors, metering equipment:
Rigid lance cleaning system: Knee protection:
Foot valve: Other:
Other:
Product hardness, adhesion, viscosity: Specify:

Fouling characteristics: Specify:
Physical surroundings, safety procedures: Specify: Others:
Itemize further equipment, safety gear, expendables, labor time, equipment times, etc.
GEAR - LIST Nr.

Address:
P.O. Box:
Web site: City: Zip Code:
e-mail: State:
Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:

Plant hardware: Hydro-blast equipment:
Plant location: Equipment:
Describe safety procedure:
Itemize equipment, safety gear, expendables, etc.:
Maintenance work on steam generators, as found in fossil fuel power plants,

require the use of hydro-blast power in three categories; clinker removal, spot or
total outer surface and internal [ tube cleaning of incline wall tubes and often
followed by hydrostatic test procedures to visually identify tube leaks. Identified
leaking tubes are replaced and/or welded, automatically requiring a follow-up
hydrostatic test validation. Test pressures applied will vary with the manufac-
turer’s specs and are usually 1.5–4 times the operating pressure of a steam
3.5 Coating–Paint–Graffiti Removal 303
generating unit. When cleaning boilers or steam generators, especially when high
water pressures are necessary, always be aware of the brick structure (fire-side);
brick should neither be unnecessarily saturated by water (eliminating extensive
drying times) nor damaged by high-velocity water jets.
3.5 Coating–Paint–Graffiti Removal on Surfaces such as

Asphalt Concrete and Clay Masonry, Cementitious
Wall Board, Structural Steel, Aluminum Surfaces, Wood
Facades, Surface Flash-Rust, Corrosion-Oxidation Control
Electrostatic paint shop facilities are traditional to automotive assembly lines.

They where first to exploit high-pressure water (1963) to remove cured thin-film
and/or heavy paint accumulations by paint-misting from cabin floors and walls,
grid-iron catwalks, air filtration equipment exhaust-ducts and hoods, flue stacks,
sedimentation in water channel-systems and on chassis transport equipment, etc.
Today’s facilities are generally cleaned within the progression of a plant main-
tenance procedure. The high-pressure water coating removal technology, operating
at up to 45,000 psi applying comparatively low water volumes does permit a
protracted UHP trigger-gun operation incorporating a spin jet assembly. Elevated
water volumes may be necessary for bridging voids or deep surface recesses
facilitating penetration for a coating or substrate removal application and can
require the utilization of a jet cart (rotating), eliminating all recoil forces upon
operators. These applications are quite self-explanatory and mainly vary due to
safety procedures enforced by individual maintenance departments or industries
when considering the physical cabin size and various chassis transport equipment,
product characteristics and volume, adhesion, elasticity, tensile strength and
structural circumstances regarding underlying steel surfaces.
The blanket statement that 20,000 psi plus water pressure will effectively
remove a cured coating or paint covering from various substrate is generally
misleading. Psi–gpm configuration and the subsequent specific tool selection will
significantly vary with every individual job description and might start in suc-
cessfully utilizing 3,000 psi at 5 gpm with cold or hot water or manually operating
two Spin-Jets at 40,000 psi and 6 gpm at a 250 ft2 (plus) per hour coating removal
rate. Throughout industrial and commercial environments, a successfully per-
formed coating–paint removal application depends solely on the correct assess-
ment of a substrate’s identity, characteristic of its possibly present anchor profile
or the identifiable surface roughness, identification of structural–surface integrity
(corrosion, oxidation, friability), and consideration of potential variances in
coating adhesion and interface makeup to substrate or the interface adhesion
factors between coating layers if so desired. Further, the encountered multitude of
preservation, restoration and/or cleaning requirements does include possible
identification of prior coating–paint failures. This is most often identifiable by
coating delaminating, blistering, cracking, flaking, oxidation or corrosion resulting

from previous inadequate substrate preparation or a past coating selection (system)
impervious to the specific substrate and environment. The substrates rehabilitation
and technical prerequisite in question must also include the consideration of its
future repair, coating or seal performance criterion, which is an important iden-
tifying characteristic influencing the determination of a correct hydro-tool selec-
tion, subsequent psi–gpm–horsepower requirements, overall work procedure and
surface preservation, between removal and installation of any new coating system.
The available tool potential and its application flexibility, variety and safety
requirements concerning the contractors’ equipment ought to be fully understood
by all involved. Therefore prior to a job commencement it can be necessary to
include a application specific lecture as to the service provider’s trade criteria
involving customers maintenance superintendents, project engineer’s and resto-
ration architects, etc. Equipment-tool performances above 10,500 psi require an
advanced tool design and application specialization regarding all applicable safety
standards and/or necessary desired tool combinations. Equipment performance and
its design criteria may vary substantially between equipment manufacturers and
industries tool suppliers.
Testing a substrate to warrant a correct and practical removal assessment may
also require scaffolding and containment procedures not yet erected or operational.
Under these circumstances care must be taken to identify problem areas in
obstructed, concealed, out of sight or physically hard to reach coated surfaces.
1. Traffic-line markings on asphalt–concrete substrate in pedestrian zoning,
aviation and vehicular traffic areas (traffic/line foils-coating markings), or as found
on interior and exterior parking facilities and/or game lines in amusement parks
such as go-cart facilities, etc. are most often subject to erosion by surface abrasion
to markings resulting in loss of glass beads or otherwise visual retro-reflectivity.
Traffic marking paints–coatings are classified as standard meaning non-durable
or durable. Standard markings include solvent or water-borne coatings with fast
drying characteristics. These coatings range in volume solids from 58 to 68% and
their applied film thickness ranges 12–18 mills, dry. Durable traffic markings
might also be a thin film water-borne paint incorporating fast drying latex binders.
Often, a longer life traffic marking consists of a two component epoxy, polyester or
two component polyurea and can include thermoplastics and/or preformed tapes.
These durable coatings are of 100% solid materials. Their applied film thickness
can range from as low as 12 mill to a high build of 40–120 mill (1–3 mm). Due to
their VOC content applications are today limited. Regardless of coating type
utilized (except foils) numerous recoating necessities can lead to peeling or flaking
of coating layers. In most instances a prior and proper surface treatment is fore-
gone since purpose is usually served with a minimal clean-up endeavor (often air
blast only). This aloof coating practice does contrast to most construction sites
where new road surfaces or frequently changing traffic patterns require imminent
and sometimes simultaneous line removal-recoating procedures.
Manually operating a trigger-gun assembly featuring a 15 fan nozzle or single
orifice spin-jet unit (Fig. 3.50) can in some areas be possibly exchanged for a
Fig. 3.50 Traffic-line

removal
Fig. 3.51 Coating-foil

removal
Fig. 3.52 Damaged

bituminous product
water soluble and inert abrasive blast application removing the shortest of traffic
line coatings. The exploitation of conventional air abrasive blast techniques can be
viewed as marginally applicable due to health and environmental impact. Also
equipment layout necessities in often restrictive areas, and a likelihood of possible
wind swept abrasive-dust contamination prohibitive in aviation and/or sensitive
manufacturing environments, etc. are occurring difficulties.
A variety of hydro-blast tooling can be manually operated (Fig. 3.51) or is
found affixed to a mobile platform. These mobile units also incorporate a vacuum
reclaim source (wastewater, coating debris). The mobile water source, hydro-blast
unit, and spin jet assembly which, besides its narrow set or adjustability in removal
width, can remind in functionality of a runway rubber deletion unit. On surfaces of
an asphalt-aggregate basis, water pressures of 7,500 psi up to 12,000 psi are uti-
lized, on concrete surfaces up to 36,000 psi. The gpm performance will vary
regarding to traffic line width, coating depth and interface adhesion to substrate,
substrate condition and original intent of the available tool design. The UHP
jetting method and specifically designed equipment encompassing this application
can also be mobilized for removing coatings in a measured procedure, avoiding
damage to the substrate and edge structures such as those found on runway
drainage grooves.
2. Bituminous product installs (Fig. 3.52), which insulate surfaces such as on
pipes, trusses, siding and flashings, etc. are, due to their metal substrate, simply
Fig. 3.53 Concrete interface

restored
Fig. 3.54 Coating liner

removal
removed utilizing fan or spin jets (Fig. 3.53) with pressures generally ranging from
5 to 14,000 psi). The location of these surfaces may require extensive tarp pro-
cedures and water discharge control measures.
3. Surfaces requiring the removal of deteriorated or failed elastomeric proofing
products or the removal of bituminous deteriorated game surfaces on water-resi-
dential–commercial tennis courts are also applications largely overlooked. Jet carts
work well in this general product removal application. When properly adjusted the
soft underlying bituminous or rubber-like court structure can be maintained while
removing or cleaning the on-court painted markings only. The qualified contractor
will manipulate nozzle size, determining necessary psi–gpm performance, the
necessary rpm by nozzle degree (adjustable) to surface stand-off distance by
judging desired penetration parameters within the paint structure and adhesion
interface to the substrate (Fig. 3.54). Adjustability of cart’s rotating nozzle carrier
relating to the nozzle standoff distance is critical and must be precise in its
function. Depending on tennis court’s substrate condition, operating pressures
range generally between 7,000 and 10,000 psi. Applying hot pressurized water
may also be of an advantage when temperatures can be maintained above 200F.
The total removal of a tennis court base is a standard procedure and can be
supported by a vacuum-truck operation, which requires only a few tools to rake up
and collect shredded base material which generally maintains a low water wetting-
saturation. A hazardous waste removal procedure is most often incorporated.
A strong concrete substrate may destruct at approximately 8,000 psi plus, when
nozzle standoff distances, water jet size or degree, and gpm performances are
incorrectly manipulated or a prolonged stationary nozzle impact time to surface is
permitted.
4. Laitance, sealers, brittle encrustations or resilient thick coating removal
applications (40-mil plus) on horizontal, vertical and overhead concrete surfaces as
found on decks and stair cases, parking areas, drive-thru or driveways, deteriorated
primary containment (tanks) or lining–coatings for secondary containment, and/or
Fig. 3.55 Intact interface
coating systems on warehouse flooring, etc. are often found within the commercial
environment. As in the industrial criterion the correct identification of a substrates
condition and coating interface characteristic must be achieved and understood
(Fig. 3.55). This is especially important when comparisons to conventional thin or
thick film coating and/or concrete paste removal methods, including surface
profiling–roughening, require creating an anchor pattern, producing maximum
adhesion are considered within a bid procedure. These conventional methods may
include the dry abrasive blast application utilizing an air driven vacuum collection
system or operating a centrifugal wheel shot blast unit, steel shot blasting, wet
abrasive blast techniques, impact and rotary impact tools, which include needle-
scaling tools and large mechanical scarifying equipment.
Today’s advanced vacuum assist high-pressure water tools manipulated by
trained personnel prove superior in most areas to the conventional tool utilization
especially when the water filtration, recycling and refuse separation capacity is
added. The environmentally friendly, and in its process super clean remaining
surfaces will standout especially when creating surface roughness or various
profiles-heights into the corner structure of a prospective surface substrate. The
physical and chemical properties and possible variations of concrete surface
(Fig. 3.56) appearances seldom compromises removal applications between
(penetrated sealer) -0 to 4 mils (-0 to 100 lm), or the removal of thin film to
high build coatings between 4 and 40 mils plus (100 to 1,000 lm plus). Also these
application and tool developments accelerated the design characteristics of
emerging electronic-digital scale and roughness gauging equipment and includes
the destructive coating thickness gauging criteria, which is often the only guar-
anteed method to test certain coating-substrate and interface combinations applied
to concrete, wood, plaster, etc. permitting the identification of individual layer
thicknesses of a multilayer coating system. Also pictorial concrete surface stan-
dards are established and produced by various industrial identities including the
WJTA, SSPC and NACE associations. To their membership they provide a
knowledge base concerning advanced test procedures for surface cleanliness (salt,
chlorides etc.), coating adhesion verification, substrate pull-off testing and mois-
ture gauging fundamentals under various climatic conditions which include steel
surface preservation techniques for various job descriptions and coating varieties.
Fig. 3.56 Simultaneous

waste stream recovery
Regardless of any coating deletion which suggests either a mechanical or

hydro-tool selection, one must exercise an in-depth substrate research procedure to
achieve and verify the possibility of a visually smooth, or undisturbed, and if,
desired roughened and/or coarse but overall uniform surface appearance. The
determined results can dramatically enhance, or for that matter, guide to a correct
tool application in particular when the opportunity exists to obtain the original
records of the prior surface condition to the first and now deteriorated coating
installation. Deteriorating coatings and possibly the concrete paste structure or its
interface might conceal possible problems which may arise due to structural
damage, rebar-metallic corrosion (rust-copper stains), concrete paste flaking or
cracking caused by settlement or delaminating paste due to abrasion repairs and
physical damage, prior oil–chemical-acid saturation, resulting carbonation or due
to coating damage from earlier freeze–thaw cycling to cement paste or substrate by
moisture–water seepage and/or concrete surface variations due to unnoticeable
and/or faulty concealed repairs.
Further more, there is a concrete failure possibility introduced by a potential
chemical reaction (internal attack). This can be noticed when an inconsistent
surface paste strength or aggregate surface weakness is present. The bond and
interface strength to concrete is specified in psi (300–450 lbs.) or as is stated
‘‘concrete fails before the loss of bond’’.
The experienced contractor will employ this information to avoid presumption
when choosing the set-up of his tooling. When applying pressures above 6,000 psi
a light weight steel sheet strong enough to withstand approaching water turbulence
situated beneath the jet-car at its operating starting, finishing or turnaround point
prevents ghosting or damage to the concrete surface (Fig. 3.57a, b). The labor
force may move this sheet, utilizing the masking effect when operations are started
or ended. Black rubber high-pressure hose assemblies tend to leave streak-marks
when pulled over hard porous concrete surfaces; to prevent this keep hose slack on
the surface being cleaned.
5. Removal applications of nonskid coatings installed to resist harsh chemicals
and heavy steel or rubber-wheeled loads which are found in chemical processing
and storage areas, health care, institutional or educational facilities, food pro-
cessing or meat cutting areas, automotive manufacturers and dealers, aircraft
Fig. 3.57 a, b Jet-carts

offering simultaneous waste
stream recovery
hangars, equipment assembly lines or product sumps-trenches and secondary

containment areas.
These older advanced floor systems are often comprised of 2–4 layers, starting
with an optional elastomeric membrane, followed by an epoxy prime coat. The
third layer is a matrix of grated, at times colored, abrasives (quartz) and 100%
solid epoxy to provide the necessary strength and chemical resistance. The final
coat, also an option, consists of a clear epoxy finish which adds extra protection
and an attractive gloss. When removing such coatings the following aspects must
be established: Identify the makeup of the sub-floor (brick pavers, butt metal,
quarry tile, concrete, or wood), its condition and in particular, its condition prior to
the original floor installment. Restorations are performed to accommodate a new
process–product or equipment expansion, etc. Often industrial coatings are applied
to damaged, badly eroded, poorly cleaned and prepped floors. Aged floors are
possibly uneven or pitched therefore a cured deteriorated epoxy coating (self
leveling) may also vary in thickness in surface areas not easily identified
(described in mil.) If it all possible, retain floor manufacturers physical property
sheet, and coating identity generally specifying hardness in shore (70–85), com-
pressive strength which is commonly between 17,000 and 19,000 psi and tensile
strength between 12,000 and 13,000 psi.
6. A coating, adhered to a floor substrate constructed of tile allows a similar
removal practice. Industrial tile grouts are generally super hard preventing damage
by high-pressure water and therefore do not require specific attention. The indi-
vidual deletion of coating layers may prove difficult due to the floor’s irregulari-
ties. When coatings are removed from a brick substrate, the possible interface
malleability does demand close attention. The spin-jet’s adequate rpm adjustment,
removal transfer tempo, gpm–psi and nozzle configuration (including nozzle
standoff distance) must be thoroughly tested to avoid brick-grout and/or brick
surface damage on soft-core bricks.
7. Concrete coatings–sedimentation–spatter deletion on job related equipment
and tooling can sometimes be expressed within a coating removal classification.
Cleaning concrete form-boards (Fig. 3.58), which are normally coated with a bond
breaker for easy removal after curing, can be considered an equipment mainte-
nance function as is the cleaning of scaffolding, exterior and interior concrete truck
surfaces, cementing vehicles and all concrete-related tooling. Applying a high-
pressure trigger gun, fitted with various lance extensions and equipped with a hard-
hitting round jet nozzle, and/or single orifice turbo-nozzle and sometimes simply
Fig. 3.58 Dismantled form

boards
Fig. 3.59 Fan-jet ghosting
utilizing a 158 fan jet at pressures from 3,000 to 14,000 psi at 3–22 gpm can be
considered customary to the industry. Ultra high-pressure water applied with
specialty tooling in areas or spaces (concrete-drums) to remove hardened-cured
product.
When applying lower water pressures at insufficient gpm performances a
product or product film destabilization may be necessary. Muriatic acid can in
some instances be applied to cement-concrete residuals supporting the desired
breakup. Most store-bought muriatic acids are measured in 20 Baume at 31% by
weight.
Cement-concrete film or film like residue may be treated with 1–5 parts acid
admixed to ten parts water supporting product film separation from its surface by
cold or best hot high-pressure water. When objectives are accomplished the area of
application and surroundings are best neutralized by a low-pressure water-wash
similar to the acid neutralization performed after a conventional acid profiling
endeavor with water acid ratios equaling more likely 1 to 1. Always verify the
surface neutrality by means of a simple pH paper. Trigger-gun lance-barrels fea-
turing an adjustable blast screen will aid operators in visual control while adding
extra protection from flying debris. Under these circumstances an uncontrolled
wastewater runoff to a storm sewer system is illegal. Form-board bond breakers are
Fig. 3.60 Jet-car ghosting
generally formulated from oils, greases, silicones, waxes and/or cured polyure-
thanes (form-release agents) and are the culprits in leaving residual material upon
newly poured surfaces, which must under most circumstances be removed to
permit a satisfactory bonding of coatings. After a 6 week curing time surfaces to
be coated must be handled with care avoiding concrete paste damage, visually
identifiable if a thin film coating is installed. Contaminated paste can be cleaned
free of residue by various standard methods. Cleaning with hard-hitting round jets
is not advisable due to subsequent surface ghosting. Much of the available
equipment can be altered by a fan jet curriculum, supporting psi and gpm per-
formances suitable for nozzles capable of a 25 to 65 spread. Pressure and water
volume configurations are set to cancel out all ghosting (Fig. 3.59) possibilities on
newly poured and cured concrete surfaces (Fig. 3.60). A secondary option exists
within this application to provide a surface or roughening procedure (anchor
profile) at various degrees supporting a superior thick-film adhesion factor most
often suggested by coating manufacturers. The notion or opinion that cold high-
pressure water will force surface oils or greases deeper into a concrete substrate is
untrue and misleading. Today’s vacuum assist spin-jet technology outperforms any
other solution, especially the steam cleaning application when combined with
various emulsifiers, solvents or detergents. Heating a concrete substrate with steam
will only enhance a deeper concrete contamination.
8. Commercial aviation’s taxi, parking and jet-bridge areas are also outlined
with paint indicator lines-stripes and are in need of periodic restoration when they
appear visually faded or require a removal application due to constructional and/or
operational traffic changes. Sometimes a dual surface application can be
encountered due to adjacent concrete–asphalt tarmacs. Self-propelled or hydrau-
lically-driven spin-jets are most suited for this application. They offer a physical
and technical water jetting adjustability while performing a simultaneous vacuum
assist refuse removal capacity forgoing area contamination and cleanup proce-
dures. Care must be taken to avoid ghosting characteristics or damage when in the
vicinity of asphalt surfaces bordering a concrete tarmac. Pressure and gpm
adjustments must be performed before any operation can be introduced to a softer

asphalt–concrete blacktop. Also, spin jets self-propelled and/or mechanically
rotating nozzle carrier extensions must safely clear all recessed and lightly pro-
truding runway markings or light fixtures. Manually operated spin-jet carts are
ideal when working in obstructed jet bridge boundaries visually identifying
equipment complexities. Jet cars designed to remove highway road markings
feature two orifices within the width of a standard road coating line-marking. The
versatility of these units is ideal. Contractors can apply them to spot clean surfaces
or to remove rubber-paint-coatings including 3 M foils. When spot resurfacing
practices are performed by utilizing higher pressures they can also be applied to
scarify concrete or asphalt substrate, especially in physically confined or hard to
reach areas. Operating pressures and gpm performances vary substantially between
available tool designs and application fundamentals ranging from 7,000 to
36.000 psi producing up to 36 gpm.
A single or multi-gun operation is possible (fan nozzle or spin-jet fitted), and
sometimes necessary within this application environment. Under these circum-
stances airports’ safety requirements concerning the labor force and equipment
placement are somewhat more elaborate and include fastening safety barricade
tapes securely in most likely a wind-swept and high traffic area, strategically
placing weatherproof warning signs-cones restricting access to trigger-gun oper-
ator’s work area, and while in operation eliminating water-misting conditions
often introduced by inexperienced operators.
Equipment and accessories must be located so as not to interfere with the
movement of planes, jet bridge tires and their mobile structure, fueling, and
baggage operations in case of an unforeseen operational emergency, general
maintenance endeavors and airfield vehicles. An environmentally sound water
soluble abrasive material which leaves no trace can sometimes be applied. A
multitude of grains are available to polish, edge, hone and/or remove materials.
Nevertheless a vacuum assist wastewater and refuse removal capacity is most
often mandatory.
9. Deteriorating coatings and their substrates such as clay masonry units or
pressed extruded brick surfaces and concrete masonry CMU’s (Fig. 3.61) as found
on block or brick structures and include stucco walls and soffit elements can be
either solid or hollow core. Their manufacturing processes are extrusions or form
pressing operations. Today’s block densities are much lower than older units
(Fig. 3.62). Due to highly developed high strength cementing materials and the
substitution of sand or gravel with low density aggregate such as clinker residual
admixed as fillers, industrial or various pumice byproducts, etc. which can lead to
a greater substrate moisture penetration and often advanced by deteriorated
coatings-sealers and/or environmental influences. The moisture can leach soluble
calcium compounds from mortar joints, and/or develop mildew growth accelerated
by coating flaking; peeling, cracking and blistered surfaces with visual symptoms
appearing as white chalk like powder or calcifications known as efflorescence are
also identifiable in areas of coating failure to the substrate. The available selection
of water soluble abrasive blast-media enhanced application varieties greatly within
Fig. 3.61 CMU coating

removal
Fig. 3.62 Cleaned CMU

block surfaces
industrial and commercial environments. Possible substrate diversity does not

permit a one size fits all coating removal solution. Extreme substrate friability may
require prior chemical treatment to compromise a coatings adhesion to its inter-
face, and then supported by a gentle water-wash (45 to 65 fan jet) utilizing
equipment starting at 500–3,000 psi with hot or cold water, eliminating damage so
often produced by spatula. Water volume and a specific tool design for each
application which can include making use of the scouring effects produced by
water soluble abrasives with a grain size specifically chosen for its desired surface
manipulation does reduce common labor intensive job descriptions.
10. Deteriorated paint or coating removal applications producing lead residual
often found on dilapidated commercial and wooden structures most always require
an industrial cleaning and waste-removal approach. This will trigger automatically
all applicable OSHA standards for worker protection, including a constant air
monitoring process, and prior blood testing of the labor force establishing the
allowable baseline or evidence of pre-existing unacceptable blood contamination.
State and federal laws concerning the hazard classification, transportation, storage,
and waste removal techniques when controlling–eliminating a possible airborne
lead dust activity while in a removal process is of quintessence. High-pressure
water as the primary tool is especially effective when blast-water is recycled
within the water cleanup procedure utilizing a final phosphoric filter component
Fig. 3.63 a, b, c Wood

restoration
removing lead trace elements from the recovered water. Before removing lead
containing paint from exterior wood, stone or brick surfaces, several protective
measures must be undertaken. Exposed soil surrounding a dwelling must be
covered with a 6 mill plastic that should be attached to the bottom of the building
with duct tape or other fastening methods. The 6 mill plastic must extend a
minimum of 140 away from the dwelling. If the pavement surrounds a dwelling, a
plastic covering may not be necessary except to envelop drains in the area. Once
the water jetting process has begun, the lead paint will drop off onto the plastic or
pavement.
The hydro-vac method is ideal to separate blast water and simultaneously fill
55 gallon drums with the semi dry coating waste. Regardless of correctly packaged
semi dry refuse a Hazardous Liquid–Solid Waste Permit is required to transport
drums to a licensed hazardous material dump site. It is essential that operators
wear gloves, facial protection, respirator and full rain gear. Under no circumstance
can digestion by skin, mouth or air be tolerated.
Moderate or severely deteriorated paint-coatings such as those possibly
exhibited on exposed laminated beams and columns, dimensional lumber, wood
panels-façades (Fig. 3.63a, b, c), decks, staircase-steps, shingles and/or shakes
which will most often also reveal a variety of wood substrate damages to be first
classified cleaned and/or repaired before an adequate coating or staining solution
can be determined. Numerous coating layers may also hide hazardous materials
such as asbestos and lead often found on older building structures and public
works projects requiring containment and disposal procedures. With regard to

those the high-pressure water cleaning–recycling technique is superior to con-
ventional abatement methods when quickly removing all loose and delaminating,
cracked flaked-peeling paint-coatings, which includes paint-coatings with an
inferior interface makeup (bubbled). Within the removal process, mildew, oil and
grease stains will also become obvious and visually enhanced by the subsequent
drying process. Low volume–high pressure water administered with a correct fan
nozzle and jetting degree will not over saturate wood surfaces. The operator must
identify existing damage to the substrate, eliminating in his application procedure
the raising of wood grain and ghosting appearances.
Exclusively and not subsequent to an incorrect water jetting procedure, the
drying process can be distorted by remaining coating remnants developing the
tendency of edge curling and wood grain splintering also due to the raised grain
drying process. After surface drying this occurrence is simply manipulated with a
mechanical belt sander, plastic spatula, brush etc. Avoid the use of steel or copper
wool when cleaning or removing such surface adulterations. For a long time to
come, caught wool fragments in the protruding grain will produce discolorations in
newly applied stains-paints and coatings.
Regarding various wood restoration requirements and/or techniques, a coating
mitigation and the following combination of chemical cleaning and neutralization
procedures of wooden façade components is always best supported by a gentle and
neutralizing water wash. A variety of paste and poultice concentrates for coating
removal applications and neutralizing–cleaning products are specifically designed
for this job criterion. Best results are achieved in testing products as to their
coating deterioration characteristics enhancing the following water jetting and
neutralizing procedures. Specific chemicals support a super gentle coating removal
technique requiring a diluted ratio of up to 4 to 1 parts of water. The only practical
way to determine the best mixture is to conduct tests on the substrate in question.
After testing procedures are completed rinse patches thoroughly and allow them to
dry. Once dried the cleanliness of the patch is obvious and any discoloration,
ghosting or whitening of wooden substrate must be further cleaned and/or neu-
tralized. Chemicals are applied by injector utilizing volume control by its metering
device, brush-roller and/or airless pump systems. Often restoration projects will
not allow scraping by wooden, plastic or steel spatulas. A trigger-gun with a
refined fan-jet assembly and the appropriate gpm–psi configuration is far gentler
within a compromised coating removal procedure. As to the initial process of a
coating removal endeavor, this decision varies with every job description. Starting
at the bottom of a structure and applying the solution evenly upwards is often
considered the standard but can result in substrate surface discoloration and water
saturation if not correctly addressed. Sometimes, a failing or deteriorated coating
may protect the substrate sufficiently when starting on top of the structure.
Regardless, after a dwell time of 15 min (or as specified), rinse the surface free of
product and residue by applying 500–2,500 psi at 2.5–5 gpm. In some instance,
rinse pressure must be reduced to levels prohibiting further interface modulation to
extremely damaged or friable surfaces. However, it is important that all chemicals
Fig. 3.64 Interior–exterior

structural geometries
be thoroughly removed, leaving substrate and surface interface with a neutral of

pH 6.5–7.
Wood variety, remaining original tool markings, environmental conditions or
exposure, chemical influences, façade neglect and age and/past restoration and/or
structural repairs almost always result in an slightly irregular surface appearance
which must be carefully evaluated. Only when secondary cleaning-neutralization
procedures are completed and surfaces are completely dry can a correct assessment
as to the surface preparation and final coating installation be performed.
Also within a job bidding process, consider the wildly varying containment cost
protecting human life, structures and environment. Fluctuating within every job
description or application, pricing can vary from $0.10 to $0.80 ft2 and does not
include the hazardous waste removal, storage or treatment–placement cost.
11. Paint, coating and rust removal applications on structural steel and metal
surfaces such as on columns, beams, joists, etc. flues, stacks, pipes, tanks and so
forth are nowadays quite one-dimensional. The application problem only arises
due to encountered structural circumstances. Job specifications and, also cus-
tomary to available air abrasive blast equipment, the physical hydro-tool limita-
tions can be challenging. A limited nozzle access to interior or exterior structural
geometries is supported by a hand power tool application. Bridge structure, interior
ship-hull, and tank configurations may require a 1–5% surface treatment by
alternative tooling. Industry tool dimensions and development for or within a
specific job criterion may vary substantially due to available manufacturing and
engineering means. Besides service providers competing, partially responsible for
this tool dilemma is the resulting product liability, engineering and manufacturing
capacity–flexibility when tools are developed on a short notice for a not so often
recurring job specification.
The distinguishing advantage of high-pressure water to resist dispersion and its
ricocheting capacity especially when laden with abrasives will outperform air
abrasive blast techniques (Fig. 3.64). The tooling required may vary drastically
and can be of a permanent or quick exchangeable design. The challenge will
always be to effectively reach all hidden and obstructed surface areas within a
coating or rust-corrosion deletion procedure. A service provider is best advised to
maintain a close relationship with his tool manufacturers engineering department.
Fig. 3.65 Reference

photographs
As to steel surface preservation and drying methods performed simultaneously,

immediately after and/or as a periodical endeavor in a coating-rust-corrosion
removal application to control flash rusting events are a technically developed
criterion. Flash rust expansion intensifies especially when metals are newly active
due to a hydro-blast coating removal or hydro-abrasive blast performance
exposing the surface–substrate. Environmental circumstances such as location,
humidity, cool damp days, inadequate tarpaulin procedures, time frame between
cleaning and coating application, etc. are only a few factors which may accelerate
a potential surface problem. Paint-coating applicators work systematically and
often in tandem with the coating removal crew in that; coatings are removed for
4 h and then followed by the coating procedure. Applying and utilizing the SSPC
and NACE international guide and reference photographs for steel surfaces
(Fig. 3.65) prepared by the hydro-blast and UHP jetting methods are of great
guidance toward a superior coating deletion procedure and the selection of a new
coating system. Latest coating developments also result in industrial product lines
stable under a certain degree of permissible flash rust development with not so
circumstantial improved coating adhesion parameters.
The visual coating and rust removal reference performed on various steel
surfaces is identified as water jetting, WJ-1, clean to bare substrate, WJ-2, very
thorough or substantially clean, WJ-3 thorough clean, WJ-4, light clean. Surfaces
can show variation in texture, shading or color tone resulting from environmental
influences, changes in metal pitting, mill scale, type of steel and probably its
original surface condition, differences caused by the initial abrasive blast tech-
nique creating an anchor profile, abrasive size, sharpness and prior blast patterns.
Flash rust comparisons are identified as no flash rust, light moderate or heavy.
The direct removal of wastewater and coating refuse by jetting equipment
Fig. 3.66 Simultaneous

refuse removal
(Fig. 3.66) incorporating a vacuum function will reduce the severity and extend
the time frame of flash rust expansion as will the elevated temperatures to steel
surfaces resulting from the release of kinetic jet energy and friction (surface-heat).
Removing the soluble contaminant and sodium chloride or salt from steel sub-
strates within a coating removal process is a superior high-pressure water appli-
cation advantage unattainable by other means.
A corrosion inhibiting procedure must not negate this advantage. Since the
mid 1960s, thousands of industrial steel-base units were hydro-abrasive blasted,
primed and coated prior to their equipment assembly. In all imaginable
industrial environments the delivered final equipment product in either mobile
or stationary form has never exhibited a recordable coating weakness or failure
due to a high-pressure water abrasive blast procedure or its technical
uniqueness.
Chemical corrosion inhibitors should only be applied when a coating manu-
facturer can assure that their product is compatible to a flash rust inhibitor in
question. Liquid or soluble inhibitors can be sodium nitrites, phosphates and
benzoates or amino materials such as amino methyl propanol, etc. Precise
metering procedures of such chemical inhibitors regarding to level of concentra-
tion in blast water as a direct application or by roller and/or airless system is
imperative. Controlled are also surface drying times and avoidance of wind swept
dust situations, inhibitor pooling possibilities on cleaned surfaces where evapo-
ration may result in concentrations limiting a coating adhesion or promote future
coating blistering and delaminating. Coating applicators will follow coating
manufacturer’s corrosion control guidelines to guarantee adhesion specifications.
A loss of coating adhesion and/or osmotic blistering is likely when manufacturers’
specifications are disregarded. When large areas or areas of difficult access must be
inspected, flash rusting events may occur before a visual and physical inspection
can be performed. Under these circumstances and before jobs initiation, the cre-
ation of various test patches, offering the required surface cleanliness and
recording the drying times, ambient conditions and subsequent possible flash rust
development or its severity can establish an overall guideline as to the total
expected substrate cleanliness.
On interior steel tank flooring, besides trigger-gun operations, spin-jets or jet-

cars are the preferred tool identity for exerting pressures between 10,000 and
45,000 psi; removing all coating or elastomeric layers to expose an even gray steel
structure. Coating removal rates range from 50 to 250 ft2 per hour. The vacuum
recycling ability will eliminate nozzle misting and fogging due to ambient tem-
perature variances, as well as those circumstances which are controlled when
utilizing manually operated vacuum assist equipment for corner and vertical work.
This does not mean that a continuous process of moving air throughout the con-
fined space in question facilitating dehumidification and evaporation is foregone.
Often a coating application includes air heating-filtration within the interior con-
firming an adequate ventilation procedure. The balance between the return air
flow, dehumidification, temperature and relative humidity must constantly be
monitored controlling a possible flash rust scenario. A stable sub-floor also permits
the removal of individual layers, in particular when a base elastomeric membrane
is present. This may add to dehumidification time due to water trace saturation
within the remaining coating. Precise jetting parameters are achieved by the
manipulation of jet-cars correct forward speed, rpm and gpm–psi configuration
combined with the available nozzle variety and adjustable nozzle stand off dis-
tance to the elastomeric membrane.
Aircraft-carrier flight decks may also be an example of when nonskid runway
coatings must be removed or serviced within this application standard. The tarmac
sub-structure, built of steel, will constitute no applicable pressure limitations for
the contractor, other than naval job specifications. These specifications are iden-
tified as to; total base removal, base spot removal practices and rubber or paint
stripe removal. Tooling consists of a skid or mobile dual axle-mounted hydro-blast
unit with an automated traversing single or multi-head spin-jet assembly, water-
refuse filtration and tank either located on the plane elevator nearest to the work
site or in the flight decks’ bay area, low and high pressure-hose runs are kept to a
minimum.
The actual psi requirements are often comparable to coating removal applica-
tions on oil–gas pipelines or fuel tanks with stringent safety regulations; however
most ships are serviced on pier-dock site therefore do not require an operational
flight deck. Besides naval specifications contractors’ safety requirements are
geared to the marine industry criteria. Steel surface preservation is a naval standard
introduced to the contractor and must be followed explicitly. Water pressures
range between 14,000 and 40,000 psi, gpm performances according to applied
coating removal-width and subsequent hp availability. At times it is necessary to
upgrade and install a secondary water filtration element to avoid contaminated
water from pier or vessels potable water supply. All operational, coating removal,
hazardous waste-refuse handling and safety procedures are specified by naval yard
operations or their sub-contractor and include all asbestos coating or insulation
removal deletion applications.
12. Even though the removal of graffiti (tagging) on various substrates is
included in this chapter (Figs. 3.67 a, b, c), it is impossible to determine an adequate
solution when lacking the on-site investigation identifying the appropriate cleaning
Fig. 3.67 a, b, c Varies

graffiti events
Fig. 3.68 Vacuum-UHP

jetting
or removal method. Most often vandals vent their creativity by utilizing a location
advantageous to their message criterion. Therefore all conceivable areas or surfaces
are subject and include residential–commercial–industrial structures, public
buildings and restrooms, mass transit vehicles, stationary or rolling industrial
equipment, etc. (Fig. 3.68). Acrylic latex paints, enamel spray paints, chalk and the
ever evolving coloring variety delivered by highly durable aerosol cans, and/or
crayons, ink, dyes, lipstick and powerfully formulated marking instruments are the
stain producing paraphernalia. The vandals prefer presentation sites, where
achievements stay on display for an extended period of time. For any contractor,
difficulties arise due to the mostly unknown colorant adhering to a vast variety of
painted or coated concrete compounds and/or stucco concrete paste and exposed
aggregate surfaces including synthetic brick and fired brick, their mortar joints, tile,
CMU block (Fig. 3.69), concrete surfaces poured in place, tilt-up or cast-in place
(Fig. 3.70), wood, vinyl or various natural stone substrate, etc. This is exaggerated
by varying surface porosity, possible substrate damage and unknown interface
adhesion factors, discoloration of the interface makeup by unidentifiable pigment
and environmental influences resulting in that no single removal technique by high-
pressure water and/or chemical method exists.
Fig. 3.69 Masking graffiti
Fig. 3.70 Cast concrete

panel
Fig. 3.71 Visually blending

into cover graffiti
Indecision by affected property owners as to the deletion of the visual

expression will only attract further or repetitive tagging activity. Visually blending
in by painting over affected areas (Fig. 3.71) will result in an unattractive substrate
and possible future building damage due to air flow restriction, moisture and/or
mold development. A new, smooth appearing paint-coating (improved canvas)
will also invite further tagging activity. The temptation to employ a novice pro-
fessing professionalism within this application criterion is risky business. Needless
surface ghosting manifestations or irreparable surface–interface and substrate
damage might occur when an untaught utilization of water jet energy via equip-
ment producing modest 1,500 psi-plus and a rotary spin jet or 15 fan nozzle at
5 gpm is allowed.
Fig. 3.72 Damaged CMU-

block and concrete surface
interface
As this example illustrates not only was a sacrificial coating removed, the
contractor also created permanent ghosting effects by damaging CMU block and
concrete interface (Fig. 3.72) structure into substrate depth.
Providing pictorial proof as to prior successful job completions on similar
substrate accompanied by detailed job report and customer information is always
of a great advantage for an aspiring service provider as it can also be an educa-
tional tool for prospective customers’ job reality.
Next to an arrest, a customers’ perseverance in maintaining a graffiti-free
structure is the only real deterrent. Responding to vandals’ endeavors within
8–36 h (max), exhibiting qualified cleaning procedures and the installation of
either sacrificial or better permanent anti-graffiti coatings is paramount. This action
is the preeminent deterrent especially when a substrate appears miraculously
untouched or the new endeavors will not adhere and/or shrivel in the drying
process. Ideally, the previous performed removal application will require property
owners only to utilize a light high-pressure water wash supported by an envi-
ronmentally friendly detergent when recurring tagging events appear. Nevertheless
blues and greens are generally more difficult to remove then reds and blacks.
A gentle or delicate graffiti removal process on porous substrates such as
concrete or its surface paste, masonry aggregate, brick, sand and limestone, etc., is
performed in correctly identifying and chemically destabilizing the graffiti accu-
mulation from its surface. After an adequate dwell time (chemical) and before light
buffering abrasives are utilized is it important to follow the graffiti outline by
applying a 15 fan nozzle to remove all loose or soluble coating residue to avoid
all damage to the substrate. Hot pressurized water is almost always of an advan-
tage on porous substrate.
Ghosting or removing the faint outline of a coating can be problematic if a
minuscule layer of substrate is not to be manipulated (interface).
Spray paints composed of solvents which evaporate depositing pigments and
their adhesive require a straightforward removal technique of the appearing central
Fig. 3.73 a, b Abrasive blasting
pigment concentrations (poultice-solvents), and is followed by the neutralizing

pressure-washing application and barrier coating installation.
Pigment originating from metallic oxide or a synthetic compound adhering to a
surface can require the chemical breakdown of the ionic force (static). Chemically
introducing an extremely high level of hydrogen activity is specifically helpful
when supporting a high-pressure water ghost removal application which proves
successful time and again. The industry also developed penetrating chemistry
directly applicable by metering device and trigger-gun application supporting
pressure-washing endeavors on various metal, vinyl, wood, and painted–coated
surfaces.
And then there are phantom graffiti remnants that can chemically simply not be
removed requiring the versatile water-jet abrasive technology (Fig. 3.73). Alter-
native blast media such as cement powder (Portland), nutshell, sodium bicarbonate
or a fine soluble buffering abrasive with a relative soft, 2–3 on Mohs hardness
(scale) will achieve a superior interface cleaning procedure visually avoiding
interface manipulations or interface and substrate damage. These products are
especially successful for or within minor job descriptions. Comparative inexpen-
sive abrasive injectors, trigger-gun mounted, fitted with a fan jet-barrel permit the
introduction of a controllable scouring effect.
The utilization of solvent based products such as lacquer thinners, acetones and
chemical paint removers of unidentified origin must never be introduced to a
surface. They may not only discolor adjacent substrate but will leave a pigment
laden discoloration within the interface area of a coating removal procedure. It
must also be assumed that unidentifiable chemicals are of hazardous origin thus
requiring product identification. If identified, the MSDS information will almost
always require adherence to an assortment of local and federal recovery laws and
safety requirements. Anti-graffiti products should be non-toxic, containing no
ethylene chlorides, chlorinated solvents, methanol–methyl chloride, toluene, or
acetone.
The recommendation of a chemical product for various coating destabilization
procedures should always be supported by its manufacturer. The necessary
information retrieved includes the identification of preferred brush, roller or spray

equipment, necessary environmental conditions while the work is performed
(temperature–humidity), chemical adhesion characteristics and required dwell
time, coverage rate on various substrates considering applicators tool requirement
(brush-roller application requires more product), competitive pricing per square
foot, applicable safety procedures and product identification (MSDS). Most
chemical manufacturers have established methods or recommendation for a cold or
hot low or high-pressure water rinse technique and if necessary specific neutral-
izing procedures of a substrate in question. A service provider performing various
job descriptions within this coating removal procedure is well advised to consider
vacuum–recovery and water filtration–recycling equipment, as it is important to
understand necessary and always changing tarpaulin procedures.
Selecting a breathable, non-visible sacrificial or non-sacrificial graffiti barrier is
a question most often confusing to a customer. The coatings work on the same
principle in that cleaned porous masonry surfaces are protected against paint
soaking into the pores, subsequently adhering or producing a discolored interface
structure. The choice between none or a sacrificial treatment depends on the
frequency of attack, substrate type, location, visual nuisance factor, human or
vehicular traffic conditions, climate and various unlawful or depraved messages,
eat. A variety of water soluble, water-based and breathable (wax type) sacrificial
graffiti barrier coatings are available. They must be reapplied to a surface after a
graffiti project and barrier coating are removed simultaneously. Some sacrificial,
semi and permanent coatings require a specialized base coat installation.
There are a few non-visible or non-sheen producing coatings available sup-
porting a repetitive graffiti removal practice (5–7 times). Substrates introduced to
this type of barrier coating must be approached with suspicion. This does include
prior treated surfaces such as historic limestone and sandstone façades, structures
or areas and their design variants. These coatings can also be dramatic if
imminent or future repair and/or tuck-point endeavors are desired on brick walls
repelling the necessary grout adhesion. Most often it is quite impossible to verify
past cleaning intervals and graffiti removal methods. High-pressure hot-water
removal temperatures should not exceed 200F to avoid possible stain-pigment
setting of unidentifiable coating remnants in the interface structure. A contractor
unaware of substrates service history and products utilized in the past should be
cautious as not to create irregular surface appearances due to variances in a
barrier coating adsorption. Within the coating application one must also be
vigilant to avoid barrier runs which are often rolled or smeared out by a novice
applicator creating discoloration or darkening effects when remaining wet film
thickness, absorption and drying times are dissimilar to the primary coated
surfaces. Varying a barrier coating identity, property owners ought to be made
aware of, or find it acceptable that a minor darkening or gloss enhancement to
the substrate appearance might be possible. A uniform coating application
exhibits an equal surface wetting appearance within an application process. Wind
disturbance of the spray pattern is more often than not the culprit in an uneven
surface application procedure.
Inspecting and testing a substrate as to a future visual quality and achievable

adherence-penetration of the desired coating and its performance and/or equally
the proposed graffiti cleaning–removal technique, operators–applicators test sub-
strate–surface absorption parameters randomly and then the desired cleaning
method on small and visually out of the way, least noticeable and/or arbitrary areas
before an overall cleaning and re-establishment of a barrier coating is performed.
A visual variation can be produced within the absorption coefficient of a substrate
and must sometimes be addressed within a dissimilar cleaning method.
Also the possibility to feather in visual surface irregularity or appearances by a
pressure-washing effort can be greatly influenced as to its success by varying
substrate absorption or adsorption parameter and/or positive charged pigments
(ionic charge).
The application of water based coatings (wax type) are performed in mild tem-
peratures above 40 to 50F facilitating an adequate product mixing and emulsifi-
cation avoiding otherwise a possible visual surface remnant (gray sheen). Generally,
barricade coatings require 3–6 h drying time, temperature and humidity pending, as
they also may require a second coat expanding drying times up to 72 h. To estimate
the coverage of a barrier coating per gallon applied for metal is approximate 600 ft2
per gallon requiring one application, on sealed and painted–coated wood or concrete
surfaces also one application at approximately 450 ft2 per gallon, on painted con-
crete block (CMU) with two applications, proximately 400 ft2 per gallon, on stucco,
brick, fired brick, concrete block or cast in place, also with two applications,
approximately 300 ft2 per gallon. A cleaned surface dry and prepared requires
approximately one labor hour to install 2,000 ft2 of barrier coating. These esti-
mating values are approximate and vary dramatically between job applications due
to new or historic substrate, unreliable adsorption or absorption, varying surface
porosity, substrate hydraulic conditions, temperature and humidity and/or applied
product characteristics and applicable environmental standards.
Non-sacrificial breathable barrier coatings can be silicone based products, or
coatings based on several major resin chemistries with silicone and polyurethane
based materials providing a long-term service life, despite repeated graffiti
removal applications by high-pressure water. These coatings enhance bonding to
the substrate, resisting water, oils, and paints ore marking materials. Penetrating
treatments of this type will provide anti-graffiti properties but will not alter the
look of the substrate.
Various coatings are available, and can be chosen to harmonize with the
existing overall installation utilizing a universal tint machine. Coatings range from
relatively low-cost acrylics, to better performing polyurethanes and epoxies, some
of which can be applied to metal surfaces. Penetrating silicone based treatments
are generally not suited for metal, various smooth stone, and to some degree even
hard glazed brick surfaces, nevertheless they are most effective in warding off
ghosting effects. As to an overall general and detached judgment, one can only say
that a hard, non-porous impermeable and relatively smooth surface is inherently
much easier to clean and protect than a permeable porous (soft or hard), or very
rough and/or heavily textured substrate.
Coating - paint - graffiti removal on steel, concrete, stone, brick, and wood substrate

Address:

Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:

Structural circumstances: Coating deletion:
Friable: yes: no:
Horizontal: psi? Alternative abrasive:
Lightly: serious:
Overhead: Limestone: Chemicals: dwell time:
Vertical: Sandstone: Detergent: dwell time:
Confined space: Stone: Specify: MSDS:
Vessel entry permit: Brick: Cold water: gpm: psi:
Hazard classification: identify: Mortar: classify Hot water: gpm: psi:
Access procedure: Concrete: Soluble paint-coating: yes: no:
Scaffolding: Tarpaulin procedure: Wood: Rinse method:
Vegetation: Aluminum: Barrier coating: Sacrificial -permanent
Aquatic environment: Steel: One code: Two codes:
Traffic control: vehicular, pedestrian: Coated steel: Flash rust inhibitor:
Effluent control measures:
Other: Other:
Coating waste control measures:
Test Equipment: Coating installation specifications:
Soluble salt meter: Airless paint sprayer:
Thickness gauge: Chemical metering equipment:
Pull-off adhesion test: Ventilation equipment-procedure:
Surface profile gage: Dehumidification equipment:
Surface moisture meter:
Nozzles:
Hydrovac-system and Vacuum-box:
Water filtration and recycling:
Abrasive injector:
Other:
Other: Patch testing method: Areas:
Coating, tensile strength and adhesion: Specify:
Physical surroundings, safety procedures: Specify: Other:

Describe the work procedure:
Itemize equipment, safety gear, expendables, labor time, equipment times, etc.
3.6 Concrete-Aggregate Cutting, Scarifying, Surface Preparation 327
Fig. 3.74 A preventable ghosting event
In today’s restoration and/or construction domain, preventive technologies are

available for new or restored concrete surfaces, providing both the structural and
aesthetic requirement. The two-in-one concrete curing and graffiti control product
which also protects the structural substrate from expansion, contraction, and
temperature extremes is quite versatile. Protecting against graffiti, these coatings
are impervious to ultraviolet rays, ozone, salt water spray, and acid rain. These
coatings contain fluorinated high slip anti-stick additives, which when vandalized
prevent adhesives from adhering to coated services (stickers) and will while
applying graffiti shrivel the colorants while inducing product slippage down wall
surfaces. Possible minor remaining trace elements, will wear off with normal
weathering. Paint ghosting scenarios (Fig. 3.74) are simply removed with a low
pressure washing application. Because this coating is applied to new concrete the
product bonds with the substrate aggregate. After adequate concrete curing
(28 days plus) and coordinated with the following form board removal endeavor
coatings are simultaneously–immediately applied producing an approximate 2–2.5
mil wet film thickness.
3.6 Concrete-Aggregate Cutting, Scarifying, Surface

Preparation, Demolition and Restoration
During the Roman Empire, buildings, bridges and water pipelines were con-
structed using a building material known as opus cementitious, a mixture of burnt
limestone, loosely added rock, and water. The technology used then was lost, only
to be rediscovered 200 years ago with the use of a product known as Portland
cement. In 1867, the Frenchman Monier added steel reinforcement, enhancing the
strength of the product we know as reinforced concrete. The high alkalinity pH
value of approximately 12–13 prevented the corrosion of concealed steel, making
this a highly successful process. Concrete is a product containing limestone, clay,
and various aggregates, is sensitive to acids, salts, carbonation and concentrations
of sulfur dioxide (SO). Hardened, it is susceptible to micro fractures, often a result
of structural tensions, mechanical or hydraulic-driven impact tools, and erosion by
mechanical abrasion. Edge spalling of joints, spalling by impact and environmental
Fig. 3.75 Concrete

deterioration
Fig. 3.76 Light aggregate

removal
shock resulting from sudden climatic change and/or freeze cycling (Fig. 3.75), etc.
are added circumstances a concrete structure endures.
Under favorable atmospheric and internal conditions, a general deterioration of
exposed rebar (steel) expanding up to six times its original volume can accelerate
surface discoloration and damage in depth any susceptible structure. However, a
prematurely deteriorating concrete substrate may also be the result of an incorrect
specification, or construction process.
A repair or rehabilitation project requires the removal of deteriorated and
damaged concrete aggregate (Fig. 3.76). The removal performance by high-pres-
sure water is adjusted (gpm–psi) to the damaged concrete interface zone avoiding
all further negative influences to the remaining intact concrete matrix. Compared
to all mechanical removal methods the unproblematic determination and recom-
mendation as to the necessary area of attention (removal depth) of an affected
concrete substrate will prove vital to a job estimation criteria. Subcontractors also
should be aware of concrete repair strategies proposed or introduced to a resto-
ration–rehabilitation endeavor in question.
To circumvent performance challenges, the service provider best understands
all possible causes including wear and tear criteria to the structure in question.
Fig. 3.77 Repaired damage
Fig. 3.78 Deep UHP

aggregate removal
As much as he should understand the following repair methods which hopefully

address the root cause of the concrete’s deterioration-symptoms (Fig. 3.77)
facilitating an estimation process requires close cooperation of its property man-
agement. All physical access constraints and environmental obligations must be
considered as does the structural safety during the test procedures. The presence of
a structural engineer is always advisable, identifying all added load classifications
by equipment and reduction through removal of concrete mass in the tested areas
(Fig. 3.78). If reinforcing bars (rebar) are exposed during a demonstration or test
procedure, the steel structure should be treated with a corrosion inhibitor.
Extended time periods between an investigative process, bidding and the final job
initiation also requires the protection of exposed rebar structures. Assorted coat-
ings and/or a suitable primer and/or zinc-rich paint cover can be applied.
Removing deteriorated or damaged concrete in inaccessible areas to or below
the rebar structures can best be achieved by using a trigger-gun starting at
approximately 14,000–43,000 psi. A variety of straight and rotating nozzle con-
figurations are available. To ensure visual control and operator safety, an adjust-
able splash guard is affixed to the gun barrel. At these pressures, the recoil energy
developed by a jet must be controlled or offset to a physically manageable force.
Do not reduce pressure; reduce equipment water volume performance instead.
Cleaning and slightly enlarging stress fractures and cracks to accommodate
polymer modified concrete grouts or chemical grouts reacting to form a gel or
Fig. 3.79 Concrete slab,

before–after
Fig. 3.80 Concrete

aggregate cleaning
solid are applications often encountered within structural restoration projects.

Appearing cracks and/or fissures have many causes and can be the result of
weathering, mechanical or thermal stress, settlement and shrinkage or faulty
construction process and design. Regardless of cause, a high-pressure water jet is
most suitable for cleaning and preparing cracks vertical and horizontal surfaces
gaining the desired adhesion factors. The contractor must choose tool criteria by
correctly identifying the desired application, which can affect the appearance only
or be structurally significant. This can only be achieved once the extent and reason
for the cracking-fissure developments have been established and successfully
managed by either preventive maintenance or justified reasoning.
Exposing aggregate gravel on concrete slabs (Fig. 3.79), traditionally per-
formed by rotary steel brush systems on production sites, sometimes in combi-
nation with acids or multiple acid applications, is being successfully displaced by
today’s high-speed spin-jets rotating a single jet about its axis (Fig. 3.80). The
nozzle standoff distance will be approximately 1–10 above the concrete surface.
Required pressures range from 3,000 to 5,000 psi.
Manually-operated spin-jets can produce cleaned areas of approximately 45
square yards per hour, thus utilized in large area applications representing triple
the production capacity of a single trigger-gun fan jet assembly. These values are
based upon a 6–8 h aggregate drying time. Hardened surfaces (Fig. 3.81) demand
the use of spin-jets at 6,000–10,000 psi, producing a cleaned area of 25–35 square
yards per head per hour. Nozzle standoff distance will again depend on nozzle size
Fig. 3.81 Before–after,

aggregate cleaning
and rotating speed, effective nozzle spray pattern, available horsepower input and
tensile strength of concrete adhering to aggregate (gpm performance).
A single fan jet operation is often impractical when cleaning large soiled
vertical concrete slabs, building facades or ornamental surfaces. The spin-jet
assembly is capable of cleaning up to 90 square yards per hour, effectively
avoiding surface ghosting appearances. This is achieved due to the enhanced
nozzle standoff distance, subsequently resulting in greater area coverage. Alter-
natives to this application are based on chemical power. A concrete cleaner (acid)
is applied to slab surface by an injector or roller, etching the slab surface structure
to the point where 2,000 to 3,000 psi at 4–5 gpm and a 45 fan jet is adequate to
clean and neutralize the substrate.
Due to the restoration and preservation varieties on buildings of all ages,
materials and there designs, hydro-blast and/or UHP tool requirements will differ
drastically as does the support equipment which must facilitate those varying
operations. Gaining jobsite access, protecting the construction site from falling
debris, controlling water accumulations, water-misting as well as performing
adequate tarpaulin procedures are variations, dictating the choice of specialized
tooling.
Removing concrete-mortar in a controlled manner is often supported by pre-
cutting (diamond blade) and establishing area identification (Fig. 3.82a, b), sub-
sequently providing a smooth edge configuration. After concrete-mortar removal
this also supports an aesthetic least visible to repair fill application. Care must be
taken as not to cut into to the rebar structure. The blade angulations’ pointing to
healthy or hale substrate supports and enhances adhesion capacity of various repair
material. The blade degree is also determined by mortar’s aggregate size to protect
edge structure within the removal process.
Controlling the aboveground construction site while performing a cutting,
demolition or scarifying application differs substantially in its technical requirement
Fig. 3.82 a, b Concrete edge

precutting
to underground operations. This includes the area of foundation-footer cutting

(Fig. 3.83) or structural concrete removal techniques (Fig. 3.84) in high-rise base-
ments’, subterranean construction sites such as pedestrian, vehicular, rail and subway
tunnels, and in the interior of water dam or mining facilities, etc. Within an appli-
cation procedure these areas can or will be classified as a confined space.
Most often a subcontractor status exists to a general contractor which requires a
combination of, traffic, general construction safety, additional trade logistic con-
trols and advanced environmental application technologies such as for instance
water filtration and recycling procedures. Hydro-cutting, scarifying–roughening or
demolition applications may depend on specific structural circumstances requiring
an impact-vibration less, atmospheric non volatile, heat-less and explosion proof
procedure avoiding all water pooling, saturation and rubble or waste accumulation
possibilities.
Concrete cutting or removal applications will test a subcontractor and con-
tractor’s ingenuity with every assignment involving multiple trades. Backhoes and
bobcats are employed to excavate exterior foundation of soil, creating a cavity
large enough to facilitate the necessary movement for operator and high-pressure
water tooling. This includes creating a designated area for accumulating debris-
rubble and a 17 amps or equivalent submersible float-actuated trash pump with a
capability of transferring four times per minute the water generated within an
application criteria. It is prudent to include a backup source proficient to function
independently and under any mitigating-unforeseen circumstance. The hydro-vac
Fig. 3.83 Foundation-

cutting
Fig. 3.84 Structural concrete

cutting
vacuum system accomplishes with various hose diameter’s (200 to 1000 ) the flexi-
bility to retrieve or keep free of water accumulations, small and difficult to reach
interior locations, areas and cavities. The precise determination of vacuum hose
size, hydro-blast and UHP equipment and/or tool necessities can only be estab-
lished when the structures aggregate size (rock and rubble) and the physical
volume in their location are determined.
A contractor wishing to operate in an excavated, more than 40 deep interior–
exterior trench must also provide a qualified competent person continuously
enforcing the OSHA regulation 29 CFR 1926 which monitors and correctly
secures the trench location eliminating trench destabilization by heavy load,
vibration, water saturation, faulty equipment, etc. Under no circumstance can
water be allowed to seep into adjacent grounds. A multitude of secure trench
stabilizing equipment and pasting techniques (tar, foam, rubber liners) are applied,
supporting and covering the total interior cavity before a submersible pump is
placed below the application area. The pump’s discharge hose is connected to a
storage tank (roll-off box) which separates heavy debris and simultaneously dis-
charges water to a water filtration and recycling unit. When concrete cutting
applications are underway, tarpaulin procedures and a heavy steel plate will
protect the surroundings from jet’s directional impact and diffuse the high velocity
water or water-abrasive jet to the bottom of the cavity. Whenever possible, direct
abrasive jets velocity to the building’s exterior and do not load abrasive garnet
within the exterior cavity area. There is a variety of equipment available to affix
concrete cutting gear to footers, and walls, as there is a variety of successful
application criteria, where the shovel of a backhoe or bobcat is applied to securely
mount and stabilize equipment. Most importantly, the nozzle standoff distance to a
concrete surface should not exceed 00 . A standard cutting operation on a foun-
dation reinforced with rebar measuring 20 in width should produce a minimum cut
of 60 –80 linear feet per hour. Hydro-cutting precise squares into reinforced concrete
slab-flooring can be achieved using a four-wheel cart mounted with jets angled at
15. Jets are guided by a form or straight-edge in smooth repetitious movements.
The depth of the cut should not exceed 00 below the rebar structure. Once the cut
has been achieved, the process is finalized by impact hammer. Use caution, the jet
must not break through the concrete base as this will result in subsoil tunneling.
Ground-flooring and hydro-cutting procedures can be cumbersome (tunneling
effects) when compared to diamond blade cutting methods. Some manufacturers
claim superiority in this specific application. Physical circumstances surrounding
water jet technology simply do not yet support such claims.
In spite of existing controversies, hydro-cutting plays an invaluable role when
working within volatile environments such as refineries, explosives and weapons
industries, mining, marine industries, or flour and coffee mills, etc. where devel-
opment of heat, gases and sparks could be truly problematic. By nature, debris
accumulations consist of water, abrasive garnet and fine structural material (hydro-
abrasive cutting), generally resulting in a simple refuse recovery process versus the
hydro-blast or UHP concrete demolition applications where aggregate rubble of
various size demands an exacting removal criteria.
Starting in early 1970 the need to repair structural concrete facilitated the
development of heavy concrete demolition, then identified as hydro-demolition.
This in turn provided the technical parameters, psi–gpm requirements and calcu-
lations for various substrate removal and roughening procedures. In considering
most technical variances for a nozzle configurations utilizing up to 600 hp pump-
drive capacity; nozzle design, gpm–psi performance with varying stand-of dis-
tances to the rebar enforcements and beyond was established.
The steel cutting method is derived from earlier design technologies for bridge
pylon cutting applications (1967) incorporating the ability to perform the cuts
through their existing rebar structure simultaneously utilizing abrasive concrete
cutting heads. This capability was introduced to construction sites where bridge
expansions were deemed necessary and later on bridge piling where a base
deterioration required repair.
Today, available hydro-tools enable us to cut concrete and rebar structures, or if
desired, remove concrete only, exposing the cleaned rebar in a fully-anchored
position, creating no micro fractures within in the substrate’s anchorage. Pylon

cutting is achieved through the use of a concrete-cutting head, utilizing a water
abrasive mixture at 10,000–36,000 psi, 8–38 gpm. Cutting head design and per-
formance capabilities vary as to manufacturer’s experience-ability and pump
drives power range.
Depending on an encountered application the necessary garnet volume can
range from 50 to 200 lb per hour. A copper slag grit of 1 mm works well. Col-
orado or California silica is usable and less expensive, but the actual cutting time
could increase up to 30%. When utilizing ideal technical conditions, a heavily-
reinforced 60 Ø bridge-piling is cut within 2.5 h.
The industry supplies hydraulic or air-driven running gear featuring a
metering device to control the forward drive similar to cutting tools applied in
pipeline cutting or welding operations. Equipment manufacturer pending, the
adjustable cutting speed can range 10 –200 per hour. When choosing a unit, one
must pay close attention to its attach-ability. Such units feature combinations of
vacuum, chains and other mechanical devices to accommodate various applica-
tion and fastening criteria. A well-designed abrasive water-jet will maintain its
tight formation while cutting through reinforced concrete. Experienced operators
adjust the forward cutting motion by recognizing the appearance of jet parting
the channel. A diffused or partially diffused jet indicates the drive speed is too
high and should be slowed to the point where diffusion appears minimal. If
logistically possible, install the unit above the cut to be performed, thus mini-
mizing soiling of unit’s hydraulic-air drive-chains, sprockets and general running
gear, etc.
Concrete removal applications are not so similar. The major difference being
the absence of abrasive material and the accumulation of waste aggregate which
requires effective removal, storage and transportation solutions. Aggregate size
differs as to the specific concrete function–application resulting in variable tech-
nical application solutions encountered with every jobsite. Adding various phys-
ical surface variations, job location and ever-changing environmental prerequisites
which include blast water recovery, filtration and recycling methods, the high-
pressure water concrete demolition–rehabilitation criteria differs in:
• No deformation or damage to rebar structure or its anchorage (Fig. 3.85a, b)
• Rebar corrosion removal to desired standards achieved within the aggregate
• No structural vibration, impact or abrasion damages
• Total avoidance of developing micro fractures and fissures in substrate
• More clear-cut measurable-estimating decree for load classification within the
demolition–restoration
• No dust development, correct application indifferent to aquatic environment
• Superior production times and gentler removal in comparison to all other
methods.
Hydro-trigger gun operations are equally common for various concrete removal
applications and are enhanced in today’s utilization of UHP tooling and sub-
sequent specific application techniques. When refurbishment is deemed necessary,
Fig. 3.85 a, b Corrosion free

rebars
steel railings and failing railing fixtures buried in possibly stress-damaged concrete
must be removed without further disturbing the surrounding aggregate. This is
manually performed with a high-pressure trigger gun at 10,000 psi and no more
than 8 gpm or a UHP trigger-gun applying 36,000 psi generating 3 gpm.
This effortless type of spot maintenance is of an advantage to general con-
tractors when considering that concrete tear resistance is improved up to 80%,
making this application ideal in difficult areas or on intricate concrete structures
(Fig. 3.86). An adequate horsepower requirement, combined with sufficient
accessories and tools will provide a dual gun capability found always advanta-
geous when high volume workloads are anticipated.
Effectively splash guarding the procedures, controlling various traffic situations,
removal of aggregate and fixtures from the jobsite, operating blast water recovery,
filtration and recycling equipment can be a complex mission and must be in detail
calculated and added to overall time and cost estimates, which are most always
competitive and more importantly less costly to the contractor than previous job
solutions and their methods. The industrial environment also requires mobile and
stationary guidance systems effectively offsetting nozzle or nozzle carriers recoil
forces with standard operating pressures ranging between 8,000 and 45,000 psi,
and can vary from 55 to 1,200 horsepower configurations.
Overall, the in depth desired demolition capacity depends on adequate horse-
power-input enabling a nozzle standoff distance to the concrete structure.
In opposition the ultra-high-pressure (UHP) water-jet or turbo nozzle facilitates a
controlled and quantifiable concrete removal application, working at comparatively
Fig. 3.86 Damage-corrosion

free
Fig. 3.87 Concrete jet mill
minimal water volumes, equaling a limiting but precise standoff distance with
substantial lesser horsepower inputs and trigger-gun recoil forces.
Apart from water volume applied, in required space (nozzle standoff distance);
a repetitive nozzle fixation to surface–substrate-interface is of utmost importance.
This is true for manual (body mechanics), automated and fixed mobile equipment
operations, guaranteeing a precise and repetitive concrete milling procedure and,
for this matter including constant and if necessary gentle surface cleaning methods
will always establish their business superiority and application competitiveness
(Fig. 3.87). This is especially obvious when competing for road, tunnel, and bridge
maintenance contracts, where it is an indispensable application facet. In the last
decade, surface cleaning, restoration and rehabilitation techniques developed and
found to be superior, financially most competitive and outperforming prior parallel
services and technologies in most areas.
Mobile equipment or better mobile and affixed nozzle carriers are the epitome
of precise and repetitive performances, guaranteeing set nozzle standoff distances
applying various horsepower inputs with varying forward, sideways and elevated–
vertical–overhead milling capacities. Some of the available equipment is designed
for multipurpose application varieties, including surface cleaning, coating
removal, concrete surface roughening–profiling and demolition, or the cleaning,
coating and corrosion removal on steel surfaces.
The construction industry is finally applying jet mills, which were designed
decades ago and successfully tested in the field. General contractors found the
hydro-method enhanced adhesion 70–80% while out-performing all other concrete
removal techniques up to 70%. The process is dust-free and most importantly
differentiates between deteriorating and damaged concrete, eliminating further
operational mechanical influence, especially significant when concretes
Fig. 3.88 a, b, c, d Scarifying concrete
compressive strength and integrity falls below 5,000 psi. Loosened material is
swept up and removed by a standard street cleaning machine (vacuum-rotary
brush). Finer particles are then flushed by fire-hose and introduced to a water
recycling and filtration unit, resulting in ideal resurfacing conditions.
Bridge deck restorations require resurfacing of worn, deteriorated or cracked
and/or blistered decks, and can include preparing the structures sidewalks, railings
and buried fixtures. Generally the removal depth of such deteriorated surfaces is
between 00 and 00 but can vary to a 100 layer on older structures due to many
past repair procedures. The required specification and at will manipulated surface
roughness varies between job site and is subject to product specifications in the
resurfacing phase.
This is today considered a straightforward application criterion and is most
often performed with a mobile self contained unit. Operating pressure on a truck or
tractor mounted traversing jet mill is between 10,000 and 43,000 psi at gpm
performance required by traversing nozzle carrier design (Fig. 3.88a–d scarifying
concrete).
Equipment square footage performance varies by design and horsepower input,
and can be between 400 and 950 ft2 per hour depending upon cover deterioration
and depth performance requirements. Sidewalks and other confined, narrow or
inaccessible areas are scarified using a manually operated jet mill in combination
with hydro-blast or UHP trigger-gun operations. These units have the capability of
scarifying or product removal within 200 of the curb, preventing damage to insu-
lation and maintaining the curb profile in its entirety. Manually operated units
feature large pneumatic tires, allowing for a smooth roll-off performance and, in
doing so, achieving a controlled nozzle standoff distance. This operation requires
protective skirting procedures (mobile) within jet mill’s and trigger-gun vicinity,
keeping barricade costs to a minimum. The preparation of new concrete road decks
(Fig. 3.86) by profiling a semi cured concrete substrate to a desired product
specification can require a close or sometimes stepped procedure between surface

prep crew and company installing the required system. Often concrete’s internal
specified humidity must be maintained requiring moisture barrier procedures while
in the profiling process. Temperature, curing, shrinkage and drying times of var-
ious product systems within a new installation procedure must be controlled.
Maintaining a concrete’s correct moisture content can also be of importance when
repair or structural expansion procedures are undertaken.
To update or increase bridge load qualifications, contractors may be required to
remove concrete aggregate below the second rebar structure on all load essential
areas such as bridge decks and bridge heads. Once this is completed, rebar matting
is added, gaining required tonnage. When the original pre-stress qualifications of a
bridge are in jeopardy, mechanical removal methods (impact-hammer) have pro-
ven to be inadequate. Vibration deformation and expansion of rebar metal cannot
be permitted. Light weight tractor-mounted deep scarifying units are readily
available, operating at 20,000 psi, to 45 gpm, cutting to a depth of 400 per passage,
producing approximately 14 square yards per hour removal rate and cleaning
simultaneously the rebar structure to S.A. 2.5, and in most instances eliminating
final sandblast procedures. Most importantly, before, and while in a structural
rehabilitation, expansion, or load increase process, a consistent assessment and
fluid analysis, determining the repairs influences on the structural integrity within
the demolition, repair and the final new product installation process must be at all
times guaranteed. To do this it always includes the control and precise estimate of
the additional weight introduced by the hydro-blast equipment and support
equipment, shifting weight classification by tractor trailers loading concrete refuse,
and considering the vacuum-trucks utilized to perform the final cleanup which are
always exceedingly heavy due to concrete-water weight, possibly one-sided gen-
eral traffic loads, and the loss of unforeseen or miscalculated weight-bearing
integrity due to concrete removal, especially during times of possible seasonal
frost, etc. This safety criterion demands a very close and effective relationship
between subcontractors, contractors, engineering and department of transportation.
Overall, when removing failed concrete by the hydro-demolition method
(Fig. 3.88) an up to 75% savings in time, labor and equipment expenditures can be
realized. Adhering to all OSHA safety regulations, stressing adequate scaffolding,
tarp procedures effectively controlling water, concrete refuse flow, including
barricades and traffic controls are all areas where added efficiency is realized.
When scarifying bridge heads and bridge side walls the various tractor-mounted
units are equipped with an overhanging robotic and adjustable fixture accommo-
dating a vertically-positioned jet mill. Utilizing this method eliminates the erection
of scaffolding, but requires tarpaulin procedures to protect traffic and the
employment of water recovery and recycling-filtration procedures. A removal
performance criterion requires approximately 14,000 psi at 34 gpm producing a
scarified area of 1700 -linear 1700 -width 1000 -depth and is accomplished within three
8 h shifts.
Within this application field, cement wash, bituminous products, general paints
and epoxies are often removed in specific areas with a, 15–20 fan nozzle at
approximately 11,000 psi, at 6 gpm. Concrete will destruct at about 12,500 psi;
11,000 psi is the recommended applicable pressure. At this given psi–gpm per-
formance, an area of approximately 300 ft2 can be cleaned per hour. Suggested
tool choices for this application are hydro trigger-guns, turbo or spin jets and jet
cars. With these available tool configurations, applied wet and dry abrasive blast
methods removing contaminants-products or to prep a concrete surface (profiling)
becomes obsolete. The low-fluid volume, high pressure system configuration
delivering its velocity by means of a qualified fan jet will not attack a concrete
substrate surface but allows an absolute cleaning method in porous depth. Hard-
ened epoxy coatings often lack strong adhesion to a concrete base. Spin jets, jet
cars and turbo jets are the ideal equipment for this job. With older structures, the
possibility exists that concrete surfaces cannot withstand volume–pressure
requirements to penetrate and remove acrylic products. In such circumstances, try
a lower volume nozzle at 3 gpm and 11,000 psi. Again, to clean surface areas, spin
jets and turbo nozzles at lower volume configurations are the most effective. If
paint adhesion cannot be broken below the compressive tensile strength of a
concrete–coating interface, the hydro-abrasive method may be a gentler procedure.
Protecting interior and exterior concrete surfaces in various industrial envi-
ronments is a common prerequisite. When applying today’s modern coating sys-
tems it requires a proper surface preparation, providing proper coating adhesion.
Up to 80% of all coating failures are due to inadequate surface preparation and
cleanliness. A service provider specializing in and delivering an ideal surface
condition is well advised to be aware of customers future intentions for the sur-
faces he treats. When a following coating procedure is concluded and premature
coating failure occurs his past services will be the first to be investigated.
Appropriately recording the applied job specifications and results are important, as
is maintaining the results in an orderly fashion to be recalled at any time. The best
defense is to educate a customer as to the merits of a correct coating application.
Work should not be performed on rainy or foggy days and temperatures below
50F if not otherwise specified. Concrete structure has cured at least 30 days at
material temperatures of 75F plus, and a surface pH value should be between six
and eight. Concrete must be free of moisture, meaning that concrete seldom drops
below 15% in its structure. Past concrete enhancement or treatment such as
hardeners, sealers, form-release agents, curing compounds must be compatible
with coatings or removed. This removal process is a hydro-blast job description.
Identify and provide coating manufacturer’s surface profile requirement for best
results. Apply various test patches and perform pull-off tests. Given the nature of
widely differing concrete surface appearances and unknown conditions such as
deep-seated contamination, chemical imbalance, friability, roughness, porosity and
unidentified permeability can be principally limiting to coating performances in
adverse conditions, as well concrete surface applications and high-pressure-water
tooling will vary substantially. Competitors within the field will utilize milling
equipment (cutting teeth on rotating drum), flame blasting, needle gun equipment,
scarifying with rotating disc, shot-blasting and vacuum recovery, acid etching and
steam cleaning, or wet and dry abrasive blasting also with vacuum recovery.
Concrete cutting, scarifying, surface preparation, demolition and restoration

Address:
Web site:
e-mail: City: P.O. Box:
State: Zip Code:

Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:
Job Description:
Blistered bridge decks: Parking lots:
Bridge heads: Intersections:
Bridge pylons: Sidewalks:
Foundation-footer: Steel railings:
Stress damaged building: Railing fixtures:
Brick building: Concrete slabs:
Concrete flooring: Building facades:
Cured epoxy: Other: Other:
Overall cutting depth and width: Overall square footage to be serviced:
Overall material volume to be removed: Other:
Existing structural damages: (explain) Safety procedures: (explain)
Spot demolition: Acid treatment: MSDS:
Spot scarifying: Acid neutralization:
Spot cleaning: Confined space:
Blast water available: Surface pH:
Blast water dischargeable: Other:
Equipment: Jet car, spin jets, turbo nozzle, jet mills, deep scarifying unit, whirl disk:
Roll Off-Box: (Water tight)
Ultra high-pressure pump: psi-gpm
Roll Off-Box: (Vacuum)
Hydro-demolition equipment: psi-gpm
Water filtration and recycling:
Concrete cutting head: Vacuum truck: (CFM? Mercury?)
Abrasive cutting head: Steel plate: (Specify Size)
UHP, trigger-gun-nozzle: Abrasives: (lbs) Specify grid size: ?
Hydraulic air gear assembly: Barricades:
Magnet-vacuum base assembly: Protective skirting:
Vacuum-jet-recovery: Surface profile-roughness gauge
Flash rust inhibitor:
Rust converter:

Itemize further equipment, safety gear, expendables, labor time, equipment times, etc.:
Environment: Industrial Commercial Residential
Today each and every one method has disadvantages to a high-pressure water
application, especially in the area of cleanliness, treating fungus, molds and dis-
solving or removal in depth of soluble contaminants.
Environmentally producing the smallest footprint with least of all possible air
contamination, safest application performance in most volatile industrial and
marine environments, no impact, spark-flame-heat or mechanical shock
development, and most often a surface friendlier product removal procedure

within a tremendous time savings criterion are hydro-blast application advantages.
The fundamentals of surface preparation, cleaning and coating-concrete are well
explained in publications offered and provided by SSPC the society for protective
coatings.
3.7 Wet–Dry Vacuum Applications, Dredging, Emulsifying

Sludge, Gravel Cleaning, Dust-Refuse or Bio-product
Loading, Transfer or Removal of Industrial Product,
Hydro-excavation, Pumping Fluids
Waste product disposal and/or product–material recovery by utilizing the non-

destructive, cold and spark free vacuum technology which includes transferring
volatile-flammable products in unpredictable areas and confined spaces is an
expertise developed for sewer cleaning and sewer waste recovery by WOMA corp.
1958 (Fig. 3.89). The equipment is powered by a straight-thru or ring-jet vacuum
pump producing commercial and/or industrial performance, operating between
18 and 600 hp.
This robust application variety, ease of vacuum hose manipulation, diversity of
accessories and jobsite accessibility is this equipment’s obvious advantage.
Superior material transfer capability in height and distance, equipment limited
volume and weight, providing an unmatched disaster clean-up potential due to
power and water source indifference especially when combined with a water
filtration–recycling capability and the constant transfer of static electricity, which
is so menacing to the industrial vacuum truck industry, etc. are further motivating
facts to utilize a hydro-vac wet–dry mod system.
Comparable in operational intent and basic technical function to the common
shop-vac or, if so desired, to the high-capacity industrial vacuum truck (Fig. 3.90).
Their major difference lies in a lesser application versatility and subsequent
variety.
Fig. 3.89 Ring-jet vacuum

pump
3.7 Wet–Dry Vacuum Applications, Dredging, Emulsifying Sludge, Gravel Cleaning 343
Fig. 3.90 Industrial product

transfer system
The Hydro-trenching, excavation of buried infrastructure, pot-holing for fence

and utility poles and the directional drilling of test holes etc. has found its market
by utilizing industrial vacuum trucks hydraulically manipulated hose-pipe boom
assembly which incorporates the high-pressure water nozzle fixture, enhancing soil
breakup and flow characteristics as previously performed with various sewer
cleaning equipment. The absence of static electricity and physical damage by
excavating equipment to concealed gas, water, fiber optic, electrical general utility
infrastructures, vulnerable especially when space, size and ground restrictions are
present is circumvented (Fig. 3.91). Hydro-trenching is safer and more cost
effective than operating mechanical excavation machinery or manual digging
procedures. Trenching can be dramatically enhanced when supported by 3=800
hydro-lance assembly utilizing round jet or turbo nozzle equipment up to 2,500 psi
2.5 to 5 gpm. Various hydro-tools can greatly support a controlled soil removal
capacity when trenching.
Fig. 3.91 a, b Hydro-

trenching vacu-crown
Fig. 3.92 Jet-pump, product

separator-tooling
A site related qualified pre-job meeting considering possible site restrictions

and permits, pedestrian and vehicle safety, possible overhead–underground danger
(electricity-buildings, etc.), qualified shoring of trenched structure, soil conditions,
dewatered soil dump site and procedures, adequate water management, recording
of soil removal productivity and the signing of the pre-job meeting as well as the
signing of the tailgate meeting paperwork are all basic job necessities.
Jet-pumps are utilized as high velocity liquid transfer pumps, high volume
solids-product transfer-loading equipment, and as a vacuum compressor energiz-
ing a vacuum roll-off box container providing wet or dry mode functions incor-
porating product separation and air filtration for the pump air intake. All three
methods differ only in placement of jet-pump job location, horsepower input,
vacuum performance and subsequent creation of airflow-volume throughout a
rigid-mobile pipe or hose assembly.
The shop-vac utilizes an electric energized fan-impeller to create its vacuum,
the power for commercial–industrial vacuum trucks is derived from an engine
driven gear or fan blower, whereas the hydro-vac wet–dry system develops its
power via the jet vacuum-pump.
Product separation, filtration in removing materials or products from the
transporting airflow is described at best as similar. For instance, an 18 hp pressure
washer will power its vacuum-pump, which in turn utilizes created air-vacuum
energy to shop-vac like accessories (Fig. 3.92) and debris collection in a container.
The 18 hp vacuum-jet systems differ only in physical size, being larger and
sturdier. The main difference between them lies in application versatility, due to
creation of max-vacuum and higher-airflow performances.
Fig. 3.93 a, b Tractor, vacu-

roll-off box
The jet pumps ability to create near absolute vacuum independent of altitude
(29 mercury or 10 m water column) subsequent high velocity air movement in
hose assemblies, pipes and vacuum tanks prompted hydro-manufacturers and
contractors to develop an array of material handling applications.
Some of the more common applications are sludge removal in digesters,
dredging of settling ponds, fly-ash, talcum, refractory and coal dust removal in
refineries, power plants, bunker-seed removal in ship and barge product holds.
The vast application variety requires differentiating and recognition of three
applicable hydro-vac systems, including the performance capabilities of pressure
washers at 18 hp and hydro-blast units from 25 to 600 hp.
Hydro-vac dry mode operations above 100 hp generally feature a cylindrical or
square vacuum roll-off box (Fig. 3.93) situated stationary on-site (10–60 yard) or
truck trailer mounted (roll off box) with a hydraulically operated dump-gate, liquid
discharge valve and interior primary and secondary water-misting system con-
trolling volatile atmospheres and can feature a simple secured explosion relief
venting system.
Cyclone and configurations are found between the vacuum box and vacu-jets
suction orifice, separating remaining airborne particles. When volatile products,
areas and confined spaces are encountered the filtration unit can be placed and
employed offsite or outside in safe distance connected to vacuum box by pipe-hose
assembly only. The contamination by airborne particles of the vacu-jets drive
water can further be prevented by utilizing a mobile air scrubber unit which in turn
permits the reuse of water by the hydro-pump system. This added mechanical air
scrubbing is crucial, especially when powder-like or flammable gaseous products
are transferred.
Caution. Be aware of suspended dust-like products and/or their environment
which may be highly flammable or explosive not only under normal operating
conditions but especially as a secondary combustible dust emission source due to a
primary minor explosion, earthquake, wind swept situation and/or manufacturing-
equipment failure, producing a series of deflagrations or shock waves resulting in
fugitive suspended dust fuels. Besides being accidental, these situations are more
often found in industrial facilities which do not maintain a housekeeping program,
addressing periodically the cleaning of vertical and horizontal areas, such as on top
of pipes, beams, ledges, production facilities, etc.
OSHA identifies the potential of six major combustible dust sources:
Agricultural product as egg white, milk powder, soy–wheat–wood flour, various
starch and sugar powders.
Agricultural dust as in coffee, corn, cotton, potato, rice, grass dust, etc.
Carbonaceous dust as in charcoal, coal, coke, cellulose, soot, etc.
Chemical dust as in sulfur, sodium stearate-ascorbate, ascorbic acid, calcium
stearate, etc.
Metal dust as in, aluminum, bronze, iron carbonyl, magnesium, zinc, etc.
Plastic dust as in, poly-ethylene, acryl-amide, epoxy resin, phenolic resin, urea–
formaldehyde, etc.
In operation hydro-vac systems do not develop a volatile heat source and by
nature continuously discharge static electricity generated while transporting
products-dust throughout a vacuum system (friction). This does not mean that
equipment must not be connected to an OSHA approved ground point guaran-
teeing a continuous grounding path on-site or in every unit identified by customer.
Continuously misting dust suspension and concentrations is achieved with low
volume nozzle elements, strategically placed within a vacuum hose assembly,
vacuum pickup tools, vacuum box-container and cyclone filtration unit. Employ-
ing this high velocity air moving vacuum equipment is especially effective in
industries where the potential for combustible dust explosions and fires exist.
This includes industrial bag-house interiors, coal storage facilities and their
conveyor tunnels, fossil fuel power plant equipment and storage, sawmill envi-
ronment and storage, bakeries equipment and storage, grain handling equipment
and silos, milk evaporation towers to mention a few, all belong to the hydro-
dry-vac application palette. Application techniques, as always, will vary with
adequate product specification, consistency and their location. When extensive
horizontal and vertical vacuum hose distances are required, vacuum hose suction
orifices are fitted with high-velocity air nozzles to accelerate the movement of the
material and provide adequate air-product ratio. Always consider the necessity of
respiratory devices. When an acceleration of product removal time is possible
(materials permitting) a vacuum hose manifold is installed, adding yet another
operator. An 800 vacuum hose is then reduced to two 400 hose ends, bearing their
required accessories.
Wet mode applications represent pulling gravel, liquid, or moisture-saturated
products through a vacuum hose into a vacuum box. Product introduced to the
low-velocity area of a vacuum box forces adequate product separation from high
velocity air, permitting the bypassing of cyclones, and more importantly, the bag-
house assembly. This eliminates possible friction losses due to vapor saturation of
filter cloth coverings.
Most hydro-vac systems feature a manually-operated slide for both dry and wet
mode operations. If adding 3–15% drive water to materials being removed does
not constitute a problem or challenges the job objective, the direct application of
the vacu-jet can be highly successful. The vacu-jets nozzle velocity is utilized to
slurry product, in turn, producing an adequate product viscosity, enabling the
operation of trash or transfer pumps and therefore increasing the possible product
transfer distance.
Such product transfer processes are quite common, as are degassing sewers,
tanks, and vessels. Gaseous air is water-doused and then transported through hoses
and pipes to be released into a designated area or atmosphere. Vacuuming flam-
mable liquids and powders is safely performed due to the constant dissipating of
developing and potentially dangerous static electricity (friction).
Not only has the vacu-jet added application multitude to the power washing
industry, it has also further enhanced existing applications. All jobs present their
unique particulars. In operation, product behavior varies greatly throughout a
vacuum hose, filtration and hauling system.
To implement an equipment layout procedure maximizing and establishing the
conveying rate (tons/h), precise material information must be obtained from
potential customers to identify following:
Material: Bulk density: Viscosity:

(lb/ft3)
Aerated: Settled: Caked:
Sieve-granular analysis: (specify size Maximum moisture
and specific weight) content: %
Does material easily absorb moisture from air: Does material cause
abrasion:
Does material easily absorb moisture from water: Temperature of
material:F
Is material aggressive in regard to: Iron, steel,
aluminum, natural rubber, other:
Must special provisions be considered for toxicity,
volatile or explosive atmosphere:
Does material present any hazards to personnel:
Is material free flowing: Filtering and
collection of dust:
The vacu-jets commercial usefulness starts with a minimum 18 hp pump drive.

Necessary hp range is determined by job description, classifying product consis-
tency (mass, dry or wet, viscosity, specific weight), vertical and horizontal dis-
tances the product must travel between pickup and discharge point. The integrated
number of elbows, 45 and 90, determining the transfer vessels feed by gravity or
suction, and type of transfer vessel as tanker truck, railcar, vacuum roll-off box and
location, considering indoor or outdoor application or both etc. Reviewing a
hydro-vac operation one can refer to the interior vacuum hose diameter ([) as the
approximate reference point of pressure washer’s hp range: 200 [ is approx. 18 hp,
2.500 [ approx. 35 hp, 400 [ approx. 100 hp, 600 [ approx. 180 hp, or 800 [
approx. 300 hp.
Within any transfer process of sewage from a city digester it is important to

realize that slow-moving sewage water tends to separate from its bulk material
(snails-organics). If allowed, snails and other bulk materials cake or settle in areas
where physical friction or static pressures reduce the materials velocity. To avoid
caking or settling, bulk materials are constantly agitated by a low-volume, high-
velocity rotary nozzle situated close to discharge cone of the digester. If a rotary
nozzle cannot be adequately buried, or if free nozzle rotation cannot be guaranteed,
a sewer cleaning nozzle (1 9 4, at 45 to 90) affixed to a rigid lance can be forced
down through the top entrance of the vessel, enhancing the product movement in
the critical cone area. When movement toward the hydro suction orifice affixed to
tanks discharge cone has stopped, a rigid lance operation may becomes necessary
to achieve a slurry process converting sewage to flow.
Pump stations delivering digester sewage into drying beds sometimes fail,
calling for a dual hydro-vac-trash pump operation. An in-line hydro-vac injector
adequately destructs and accelerates sewage slurry to a degree that 600 to 800 [,
high-volume trash pumps affixed in series to a drag line can deliver products up to
3,0000 away; this eliminates trucking and other expensive work modes. Product
knowledge and product behavior in transfer processes must be understood and
properly recorded. Anyone involved in this industry will testify that job circum-
stances and product parameters are so diversified that generalization as to a job
bidding procedure is impossible. Prior to bidding, a physical inspection must be
made possibly requiring a tank or confined space entry permit. Correctly identi-
fying the product to be removed, its volume, adhesion and/or flow consistency,
as well as considering the vessels structure will enable the contractor to submit a
qualified bid.
It is sound practice to add ones own locks and markers to the customers valves
and flanges situated on the vessels supply and discharge lines, in doing so,
avoiding unauthorized operational changes.
If hot work (welding) is performed in the vicinity, make sure all pipes leading
to and from the vessel are adequately vented and free of gases. Flash explosions
have been numerous and are most commonly caused by people not connected with
the contractors’ staff. Spark-resistant pressure washers or hydro-blast units are
required and force the use of diesel fuel driven units. Most hydro-manufacturers do
not spark-proof their electrical systems, which is required when operating in
flammable and volatile areas (refineries, chemical plants, etc.).
Applying acid-proof mastics (silicone) to battery poles (+ -) and all other open
electrical connections is a must. Hydro-blast units or pressure washers operating in
volatile areas are grounded to protect against the possible development of static
electricity. A copper cable with a spike and clamp properly situated will provide
ground conductivity. The grounding of machinery must be extended to hydro-vac
pumps, hoses, venturi blowers and air compressors, in short, all machinery in use.
While in operation, a fire/safety watch must be posted on tank entries or vessel
manholes. To reduce contamination possibilities by traffic relating to a vessel
especially following a crew’s shift change, create a step in–out area for all
involved. In the bidding process, consider the added cost of safety procedures and
necessary safety gear. Air monitoring devices such as draggers, gas meters, venturi
air blowers and fans are important assets, as are air gear, face masks and standby
emergency air units (egress systems). Top-entry harnesses, belts, ropes, low-
voltage explosion-proof lighting, lots of fire extinguishers (situated by machinery
and manholes), steel-toed boots, extra rain gear, duct tape, rubber gloves, and ear
protection are major expenditures. Further costs can be accrued in the categori-
zation and hazardous recognition of a product. The distances to hazardous dump
sites, transportation permits, adequate quantity of licensed dump trucks, dump site
fees, and taxes should not be overlooked.
Consider the hydro dry-vac method a natural. Under load, gear blower-operated
trucks can and will create tremendous heat on gear surface area and muffler
exhaust systems (units built prior to 1990), creating a fire hazard when oil products
or flammable vapors are present in the vacuum box. Furthermore, heavy, gooey
products tend to cake in vacuum hoses creating a slowdown of the necessary
airflow, subsequently reducing product movement. This effect, combined with a
60% maximum vacuum performance on gear blower-operated vacuum trucks,
causes a slowdown in product movement (prior to 1990). In comparison, the vacu-
jet pump operates under load at a 95% constant vacuum (close to the theoretical
limit), therefore developing a much higher air velocity in vacuum hoses when
products cake or present a high-viscosity factor.
Oil and fuel tanks, 1500 –3000 in diameter (Ø) may feature steam coils affixed to
the floorboard or ceiling float mechanisms, hampering the operators free move-
ment and as such, complicate cleaning efforts.
Squeegees are practical tools in efforts to move the product to the vacuum hose
orifice, which preferably is situated at the lowest area of the vessel. Caked, sticky
products that adhere to tank bottoms and walls may be jetted off and slurred. Most
flammable vapors are rendered harmless when doused and cooled while passing
through the jet pumps water cylinder. When applying light oils or diesel fuel as a
blast medium, oil, tar and bunker seed products are returned to the production
process. Hydro trigger-guns with a lance extension incorporating fan nozzles at a
maximum of 1500 psi operating pressure are sufficient to remove and slurry the
most stubborn petroleum bulk materials. If diesel fuel is used, try to keep the
nozzles submerged in the product, limiting fuel atomization. Generally, pump
packing will soften with the extended use of diesel fuel and should be exchanged
before a high-pressure water cleaning application is performed. Converting piston
pumps to this type of operation requires technical safety procedures, which
includes installing adequate pressure regulators and safety valves, engine rpm
control to guard against over pressurization, etc. To avoid unnecessary friction loss
in vacuum hoses, the truck vacuum box should be as close to the work area as
possible. A low-volume nozzle attached to a vacuum hose orifice, which in
operation meters minute amounts of fuel to waste-airflow, lessens friction between
the product and the vacuum hose liner. Corrugated low-cost vacuum hoses, most
commonly applied by contractors, have their advantages in that they offer higher
flexibility, lighter weight, and lower cost; however, their inherent and excessive
friction losses render them useless in this application.
The mere presence of a vacu-jet pump on the job site will promote a sub-
conscious effort by the labor force to apply the unit whenever possible, stimulating
the further development of applications.
When hydro-blasting, water and scaled materials can accumulate in the bottom
of industrial vessels in particular when outgoing or incoming lines are situated
below the water runoff point when, as for instance, the accumulated scaled
materials in refinery tower tray cleaning applications are performed which can
hamper the final cleanup procedure. Under these circumstances, employ a 200 or 300
vacuum hose, incorporating a vacu-jet within the available Hp range. The dis-
charge hose is situated at an area where the accumulated blast water may freely
separate from the scaled materials. Very often, materials are so minute or physi-
cally diminished that the vacu-jets discharge medium is directly delivered by
sewer system to the sewage treatment plant. The hydro-vac pump also provides
enough velocity to create a fluid drag sufficient to transport suspended materials
through a sewer system.
As cooling towers accumulate vast amounts of lime and silt sedimentation in
their low-velocity areas, a 38 gpm vacu-jet can directly slurry and move the
product into the operating high-velocity channel (6,500 psi at 98% vacuum-
efficiency). In this case, disconnect discharge hose from the hydro-vac pump and
submerge the pump directly into the main water channel (fasten). This will result
in the acceleration of the channels overall water velocity, enhancing further
movement. A 400 [ 1500 smooth suction hose will reach all low-velocity sections
of a cooling tower. The cooling towers water velocity will transport most of the
bulk materials to settling ponds, thus eliminating the excessive cleaning cost when
general plant-tower shutdowns are imminent. Always start cleaning procedures on
the towers’ water discharge side; this eliminates the possible slowdown of loos-
ened materials by existing product obstructions, therefore keeping the overall
water velocity at its highest possible level. Safety procedures should be concen-
trated to the adequate use of protective clothing. Excessive contact to lime will
result in skin irritation (diluted lime as well). The vacuum hose operator should
never enter the unit without a safety harness and secured lanyard. He must be
physically and optically controlled by a safety man situated in the towers entrance,
who is, at all times, in visual contact with the hydro-units operator. The tower’s
water velocity is regulated and therefore, provides manageable working condi-
tions. To harness recoil forces always fasten the vacu-jet securely. If company
safety procedures permit, emergency communication can be established via an air
horn (overpowering sound levels of air props and hydro-blast units). Cleaning
scrubber tanks, autoclaves and grinders, large rocklike formations must be broken
down. A hydro-blast trigger-gun with a 50 rigid seamless stainless steel extension
lance, bearing a straight jetting nozzle is utilized to effectively break refuse
accommodating interior diameter of a vacuum hose in use, thus allowing the
material to pass to an open dump box (8,000 psi +).
By adding a velocity diffuser box to the vacu-jet pumps discharge barrel the
delivered material is further demolished by the subsequent impact on the diffuser
plate (up to 300 ft/s). This practice permits the loading of open watertight dump
trucks fitted with a water overflow valve.
After loading is completed the remaining excess water is pulled to the material
surface, avoiding sloshing due to truck operation. Specific weights of the materials
being transferred must be heavier than water and preferably non-solidifying,
keeping discharged water contamination to a minimum. When standard vacuum
trucks are not available, the diffuser box most definitely enhances contractors
application capabilities.
When sewer–pipe cleaning applications are performed, culverts, sumps, catch
basins are designed and intended to become sewage traps (Fig. 3.94). To remove
trapped sewage debris the preferred equipment includes a waterproof dump truck
incorporating a vacu-jet pump (optional diffuser-box), and baffled discharge pipe-
valve assembly for the removal of excess water and a hydro-blast unit in tandem
responsible for the actual sewer cleaning process. Industrial contractors with
equipment can enter the pipe and sewer cleaning business utilizing the reduced
operating cost especially when the materials collected are generally minute in
volume. To accommodate movement of large debris it is important to apply a 290
lift capacity operating a vacu-jet pump and a 60 vacuum hose assembly. Con-
tractors performing this application repetitively may also consider purchase of a
vacuum roll-off box designed to incorporate the dry–wet mode hydro-vac method,
further enlarging their application capability. This should especially be of interest
when adequate hydro-blast units are already in service.
Industrial service companies, their owners and managers must come to the
realization that the hydro-vac systems capability will soon or later generate enough
capital to permit a purchase of the most advanced industrial vacuum truck
equipment; expanding the application variety.
Dredging accumulated sedimentation from ponds, settling ponds and neutral-
izing basins (Fig. 3.95), an application found in fossil fuel power plants, coal-
washing units, cement plants, railroad yards, fish hatcheries, etc., can enlarge a
contractors palette while avoiding financial expenditures. The necessary
mechanical gear in question is either a hydro-vac dump truck wet mode system or
a vacu-jet pump, which can also be affixed to a nearby slurry-collection tank or
pump station.
The slurry-collection tank may be incorporated with a hydraulic or air-driven
submersible sludge pump, which further transports sedimentation to any given
disposal site or necessary drying bed. The work method to be employed depends
on the vertical and horizontal conveying distances, where the vertical distance is
measured from the water-sludge surface level to the top inlet of dump truck or
vacuum roll off box and/or a pump station transfer vessel-tank.
All horizontal vacuum hose layout distances are measured from the suction
orifice of the vacuum hose-dragline, including the vertical rise from the pond base
to the water-sludge surface, where a flotation unit with an elbow from vertical to
the horizontal is located. Product viscosity, specific weight, purity, product
adhesion and bulk density factors will more or less determine the necessary
removal and transfer time.
Fig. 3.94 Truck mounted

Hydro-vac system
Bulk fly-ash and suspended lime products located below the water in visual
distance (up to 500 ) can quickly be removed by operating a manually-controlled
flotation device. The control of suction hose depth adjusted, ropes are utilized to
move systematically and in grid fashion the flotation assembly over the pond
base.
The buoyancy of the flotation unit must be above 900 lb when operating a 40 [
plus suction hose preventing excessive bobbing motion. A constant product
movement and greater product flow is achieved by adding a circular plate to the
suction orifice, beneficial when the product appears to be thin-layered or tends to
adhere to the pond base. Suction plate adhesion to the pond base is avoided by
adding high-velocity water channels, intended to attack harder mud formations
within the center of the suction orifice. Clogging induced by debris such as
sagebrush, rags, tin cans, wood, etc., is avoided by screening. The screen must be,
at minimum, four times larger in surface area than that of the hose diameter; the
screen mesh, however, must be slightly smaller. For instance, a 40 [ suction hose
orifice must be fitted with a 160 screen and a 3 0 mesh. When blockage occurs,
switch the injector to the off position, permitting the existing water-material col-
umn in the vacuum hose to back-flush, thus forcing the debris off the filter screen.
In general, sediments are somewhat suspended due to specific weight and water
saturation factor, prompting the start of a dredging operation at the deepest point of
the pond.
An avalanche-like product motion, enhanced by the negative water pressure
developing around the suction orifice, is a dredging characteristic. At this point of
operation, the suction hose affixed to a flotation unit is moved, as required, in the
direction of flowing material. Common industrial pond sizes allow a simple
Fig. 3.95 Job-report, fossil fueled power plant
three-man operation. The major importance lies in the systematic movement of the
suction hose throughout the pond area. A one-man vessel-flotation device fol-
lowing a grid outline, established by ropes, enhances control in murky waters. On
a further note, this method of dredging outperforms other practices in price, time
and labor intensity.
Ponds or settling basins often feature thin-layered liners constructed of asphalt,
clay, concrete, or rubber. Products turned solid, due to operational oversight,
evaporation or chemical reaction cannot be removed by the conventional method
which employs bag-hose, caterpillars or the like. Damage to the liner is avoided by
the use of the high-velocity, low-volume slurry method. Slurry nozzles come in
many variations and operate between 500 and 5,000 psi at 4–40 gpm.
The slurry product is best removed with a ring-vacuum injector, either oper-
ating a vacuum box, wet or dry mode (Fig. 3.96), or placed on an open dump
truck. To avoid the possibility of caking, product and physical behavior patterns,
especially when products are transported by a vessel, must be tested for viscos-
ity and setup times before (Fig. 3.97) high volume removal calculations are
performed.
Fig. 3.96 Lime pond, job-report
When cleaning, scaling, and preserving oil lube systems utilized for the oper-
ation of H2O compressors, main turbine bearings and blowers in refineries, power
and steel plants, the vacu-jet method is incorporated; however, under a different
applicable pretense. It has been found that the usual hot oil circulation and flushing
method applied by maintenance departments to rid oil lube systems of fine con-
tamination, scale and debris is inadequate, in particular after system repairs are
exercised (exchanging damaged bearings, pistons, sleeves, and filters).
In applying light oil as blast medium (heated turbine oil), the oil-jet impact and
high-velocity maintained throughout the cleaning procedure by the oil jetting
technique guarantees that the present scale and debris will not settle or remain in
the system’s low-velocity cavities. Available flex lances will accommodate most
pipe radiuses. Older oil lube systems may require minor modifications to fully
provide access to the pipe system.
The vacu-jet pump can be located at a distance providing vacuum power. The
flex lance vacuum feed unit is bolted or clamped to all strategically located pipe
flanges. Oil heating and vacuum container units including the oil filter component
are kept in the immediate vicinity to access of the oil lube system, preventing
unnecessary friction or temperature loss throughout. Necessary blast oils are
generally supplied by the customer’s maintenance department. The lighter the
weight classification of the blast oil (turbine oil), the higher the possible operating
pressure (up to 3,000 psi).
When flushing and cleaning open compressor gear-ends, lube oil storage tanks,
filters, and containers, maintenance departments must research system failure,
which is substantiated in collecting mechanical debris. It is a nice gesture to collect
and identify materials and, if possible, identify their locations. One will find
bearing parts, aluminum, brass, and metal shavings, gaskets, and filter materials.
With these efforts, maintenance engineers will be able to conclude their findings
more precisely. When cleaning, some materials will fully suspend, especially
when high-viscous turbine oil grades are employed. Positions and general loca-
tions of cavities, gears, sumps, bearing housings, and oil discharge-intake orifices
must be located and cleaned. The 00 flex lance with a 6 9 .039 9 45 nozzle
guided and secured in its travel by a 00 , 6-ft schedule 80 aluminum tube,
incorporated with a radius sufficient to fully reach (in its flex lance extension) the
total cavity area will do the job. Maintain a handful of flex lance tubes with a
variety of radiuses and a selection of 00 straight jetting lances (30 –60 ) with quick
couplers accommodating a selection of T-pipe fittings with adequate nozzles as
they will be necessary to reach all areas. Always start from the top of a unit
proceeding downward, including the final wipe-down. The standard spraying
characteristic of a water-jet fan nozzle is lost and appears defective when pumping
light oil through them; however, they still provide better area coverage than round-
jets (hard-hitters). While working above large compressors, tanks, or pipe
assemblies, oil overspray is probable. To avoid injury by falling or slipping,
concentrate on good footing procedures. When reusing blast oils, hydro-blast units
produced low fluid volume is of an advantage to the high volume hot oil flushing
procedure as a much smaller oil filter capacity is required. Filter surface area and
size (generally 3–5 lm) solely depends on required volume per minute, oil vis-
cosity, weight, debris concentrations and temperature. Customer maintenance
department or operations handbook will provide oil fluid specifications standard to
the cleaning procedure. Pricing in this application may be determined by
competitor’s high-volume flushing operations, translating to approximately three

times the hourly hydro-blast rate, which includes two operators.
Higher corrosion factors, synonymous with steel piping, require water, pref-
erably demineralized, as a blast medium. Working pressures up to 10,000 psi may
be necessary. After the scaling procedure has been completed, the vacu-jet system
is applied to rid the system of all water pockets and vapor. Once this is complete,
the pipe interior is preserved with an oil film applied by the flex lance, eliminating
further corrosion possibilities until the unit resumes its’ services.
Bacteria removal and general cleaning of rock and gravel formation in com-
mercial fish and spawning waters is generally considered a dredging application.
Water jets at ultra-high speeds form a constantly-moving semi-stationary liquid
piston in barrel, creating in its motion density the necessary vacuum (air velocity)
to transfer any conceivable substance at high speeds through its liquid formation,
resulting in a tremendous cleaning effect by the jet impact, velocity, and
turbulence.
This application is at its best when a correct rock and gravel separation from the
contaminated and silted vacu-jet water is accomplished. This is achieved by cre-
ating an adequate water runoff situation to physically retain the cleaned rock
material containing silt and turbid water.
Lake beds, rivers and container locations will determine the sites of the runoff
areas which are situated so as to permit the easy return of the cleaned rock material
to the original pickup site. The incorporated vacu-jet pump (minimum 400 [) with
a buffer box to protect the rocks from damage and permits a controlled gravel and
rock relocation, preventing excessive water turbidity. Recoil forces are largely
diminished by buffer box and therefore allow the semi-automated operation of a
rope-controlled flotation vessel, thus placing the gravel and rock materials in the
desired areas.
Faced with accumulated hot ashes in clinker grinder areas (found in fossil
fueled boilers or hot furnace products), as well as industrial spills where hot
burning ashes or liquids are in dire need of removal, the hydro vacu-jet pump is
converted to a ‘‘killer’’ fire-fighter that in its path extinguishes, cools and douses
products while relocating them to a secondary location. Hydro-vac injectors are
only to be employed when hot or burning product is water compatible in its dry,
wet or flame-combustible state. Any vacu-jet design is employable; however, all
must feature heat-resistant corrugated flexible metal hose technology on their
suction and discharge ports. Knowing that generalizations concerning this appli-
cation may result in a volatile or explosive situation, is it suggested that questions
are directed to qualified personal in specific field of product specialization.
Cold storage facilities and refrigerated work areas, found in food industries,
may utilize a vacu-jet system that permits high-pressure water cleaning methods,
yet contains and removes all waters and debris in its working path. A manually-
operated vacu-brush retaining a 15 to 90 fan nozzle in its belly is applied in
hard-to-reach areas. The mobile units are designed with the same principle in
mind; they hermetically contain nozzle overspray and return debris to a sewer or
hydro-vac container, thus challenging large floor plans with reasonably smooth
Fig. 3.97 a, b, c Job, evaporation pond, labor time sheet
surface construction. Manufacturers offer various new designs and applicable units
starting at 18 hp and can be gas or propane operated. All should feature a
dependable chemical injection system which applies soaps, detergents, light acids
and liquid disinfectants.
Resources. The primary national fire protection association (NFPA) regarding
standards related to the hazard of fire and dust explosions, NFPA 654, from the
manufacturing, processing and handling of combustible particulate solids, NFPA
Fig. 3.98 Vortex formation

in pump’s water supply tank
61, prevention of fire and dust explosions in agricultural and food processing
facilities, NFPA 484, standard for combustible metals, NFPA 664, standard for the
prevention of fires and explosions in wood processing and woodworking facilities,
NFPA 655, standard for the prevention of sulfur fires and explosions,
http://www.nfpa.org
See the safety health information bulletin SHIB 07-31-2005, combustible dust
in industry: preventing and mitigating the effects of fires and explosions,
http://www.osha.gov
When designing a water and/or vacuum tank for a multi use application is it
important to incorporate a possibility for various fluid draw capacities. Appli-
cation or pumps varying performances pending, the interior design criterion is
often insufficient, creating a possible vortex formation. This vortex formation
(Figs. 3.97, 3.98) can be especially responsible for confusion when trying to
solve or determine why high-pressure water hose assemblies excessively pulsate
or can be responsible for either a slow and/or sometimes explosive piston pump
failure. Havoc may also arise when product volume-flow estimates are
inconsistent.
Dry-wet vacu applications, dredging and emulsifying sludge, gravel cleaning, product transfer

Address:

Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:
Digesters: (city management) Culverts:
Digesters: Sumps:
Settling ponds: Catch basins:
Tanks, vessels: (industrial) Ponds, lakes:
Tanks, vessels:(ships, barges) Neutralizing basins:
Bag-house: (industrial) Conveyer tunnels:
Sewers: Grain silos:
Drying beds: Milk evaporating towers:
cooling towers: (industrial) Spawning tanks:
Scrubber tanks: Boilers:
Autoclaves: Cold storage facilities:
Other: Other:
Product: MSDS:
Sludge: Bunker-seed: Non-flammable vapors:
Fly-ash: Gravel: Sticky products: Viscosity:
Talcum: Liquids: Lime:
Coal dust: Organic snails: Silt:
Cement dust: Flammable vapors: Sewage:
Others: Others:
Tools: Flotation device:
In-line air, water: Vacuum box: (yards?)
Dry-wet mode:
Hydro-blast hose: (∅ and feet)
Specialized fire suppression system:
Vacuum hose: (∅ and feet) Spark/ember detection for suppression
Elbows: 45° 90°
activation:
Vacu-Jet: (∅ 2, 4, 6, 8 inches) Open dump-box:
Hydro-unit: (horsepower?) Diffuser box:
High velocity spin-jet: (slurry) Stationary, in-line pump, tank:
Sewer Cleaning Nozzle: (slurry-specify) High volume trash pump:
Rigid lance: Tank entry permit:
Vacuum brush: Air monitoring device:
Vacuum truck: Others:
Safety procedures:
GEAR - LIST Nr.

Address:
City: P.O. Box:

Web site:
State: Zip Code:
e-mail:
Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:

Equipment:
Plant location:
Expendables:

3.8 Duct-Work, Canopy-Hood Installation Cleaning, Acid-Sanitary Treatment 361
Fig. 3.99 1963 a, b, c US 1960 patent draft
3.8 Duct-Work, Canopy-Hood Installation Cleaning,

Acid-Sanitary Treatment, Cleaning-Chemically Treating
Pipe for Liner System Installation, Coating Interior ([)
Steel-Iron Pipe
The process of cleaning, chemically treating, or painting internal pipe surfaces [

(Fig. 3.99a–c), which include the interior duct surfaces of air conditioning sys-
tems, kitchen exhaust units, and general steel pipe-ducts, is an age-old application
made possible with the development of pipe and sewer cleaning nozzles powered
by water and/or compressed air. This application criterion eluded coating manu-
facturer and hydro-blast contractors alike (Fig. 3.100).
Today the necessary tool varieties such as tube–pipe–duct nozzle centralizers
(Fig. 3.101) supporting interior cleaning, sanitary surface treatments or interior
coating–painting applications after an acid and neutralizing procedure are readily
available from various sources and manufacturers enhancing application capabil-
ities. Remotely operated cameras and robotic transporters can be utilized in var-
ious support functions and are available on purchase or rental basis.
In the past, contractors, with a little self-help and ingenuity were able to utilize
this application criterion successfully providing specific and specialized services.
Nevertheless most interior pipe rehabilitation–restoration procedures are nowadays
performed with vertical and lateral lining systems, which after installation may
initially cure in place when forced onto the pipe wall by air pressure (6–12 psi).
The creation of a verifiable leak-free, in place, cured lateral pipe lining,
especially within the mainline junction portion depends on factors that include the
identification of pipe material, pipe wall contaminants and interior damage per-
mitting possible groundwater infiltration, necessary access and interior pipe sur-
face preparation techniques.
Fig. 3.100 1958 nozzle

patent draft, Germany
Fig. 3.101 Nozzle with tool

centralizer
The performance or adhesive quality of resins applied to an interior pipe surface

within a CIPP lining procedure depends on the correct identification of pipe
substrate, cleanliness and surface roughness-anchor profile. This is quite simply
achieved when clay, concrete or steel pipes are restored. The hot or cold hydro-
blast or industrial pipe jetting application supported by various detergents neces-
sary for typical grease and refuse accumulation removal and/or the utilization of
various specialty sewer cleaning nozzles, including employing centered rotary
nozzle carriers (Fig. 3.102) will quickly perform this requirement. Today PVC
drain and sewer pipe systems feature various polyethylene-polyurethane film
surfaces requiring a specific resin, which can be ISO polyester, vinyl-ester, silicate
and epoxy to warrant adequate adhesion. In any case, the industrial pipe and sewer
cleaning technique by hydro-blasting (hot–cold water) combined with today’s
available hydro-vac application diversity is the predominant tool combination for
prepping duct, pipe and utility drain lines before a coating or lining-sleeve product
can be installed. To understand this new application identity is it probably best to
study similar application criteria and its performance technology.
Location: Boeing Aircraft Company

Building 4-01 Wing Heating Area
Washington, USA
Fig. 3.102 3D Nozzle-tool

centralizer
Job Description: (Fig. 3.103)

Clean, remove rust scale, neutralize and paint concrete-lined sub-floor, steel
duct system (400 to 3200 [), a horizontal system with lateral side arms (app. 3000 )
supplying heated air throughout the aircraft wing paint shop.
The overall condition of the duct system had been such that during operation,
rust and accumulated debris contaminated the general building environment to the
extent that the installation of a new system seemed imminent. The present cor-
rosion, in multiple layers, led to this opinion and therefore triggered a contractor’s
involvement. The contractor offered to remove rust buildup, acid treatment and
neutralization of concrete and iron pipe, clean area, and paint coating procedures,
plus guaranteeing a long-term solution with a written 12-month warranty
(accepted).
Material and Equipment Requirements. 2000 , 100 fire hose, 150 hp hydro-
blast unit, 4000 , 00 hydro-blast hose, 6 9 1.5 mm [ pipe cleaning nozzle with
cable ear, 30-yard vacuum tank truck with 400 [ hydro-vac wet-mode system,
3000 –40 [ vacuum hose, airless paint spray unit (2,000 psi), 1000 airless paint
hose, 180 airless paint nozzle, mobile paint nozzle carrier (centralizer), respi-
rators, gloves, boots, rain gear, duct tape, four 1/800 steel cables (1000 each), two
cable ratchets, oxalic acid, sodium nitrate (rust inhibitor, neutralizer), tile-clad
paint and primer.
Procedures. The steel duct installed within the concrete sub-flooring appeared
very soiled and corroded. To remove all rust formations and debris throughout the
system and to provide an ideal penetration dwell time for the oxalic acid (applied
after cleaning), a pipe cleaning procedure utilizing the hydro-blast unit at
6,000 psi, 35 gpm combined with a 6 9 1.5 mm, 45 pipe cleaning nozzle was
engaged. Simultaneously, the hydro-vac unit in play with a 400 vacuum hose was
placed in the duct system’s lowest area to remove all arriving debris and water; in
doing so back flushing into the system was prevented. Once rust formations were
successfully removed, the duct system was completely saturated with oxalic acid
over a 15-h period to provide ample dwell time. By adding oxalic acid to the
hydro-blast unit suction tank, the 3,000 psi, 35 gpm nozzle velocities provided a
great mechanical jetting impulse which reached all corners and cavities of the
system. The following day, the employed hydro-vac unit removed the somewhat
diluted acid within minutes, followed by a thorough pipe cleaning procedure
Fig. 3.103 Boeing aircraft, job description
removing all remaining acidity. At this point, steel cables were attached to the
nozzle assembly and strategically placed to accommodate the upcoming paint
procedure. Utilizing the self-propelling forces the nozzle and high-pressure hose
assembly carried the steel cables throughout the pipe system which were detached
in 850 sections at every exhaust floor opening.
Before retracting the jetting hose-nozzle assembly, the cable ends were secured
to a steel bar and suspended above to prevent their disappearance into the pipe
system. To prevent rust film development during the drying process the jetting
water carried a 3% sodium nitrate consistency. Overnight, the available air-heating
unit transferred vast amounts of air (at 140F.) throughout the duct assembly,
Fig. 3.104 a, b, c Evaporative
dissipating the remaining moisture content; the pipe system was left in a warm,
ready-to-paint state. The paint procedure was started by applying primer
throughout pipe system. The cable attached to the centered paint nozzle carrier
enabled a smooth two-man operation. One operator was situated at the farthest
floor opening pulling the paint nozzle carrier, affixed to the cable, towards his
location. This facilitated the starting position of the paint procedure. The operator
in control of the airless paint sprayer and its respective high-pressure paint hose
then pulled the operating paint nozzle carrier toward his location. By passing three
times, section by section, the primer application was completed.
Important. Before the drying process sets in, suspend cables in mid-air of duct
systems [ by affixing a cable ratchet to a steel pipe centered across the opening of
the floor surface tightening the cable to a point that contact to pipe wall is elim-
inated, avoiding adherence to drying paint surfaces. As a result of operating the
wing heating system at 120F, the adequate drying of the primer was guaranteed.
Finally, three layers of paint were applied utilizing this technique. This elaborate
pipe–duct system forced painting all lateral side arms first with a smaller three-
pronged centered nozzle carrier before concentrating on the main air supply line.
Nevertheless, this is a simple application and should therefore be vigorously
considered by hydro or coating contractors, especially nowadays with ready
available tooling.
Cleaning equipment applied, and various cleaning techniques for HVAC sys-
tems are a knockoff technology derived from the hydro-vac, and pipe sewer
cleaning criteria. The technical components differ only in that the nozzle-hose
propulsion and cleaning medium are compressed air combined with the utilization
of high-capacity negative air machine systems producing various high velocity air
capacities incorporating a high efficiency particulate separation (0.03 lm) and
HEPA filtration technology with 99.97% efficiency.
Nevertheless the necessity to clean air duct systems differs substantially in that
generally bulk material or waste products are not the and fin-fan cooler removal
criteria. There are exceptions to the rule. Duct cleaning and mold remediation
entails cleaning of various heating–cooling components of forced air systems.
These components include the supply and return air ducts and registers, grills and
diffusers. In commercial–industrial HVAC systems, boilers, heat-exchangers and
chillers, heating and cooling coils, condensate drain pipes and drip pans, fan
housing and evaporative coolers–cooling towers, etc. (Fig. 3.104) are applications
of industrial nature.
Fig. 3.105 a, b, c HVAC

duct cleaning
Applications differ substantially in identification and classification as to the

need of a remediation-cleaning procedure (Fig. 3.105). Most often the indoor air
quality, high air humidity, mold, dust accumulation and pest infestation or a fire
hazard are the common denominator, especially when air intake filtration
requirements are not adequate. Also various environmental disasters, fire, storms
and flooding or manufacturing processes can have accelerated adverse effects on
air duct systems, requiring periodic cleaning intervals.
In office or commercial buildings such as airports, remediation is most often
performed at night to minimize occupational disruption of tenants and customers,
and minimizing potential contact to contaminants disturbed during an application
processes. Also, before a mold remediation occurs the course of growth must be
corrected before the cleaning or removal applications are initiated. Mold requires
moisture for growth, which is introduced most often by excessive humidity,
damage to the system itself and/or poor construction and can also be transferred
from interior surroundings such as infected carpets, drywall, wood, dripping–
leaking pipes, condensation, etc.
Residential and commercial contractor qualifications differ substantially as to
training, licensing and utilization of equipment. Professionals can be categorized
into four classifications:
1. Certified air system technician (ASCS) specialized in cleaning and restoration
of commercial and industrial HVAC systems which includes servicing process
exhaust and dust collectors systems.
2. Commercial and industrial ventilation system-mold remediation specialist
(VSMR) offering certified hydro-mechanical, filtration and microbial remedi-
ation (CMRS) developed by the American indoor air quality council.
3. The industrial service provider for cleaning boilers, heat exchangers, con-
densers, chillers, cooling towers, bag-house units and various filtration equip-
ment for modern industrial processes, where large quantities of airborne
Fig. 3.106 Roof exhaust fan

and duct structure
pollutants in various forms of particulate, gases, vapors, fumes, and mists are to
be removed. Air streams can be toxic and in concentrations often exceeding
safe level of exposure and can include the cleaning of plant production hard-
ware in commercial–industrial HVAC environments. These air filtration sys-
tems most often operate above 25,000 acfm and will be designed to a staggering
air volume requirement for specific manufacturing processes, as in cement
plant, fossil fueled power plants, steel mills, waste incineration, bio-fuel plans,
coal mills, ferroalloy production, etc.
4. Restaurant kitchen and cookery operations require a certified fire prevention
hood and exhaust duct cleaning process which is a periodic undertaking
especially where insurance, fire marshal-departments and law require quarterly
or biannual cleaning intervals. Times are determined by high-volume cooking
operations such as 24-h restaurant operations, charbroiling or chinese wok
cooking where stubborn peanut oil residual presents the most difficult removal
criteria, or a moderate volume cooking operation where duct system inspection
requires a semi annual cleaning procedures. Smoke or grease laden vapors
deposit their residue throughout hood and duct systems interior, including on
the lateral duct roof structure (Fig. 3.106), where fans, draft diverters, and oil–
grease collection systems must be cleaned to bare metal (NFPA 96, standard)
and may include the cleaning of possible leak and runoff areas on roof surfaces.
This also requires roof access and safety according to OSHA fall protection and
safety procedures. Accessing a duct system can only be considered when a
confined space entry procedure and its regulations are introduced. Safety
concerns must be rigorous especially in regards to faulty electrical wiring,
electrical lock-out procedures and identifying open drip-proof equipment not
adequately sealed for steam or water jet contact. This does initiate a correct
coverage-sealing procedure of all fixtures susceptible to moisture or water
intrusion guided by international fire, mechanical code and OSHA regulation
(electric socket, levers–switches–light fixtures, fan-motors, etc.). Preparation of
interior kitchen services is critical as is the job walk to identify possible
additional work, which can include grease traps and drains, floors, walls,
ceilings, cold and refrigerated storage areas and production equipment.
Equipment includes ovens, fryers, grills and storage racks, floor mats, etc.
Identifying a possible added workload can drastically alter preparations and
essential plastic covering (Fig. 3.107b) procedures.
Fig. 3.107 a, b, c Essential

plastic covering
A generalization for required tools are; FDA, EPA approved chemistry with
MSDS sheet always posted on customer’s premises, live microorganisms for
grease traps, cardboard wedges, spatulas, continuous plastic sheeting 12.50 by 2000
by 1.5–3 mil (rolls), duct tape, metal or plastic clamps, suction cups, short barrel
trigger-gun, acid-alkaline foam nozzles, various extra short wand extensions
offering quick couplers to trigger-gun and nozzle with a choice of 35 to 90
radiuses facilitating jet coverage on grease track channels and plenum areas,
chemical resistant non-marking high temperature–pressure hose (3/8), centered
high temperature Spin-Jets, and turbo-nozzles, various wastewater recovery and
filtration equipment including the necessary vacuum hose and shoe fixture, roof
access equipment and fall protection, warning signage as to cleaning activity,
waterproof electric lighting, flashlight and personal protective gear.
Adjustable pressures may range from 500 to 4,000 psi at 2.5–5 gpm hot 200F
and cold water.
Developing a quick effective and straightforward strategy to capture created
wash water within the cleaning process of filters, hoods and duct system is a
contractor prerequisite. The goal is to avoid all contamination of surroundings.
Applying water recycling-filtration and disposing of grease–waste products cor-
rectly will always be the dominating qualifying criteria. The installed plastic
Fig. 3.108 Hoods filter

component’s
Fig. 3.109 Ducts 3D

centralizer
protection sheeting must be able to withstand splash and water jet ricocheted and
simultaneously funnel all wash water to a collection barrel, possibly outfitted with
a sump–pump (10 gpm) permitting the direct disposal of wash water to an oil–
grease separation unit or filtration system which can be of an advantage especially
in remote or sensitive areas. Kitchen oil–grease waste is not of petroleum origi-
nation therefore requires more often only the capability and consideration of
customers adequate and legal waste water discharge curriculum.
The front or visible side of filter component’s (Fig. 3.108) and canopy surfaces
requires obvious and simple cleaning endeavors. The invisible hidden areas of a
duct system which are most likely also the low air velocity areas such as those
found especially behind filters, in grease filter track channels, the build up behind
plenum cavities or horizontal-lateral ductwork runs, in particular on multiple floors
will require a contractors full attention and capability. On multiple floors exhaust
systems laterals require access panels, every 100 –150 , which can be an added
business opportunity when offering the installation of NFPA approved panels.
When cleaning the main hood structure a direct contact to the fire suppression
system, its cables, linkages and fuses by caustic chemicals, high-pressure cold–hot
water jet or nozzle-wand is uncalled-for. A contact with this sensitive equipment
can possibly activate the fire suppression system. After job completion a final
wipe-down and cleaning of fire suppression nozzles and fixtures, including red
caps (nozzle covers) is permissible as is the reinstallation of caps by pressing them
gently on to the nozzle orifice. Cleaning, vertical–horizontal ductwork (Fig. 3.109)
also requires the removal of the roofs exhaust fan motor and hood structure. When
lifting the fan motor off its frame a physical restriction by the electric wiring must
be guarded against to avoid possible damage. Providing and installing a hinge kit
for the fan assembly circumvents a risky and cumbersome removal practice. When
first inspecting an exhaust fan as to its operational function and possible imbalance
Corrosion, fat-grease removal, chemically treating and painting (∅) of pipes, ducts and tubes
Customer & Company: Date: Job Nr:

Address:
Web site City: P.O. Box:

e-mail State: Zip Code:
Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:
Mud:
Sewers: Corrosion-rust:
Pipes: Mold: test: Specify:
Air conditioning-heating system: Bacteria contamination:
Kitchen exhaust units: Pests: Specify:
Duct work: Fats: Petroleum based: yes no
Roof unit Grease: “ “
Evaporative cooler-cooling tower: Oil: “ “
Carbon:
Others: Others:
FDA, EPA approved chemistry:

MSDS:
Pressure washer: hot-cold Acid:
Hydro-blast unit: hot-cold Rust inhibitors:
Pipe cleaning nozzle with cable ear: Caustic:
Vacuum truck: Detergent:
Hydro-vac system: Foam nozzle:
Vacu-box: Wand extensions: 35° to 90°
Airless paint spray unit: Cardboard wedges:
Paint hoses: Spatula:
Paint nozzle centralizer: Plastic sheeting: (visqueen)
Nozzle centralizer: Other chemicals or live micro-organisms:
Cables: Rags:
Other: Other: Specify:
3.9 Directional–Horizontal Underground Pipe Installations 371
which is in itself not necessarily a result of a grease accumulation, a contractor is

best advised to inform customer of this situation, which may reveal after cleaning
prior damage to the impeller fan assembly. A smooth or adverse wobbly rotation to
an intact, undamaged fan can only occur if an inadequate cleaning procedure was
performed leaving residual which produce imbalance to a lightweight air impeller
assembly.
Roof surfaces can also be heavily saturated with fats and grease, probably a
result of leakage from fan housing construction breaks or spillage by inadequate
collection of grease passing through fans grease spout. Various grease collection
systems are available, requiring a simple installation procedure. Cleaning roof
surfaces also requires the collection of wash water and its subsequent grease
content. The rain gutter can be considered a water conveyance system, but can
often and only when isolated be utilized to transfer wash water to the filtration
grease–oil water separation unit. The gutters are last in line to be cleaned and
neutralized of any fat or grease content.
After the cleaning procedure the entire exhaust system is inspected by a
properly trained and certified competent person acceptable to the authority having
jurisdiction in accordance with Table 3-8.1. The job walk will quickly identify
access inadequacies when determining fat–grease–oil accumulations throughout
the system. Inspection access to all areas of duct vent system is of utmost
importance to verify that all surfaces are cleaned to bare metal.
The entrepreneur is best advised to contact the IKEKA International Kitchen
Exhaust Cleaning Association for training, licensing and possible equipment
choices, http://www.ikeka.com, National Air Duct Cleaners Association,
http://www.nadca.com, Indoor Air Quality Association, http://www.iaqa.org.
Additional duct cleaning services can include servicing dust collection systems,
stack cleaning, industrial ovens, lab hood exhaust systems, laundry exhaust sys-
tems, paint spray booth and stacks, etc.
3.9 Directional–Horizontal Underground Pipe Installations,

Water Well Cleaning, Water Jet-Grouting, Pile Driving
Today, various methods are employed to install lateral horizontal-pipes or conduit

below asphalted or concrete road surfaces replacing expensive trenching appli-
cations. Developed in the early 1970s, varies hydraulic pipe thrust machines
incorporating a 400 vacuum hose sleeve and a high-pressure water access fitting to
the ram-block retainer situated between hydraulic cylinder and pipe assembly
facilitating the removal of soil through the center of an advancing pipe assembly
(pipe-jacking). This directional horizontal pipe installation technique under asphalt
and concrete surfaces such as runways, highways, sidewalks etc., is supported by a
sewer–pipe cleaning technique combined with a simultaneous hydro-vac proce-
dure while removing soil and water from the advancing pipe interior. The water
jet’s excavating force greatly reduces pipe-conduit installation times by reducing
friction upon pipe assembly supporting the hydraulic cylinder force through
varying subsoil conditions. A protected, centered pipe cleaning nozzle affixed to
the cone assembly is situated guaranteeing that water jet impact is slightly behind
and within the penetrating cone edge. The pipes’ lateral thrust advancing and
delivering soil formation into the jetting cone, excavating soil into the vacuum
supported pipe interior, reduces pipe friction and subsoil densities. The cone
assembly, protecting pipe edge and nozzle may vary in size and nozzle jetting
degree-angle accommodating pipe-cone assemblies interior [. To prevent
collapse or hydraulic fracturing of subsoil areas or for that matter infrastructure is
it imperative to keep the jet’s final impact contained within the interior of the
cone-pipe wall protecting soil, clay, silt and sand formations. The jet’s velocity
does only enhance the overall soil movement throughout the advancing pipe
assembly. Water jetting procedures must always be simultaneously activated when
an hydraulic pipe advancement is initiated. Vacuum operations, are only intro-
duced to maintain soil flow and continuous removal to refuse collection facility.
Soil conditions below parking areas, roadways, runways, etc., are generally known
and do not pose an operational hazard.
Depending on the pipe diameter to-be-installed, units with the capacity of
5–35 gpm, 3,000–6,000 psi (Fig. 3.111) are applicable. This excavating method
must not be confused with a core rock drilling procedure which starts at a much
higher pressure and low water volumes (app. 45,000–65,000 ? psi-and possibly
produced by and referred to as intensifiers).
When utilizing horizontal drill equipment (Figs. 3.110, 3.111, 3.112) for small
and medium underground pipe installations a pilot hole on the surface on one side
of obstacle to be crossed must be established before operations can begin. The
drilling follows to the designated profile below and beyond the obstacle to exit at
the surface on other side. The second phase entails a correct setback and creation
of a cavity sufficient to accept pipeline-conduit, utilizing hydro-vac equipment.
Pulling conduit or pipeline through the enlarged hole presents the third phase.
The established key parameters ensuing from a geotechnical investigation must be
followed closely which include identifying the practical pressure of drill fluid
applied, pilot hole setback distances and depth of cover, which will depend on soil
properties and geotechnical data gathered during preconstruction analysis.
Applying adequate drill fluid pressures (Bentonite-mud) while in the directional–
horizontal drilling process is a balancing act to maintain borehole stability, and
sufficient pressure but avoiding the possibility or minimizing the potential to
initiate excess plastic yield losing drilling mud to pilot hole or surface. These are
only a few technical aspects which must be considered and can be complicated
when drill speeds and drill fluid pressures are inconsistent resulting from varying
soil conditions, depth and cover, utilities, various infrastructure, groundwater and
space restrictions, etc.
Hydro-technologies applied to regenerate water well systems (Fig. 3.113), and
perforated drainage pipes set up in gravel substrate (pack) surrounded by sand and
soil designed to enhance water flow characteristics are applications made possible
due to nozzle criterion similar in appearance to equipment utilized for pipe
Fig. 3.110 Horizontal drill

equipment
Fig. 3.111 Pump-head

(slurry)
Fig. 3.112 Drill-bit and

nozzles
cleaning, hydro-vac and pile driving applications. This application differs in that a
two-step cleaning process is required and begins with the verification of an ade-
quate groundwater table involving well systems design criteria.
Necessary tool requirements will change with every man-made water well
design and drainage pipe configuration, which includes altering or inconsistent soil
and gravel pack conditions, well depth and well’s spire drainage configuration.
Sooner or later all wells will lose their water volume performance due to restrictive
sedimentations such as iron oxide, magnesium, calcium and other compounds
responsible for various water flow limiting crust developments which may include
adverse influences by chemical elements. Bacteria and biological effects can also
be responsible for flow restrictions in perforated filter tubes. The draining area of
the tubes, the water-carrying earth, gravel pack and sand (loam) will become less
permeable restricting the overall water flow, including the permeability of the
water-carrying substances and therefore may reduce efficiency up to 90% of the
original well performance. Under most circumstances, interior drainage tubes are
submerged and feature longitudinal slits or similar perforations. Steel brushes
applied to clean these perforations are, at best inadequate. The sewer pipe cleaning
technique is far superior due to the fact that pipe perforations are totally cleared of
blockages due to the repetitive pipe jetting procedure and subsequent agitation of
adjoining drainage areas, releasing sedimentation further enhancing the water flow
ratio of a well. The secret reveals itself in the high-volume, low-pressure nozzle
configuration; 2,000 psi, 60 gpm jet-penetrating power which will remove
restrictive sustenance and agitate all exterior perforated pipe areas and adjoining
well soils. This jet-penetrating performance is an industrial equipment standard
and can also be produced with most of today’s sewer cleaning trucks (units) ideal
for this application.
Well basins are kept clear of water by operating a submersible pump powerful
enough to maintain low water levels in the well casing. The well casing is serviced
first utilizing the cleaning power of a 3D tank-cleaning nozzle. Most filter tubes are
fitted with check valves, keeping water accumulation to a minimum.
To protect the operator during the pipe cleaning process a high-pressure hose
guide assembly (Fig. 3.114) incorporating a retainer for the nozzle hose armature
and a simple slight gate is affixed to the valve flange joint. Adequate cleaning of
perforation is best achieved by slowly and repetitively cleaning the pipe lateral,
permitting an extended but constantly slow-moving water jet dwell time. A self-
propelling and centered 3D nozzle is the ideal tool for this application. Allocating
an adequate cleaning time and agitation through pipe perforations of the sur-
rounding soil-gravel pack formations guarantees in turn long-term water
productivity.
All OSHA’s confined space entry regulations must be introduced including fall
protection, top entrance harness, plumbing take-out an lock-out procedures, and
electrical lock-out, etc. (pumps etc.) Establish water-explosion proof lighting,
sufficient communication between equipment operator, confined space safety man
and labor force.
It is the secondary process that constitutes a complete restoration of up to near
100% well production. Lance sections of 250 in length (schedule 100, 00 [) are
vertically forced into the perimeter of the well ground and sand-gravel packed
perforated spear boundary. The nozzle’s high velocity water (1.5 [ 9 5 9 1.5 [)
will clear and assist the movement downward up to 1000 with little effort.
Lance couplings are small-shouldered and can be drilled, creating two 1/6400
nozzle orifices, therefore minimizing friction in these areas. To guarantee top psi
and gpm performances check the water volume capacity of available unit before
drilling procedures are undertaken. When nozzle assemblies are forced within 30 of
the well depth (spear or corrugated pipe), permit an agitating 10 s dwell time to
Fig. 3.113 Well casing, pipe

Jeter, well spears
Fig. 3.114 Hp-hose guide

assembly
surrounding gravel-soil filtrate before the lance pulling is initiated (section by

section). A small caterpillar or front loader (Fig. 3.115a, b) can be engaged for the
installation of a multiple lance fixture (3–4) as similar in its process then a soil
remediation–grouting–stabilization procedure.
When utilizing a high-powered hydro-blast unit, of 150 hp plus, the operating
pressure can be raised achieving nozzle recoil forces supporting the retracting of
lance equipment by small and cost effective construction equipment, which must
provide a 250 lift capacity.
Working from the near center of the well, covering all essential filter spear
areas, will upon completion finish the regeneration process. It is prudent to clean
the inside ([) of filter spear tubes once again applying this time a disinfectant to
the water suction side of unit such as sodium-hypochlorite NaOC1 (metered). The
water–chemical mix ratio is prescribed by either the chemical manufacturer or the
water plant engineer. Applying both cleaning processes in a mid-size well can take
up to 4 days.
Fig. 3.115 a, b Lance assembly
The high-pressure water technology has also found its way into the jetting
assisted sheet pile driving method which includes river dike shoring procedures,
manufacturing underwater concrete casings, bridge and subway structures, and so
forth. Tens of thousands of tons of piles have been driven with the assistance of
hydro-jetting technology. Hydraulic operated equipment and cranes fitted with
mechanical-hydraulically energized rams sometimes incorporating vibrator-assist
equipment to enhance dynamic drive are most commonly used for this procedure.
Adding high-pressure water jets to the exposed sheet pile edge reduces sheets skin
friction to interlocking grooves and soils with added result of substantially
diminishing ground vibration velocities, important in areas where dike stability or
sensitive buildings are present. High-velocity water jets will dramatically decrease
the overall sheet point friction, producing in various soils a 50–70% production
increase while maintaining a 35–45% material and labor saving factor. The pile
sections width and soil conditions will determine the need of one, two or four
symmetrically arranged small diameter hydro-lance assemblies; one or two per
sheet is generally sufficient. Preventing nozzle damage, and contamination
(plugging) or undue stress by soil compression and created impact-friction the
jetting procedure simultaneously commences with every pile driving operation. A
simple steel retaining cap providing nozzle protection is firmly welded approxi-
mately 200 above the sheet pile edge. The 00 schedule 80 steel lance is secured by
clamping devices or a rectangular 00 metal strip to the sheet in approximately 60
intervals, permitting a minimum gap of 1/800 between the lance and the nearest
point of the metal strip. When in a high pressure low water volume application
(high density clay), lance deformations possibly produced in a recovery lance-
pulling operation are averted. To avoid vertical slippage, a 00 retainer hub is
welded above the high-pressure water manifold situated on the top side of the sheet
pile. Prior lance assemblies retraction, this hub must be removed.
Direct weld tagging every 80 to sheet can be employed for low-pressure high
water volume applications (compact gravel-soil) where lance material recovery
due to low cost of schedule 40 pipe materials justifies the loss. This also is a
Excavating, drilling, sheet pile driving and water well cleaning

Address:

Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:

Equipment:
Water well: Specify: Submersible pump: Specify gpm:
Water well systems: Hydro-blast equipment:
Perforated drainage pipes: Specify: Hp hose guide assembly:
Filter tubes: Specify: Lance sections: Lance assembly unit:
Tube drainage accessibility: Specify amount:
Well basin ∅ and depth: 3-D self-centered tank cleaning nozzle:
Well casing walls: Specify: Disinfectants: Water treatment:
Filter-spear depth, length, ∅ : Pile dynamic analyzer: Pile echo tester:
Sheet pile: Length: Design-width: Caterpillar: Front loader: Specify:
Other: Other:
Describe pile driving method and location: rail, foundation, barge or marine environments:
Describe application, tool utilization and work procedure:
Describe soil remediation and grouting procedure:
Describe geotechnical data and soil profiles: bedrock, glacial soils, marine soils, organic-inorganic soils, fill soils, etc.
Describe pile type and load classifications:
Itemize further equipment, safety gear, expendables, labor time, equipment times, etc:
criterion in specific areas where geological circumstances (sandy-mud soil, etc.)

within a sheet pile driving operation call for a ground stabilization procedure. In
this case utilizing lance equipment to inject cement grouts or Bentonite slurry to
improve toe strengths and overall structural soil integrity and/or water tightness is
the application. It must be noted that this hydro-support method has yet to confirm
geological changes within high consistency soil condition as first feared by
Fig. 3.116 a, b, c, d, e Various concrete surfaces
engineers. Water jets psi and gpm performance are adjusted to operate within the
plastic yield level of various soils encountered. Compact gravel, sand and clay
formations have all proven the possible reduction of rams from 3,000 to 1,300 (at
equal soil conditions) to the depth of 500 with a high-pressure water application.
3.10 Expansion-Control Joint Cleaning on Rigid Pavement,

Sidewalks, Decking, Tank and Pool Construction
Expansion-control joints mainly embody the need to eliminate possible stress

damage due to load, environmental and thermal influences on concrete surfaces
and structures (Fig. 3.116). Stress damage is generally a result of poorly distrib-
uted or excessive loads, inadequate subsoil conditions, and water damage to soil,
organic growth and excessive temperatures, such as freeze–thaw cycling.
Expansion joints may also be created or added where hairline fractures are present
or likely to worsen and/or when structural changes are needed. The contractor
must be careful in choosing the right application criteria. Joint technology can be
confusing which can include a specific joint design for a contraction, construction,
expansion and isolation criteria.
The contraction joint, is a formed and/or tooled or can also be a sawed groove
(Fig. 3.117) creating a weakened plane regulating the location of cracking by
thermal-dimensional changes of different parts within.
An expansion joint is a separation provided between adjoining components
permitting movement, where expansion is likely exceeding possible contraction of
a structural component or a separation between pavement slabs filled with a
compressive joint sealer and/or manufactured components sealing and providing a
compressive joint placed between prefab concrete slabs.
3.10 Expansion-Control Joint Cleaning on Rigid Pavement, Sidewalks, Decking 379
Fig. 3.117 a, b, c Sawed

groove and its equipment
Construction joints are made in concrete before and after interruptions of

concrete placement (pouring), or positioning of precast concrete units by installing
strips of wood, rubber and foam, plastic or metal components.
Isolation joints are defined as a separation between adjoining components of a
concrete structure generally on a vertical plane at a designated designed location to
interfere least with performance of the structure, yet to tolerate relative movement
in three directions avoiding formation of cracks elsewhere.
The pre-job classification should identify past project management stipulations
categorizing design and type of joint, its width, depth, product, mastic-polymer, its
trade name or manufacturer, design purpose and then necessary installation
necessities. This greatly assists hydro-blast technicians to decide upon a correct
tool selection and adjustments for the given circumstance encountered. Subject to
confusion are most often contraction and construction joints. When removing
product from a construction-control joint system is it important to require detailed
knowledge concerning possible design variances within structural locations.
Reinstallation and/or re-sealing of construction control or expansion joints require
most often a dissimilar hydro-blast application criterion within a deteriorated
product removal process. Application technology may also vary due to necessary
installation, compression, sealing or adhesion parameters required by a specific
joint product to be installed. The major application parameters are following
below.
Is a contractor obligated to remove backer rod or blocking media, waterproof
membrane material, and is the installation of a bond breaker or separating tape
necessary or a refacing or widening of joints required? A close working rela-
tionship is essential with any contractor responsible for new installations verifying
necessities of product characteristics especially when establishing backer road
width in a refaced joint and its required width–depth according to proposed
Fig. 3.118 Cutting by high-

pressure water
identity of the sealant-polymer material installation. Traffic and weather can play a
major role within a job’s progression and is critical when the cleaning and joint
drying time or curing of an elastomeric is considered.
The expansion joint’s width, structural integrity and desired mastic-polymer
removal depth, deteriorated mastic-polymer elasticity and adhesion factors which
are widely-variable parameters including the identification of its hazardous com-
ponent, and disposal requirement are particulars also to be considered. Sometimes,
the remaining indentation hardness of an elastomeric-polymer can be a guideline
as to the removal time requirements but again can be varying due to weather
cycling and products overall integrity.
3/800 joints and greater permit the utilization of a mobile oscillating nozzle
carrier adequately weighted (50%+) to overcome and control the nozzle’s recoil
forces, assuring the operator’s safety. A plastic curtain affixed alongside the unit’s
exterior prevents excessive water overspray and allows a better visual control
while the unit is within the advancement (Fig. 3.118).
The nozzles are adjustable and their jets are set between 1 and 5, depending
on joints cleaning width and depth. The jet’s overlapping point is responsible for
the cleaning depth. The nozzle angulations are set so that water jets impact is
guaranteed to affect all expansion joint surfaces within a cleaning path. Nozzles
located near the unit’s pivot center provide the correct jet standoff distance from
the joint edge and the mastic material, thus delivering the maximum water velocity
to the adhesion areas. Oscillating speeds range from 60 to 360 per minute
depending on the mastic’s resiliency. 600 –5000 per hour are standard cleaning
performances and are proven to be very successful on concrete runways, jet-bridge
and aircraft parking areas, bridge decks, coal storage facilities, etc. Pressure-gpm
Fig. 3.119 Cutting by high-

pressure water
performances of the oscillating units range from approximately 7,000–10,000 psi,

20 gpm.
Expansion joints below the width of 3/800 create a problem due to the fact that
the jet’s velocity and power cannot directly or effectively attack the mastic
adhesion areas, realistic jet impact angulations are therefore impossible within the
straight down joint surface areas. In this case, preferably apply a high-pressure,
low-volume concrete or steel cutting head in conjunction with a minimum amount
of soluble abrasive medium (not exceeding 50 lbs hourly). These small joints will
channel the high-velocity abrasive water mixture, removing mastics and creating
an adequate porous surface. Gun barrel steel guide (Fig. 3.119) affixed to the
nozzle fixture can greatly enhance jet guidance and spalling of edges. Before new
mastics are installed, a thorough cleanup and drying process in the immediate joint
area is essential (hydro-vac system). If required due to excessive footage, a dual or
triple gun operation is advisable. Trigger-guns with water deflector shields allow a
safe, more controlled work method in areas where movement is restricted
enhancing the overall production rate. Approximately 5 gpm, 10,000 psi per gun is
a common operating standard. The concrete–steel cutting heads are also applicable
when repairing and sealing pools, fish tanks, digesters, dams, and so forth. Cracks,
blisters, and fractures are exposed and then water-abrasive blasted (soluble) to gain
adequate material porosity (starting with pressures at 3,000 psi and no less than
5 gpm). If abrasive materials are not desired in the vicinity a concrete scarifying
unit at 12,000–22,000 psi may be the alternative or the UHP method utilizing
turbo-nozzle, etc. A side note: Emerging weeds, grass, and their roots are removed
in the same fashion, except a weed-killing chemical is metered to the blast water or
directly applied into the joint before resealing processes are conducted. Reap-
pearances of weed growth are highly unlikely. High-pressure water jets are
extremely root-damaging and enhance the chemical action, providing a long-term
weeding solution.
GEAR-LIST AUTHORIZATION
Expansion control joint cleaning, sidewalks, tank and pool construction
Customer & Company: Date: Job. Nr.:

Address:
City: P.O. Box:

State: Zip Code:

Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:
Job Description:

Equipment:
Concrete flooring: Hydro-vac system:
Concrete runway: High pressure trigger gun w-deflector:
Expansion joints: Oscillating cleaning unit:
Hairline fractures: Concrete-cutting head:
Jet bridge areas: Chemicals (weed killer):
Aircraft parking areas: Chemical metering procedure:
Aircraft hangars: Turbo nozzle:
Bridge structures:
Ponds:
Fish tanks:
Water dams:
Digesters:
Cool storage facilities:
Others: Other:
GEAR - LIST Nr.

Address:
City: P.O. Box:

e-mail:
Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:

Building type: Pressure washing - hydro-blast equipment:
Non-expendable equipment:
Expendables:
Safety procedure:
Work procedure:
Developed by: Date:

3.11 Filters, Screens, Felts, Bag-House Units,

Trays-Catalytic-Cracking, Vacuum Suction Rolls,
Radiators-Fin-Fan, Air Preheater Baskets, Staggered
Channel, Wire Mesh-Plate-Vane Mist Eliminators
Dismantling fouled air pre-heater baskets facilitating a cleaning procedure is a

practice of the past. In fossil fueled power plants there are two cleaning alterna-
tives available reducing the related maintenance and cleaning costs. First, the
installation of a permanent and automated system, which is located on air pre-
heater units’ low-pressure side, can specifically reduce maintenance scheduling
problems by eliminating a vessel entrance procedure. A mobile or stationary
hydro-blast unit, generating a minimum of 50 gpm at 10,000 psi, will supply the
hydro-power to a rotary spin-jet nozzle carrier installed to a traversing unit which
moves repeatedly from the center to the outside perimeter of the basket assembly
while the basket disk is in a slow rotation. The jets will penetrate upward through
hardened and crusted materials throughout a 12-ft basket structure. Early tool
designs successfully applied nozzle carriers utilizing three jets incorporated to the
traversing unit. Operating at approximately 60–80 gpm at 10,000 psi a lesser
vulnerability as to failure was the major advantage especially when applied to the
vacuum side of a basket structure. In any event, the nozzle design and standoff
distance will be selected in accordance with various basket depths and fouling
characteristics. The physical design of a standard jetting nozzle does not permit a
tight jet configuration throughout excessive and obstructed blast distances espe-
cially when utilized by a spin-jet. To compensate for inadequate nozzle design
criteria the experienced technician will make up for resulting energy loss by
enlarging nozzle orifices [, accommodating water mass (volume) to the necessary
psi performance, which is a prerequisite and only possible when adding the
horsepower requirement. A tight water jet configuration resulting from an
advanced design criteria will deliver far superior jet standoff distances dramati-
cally reducing horsepower necessities. Cleaning baskets from top side of a rotary
assembly utilizing the same stationary or mobile traversing technology highly
automates this otherwise rigorous manual procedure.
The second option requires the manual operation of hydro-blast trigger-guns
requiring confined space entry procedures. Operators experienced with these units
will not be able to outperform a mechanical system. However, where material
deposits and density drastically varies, the manual and systematic basket area-to-
area performance criterion is more effective, avoiding the repetitive and time-
consuming mechanical method when isolating and cleaning the problem areas.
Extensively-soiled units throw loosened products above the basket surface while in
the cleaning process. To allow oversized materials to pass through the basket grid,
either the manual shredding (hydro-trigger gun) or the simultaneous use of the
hydro-vac unit is suggested, avoiding the shredding procedure. Sufficient lighting,
3.11 Filters, Screens, Felts, Bag-House Units 385
Fig. 3.120 Air preheater

basket
Fig. 3.121 Fouled basket
in area being cleaned is of utmost importance; verify lockout–takeout procedures

on vessels plumbing and electrical circuits.
Scrubbers and mist eliminators (Fig. 3.120), distillation columns and acid mist
scrubbers applied in reclamation processes may also remove mist droplets of
sulfuric and phosphoric acids from stack gases, such as those found in chemical
processing systems. These systems incorporate a wire mesh, zigzag or wing-baf-
fled structure in wood, metallic, plastic or fibrous design to separate mist droplets
of 35 lm plus from massive air flows, also common in vent stack mist eliminators,
which are found in paper-pulp mills. They are applied especially when product
carryovers are constant or a given possibility (Fig. 3.121).
Fiber bed mist eliminators in cylindrical or panel construction are installed to
prevent a visible stack plume. Special attention is required when choosing a
specific tool selection and subsequent psi and gpm configuration. A cleaning
process must prevent damage to the fiber-plastic materials, possible when gpm
performances and nozzle stand-off distances are incorrect. Misuse of turbo nozzles
can create substantial damage to a fiber-plastic structure. The highest-quality fan
nozzles (15 to 20) will prove effective at 5,000–10,000 psi. Nozzle orifice [
(gpm) is selected by recognizing penetration requirements concerning the mist
eliminator’s structure and product accumulation, density-tensile strength.
One must be careful to protect fiber-plastic materials which are sensitive to
direct jet impact and more so to high water volume velocities possibly required
when removing stubborn crusted materials.
Sufficient lighting in units confined space, adequate and safe footing protecting
the fiber-plastic bed structure and understanding the unit’s design criteria is of
utmost importance to correctly identify fall protection.
In most industrial plant situations fin-fan air cooled or heat exchanger cleaning
is nowadays semi or automatically performed. For emergency repair situations a
manual cleaning application or the utilization of a portable service unit is practical.
The manual exterior cleaning of fin fan structures must be undertaken with care.
Fig. 3.122 Fin-fan exchanger (a, b, c, d, e)
Obviously sensitive metal-aluminum fins (Fig. 3.122) cannot be introduced to

physical contact by a trigger-gun barrel’s nozzle assembly, nor can pressure or
water volume configurations exceed fin strength, resulting in deformation. The
criterion is only the depth of fin fan tube structure reaching all surfaces by
manipulating the gpm–psi configuration (Fig. 3.123).
Single, dual or triple round jet nozzle assemblies are most effective and deep
penetrating with least of lateral force development to fin-fan structure, especially
on horizontal units. Most damage to fin structure occurs through operator slippage-
contact. Space restrictions are often encountered when servicing commercial units
on roofs or in confined equipment space which requires flexibility in tool design
and their application.
At some stage during a plant service cycle the necessity to overhaul a self-
cleaning baghouse unit (Fig. 3.124) is sometimes complicated considering the
existing combustible explosion threat (dust). Adding to the fire triangle of oxygen,
heat and fuel, the deflagration of dust particles in sufficient quantity and concen-
tration can cause a rapid combustion especially in a confined space or enclosure
such as buildings, vessel or equipment.
The utilization of industrial vacuum trucks can be relatively risky due to
development of static electricity, and heat generated by necessary tight gear-
blower tolerances (mashing) and the high temperature transference to the muffler
assembly possibly causing equipment fires and/or explosion when a filtration
breakdown, overload scenario or grounding interruption occurs (debris-box).
Fig. 3.123 Powerine proposal
The removal of accumulated dust and bag house fines in volatile agricultural,
wood, chemical, metals, plastic and carbonic dust environments can safely be
performed utilizing various hydro-vac methods. A possible electric static charge
created through friction within a vacuum hose assembly does not occur due to the
constant equipment grounding-conductivity by water jet transference. The vacu-jet
pump does not retain mechanical parts to develop heat or any other ignition source.
Practical application variations are categorized into three methods; either
directly pulling dust accumulations and debris through a vacuum injector assem-
bly, utilizing 400 –600 [ vacuum hose runs, avoiding all contact or filtration problems
by liquefying bulk dust to be deposited in tanker–trucks, evaporation, settling
Fig. 3.124 Baghouse unit
ponds, or landfill. This situation also permits the placement of power-pack, pump
stations and vacuum injector off-site when services are performed in or near
volatile vessels, equipment and areas. The second alternative permits conveying
product over excessive elevations and distances by establishing an off-site pump
station continuously loading and pumping by incorporating sludge-mud transfer
equipment. The third possibility and often applied is the dry product removal
method utilizing mobile vacuum containers (roll-off box) energized by high-
powered hydro-vac pump equipment to permit the possible product return to
process or dry storage requirements.
When cleaning interior surfaces of centrifugal separators, rotary sieves, drum or
disk filters, one will find a similar tool selection when powdered or dust accu-
mulations must be removed. The application and safety variances lie within the
industrial environment encountered and their products manufactured. The air
pollution control systems filter bags (fabric) draped over cages are most often
cleaned off-site. Pulled over a cage the interior surfaces are cleaned by a centered
dual 45 fan jet T-assembly at 200–800 psi.
Necessary cleaning pressures do vary according to fiber type of bags encoun-
tered. Processes, pending their structure can be of cotton, nylon, glass, polyester,
etc. Interior shell surfaces are subjected to a 3D tank-cleaning nozzle for the wash-
down application. Interior cleaning applications range widely from 1,000 to
8,000 psi, 2.5–22 gpm; utilizing trigger-gun with affixed turbo nozzles, fan jets
from 15 to 45, depending on encountered substrate and material or the adhesion
of sedimentation. Once again, the final tool selection is chosen when under-
standing the manufacturing process, type of sedimentation or calcification
involved and the overall design integrity of a unit specified. This includes being
aware of varying safety equipment and its application.
So-called suction rolls in paper mills (Fig. 3.125), belong to the filter element
cleaning category. In operation, or on arranged maintenance intervals, process
operators either utilize a trigger-gun fitted with a 20 fan nozzle (no more than
6,000 psi) or a timing device activating a repetitious cleaning system incorporated
Fig. 3.125 Suction role
Fig. 3.126 Filter plates
to the felt roll-off point, enhancing the paper product’s quality and felt production
lifespan. The interior diameter ([) of a dismantled suction roll is cleaned at
approximately 6,000–8,000 psi, bringing a T-lance fitted with two 20 fan jet
nozzles to action or utilizing a centered 2D nozzle carrier. Frequently, their cone-
shaped orifices best release adhered scale accumulations when the nozzle velocity
is first applied onto the narrow side of the cone. Cleaning the outer perimeter of the
suction roll is therefore of an advantage. Important: Be aware of the direction of
production process-flow throughout a suction roll and all other air or fluid filtration
systems. Material adhesion is best broken down by applying the jet’s velocity
against the units production flow, characteristically providing a better or rougher
surface structure, permitting a greater jet-penetration factor, therefore, when
technically possible, cleaning procedures must start at the gravity vacuum or
discharge side of any given unit. When repetitious work becomes necessary,
stubborn, adhered products have most likely been neglected in previous cleaning
procedures and may escalate the prior estimated cleaning time. Above all, it is
important to clean all areas in depth. This drive for excellence is also important
when cleaning filter press systems hydrating industrial sludge. Their filter plates
retain fine, horizontal or vertical channels (Fig. 3.126). The filtrate emerging from
the filter cloth is drained throughout these cavities. Developing crust and
obstructions result in production time losses. Deposits are removed by mechani-
cally-driven fine-toothed steel brush possibly adding a surface profile. Medium
pressures of 3,000–6,000 psi, at 4–9 gpm and trigger gun-operated 15 to 20 fan
nozzle will solve this application much quicker and without the possible damaging
effect of harshly-employed steel brush applications. For standards related to fire
and dust explosions, http://www.nfpa.org, NFPA, 654, 61, 484, 664, 655, and for
combustible dust national emphasis program, safety and health information bul-
letin (SHIB) (07-31-2005), combustible dust in industry, http://www.osha.gov.
Filters, screens, felts, bag-house units, trays for catalytic-cracking, air-preheater baskets, etc.

Address:
City: P.O. Box:

State: Zip Code:
Purchasing: Engineering: Maintenance: Safety: ©
Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:

Fin fan air-cooled or condenser:
Centrifugal separators:
Air pre-heater baskets:
Specify: height, , access:
Scrubber, mist eliminator: Rotary sieves:
Distillation columns: Drum filters:
Acid mist scrubbers: Disk filters:
Wire mesh (zigzag): Suction rolls:
Wing structure (wood, metal, plastic): Filter presses:
Vent stack mist eliminators:
Fiber bed mist eliminators:
(cylindrical, panel, specify Ø):
Other:
Equipment: 3 D nozzle: Specify: psi: gpm:
Hydro-blast unit: 2 D nozzle: Specify: psi: gpm:
Round jet (hard-hitter): psi: gpm: Nozzle centralizer: Specify:
High pressure trigger-gun: Vacuum hose :∅ Vacuum-hose: length
Lance extensions-T-lance: Hydro-vac equipment: Specify: tooling
Flex lances: Vacuum roll-of box:
Fan jet : 15°, 20°, 45° psi: gpm: Other:
Chemical: hazard: describe: Yes No Specify:

Mud pumps:
Pump station: based on-site, of-site: Specify:
3.12 Cleaning of Gas Stations, Bank and Restaurant Drive-Thru’s, Machine Shops 391
3.12 Cleaning of Gas Stations, Bank and Restaurant

Drive-Thru’s, Machine Shops, Warehousing and Parking
Garage Areas, Airport Runways, Jet-Bridge and Hangar
Facilities, Vehicular-Pedestrian Tunnel Surfaces
Surface cleaning or so-called flat work, is best divided into three basic application
identities;
1. High-pressure water washing or cleaning of residential and commercial prop-
erties, creating in its function no ground water contamination nor utilizing the
storm water conveyance system. This is a prerequisite which mandates that no
surface water is discharged to storm sewers, but also includes doing away with
a non-hazardous wastewater discharge from house washing operations, result-
ing in carrying sediment and turbid water on to sidewalks, road surfaces, street
gutters or any other conveyance method (ditch) with direct access to aquifers,
rivers, lakes and/or sea.
2. High-pressure water washing or cleaning of residential and commercial
impermeable surfaces, protecting at all times the storm water conveyance
system while creating a non-hazardous effluent resulting from hot high-pressure
water cleaning techniques, supported by a range of soaps or mild chemicals.
The removal of oil, grease, fats, wax and sediment residual results in an
admixed wastewater stream identified and recovered for reduction and per-
taining to the governing sanitary sewer district regulation (POTW) disposed of
as wash water pH neutral.
3. High-pressure water washing or cleaning of residential, commercial and
industrial properties where typically a waste stream is created when utilizing
hot or cold high-pressure water to remove coatings, various types of industrial
waste products, coverings and corrosion often supported by solvents, abrasives
and/or chemical surface preservation products. Removed solid waste must be
identified and recovered, blast water recycled and filtered, solvents recycled or
reduced for correct disposal and/or incinerated.
Hospital main and emergency entrances, supermarket loading-receiving docks
and customer entrances, hotel arrival portals, atrium display and entertainment
areas, pedestrian sidewalks, city park grills, benches and tables, open-air park
structures and tourist facilities, city center expositions, fountains and culinary
exhibition areas, subway entrances and exit surfaces, pedestrian areas in botanical
gardens and zoos, stadiums and their customer and sport facilities. In short, all
surfaces where one must not worry about the water runoff created when applying
hydro tools utilizing cold water between 3,000 and 6,000 psi at 4–10 gpm. These
applications most often belong to the number one category of wastewater man-
agement, and most often require water recovery (Fig. 3.127) and vacuum tooling
avoiding overspray or possible misting events (Figs. 3.128, 3.129). Surface areas
require barricading procedures displaying warning cones, safety tapes, signage and
Fig. 3.127 Water bladder

berm
Fig. 3.128 Vacuum

generator
Fig. 3.129 Vacuum berm
Fig. 3.130 Drain cover,

water bladder
primary–secondary (Fig. 3.130) protection for accidental wash water release to the
storm sewer system (Figs. 3.131, 3.132).
Secondary protection requires water barriers and covers for various street gutter
designs and the subsequent storm drain access, preferably incorporating at the
Fig. 3.131 a, b Hotel arrival portal
Fig. 3.132 Oil–grease

residual, before–after
lowest area a backup vacuum-shoe which is independently activated in the event

of primary wastewater control failure.
The simple closed-loop oil/water separation and wastewater neutralization
technique should be modified when utilizing hot water 200F, between 2,500 and
6,000 psi emulsifying heavy oil and grease accumulations especially in hot
weather. Today available mobile equipment varies dramatically in operational
gpm performance to separate emulsified oil/grease from a wastewater stream
(2.5–15 gpm) setting in motion the number two wastewater treatment requirement.
Gas stations (Fig. 3.133), toll-booth, bank and restaurants drive-thru, in short,
all areas accumulating oils, grease and food remnants on stop and go concrete
and/or asphalt surfaces are routinely serviced. Cleaning intervals depend on traffic
volume, access possibility and climate (temperature).
The application criterion for gas stations and restaurants drive thru may differ
slightly in support of durability and aesthetic maintenance efforts. Today’s poly-
mer modified concrete surfaces feature a reduced permeability (oil-stain), a
improved abrasion and freeze–thaw propensity at tensile strength of 4,800–
6,000 psi supporting a cleaning solution by high-pressure water incorporating only
a mild detergent if so desired (Fig. 3.134a) Nevertheless, gas stations and their fuel
companies are considered generators of accumulating petroleum waste products.
Therefore, all waste streams removed from their facilities must be handled within
the hazardous waste removal criteria (cradle-to-grave). The modern gas station-
convenience store may also operate a carwash facility, sometimes contractually
utilized to receive their acidic-alkaline wastewater which is neutralized on site to
Fig. 3.133 a, b, c Gas

station oil–grease residual
before–after
pH 6.5–7 and disposed of. Job setup procedures must be thought-out regarding
populated, traffic oriented and possibly volatile-gaseous environment. Gasoline
and diesel fuel powered pressure washing equipment cannot be situated within the
vicinity of any fuel system. This is seldom a problem; the area to be cleaned must
be free of equipment, tooling and vehicles (Fig. 3.134b). Contractors equipment
will feature a spark arrest grounding wire attached to the equipment while in
operation maintaining ground to the designated system which is likely to be found
within the underground fuel tank area. Eliminating possible sparks by covering
battery terminals with semi liquid silicone is also a good idea.
Sanitary sewer district regulation and EPA pending, detergents can by admix to
the jetting water or applied directly to a soiled area to by toiled in by broom
(pump-up sprayer) which is followed by a vacuum retrieval (Fig. 3.134c) appli-
cation into a designated container.
Professionals fine-tuning their cleaning capacity for large surface areas above
10,000 ft2 hourly, are most often also under time constraints. Utilizing a trigger
gun mounted injector (abrasive) permits a quick and precise foaming detergent
application over extended distances (400 –600 standoff distance). Foaming and
dwell-time characteristics are generally far superior to available foam nozzle
equipment developed for fleet or house washing operations. Water–chemical ratio
is determined by pumps-gpm performance and chemical flow controlled by needle
valve adjustment to injectors vacuum hose. The abrasive hose and hose barbs are
exchanged for a 00 chemical hose. Ratio tests and verification are best performed
when timing the fluid draw (water). Water drenched surfaces may not reveal the
development of ghosting while in a jetting procedure (fan-jet). Rotary surface
cleaners and spin jets are in their application most effective to curtail ghosting
scenarios often encountered with novice operators. Cleaning capacity (carts)
should guarantee at all times a minimum effectiveness of 8,000 ft2 regardless of
the distinctive surface soiling found on the above mentioned areas. Correctly
Fig. 3.134 a, b, c Equipment set-up
set-up rotary equipment will ideally produce approximately 9,000–11,000 ft2 at

3,000–6,000 psi, and if necessary operating at 200F plus, at approximately 5.5
plus gpm. Forward cleaning performance is subject to available psi–gpm, nozzle
set up and rotor rpm, nozzle standoff distances and adequate unobstructed hp-hose
feed. Circular ghosting is a result of excessive forward thrust (Fig. 3.135) or
reduction of rpm due to water pressure loss and/or rotary swivel failure. When
purchasing rotary equipment to utilize hot or cold water at 4–10 gpm, let supplier
assure hp-swivels’ effective stand times. High-pressure swivels drastically vary in
their performance criteria which facilitate the nozzle arm rotation (nozzle body).
Excessive leakage within a rotating seal is immediately recognizable and visually
noticeable by systems pressure gauge indicating a pressure drop. This is only
factual when nozzles, pump packing, valves and pressure regulators are in full
operating condition and systems pressure side is free of internal–external water
leaks. Compensating for a lost gpm output by raising engine rpm is not a solution
especially when operating with extensive high-pressure hose assemblies.
Fig. 3.135 Spin-jet ghosting
Fig. 3.136 Fan-jet ghosting
Due to traffic loads, toll booth, bank and fast-food drive-through surfaces are
usually serviced at night. Almost always these areas are designed with a natural
runoff capability providing the self-explanatory placement and position of water
barriers and vacuum shoe.
Contaminated with bubble gum, foodstuffs and grime, sidewalk cleaning for
restaurants and shopping areas can be considered a fundamental job classification.
Problems arise when time estimates are required for various spot removal pro-
cedures on a variety of substrates. Asphalt, concrete, brick pavers, granite, lime
and sandstone substrates require specific attention. Their individual surface
uniqueness, especially in hot environments sometimes also contaminated with
asphalt and/or bituminous products besides bubble gum can be frustrating. Pres-
sure and temperature requirements on various substrates are adjusted to prevent
ghosting (Fig. 3.136) and/or damage, especially when pavers are encountered
which are installed to a sand filled-base. Adjusting nozzle impact degree on a
rotary surface cleaning unit can be required. The utilization of hot water best above
200F plus at 3,500 psi is ideal for most surfaces. Especially for bubble gum
residual, temperatures above 200F are necessary. The higher the temperature the
easier gum will melt away. Pressures must be reduced for lime and sandstone
Fig. 3.137 Parking facilities
pavers. Correctly estimating cleaning times on porous and or frail substrate (sand-
lime stone) is largely based on experience supported by timing the cleaning of
1 yd.2 within the severest and the least contaminated area (demonstration) and
comparing the remaining surface appearance to a visual reference identifying the
percentage of the overall spot contamination. This visual reference is also appli-
cable for all other surfaces (The Book of Spots by Lydia M. Ph.D. and Charles A
Frenzel). Water barriers and covers are arranged avoiding accidental discharge to
the storm sewer conveyance system. Barricading and signage for work area is
mandatory and includes the area of equipment and hose runs. Daytime work is
most often complicated by pedestrian and vehicular traffic. A contractor should not
underestimate the problematic of applying chemicals in busy areas, especially on
windy days.
Besides the human factor, misting adversely affecting vegetation, awnings,
windows and possibly parked vehicles can quickly become a gigantic headache,
even though the chemical and visual effects are deemed minimal.
Floor and surface cleaning applications such as those found in underground or
elevated parking facilities (Fig. 3.137), differ substantially to the bank, restaurant
and gas station drive-thru criteria. Contracting bidders submitting offers for ser-
vices to city-owned structures and nowadays most private garage businesses
require a DUNS number (Data Universal Numbering System), obtainable by
contacting Dun & Bradstreet, http://www.dnb.com/us/and the central contractor
registration, CCR at, http://www.ccr.gov. Deteriorating and outdated concrete
classification, years of penetrating oil and grease, various repeated cleaning
endeavors and accumulations of remaining trace elements, deteriorating coatings,
concrete abrasions and environmental damage etc. are typical to most aged garage
structures. Older units may also exhibit advanced concrete carbonation and carbon
dust contamination, wind swept debris, bird-pigeon droppings and a variety of
traffic problems. Most often these typical conditions determine a quarterly or
biannual weekend schedule providing necessary cleaning services at night. Before
a jetting procedure is implemented, the structure must be studied to identify
possible damaged expansion joint systems, concrete micro fractures, or any other
possible circumstance permitting water to seep out or through to ceilings and walls
of the next level below. Identifying this leakage possibility is best done at the time
of a preliminary job walk. When studying prior staining events on ceilings,
especially around recessed light fixtures and electric open wiring, light switch
Fig. 3.138 Parking garage
Fig. 3.139 Grease oil

deposit, before
Fig. 3.140 Grease oil

deposit, after
fixtures etc. is it important to notify property management of such an alarming

circumstance. Garage structures (Fig. 3.138) may also be part of an emergency
exit-access by pedestrian and emergency vehicles alike and must be considered
when designing the job procedure and equipment distribution throughout the
cleaning process (Figs. 3.139, 3.140).
The closed loop removal and filtration-recycling of the created waste stream
can be controlled when cleaning top down by utilizing the existing drainage
system. Most often this requires a prior pipe-cleaning application of the system.
Generally, garage structures primary, and secondary drainage lack the necessary
water velocity to self-clean.
Over time, where extended intervals of sweeping are utilized expect a heavy
debris burden within pipe and, if present, clarifier. Once cleaned the waste-water
flow can be isolated by various methods. The pipe-systems cleanout flanges are
utilized for the installation of pipe and sewer plugs (Fig. 3.143) isolating the down
Fig. 3.141 Catch basin
Fig. 3.142 Funnel receiver
stream pipe and sewer access from the developed waste-water stream. The plugs
are pressurized-operated by either air or water which can be manually performed.
A vacuum hose fixture (Fig. 3.142) or collection trough (Fig. 3.141) is installed
befitting a range of pipe or cleanout ports within their physical locations (one).
Incorporating the bottom vacuum flange connector for remote operation of the
water filtration–reclamation and hydro or pressure washing pump closes the
wastewater cleaning cycle. Due to time and area constraints, the physical move-
ment of equipment and trailer is quite impractical. Garage design pending high-
pressure hose runs are guided up through the center of a unit with quick coupler
access for each floor, or in approximately 250 –500 increments. Cleaning perfor-
mance should always be above 10,000 ft2 per hour per 20 hp drive input.
The clean-ability of any coating system refers to the removal of dirt, grime and
other contaminants resulting from environmental, storage and manufacturing
procedures. Various coatings are designed to withstand the rigors of sanitary and
decontamination procedures on coated surfaces such as in food, medical, nuclear
and military application environments. Contractors often confuse clean-ability to
abrasion and erosion resistance. The clean-ability and scrub resistance is mainly a
function performed on the topcoat of any coating system, which may include a
verifiable resistance to detergents, solvents, fuels and chemicals.
Also a high-pressure water cleaning processes for coating systems intended to
be maintained one or more times during the coatings lifecycle may only appear as
a cleaning function. In reality the job description called for the removal of oxi-
dization of topcoats surface structure facilitating a reinstallation of the same.
Fig. 3.143 Sewer–pipe

plugs
Under these circumstances the necessary water pressures will range from 6 to
12,000 psi depending on the equipment utilized.
Nonskid coating surfaces installed to resist harsh chemicals and heavy steel or
rubber-wheeled loads are found in chemical processing and storage areas, edu-
cational and health care facilities, food processing or meat cutting areas, auto-
motive manufacturers and dealers, aircraft hangar and or general warehousing
complexes etc. Typically, these advanced floor systems are comprised of 2–4
layers, starting with an optional elastomeric membrane, followed by an epoxy
prime coat. The third layer is a matrix of coarse, at times colored, abrasive (quartz)
and 100% solid epoxy to provide the necessary strength and chemical resistance.
The final coat, also an option, consists of a clear epoxy finish which adds extra
protection and an attractive gloss. When cleaning such coating surfaces with high-
pressure water the following parameters must be established: Identify the make of
the sub-floor (brick pavers, butt metal, quarry tile, concrete, or wood), and its
condition for satisfactory coating adhesion. Often industrial coatings can hide
damaged, badly eroded, spalling-blistered or irregular pitched floors. Under these
circumstances varying coating thickness, strength and subsequent vulnerability
throughout can be expected. Manufacturers’ physical property sheet, specifying
hardness (shore), generally 70–85, compressive strength generally between 17,000
and 19,000 psi and tensile strength ranking upward from 12,000 to 13,000 psi
cannot be trusted when identifying the necessary pressure range for cleaning
operations. The cured film thickness, described in mil may vary in reality due
to sub-floor’s structure. The bond strength to concrete is specified in psi
(300–600 lbs) or as ‘‘concrete fails before loss of bond’’. The experienced con-
tractor will use this information to avoid guesswork in the set up of his tooling.
When the sub-flooring consists of steel and concrete spin-jets for corner work and
rotary surface cleaners are the ideal tool combinations. Exerting pressures between
3,000 and 6,000 psi utilizing dual 158 or 258 fan nozzles will remove all surface
debris and expose a constant color tone. Precise jetting parameters are achieved by
the manipulation of jet-carts forward speed, rpm and psi–gpm configuration
combined with the available nozzle variety and adjustable nozzle stand off dis-
tance to the coating surface. Black cover (rubber) high-pressure hoses tend to leave
streak and pulsation marks when situated or pulled over hard porous surfaces. To
prevent this, hose slack is maintained on surfaces to be cleaned. Effective and
precise high-pressure hose placement, manipulation and its unobstructed feed by a
Fig. 3.144 Dual spin-jet

operation
secondary operator to the rotary jet-carts is of utmost importance when cleaning

large hangars or warehousing complexes. The water runoff control by water bar-
rier, squeegees, natural flow and strategically placed vacuum shoes recovering the
waste stream can be mandatory especially when buildings are not connected to a
private water treatment facility. Square footage performance (Fig. 3.144) utilizing
two times, 20 hp = 40 hp drive capacity will clean a minimum of 20,000 ft2 per
hour.
A coating installation to a tile and or brick floor-substrate tolerates a similar
cleaning practice. Tile-brick grouts are generally super hard and do not require
further attention. In these areas the water runoff capability is part of the structures
design, featuring a floor drain system. The floor drains are generally installed at the
lowest surface pitch or ground level and will guide accumulated water to the water
barrier and vacuum shoe area (by drain opening). These applications are typically
found below product assembly lines, meat processing areas, commercial kitchens,
produce production facilities (canneries), stadium seats and walkways, etc.
Electrical outlets are generally open drip-proof (exterior design) and situated so
as to accommodate the structures industrial purpose. Regardless of the outlets
design, apply plastic sheeting in combination with caulking (silicone) to seal them.
Do not point a jet or a reflecting water jet in the direction of the electrical outlet. If
circumstances permit, disengage and lock-out the circuit breaker, isolating these
receptacles. Reengage circuit breaker only after the job is completed and all
materials are removed from the receptacles.
When rotary jet carts are too bulky and unpractical due to obstructions (con-
crete or mechanical fixtures), apply a spin jet affixed to a trigger-gun barrel at
2,000–3,000 psi and no more than 5.5 gpm. Fan jets at 25 or 15 are also suitable.
Often surface cleaning applications are not pursued primarily due to the notion that
reflecting water jets and their subsequent water velocities are not controllable.
Guiding the water ricochet-misting and flow in critical areas, a contractor will
require tooling specifically designed to the encountered application. Such tooling
is inexpensive and can consist of 00 [ to 100 [ sand filled, soft light weight
flexible hose (both ends capped) or various water bladders and plastic coverings.
Weighted hose retains and guides cascading waters to the drainage area. Various
water barriers of static (bladders) or vacuum design, incorporating a suction shoe
is placed on the lowest point (pooling area). When cleaning massive spread-out
areas can it possibly be necessary to incorporate a secondary vacuum shoe which is

alternatively moved to water pooling situations. Powered by hydro-vac and/or
water recovery, filtration and recycling equipment, most available gear is capable
of removing 10–20 gpm plus.
Pedestrian concrete bridge decks and walkways are most often susceptible to
ghosting events therefore also best cleaned with a rotary surface cleaner (jet-cart)
performing at 8,000 ft2 per hour plus. Depending on bridge size, a tank truck with
power washer unit in tandem is of an advantage. Equipment mobility is essential.
Safety procedures are subject to pedestrian and vehicle traffic. Wastewater runoff
must always be controlled and reclaimed. Necessary pressures range from 3,000 to
6,000 psi at gpm equipment pending.
Runway cleaning, or better the removal of residual rubber created by aircraft
tire friction has been offered to airport maintenance departments since the mid
1960s with the availability of compact equipment and in doing so applying up to
600 hp. Today, truck mounted and vacuum supported rotary surface cleaners,
retrieve created waste stream simultaneously, separating rubber residual while in a
continuous cleaning process. This also permits shorten maintenance emergency
procedures between runway takeoff and landing frequencies.
The actual psi–gpm requirement is quite often overemphasized when equip-
ment necessities are introduced, especially where gpm–psi performance must be
kept within the concretes limitation to adsorb the high-pressure water velocity
within the concrete–rubber interface. The following application practice is in some
locations or jurisdictions outdated but must be understood to correctly identify
similar application criterion.
Airport maintenance and managers expect a certain performance capability
from competing contractors. Technical provisions are provided to the interested
parties prior to the bidding procedure and read as follows; The certification of a
contractor must include that the contractor’s equipment has been demonstrated or
used in the performance of a contract which has taken place at a US air force base
or civil airport and this certification must be signed by the base civil engineer or
airport manager. Further, this certification must contain statements that the con-
tractor and his equipment have the capability to remove a minimum rate of
10,000 ft2/h, and if necessary 85% removal rate of loose paint on runway mark-
ings. Liability insurance of 4–6 million dollar is considered a standard for most
commercial airports and can present a problem for smaller contractors. Reliable
radio communication equipment is a must and is required when accessing a run-
way. No personnel or equipment shall be allowed on the runway prior to radio
contact (tower) with airport operations obtaining verbal permission. Emergency
landings and takeoffs always take precedence over all contractors operations. In
the event that the lead man or safety man is notified that an emergency landing or
takeoff is imminent, the contractor must stop all operations immediately regardless
of the sequence of events in progress and at once evacuate all personnel from the
runway. To do so, military-N.A.T.O. airports provide a 2-min time frame and
commercial airports up to 4 min. In this time frame it is imperative to double-
check the runway surface for any forgotten tools, which should not be there in the
first place. A runway clearance is considered complete when the linear distance of
personnel and equipment is moved a minimum distance of 2000 away from the
nearest edge of the runway.
At the end of a working shift, all equipment must be brought to a location,
designated by maintenance or contract officers, that is not less than linear 7500 ft
away from the nearest edge of the runway.
For payment of rubber and paint removal, the unit of measurement should be
the actual number of square feet accepted by the maintenance or contract officer.
Payment for downtimes inflicted by airport operational circumstances will be
rounded off to the nearest hour (this is of importance to the contractor). It can be
expected that a change in air current or unscheduled traffic loads, emergencies,
etc., delay cleaning procedures frequently.
The contractor will supply all mobilization, labor and equipment when per-
forming the necessary operations to remove rubber deposits and loose paint from
the areas designated by a drawing submitted by maintenance. The removal of
rubber and paint from asphalt–concrete or concrete runways shall be accomplished
exclusively with high-pressure water. The use of chemicals or abrasive materials
will not be permitted. The water which is used for any high-pressure water
equipment will be available from the sources shown on supplied drawing at no cost
to the contractor. The contractor shall furnish all equipment, water trucks and labor
to provide the delivery of the water from the water hydrant or dispenser to the job
site. The contractor likewise shall furnish all necessary labor, hoses, wrenches and
all other tools and equipment for filling tank trucks. Permanent-type installations
of overhead piping to fill water tanks, which may preclude the use of the fire
hydrant by the fire department in case of emergency, will not be permitted.
Equipment, tools and machinery used in the performance of rubber and paint
removal shall be at all times safe and in satisfactory working condition. If the high-
pressure water is delivered from a spray bar, the nozzle’s jets shall be so con-
figured as to provide total coverage of the area being treated. The contractor shall
remove 85% of all visible rubber and restore the asphalt–concrete pavement to a
natural surface. 80% of loose, flaking paint, as designated, shall be removed. Hard,
firm paint with removed chalk may remain. A medium water pressure of 6,000–
8,000 psi shall be used (today, UHP criteria is of advantage).
The treatment of the rubber and paint surfaces should not be injurious to the
asphalt–concrete surface, expansion joint sealant or runway lights. If it is deemed
by the engineering department that damage to the existing pavement was caused
by an operational error, such as permitting high-pressure water application to
dwell in one location for any extensive period of time, the contractor shall repair
the damage without compensation. A runway sweeper and driver will be furnished
and operated by the contractor for the cleaning off of paint and rubber debris from
the runway when requested to do so by the engineers. This information is standard
in the industry and will vary only slightly due to equipment and runway
specifications.
The major rubber accumulations are found within the first 3,0000 on both sides
of the runway heads (Fig. 3.145). The four large paint stripes are generally 1500
Fig. 3.145 Runway specifications
long and individually 150 –300 wide and the 52 smaller stripes are 1500 9 60 .
Runway border marks are continuous and measure 3, in width. Numbers are 600
long and vary in overall width between 5 and 200 . A standard runways length
measures approximately 9,0000 –15,0000 .
Early surface cleaning units specifically designed and assembled to accom-
modate this application featured large water supply tanks with two to four hydro-
units individually rated at approximately 150 hp, releasing their hydro-energy
upon the runway in utilizing an oscillating or stationary spray bar assembly
containing fan nozzles. The metered hydraulic drive capacity moves the vehicle
down the runway at required speeds. Certain manufacturers did try to introduce
abrasive cleaning methods by exerting their energy via a spray bar assembly and
releasing oval abrasive jet patterns upon the runway, failing to convince customers
of potential advantage. The newly-developed, rotary surface cleaning units, either
self-propelled or energized through hydraulic motors are far superior in their
cleaning performance and produce a more favorable horsepower–psi–gpm ratio,
cleaning precision, surface cleanliness, application variety, and last but not least, a
lesser cost factor in maintenance and purchase price.
Asphalt runways resist high-pressure water jets up to approximately 6,500 psi;
however, this does not mean that asphalt will withstand a constant jet impact at
these pressures. The precise operating pressure is determined on the job site. Due
to climatic conditions and general asphalt structure, the actual rubber adhesion
variables with regard to the runway surface permit, at times, operational pressures
of up to 7,000–7,800 psi and then again lowered to 5,500–6,000 psi. (The UHP
criterion differs dramatically in psi–gpm configuration.)
The rotating arms including nozzles are adjusted to clear all obstacles, such as
runway lighting bulbs and center dividers. Manually operating a surface cleaning
unit in a single or dual rotor construction with a cleaning width of approximately
30 9 30 9 60 may be the solution to permit a contractor not yet established in
this business (application) an opportunity to compete in upcoming bid offers.
A hydro-blast unit coupled in tandem with a tanker truck establishes the power-
pack assembly, maintaining in this form the necessary mobility. When operating, a
200 –300 high-pressure hose with quick couplers permit the prompt water refill
mobility and emergency evacuation of the runway and presenting the flexible
lifeline to the rotor cleaning unit. Once adequate nozzle-psi configurations are
established, operators are able to work quickly, accumulating approximately
3 miles per hour. Jetting operations may be interrupted due to water refilling
procedures and the truck’s directional changes. Preferably start jetting operations
at the outer perimeter (truck turning radius permitting), then move to the center
line of the runway. Ice shaving units perform in this manner (skating stadiums);
this permits the best possible turning radius for the truck and the hydro-unit and
therefore enables the most uninterrupted jetting procedure. The existing slack of
high-pressure hose provides ample lateral movement for the operator, creating a
visual seamless surface appearance and minimizing drag forces and possible
rubber markings. Whatever operations one performs it must be certain that per-
sonnel and equipment can exit the runway within 2 min, leaving no physical trace.
A three-man crew is adequate. One will operate the surface cleaning unit. The
second, a lead man is responsible to keep in touch with flight operations (tower)
and is at all times in communication with them regarding the runways operational
status. He also shares the obligation to maintain all prior safety and tailgate
meeting criteria. In case of an emergency evacuation the lead men will follow
behind the withdrawing equipment to check for forgotten tools and debris and
observe all required distances between runway and operators-equipment. And only
then, when all safety precautions are met, will he inform the tower-flight control of
runway status. The third man is responsible for operating the truck and trailer.
A second truck is located in safe, but close proximity to the runway which in an
emergency is mobilized to pull stalled vehicles from an imperiled location. Always
keep in mind that maintenance chores are never performed within runways
vicinity. Airport’s base civil engineer will purposely specify the roads to the water
source it is therefore understood that an alternative route is never used without
explicit approval. Filling the water truck is done best by utilizing the fire
department’s overhead tanks. Because hydrants are comparatively slow in their
filling procedure, valuable time can be saved in this manner (designed to fill fire
truck tank within 2–3 min).
Rubber is generally deposited on approximately 450,000–500,000 ft2 and is
removed in two 8-h shifts demanding a minimum cleaning rate 30,000 ft2/h. This
is comfortably achieved by operating a dual rotor surface cleaning unit. Some
equipment design engineers claim that a surface polishing effect is more likely by
applying high-pressure water only. This however is incorrect and most likely
thought of to convince customers to use a water abrasive blast method. In actuality
the opposite may occur because a highly-angled abrasive jet stream may hone a
surface. Concrete runways of a B-400 plus substrate are less sensitive to climatic
circumstances therefore simply dealt with by raising operating pressures to
overcome the interface adhesion factors of the encountered rubber build-up. Intact
concrete may destruct between 11,500 and 13,500 psi. While in the jetting
Fig. 3.146 Expansion joint
procedure avoiding expansion joints (Fig. 3.146) completely is best or a pressure

adjustment is necessary to avoid damage to joint’s structure and bituminous
product. Again, it must be emphasized that this application description is geared to
industrial contractors utilizing high-pressure water equipment which can be suc-
cessfully converted to perform this application avoiding purchase of specialized
runway cleaning equipment.
Flight deck substrate on aircraft carriers is manufactured of steel therefore it
will constitute no pressure limitations for the contractor other than the job spec-
ification. These specifications are identified as: total base removal, base spot
removal practices and rubber or paint stripe removal. Tooling consists of a skid or
dual axle-mounted 150 hp hydro-blast unit incorporating the vacuum supported
multi-head rotary cleaning or product removal equipment. The water source is
either located on the plane elevator nearest to the work site or in bay area of the
flight deck. High and low pressure-hose runs can be excessive. The actual oper-
ating pressure is similar to the rubber paint removal application on concrete
runways (Fig. 3.147b, c); however, since most vessels are serviced dockside they
do not maintain an operational flight deck therefore safety procedures are less
stringent. Pressures range between 8,000 and 36,000 psi, gpm according to
equipments cleaning width, and available horsepower input. At times it is nec-
essary to install a secondary filter cartridge to avoid contaminating water from pier
or vessels potable water source. All safety procedures are specified by the naval
shipyard or its contractor.
Remember. High-pressure hose runs can be extensive and sometimes require,
on the farthest end, a pulsation dampener which will harness the pressure peak
developed by the moving water mass throughout the hose line when water flow is
shut off.
Plane taxi, parking and jet bridge areas (Fig. 3.147b) are outlined with paint
stripes and are in need of periodic cleaning when oils, rubber and food residues
enhance possible tire slippage, when they appear visually faded, or when removed
to suit constructional changes, etc. Applying the dry sandblast method, a common
practice with paint contractors, is utterly outdated. Self-propelled or manually
operated rotary surface cleaners are most suited for this application. Manually
operated trigger-gun mounted spin-jets (Fig. 12.22) are ideal for working in
obstructed jet bridge areas around the outlined machinery complexes. Jet-carts
Fig. 3.147 a, b, c, Rubber removal on runway (far-right)
ordinarily designed to remove highway road markings feature two nozzles within
the width of standard road striping. The versatility of this unit is ideal. Contractors
can apply them to spot clean surfaces or to remove rubber paint and 3 M foils.
When spot resurfacing practices are performed utilizing higher pressures they can
also be applied to scarify concrete or asphalt surfaces. Operating pressures range
from 5,000 to 14,500 psi and produce up to 18 gpm.
A single or multi-gun operation is possible (fan nozzle or spin-jet fitted) and is
sometimes necessary within this surface cleaning application. Under these cir-
cumstances safety procedures are somewhat more elaborate. Place traffic cones,
and affix barricade tape and warning signs restricting access to trigger-gun oper-
ation and general designated work area. Equipment and accessories are located so
as not to interfere with the movement of planes, jet bridge tires and structure,
fueling, baggage and maintenance vehicles. The operating pressures range
between 3,000 and 11,000 psi, 5–22 gpm equipment pending.
At this point, let us refer to the water abrasive blast method. Recently, a major
hydro-manufacturer successfully developed water soluble abrasive material (pat-
ented). By impact dissolving and traceless, environmentally sound resulting in a
new application variety which can be explored. A multitude of grains are available
to polish, etch, hone and remove materials.
Vehicular–pedestrian tunnel surfaces are, due to disproportionate air movement
introduced to surface contaminants, susceptible to water jet ghosting events. The
application of chemistry is most always of advantage especially when applied with
Cleaning of gas stations, restaurant drive-thru, machine shops and warehousing

Address:

Fig. 3.148 manually operated rotary surface cleaners
Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:
Job Review Performed by: Explain surface condition:

Bank drive-thru: Concrete substrate:
Restaurant drive-thru: Asphalt substrate:
Gas station drive-thru: Cured epoxy:
Parking garage
Parking lots: Contamination:
Bridge decks: Oil: Grease:
Sidewalks: Bubble gum:
Other: Other:
Overall cleaning width and length: Overall square footage to be serviced:
Star time: Finish time: Other:
Existing surface damages: (explain) Safety procedures: (explain)
Acid treatment: MSDS:
Acid neutralization:
Detergent:
Blast water available: Surface pH:
Blast water dischargeable: Rust converter:
psi gpm
Pressure washing equipment Water recovery, filtration and recycling :
Hydro-blast equipment: Vacuum truck: (CFM? Mercury?)
Rotary surface cleaner:
Abrasive injector-chemical injector: Vacuum shoe: Vacuum house: Feet:
Trigger-gun-fan nozzle: 15 25 45 Water barriers:
Trigger-gun-spin-jet: Barricades:
Jet cart: Protective skirting:
Other:
Vacuum-recovery:
Environment Industrial Commercial Residential
a converted abrasive injector. Utilizing rotary surface cleaners of any type and
trigger-gun mounted spin-jets is an essential prerequisite. Waste stream recovery is
almost always necessary. Tunnels often feature glazed tiled surfaces requiring the
utilization of an excellent wastewater recovery, filtration and reclamation capa-
bility to avoid a visible residual film buildup.
3.13 Hazardous Industrial Waste Recovery and Soil Treatment 409
3.13 Hazardous Industrial Waste Recovery and Soil Treatment,

Asbestos, Radioactive Trace Element Remediation,
Vehicular Accidents, Cleanup of Crime Scenes,
Demilitarizing Warheads-Bombs
Available pressure washing, hydro-blasting and UHP tool accessories offer

applicable solutions distinctively suitable for hazardous industrial waste recovery.
Organic–inorganic, non- and volatile products can safely be manipulated, dry
recovered or pumped, handled by various techniques and packaged for transport or
storage. At the same time, hydro-vacuum applications are exceptionally matched
for recovery of accidental dry or wet release or spill of chemicals in open or
confined space, and/or in volatile explosive, flammable or gaseous environments.
Hydro-vac technologies are utilized for three hazardous material cleanup
requirements to remove man-made chemical hazards from water, soil and
impermeable, confined or open surfaces.
The remediation of contaminated soil can be effectively performed by removing
and/or reducing contaminants to meet environmental threshold limits (Fig. 3.149).
Directly incorporating the hydro-vac application criteria, utilizing cold or hot
water for the passing of contaminated soil through the water-jet configuration
greatly supports the physical agitation and release of oil, fuel, phenols, pesticides,
heavy metals, etc. This dramatically enhances buoyancy when soil saturated water
settles. The designated process equipment facilitates the rise of effluent concen-
trations to the surface for further treatment by filter, centrifugal separation, floc-
culation and evaporation processes, etc.
Organic–inorganic filtration techniques, hydro-centrifugal separation, floccu-
lation or chemical dosing units, stripping towers, aeration or biological soil
treatment and/or confined stationary–mobile biological treatment equipment can
be employed on or off site. These soil remediation techniques are vital where
solutions from ‘‘cradle to grave’’ must facilitate regulatory approval. Contami-
nated through commercial and industrial activities where chemical-oil spill
threatens a water course, or human habitat often found in the vicinity of com-
mercial–industrial accidents, gas stations fuel storage facilities, asphalt and bitu-
minous product manufacturing or in fuel and petrochemical production
environments and associated tank farms are all areas of immediate interest for
employment of this technology (Fig. 3.150).
Applying high pressure water within the asbestos abatement and removal
application is sometimes viewed as controversial. Contractors involved in manual
asbestos abatement removing ACM products (scrapers) will argue that the use of
high pressure water will add to the disposal costs, and create a messy work area,
promoting packaging difficulties or can be costly in case of water damage to
substrate. In short, not practical. Their opinion is understandable as it would
dramatically alter their work practice; downsizing work force, reduce chargeable
hours, accelerating containment and material packaging procedures (ACM) and
the reduction in chargeable equipment costs. To protect their markets, equipment
Fig. 3.149 Soil washing

plant
Fig. 3.150 Soil condition after cleaning-remediation process
manufacturers and their engineers will further argue that high velocity water adds
to the possible airborne activity; they justify this with the explanation that asbestos
materials impacted by a water-jet are not controllable in their removal process.
When the hydro-blast or pressure washing industry is confronted with these types
of opinions they will simply quote their customers involved in the daily asbestos
abatement process, which does little to explain why, how and what type of spe-
cialized hydro equipment is available or necessary. Regulatory agencies such as
OSHA, EPA, city and state regulating bodies and their inspectors are therefore, at
best, confused because they witness both success and failure when jetting tech-
niques are a part of the ACM’s removal process.
All of the prior mentioned opinions are inaccurate especially when one con-
siders that high pressure water jets are successfully applied in nuclear power plants
for decontamination practices where airborne particle activity must be held to an
absolute minimum and the adding of excessive water, then contaminated, is
impractical and not acceptable.
Asbestos containing materials and products manufactured before 1981 are still
present throughout private, commercial and industrial environments. There are
basically three varieties of asbestos; chrysotile, amosite and crocidolite. Some
ACM products can be brick, pipe or sewer pipes, textured paints and coatings,
spray insulation, filter products, vinyl floor tile and adhesives, HVAC duct insu-
lation, ceiling tiles, roofing felt and shingles, etc. One will find the products in
boiler rooms or heat producing areas (pipes), on ceilings incorporated to a mul-
titude of structural designs in commercial, industrial and public buildings, on steel
Fig. 3.151 Components and

tooling splash diffuser
Fig. 3.152 Assembled

splash-mist guard unit
beam construction, or throughout merchant and naval vessels utilized as a heat-fire

retardant, and so on. Asbestos containing materials (ACM) are installed by various
methods; they may be fused to products such as in floor tiles, sprayed on, painted
or in sheet form, pre-molded or molded on a job site and covered with a retaining
fabric material which sometimes is also painted.
The physical circumstances encountered within an asbestos abatement proce-
dure can result in a variety of application utilizations requiring a technically versed
knowledgeable crew. As job necessities change within various structures and areas
a flexible hydro tool variety is important to offset fore mentioned negative opin-
ions. Permissible exposure limits (PELS) to an airborne concentration of fibers,
greater than 0.2 lm of air during an 8 h time waited average or a concentration of
asbestos in excess of 1.0 lm per cubic centimeter over a sampling period of
30 min fiber per cubic centimeter cannot be permitted.
Continuous personal air sampling (Fig. 3.151), most often a requirement while
in the asbestos abatement procedure can be achieved, by simply assembling a
plastic water bottle with three scouring pads preferably of plastic nature avoiding
the wetting of air stream and therefore filter medium by ricochet water spray.
The filter assembly is located in the top section of bottle for easy access filter
change (Fig. 3.152). This air sampling unit is affixed to operators shoulder pad
near full mask or cartridge filtration equipment. OSHA regulations regarding the
monitoring of asbestos exposure, use of protective gear, including respirators,

establishing a negative work environment by enclosure, ventilation system and
filters, resulting in the reduction of exposure to permissible airborne activity are
rigorously imposed. OSHA provides regulations on set up of job enclosures
including HEPA filtration, and the establishing of negative environments. Similar
to lead abatement procedures a clean room for workers must be established (street
clothing), a shower room must be provided and a change area for asbestos con-
taminated clothing separately incorporated. Asbestos workers must undergo a
medical examination and are periodically monitored. Work sites are clearly
marked and access limited to authorized personnel only. These are only a few
regulations in a substantial and forever changing job requirement.
All tool varieties are chosen with one theme in mind which is, regardless of
tools functionality that they may not contribute to airborne activity. The hydro-
vac wet mode systems are therefore ideal; not only do they provide packaging,
wetting and removal advantages but in their working mode support the imme-
diate product removal in its air negative state superbly controlling airborne
activity. Within the continuous cleanup course the contaminated water is recy-
cled for wetting, vacuum creation, negative airflow and jetting procedures.
Obviously, the contaminated water volume, especially on larger jobs is therefore
held to a minimum.
Any utilized hydro-vacuum exhaust box system must feature a high efficiency
particulate air filter (HEPA) capable of trapping and retaining 99.97% of mono
disbursed airborne particles 0.3 lm or larger in diameter.
The regulatory agencies expect contractors to perform a wetting process to bind
all particles that are likely to become airborne when the actual product removal
process begins.
So, one must ask, what does a proper wetting process constitute? ACM products
come in a wide variety, they may be brittle, hard and spongy or a friable material,
meaning that these friable materials can be crumbled, pulverized or reduced to a
powder by hand pressure. Further, they are thick or thin layered, sprayed on or
preformed (encapsulated) to fit pipe radiuses or machinery parts, etc.
Water absorption factors vary widely with ACMs. Area temperatures, product
dismantling time, product location, accessibility, product thickness and perme-
ability are some factors considered. A wetting agent admixed to the spray water
mist may enhance the longevity of the moisture content within the product.
Pressure washers’ or hydro-blast units’ gpm performances are generally too high,
therefore not permitting a metered fluid mist application.
Preferably a secondary unit operating at 1 hp delivering 1.5 gpm (adjustable)
with an optional fog and fan nozzle is of an advantage. Wetting always precedes
the jetting and removal application. To avoid incomplete saturation due to water
runoff and evaporation, the wetting procedure is undertaken within 5 min before
an actual ACM removal application commences. An EPA recommended wetting
surfactant added to jetting water, consists of 50% polyoxyethylene ester and 50%
polyoxyethylene ether can be effective on various asbestos containing substrates.
Nevertheless soaking or penetration of ACMs does depend on the composition of
encountered product. Working in tandem with the jetting, dismantling crew

(teamwork) is most effective.
Adjustable nozzles are mostly ineffective due to their internal surface config-
uration. They do not permit best possible fogging, chisel, or pin point configura-
tions, subsequently disturbing the all important nozzle stand-off distance and water
jet impact capability. This is especially noticeable when operating such nozzles
with pressure washers at 3,000 psi.
A rule of thumb. When product wetting times cannot be established, operators
must physically check the product for sufficient moisture content (necessary water
saturation). On the other hand, when a high product volume and the associating
square footage requirement constitutes wetting by pressure washer or hydro-blast
unit in combination with a fog nozzle, the fog nozzles must accommodate
equipment’s gpm–psi performance for maximum effectiveness. Nozzle gpm–psi
performances are established by encountered application variety within numerous
low-pressure-gpm ranges.
Also understanding the risk factor between friable and non friable asbestos
products is of utmost importance. A friable asbestos containing material is one that
in a dry state can be crumbled by hand pressure. A friable example of an asbestos
containing material is the spray-on fluffy fire proofing material. The non-friable
asbestos containing materials do not crumble with hand pressure. For instance
vinyl floor tiles may contain asbestos fibers, which under normal conditions will
not release fibers. The condition of asbestos containing materials is probably the
most important factor. Damage to surfaces can dramatically alter and accelerate
the release of dangerous fibers otherwise contained within their structure.
Under these circumstances utilizing a fog nozzle is recommended and/or
imperative. A fan jet for a wetting procedure is insufficient due to waters high
velocity-turbulence creating wind swept and water-product ricochet adding
unnecessary contaminated water and airborne activity.
According to their installation, ACM removal techniques will vary widely. Roof
structures can be joist and beam or waffle slab, and/or steel beam construction
which will prove difficult for adequate access and requires a flexible tool selection.
A tool specifically designed to remove sprayed on products on steel deck, concrete
slabs, etc. consists of a vacuum hose connected to a vacuum shoe which is directly
affixed to a high-pressure gun barrel to permit the product removal and collection in
one procedure. The high velocity air moving the product also decreases airborne
activity within the workplace vicinity. When applying the hydro-vac wet mode
system three operational steps are performed in one (Fig. 3.153).
The vacuum hose is applied to remove detached ACMs to the packaging drum.
The drum head will separate the excess water from the material, and then the
ACMs are released to the drum floor. The blast water is returned into hydro-
pump’s isolated water supply tank for recycling procedures. The water supply tank
must feature a HEPA filter unit accommodating the vacuum jet’s airflow, volume
and velocity. Water can be adequately cleaned with charcoal filters, however all
collected asbestos waste must be tested and correctly packaged before a release
and transportation to an authorized toxic waste site can be performed.
Fig. 3.153 Hydro-vac wet

mode system
With the wide variety of applications available, further explanation as to ACM

removal practices with high-pressure water is secondary because anyone involved
must first understand the guidelines and licensing procedures established by
OSHA, EPA, city and state regulatory agencies. Great application variances exist
between friable vs. non-friable asbestos structures or sources. Tooling and
cleaning techniques are absolutely subject to these guidelines.
Never consider an asbestos product removal practice or method, including job
bidding procedures, before a thorough and licensed educational program has been
completed by all persons involved. Once training and all licenses are obtained, a
contractor with an understanding of all physical and legal limitations will narrow
the tool variety down to the most practical combination. These days licensing
procedures will involve literally anyone touching this application. Licensed indi-
viduals include: asbestos abatement contractors and their personnel involved with
project managers, supervisors, individual consultants and agencies, inspectors and
asbestos management planners, air monitoring technicians, training providers,
transport and storage facilities management and laboratories. There are registration
application forms for workers, physician’s statement and notification forms.
Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Standards for Hazardous
Air Pollutants 40 CFR, section 61.141, subpart M (1984), Asbestos containing
materials guidance, http://www.epa.gov/asbestos.jsp.
A contractor should acquire asbestos health protection rules and the asbestos
licensing section provided by the Department of Health. Further, OSHA Depart-
ment of Labor #29 CFR part 1926.1101 is useful literature necessary to understand
the complexity of this application, http://www.osha.gov. All states provide a list of
asbestos training providers with conditional approval to train in their respective
states. Laws vary in governmental, military, corporate, public and private
environments.
In the nuclear material-handling industry, such as nuclear power plants, both
hazardous and non-hazardous areas are vital and lucrative for industrial service
providers. The plant’s safety procedures are tightly controlled constantly moni-
tored and must be studied in depth by all service and hydro-personnel. Applying
high-pressure water as a tool in nuclear power plants or facilities for decontami-

nation, decommissioning, or plant dismantling practice does not destruct the
radioactive material; rather, it is a process of relocating the materials to the
smallest available space to allow their regrouping (ALARA). Radiation is released
from plutonium and uranium 238. The radiation emission values depend on the
size and mass of the particles found. More mass equals more radiation. Radiations
of b- and c-rays are biologically highly destructive and a-rays are comparatively
safe. These rays are found on production tools, treatment basins, transportation
vessels, storage tanks, tubes, drains and walls. A highly-radioactive coarse con-
tamination (mass) presents no problems within a cleaning process. Removing fine
contamination, however, represents a more complex situation and is monitored and
secured by battery-operated sensors during the work process. Caustic soda,
Phosphatized degreasers or biodegradable detergents are added to the demineral-
ized or salt removed jetting water. The concentrations are standardized, generally
ranging from 4 to 10% (diluted), and most often provided by plant maintenance
department. Chemicals are metered to the suction tank of a pressure-washer or
hydro-blast unit via injector or independent metering device. Depending on the
applications, pressures may range from 3,000 to 10.000 psi, 5–19 gpm. Atmo-
spheric contamination by vapor release is minimized when applying low-volume,
high-pressure water. Steam-cleaners (hot pressure washers) are by nature not
suitable. Fire hose applications add too much water volume to the contaminated
product and further lack effective velocity. The hydro- and UHP method reduces
the contamination significantly below the operational radiation standard (ALAR-
A). When removing graphite deposits in uranium bars, generally located on the
interior [ of the bar assembly it is important to recognize the fact that uranium
bars are situated 90 –100 below the water line in immersing basins. When cleaning
is required the bars are affixed to a vice-like fixture.
The internal cleaning procedure is achieved by operating a remote-controlled
pneumatic–hydraulic unit. A rigid lance featuring fan nozzles or rotary whirl-jet is
moved in and out of the uranium bar while the bar is rotated by pneumatic–
hydraulic drive covering all necessary internal surfaces. The results are unmatched
by any other cleaning method. The pressure requirements are 8,500 psi at 19 gpm.
The rigid lance is 60 in length and has a 00 [. The lance guiding system is
developed with the consideration of plant maintenance departments’ specs.
Qualified contractors will decontaminate the Rx cavity to 70% from unit’s oper-
ating deck. The actual decontamination to ALARA standards, meaning ‘‘as low as
reasonably achievable’’, is performed by three operators and a cleaning crew of two.
The first operator controls the decontamination unit (recoilless spray assembly),
the second controls the overhead service crane, and the third is responsible for
controlling the hydro-blast unit. All three operators communicate with each other
as well as with the plants safety engineer via a headphone communication set.
Upon draining the Rx cavity the Rx head assembly is set to its location and totally
protected with a yellow flame-resistant polyolefin shroud which is lowered over
the Rx head by the crane in such a fashion as to provide a water mist tight seal.
The shrouds design and fastening/sealing components are manufactured in
conjunction with the plant maintenance department. Shrouds installation is com-

pleted within 3 h.
The decontamination fixture is lowered into the cavity by the overhead crane
and is situated below the overflow trough. Before the high-velocity jetting water
can be applied a repeated low-pressure wash-down at 200 psi (fog nozzle) is
necessary to subdue the otherwise airborne activity. This is done section by section
to avoid any possible surface drying before the high-pressure water jetting phase
can be completed. After sectional surface wetting, the hydro-blast unit is adjusted
to 6,000 psi.
The pump’s gpm performance is determined by the nozzles spray bar design
and will vary with the manufacturer. At any rate, applied water volume-to-surface
blast must by effective within the maximum required operational performance.
The crane operator is responsible for moving the recoilless unit in a repetitive
section-to-section procedure toward the bottom of the cavity. Furthermore, to
secure an even wash-down pattern he should always overlap his previous spray
pattern. Operations are discontinued when wash-down procedures have reached
within 200 of the cavity floor.
Smear surveys are conducted throughout the washed area to ALARA standards.
Once decontamination standards are met (approximately 15 K ppm) the two-man
crew will descend to the upper Rx cavity floor.
The crews tooling consists of a hydro-blast gun with a dual fan-jet assembly,
scrubbing pads (scotch-bright), a squeegee, and a sufficient supply of biodegrad-
able detergent and towels provided by the plant’s maintenance department. Again,
the crew commences with a wet-down phase (at 200 psi), starting 60 up the cavity
wall (around the Rx head) downwards into the total floor area before the manual
cleaning procedure, at 6,000 psi, is performed. Excess water will at all times be
moved with a squeegee to the lower cavity. Once the total area has been subjected
to the high-pressure water the biodegradable detergent is applied and vigorously
scrubbed into all surfaces (starting 60 up cavity wall) and floor space with the
scotch-bright pads. The blasting, wipe down, and scrubbing procedure is per-
formed approx. four times. Nevertheless, after the second procedure the cleaned
area is wiped semi-dry to conduct a smear test to gain understanding of the
decontamination levels (by ALARA standards). After the third procedure, plant
maintenance will conduct smear tests to identify hot spots and will at this point
decide if a further total wash-down is necessary or if the isolated areas are to be
scrubbed by hand. A step-in-out area is created to the lower cavity once ALARA
standards are met and the cleaned area can be entered without respiratory gear.
General access (without respiratory gear) to the lower cavity is most likely not
required; however if it is desired, the cleaning procedures are equal to the cleaning
method employed on the upper level.
When the Rx cavity refueling practice commences the Rx head stud-ring
(Fig. 3.154) is cleaned by scrubbing and wiping or by utilization of the hydro-vac
brush system.
The studs are decontaminated by plant maintenance in a Freon HNS-200C tool
cleaning system. Prior decontamination-cleaning of studs and stud-ring also
Fig. 3.154 Rx head studs
permits maintenance crews Rx head reassembly avoiding the wearing of bother-

some PPG and respiratory gear. Again, it is imperative to keep airborne activity to
a minimum. One should only utilize highest quality industrial fan nozzles which
are designed to perform near mist-less at 6,000–10,000 psi and UHP equipment
utilizing turbo or rotary nozzles, if possible, utilizing hydro-vac equipment. The
standard estimated time to complete a unit of this type is approximately 68 h.
Further decontamination procedures can involve the operational deck, machine
shops, holding tanks, piping internals and floor drains-sumps. Heat-exchanger,
condenser, feed water heater services (Fig. 3.155) utilizing flex lance equipment,
removing calcium carbonate from ash water lines, cleaning cooling towers, and
dredging water reservoirs are applications also periodically performed.
Macabre, but real is the cleanup and decontamination of crime scene, tragedy
and trauma resulting from accident, homicide and self-inflicted death. Compliance
with OSHA-DOT-EPA and HAZMAT regulation is crucial. The work environ-
ment can be industrial, commercial, residential and of agricultural nature and
nowadays involves clandestine drug lab decontamination and cleanup (meth-lab),
mold remediation and environmental disaster cleanup.
The availability of certified crime scene clean-up technicians who are spe-
cialized in biological recovery procedures are of importance. Service provider
must establish a written blood borne pathogen exposure control plan concerning
decontamination–remediation of biological origination (blood, bodily fluids-frag-
ments) or other potentially infectious waste, and/or materials, providing a written
respiratory and personal protective equipment program (PPE), and establishing a
technical procedure for a hazardous communication system and vaccination pro-
gram for their technician-labor force.
These are only a few standards expected to be maintained by a serious service
provider. Pressure washing and/or hydro-blast equipment paired with tooling
selected to provide application variety which includes a hydro-vac system,
25–45 hp, vacuum drum, packaging and effluent separation, HEPA filtration,
chemical metering device, etc. are basic tool additions complementing this
sometimes overlooked profession.
A cradle-to-grave hydro-blast application to demilitarize bombs by removing
explosive materials from shells interior is nowadays an automated hydro-blast
Fig. 3.155 a, b, c Power plant proposal, feed water heater, condenser
function. Most systems consist of a two stage reclamation process. Operating

between 12 and 20,000 psi, utilizing comparatively low volume’s at 5–16 gpm,
with various automated stationary or rotating lance extensions operating jetting
nozzles in repetitious and rotating configuration creating a milling process proved
safe and successful. Explosive material is separated and macerated again by
applying high-pressure water within a confined space. The water is recycled for
further use in the jetting procedure. Filtration systems can be elaborate depending
on explosives origination. The explosive constituent is disposed of in open burn or
detonated on a firing range. This application does not belong to a contractor’s
curriculum but verifies the endless potential of high-pressure water as a tool.
Hazardous waste recovery, soil treatment, radioactive trace element remediation

Address:

Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:
Nuclear power plant: Immersing basins:

Production tools: Condenser hot well decontamination:
Treatment basins: Heat exchangers:
Transportation vessels: Water intake screens:
Storage tanks: Cooling towers:
Rx cavity decontamination: Turbines:
Steam generator channel head: Feed water heater:
Walls: Other:
Uranium bars:
Decontamination: Pipe cleaning:

Radioactive material: Underwater pipe cleaning:
Removing graphite deposits: Turbine cleaning:
Scale removal: Other:
Caustic soda:
Aluminum oxide abrasive: Chemicals:
Phosphatized degreaser:
Demineralized water:
Salt free water: Other:
In-plant hydro-unit and tools: Vise fixture:

Rx head shroud: Metering injector:
Rigid lance: Metering pump:
Pneumatic hydraulic rotating unit: Other:
Recoilless decontamination fixture:
Abrasives: Grit size: Pounds: Explain:

Hazardous industrial waste, asbestos-ACM product removal

Address:

Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:

Pressure washer: Enclosure material: (polyethylene)
Hydro-blast equipment:
Plastic sheet role: six mill: two mill:
Water recovery-recycle unit:
Hydro-vac unit: Duct tape:
Vacuum drums: 2 by 4 planks:
Drum handling equipment: Negative air space construction: Specify:
HEPA vacuum filtration:
Air compressor: Continues air flow monitoring:
Disposable rags: Respirator equipment:
Disposable protective gear: Specify: hi particulate air HEPA filtration:
Polyethylene bags: six mil: Personal protection gear: Specify:
Dump truck-roll-of box covered: Step in-out area:
Roll-off box, vacuum container: he Shower area: Clean room:
Other:
Chemicals: wetting agent:
Hot water:
50% polyoxyethylene ester
Cold water: 50% polyoxyethylene ether
Specify: MSDS:
High-pressure trigger-gun: T-dual cleaning head:

Flex-lances: Turbo nozzle heads:
Rigid-lances: Rotary jet:
Nozzles: 15° 20° : specify: gpm-psi
Fog nozzle: gpm-psi
Spatula: Rust-inhibitors, metering equipment:
Rigid lance cleaning system:
Foot valve: Other:
Other:

3.14 Hydrostatic Testing of Boilers-Steam Generators, Gas and Vacuum Vessels 421
3.14 Hydrostatic Testing of Boilers-Steam Generators, Gas

and Vacuum Vessels, Towers and Tanks, Pressure-Leak
Testing Hydraulic Systems
This category also includes nondestructive tank testing of various shapes, design
and purpose, including testing production systems which operate under pressure
throughout the industrial and commercial environment. For example those tested
are; high-pressure natural gas systems and tanks, oil–gas pipelines, various boilers-
steam generators in power generating environments, towers, condensers, heat
exchangers in production facilities such as refineries, chemical manufacturing
complexes and their vessels-systems for various experimental, scientific and
manufacturing prerequisites, etc. Hydrostatic tests (Fig. 3.156) can either be
conducted under the constraints of industry or a customer’s specification. The
customer also must specify as to a nondestructive test as well as burst test.
An apparatus subject to positive (+) or negative (-) pressures including high
temperature cycling or both will sooner or later need service or repair. Conse-
quently a verification of its proper function is necessary activating a hydrostatic
test procedure utilizing pressure-washing, hydro-blasting or UHP equipment
(500–60,000 psi). The near incompressibility of water (0.05% at 10,000 psi) or oil
is the preferred test liquid which is chosen for the detection of leaks or permanent
changes in shape (deformation, cracks). Water is commonly used because of
minuscule expansion in case of catastrophic failure to equipment being tested
(only if unit tested is correctly purged of air-gas pockets). A penetrating wetting
and/or preservation agent (polymer) can be metered to the fluid charge medium.
Red or fluorescent dyes can also be added to the water-charge assisting in leak
detection. For seams and welds a color developer can be sprayed on to suspect
areas immediately identifying a leak. A discoloration remains visible, even if the
leak dried overnight. Test pressures may range from 125 to 600% of equipments
design pressure, and can be of classified nature concerning industry or military
requirement.
Welding-repair procedures on vacuum, pressurized vessels (boilers-steam
generators, condensers) and vessels subject to high heat temperature cycling will
almost always present a hydrostatic test requirement scheduled by engineering or
maintenance departments while in either progress of repair and/or after all
maintenance efforts are completed.
To prevent bodily harm due to a catastrophic failure of any vessel tested, the
operators location and distance from the vessel must be carefully determined
(exceeding 500 gallons at 50 psi). Pressure washers or hydro-units should not be
mobilized to fill and top-off industrial vessels. Water charge times exceeding 1 h
should prompt the operation of a high volume-low pressure centrifugal pump
(demanding an adequate plant water supply) or a hydrant supply if it is possible. In
commercial and industrial environments the utilization of fire hydrants is most
likely impossible. Water discharge on an automated fire suppression system will
Fig. 3.156 Customer’s hydrostatic test specification
immediately activate a fire alarm and emergency procedure with varying intensity
and/or no secondary verification. Hydrants may not always identify their water
source or purpose in an in-plant situation. Also, charge water temperature and the
method of water heating and temperature safety margins, or possible number of
temperature cycles varies from job to job. Most contractors require a minimum
charge (4-h), within a bid procedure. The nature of hydrostatic testing, especially
field testing encourages maintenance departments to control mentioned application
variables often with marginal success.
When stress and hold times, vessels fatigue criteria, and evaluation times of
vessel components are an unknown and include the possible repetitive timing of
charge water temperature cycles, pressure drop procedures for total system leakage
analysis, and visual inspection between repair cycles, a contractors approximate
time requirement must be established.
A typical in-plant work order description of a non-destructive test procedure as
classified by plant engineer and maintenance department (Fig. 3.157).
Maintenance departments appreciate the written verification of test results by
circular chart recorder for their keeping. Chart recorder test ports are most always
identified by maintenance departments or field engineers. A contractor is wise to
independently operate a currently calibrated recorder installed between the last
ball valve assembly of the test manifold to vessel tested verifying his correct
equipment function. The chart recorder is never applied or utilized to set or control
Fig. 3.157 In-plant work order
equipment test pressures. Often, on a weekly basis, contractors will lease

mechanical or digital stripe-circular chart recorders and confirmable calibrated in
line water volume-psi metering-sensor devices, with an accuracy of ±1 psi to
eliminate the otherwise on-site problematic verification of equipment calibration.
On this note, most contractor services are required because they provide the
necessary equipment capability in adequate psi–gpm and if possible water heating
performances. They are not hired to take responsibility for varying test procedures
or results. Technical aspects are always controlled by hardware owner or their
maintenance personnel. Nevertheless it is important to understand the technical
aspects encountered facilitating a correct proposal procedure.
When filling a vessel always use the lowest pipe flange of the unit to connect
water supply hoses, which in some instances will avoid air entrapments (not
guaranteed). The vessel’s top ventilation must be sufficient and located on the
highest point of the internal–external structure to avoid air entrapment. Sometimes
the ventilation valve assembly is too narrow to accommodate the air displacement
(circumference [) created by the water feed to the vessel, subsequently pressur-
izing before the test procedure begins.
When test water–oil is drained (through the unit’s bottom) adequate ventilation
must be guaranteed (air volume) to prevent a catastrophic cave-in event. Top tank
ventilation must by open first and locked-out before a fluid draw can begin.
Rushing water–oil masses can create near-max vacuum conditions capable of
destroying most vessels encountered. To protect against a system failure (over-
pressurization) a liquid-filled pressure gauge and a RV valve (pressure relief valve)
set at 5% above max test pressure, is affixed to vessels bottom and top vent
assembly. Vessel damage is also possible if the RV valve value does not
accommodate the full flow-volume produced by either the pressure-washer or
hydro-blast pump equipment. A multitude of pressurizations are common, espe-
cially when testing large units such as steam-generators, tanks or pipeline systems
where maintenance problems occur during welding procedures, or sectionalized
quality assurance tests are performed.
Around-the-clock standby requirements are frequent; therefore a standby fee is
negotiated. During pressurization, maintenance personnel should check for exist-
ing leaks at predetermined intervals. If no leaks are detected the desired pressure
will be maintained according to the hydrostatic schedule. When applying oil as test
medium and ambient temperature fluctuations are possible operators must com-
pensate for the typically elevated contraction or expansion of oil (liquid hydro-
carbons) otherwise resulting in a psi fluctuation limiting precise test results. As
with high-pressure water hose assemblies, significant pressure variations can be
encountered due to weather-temperature cycling when in a static pressurized
water–oil charge (direct sunlight). This complicates test procedures especially
when long-term static pressures must be maintained (adding-bleeding).
By activating the dump-meter valve the pressure drop may be stopped as
desired and maintained at its present level by closing ball valve #6. Reducing
pressures totally by regulating dump-metering valve until the gauge on the vessel
and chart recorder measure or indicate the remaining natural static pressure within
unit. The minor compressibility of water (0.05% at 10,000 psi) results in a quick
depressurization which also indicates that air pockets are not present in the unit’s
interior. Once the test procedures are completed, and only static pressure remains,
first open top vent and secure valve’s open position before discharging the test
water through the unit’s bottom. Again, this is imperative to prevent vessel damage
(Fig. 3.158). Also a site-specific NPDES discharge permit is required for hydro-
static test water released to ground or storm water system. Barricade tape must
restrict all traffic in essential areas including the predetermined test site of hydro-
blast equipment operators. Converting a pressure washer or a hydro-blast unit to a
full-fledged hydrostatic test apparatus is inexpensive, simple and does not
Fig. 3.158 Tank-vessel

damage by vacuum
Fig. 3.159 Hydrostatic test manifold
constitute a major technical change. However, units with governors controlling the
engine’s rpm while pressurizing their system will need a changeover to a manual
rpm control, and in some cases a pressure regulator and adjustable safety valve
must be added. To correctly analyze gpm performance a digital turbine flow meter
can be added to the test manifold. Pipeline operators and plant maintenance
engineers, may follow guidelines set by the American petroleum Institute rec-
ommended practices, 1110, testing of liquid petroleum pipelines, state code reg-
ulations for marine terminal oil-pipelines, department of transportation, DOT 49
CFR part 194, testing of hazardous liquids pipelines, American society of
mechanical engineers, B31.4 testing pipeline transportation systems for liquid
hydrocarbons and other liquids.
There are eight major components allied to a test manifold (Fig. 3.159), which
will permit the flexibility necessary for various test environments and enforced
regulatory provisions:
1. The pump’s pressure gauge directly verifies the desired test pressure and
indicates the actual psi developed when the pressure regulator is adjusted.
2. The pump’s pressure regulator is set to the max hydro-test requirement. The
pressure is formed by closing the dump-metering valve # 3 and ball-valve # 5,
thus permitting the produced water to bypass the pump regulator. The volume
Fig. 3.160 a Test vessel,

b chart recorder
of the water-feed is determined by the pump’s rpm and is adjusted to the

circumstances involving the encountered vessel’s air pockets.
3. There is a design similarity between the operating dump metering valve and the
dump gun #3 which permits the utilization of most dump guns, however, the
dump metering valve does not feature a pressure-balancing orifice on the dump
side of the valve (removed) nor a nozzle component. This valve provides total
control when a manual trigger activated pressurization permits a feel for timing
and an optical physical volume control when gauging the excess water, leaving
the bypass orifice while metering smaller water amounts to the vessel,
regardless of engine’s-pump rpm produced. Over or accidental vessel pres-
surization is therefore impossible.
4. The pressure relief valve (RV valve) is set slightly above test pressure
(max +2%). The valve must be sensitive and completely discharge the produced
pump water volume (gpm) and when activated under any circumstance elim-
inate a further vessel charge.
5. The ball valve is activated to maintain the static pressure in the vessel being
tested #6. In case a vessel pressure drop occurs it is suggested to close ball
valve #5 to double-check valve #6 for leaks, which can be identified by possible
difference indicated by vessels’ pressure gauge and test manifolds chart
recorder #7.
6. The amount of water added to the vessel while charging can be determined by
reading the turbine flow meter. When operating the dump metering valve the
Hydrostatic testing of boilers-steam generators, tanks pipelines, gas and vacuum vessels

Address:

Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:
Tanks: Steam generator-boilers:

Pipelines: Heat exchangers:
Tubing: Gas tanks: (industrial)
Test Vessels: Oxygen tanks: (industrial)
Steam Generators: Other:
Pressure washer: hot: cold: Heated test water: Specify: F° -° +° gpm: psi:
Hydro-blast unit: “ “ Cold test water: Specify:
Centrifugal charge pump: Charge water pressure:
Test equipment: (calibrated) Barricade tape:
Turbine flow meter: (calibrated) Other:
Chart-recorder-digital: (calibrated)
Tracer concentrate: Fluorescent:
Surface tension reducer:
In-plant testing:
Static pressure difference (+,-) from bottom of unit tested:
Test equipment distance from tested vessel:
Safe test area location: Specify:
Systems failure protection RV valve: RV- valve assembly: (calibrate)
RV valves volume capability: Specify: (calibrate)
3.14.285
water volume loss due to possible system leaks is also projected. The chart
writer records the gpm added to the vessel (if so desired).
7. Pressure-sensitive chart recorders (Fig. 3.160b) are vulnerable to shock, vibra-
tion and pump cycles. Install a dampener to produce a smooth chart printout.
This unit protects the recorder, especially when the operator abruptly controls
the dump metering valve.
GEAR - LIST Nr.

Address:

Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:

Hydrostatic test of
Vessel 204
Plant location:
Hazardous material: MSDS: Specify:
Fig. 3.161 in-plant work order
8. The ball valve #6 may isolate the test equipment and in doing so, not interrupt
the test procedure. This also permits exchange of chart paper, adding or
exchanging faulty equipment or resetting RV values as desired.
The static pressure difference (±) between the test equipment’s location and the
bottom-center to top of vessel most always be included (Fig. 3.161). Customers
3.15 Mold Remediation, Disaster Cleanup, Water Damage-Sludge Removal 429
sometimes require the installation of an in-house tested pressure gauge to the test
manifold #4. Contractors interested in this application may also rent this equip-
ment (complete test manifold) in its entirety. Customers require calibration dates
and functional guarantees, which most rental companies provide and renew.
Financially this application is lucrative and deserves aggressive salesmanship.
Pressure washers-hydro-blast, and UHP equipment units from .500 to 55,000 psi
are standard.
3.15 Mold Remediation, Disaster Cleanup, Water

Damage-Sludge Removal, Insect–Pest Suppressio,
Odor-Stench Control
Wind, water, fire or the combination of all three provide a business potential for
honest and experienced contractors specializing in disaster cleanup, restoration,
mold remediation, odor-stench control and insect–pest suppression. The situation
at hand is all too often exacerbated by opportunistic start-ups and/or fly-by-night
service companies further victimizing the disadvantaged property owners. Under
these circumstances is it important to verify a restoration contractors credentials.
Due to the multiple varieties of encountered problems within this application
criterion, a contractor must have a minimum of 3 years experience. His mem-
bership to a trade association may help to verify competent past professional
performances. Verifying recommendations of past customer and involved insur-
ance carriers and adjusters, proof of current liability insurance of 2 million dollars
and carrying workers compensation insurance for all employees is a identifiable
criterion a customer should acquire to before a job walk is initiated.
All of the available pressure washing and hydro-blast tool combinations are
utilized within this application criterion. Cleaning and remediation techniques are
paired with chemical treatment concerning molds, odor-stench controls and
insect–pest suppressions. Removing, packaging and transporting of various haz-
ardous materials can require a qualified HAZMAT team, to prevent further con-
tamination by bio, asbestos or lead containing materials as is the correct
identification of harmful substances, important within a disaster cleanup proce-
dure, varying with every incident.
The fire and smoke damage restoration (Figs. 3.162, 3.163) of wood façades
(stain) by high-pressure water is an application which will most often result in a
rustic look sometimes astonishingly beautiful compared to appearance prior
disaster. Material can be removed to the damaged interface zone, stains treated and
burned coatings can be removed. There is a certain possibility as to a customers
suggestive perception concerning final façade appearance. This can best be con-
trolled by providing test patches, which might require a staining or coating pro-
cedure. Best results are achieved utilizing not more than 2.5–4 gpm and most
important the use of high-end precision fan nozzles at pressures up to 3,000 psi.
Fig. 3.162 Fire damaged

wood
Fig. 3.163 Fire damage

removed
Fig. 3.164 Mold

remediation
Fig. 3.165 Mold,

before–after
Fan nozzle degree will be chosen by severity of damage encountered, wood age
and its type. The nozzle standoff distance will be adjusted as to the friability point
of woods damaged interface.
Mold remediation (Figs. 3.164, 3.165, 3.166) following a disaster cleanup is a
common occurrence, especially in humid environments. This manifestation can be
explosive when past cleaning procedures did not entertain a final rinse cycle
introducing a variety of antifungal and mold suppressants. Chemistry chosen must
Fig. 3.166 Undisturbed

mold on concrete surface
Fig. 3.167 Chem. feed

pump
also consider the present environment and its natural spore’s habitat transmitted by
air current. Humidity, faulty structures and uncontrolled vegetation-undergrowth,
combined with sun starved surfaces makes for a perfect environment, especially
when surfaces in question provide an organic food supply besides moisture. Mold
can appear on most substrate and does include wood, concrete, sandstone, lime-
stone, cinder-block (CMU) infestations and brickwork in short, most porous sur-
faces are susceptible to these windswept transmitters or developments and can be
as simple as a transference from a nearby infested cedar shingle roof provided by
favorable conditions. Inadequate remediation procedures can often be linked to a
missing microbial analysis by a qualified environmental diagnostic laboratory.
There are substantial differences between moss and mold developments.
Odor-stench control is best achieved by removing the source of its develop-
ment. If possible, the utilization of hot high-pressure water is of a definite
advantage. Once odor causing materials are removed and all surfaces are dry an
odor neutralizing chemistry and/or materials are available to absorb, neutralize and
disinfect areas of displeasure. An active ingredient such as stabilized chlorine
dioxide can be quite effective. A variety of fire/odor control products are available,
but must be met with skepticism. Besides, chemical treatment there are also
industrial solutions, which utilize atomizers which can also be applied for dust
suppression requirements (Fig. 3.167).
Fig. 3.168 Ant–pest control
Fig. 3.169 Hydro-vac unit
The professional water damage–restoration contractor utilizes modern diag-

nostic equipment, which includes penetrating and non-penetrating moisture
meters, digital hydro meters, combined with state-of-the-art infrared thermal
imaging cameras utilized to detect damage and moisture pockets in cavities
throughout various levels of an affected structure. Applying necessary drying and
dehumidification equipment and providing a qualified labor force is of utmost
importance as is the correct application chemistry, which is best followed precisely
as to manufacturers identified application criteria.
Insect–pest suppression requires the penetration of their hiding place by high-
pressure water combining water velocity with chemistry and/or heat. Cleaning
surfaces first and concentrating on crevices and cracks, possibly containing fungus
and pests, utilizing hot (above 200F) water can greatly reduce the otherwise
necessary volume of pesticides and their penetration-dwell time. In open or con-
fined spaces a precise pesticide metering process to any hot or cold pressure
washer unit is quite an effective weapon and especially useful in the agricultural
environment.
Mold remediation, disaster cleanup, sludge removal, pest suppression, odor-stench control

Address:

Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:

Fire damage: Chemistry: Specify: MSDS:
Water damage: Chemical injector: ratio: Specify:
Wind damage: Turbo nozzles:
Vehicle accident: Vacuum supported spin jet:
Crime scene: Vacuum supported floor cleaners:
Water recycling equipment:
Other: Other:
Pressure washer: hot: cold: gpm: psi: Safety gear: Specific-specify:
Hydro-blast unit: “ “ Respirator:
Jet vacuum-pump: 2” 4” 6” Microbial analysis:
Vacuum hose: Specify: Bio-remediation:
Vacuum tools: Specify: Mold removal:
High-pressure hose: Specify: Odor-control: Specify:
Pump-up chem. sprayer:
Other:
Electric pump barrel applicator:
Hazardous waste removal: Specify:
Permits:
Hazardous waste site:
Tank truck: Roll-off box: Specify: 20, 40, 60, yards: open-closed
Mud dump site: Mud evaporation bed:
Dehumidification equipment: Moisture-meters : penetrating (non) Infrared thermal imaging:
3.15.290
GEAR-LIST Nr.

Address:

Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:

Chemistry:
Laboratory: Equipment:
Expendables:
3.15.291
In open space, utilizing a hot pressure-washer (200F plus) applying a trigger

gun and 6-ft wand fitted (Fig. 3.168) with round jet and a circular ant-guard with
center lance access and plate retainer quickly permits the destruction of the fire
ants queen and her eggs which are placed deeply in a mounds habitat. Sounds
brutal, but it is a much better solution than applying or injecting hazardous poisons
into the soil (least environmental impact).
3.16 Oil Lube Systems (Industrial), Tanks, Oil Compressors 435
Sludge removal due to flooding emergencies, and associated mud-sedimenta-

tion or pumping water up to 100 gpm (20 hp) in any area of affected buildings can
best be serviced by utilizing a mobile commercial hydro-vac unit (Fig. 3.169)
utilizing between 20 and 45 hp. Equipment services can be offered immediately
because their function does not depend on a foreign power source and only
requires a water feed which may be flood water in itself. A 20 hp input may
service a radius of 4000 at near-max vacuum performance. The immense advantage
is the systems light weight and mobility, where application flexibility may be
tested minute by minute (always beneficial in an emergency situation). Water
and/or mud-sedimentation transfer and possible receiving locations or containers
can be a fluid scenario as required by the emergency. Jet vacuum-pumps can be
installed strategically between a 200 and 2000 vacuum-hose assembly by removing
the recoil box or with recoil receiver directly placed to any desired dump site
discarding water and mud sediment. Automatic draw can be installed by utilization
of engine start floats. Functional, equipment can be delivered to any site where a
quarter ton pickup truck can operate. Due to the high vacuum and associated air
volume performance, tightly adhered mud accumulations are easily removed,
liquefied and pumped or discarded to an available evaporation site. Jet pumps and
their available accessories cannot prevent a disaster but are unmatched in their
application potential for remediation-cleanup procedures (industrial performance).
IICRC storm damage, restoration recommendations, http://www.certifiedcleaners.
org. American Bio-recovery Association, http://www.americanbiorecovery.com.
EPA, fire response and recovery information.
3.16 Oil Lube Systems (Industrial), Tanks, Oil Compressors,

Hydraulic Equipment Services, Light Oil Jetting
Oil lube systems are designed to lubricate main turbine bearings, compressor gear
ends, pump–piston areas and blower bearings, in short, any type of machinery
under constant load using oil at a set operating temperature and pressure. In
general, this is achieved by circulating turbine oil throughout a unit’s load bearing
system. These systems, as such, consist of a pump, filter screens, metering valves,
thermostats, oil lube coolers, pressure-regulating devices and a main oil lube tank.
A contaminated system can prove costly to power plants, refineries and
chemical plants (bearing, valve, fragments and corrosion). Contamination may
arise by circulating fatigued bearing materials such as aluminum, cast iron and
steel particles. Rust development and subsequent scale contamination which has
developed in steel supply and discharge lines may be the result of condensed water
admixed with turbine oil. Other culprits include a higher oil viscosity and plugged
filters resulting in filter screen ruptures, allowing contaminated oil to circulate
freely throughout the system, and thus accelerate bearing, cylinder and o-ring
wear.
Fossil fuel and nuclear power plants are quite familiar with hydro-blast and
high-pressure oil cleaning methods. There it has been proven and accepted by
turbine manufacturers as being far superior to the generally-applied oil flushing
method, which circulates vast amounts of heated, filtered turbine oil through the
oil lube system, removing debris in compressor cavities, bearing housing and
pressure discharge lines.
Most maintenance engineers in refineries and chemical plants have yet to be
exposed to this proven hydro application and are therefore considered prime
customers for contractors and hydro-manufacturers alike.
Contractors interested in this field should regard this application as a separate
identity from their daily pressure washing routine. To achieve a convincing and
sound technical background, technicians and salesmen should familiarize and
specialize themselves in this global application. An added investment of approx-
imately $2,500 in accessories, minor when considering potential income prospects,
will be necessary to allow a complete service capability. Having to replace a
corroded oil lube system is far less cost-efficient than employing a contractor at
$300 an hour to recondition the system by returning it to full operational status
within 24 h.
In the mid 1970s, WOMA Corp. tested this application successfully at a major
power plant facility in Arizona, setting the first vital technical parameters.
Demineralized water was then applied to effortlessly remove corrosion from oil
supply and discharge lines and included rust, sediment and gasket debris removal
exceeding all achieved expectations and long-term operational status.
Applying this technology in the United States resulted in varying opinions.
Some engineering and maintenance identities feared most commonly the practice
of applying demineralized water in their oil lube systems. This prompted
the changeover to compatible light oil as a blast medium which proved favorable.
The drying procedures of oil lube systems were eliminated, and with it, removing
the possibility of water pocket formations. The nozzle’s standoff distance is tre-
mendously enhanced because of the oil molecule structure, which optically
appears similar to polymer blasting, creating a higher nozzle impact, and thus
allowing for applying equipment operating at 1,500–4,000 psi. The gpm perfor-
mance may vary as to nozzle configurations applied. This light oil jetting appli-
cation was immediately preferred and resulted in a common understanding.
Confined application-related oil spillage can be allowed in most refineries; their
recovery systems are well equipped to handle the low volume, eliminating further
environmental problems. When utilizing this light oil jetting application in power
plants and most chemical plants, circumstances are quite different. The blast oil
must be considered a commodity purchased by either the contractor or customer.
Spillage cannot be accepted under any circumstance, forcing a totally confined
cleaning and oil recovery method (Fig. 3.170).
The vacuum recovery unit, consisting of a quick-connect pipe flange coupler,
providing a flex lance guidance system, is ideal for this type of oil jetting appli-
cation. The flex lance guiding system also incorporates a vacuum hose connection.
Fig. 3.170 Oil recovery

tool-flange
Fig. 3.171 Light oil product application sheet
The vacuum hose delivers contaminated oil to the holding tank, separating coarse
contaminants efficiently.
From this point, a high volume 5 lm oil filter (or greater) rids oil of finer
contaminants for recycling to oil heating unit which is locked in between the filter
Fig. 3.172 Splash guard
assembly and suction tank of the hydro-unit directly delivering blast oil
(Fig. 3.171) again to the job site. This system has also proven highly successful
when water is a substitute for light oil in all other pipe cleaning facets where the
cleaning process must not contaminate the direct surroundings by product or water
splash poses an environmental or a health threat. Retrieved materials or contam-
inants can also be discarded into tank trucks or any vessel, thus allowing the reuse
of water or blast medium. An assortment of lance, and flex lance vacuum retrieval
systems are available and can simply be modified to most applications. Adjust-
ments are performed on the jobsite with plant maintenance.
When large H2O compressors and their like are serviced or are reassembled at
their place of operation, further contamination in the compressor’s interior cannot
be avoided, or at best, not guaranteed. A last low-pressure wash-down using a
compatible light oil is highly recommended before the final system flush is per-
formed, especially in the unit’s low velocity cavities where entrapment of con-
taminants are practically guaranteed. Accessories used include a combination of
00 trigger gun extensions fitted with quick couplers ranging from 30 to 60 in length,
bearing a 20 fan nozzle and not larger than .060 or 1.5 mm diameter orifice. The
second lance presents a T configuration, equalizing nozzle recoil forces and
allowing cleaning procedures in inaccessible areas. The third lance is a 60 long, 00
aluminum pipe fitted with a flex lance and a nozzle featuring two orifices at 45,
capable of reaching and cleaning cylinder sleeves, oil intake lines and other
inaccessible areas. This aluminum tube must contain a locking device preventing
possible lance extraction. A two-man operation is best suited for this procedure;
one holding and controlling the aluminum tube and the other controlling the foot
valve or hydro trigger gun and lance travel necessary.
Disassembled oil lube coolers are cleaned by the usual hydro-blast method
using the vacuum recovery system. In place oil lube coolers located and integrated
in vertical positions such as generator turbines are nowadays serviced utilizing a

drip proof splash guard unit (Fig. 3.172), which provides a three-lance operation,
cleaning six to nine tubes a minute and returning blast medium to the discharge
side of the cooler located below the turbine generator area. These open drip-proof
units are also used on all vertical exchangers and condensers, providing an ultra-
safe and dry cleaning method at the rate of six to nine tubes per minute. The
application requires pump performances from 1,500 to 9,000 psi at 5–16 gpm.
Oil lube systems, tanks, oil compressors, hydraulic equipment services, light oil jetting

Address:
Website: City: P.O. Box:

Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:
Oil lube cooler: Heat exchangers:
Main oil lube tank: Secondary oil tank:
Oil supply pipes: Filter screens:
Oil discharge pipes: H2O compressor:
Turbine generator: Low velocity cavities:
Condenser: Cylinder sleeves:
Other:
Scale debris type: bearing-gasket, corrosion, water condensation

Other:
Environment: Industrial: Commercial Residential:
Equipment:
Drip-proof splash guard unit: Flex Lance:
Vacuum recovery unit: Aluminum Lance Guide:
5-Micron oil filter: Rigid Lance Extensions: (4’.)
Oil heating unit: T-Lance: (5’.)
Tank truck: Foot Valve:
Oil tank: (500 gallons) Flex Lance:
Vacuum hose: (2” 4”) Other:
Blast fluid specification:
Return oil to production process:
Discard oil: Explain Method:
Turbine oil: Specify: Turbine Oil Grade: Viscosity:
Specific Weight: Flammability:
Other:
3.16.294
GEAR - LIST Nr.

Address:

Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:

Expendables:
3.16.295
3.17 Ornamental Statuary–Monuments, City Fountains 441
3.17 Ornamental Statuary–Monuments, City Fountains,

Theme–Amusement Parks, Hotel–Municipal Pools,
Aquatic–Marine Pools and Tanks
Statuary and monuments in cemeteries, city parks, on street corners and the
occasionally displayed art pieces in town centers or open areas of interest
(museums, etc.) are subject to weathering, soot-soiling and various bio-contami-
nation caused by birds and humans. Undoubtedly one of the most famous and
probably technically attractive cleaning solutions was provided by Kärcher,
C-Tech Industries on the national monument in South Dakota (Fig. 3.173), and the
statue of Christ the Redeemer in Río de Janeiro, Brazil. Judging by various South
Dakota technical reports the application aspects were intriguing due to the fact that
the necessary water had to be delivered to a mobile tank unit installed above the
rock statuary fascia supplying the hot water pressure washing equipment by
transfer pumps. Commercial climbers were confronted with excessive hose length,
which had to be controlled, avoiding hindrance when cross walking substrates
fascia. The accumulative water mass resulting from excessive hose length also
required the utilization of trigger-guns and hose armatures capable of withstanding
water velocity and its resulting pressure peaks in operators’ vicinity. This can also
be achieved by incorporating the pressure activating valve within the pressure
regulator assembly at or near the unit’s pump head. This type of pressure acti-
vation may also reduce momentary start up recoil forces upon the climber. The
monument, being granite, offered some growth of moss in crevices, discoloration
resulting from bio residual and water leaching downward of fascia and crevices
filled with various caulking and adhesives installed by national park rangers in
their attempt to control damage by freeze–thaw cycling on all important surface
structures.
The cleaning itself was performed by utilizing turbo-nozzles providing a sharp
edge and wide cleaning coverage. The hot water supported disruption of organic
root growth, while jetting crevasses clear off various nourishment-soils dimin-
ishing future growth activities. After removing remaining loose or deteriorated
caulking products, crevices susceptible to freeze thaw cycling were sealed. Due to
the monuments remote location, a timeline of gigantic proportions had been
established by Kärcher. Untouched by high-pressure water the remaining mountain
substrate will in the future educate as to the severity of an environmentally
introduced surface contamination and influence by freeze–thaw cycling in
comparison to all surfaces successfully cleaned. Park rangers, scientists, restora-
tion–preservation specialists, pressure washing and hydro-blast equipment manu-
facturers alike will learn a great deal within the next 20–30 years as to the positive
influence affecting granite surfaces treated by high-pressure water and the visually
achieved longevity of its beautification by a high-pressure jetting procedure.
Granite and architectural marble cleaning and conservation is safely achieved
when utilizing high-pressure water either with fan jets or turbo nozzles with
Fig. 3.173 a, b, c National

monument
pressures ranging between 1,000 and 3,000 psi at 2.5–5 gpm hot or cold water
without the loss or dulling of existing surface gloss. Most often faded gloss or
damage occurs due to pedestrian shoe sole abrasion and environmental impacts
that more often than not has been accelerated by improper use of harsh chemicals,
failing neutralizing chemistry and inadequate buffing compound applications. The
high-pressure water pre-cleaning is particularly effective when introduced to a
failing stone gloss prior to a restoration and maintenance procedure. It is especially
effective in removing aggressive sharp edged tiny contaminants (silica, etc.)
embedded in the gloss seal interface most often introduced by substandard
cleaning and seal applications.
These abrasive contaminants can be responsible for edge-swirl marks when

buried into pads of buffer-polishing equipment. Stone specific honing compounds
are utilized in a measured application criterion, which cannot be compromised by
irregular supply and/or unidentified product contamination.
Marble is a crystalline compact variety of metamorphosed limestone. This
sometimes is the reasoning by which restoration and preservation specialists nix
high-pressure water as a cleaning tool. Often these are the same specialists which
will apply a 50–50 water chlorine bleach solution, and combine this with light or
heavy brushwork on historic substrates. Neutralization of chemical remnants is
mostly marginal and performed with flushing water to a possible porous stone
substrate. Applying household vinegar to surfaces in question completes their
service cycle. This inadequate circumstance is often enhanced by failure to cor-
rectly categorize various stone substrates and the identification of why a cleaning
procedure is necessary. Besides making use of abrasive blast techniques this
behavior has through the years permanently damaged sensitive stone statuary,
building façades and architectural components. As many antiques have been
destroyed or lost their antiquity value by incompetent cleaning procedures, as has
the conversion or destruction of an aged look or beautiful patina on various stone
and metallic substrates, destroyed art or architectural heritage structures, façades
and statuary. By the way, these methods also accelerate the usual damaging
manifestation by environmental influences which are especially noticeable when
competing for work in established cemeteries.
The disparity of deteriorated old markers, granite, lime and sandstone or
variations of damaged slate stone and concrete units can be impressive as to their
state of physical decline, which often also identifies past harmful cleaning–
restoration scenarios. These stone credentials also absolve the high-pressure water
cleaning technique, simply because the gravestone cleaning application by high-
pressure water as a tool was at best limited or only available in very few regional
areas. Especially when considering the mobile pressure washing industries state of
existence and equipment ability–mobility 40 years ago. Therefore a hobby his-
torian’s opinion must be viewed critically as to the creation of long-term damaging
effects which cannot be established by anyone regardless of education or appli-
cation knowledge. Damage and deterioration are more often than not the result of
services indifferentism to varying substrates which will change with every
memorial-internment site.
For business prosperity is it wise to establish and submit to the job walk report a
digital photo history of a project at hand (Fig. 3.174). Identify foliage condition
around internment site, possible existing damage to stone surfaces or base struc-
ture which includes identifying obvious friable stone-face surface conditions and
lettering, readily falling away grainy–sandy face structure, or any circumstance
indicating a stone’s brittle-friable or otherwise vulnerable state, which can pos-
sibly be negatively influenced by the proposed cleaning procedure, categorize and
record within the vicinity detached stone fragments, and identify stones to be
serviced on a copy of cemeteries map possibly coinciding with picture records.
This picture recording only has value if a second copy is produced after the job
Fig. 3.174 a, b, c,
d Mailbox statue
completion (job report) precisely identifying again first photo journals locations.
As to safety concern or strategy, gravestones and statues are heavy and mostly not
anchored therefore can topple with a minor high-pressure hose pull around their
corner base. Destabilizing factors can also be excessive groundwater saturation
occurring due to rain or natural high groundwater levels which is considered a
warning sign. When cleaning, saturate stone surfaces and maintain a wet condition
to permit contaminants to swell and soften. Water dwell time will fluctuate with
stone type and weather conditions. This is especially important with marble,
sandstone or slate where cleaning intervals are generally less frequent which is
approximately every 8–10 years. A soft bristle brush is not advisable. Bristle will
agitate interface structure with the result of having to dominate the cleaning
procedure by brush stroke only.
A 45 advanced fan jet will at 1,000 psi not exert more than 20 psi surface
pressure at a 20 stand off distance. With ultra sensitive surfaces the water volume
performance can be reduced to 2.5 gpm.
When mold-fungi, algae and/or lichens are visible the cemeteries manage-
ment and/or memorials custodian must be contacted as to their requirements.
Aged or weathered gravestones do not necessarily have to look new. The
purpose of cleaning is to preserve stone longevity and the innate beauty for
others to enjoy.
Fig. 3.175 City fountains
After water saturation and soaking cycle the cleaning commences from the
bottom up to avoid visible streaking after the drying process is completed. If a
cleaning solution is absolutely necessary apply as directed only to a prior cleaned
and totally water presoaked stone, minimizing the possibility of chemical pene-
tration past contaminated interface structure. After the chemical application by
pump-up sprayer and adequate chemical dwell time the jetting again starts from
bottom up. Water flushing the cleaned surfaces and neutralizing substrates inter-
face must be performed as required by the manufacturer of detergent supplied.
Only utilize products with a satisfactory and verifiable track record and only when
accompanied by their MSDS identification. Liquid cleaning chemistry must be
biodegradable, non-ionic, non-corrosive, non-flammable, non-abrasive, non-
staining and when drying have a tolerance to high grain-hard water and emanate
no odors or colors. Information and guidelines for specific locations and juris-
dictions can be obtained from the international cemetery, cremation and funeral
associations (ICCFA).
City fountains (Fig. 3.175) and their maintenance procedures are seldom con-
trolled by storm water management agencies, simply because water balancing and
control will require a chemical intervention probably by chlorine or an alternative
such as sodium bromide (never use copper-based algaecides). This means drainage
of fountain-water can never be permitted to any street or storm drain.
Water content, probably contaminated, must be discharged to the sanitary sewer
system. Most localities demand water testing and require chlorine to dissipate to
less than 0.1 ppb or total neutralization before this water can be recycled or reused
by gradually draining it to a landscaped area. More often cleaning services are only
required for seasonal or aesthetic reasons. Moreover large unplanned maintenance
on or in fountains is always related to a technical maintenance question, which can
be the maintaining of submerged lighting fixtures, nozzles and pump equipment,
cleaning aggressive algae contamination due to faulty filtration system and
metering devices, and repairing coating failure (Fig. 3.176) or removal of existing
coatings to facilitate a new installation.
Fig. 3.176 Fountain

structures
Most often coating failures can be documented due to poorly prepared sub-
strate, and design circumstances relating to negative water entry through cracks or
moisture vapor emissions from saturated concrete areas introduced by adjacent
wall systems. Coating blisters indicate water-moisture accumulations on the
negative side of the a coating system requiring total removal by preferably the
UHP jetting procedure utilizing a vacuum head for the direct transfer of coating
residual. The hydro-blast application is also practical, especially when a certain
degree of surface roughness must be established. Under such a circumstance, the
hydro-vac system is utilized to remove and separate coating residual and recycling
of the blast water. Some interior concrete surfaces may also require further
treatment via high-pressure water abrasive-blast techniques such as those descri-
bed by the coating manufacturer or the engineering consultant whose methods are
most often investigated and determined to be the prior cause of coating failure.
This coating removal application requires industrial tooling, which is also utilized
for applications found in theme-park facilities, aquatic marine pools and tanks.
Tool requirements will vary with every application and coating-substrate
encountered.
Coating removal applications in theme-parks fountains and water slides are
often a seasonal prerequisite, or removing coatings in aquatic and animal habitat
housing which deserves specialization can greatly be supported by offering surface
cleaning applications starting with pedestrian areas, including bubble gum
removal, cleaning and disinfecting of joyrides (Fig. 3.177) which is necessary after
an emergency repair procedure and/or specialty work such as dredging pond
bottoms supporting aquatic life, etc. by utilizing the hydro-vac system. Inquire
through industry resources the ‘‘international association of amusement parks and
attractions’’, http://www.iaapa.org.
Residential swimming pools, including Jacuzzis, will accumulate fats, bio-film
resulting from free-floating micro organisms, oils, calcium-chlorine crust
appearances adhering to surfaces and/or obvious waterline and runoff-splash areas.
Commercial and municipal pool installations require special attention due to
increased contaminating source (humans). Cleaning services will always be
necessary within this environment therefore the only question is the feasibility
warranted for a pressure-washing contractor to participate in this market. Any pool
service company under seasonal pressure is well advised to incorporate existing
pool cleaning experience by upgrading equipment and tool capacities into the
municipal pool, aquatic–marine, hotel and theme park environment, where a
customers managerial obligation reflects operational maintenance cost. Profes-
sional pool operators of America provide within their association a technical
information base concerning all major coatings, contamination and bio-film
structures and their removal criteria. This knowledge base can further be exploited
and enhanced into the prior clarified statuary–monument and fountain cleaning and
coating removal application criteria, http://www.ppoa.org.
The pressure washing contractor may consider the pool cleaning application
when his overall contract includes surface cleaning applications in business’s
parking facilities, arrival and departure areas, brick and stone work in atriums,
wooden fencing and gazebos or cleaning of restaurants produce receiving and trash
collection areas or restaurants ventilation equipment, etc.
For the above-mentioned cleaning applications the rotary spin-jet surface
cleaning unit is perfect when operated with hot water at 2008F plus at 3,000–
4,000 psi. Soaps, disinfectants, degreasers or light acids can also be introduced and
are of an advantage under various circumstances. A one size fits all chemical
application criterion can not be established due to the encountered job varieties.
When applying chemicals a material safety data sheet (MSDS) must be present on
the job site indicating chemical structure (bio-degradable). Chemicals can be
applied with an up-or downstream injector or directly admixed to the float tank
(disinfectants). To avoid aggressive behavior in a pressure washer system, acids
are either applied manually via a pump-up unit or pulled by a low cost abrasive-
blast injector affixed ahead of the gun and lance assembly. Proper acid water ratio
is simply achieved by the utilization of a hose clamp restricting the acid flow
approximately 4 ft beyond the acid container. The suction hose must be acid
compatible and is down sized in relation to existing abrasive hose assembly.
Adequate protective clothing and sometimes respirator gear are necessary.
Choosing the necessary application process depends solely on area coverage
requirement. In high-traffic areas and areas where traffic is difficult to control,
signage procedures must be obvious and legal.
In a pool bidding process a contractor should also consider the overall pool
areas that may include cleaning wooden decks, stone-work, sidewalks, etc. Wood
can be restored by a high-pressure water application and supported by chemistry to
visually near-new appearance. Whenever possible, expansion joint cleaning of
cement floor structures and a resealing process with caulking can often be included
in a bid procedure. The hydro-vac system belongs to the pool equipment palette as
its application can specifically remove various contaminants in a general product
transfer or a dredging function from hotel indoor–outdoor water gardens. Paint
removal and concrete resurfacing procedures (Fig. 3.178) including the removal of
faulty base aggregate are applications perfectly suited for aquatic–marine tanks
requiring a new coating installation. Concrete liner of 00 to 00 depth is easily
GEAR - LIST Nr.

Address:
P.O. Box:
e-mail: State:
Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:
(a)
Equipment:
Expendables: Fig. 3.177 a.b cleaning and sanitizing rides

Prevent damage from temperature cycling to repaired or restored concrete structures by

preparing the old or new poured concrete interface with high-pressure water:
For small areas utilize the water abrasive-blast technique at 3000 psi and 5 gpm. On a newly
poured interface prepare the surface by applying 15 ° fan-jet at 2500 psi and 5 gpm.
For widespread surface areas with an old or new pour interface exploit the available
Rotary Spin-Jet Equipment for surface cleaning applications (flat-work). Pressures and gpm
performance according to equipment design which can start at 3000 psi and 5.5gpm.
Fig. 3.178 preparing concrete interface
removed applying ultra high-pressure creating a new surface structure, while

removing the deteriorated coatings or tank liners.
Gun barrels featuring a blast screen will aid operators in visual control while
adding extra protection from flying debris when a vacuum supported trigger-gun is
not available. Typical hydro gun operations are without a limit to the imagination
and best performed when the operator has the knowledge to select adequate
nozzles and psi–gpm ranges according to the products and substructure

encountered.
Ornamental-statuary-monuments, city fountains, hotel-municipal, aquatic-pools-tanks
Customer & Company: Date: Job Nr:

Address:
Web site City: P.O. Box:

e-mail State: Zip Code:
Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:
Cemetery: Mud: yes no
Statuary: Bio film:
Monument: Chlorine-Calcium deposits:
Theme-park Bacteria contamination:
Fountain: Fats: specify:
Aquatic-marine tank: concrete: steel: fiberglass:
Swimming pool:
Sewers:
Pipes:
Others: Others:
UHP equipment: MSDS
Pressure washer: hot-cold Acid:
Hydro-blast unit: hot-cold Rust inhibitors:
Pipe cleaning nozzle: Caustic:
Vacuum truck: Detergent:
Hydro-vac system: Foam nozzle:
Vacu-box: Wand extensions:
Pump-up spray applicator: Tank coating: specify:
Abrasive-blast injector: Fountain coating: specify:
Abrasive: specify: Plastic sheeting: (visqueen)
Vacuum supported surface cleaner: Traffic control: specify:
Water-recycling equipment: Rags:
Other: Other: specify:
3.18 Polishing, Etching, Metal Burr-Flush Removal,

Coarse Edge-Weld Seam Polishing, Surface Modulation
Developed in the late 1950s this metal modulating application is today fully-
automated, operating between 10 and 90,000 psi and does generally not belong to
a service providers–contractors application standard. The process of removing
protruding metal burr-flush with high-velocity water or water-jets saturated with
abrasives was manually utilized in foundries producing engine blocks (Fig. 3.179)
and parts (Mercedes-VW). Due to this awareness hydro-manufacturers and con-
tractors alike tested and experimented with this jetting technology within the
manufacturing environment and metal industries (foundries, sheet metal industries,
construction sites, etc.). Once the desired results had been achieved the successful
manual method quickly gave way to automated remote-controlled systems
accommodating and rationalizing the task of high-volume production. Automated
processes were first visualized and perfected for the production sequences of
engine blocks, crank shafts (Fig. 3.180), pump impellers, and all products
requiring (for completion) final removal of casting sands, remaining ceramics,
metal burrs-flush, drill burrs and hardened dried drill oils. These automated
systems are manufactured in all sizes ranging from cabinets to drive-in or through
rooms, accommodating the industrial products physical size and while in operation
conceal the developed noise levels, abrasive dust and water-jet emissions.
Regardless of pressure-gpm requirements the exterior control panels are designed
to permit access to all protruding metal remnants and possible sand filament while
at all times providing a safe continuous operation. Equipment designs incorpo-
rating hydro trigger-gun and lance fixtures which are either semi-manually or
hydraulically controlled while also totally containing water jet’s recoil forces.
Product in question is affixed to an rotating tool base which provides the necessary
access to all vital problem areas. Acceptable visibility is achieved by an
exchangeable center glass or rotating window system designed to absorb, reflect
and flush, upon contact, mud from its viewing surfaces. Blast cabinets or desig-
nated blast areas also provide water recycling with an adequate filtration–polishing
capacity, circulating water back to the suction site of a stationary hydro-pump unit.
Fig. 3.179 Cast sand

removal from engine block
3.18 Polishing, Etching, Metal Burr-Flush Removal, Coarse Edge-Weld Seam 451
Fig. 3.180 Cast sand

removal from crank shaft
Fig. 3.181 UHP abr. cutting
When manually cleaning oil–water passages filled with sand, loose or partially-
adhered metal flash or burrs in engine crankcases (mechanically developed by
drilling procedures) a short 1=800 schedule 80 rigid lance is placed with the nozzle
directly on the opening and pointing in line to the passage at operating pressures
up to 14,000 psi at 16 gpm. The developed and channeled water velocity removes
all baked sands and metal burr-flash. The minor metal flash remaining are so
strong in structure that further breakaway during an engines operation are
impossible. Cleaning time per passage will not exceed 15 s. Most drilled passages
within an engine crankshaft will not permit internal nozzle manipulation to
eliminate excessive water-jet ricochet; therefore, manufacturers affix jetting
nozzles directly to the lance body enhancing the possible access to the drilled
orifice (welded or threaded form). In any case, the crankshaft’s drilled or cast oil
passages are short in design therefore cleaning times will not exceed 6 s per
passage. Naturally, time parameters will change with size of engine shaft
encountered. It must be guaranteed that the utilized vise-fixture can adequately
hold and absorb the hydro-jet’s transferred kinetic energy. The effectiveness of any
abrasive or, for this matter, blast medium, to enhance remove or otherwise
manipulate surface conditions and appearance also depends on the following
technical variables: the mix ratio of water and honing-abrasive medium type,
hardness, grain shape, sieve-mesh size, injector-nozzle distances from the surface,
surface type and structure, and the injector’s ability to produce an adequate blast
pattern superior to most common water-abrasive blast injectors and their available
support equipment. A contractor wishing to utilize abrasive application technology
can verify in chapter ‘‘core applications’’ 23 industrial–commercial-marine
applications (Fig. 3.181).
Polishing, etching, burr-metal flash removal, weld seam polishing, surface modulation

Address:

Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:
Foundries: Pump impellers:

Sheet-metal industry: Construction steel:
Construction site: Glass:
Casting: Aluminum:
Engine blocks: Granite:
Crank shafts: Other:
Honing: Drill burrs:

Etching: Casting sand removal:
Metal burr-flush: Sand filling:
Other:
Abrasives: sieve-mesh size: Profile: mil.: Sieve-mesh size: Profile: mil.:
Glass beads: Aluminum oxide:

Silica:
Metal beads: Garnet:
Plastic beads: Sand
Nut-shells: Soluble abrasives:
Cement dust: Sawdust:
Fly-ash: Grain-shape: Hardness: MOHS:
Grit: MSDS: Pounds: Bulk: Bags:
Equipment:
Hydro-blast unit: Bulk container
Pressure washer: Vacu-jet recovery system: “Wet”
Abrasive injector: Vacu-jet recovery system: “Dry”
Abrasive cutting heads:
Other:

3.19 Sewers, Laterals, Culverts, Sumps, Industrial Pipe

Cleaning, Pipeline Cleaning and Cutting Applications
Conceived and developed by Wolfgang Maasberg Sr. in 1956 and finally patented
in 1958 Germany, the self-propelling (Figs. 3.182, 3.183) sewer–pipe high-
pressure hose or rigid lance mounted nozzle configurations (USA 1960) where the
3.19 Sewers, Laterals, Culverts, Sumps, Industrial Pipe Cleaning 453
Fig. 3.182 The sewer and

pipe cleaning invention 1957
Fig. 3.183 Nozzle invention

draft 1960 USA
result of his industrial pipe cleaning method (Fig. 3.184) utilized in dairies and
chemical production facilities. The inspiration to first develop and manufacture
truck chassis mounted industrial pipe–sewer jetting vehicles followed quite
immediately. At the same time manually performing the strenuous pipe sewer
cleaning method also produced the motivation to manufacture hydraulically
operated hose reels, which were immediately successful. Combining the industrial
continues vacuum performance of 4,000 Cfm and 2900 Hg, generated by injector
ring pumps then in operation for dredging or product transfer applications (hydro-
vac system) and combining this equipment and tooling to truck chassis where
worldwide the first commercially available so-called combination units delivered
in 1960 to municipalities. From the beginning PTO drives were applied to transfer
power to 75 and 150 hp pumps. As to the question; did the sewer cleaning
application come first or industrial pipe cleaning?, it was industrial pipe cleaning
for the removal of hardened industrial products requiring water pressures and gpm
performances not jet available in a compact configuration suitable for installation
Fig. 3.184 Engineered to

avoid jet-energy destruction
on a mobile truck or trailer mounted unit. This also channeled future European
pump designs to achieve higher performance levels in a much smaller
configuration.
As within the industrial environment, identifying the encountered pipe–sewer
systems age and operational definition which might be or is of a lateral type
connecting a private residence or rural business to its sanitary sewer district can
sometimes present to the inexperienced an array of bewildering consequences. Due
to unforeseen pipe combinations, which can be starting with; cast to ductile iron
into an Orangeburg lateral pipe, in areas fixed with vitrified clay–ceramic–crock
pipe connected to a new concrete pipe which was installed last year replacing parts
of the combination sewer. This type of scenario requires attention as to structural
integrity; application technology applied preventing possible damage, therefore
acquiring visual proof of system’s condition before a correct tool selection can be
introduced (Video inspection).
A highway drainage system can also be connected to a storm water detention
facility of various design controlling storm water runoff and capacity, however they
almost always suffer from mud-silt accumulations which are in comparison the
simplest application of jetting and/or refuse removal nature. Storm water systems,
which carry typical runoff from any rain event in a watershed, can sometimes be
incorporated into a storm water detention facility. Cleaning sanitary sewer systems
from generator to a wastewater treatment facility refers to residential, commercial
and industrial discharge. This type of liquid discharge carries human waste,
chemicals, commercial byproducts, grease, pollutants and various toxins. Some of
these discharge events are controlled and licensed such as for instance the discharge
of Laundromats, food processing, or various identified manufacturing processes.
It is this type of discharge, which can be fatal when neglecting standard safety
procedures and under-estimating the possible destructive nature created by sewage
accumulations within its confined environment. Flagrantly tossing cigarette butts
down a culvert shaft is an unacceptable behavior pattern almost always displayed
by a novice claiming professionalism. Due to the generally unknown raw sewage
composition and possible development of gaseous atmospheres, safety minded
equipment technicians and labor force will adhere to a proven operational
sequence which is at all times maintained. It is necessary to identify and confirm
the materials and the general environment encountered throughout the sewer pipe
system, including the verification of the system’s structural integrity. EPA
Fig. 3.185 Combination

sewer jetting-vacuum truck
since 1963
regulations on solid and hazardous waste removal as defined in 40 CFR 261 must
be understood by all involved. The labor force may enter a sewer system only after
safe conditions are established and all safety-confined space entry procedures are
considered, including the supply of adequate ventilation, breathing apparatus-
egress system, confined space entry permits, etc.
Operators with pipe–sewer cleaning experience (Fig. 3.185) will differ in their
operational judgment and therefore professional quality. Technical experiences
combined with a healthy vivid imagination, or better yet, gut instinct especially in
industrial environments to identify downstream–upstream pipe access, line flan-
ges-lids, bends, underground pipe damage and retaining an imaginative typing
capability of possible obstructions encountered by the sewer cleaning head will
separate the men from the boys. It is very important for operators to monitor the
amount and type of debris passing by the service manhole or being removed from
a pipe–sewer line. Excessive backfill material and or pipe fragments can indicate a
pipe failure requiring job shutdown to facilitate a closed circuit television
inspection. This experience to effectively categorize waste-product is nowadays
greatly supported by closed-circuit television inspection identifying current sewer
conditions for possible problems stemming from pipe deterioration, collapse,
defective gaskets and root growth (infiltration), pipe joint damage and/or the
nature of general blockages. This camera work can only support a pipe–sewer
inspection when pipe systems are either clean or partially cleaned to identify
interior obstruction or blockage. This means any sewer system needs a cleaning
schedule to facilitate operational security and unhindered CCTV inspection access.
In the real world, a contractor is called out when a pipe sewer system fails due to
blockage. Regular cleaning intervals are of utmost importance and considered a
maintenance necessity in areas where sewer systems are subject to increased
calcium-carbonate sedimentation, as generated by liquids from industrial laundries
or manufacturing facilities where organic–inorganic materials are delivered in
volume and deposited throughout a system accumulating scale and minerals on
pipe walls. The reduction of effective flow by increasing interior surface rough-
ness, and the course of developing restrictions can also be a result of a so-called
tuberculation, where products react to pipe material in itself often a criterion in
industrial environments. These are pipe cleaning circumstances where cleaning by
mechanical methods utilizing auger or metal cable-rod equipment with lateral

cutters, flat or concave blade, milling plates, etc. or a variety of milling heads
which are prone to damaging pipe systems were a common practice. In this
application the hydro-method differentiates in that mechanical tools and metal
snakes lack the capability to conform or adjust to changing sewer pipe profiles and
will create a real problem when confronted with a protruding tap-stub extending
into a sewer line. This type of equipment should never be employed if a blueprint
identifying existing lateral or directional bore connections is not obtainable. Metal
rods or snakes also do not ventilate a sewer system during the cleaning process and
furthermore, will not remove heavy materials from the lower sewer invert.
Contractors in their desire to land a job opportunity often forgo the need to
acquire from the prospective customer information regarding a systems repair
history, adequately identifying type of pipe material and/or design variation
present on site, possible condition of the pipeline and its access locations and
detailed information as to past cleaning history and its possible problematic. This
information base should be the criteria, which permits the selection of adequate
tooling. The type of sewer systems can be referred to as combination found mostly
in rural areas, retention and or highway drains, and detention systems for storm
water and the cleaning of storm water drains, sanitary sewer systems and their
lateral connections.
Laterals connecting to sanitary sewer pipe can be Orangeburg to PVC color-
coded pipe, where green identifies sanitary sewer service, leading from a combi-
nation of cast or ductile iron pipe to vitrified clay pipe or any combination thereof,
to a sanitary sewer main constructed of steel, brick and/or reinforced concrete
pipe. In the last 40 years Truss pipes manufactured by Contech are also resistant
to chemicals found in sanitary sewer systems and offer a glossy smooth interior
with water tight joints, preventing ground water infiltration and root growth
starting in diameter from 800 , 1000 , 1200 and 1500 [ can show in certain areas pre-
dominance (new developments).
Water retention systems constructed of corrugated coated steel, corrugated
smooth wall, high density polyethylene pipe (HDPE) and storm drain systems
manufactured from brick, steel and concrete (reinforced) starting at 1800 [ pipe
diameter to large drainage box culverts are structural generalizations never to be
trusted and must be verified before a tooling selection and cleaning-jetting pro-
cedure commences.
Sewer cleaning techniques (Fig. 3.186) begin and end with the basic under-
standing that all materials and obstructions must be removed from their inverted
surfaces. It is therefore imperative to realize that cleaning procedures started at the
elevated side of any given pipe system defeat or severely hamper the created water
flushing velocity carrying the generated sewage downstream.
Whenever possible, qualified operators simply begin their cleaning procedure
downstream from the obstruction within the sewage pipe system, automatically
guiding him to the nearest manhole shaft, culvert or service lid. At this point, and
in increments the hose-nozzle assembly is sent upstream in the direction of the
existing obstruction pulling back settled debris.
Fig. 3.186 Low profile

cleaning
Fig. 3.187 Skipjack

directing jet energy to pipes
lower inward
The selection of nozzle type will dictate jetting performances, and their intent.
A deteriorated and fragile but open unclogged sewer–pipe can gently be cleaned
by a stepped and repetitive jetting procedure in the bottom quarter (Fig. 3.187) of
pipe radius, utilizing nozzle carriers with jet configuration in a plane pointing and
accelerating waste accumulations by water velocity creating no potential jet
impact to interior deteriorated pipe walls which also permits an extended jetting
hold time mounting water velocity towards waste accumulations (Figs. 3.188,
3.189). The nozzle design must make sure that hose weight and nozzle thrust can
not create nozzle jet angulations subjecting pipe wall to a direct jet impact.
When cleaning large sewers (above 20 0 [) a so-called ‘‘skip-jack’’ nozzle,
designed to direct nozzles available water velocity to the areas most needed (lower
sewer invert), proves useful and renders cylindrical nozzle carriers quite insuffi-
cient. Cylindrical nozzle carriers can lose in open sewers, up to 70% of the
developed jet velocity toward the upper radius of mostly clean sewer inward.
A blockage removal in sewers is to propel a nozzle upstream punching through
a waste accumulation facilitated by one forward nozzle making way or climbing
over the debris field. The rearward facing jets are applied in a repetitive hose
rewind method to aggressively breakup in increments and washing the material
towards downstream manhole. Once the bulk of blockage has been liquefied a
repeated steady sewer-hose rewind of never more then 1 fps is maintained to
ensure effective flush-out of materials from the lower sewer circumference.
When having to flush from an upstream manhole to remove a blockage extreme
care must be taken when placing a nozzle-hose assembly into an upstream sewer
access which is most likely obstructed and visually hidden by murky water.
Fig. 3.188 Calcium deposit
Fig. 3.189 Calcium deposit

removed
Nevertheless, all possible safety precautions must be undertaken when deciding on

a nozzle placement deep enough into a sewer access, circumventing all accidental
back-slippage or failure of containment within the sewer–pipe before hose pres-
surization occurs.
If necessary, the downstream pipe–sewer system is closed off utilizing
expandable rubber bladders or netting to prevent further downstream debris
accumulation. Before pulling the sewage or debris toward the entered service side
the operator should utilize a hydro-vac system to remove accumulated debris,
facilitating flow and protecting against further downstream contamination (sewer
plug, bladder, and netting).
Working from a downstream location such as from a manhole the placement
and release of a sewer cleaning nozzle must be exercised with care. If a pipe–sewer
system does not present a blockage utilize a nozzle carrier with rearward facing
jets. Insert the nozzle carrier to a minimum of 30 before engaging the jetting pump.
A noticeable abrupt color change of passing sewage water must always prompt
an immediate research criteria and discontinuation of the jetting procedure. The
sewer cleaning nozzle has most likely penetrated into an area where pipe damage
is present and will move with its jetting velocity soil and pipe fragments, visually
identifiable toward or by passing the manhole. Experienced operators will mark
the high-pressure hose at its entrance to permit the exact measurement to the
probable pipe damage area above the ground after hose retraction and footage
Fig. 3.190 Jet energized root

cutter
Fig. 3.191 In operation root

cutter
Fig. 3.192 Frontal view root

cutter
between the mark and sewer nozzle becomes accountable pointing directly to the
area where possibly a trench degradation is visually identifiable. It may not nec-
essarily be a collapsed pipe section but may be a joint failure with loss of gasket
beginning to separate from its adjoining pipe. This can cause infiltration of backfill
and soil. Also joint separation often reveals vegetative growth, which can be root
strands, entering tight gap and cracks mostly growing in the top half of a pipe’s
circumference. Hair like roots can be removed with a jetting procedure but fully
developed tree roots require the application of a self-propelled root cutter
(Figs. 3.190, 3.191, 3.192), energized via high-pressure water (combination of
sewer nozzle and circular spring saw), operating between 35 and 60 gpm at no
more than 4,000 psi. This equipment performs effectively in pipes ranging from 600
to 2400 [. They will be tricky to operate and require some working experience not
obtainable through an owner’s manual (read it anyway).
Operators must also realize that cutting equipment only provides a temporary
solution to the problem. Roots, if not chemically treated by destroying their plant
tissue will come back in a fury. Contractors rely on these units when their available
hydro-power and nozzle selection proves ineffective especially in areas where
waste products or hardened materials intermix with construction debris and the
application of percussion milling cutters may be employed.
Storm surges can wreak havoc in sewage treatment facilities when a storm
event explosively discharges waste-product combined with rushing high-volume
water. An unforeseen or hidden blockage giving way by developing pressure is
Fig. 3.193 Skipjack nozzle
most likely also the area where odor developments and infectious blood pathogens
including bacterial breeding possibilities do exist. To avoid such a circumstance
sewer districts tend to utilize a flushing procedure, introducing a heavy flow of
water into the upstream man hole of festering waste accumulations flushing
floatable and grit waste down stream. This is the most effective when combined
with a downstream jetting procedure, moving materials toward the water treatment
facility. Typically the larger the pipe diameter, the higher the required equipment
flow rate and water volume introduced to sewer system. The industrial service
provider is most likely in possession of various industrial pipe and sewer cleaning
equipment which is designed to operate within a much higher performance criteria
to clean or remove product from within high density polyethylene, concrete and
clay pipe systems to cast-iron and steel–stainless steel pipe installations
(Figs. 3.188, 3.189). Therefore it is quite simple to add the income potential of the
commercial pipe–sewer cleaning environment with a few equipment changes and
adjustments enhancing existing hydro-blast unit’s field of operation. To fully
compete within this commercial business identity and avoiding the cost of pur-
chasing sewer–pipe jetting equipment, including vacuum truck combinations a
simple equipment psi–gpm manipulation or conversion is performed. Nowadays
most hydro-blast pumps feature a plunger-piston exchange capability in order to
gain water volume in exchange for, or sacrifice psi performance.
This change over will result in a combined higher nozzle recoil force (pulling
force) and jet impact velocity (mass). This technical requirement for trailer or
truck mounted compact hydro-blast equipment gaining a higher water volume
configuration is most likely necessary when sewer–pipes exceed 3000 in [ or a
excessive sewer incline (grade) must be overcome. Depending on application and
pipe material encountered hydro-blast equipments psi capacities may also effec-
tively compensate for the hydro-blast unit’s lack of water volume (Fig. 3.193).
To avoid pipe damage, pipe diameter and distance to be cleaned, existing dry
sewage volume and structure must by understood to correctly choose a tool-nozzle
selection accommodating the application at hand utilizing 5,000 psi plus at
22 gpm plus which is most always sufficient when cleaning and flushing 1800 [
sewer pipes. However, these performances will prove totally inefficient when
challenging 40 [ sewers. Regardless of psi applied, a nozzles dwell time most not
exceed 30 s.
Selecting a nozzle’s jetting angle to protect sewer pipe interior surfaces,
influencing propulsion thrust and cleaning efficiency for a sewer-hose assembly is
Fig. 3.194 Centralizer 3D

nozzle
Fig. 3.195 Nozzle

centralizer
Fig. 3.196 23000 psi 3D

nozzle and centralizer
Fig. 3.197 The closer the jet angle to 90, lesser hose propulsion and flushing capacity but high
impact to adhering contaminants
today relatively of predictable nature due to municipalities uniform sewer pipe

system designs and the general nature of sewage deposits. Be wary of enthusiastic
nozzle salesmen (Figs. 3.194, 3.195, 3.196, 3.197).
Important variables are: the pipe [ to be cleaned, where large [ requiring a

wider jet pattern, and higher water volume. A fragile or relative vulnerable pipe
condition demands that the water velocity to remove debris be directed to the
lower circumference producing a shallow jet pattern, preventing a higher jet
impact upon the pipe wall.
When there are extensive debris loads deposited on the bottom half of the
circumference of a pipe system, jetting power must be directed onto the side walls
and pipe bottom inward. Also a possible sewer slope-incline-grade must by cor-
rectly calculated and included when choosing a nozzle’s thrust capability adding to
a nozzle selection criterion.
A typical jet angle of 30 to 35 provides an optimal cleaning capacity with
correlating thrust provided by water volume, a jet angle of 15 to 20 provides
satisfactory cleaning capacity with higher thrust at the same water volume, and
enhanced flushing characteristics, and 10 nozzle provides very good thrust at
same water volume but lower cleaning effectiveness up on the pipe’s side wall
with high water flushing and atmosphere replacement characteristics when
upstream sewer access is opened (venturi effect). On this note to avoid the pos-
sibility of a nozzle turnaround and risking injury; it is an excellent practice to
employ and install between sewer cleaning nozzles and hose armature a seamless
schedule 80 stainless pipe extension 1.5 times the internal [ of the sewer pipe
being cleaned. In industrial applications this practice is seldom performed due to
tight pipe radiuses encountered within product transfer facilities. Operators must
strive to understand the encountered sewer–pipe system before the final tool
selection is made. Diameters and profiles of sewer pipe systems, distances between
manhole shafts, surface openings and their accessibility, debris classification in
terms of viscosity, scale consistency (tensile strength) and adhesion, specific
weight, and the overall product volume throughout are the common factors when
deciding on a nozzle specification.
To reiterate once again, the actual sewer pipe cleaning procedures begin by
placing the sewer cleaning nozzle deep into the pipe’s orifice so that accidental
dislocation of the nozzle into the service area or man-hole cavity is not possible. If
done incorrectly a grave threat to the workers exists when the high-pressure hose is
energized and the nozzle becomes mobile. The sewer cleaning nozzle and hose
assembly is advanced by 150 –300 increments and is always returned under pressure
within 50 ft of pipe access utilizing the hydraulic reel. In its path, all loosened debris
is flushed into the open cavity reducing pipe’s surface friction and enhancing
velocity factors as the nozzle-hose assembly returns to remove waste deposits within
the next 150 –300 of sewer. Hundreds of feet can be cleaned by this repetitious, step-
by-step debris pulling method. To avoid a nozzle turnaround, especially possible
within in larger pipe radiuses, or a disappearance of the nozzle into a smaller lateral
pipe and/or unknown fractures within a sewer system the hydraulic reel operator
must never allow hose slack during nozzle advancement only possible when pre-
mature hose release is introduced (hose feed outperforms nozzles advancement).
To eliminate hose damage while the hydraulic hose reel is operated (retrieving
high-pressure hose under jetting mode) a roller assembly is installed to the
manhole-sewer edge or a tiger-tail hose guide is applied. The unit’s hose reel is
situated above the manhole shaft in such a way that damage to the high-pressure
hose on the manhole’s rim will not occur. The durability of hydro-blast hose
assemblies outperforms nylon sewer cleaning hose. Specific nylon sewer cleaning
hose effectiveness lies mainly in their light weight, high water volume delivery and
low friction factors at given low input performances of 1,500–4,000 psi to 60 gpm.
Industrial high-pressure hose assemblies designed with high-pressure water
cleaning in mind are generally suited to accommodate the necessary volume and
psi performance criteria.
Due to hydro-blast hose weight and stiffness most hydro-blast units utilize a
hose reel affixed to the rear frame eliminating the strenuous hose retrieval pro-
cedure often applied in the industrial application criteria. For sewer cleaning
applications, the high-pressure hose assembly must be able to be pulled under
pressure which is an absolute requirement for a successful cleaning procedure.
To remove debris from manholes or sink basins the wet hydro-vac method
energizing a mobile industrial vacuum box has its advantages when compared to a
large cumbersome vacu-truck, particularly when work is performed in confined
areas (refineries) where pipe sewer systems may also hold flammable liquids or
gaseous vapors. The jetting water is supplied to the hydro-unit suction tank or tank
truck in tandem and/or directly drawn from a fire hydrant. Operating a fire
hydrant’s valves to meter a low water amount may result in severe hydrant valve
surface damage. A 200 or 100 butterfly valve with a hydrant swivel is suitable to
independently meter water. To avoid unnecessary system contamination the
hydrant’s stand pipe is always purged of debris before the fire-hose assembly is
connected to an open tank assembly avoiding water contamination by back flush to
hydrant.
Pipe and sewer cleaning within the industrial environment can challenge a
novice’s nozzle selection criterion. Nozzle psi–gpm performance aspects change
according to product manufactured, fouling temperatures most often responsible
for varying adhesion, viscosity, and/or tensile strength of product to be removed,
sewer–pipe design and access including varying radiuses drastically vary with
products manufactured and plant process regulations, which include an ever-
changing safety criterion.
When industrial oil or grease traps, septic tanks, chemical and oil skimming
vessels, etc., in factories, chemical plants, shops, correctional facilities and so on
become part of the sewer–pipe cleaning application the business identity changes
abruptly to a waste haulers criteria and its job description due to a number of added
constraints which must be considered: A ‘‘generator’’ is a descriptive view of a
customer who produces hazardous or non-hazardous products and offers removal
of the product to a secondary location. In our case this represents a licensed
disposal site. The customer (generator) is therefore interested in determining cost
factors of product removal starting with correct load estimates and precise volume
recording per load transported. Generally the generator feels most comfortable
with the estimation of vacu-truck loads necessary to remove his material rather
than determining product volume by mathematical methods. Preferably vacuum
Fig. 3.198 Tube–pipe

cleaning sequence
box equipment provides a calibration method to inform the observer of contained

and accumulated product volume. Hydro-guns with lance extensions and a variety
of accessories play a vital part in the agitation process of caked products, thus
reducing friction factors throughout the vacuum hose assembly while loading. This
equipment also supports the final job area cleanup.
Before transportation of any product or waste, the generator must guarantee and
certify that no hazardous materials are removed from his property or identify, and
classify hazardous-waste for a correct disposal and transportation method. This
certification is added to the liquid waste transportation trip ticket, also indicating
the necessary vehicle permit number, business name, gallons removed, waste
hauler registration number, certified product identification and disposal informa-
tion indicating the disposal site’s business name, address, state waste hauler per-
mit, etc. These transportation tickets will vary from state to state by law and
implication.
Operational qualifications are tested in industrial pipe cleaning practices where
the variety of products, their adhesion factors, viscosity, tensile strength and
hazardous classification (safety procedure) are never the same; this includes pipe
interior [, and surface condition, location and design, pipes may vary from 00 to
120 [ plus and therefore demand a wide variety of hydro-tools to successfully
fulfill the application criterion. Pressures start at 3,000–45,000 psi, utilizing vol-
umes from 2.5 to 80 gpm. Because of service location and general plant cir-
cumstance the manual pipe cleaning practice is more often considered and prevails
by applying foot valves or trigger-guns with 00 flex lances to 00 –00 [ high-
pressure hose assemblies. Nozzles are selected depending upon the individual
application. One must consider all flow restrictions and water mass movement
through hoses and tools. Semi-or automated equipment is also available, but can be
impractical, not cost effective and sometimes is too slow.
As mechanical or hydraulically controlled sewer cleaning applications, the
manual cleaning of tubes (Fig. 3.198), pipes and sewers will require cleaning
techniques, psi–gpm performances and equipment choices categorized into five
prevailing application techniques differing in tooling and application process quite
drastically to automated processes.
When the degree of pipe soiling or the nature of product is inconsistent or its
structure and physical tendency is an unknown, for reasons of safety the manual
cleaning of pipes and tubes must be performed in a progressive method.
Normal pipe or tube cleaning endeavors applying 00 hose or flex-lance
equipment will exploit nozzles with a 45 jetting angle, providing a good trust to
Fig. 3.199 Jet angle
Fig. 3.200 Poor jet

formation, jet energy
destruction
Fig. 3.201 Pipe nozzle
Fig. 3.202 High impact

nozzle carrier
propel the nozzle-hose assembly (Figs. 3.199, 3.200, 3.201) down line (soft
material).
Where the deposits are thin and hard, a jet angle choice can be 85 applying a
more direct impact to soiled pipe wall but delivering enough thrust to pull hose
assembly throughout the equipment serviced. Where the pipe is larger in [ and the
deposits are also hard and difficult a nozzle carrier with 45, 60 or 80 water jet
angle and exchangeable (Figs. 3.202, 3.204) hard-hitting nozzle design (Ber-
noulli), permitting gpm–psi variances as application requires is utilized. This
permits raising the nozzle cleaning efficiency up to 70% when compared to
mechanically drilled orifices (Figs. 3.203).
When a pipe cleaning nozzle offers a foreword jet, which is only utilized when
cleaning U tube condensers or pipes in a situation where blockage of a pipe is a
known, a rigid-lance should never be forced nor should a nozzle-hose assembly be
Fig. 3.203 Hydraulic force development
Fig. 3.204 Carrier interior

view
Fig. 3.205 a UHP hose

interior [, before armature
restriction [, b various high-
pressure hose models
allowed to enter at its produced or available velocity. Pressures may develop

explosively, creating a hydraulic reaction force with the possibility of blowback
and again perhaps grave injury to operators.
The diameter or length of 00 , 00 or 00 high pressure hose assembly does not
matter; the steel-braiding (Fig. 3.205a, b) under pressure will transmit the slightest
movement by a hose-loop. When in a progressive cleaning face (Fig. 3.206) and
with a little training a 30 to 40 lube turn will provide nozzle-jet coverage down
through all surfaces subjected to jetting procedures.
Fig. 3.206 Progressive

cleaning rotation
Fig. 3.207 a, b, c 1981

whirl-jet nozzle, first patent
draft hard-brittle scale
removal, hydro-vac and drill
applications
Fig. 3.208 Various whirl-jet

nozzle designs and [
Fig. 3.209 Tube-wall

cleaning nozzle
Where products are very hard or stubborn and automated equipment cannot be
applied, whirl jets (Figs. 3.207, 3.208, 3.209) perform a milling process upon
hardened-brittle material encountered and has literally eliminated most predomi-
nant applications where the forward facing jet designs, mounted on a rigid-lance
once ruled (tremendous physical effort). There always will be specialized appli-
cations where these nozzles are a must but are most likely supported or utilized by
an automated static or rotating mechanized apparatus (Figs. 3.210, 3.211).
Fig. 3.210 Rotating, forward

cutting mechanized milling
nozzle
Fig. 3.211 a Lance-nozzle fixture, b nozzle top view, c nozzle cross section
Pipelines of various size and purpose may require internal cleaning, hydrostatic
test-weld testing, and often due to corrosion problematic an exterior coating
removal and profiling procedure to facilitate a new installation. Today’s hydro-
vac-UHP trigger-gun assemblies applying only water or a variety of abrasives are
well suited for this application, especially when required in remote locations where
water intrusion to surrounding soil or area cannot be permitted. The cleaning of
large pipe [ is a straightforward proposition requiring minimum 150 hp pump
drive input, large cylindrical nozzle carriers at times utilizing a nozzle centralizer.
Cleaning may also be a precursor to hydrostatic test procedures.
Cutting pipelines in volatile industrial areas is an expertise most often sup-
ported by the equipment manufacturer, as it is mostly also performed by service
providers specialized in the oil refining industry. To be on site accompanied by a
renowned cleaning–maintenance company within an emergency scenario is nat-
urally of an advantage (Fig. 3.212).
GEAR - LIST Nr.

Address:
City: P.O. Box:

Web site:
State: Zip Code:
e-mail:
Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:

Pipeline cleaning: cleaning of oil and gas pipelines, Hydro-blast equipment:
Pigging products and Services Association,
http://www.ppsa-online.com
North American Association of Pipeline Inspectors,

http://www.NAAPI.com
National Association of Sewer Service companies,

NASSCO, http://www.nassco.org
Equipment:
The cleaning of sanitary sewer line,
Fig.3.212 various pipe-sewer nozzle carriers
http://www.Irwu.com
b. c.
Fig. 3.207 b. c. 1981 whirl-jet nozzle, first patent draft

hard-brittle scale removal, Hydro-vac and drill applications
Sewers, culverts, sumps, laterals, industrial pipe cleaning, pipeline cleaning and cutting

Address:

Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:
Chemical pant: Residential buildings-area:

Machine shops: Theme park:
Factories: Industrial laundry:
Commercial buildings-area: Other:
Area:
Production pipe: Grease traps:
Culverts: Septic tank:
Laterals: Oil skimming vessel:
Sink basin: Storm drain:
Manhole: Other:
Pipe size: ∅ Profile: Length: Manhole distance: Overall feet: Incline-grade°:
Hazardous product: Chemical product: specify

General sewage: Production related product: specify:
Raw sewage: Other:
Nozzle: specify: gpm-psi
Root growth: Cracks:
Structural damage: Defective gaskets:
Other:
Equipment: Sewer pipe inspector:
Hydro-blast unit: Remote control camera: CCTV:
Plunger piston changer: gpm-psi Electronic pipe locator:
Skip jack nozzle: Air compressor:
Sewer cleaning nozzle: gpm-psi Air blower accessories:
Self-propelled root cutter: Rubber bladder: specify ∅
Hydraulic hose reel: HP hose roller-guide: Tiger-tail:
Wet-dry hydro-vac unit: Traffic barricades:
Vacu-box: Other:
Vacu truck:
3.20 Steam–Vapor–Gas Flue Stacks, Industrial Elevator

Shafts, Laundry–Garbage Chute Cleaning and Sanitizing
Flue gases are produced when coal, oil, natural gas, wood or any other fuel is
combusted in an industrial furnace. This includes power plants steam generating
boilers, air pollution control systems (FGD) flu-gas desulphurization equipment
3.20 Steam–Vapor–Gas Flue Stacks, Industrial Elevator 471
Fig. 3.213 Stack and

precipitator
Fig. 3.214 Stack, smelter
Fig. 3.215 Steam generator

cooling tower
and its stack, turbine silencers-stacks, and any other large combustion device
including flare exhaust units protecting plant hardware. Periodically all are in need
of cleaning services deserving equipment-tool specialization and labor force
education. Service frequency depends on time and stacks vapor–gas flow rate ft3/s
or m3/s volume processed and interiors general corrosive conditions. Stacks are
large vertical circular concrete, brick or steel pipe structures (or combination of
all) with access from bottom within and/or exterior by ladder or helicopter
(Figs. 3.213, 3.214, 3.215). The configuration and bid information provides
specifications on stacks external–internal shell and inner external–internal flue
structure and dos not necessarily provide information on variations of a stacks
cross-section [. Stack height can be from a modest 600 to over 14000 plus yes,
feet, therefore when extreme heights are encountered (2000 ) hose runs must be
calculated and weight accumulations distributed. Stack-flue plate, flue inlet, false
Fig. 3.216 a, b 2D nozzle,

14000 psi

extension
bottom and drains must be identified as to their condition, or as inspection

guidelines will classify service requirement. Roof and top cone conditions,
expansion joints and seals, lateral supports, or ladders, platform, grounding cable,
aircraft and electrical lighting are all part of a stacks inspection checklist and
record which service providers must obtain to inform him as to the overall
condition before a units assessment can commence (Fig. 3.216).
A stack cleaning procedure can also be considered a pipe-combination-tank
cleaning application. A tank-cleaning nozzle, possibly designed to incorporate
lance extensions (Fig. 3.217) which reduces the nozzle’s standoff distances to
stack’s internal surfaces resolves this cleaning necessity quickly. Lowering in
increments the rotating nozzle from the top configuration of stacks center hose-
cable guide permits a streak-less surface cleaning and appearance achievable only
with a 3D tankcleaning nozzle producing time effective cleaning solutions
otherwise not possible. By calculating excessive distances and heights which is a
predominant application criterion common to these industrial units, a contractor
may find that this application demands more rigging time than the cleaning pro-
cedure itself. A 00 to 100 high-pressure supply hose is sometimes necessary to
prevent excessive friction losses and pressure drops requiring added hp avail-
ability. When physical circumstances demand a top entrance, the 100 high-
pressure hose must be strung and affixed to the tower ending with ample slack to
accommodate the length of flue from the platform space with its cable-reel unit. A
00 to 00 high-pressure hose of total stack length is then affixed and receives the
tank-cleaning nozzle on its end. If not already situated, a center-mounted roller
bearing assembly retaining and a profile large enough to bed the 00 high-pressure
Fig. 3.218 Stack rigging
hose circumference and its fittings must be established. A 00 steel cable is affixed
to the center of the stack’s circumference. An automated cable reel assembly also
often permanently installed to the platform is utilized to lower the tank-cleaning
nozzle down to the bottom of the unit (Fig. 3.218).
Smooth surface variety hose clamps are sufficient to affix the high-pressure hose
to the 00 steel cable as the nozzle is lowered into the stack, distributing accu-
mulative hose weight effectively. When retracting the nozzle hose assembly
clamps are removed before reaching the cable drum in rotation.
A bottom entrance in larger units to the inner flue may well be possible to
permit a significant shorter high-pressure hose run and an altogether simpler
application practice. The available tank-cleaning nozzle must feature a utility hook
or eye with a sturdy, preferably watertight load-bearing fixture to permit the
accumulative high-pressure hose weights to be exerted upon the tank-cleaning
nozzle. If there is an excessive scale buildup allowing the possibility of product
collapse into the stack’s bottom, the cleaning procedures are best started on top of
the unit to prevent nozzle damage by falling debris. Furthermore, the operator
ensures the centering of the hose in the bottom of the unit to reduce possible loads
to the high-pressure hose, nozzle and cable reel assembly by falling debris. A tank-
cleaning nozzle functioning only in one circular plane will cut smaller product
pieces when slowly lowered therefore reducing the danger of large slab-like
objects falling onto the high-pressure hose assembly. Under these circumstances,
one might contemplate introducing the nozzle through the top of the stack to
eliminate possible product collapse altogether. Ensure that the probably debris
hidden bottom stack drain is in open position and features an adequate filter of
some sort to separate the water from the debris (such as a rock-filled burlap sack).
Stack’s interior acid resistant brick and grout structure is subject to damage when
pressures above 6,000 psi are introduced. The higher water volume applied (mass)
combined with long-distance nozzle-jet technology to breach stacks interior
diameter [ requires a gpm–psi configuration set specifically adjusted to each
Fig. 3.219 3D nozzle
Fig. 3.220 High-gpm 3D

nozzle
individual job criteria. A one size fits all gpm–psi setting does not exist due to
variance in scale deposits, tensile strength and adhesion factors and the interior
distances [, from center of a stack to be serviced. Under most circumstances this
application will not demand more than 5,500 psi. Higher water volumes are
essential to accommodate the nozzle standoff distance (according to the tank-
cleaning nozzle employed). The cleaning process is completed in a one-step, one-
direction procedure. Repeat practices are unwise and only necessary when the
system’s pressure volume configuration does not match the jet’s rotation and
necessary nozzle standoff distance to the stack’s internal surface. When consid-
ering heights and distances involved, excellent communication between the pump
operator and labor force is essential as is fall protection and the use and wearing of
top entrance harnesses lanyard security and utilization of safety language
instructions, this is not an application suitable for skirmish individuals. Never enter
the stack interior while the cleaning equipment is in suspension or operation.
Confined space entry permits, lockout–take-out procedures of all equipment
connected to stack must be performed establishing safe conditions.
HINT. In operation, tank-cleaning nozzles (Figs. 3.219, 3.220) are often not
adequately balanced consequential creating a whipping motion. It is therefore wise
Smoke stacks, laundry shafts and garbage chutes

Address:

Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:
High-rise building: Commercial ship:

Power plant: Naval ship:
Chemical plant: Hospital:
Refineries: Other:
Flame stack: Garbage chute:

Smoke stack: Laundry shaft:
Ventilation pipe stack: Other:
Stack I.D.∅: Top ∅: Center ∅: Bottom ∅:
Chute I.D.∅: Top ∅: Center ∅: Bottom ∅:
Pipe I.D.∅: Top ∅: Center ∅: Bottom ∅:
Concrete: Brick: Steel: Plastic:
Stack platform: Hazardous materials:

Stack ladder: Scale product buildup:
Adequate accessibility: Specify thickness:
Adequate drainage: Other:
Cable reel:
Equipment:
H.P. hose: specify length Communication radio:
Tank cleaning nozzle - controlling line: Chemicals: specify
Lance extensions: Disinfectants:
Center-mounted roller assembly: Deodorizers:
Electric winch: Drainage trough:
Hose clamps: Safety gear:
Steel cable: (for correct weight of unit) Other:
to affix a controlling line to offset this motion to allow sufficient time to depres-
surize the system (resulting from uneven, worn or contaminated nozzles).
Consider various vertical pipe-cleaning applications when servicing garbage
and laundry disposal shafts found in high-rises; generally these shafts are 2 0 to
3 0 [ or square. Above the 5th to 7th floors a 1 0 to 2 0 -pipe diameter
reduction is found. Household, office and hotel debris are known to create an
GEAR - LIST Nr.

Address:
P.O. Box:
e-mail: State:
Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:

Fig. 3.221 funnel receiver Equipment: Fig. 3.222 open box receiver
Specifications for steel stacks ASME-ST-1 2000
Fig. 3.223 3 D nozzle centralizer
Various waste stream recovery equipment:
Fig. 3.224 pipe cleaning and instantaneous refuse collection
odorous scale which must be periodically removed. In this process the shafts are
also chemically sanitized and deodorized. Smooth, straight and easy-to-reach
surfaces promise a successful application process.
Hydro-blast units with a large volume capability provide the power to operate a
nozzle carrier with six fan tips that are able to completely cover the circumference
3.21 Stationary–Portable Industrial–Commercial Equipment, Vehicle Fleets 477
of the shaft. The nozzle hose assembly is pulled by rope from the bottom up
throughout the pipe’s interior. Contractors with smaller mobile units can either
pull a custom flex-lance with a standard nozzle, 6 orifices 9 ([ gpm?) throughout
shaft or clean in increments, depending on the available hose length, from garbage
and laundry receiving doors (Figs. 3.221, 3.222, 3.223, 3.224). Disinfectants and
deodorizers are metered constantly. Water may be collected in a trough which
permits the high-pressure hose or flex-lance to move through its center into the
shaft interior. 1,000 psi is generally sufficient in this application and should never
exceed 3,000 psi.
3.21 Stationary–Portable Industrial–Commercial Equipment,

Vehicle Fleets, Rail–Car, Truck–Trailer–Tanker
Mechanical equipment of any type, which is stored, maintained or operated on

open permeable ground should be under scrutiny as to the possibility of oil–grease
release creating an ecological endangerment by its petroleum based products
essential to its function (Fig. 3.225). In general, producing a known or unknown
ground water contamination is in either case regarded illegal when resulting from a
process or operation involving oil–grease based content of more then 100th mg per
liter water (1 USgal–3.79 L). Protecting the present water conveyance system
from accidental release or sloppy maintenance procedures and/or the leaching
from contaminated surfaces to the soil of petroleum pollutants is today inexcusable
due the general and prevailing education by EPA and various governmental
identities as to the inadvertent access of these pollutants to aquifer, rivers and/or
lakes. EPA toxic priority pollutants are benzene, cadmium, chromium, toluene,
ethylene chloride, mercury, lead, zinc, and copper, to name a few. The pollutants
list includes detergents, floatable debris and water turbidity, visible oil and grease
sheen, and important to realize, emulsified oils and grease. A contractor must be
careful when choosing his cleaning environment, or better location of activity
especially in areas where repetitive equipment and vehicle washing operations
were a prior sustained activity. Owners of facilities and contractors alike should be
aware of the tremendous liability associated with cumulative development in soil
conditions (Fig. 3.226). A prior and existing soil contamination at hand does not
exempt a service provider. The continued cleaning in one area will result in the
buildup of low level contamination to dangerous levels over a period of time and
can become obvious due to the introduction of emulsifiers, oil-sheen visually
identifiable on surface water runoff or water ground saturation by rain storms,
distinctive odor, missing plant life, etc. When considering extended or repetitive
cleaning endeavors and/or wash-water cycles within a previous vulnerable loca-
tion, a savvy contractor guards against possible liability in an unforeseen cir-
cumstance by registering and obtaining soil samples prior to any equipment
installation or work cycle. The wash water discharge to ground, storm drain or
Fig. 3.225 Oil exploration

derrick
Fig. 3.226 Railcar storage

line
septic system is a practice of the past. It is the utilization of oil–water separation

equipment, minimizing the necessary wash water volume and its contaminant
levels combined with a wash water recycling capability which permits servicing
on–off road equipment or vehicles and the application of a non-toxic-hazardous
environmental degreaser derived from naturally occurring bacteria resulting in
colloidal dispersion to biodegradability (enzyme free). This is especially important
when cleaning needs on equipment occur which naturally are situated within a
sensitive environment subject to scrutiny such as for instance, oil–gas well drilling
platforms, their operational support and storage facilities, railcar services on
various open track or maintenance areas, or asphalt mixing and paving equipment
and/or asphalt breaking equipment, etc. Mobile wash water recovery–recycling
equipment and prefab catch basins (Fig. 3.227) including tarp procedures must be
of a durable design and provide an installation–removal simplicity minimizing
time requirements supporting a contractor in his desire to offer a quick and
competitive application.
Railcars can be found nationwide throughout rural areas and are the only
vehicular type which will not move over or across a contractor’s tarp containment
which is typically installed underneath and alongside the railcars track
(Fig. 3.228). This advantage eliminates the problematic of puncture by weight and
sharp edged gravel substrate.
Fig. 3.227 a Prep for

coating procedure, b roof
access, c prefab wastewater
catch basin
Fig. 3.228 Tarp

containment, wastewater
recovery
The modern locomotive and railcar manufacturing industry has changed its
coating technology similar to the automotive and trucking industries. Coating
choices are determined by rail car builder, and repair shops, the railroad company
itself and private companies identifying their goods and services sometimes
choosing a sophisticated coating system. Possibly enhancing their image it is this
coating specification, which will dictate gpm–psi, water temperature and chemistry
utilized within a wash-down procedure. All railcar coatings can be described as
heavy duty, but grime-soiling adhesion to surface interface or resistance to
psi–gpm configuration and sensitivity to detergents or chemistry must be evaluated
on an individual railcar or unit basis (same identity).
On a lesser coating performance product line, the transition from solvent borne
to water borne coating for the exterior of railcars is an environmentally friendly
decision in reducing or providing a low VOC content. Another type of new
technology is the direct to metal (DTM) low VOC exterior coating systems, which
can also be designed for chemical splash and spill resistance requirement, a
necessity for tank-rail car units. And a third alternative formulation is a exterior
epoxy-urethane coating system designed for railcars providing significantly longer
product endurance for the typical harsh railcar environment and can provide or
incorporate clear-coat technology. In general, the smoother a rail cars coating
surface, the easier and least costly a cleaning procedure due to lesser chemical,
filtration–disposal cost and possibly lesser psi–gpm performances, multiplying by
two the square footage performance. Easy to clean epoxy-urethane systems are
frequently encountered. Evaluating these cars for cleaning times and chemistry
depends largely on units’ age, and the contaminants penetration into the top sur-
face layer of a coating which includes the possible remnant removal of prior
cleaning endeavors and/or statically adhering particulate.
Sophisticated types of interior linings are developed for railcars displacing high
back phenolic by lower VOC two-part epoxy products tending towards high-end
100% solids formulation for interior tank linings and covered hopper cars.
Operators of railcars carrying food and chemicals have increasingly selected high
solid products to protect cargo from contamination. Cleaning these cars is
considered a tank cleaning application performed most often in maintenance yards
or directly in product manufactures location prior to loading, avoiding confined
space entry and its regulations.
Covered hoppers, open top hoppers, gondolas, equipment box or flat cars,
refrigerated or plain box cars are generally serviced on elevated maintenance
tracks providing sufficient access for the mobile pressure washing recovery and
filtration equipment which must include ground-roadway stability for water tank
truck and aerial lifts providing railcar roof access. The amount of cars to be
washed can be from a few to many, which considers a unit of between 60 and
150 cars of any design from gondola to box-cars. The logistics to deliver necessary
detergents-degreaser and blast-water is part the bid proposal (Fig. 3.229), of which
requires a careful assessment as to wastewater capture recycling and/or the correct
removal to a disposal site. Most cars are cleaned in a two-step process adhering to
rail car owners’ specification as to the detergent type, dwell time requirement,
Fig. 3.229 Oil–greasy

removal before coating
neutralization and possible rinse procedure established prior to the bidding process.
When scheduling extensive railcar units (60 plus), down times due to equipment
failure or needs, labor exchange, movement of wash water containment equipment
and tarp procedures and the correct wash water disposal methods are a part of the
general services function. Unplanned deviations, holdups, tardiness etc. cannot be
permitted within a job criterion of such magnitude. The time constraints result from
estimating precisely necessary cleaning times per car multiplied by 10, resulting in a
equipment necessity of two minimum 18 hp hot water pressure-washers utilizing 3=800
hose preferably following a detergent applicator down the line.
The supportive prerequisite of moving wastewater and containment including
operating aerial lifts for roof washing and its procedure must stay ahead of the
washing–cleaning process cycle.
All supportive requirements must never stop or delay the systematic water
jetting procedure from bottom up and down, which will also require the crew to
correctly manipulate containment from behind (cleaned cars) to cars not yet ser-
viced. Safety meeting and daily tailgate meetings, safety procedures as to making
sure that railcars are not moved or engines appear unannounced for this purpose,
providing adequate rain gear, signage and flagging in all important locations is a
must and will vary with job location.
More often, it is the large bulky and unusual equipment, which are in need of
special attention and services (Fig. 3.230). Size, their location and sometimes
purpose can require an imaginative application curriculum to provide environ-
mentally correct cleaning procedures which most often will result in an opportu-
nity for equipment specialization.
Fleet washing presents such a specialization curriculum, nowadays only pos-
sible and advisable when water filtration and recycling procedures are introduced
to a customer’s jobsite. There are various opportunities and technical methods
available greatly enhancing a potential income through application efficiency in
which a fleet can be washed. Ground permeability is the principal deterrent to any
washing operation.
Removing petroleum based bulk grease, fats and oils from obvious vehicle
areas is a simple application criterion where high-pressure hot-water velocity is
indispensable (Fig. 3.231). Finding a one size fits all road film removal technique
can instead be frustrating. Herein lie’s the problem. The complexity of soils due to
Fig. 3.230 a, b, c Specialty heavy transporter
Fig. 3.231 a, b, c, d Various

track chassis
their varying affinity to oil or water adhering to a variety of surfaces can be

surprising. If a soil shows water-solubility the process to clean with high-pressure
water is successful in bulk removal and to the extent that only ionic and/or stat-
ically charged film-particles adhering to a coated surface are removed in a jetting-
combined physical procedure (brush). Within this scenario the detergent-acid
application is minimized. Soils containing fatty–oily residual require a cleaning
method producing water solubility. Therefore removing road film can only be
achieved in combining water velocity with a chemical reaction by changing oily
soil molecules into a water soluble road film to sever its bond to the coating
surface interface. This is also where hot water equipment is of an advantage
activating detergents with a low or high pH. Phosphate, silicates, citrates and
polymers are examples of chemistry which will bond to soil particulate rather than
to a coating surface. This supports applied water velocity to break particulate bond
to the coating interface surface. This is quite a simplistic analysis and must be
delicately manipulated according to fleet’s circumstance, its vehicle and coating
design and purpose. Cleaning a tractor–trailer fleet will be quite site specific when
general road film and diesel stack-exhaust deposits (carbon), or grease accumu-
lation on the running gear must be removed and/or a product oriented cleaning
endeavor subject to a trucks utilization is required. The chemical supplier,
promising, a one size fits all product must be met with suspicion.
Dump trucks, box trucks, and aluminum or stainless steel tankers, etc. always
vary in their applicable chemistry.
Detergents for cleaning heavy duty tractor trailers, to aluminum brighteners,
heavy-duty engine and tire degreasers which may include a brake dust and carbon-
diesel soot deposit removal formulation, and/or applying polymeric hot or cooled
mix release agents to cleaned vulnerable truck surfaces facilitating asphalt tar-
pitch release etc. can be a job description specific to a customer which does not
deserve a chemists generalization (Fig. 3.232). The correct utilization of a reclaim
detergent designed specifically to support water–oil separation and filtration units’
technical aspect can also cloud a perception of functionality due to its naturally
low foaming formulation. Also the equipment to apply the necessary chemistry
must be considered which is important to provide sufficient dwell times in con-
sideration of their necessary rinse cycles concerning overall truck–trailer cleaning
efficiency. Services sales endeavors are most likely only successful due to a
potential customer’s past inconsistent and unreliable fleet washing experiences.
Fleet managers are usually very loyal to an existing service provider. They gen-
erally recognize the problems a mobile fleet washing company encounters. Inex-
perience, resulting in incorrectly identifying a fleets design and cleaning criteria
can also be the downfall of a novice service provider, especially when combined
with a customer’s possible wishful thinking concerning today’s simultaneous
wash-water recovery–recycle procedures, and their possible disposal and price
implications. The service provider must also clarify within his proposal as to the
extent of detail performance his services will include. Are windows to be washed
and dried and to which degree engine compartments must be detailed, etc.
(Figs. 3.233, 3.234, 3.235, 3.236)
Fig. 3.232 a, b, c, d Various

and varying truck chassis
Fig. 3.233 Wash water

recycling
Fig. 3.234 Truck washing
Commercial fleet owners may require detailing services consisting of interior

shampooing, cleaning of floor mats and windows, which at best is a tedious and
impractical application criteria when it must be considered in fleet washing pro-
posal procedures. The interior detailing criteria is generally not a part of an
exterior fleet washing operation. Exterior detailing includes buffing and polishing
Fig. 3.235 a, b Proposal to fleet management
Fig. 3.236 Washing

operations, 8 min per truck–
trailer unit
painted surfaces, polishing all of the aluminum including bumpers etc., preparing
windows and mirrors, which again is an application not often successfully com-
bined with a high intensity pressure washing operation successfully cleaning a
tractor–trailer unit within 8–10 min (correct equipment set up). Some contractors
do operate an independent crew for detailing requirements, which can follow
exterior wash operations. Due to vehicle variety and variable conditions, a pro-
posal for interior and/or exterior detailing services is best established indepen-
dently from fleet washing operations. Maintenance requirements, fleet scheduling,
tractor–trailer access to wash area, educating drivers as to parking requirements
and correct spacing on non-permeable parking surfaces, centralized wash water
recycling and vacuum shoe recovery position (Fig. 3.237), isolating possible ditch-
storm drain and truck delivery-dock drain systems, etc. and providing electricity or
light access for possible night work are a general job description which must be
integrated to the bid procedure. Any unforeseen deviations will result in tremen-
dous time losses quickly becoming a big business problematic with unhappy
consequences. Most tractor–trailer fleet operations are time cognizant with varying
Fig. 3.237 Vacuum shoe,

bladder berm
degrees of emergency procedures requiring a service provider to accommodate job

flexibility. Within a proposal procedure these possibly varying degrees of emer-
gencies, arrival and departure times must be addressed to facilitate operational
harmony. Vehicles are identified by vehicle number which is best combined with
the license plate number, alleviating possible confusion when record-keeping.
Trucks are likely to be cleaned twice monthly, including offering an emergency
cleaning standard of one or two units per pay period. Fine tuning operations and
equipment should be a quarterly-seasonal endeavor, which is also specified within
a negotiated contract.
Due to changing variety of temperature or seasonal influences, creating varying
diverse layers of road film, dirt, ice, carbon and salt deposits, including insect
accumulations on radiators, vehicle hood and window surfaces, etc. must be a
criterion carefully dissected within a contract negotiation. These factors will also
affect the efficiency of detergents, as does the hot water temperature requirement
up to or between 140 and 160F. The distance between parked trailers must
accommodate the length of the high pressure wand and its angulations between
trailers.
When distance is too close (\70 ) it will severely hinder washing procedures,
resulting in time losses and annoyed wand operators. There are various ways of
recovering wastewater simplified when non permeable asphalt or concrete surfaces
are designated for washing operations. To assist this can require a permanent water
dike constructed in a strategic water runoff area by inexpensively placed road
asphalt creating a dike effect permitting a vacuum shoe fixture to its lowest ele-
vation. For drive-through operations a wash pad mobile catch basin, for wash
water recovery from trailers and containers a mobile catch basin attached to or
placed underneath the rear trailer area allowing a practical application solution.
This type of wash water control is very effective, especially when cleaning farm,
off-road machinery, construction equipment and railcars, etc. Water filled storm
sewer wrap-cover and portable dike systems of various lengths, facilitating custom
designed water run-off control on non permeable concrete or asphalt surface
designated for cleaning operations with a vacuum shoe placed in its lowest ele-
vation, or the utilization of a vacuum boom which are also applied in parking
areas, gas stations, bank and restaurant drive-thru cleaning applications. Services
applying a closed-loop wash water recovery system can consider tractor, tractor–
trailer the standard revenue initiator which is adjusted upwards when washing
cement trucks, garbage and equipment trucks and attains its top revenue potential
Stationary-portable, commercial equipment, vehicle fleets, rail-car, exterior truck-trailer-tanker

Address:

Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:
Tractor: Nr.:
Sleeper: Permeable grounds:
Trailer: Non-permeable grounds: Asphalt: Concrete:
Tanker: Sump-pump:
Container: Wash pad: Explain:
Railcar: Unit:
Portable wash pad:
Tanker, hopper, gondola : Other:
Business-medium duty truck:
Portable wastewater containment system:
Light-truck: Type:
Equipment: Portable sewer cover:
Equipment location: Portable water dike system: Length in feet:
50 gallon vacuum separator-transfer barrel:
Other: Vacuum box:
Other:
Equipment:
Chemicals:
Specify: MSDS: Nozzles: 15°, 25°, 45°, 65°
Two-step method: High-pressure trigger gun:
Metering method: upstream-downstream High-pressure trigger gun: duel wand:
Foam nozzle-injector: Wand-lances: Extension: 5’, 6’, 8’
Hot water: High-pressure hose: ¼”, ”, ½”,
Cold water: Rotary jet:
Water recovery: Soft bristle brush: Extension: 6’, 8’’
Closed-loop reclaim process: Box rags:
Vacuum hose: (Feet) Vacuum shoe: Flashlight:
Other: Other:
Type of soiling-contamination:
Itemize further equipment, safety gear, expendables, labor and equipment times, etc.
when servicing oil and gas tankers at approx. $45.- and/or individually priced
specialty transporters at time and cost. Environmentally washing and specializing
in pressure washing and hydro-blast application technologies offers many business
opportunities in commercial and industrial environments.
3.22 Tanks, Vessels-Autoclaves, Precipitators, Container

Cleaning, Volatile Substance Removal and Effluent
Separation
In the early 1920s, cleaning applications for tanks and vessels applying centrifugal
water pump pressure brought about the development of rotary 2D and 3D nozzles
utilized to clean, and/or material slurry achieving a product thinning or agitation
process. Companies such as Butterworth, Sugino, Lechler and various European
manufacturing identities were actively involved in a design criterion facilitating
performances between 15 and 350 gpm at pressures of up to 250 psi.
The jetting medium can be hot and cold water admixed with detergents or liquid
petroleum product developing a jet stand off distance up to 900 . Especially in
foodstuff, pharmaceutical and maritime industries (tanks-barges), has this devel-
opment drastically reduced man entry to vessels. In 1967, with the development of
hydro-blast equipment operating above 5,000 psi to 10,000 psi delivering up to
75 gpm, WOMA designed and patented various 2D and 3D nozzle configurations
(Fig. 3.238) operating within this performance criteria which included a 3D dual
head assembly with four jetting orifices (Figs. 3.239, 3.240).
Fig. 3.238 Twin rotor jetting

3D nozzle
3.22 Tanks, Vessels-Autoclaves, Precipitators 489
Fig. 3.239 Twin rotor jetting

3D nozzle patent abstract
Fig. 3.240 Twin rotor 3D

nozzle partial view
Today a contractor can classify cleaning techniques for tanks and vessels into
three categories. The dedicated cleaning systems are permanently installed to
interior of vessels and tanks. A wide variety of cleaning heads are available, where
the simplest is a spray ball, either fixed or rotating powered by the pressurized
water or liquid passing through its jetting offices. Pressures range from 40 to
500 psi with wide ranging gpm performances necessary for softer deposits found
in foodstuff and pharmaceutical industries achieving product agitation or cleaning
procedures. The water-pressure source is often generated by a centrifugal pump
Fig. 3.241 Telescope fixture
Fig. 3.242 Hose-reel nozzle

descend
(multi-stage) capable of developing up to 500 psi and gpm performances pending

on horsepower-input (Figs. 3.241, 3.242).
Dedicated cleaning systems for process vessels in chemical industries are often
utilized for closed reaction processes where V.O.C. and other emissions must be
fully contained. Typically cleaning pressures range from 3 to 8,000 psi powering
self-propelled, 2D or 3D nozzle stored in a gas neutral chamber above a process
and lowered in increments by hose reel, telescope fixture or hydraulics at prede-
termined cleaning cycles either computer or manually controlled. Due to the nature
of a manufacturing process these systems are normally operated on a daily or
weekly basis. Besides, today mass produced beer barrel and soft drink container
cleaning systems are another example of a dedicated cleaning heads, which are
system as is equipment designed to demilitarize warheads-bombs and solid rocket
fuel shells and/or motors.
This stationary equipment operates between 8 and 12,000 psi at comparatively
low water volumes. Rotating shell and/or cutting nozzle-lance assemblies to
Fig. 3.243 Incremental

adjustment
remove propellant from the interior of shells and bombs directly delivering
irregular refuse debris and jetting water to a macerating unit which can be either a
mechanical process or a whirl-jet chamber preparing the arriving refuse for the
water recovery–recycling and filtration function attaining a product separation into
the basic constituents, which are probably highly classified (Fig. 3.243).
All due to their portability, rotary head cleaning systems are the most popular
with contractors providing the important application flexibility throughout the
commercial–industrial environment. Tank entry can often be avoided, especially
with process equipment, autoclaves-reaction vessels, mist eliminators, precipita-
tors, stacks, etc. The successful application of these rotary heads and their
adjustable installation equipment depend on correct nozzle placement and path
within a vessel. Position the 3D tank-cleaning nozzle at the center of the vessel
approximately of the distance from the top to the bottom. Adjustable nozzle
armature permits the offsetting to the directly overhead shadow area in increments
of the nozzle’s half circumference as can the depth to the bottom of unit be
adjusted as the cleaning procedure progresses (Fig. 3.244).
Generally residual film of a liquid grows thicker to the bottom of a tank where
the washing or product cutting effects must be the most pronounced, which include
the areas of farthest corner’s, vessels liquid inlet and structural discharge orifices
which are often obstructed by prematurely hardened-viscous liquid product. The
distance and starting point of a nozzle should be approximately one quarter of the
jets effective cleaning–cutting radius. Standing liquids and residual resulting from
a plugged or closed discharge valve will dramatically diminish liquid jet power
Fig. 3.244 Telescope

adjustment
Fig. 3.245 Static affixed 3D

nozzle
and cutting capacity. The hydro-vac system directly connected to a discharge

flange will greatly enhance product movement and further macerate the dislodged
debris when stirring through the jet pump’s concentrated liquid ring piston. This is
only possible when the vessel is open to the atmosphere. The longest standoff
distances and strongest product hardness, tensile strength and adhesion will most
often appear in the bottom corners and coldest or lowest velocity areas of any
interior vessel (Figs. 3.245, 3.246, 3.247). The effective jetting performances must
be calibrated to these areas by manipulating nozzle’s standoff distance, psi–gpm
performance and most importantly, utilizing interior cone-shaped nozzle designs
facilitating a tight water-jet formation (Bernoulli).
Tank trucks and rail tankers (Figs. 3.248, 3.249) can be of interest to a con-
tractor due to a wide variety of products shipped. Adhering product residue must
be removed when an alternative liquid cannot be contaminated by remaining
Fig. 3.246 Telescope nozzle

arm
Fig. 3.247 3D hydro-blast

nozzle
Fig. 3.248 Rail-tanker 3D

scissor arm, travel adjustment
residue of a prior load. Various nozzle fixtures are available to accommodate the
mounting to a tank flange.
Nowadays it is not a question that high-pressure water is capable of removing
urea calcifications, etc. The question must first be as to the structural integrity and
the tanks base material, its thickness and type. Nozzles can operate up to
24,000 psi (plus) and must be adjusted to avoid damage to a tankers skin, lining or
coating.
Encountered products tensile strength and adhesion to surfaces, elasticity,
viscosity and varying brittleness within fluctuating high heat manufacturing
processes and the variety of process equipment, their age, design, efficiency and
failure rate, interior varying surface sensitivities such as for instance interior
glass-lined autoclaves are the guidelines as to determine a correct psi–gpm per-

formance criteria, resulting in the choice of the most effective nozzle apparatus for
the individual technical circumstance encountered. Performance generalizations as
to a typical removal criterion of natural or chemical processes deposits will always
lead to an unreliable estimation. The relationship between applicable psi and gpm
ratios toward a specific product removal criterion will always change within a
process requirement (Fig. 3.250) or its failure and its varying surface interface
structure, ambient temperature and encountered process equipment’s physical and/
or hardware design features. On this note, guidelines can be established and are
derived from experience:
Asphalt–bituminous splatter at temperatures between 45 and 70 on 5,000–8,000 psi

concrete-steel surf.
Alkyd resins at temperatures between 45 and 70 8,000–2,000 psi
Concrete cutting, abrasive assist at temperatures between 45 and 10,000–4,000 psi
70
Concrete residual at temperature between 45 and 70 4,000–2,000 psi
Coke product accumulation (refineries) at temperatures between 45 12,000–22,000 psi
and 70
Crude oils at temperatures between 45 and 70 1,000–3,000 psi
Butadiene styrene at temperatures between 45 and 70 6,000–12,000 psi
Calcium-carbonate 5,000–7,000 psi
Epoxy resins at temperatures between 45 and 70 10,000–14,000 psi
Emulsion polymers at temperatures between 45 and 70 10,000–14,000 psi
Food processor residual at temperatures between 45 and 70 3,000–10,000 psi
Fermentation residual at temperatures between 45 and 70 3,000–10,000 psi
Isocyanate, MDI & TDI at temperatures between 45 and 70 10,000–14,000 psi
Latex (green state) at temperatures between 45 and 70 3,000–6,000 psi
Latex synthetic, at temperatures between 45 and 70 6,000–14,000 psi
Light oils (turbine oil) at temperatures between 45 and 70 1,000–3,000 psi
Methyl Methacrylate at temperatures between 45 and 70 6,000–14,000 psi
Phenolic resins at temperatures between 45 and 70 8,000–14,000 psi
Polycarbonate at temperatures between 45 and 70 6,000–10,000 psi
Poly vinyl chloride at temperatures between 45 and 70 (PVC) 4,000–10,000 psi
Poly vinyl acetate (PVA) at temperatures between 45 and 70 6,000–10,000 psi
Paint dried solvent based at temperatures between 45 and 70 6,000–10,000 psi
Paint epoxy at temperatures between 45 and 70 10,000 psi to UHP
performance
Paint solvent based at temperatures between 45 and 70 12,000 psi to UHP
performance
Vinyl emulsion polymers at temperature between 45 and 70 8,000 psi to UHP
performance
In layman terms the psi performance is set to cut a material to the interface
adhesion point supported by the gpm performance (water-mass-horsepower-input)
offering increased explosive surface area to the high velocity water mass.
Fig. 3.249 Rail-tanker 3D

telescopic travel
Fig. 3.250 Tank cleaning,

top entrance
Fig. 3.251 a, b Air-

preheater basket
Therefore the necessary indication of psi will never reveal the efficiency of any job
description, performance and/or adequacy in surface appearance.
This fact becomes very obvious when utilizing mobile 2D or 3D nozzles
cleaning distillation trays, cyclone separators and mist eliminator baskets of var-
ious designs. The psi performance cuts through the first layers of deposits, facil-
itating a surface area for the water mass to deeply penetrate throughout an
encrusted pack or mesh mist eliminator structure (Fig. 3.251, 3.252) and/or the
depth of a fin-fan cooler.
Glass-lined pharmaceutical plant vessels (Fig. 3.253) must be handled with
care, in that direct pressures to a lining should not exceed 6,000 psi. The pressure
produced by nozzle restriction diminishes its impact rapidly when released into the
atmosphere. A 6,000 psi pressure gauge reading may diminish to 3,000 psi at a
3-ft nozzle stand-off distance. Glass linings are more susceptible to damage by
Fig. 3.252 Mist and vane

pack structure
Fig. 3.253 Top and side telescope tank access
metal tools dropping accidentally. Nevertheless tank liners must also be protected
from imbalanced jetting heads avoiding damage by possible impact. The larger the
vessel, the greater will be the flow (gpm) to achieve necessary jetting velocity to
remove various caked products.
Cooperation of the pharmaceutical and/or chemical plant engineering
department is of utmost importance to identify their vessels structural interior
design, which can include baffles, props of various sizes, heating elements and
intake–discharge fixtures to permit a correct 2D or 3D nozzle navigation. Con-
tinuously removing product and sludge can be achieved by applying the hydro-
vac system. This is made possible by introducing an air intake fixture (isolated or
open), to the vessel flange man access providing positive air flow to degas toxic
vapors simultaneously within the cleaning and sludge removal process of vessels
airborne toxic-volatile organic compounds. Volatile emissions can be controlled
removed and separately treated as to plant specifications. Safety must be a never
ending concern. A no-entry vessel cleaning procedure must not provoke negli-
gence concerning the possible prior content of a vessel being cleaned. Its trace
elements contaminating nozzle assembly can require a decontamination proce-
dure. Customers should never be trusted as to their purging, neutralizing and
cleaning endeavors. Hazardous verification, identification and classification of
products must be a known to the contractor and independently verified facili-

tating the correct identification of safety procedures, gear and equipment.
Qualifying in confined space entry procedures will open a substantial and
highly profitable commercial–industrial application opportunity. Commercial and
industrial service companies applying pressure washing equipment all too often
misjudge this business potential. As to the identification of a confined space,
Washington’s is the most concise and says that a confined space is any space
having a limited means of egress which is subject to the accumulation of toxic or
flammable contaminant or an oxygen deficient atmosphere. Applying high-
pressure water as a tool with its wide variety of applications, utilizing abrasive
blast methods, sludge or product removal by hydro-vac equipment operating
injectors as pump identity or employing product separation by a vacuum container
and/or pump truck, sewer and pipe cleaning endeavors, coating removal and
surface preparation exploiting the UHP method and its manual and automated
equipment, or a combination of all will require all applicable safety variations
established by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI-Z-117.1-1989)
and its bylaws. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NI-
OSH), defines a confined space which by design, has limited openings for entry
and exit, unfavorable natural ventilation, which could contain or produce dan-
gerous air contaminants, and which are not intended for continuous human
occupancy. NIOSH also acknowledges that varying degrees of hazard may exist
under different conditions by describing three separate classes of spaces, namely
class A, B, and C. For a contractor it is most important to realize that OSHA’s
general industry definition for confined space requiring a permit (OSHA-29 CFR
1910.146) does also include regulations for OSHA’s maritime, agricultural, con-
struction definitions and is regulated by a different part of the Code of Federal
Regulations (CFR), which are also established for paper mills, telecommunica-
tions, chemicals and allied products, primary metals industry, motor freight-
transportation, wastewater treatment facilities, etc. and does consider confined
space variations in size, shape and function.
Within its facets, the mere involvement, and study for confined space entry will
produce an application criteria of tremendous variety within the commercial,
industrial, marine and agricultural environment.
A confined space is not necessarily totally enclosed. An open tank-vessel
without a roof structure is also considered a confined space, especially when the
job requires agitation or removal of hazardous materials possibly emitting volatile
or toxic vapors, the access to this space is limited, and is normally not occupied by
people.
The cleaning of natural latex product from such an open vessel may stipulate as
shown (Figs. 3.254, 3.255, 3.256, 3.257).
Another such space, normally not occupied by people are wastewater treatment
facilities clarifiers which also require a confined space entry permit (OSHA 20
CFR 1910.146). Wastewater treatment facilities (Fig. 3.258) are prone to hydro-
gen sulfide enriched atmospheres which must be guarded against and continuously
tested for.
Fig. 3.254 Plant supplied safety cleanup sheet
The contractor operating only one hydro-blast unit to slurry sludge chooses to
utilize a sludge pump versus the hydro-vac system. His experience with fly ash
(Mt. St. Helens) and admixed city clarifier sludge which proved susceptible to high
velocity high pressure water jets emulsifying and causing liquid to free flow at an
astonishing effective rate did not justify the mobilization of an additional hydro-
blast unit nor industrial vacuum truck operation. Two trigger-gun affixed 3=800 –80 T
lance assemblies with four slurrifying nozzles were responsible to complete this
job in record time.
Confined space hazards are: oxygen deficient atmospheres, oxygen enriched
atmospheres, ‘‘toxic’’ or irritating atmospheres.
Physical hazards are: fixed and portable mechanical equipment sensitive to
fogging or water misting, electrically energized conductors, fluids–liquid such as
oils diminishing adequate footing, powders and gases, thermal conditions hot or
cold creating fog or misting events limiting visual orientation, engulfment by
finely divided material, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, contact with various
chemicals and corrosive substances.
Mist eliminators in fossil fueled power plants are serviced by hydro-blast jetting
technology by cleaning the mesh structure free of lime and calcium accumulations
which will also deposit on intake surfaces, undersides of baskets and vessels
Fig. 3.255 Plant supplied sanitation estimate, confined space entry
bottom including possibly the smokestacks intake surfaces (Figs. 3.259, 3.260,
3.261). If not utilizing suspended automated cleaning equipment while in a plant
shutdown mode, the manual cleaning method is still very compatible within the
overall job description requiring cleaning the complete vessel from top to bottom.
Nozzle rigging times, unequal deposits throughout a basket structure, requiring
repetitive cleaning cycles, expense of excessive horsepower input and the opera-
tion of basket disc structure are time-consuming, often eliminating the advantages
gained by remote basket cleaning operations.
Pressures range between 8,000 and 10,000 psi to 26 gpm for basket cleaning
which can be reduced to approximately 6,000 to 8,000 psi for vessels interior
surface cleaning applications. Bottom accumulated bulk debris is shredded
(Fig. 3.262) to fit a hydro-vac vacuum shoe substantially outperforming industrial
vacuum truck loading capacities especially when an alternative material disposal
sequence is required. The product can be dry loaded utilizing a centrifugal sepa-
rator, or macerated to be vacuum transferred to a settling or evaporation pond or
Fig. 3.256 Plant supplied product identification and certification of analysis
directly loaded to an open watertight dump truck delivering the debris-sludge after
its simultaneous water recovery function to a landfill. Care must be taken when
jetting tank walls and elevated discharge areas. It is important to first determine
built up accumulations before a scaffold is put in place.
The high-pressure water gun operator must make sure that an inadvertent and
uncontrolled release of overhead and overhang products above scaffold will not
under any circumstance risk stability of the trigger-gun operators platform.
OSHA’s fall protection requirements within a confined space must be adhered to
and are identified under OSHA subpart M 1926.500 technicians walking–working
with an unprotected side that is 60 or more above lower level must be protected
from falling by guard rail, safety net or personal arrest system.
Cleaning aboveground storage tanks (Fig. 3.263) can include all exterior–
interior surfaces including dome roofs’, or floating roofs seal and drain systems
and/or suspended internal deck systems including their components. Heating
elements often encountered in the northern hemisphere can be surprisingly com-
plex in an application requirement which demands a full light illumination
Fig. 3.257 Material safety data sheet
procedure. Product sludge concentrations and bulk adhesion, a product change-

over, leak detection requirements, coating repair or a new coating installation can
be the itinerary of a required service.
Due to today’s accepted UHP coating removal criterion a qualified service
provider can encounter a job scenario in that customer requests cleaning a vessel
first for inspection and repair, followed by a coating removal in conjunction with
an coating installation procedure.
Regardless, cleaning comes first requiring a set of safety practices and
requirements tightly controlled by plant maintenance, state and federal regulations.
When applying high-pressure water or emulsifiers the visibility in tank interiors
Fig. 3.258 a, b Job description, wastewater treatment facility
Fig. 3.259 Smoke stack

intake, before
and within some containment systems on tank exteriors can be very limited.
Explosion proof lighting should illuminate an interior vessel totally and not be
limited to the blast or product removal area. Limited visibility will not only
decrease the ability to produce quality work but also inspections. Needless to say,
that with good visibility accident likelihood is also reduced.
Once bulk product has been drained and removed the hydro-vac system sup-
ported by emulsifying–slurrifying and/or water–detergent jetting techniques will
quickly move liquefied waste and sediment to a vacuum boot situated in the
vessel’s lowest point. Methodically utilizing squeegees behind a jetting operator
permits the visual verification of required cleanliness for the final wash down
procedure. Exterior spill prevention within a tank cleaning procedure (Fig. 3.264)
is a requirement of utmost importance as is inadvertent litter and contaminant
cleanup within empty tanks secondary containment area where equipment storage
and its operation is most often performed. This type of pressure washing and
hydro-blast application is in itself quite straight forward.
Fig. 3.260 Hydro-blasting

intake
Fig. 3.261 Smoke stack

intake, after
Fig. 3.262 Accumulated

bulk debris
Most often a performance reduction or limitation arises due to the complexity

of a confined space entry procedure. Safely managing flammable, explosive and
toxic atmospheres, including industries physical hazards encountered, always
supersede a possible application curriculum as to its efficiency and effectiveness.
Fig. 3.263 Fuel–oil tank facility
Fig. 3.264 Typical

commercial tank farm
An interior toxicity problem or fire and explosion prevention requirement and its
curriculum can also engage the exterior concerns due to the proximity of manu-
facturing hardware providing a possible hazardous emission potential. The wear-
ing of air supplied respiratory protection of continuous flow or demand flow, the
bulk of an entry and egress system, somewhat physical restrained by safety and
personal protective gear, maintaining a clean face shield while jetting, etc. will
slow an otherwise simple cleaning procedure considerably especially when the
characteristic of the space is poorly illuminated and its ventilation is inadequate
diminishing visual surface orientation by steam or misting.
When a cleaning procedure is followed by an interior coating or fiberglass tank
lining removal application the following necessary drying and dehumidification
procedure may also require the utilization of respirator gear. As a coating is removed
and simultaneously a new coating is installed within the drying and dehumidification
process the coating will admit its volatile constituents to the interior environment.
Cleaning maritime vessels, fresh-water and potable-water tanks, feed water
tanks, fuel oil storage and stowage tanks, diesel fuel oil tank, JP-4-JP-5 fuel tanks,
barge holding tanks, etc. are tank-cleaning applications most often performed by
shipyards and their subcontractors and are of general nature.
Taxing are the confined spaces below engine, generator and pump rooms which
includes voids below the compressor in auxiliary machine rooms to shaft alley and
sewage plant, including the steering gear room bilge voids. The free movement of
a lance assembly within these voids can be problematic and is most often frus-
trating due to operator’s physical confinement. Providing a safe atmosphere, and
correctly illuminating voids to facilitate a systematic cleaning procedure and
Fig. 3.265 Butterworth,

centrifugal pump feed, 3D
nozzle design (ca. 1926), still
in service today
having available a variety of lance extensions fitted with quick couplers is of the
utmost importance. Fan nozzle attachments of varying degree, including a pipe
cleaning nozzle assembly with guided straight and 45 light weight flex lance
retainer tubes of various lengths are also essential. Within this application criterion
a contractor’s relationship with his equipment supplier or suppliers providing this
tooling flexibility is of great consequence. This job criterion may also require lance
and nozzle manipulation by two operators where a foot valve and trigger-gun
operation may be utilized in tandem or individually within a jetting procedure.
As a cleaning procedure commences from ship-hull’s elevated area downward
through the bilge voids, run-off water and debris must be simultaneously removed
utilizing the hydro-vac system. This necessary application procedure will guide the
removal of deck plates and gratings from each space which is best decided upon by
including the jetting personnel’s experienced opinions. If there are sound damp-
ening tiles installed in bilge areas their protection must be guaranteed. Grates and
plates must be tagged as to their correct location and put on hold for reinstallation.
Temporary decking in walk and work areas is installed in a manner that injury to
vessels personnel resulting from cleaning procedures cannot occur. Mask and
cover with moisture repellent material (plastic sheeting) all controllers, electrical
components and sensitive machinery. After protecting equipment from possible
water intrusion, affix signage to all areas where jetting procedures may produce
danger to the unwary. Blank-off all open ends of piping, check and stop oil leaks
from machinery into bilge area. The UHP application to remove existing coatings
can be supported by a citric acid surface treatment to remove oil–grease remnants
and iron oxide (rust). This also requires the correct flushing and passivation of bare
steel in its surface drying procedure to prepare for a successful coating application.
Prior to this application clean all passageways and ladders, floor boards, etc. of
possible oil–grease or overspray preventing re-contamination of cleaned areas. The
citric acid treatment is not successful on undetected sound remaining epoxy
coatings. In these areas loss of adhesion and delaminating of a new coating is
imminent after a citric acid treatment. Regardless, this chemical process is only
applicable to surface ships, where chemical surface preparation is authorized. The
term bilges describes the portion of an interior hull shell plating, internal support
structures, bilge wells and sumps, tank top plating, and boundary bulkhead from
keel up to top of existing bilge redline. Included are foundations, longitudinal
beams, vertical keel, keel brackets, rider plates, transverse frames, stiffeners, and
miscellaneous support structures.
Old-school will also identify to tank-cleaning as ‘‘butterworthing’’ (Fig. 3.265).
Tanks, vessels-autoclaves, precipitators, container cleaning, volatile effluent removal

Address:

Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:

Hydro-blast equipment: Monitor environment:

Draeger air-gas sampling:
Draeger personal gas monitor:
Pressure washing equipment:
Heat stress exposure monitor:
hot-cold
Radiation survey meter:
Emergency planning and rescue review:
Hydro-vac equipment: Emergency shower, eyewash location:
Lockout/takeout: Equipment locks:
Centrifugal sludge separator: Pipes: Flange cover installation:
Vacuum container: Valves:
Other:
Water filtration-recycling equipment:
Equipment: Tank location:

T-dual cleaning head: Vessel entry permit:
Turbo nozzle: Self-contained breathing apparatus:
Coating removal equipment: Vacuum support: Egress equipment:
Hot-cold water: Full face positive pressure respirator:
High-pressure gun: Air compressor:
Foot valve: Air purifying equipment:
Flex-lances: Tube guide: Confined space ventilation equipment:
Rigid-lances:
3-Pronged lance manifold:
2-Pronged lance manifold: 12-Volt explosion-proof lighting:
Rust-inhibitors, metering equipment: MSDS:
Other: Other:
Product hardness, adhesion, viscosity: Specify: Product volume:

Physical surroundings, safety procedures: Specify:
Describe application and work procedure: Others:
3.23 Hydro-abrasive Blasting, Steel Cutting-Demolition 507
GEAR - LIST Nr.

Address:
City: P.O. Box:

Web site:
State: Zip Code:
e-mail:
Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:

Storage tank, vessel, bilge: Dehumidification equipment:
Desiccant:
Other: Cfm:
Necessary relative humidity: 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%
Ambient temperature:
Contaminants to be removed: oil, grease,
soluble salts, sharp edges and weld spatter, Necessary interior temperature:
coatings, abrasive, etc:
Volatile or chemical substances to be removed: PPM

Volume: Dry: Wet:
Desiccated:
Identify: MSDS:
Hydro-blast equipment: Equipment:
Three-way winch system top entrance:
Full body harness:
Specify heavy-duty pvc-nylon-polyethylene or
disposable coveralls:
Other:
Water filtration-recycling equipment:
Expendables:

Testing for: PPM:
Carbon monoxide:
Hydrogen sulfide:
Sulfur dioxide:
Nitrogen dioxide:
Chlorine:
3.23 Hydro-abrasive Blasting, Steel Cutting-Demolition

Applications, Underwater Hydro-blasting and Dredging
Prior to establishing WOMAs, subsidiary in Linden, New Jersey, the company

demonstrated its tool capacity to clean pipes, sewers, tanks, and perform the
runway rubber-removal application by their ‘‘high pressure water as a tool’’
Fig. 3.266 1967 third

generation abrasive injector
Fig. 3.267 Hydro-abrasive

blasting buoys
perception (1967). This included paint-coating deletion in aircraft parking areas,

turbine blade cleaning with aluminum oxide and corrosion-rust removal all by
hydro-abrasive blast techniques introducing the third-generation blast equipment.
An International harvester truck-chassis utilizing WOMAs equipment, chemi-
cal-abrasive-water and sludge tank (hydro-vac system) and included the 150–152
horsepower, PTO powered reciprocating pump with four standard interchangeable
plunger set configurations, accommodating the required application range dem-
onstrated in commercial, industrial and marine environments. Supported also by
two hydraulically operated hose reels for sewer cleaning and high-pressure hose
storage, the application range was at this time exceptional and included trigger gun
and/or foot valve operated rigid and flex lance operations. Demonstrating and
introducing to Newark, New Jersey’s airport facility, the capacity of runway
rubber and coating removal (Fig. 3.266), or cleaning pulp paper industries suction
rolls and/or removing kiln clinker buildup in cement plants proved quite news-
worthy within these industries. The hydro-vac dredging, pipe and sewer cleaning
application and hydro-abrasive water jetting varieties for commercial and indus-
trial maintenance yards was a technically leading and extraordinary demo expe-
rience for customers and WOMA alike. The trip started in Newark, New Jersey
and followed the coast down to the Miami airport to wash its airports-building
facade, to the Gulf Coast demonstrating hydro-blast jetting technologies on con-
densers which included the introduction to the Navy and Coast Guard the boiler
tube cleaning and removal of barnacle growth and corrosion on their ship hulls and
buoys (Figs. 3.267, 3.268), etc. This demo trip also facilitated the first contract
Fig. 3.268 Coating-

corrosion removal, ship-hull
Fig. 3.269 Concrete

roughening
work by hydro-blasting competing directly with chemical and mechanical cleaning

operations. Results justified the decision to commence with the establishment of
WOMA Corp. (USA 1968).
The often skeptic observer was not sure at all that hydro-abrasive blasting had a
future in the coating removal and coating–painting environment. Today, after
performing thousands of corrosion and coating deletion applications on all
imaginable metallic surfaces and the following experience of successful coating
installations and their proven longevity, the skepticism has dwindled. Especially
since the manual UHP-AB and automated UHP coating removal applications on
surfaces with existing anchor profile moved into the industrial mainstream criteria.
Equipment varieties and their varying performance standards, considering horse-
power input, functionality of accessories (abrasive hopper and supply), the mul-
titude of abrasives and possible application criterion can be quite confusing. The
hydro-abrasive jetting aspect strongly depends on operators and technicians
experience level which is a cumulative result from past job performances and their
preferably successful established histories. Admixing within a hydro-injector’s
chamber, the most advantageous conventional or alternative abrasive media to
polish, clean or remove oxidization, accidental product accumulations, paint and/
or a coatings (Fig. 3.269) including fungus growth on surfaces providing nutrition
etc. requires a precise differentiation of substrate conditions.
Fig. 3.270 a Extended life,

vacu-boron chamber;
b 3000 psi, 5 gpm abrasive-
chem. injector; c industrial–
commercial extended life;
d first-generation 1966
concrete-steel cutting head
Equipment design variations (Fig. 3.270) nozzle-injector technology and psi–

gpm–horsepower input are great influences to the performance criterion which
involves not only a surface treated and square footage-time performance, but also
decisive cost variables for abrasive products.
A job classification and bidding procedure depends on the correct identification
and classification of the desired surface appearance. This is achieved by cleaning;
polishing or roughening attained by high velocity water admixed with various
abrasives (anchor profile).
Polishing and avoiding a surface profile or to determine a profile categorization
for a necessary surface appearance, the required surface treatment, addressed or
included into a job-bid procedure must be a steadfast foregone conclusion offered
to the contractor by his prospective customer.
Besides classifying substrate material and structural configuration, its deterio-
ration, adhering corrosion or product to be removed etc., the existing performance
knowledge of conventional and alternative abrasives can by retrieved from man-
ufacturer and their stocking distributors, or trade associations as SSPC and NACE
providing visual reference publications for the UHP, hydro-abrasive and water
jetting orientation which includes the wet abrasive blast criteria offering similar
surface appearances. Wet abrasive blasting differentiates from hydro-abrasive
blasting mainly in a harder abrasive impact. Hydro-abrasive blast water can, if so
desired, provide a cushioning effect, facilitating a gentle surface preparation which
Fig. 3.271 Patent draft, forth

generation recoil-neutral,
injector-gun assembly, and its
abrasives supply equipment
includes polishing sensitive surfaces avoiding abrasions and environmental

contamination.
Every encountered substrate will lead to product identification whether it is
plastic, fiberglass, wood, glass, brick, granite, concrete, bronze, coated aluminum
and structural steel or exotic metals, such as found on statuary, industrial and
architectural structures and/or specialty equipment, etc. (Fig. 3.271).
Abrasives type and their classification are chosen by identifying substrates
surface tensile strength and vulnerability to interface structure when an application
calls for contaminant and existing oxidation removal; simultaneously achieving a
polishing effect (various grades), coating and/or corrosion removal with or without
interface profiling, removal of deteriorated and friable concrete, or structuring
wood, brick or stucco surfaces. When an experienced opinion is not available as to
choosing a correct abrasive is it best to consider the Mohs scale of mineral
hardness. This facilitates a significant baseline for inexperienced and/or novice
pressure washing and hydro-technicians, especially when considering all variables
encountered matching a ultra soft or otherwise abrasive blast medium to the
available equipment identity.
Besides polishing a surface the choice of an adequate abrasive may be guided by a
surface environment, the corrosion protection, and the coating application criterion.
For coating applications an abrasive must be clean, oil–fat free, pH neutral and free of
salt residual. Removing coatings in a confined high-tech area, the abrasive can be
biodegradable and water soluble adding no dust or product contamination especially
when a water recovery–filtration–recycling equipment is applied. In agricultural
environments, an agricultural byproduct may be applied as an abrasive, avoiding all
further contamination to its environment and as for building restoration and/or
architectural components one can apply Portland cement powder, sodium bicar-
bonate, plastic media, pecan or walnut shells, including corn cob granules, etc.
Abrasives:
Silicon carbide a man-made mineral, hard, angular sharp
and free cutting abrasive supplied in grain
Fig. 3.272 Various steel

plate profiles
and powder form, 8-1200 grit utilized for

lapping, polishing and cutting…MOH: 9.5–
10.0
Aluminum oxide a tough, iron free abrasive for cleaning hard
materials, turbine blades, removing metal
flash-lapping, metal and stone cutting appli-
cations, 4-1200 grit,…MOH: 9.0
Sintered bauxite alternative to aluminum oxide…MOH: 9.0
Calcined bauxite inexpensive alternative to aluminum oxi-
de…MOH: 9.0
Ceramic beads spherical beads, 60–325 mesh, produces a
satin finish on stainless steel and nonferrous
metals, harder than glass…MOH: 7.5–8.5
Garnet 8-1200 grit, angular to sub angular for paint,
coating, rust and scale removal, varies
anchor profiling on steel and concrete sur-
face roughening…MOH: 6.5–7.5
Silica sand 4–270 mesh, sub-round for efficient indus-
trial hydro-abrasive blast applications,
which includes bridges, tanks, ship hulls,
etc…MOH: 7.0
Glass beads precision made glass sphere, 20–200 plus
mesh, sub-round, deburring, cleaning, hon-
ing, polishing, and finishing…MOH: 5.5–6.0
Glass grit 18–200 mesh, angular sharp edges, lighter
than glass beads, produce a very bright
surface when preparing aluminum, brass,
copper and stainless steel…MOH: 5.0–6.0
Fig. 3.273 a, b Cast iron

after hydro-abrasive blasting
Melamine cleaning soft metals and composite…MOH:

3.0–4.0
Plastic media 10–200 mesh sub round to angular, cleaning
soft metals and composite, metal fabric
screens, etc…MOH: 3.0–4.0
Corn cob granules blocky, 10–100 mesh, polishing surfaces as
aluminum and fiberglass substrate, graffiti,
paint and contaminants removal on wood
and architectural components, smoke dam-
age deletion, deburring, oxidation and cor-
rosion-rust removal…MOH: 2.5–4.0
Nut shells angular multifaceted abrasive, 6–300 mesh,
for cleaning and mold removal on soft wood
or similar materials, cleaning aluminum,
plastic, stucco, etc…MOH: 2.5–4.0
Sawdust clean and polish soft surfaces or remove
sheen
Magnesium sulfate (Kieserite) soluble, pool tile cleaning, cal-
cium deposit removal on glazed tile…MOH:
2.5
Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) 60–180 mesh, crystalline shape, cleaning,
paint removal, mold remediation, polishing
surfaces, hardness in the talc and gypsum
range…MOH: 2.5
Cement powder
Fig. 3.274 Water jet angle
(Portland) ideal to remove sheen or gloss on

polished surfaces, creating a smooth dull
surface, patina removal…MOH: 2.0–4.0
Blast abrasive sizing is described in microns or range of microns (20/30, 40/60,

etc.) and/or mesh size. Its shapes described as sharp edge, angular, blocky and
round greatly influencing buffing-polishing, cleaning, product removal, surface
roughening and anchor profiling performances.
With a few exceptions, corrosion-rust removal application methods on steel
surfaces must always include their technical application aspect and the follow-up
preservation (Fig. 3.272) or coating criterion. The novice best identifies this job
aspect first. It does not matter much what quality of work has been performed if
preservation procedures, which are designed to be compatible with paint-coatings
applied, their application timing, drying and humidity controls on open steel or
iron surfaces are neglected (Fig. 3.273).
Humidity controls are especially important in a confined space, such as for
instance within the interior of storage tanks for liquids, interior high humidity–
acidic production facilities as in paper-pulp industries, food production environ-
ments and the interior of ship-hulls, etc.
As to the question, how much abrasive is required? solely depends on the
application encountered and its surface area. Metal pitting depth and mill scale
remnants, coating interface depth and adhesion, abrasives specific gravity, its
sharpness and high bulk density, injector’s design efficiency, simultaneous two or
more injector operation, etc. are all mitigating factors. Performing a test patch
procedure in all areas where a structural or physical change can occur, timing and
utilizing between 1 and 5 lb/ft2 blast abrasive can best determine the ft2 production
quantity per 40 or 50 lb bag possibly recognizing 40 to 200 ft2 per bag and so
forth. The desired anchor profile and its peak count can be established by utilizing
a profile-meter which incorporates a stylus to trace the distance between created
peaks. The traces should be disbursed over the test area as identified and described
by equipment manufacturer (in all directions). ASTM D-4417 and D-7127 for
Fig. 3.275 Hydro-abrasive

blast angle
Fig. 3.276 Injector angle,

glancing over steel or any
surface will alter an existing
profile
standard test methods for field measurement of a surface profile on steel are
established guidelines considered when verifying a performance criterion.
Timing a test area, one must include all support activities, which should never
interfere with a production blast schedule. This is very important on public con-
struction sites or construction sites where a variety of trades are simultaneously
performed involving scaffold safety, cleanup and water recovery and/or recycling
procedures.
When choosing a new coating system, the specification for its installation
identifies the required surface profile as to depth and highest peak count possible
while facilitating a complete surface wetting characteristic for the coating in
question. The peak count and profile height is created by abrasives impact
velocity, size and density (Fig. 3.272). High-pressure water velocity and mass,
abrasives surface shape, specific weight the higher the deeper its penetration,
creating a wider distance between peaks. Controlling the profile height is therefore
a function of abrasive size-sharpness, hardness and density combined with its
impact velocity (psi).
Starting with the lowest adjustable psi configuration providing an acceptable
desired anchor profile, the upward pressure adjustment to the most effective or
efficient profiling or coating removal time prevents the utilization of pointless
excess power input. Also an abrasive particle, which remains intact upon surface
impact, will convey more energy to the surface interface. The type of abrasives
employed within the hydro-abrasive blast method is less critical with one
Fig. 3.277 a, b Abrasive specifications
exception. Within impact and breakup, agricultural abrasives tend to deposit fat–
oil residual upon treated surfaces reducing the possibility of immediate coating.
Available hydro-abrasive injector-nozzles operate between 2,500 and 6,500 psi.
Anything above this performance is pointless. The destruction and/or friability of
abrasive blast material diminishes energy transfer performance which can escalate
due to loss of operator efficiency and comfort level induced by excessive recoil
force and abrasive jet ricochet (excessive pressure). The applied hydro-abrasive jet
angle or degree does also influence the substrates peak count and profile
(Figs. 3.274, 3.275). A glancing angle will introduce a lower profile (Fig. 3.276).
Most effective is a 60 to 70 angle, with an abrasive barrel stand-off distance at its
most efficient cone spread to the substrate interface which should always be the
guiding aspect. Near white metal conditions are achieved quickly outperforming
air abrasive blast-techniques in their time intensities and material cost criterion and
most importantly in an environmentally friendly and correct application procedure,
minimizing the hazard burden throughout most application environments. The
physical aspect in guiding a hydro-abrasive nozzle over its work piece, structure or
flat surface is a skill specifically identifying abrasive blast operations. The pressure
washing and hydro-blast jetting technique requires the sideways and forward
movement with varying angle of 80 to 50 and nozzle standoff distances adjusted
to the adhesion and bulk-volume removal dynamics which includes the avoidance
Fig. 3.278 a Concrete cleaning; b, c stucco polishing; d pumps and abrasive pickup equipment;
e abrasive pick-up, injector
or creation of ghosting effects in porous substrate. The quality of hydro-abrasive

blasting relies on the constant visual evaluation of blasted surface to obtain a
uniform surface structure. A non-uniform surface and peak count can also be the
result of particle size variations with varying bulk batch, or from bag-to-bag.
Vibration-handling tends to separate fines from coarser abrasive during a bulk
storage and/or packaging procedure, resulting in one bag or batch having a higher
percentage of fines than the previous lot.
During loading, transportation and unloading of bulk material a breakdown and
separation of particles can also occur. Excessive loading or unloading velocities
are most often responsible for this separation. Often overlooked and responsible
are conditions within blast pots, especially large pots. As abrasive flows to the
bottom control valve, fines tend to build up within the center of a load and along
sidewalls. This can result in sputtering flow introduced by fines which often break
loose all at once. Inadvertently, during this time blast productivity decreases and
profile is altered. The best preventive measure starts with gentle product treatment
and control of product quality while loading abrasives manually or mechanically
for approx. 20 min uninterrupted hydro-abrasive blast operations. This time frame
also controls excessive build-up of humidity. Surfaces produced from differenti-
ating abrasives will fluctuate both in peak count and height and promotes unre-
liable production rates. The blast technique controlling the abrasive jet nozzle is
responsible for surface uniformity and will very to a certain degree with abrasive
type and its job purpose as to its specification. A 55 to 70 hydro-abrasive jet
angle is most desirable and will provide with a systematic slow sweeping motion a
uniform blast surface. The nozzle standoff distance is 1600 to 2600 which will vary
according to abrasives selected. The hydro-abrasive blast method permits the
utilization of non recyclable cost effective abrasives such as sand, aggregate, slag
(Fig. 3.277), etc.
Mostly underrated are the positive results attainable on deteriorated grout,
stucco, plaster, and weathered concrete murals. The degree of cleaning is deter-
mined by incorporating to a high-velocity water jet an ultra soft medium which
cannot under any circumstance result in adding a peak count or deformation to any
surface profile. Such an obvious surface sensitivity demands a gentle polishing
effect (Fig. 3.278c) to the substrates surface manipulating a range of surface
contaminants. The direct advantage in the removal process is preventing
scratching or damage by deformation often encountered with mechanical or
Fig. 3.279 Today’s injector

design
Fig. 3.280 Tank cutting-

demolition applications
physical methods. A qualified hydro-technician will choose possible media variety

solely by the correct classification of a substrate encountered. Analyzing substrates
surface and tensile strength, coefficient of adhesion and depth of interface con-
tamination can also acquire a multifaceted application criteria involving water
dwell time, chemistry and a mild surface manipulation in polishing various
detailed work.
Stucco, concrete restoration, and/or repair procedures benefit when hydro-
abrasive blast techniques are combined with various soft blast-media.
Preparing a damaged concrete surface utilizing 3,000 psi at 5 gpm and
applying a following hydro-abrasive treatment at the identical performance cri-
teria (coarse abrasive) to remove all remaining salts, efflorescence, laitance and
other foreign matter which adversely affects a concrete structure can often pro-
duce a job classification otherwise slated for destruction or major structural
restoration. Due to its porosity and aggregate count, the concrete interface
structure can be cleaned, truly neutralized and roughened to a degree that
facilitates a total product bond similar to its original strength. For restoration
purposes the hydro-abrasive method is ideal due to its equipment mobility. Most
often abrasive product delivery does not require compressed air to energize a
hopper. Most injectors (Fig. 3.279) create ample vacuum to deliver abrasives
conveniently placed within jobsite vicinity. This can be of importance when
Fig. 3.281 1967 the first

commercially available
concrete cutting head
Fig. 3.282 a, b, c, d Steel–concrete cutting equipment. a Magnetic-belt fixture, b chain drive

cutting unit, c chain-belt drive, jet exit, d chain-belt drive, injector-nozzle assembly
Fig. 3.283 Underwater hp-gun and jet safety sleeve
Fig. 3.284 Marine growth

removal
Fig. 3.285 Underwater

abrasive delivery system
Hydro-abrasive blasting, steel cutting-demolition, underwater hydro-blasting and dredging

Address:

e-mail: hp-Injector State: Zip Code:
Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:
Abrasive type: MOH:

Abrasive size: Nr.:
Abrasive lbs:
Hydro-abrasive blasting:
Psi:
Steel cutting demolition: Gpm:
Underwater hydro-blasting: Substrate:

Peak count:
Underwater dredging: Profile height:
Roughness:
Chemicals:
Specify: MSDS:
Other: Other:
Equipment: Vessel entry permit:

Hydro-vac equipment:
Hydro-vac vacuum-hose: Yards: Nozzles:
Hydro-abrasive injector: Remote-automated abrasive equipment:
Abrasive hose:
Abrasive hopper: T-dual abrasive cleaning head:
2-Pronged abrasive manifold: Turbo nozzle heads:
High-pressure balanced trigger gun: Underwater:
Rotary jet:
Dive equipment:
High-pressure trigger gun:
Foot valve: Air compressor:
Rust-inhibitors, metering equipment:
Other:
UHP equipment:
Other: Divers:

difficult locations must be reached or long distances between pump equipment

and blast area must be breached.
After the removal of frost damage, abrasions and/or concrete carbonization, a
repeated aggregate discovery as to its overall classification and condition is of
importance. Job experience has proven that a distinguishing and suitable restora-
tion procedure can most often be streamlined and enhanced due to overall
favorable conditions now identifiable. Generally, substantial and unexpected
savings are realized within restoration procedures. Equipment is available to gauge
surface roughness, tensile strength, concrete humidity and pH, within a remaining
interface structure which is always important facilitating performance warranties
for new product installations.
Concrete surface preparation reference, ASTM D-4258, standard practice for
cleaning concrete, ASTM D-4259, standard practice for abrading concrete and
ASTM D-4260, standard practice for etching concrete are guidelines established
for mechanical and/or chemical application methods. Today the available hydro-
abrasive, hydro-blasting and UHP application curriculum has through the years
developed into an application criterion most often superior to this preparation
reference.
Pipeline and steel cutting applications or demolition where fractured tanks or
volatile nuclear-refinery-chemical vessels (Fig. 3.280) are in need of dismantling,
structural change or repair is a service specialty most often performed by well-
regarded identities versed in providing hydro-blasting and UHP application ser-
vices in hazardous environments.
These contractors almost always maintain a close relationship with equipment
manufacturers, which can provide tool flexibility and know-how for specific
application requirements.
High-pressure water jets admixed with abrasives, have absolutely no limitation
in their cutting potential. First employed in 1966 the concrete cutting heads
(Fig. 3.281) responsible for dismantling bridge pylons and bunker walls by cutting
through concrete and rebar structure without delay brought on this awareness. The
idea that high-pressure water will not effectively cut steel was quickly rebuffed
within this jet cutting procedure. The knowledge that a water stream admixed with
an abrasive will not compromise its cutting time throughout an heavily reinforced
concrete rebar structure pointed to the developments which today far surpass the
experimental stage (Fig. 3.282). The metal and stone available concrete-cutting
head cutting input performance range is within 0.05–1.2 gpm at 45–60,000 psi,
resulting in a nozzle-abrasive jet size from 0.03000 to 0.8000 ø. Generally garnet is
utilized as an abrasive from 0.5 to 1.8 lbs/min.
Underwater hydro-blasting or abrasive cleaning is an application also devel-
oped in the early 1960 (Figs. 3.283, 3.284, 3.285). The main motivation for its
technology development was the possibility of removing marine growth on ship
hulls reducing the hydrodynamic friction resulting in enhanced propulsion effi-
ciency. Today ship hulls are serviced regularly, preventing bio fouling buildup,
extending the effective life of an anti-fouling coating and sustaining the anti-
corrosive coating system for longer dry dock intervals. Also hydro-blasting is a
maintenance identity most often utilized in shipyards, and/or offshore facilities

servicing oil platforms, piers and water dam installations which includes under-
water corrosion control (Fig. 3.286) and coating applications, intake wellhead
cleaning, zebra mussel, algae-marine growth removal, lock and dam work, etc.
Cleaning pressures range from 10 to 14,000 psi utilizing 22 gpm plus. The
underwater application can only be as good as the training provided to divers
operating high-pressure water equipment. Underwater maintenance repair con-
tractors operate on steel structures from 30,000 to 36,000 psi, for aluminum
structures 18,000–20,000 psi. The standard surface profiles by underwater hydro-
blasting or UHP technology ranges from 40 to 100 lm and produces a NACE, No.
5, SSPC SP 12 surface appearance. The IMCA international marine contractors
association (www.imca.com) can greatly provide support as to information on
qualifying and testing for divers.
Underwater dredging and/or clearing pond bottoms or inspecting and removing
silt from community water towers can also be an application only managed by a
licensed marine or industrial diver. The hydro-vac system and application criterion
in core application chapter #7 is fully employable.
3.24 Wash Water Control, Recovery, Filtration, Recycling,

Wastewater Reclamation Technology, Evaporation,
Hazardous Materials Cleanup, Chemical Rinse Aids
How to catch onsite wash water is probably a question looked upon with distaste
by previous hydro-blast and pressure-washing generations. Today, this added
necessary feature, or better attribute, does provide a great business opportunity
for savvy and technically flexible hydro-technicians. Realizing that a correct
environmental cleaning technology not only supports the conventional applica-
tion variety and business opportunities into the hazardous spill, lead-coating
abatement and sanitary emergency response field and/or cleaning endeavors in
confined moisture sensitive areas, a novice inquiry often fails to notice a vital
technical application divide. The water pollution control permit requirement
identifies and considers spent wash water as ‘‘wastewater’’. Therefore a mobile
power wash business, cleaning gas station and fast-food restaurant drive thru’s,
vehicles, construction equipment, interior or exterior building-structures, etc.
discharging spent water which includes unidentified turbid water directly into a
storm sewer collection system without a pretreatment permit is considered a
violation.
Wash water control, its recovery (Fig. 3.287), and filtration for closed loop
recycling is one facet which must be separated from available water reclamation
technologies which is to remove wash water to gain a concentrate/remnant. These
3.24 Wash Water Control, Recovery, Filtration 523
Fig. 3.287 Adjustable

vacuum shoe, bladder
containment
Fig. 3.288 Utilizing

concrete berm and water
bladder
Fig. 3.289 Secondary drain

and manhole containment
bladder
accumulations often result in a hazardous material cleanup and its transportation

classification.
When cleaning on exterior non-permeable hard sealed surfaces, where oil and
grease loads are prevalent, the wash water control achieving a closed loop
application is simple. Utilizing a natural gravity flow on non permeable grounds
and strategically placing water dikes to guide grease and oil laden water to a
vacuum shoe (Fig. 3.288) is basic. This type of wash water control is quick and
competitive. Guarding against escaping liquid to a storm drain or rain gutter, water
filled bladders can be situated into lowest point incorporating a secondary vacuum
or pump station (Fig. 3.289) (emergency). Whatever method is utilized the fil-
tration and recycling equipment is based on the effectiveness of silt and oil water
separation, and polishing filters to below 5 lm to guarantee pump fluid-end and
accessories longevity.
This gravity flow (Fig. 3.290) method can also be utilized in parking garage
structures where their drainage system is isolated from storm drain or sanitary
sewer access. Often, simply installing a blind flange which incorporates a vacuum
Fig. 3.290 Uphill 2000

wastewater recovery
Fig. 3.291 Wash water

interception
access providing direct feed to the oil water separator eliminates the trailer
movement throughout a unit. The high-pressure hose assembly is often provided
through the center of a parking structure. Cleaning from top down the high-
pressure hose is disconnected and adjusted to the lower floor and its total width.
The garage drainage system will deliver oil–grease laden effluent directly to the
vacuum–filtration side of the equipment strategically placed to the nearest pipe
access before entering the storm drain-sewer system. Cleaning surface areas close
to or within a storm water conveyance system is regulated by their municipality.
Their established ‘‘best management practices’’ for mobile pressure washing
contractors (BMPs) can include guidelines to minimize improper or accidental
discharge into the storm drain system. These areas can be described as sidewalks,
gas station surfaces, bank-restaurant drive thru’s, houses or building-façades
joined to sidewalks or asphalt incorporating a storm sewer system.
Due to a diverse natural runoff and varying grades the operator must plan on
how the wastewater will be collected. Vacuum booms of various designs
(Fig. 3.291) are flexible dams 400 –600 in height arranged to intercept the wash water
flow. Connected to trailers vacuum and filtration equipment they feature gaps in
Fig. 3.292 Various drive on containment. a Smooth surface containment mat; b heavy-duty
drive on rubber bridge; c heavy-duty underlay containment; d wastewater containment basin
increments to the ground surface, sucking up impounded wastewater by acceler-

ating vacuum-air velocity into the inner tube of boom. Portable water or sand
packed plastic dams-booms, light or heavy duty wash down containment mats
(Fig. 3.292), mobile metal pits incorporating a water filtration recycling capacity,
tarps and most importantly, rotary surface cleaning equipment incorporating a
vacuum shroud to immediately remove all wash water are tools employed to avoid
an uncontrolled discharge onto permeable ground, sidewalks, street gutter and
storm drains.
A mobile recovery system which removes effluent from its containment area or
a vacuum shroud is often energized by a primary vacuum system. A vacuum’s
energy may also be utilized to provide a centrifugal separation of all non-buoyant
heavy solids (Fig. 3.293), as dirt and sand constituents accumulating in units low
velocity bottom area before the remaining effluent is introduced to the pretreat-
ment clarifier, filtration and coalescing unit.
A mobile clarifier’s technical aspect within its water recycling performance is
the oil–grease separation from the returned blast water. Hydrocarbon molecules or
their accumulative remnants (oil/grease) tend to adhere to oil–water separators
coalescing plates or structure (polypropylene). Through accumulation developing
buoyancy sufficient to overcome waste stream velocity by separating and shearing
of floating to units top water plane is the function. At this point where effluent
movement is maintained at zero disturbances, the first oil drain pipe is utilized or a
skimmer system is applied removing the accumulated oil–grease concentrate.
Equipment is also available providing repetitive fine coalescing treatment reducing
remaining free oil dispersions. A fine oil filtrate establishes a hydro-tea suitable for
various filter technologies polishing the remaining effluent for site-specific or
Fig. 3.293 2000 mobile wash water recovery, reclaim–recycle system
variations within the pressure washing or hydro-blast application field. Hydro-tea

passing through a 5 lm filtrate can often be utilized for surface cleaning appli-
cations in areas where a high oil–grease residual can be expected. These areas are
found on gas station–tollbooth–bank–restaurant drive-through operations or inte-
rior surfaces in machine-shops, vehicle or equipment repair facilities, which
include produce, meat and/or agricultural manufacturing environments, etc.
Before any water release is introduced on a job site, water barriers must be
arranged and covers installed to minimize the possibility of an improper or acci-
dental discharge. First removing dry contaminants from surfaces by sweeping sand
and gravel load is absolutely practical, minimizing the refuse accumulation within
a sediment filtration chamber. Identifying the approved waste containers and
avoiding sweeping these contaminants into adjacent storm drains will be noticed as
professionalism.
Equipment pending, oil water separation can also be enhanced by eliminating
low foaming detergents usually employed when removing heavy oil–grease
accumulations by exerting higher psi performances to a surface. After bulk
accumulations are removed a hot water application above 185F can be quite
effective in removing or reducing stain appearances within a surface interface.
Treating a surface with detergent before a pressure washing operation is
introduced can result in producing an emulsion which is not only classifiable as a
hazardous waste, but its makeup can significantly delay or alter dramatically any
clarifiers-oil separation performance. The notion that an oil water separator, fil-
tration and recycling unit can be adequate for all operations and encountered
applications is false.
A mobile unit must be sturdy in its construction (Fig. 3.293) and provide a
closed loop design, with the attribute of being covered, protecting against sloshing
or spill out by rain or technical failure.
Fig. 3.294 Smooth vacuum

hose interior
Fig. 3.295 Adjustable

vacuum-shoe
Within commercial and residential application environments water supply can

be limited, especially when operating more then one pump or rotary surface
cleaner. A service provider will find that a mobile wash water recovery system is
not only essential for its intended purpose and enhancement of application variety.
Much more important is adding the capability to work in remote environments
where only marginal make-up water is available.
A system should also provide the capacity of adding various polishing filters as
deemed necessary, providing the all important application flexibility. Vacuum
hose configurations should provide a smooth hose interior (Fig. 3.294), connection
between hose sections also smooth avoiding hang up on corners which is always a
problem when cam-lock fixtures are employed. The best method is utilizing duct-
tape and metal sleeves between hose sections (Fig. 3.295).
Generally a rotary surface cleaner operates at 3–4,000 psi at 5 gpm plus, which
is the basic configuration necessary for a filtration and recycling capacity in its
simplest form. Therefore operating two units requires 10 gpm performance
capacity. Float controlled fresh water supply is only utilized to replace water lost
due to evaporation which in hot or parched dry climates can be up to 40%,
especially noticeable when utilizing only 5 gpm on far-reaching surfaces as
vehicle parking areas or gas stations, where a controlled gravity run-off can be 1500
plus. This also dictates the direction of cleaning operations, which will follow the
natural flow of wash water. The cleaning capacity is 10,000 ft2 hourly, utilizing
the above-mentioned 5 gpm performance criteria. The oil–grease water saturation
ratio relates directly to the equipment’s filtration capacity which will reach a point
of no return thus requiring treatment, evaporation or discharge to an approved
facility to receive this hydro-tea.
When considering the challenge of removing a dissolved, soluble or emulsified
product from its water constituents, technical limitations are quickly recognized
and guiding (Fig. 3.296). How to remove dissolved tea from its water should be
the appropriate and simple question for design engineers and practitioners when
following their entrepreneurial technical instinct considering water filtration,
flocculation and evaporation procedures.
Fig. 3.296 Hydro-tee
The required paperwork for environmental washing to contain, pick-up and pre-
treat wastewater to legally release and/or discharge into a sanitary sewer or EPA
approved septic and/or treatment facility is the written permission from a POTW
or an owner of an EPA approved septic treatment system.
A service provider’s written guide as to his washing practice identifying
operational safety procedures, detergents utilized (MSDS), the major equipment
engaged in the washing and recovery procedure, and how a jobsite is left after a
job completion incorporating best management practices (BMPs) will usually
guarantee a work permit. This criterion is also a major job-bid component, which
should always be considered a companies front-line marketing endeavor within an
environmentally correct pressure washing or hydro-blast procedure. Federal laws
and regulations enforced by EPA and OSHA cannot be displaced or made lesser by
any state, county or municipality. Federal laws can only be more stringent or
enhanced in short, more comprehensively regulated by a state, county or munic-
ipality requiring a contractor to investigate the established municipality’s guide-
lines possibly requiring a stricter and detailed job procedure.
It is also prudent to retain a copy of said job specific written environmental
curriculum to a jobsite’s paperwork and should include best management practices
concerning this jobsite, reducing the possibility of work stoppage or interference
by inspectors not privileged to this information beforehand.
Before any letter of acceptance or permit is issued by a regulatory agency a
laboratory test of effluent in question will be necessary. A contract cleaner
involved in repetitive surface cleaning applications, for instance provided by gas
stations or any area producing excessive petroleum–hydrocarbon and greases–fats,
etc. are most likely to provide such a test report.
Regulatory agencies are especially interested in wastewaters neutrality (pH 5–
6), total petroleum hydrocarbon count (TPH) less than 100 mg/l, total dissolved
solids in wastewater effluent (TDS), total suspended solids in wastewater effluent
(TSS) less then 200 mg/l, its oxygen depletion (BOD) less than 100 mg/l, and
chemical oxygen demand (COD) less than 200 mg/l including all heavy-metal
ranges below required limits and the daily wastewater volume generated. Edu-
cating a regulatory agency as to the actual low volume (gallons) of wastewater
daily produced will reduce a possible misconception so often encountered in their
decision-making process.
The necessary technology manipulating wash water away from its contami-
nants, creating semi dry residue or sludge with varying water concentration is a
somewhat unpredictable aspect fluctuating with every job description. Identifying
type and classifying the hazard in waste-products which are removed by high-
pressure water from their respective surfaces, their physical semi dry or wet weight
and volume will determine the technology necessary to concentrate, package and
make ready for transportation. It is the waste concentration produced by effective
removal, which will present a problem, not the possibly applied biodegradable
chemistry in concentration.
The criteria for classification of sludge from wastewater and its disposal under
the EPA standard identifying maximum contamination levels in title 40, CFR
regulation 257 and general pretreatment regulations for existing and new sources
of pollution part CFR 403, and CFR 503 for the use or disposal of sewage sludge is
an important information base which requires a contractor’s attention.
For disposal purposes, identifying the three main wastewater types is best
achieved when confronted with a job description of a surface to be cleaned, its
possible manufacturing or accidental process remnants-residual and location. For
instance, soaking a wall with freshwater results in a non-hazardous water classi-
fication and wastewater which can be neutralized on site by neutralizing the acidic/
alkalinity content of the wastewater may also result in a non-hazardous
classification.
Today, seldom utilized specialty detergents containing a high phosphate con-
stituent must always be contained and treated. Their release encourages rapid algae
growths in ponds streams, rivers and lakes. Also it is important to study the
detergents identification within the MSDS description to guard against accidental
mixing of applied chemistry in any form containing chlorine bleach and ammonia
products as hazardous fumes may be the result.
A wastewater stream containing solvents cannot be neutralized and must be
treated, concentrated or evaporated. This category most often contains powerful
acidic and/or caustic cleaners utilized while in new construction or in a restoration
procedure. This can include wastewater carrying acids, detergents; paint-coating
remnants found on various structural surfaces, etc. and may incorporate the lead
abatement procedures by high-pressure water where phosphoric polishing filters
remove lead elements from the recycled blast water. Creating this type of waste
stream will most often be a job classification in itself where treatment and disposal
costs are a part of the prospective bid procedure.
Today’s wastewater source reduction technology renders its liquid remnants
manageable for evaporation by incorporating pretreatment methods of the simplest
or sometimes old and well documented or new sophisticated evaporation tech-
nologies. Wastewater evaporation is of an interest to a service provider in areas
where volume of spent recycled wastewater has reached a saturation point where
the reduction by evaporation becomes a cost effective method. A stationary rec-

lamation system may receive spent wastewater to further remove its water con-
stituents producing a neutralized sludge residual which is stored in a sludge drying
bed or is introduced to an evaporator process. High volume waste streams con-
taining excessive levels of Mercury or PCBs and VOCs will require a permit from
the local air quality authority.
Generally wash water sludge remnants does not contain such waste in mea-
surable concentrations. Besides evaporation, flocculation can be of interest for
some pressure washing and hydro-blast applications. There are many flocculants
available which are admixed to a waste stream, coagulating suspended solids,
which either will precipitate to the bottom or float to the top received by a filter
cloth mechanism from its water constituents.
Bioremediation, utilizing aerobic microbes to digest oil and grease, electro-
coagulation for wash water treatment, reverse osmosis systems separating water
from its concentrate through a semi permeable membrane by force are technolo-
gies available to the industry but must also be measured with prudence as to
validity, flexibility and practicality within a pressure washing hydro-blast appli-
cation criterion.
The applied hazardous material cleanup technology by a power washing and
hydro-blast application will always depend on identifying the characteristic of the
industrial wastewater encountered or created.
Food, dairies, meat and poultry processing waste streams will carry dissolved
and suspended organics, protein, lactose, blood, grease and fats, where equaliza-
tion, aerobic or anaerobic biological treatment and screening, gravity separation,
flotation, or coagulation–precipitation of their waste stream can be employed.
Breweries and distilleries, fruit and vegetable canneries create highly dissolved
and suspended organics from natural products requiring screening, aerobic or
anaerobic biological treatment, neutralization, gravity separation and
centrifugation.
Plastics and resin manufacturing produces dissolved organics, including acids,
phenolic, aldehydes, cellulose, alcohols, surfactants and oils utilizing gravity
separation, flotation, coagulation, chemical oxidation, solvent extraction, adsorp-
tion and biological treatment.
Explosives manufacturing will produce organic acids and alcohols, soaps and
oils manipulated by flotation, chemical precipitation gravity separation, macerat-
ing solids and biological treatment.
Leather tanning and finishing operations produce dissolved and suspended
organics, fats and oils, organic nitrogen, hair and fleshy tissue manipulated by
screening, gravity separation, flotation, coagulation, neutralization and biological
treatment, etc.
Pharmaceuticals manufacturing processes are high in dissolved and suspended
organics, including some surfactants and biological agents and require pretreat-
ment by equalization, neutralization, coagulation, solvent extraction, gravity
separation and biological treatment.
Textile manufacturing processes produce dissolved and suspended organics,

fats and oils manipulated by equalization, neutralization, coagulation and
adsorption, biological treatment and ultra filtration.
Wash water control, recovery, filtration, recycling, reclamation technology, evaporation

Address:

Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:

Sludge type: Hot water:
Parking lot: Sludge drying bed: Holding tank:
Multi floor parking facility: Clarifier:
Sidewalk: Ozone generator:
Street: Chlorination:
Storm sewer: Muriatic acid: MSDS:
Building exterior: Soda ash: (sodium carbonate) “ :
Warehousing: Caustic soda: (sodium hydroxide) “ :
Machine shop: Chemicals:
Food processing: Specify: MSDS:
Industrial: pH test kit:
Other: Other:
Vacuum flange:
Equipment: Trailer clean-out mat:
Mobile wash water reclaim systems: gpm: Drive on wash mat:
Evaporator: gph: Rail mat system:
Hydro-blast equipment: psi: gpm: Sewer covers:
Pressure washer: psi: gpm: Water barrier: 10’ 20’ 30’
High-pressure hose: 100’ 200’ 300’ Vacuum hose: 100’ 150’ 200’
Hydro-vac system: Vacuum shoe:
Vacuum hose: 100’ 200’ 300’ 400’ Tarp:
Barrel vacuum-pump: Hose: 30’ 50’ Emergency sump-pump
Trigger-gun: Fan nozzle: 15° 25° 45° Rust-inhibitors, metering equipment:
Wand extension: 4’ 6’ 8’
Rotary surface cleaner: Permits: POTW:
Rotary surface cleaner-vacuum shroud:
Turbo-nozzle: Other:
Other:

Coke and gas manufacturing processes are high in phenolic, ammonia and
dissolved organics, treated by equalization, flotation, adsorption and biological and
chemical oxidation or solvent extraction.
Sludge treatment and its environmental considerations in terms of hazardous
regulatory measure is best identified when listed under the RCRA, Resource
Fig. 3.297 a Damage by grill-barbecue fire; b close-up of damage, raised grain; c 45 fan jets at
3000 psi to 5 gpm; d dry appearance before staining
Conservation and Recovery Act, which is EPA’s authority to control hazardous

waste from cradle to grave, which includes waste generation, transportation,
treatment, storage and disposal.
Applying chemical rinse aids such as surfactants, acid or base buffer–pH
controller, stain or rust removers, water soluble organic solvents, phosphoric acid
washes or rinses, chloride-salt removers and/or adding unidentified inhibitors to
pressure-washing or hydro-blast water can greatly influence an existing sludge
description and its classification, neutralization and its reduction technology.
Chemical rinse or water additives are most often job and possibly site specific.
Some additives or rinse aids may increase and some may decrease a corrosive
emulsion or neutralizing characteristic. Their use and removal from a jobsite must
always be tightly controlled and identified within a job procedure.
3.25 Wood Restoration and Preservation, Seal-Coating

Applications, Wood Structures-Decks-Landing and Fence
Restoration, Roof Asphalt-Composite Tile, Wood Shingle
Cleaning, Vinyl, Wood, Aluminum Siding Cleaning
A customers desire or reason to clean or undertake a wood care process requires a

detailed and correct evaluation of the exterior wood structure in question. The
investigative job walk criteria must include the possible imaginative or suggestive
perception as to customers foreseen and sometimes unattainable results by
promising services and/or cleaning methods offered. Customers often relate to a
muddled perception derived from various observations or personally witnessed
3.25 Wood Restoration and Preservation, Seal-Coating Applications 533
Fig. 3.298 a Deteriorated paint coating cover; b close-up of coating condition; c after jetting,
dried, sealed and primed
results on similar structures devoid in consideration of any job decisive factors.

The customers preliminary research efforts may enhance this dilemma as a result
of scrupulous competitive services and/or chemical product sales endeavors. This
can be challenging considering a service provider’s business future greatly
depends on customers’ opinion and anticipation as to a final satisfying and long-
term enduring result.
Professionals can quickly determine a customers position (knowledge) when
identifying and describing the appearing problem and general type of pollutants
found. The narration or service solution for obvious or hidden tough stains penetrating
wood-façade surfaces and possibly their future preventive measure are best of an
educational nature. Classifying algae, mildew and fungus growth, categorizing pos-
sible origination and preventive care and offering to prospective customers obvious
and hopefully necessary added services will create an environment of confidence.
Offering these proven successful high-pressure-water application varieties to
owners or authorized administrative clientele managing private and commercial
residential structures can be an eye opening experience. These include the intro-
duction of cleaning–washing applications for small or large ranch homes, bun-
galows, contemporary housing, log homes and their landings, decking, garage
structures and driveways. The commercial identity includes rental and condo-
minium properties, their driveways, parking facilities and possibly playgrounds,
pool and party areas, their private marinas, horse or animal facilities.
Adding services to incorporate the cleaning of swimming pools, gutters and
installing guards, minor repairs on landings or wooden decks and railings (reset-
ting nail-heads and screws, etc.), concrete sealing–staining applications for
driveways, pedestrian ways and garage floors, sealing–staining wood landings,
decks, fences, gazebos and similar structures, or offering chimney cleaning, graffiti
removal, water abrasive blasting, hydro-vac, pipe and sewer cleaning services,
and/or possible future crime and disaster cleanup procedures warrant the invest-
ment and service providers sales efforts. Also, besides introducing exterior wood
care methods, the fire clean-up and wood restoration criteria can be of interest,
especially in confined partially damaged areas. The education of customers to the
capability proves or disproves the possible opinion that a high-pressure water
cleaning method on wood is inadequate or destructive to wood surfaces. Wood,
subject to fire, consuming its surface structure (Fig. 3.297), and subsequently
developing heat activating and devouring tannins, sap and possibly various stain-
coating residue will, within the flaming process expose its’ grain (raised). Cured
grain will not fray or create splinters protruding from its base when introduced to a
fan jet manipulation and the following drying process.
The mere fact that a utilization of a qualified fan nozzle, and its specifically
chosen gpm–psi configuration correlating to the necessary stand-off distance in
consideration to encountered wood type and damaged burned interface zone is
capable of bringing the underlying surfaces back to life is a persuasive argument.
Reconstituted surfaces are either newly coated or only sealed with a deep pene-
trating and shielding wood stain preservative fortifying against long-term envi-
ronmental and UV damages.
Beams and columns, the underside of decking and exposed joists, building
siding, including a properties fencing are either installed in smooth, semi rough or
rough appearances. These products are also called dimensional lumber. More often
and price depending smooth surface wood is either finished with a coating pro-
cedure or varnished. Rough surfaces are treated, if at all, with a wood preservative
incorporating exterior UV protection or coated with a flat appearing stain or
varnish to visually enhance the texture of the surfaces.
Today the differences in wood products of identical description are often rec-
ognized when removing remaining coating from structures created in the early
1900s, which incorporated most often smooth surface boards and likely protection
by means of a lead coating system. Also, these boards were generally manufac-
tured from hardwoods, therefore perfectly suited for today’s high-pressure water
coating removal and hazardous lead coating abatement procedure (Fig. 3.298).
The undesired raising of grain on these hardwood surfaces is, at worst, minimal as
aged pine is also most often sturdy enough to be cleaned avoiding raising its grain
structure. More over, in the past a building’s prolonged exposure to the elements
will direct to a significant change in application criteria also recognizing quite
noticeable yesteryears product differences. Wood surfaces made susceptible by
neglect or insufficient coating procedures developing rot or dry rot, wood board
splitting and felting, mildew, mold and algae development in specifically prone
areas, etc. demand a corrective and detailed preventive restoration procedure
involving all infected areas. Under these circumstances surface irregularities,
damage and the desired coating removal practice on a wood substrate will require
a combination of restoration procedures within the application of the high-pressure
water cleaning and/or paint-coating removal criterion. Restoration requirements
may also change within the inherent differences of particular pieces of wood or the
Fig. 3.299 a Mildew and mold infestation; b 25 fan jets 3000 psi to 2.5 gpm; c clean, treated,
dry and stained
boards reacting accelerated to the environment producing adverse and advanced

surface failures. Sporadic and/or firm coating adhesion between a healthy and
damaged wood substrate-interface can also be broken chemically (strippers)
diminishing further damage to the compromised remaining surfaces supporting a
fan nozzle and vacuum head-brush assembly within a coating removal procedure
and the following necessary surface neutralization.
The evaluation of an aged vertical exterior wall as to its suitability by cleaning
with high-pressure water is quite simple. The experienced service provider can
find the threshold limit between damaging and adequate cleaning performance
within the interface structure by applying a pressure-scratch test with a tool of his
choice. The alternative method is to apply a 25–45 to 65 fan nozzles at various
standoff distances to the damaged wood interface to be cleaned, testing various
pressures and if possible, various water volume configurations similar to patch
testing procedures on masonry and brick, block surfaces. It is not rocket science,
rather logic combined with experience which will protect a wood surface in depth.
The correct evaluation of apparent stains and living organisms like mildew-
mold and algae are as important as the source identification of stains introduced to
wood surfaces in question, resulting from wax, grease, fats, iron and copper fix-
tures, tannins, tree sap and pitch, etc. To prevent reoccurring problems is it of an
advantage to advice customer as to the contaminating source or circumstance of its
structure.
Minor mildew and mold development such as is often found in humid areas can
be removed with sodium per-carbonate based wood cleaner especially when
applied after an initial cleaning procedure. Substantially infected wood surface
areas are first subjected to a high-pressure water cleaning procedure. Permitting an
adequate drying time prior to a treatment with two to four parts of water to one part
Fig. 3.300 a Moss, fungus, insect infestations; b rafter cleaning, pest control; c cleaned, dried
and stained
of chlorine bleach on aforementioned heavily infested wood surface is of an

advantage. It is also important to permit a dwell time of the bleach solution, which
should be a minimum of 20 min in a wet-humid stage. Neutralizing the surface
with an oxalic based wood brightener following the final rinse procedure will
produce an optimal result.
When assembling a job-gear list, is it also helpful to identify the encountered
wood type and possibly its age, and origination. Today siding and fencing are
mostly manufactured from softwood such as pine, fir, cedar or spruce. Cedar and
redwood board will dissolve some tannin when pressure washed, visually identi-
fiable by yellow brown staining on weathered and naturally bleached wood sur-
faces. This is only marginally problematic when a cleaned fence board is not
stained with an appropriate wood preservative hopefully incorporating a UV
protection. This tannin release can also be accelerated by the incorrect use of
strong alkaline based solutions. The stains can be removed by an oxalic acid based
wood brightener neutralizing the alkalinity within the wood, drawing the tannic
acid away from surfaces (Fig. 3.299).
Decks-porch-staircase-landings and their preservation–restoration methods are
often underestimated in necessary effort and product consumption due to their
overhead and vertical components such as railings, simple or intricate spindle and
balusters. Materializing rust and copper stains caused by nails, decorative metal
fixtures or garden furniture and oil-fats, waxes absorbed in various deck areas
introduced by grilling, kerosene spills and dripping candle wax are all mitigating
factors. Over-head components like rafters and open underside of decking may
entice operators to begin an unsafe operating procedure (Fig. 3.300) in their
attempt to reach all corners and hidden surfaces. When performed correctly the
job-walk and description present almost always an eye-opening experience to the
property owner for its necessary cost requirement. Starting with the removal of
accumulated grease stains, probably organic oils and animal fats (grills), which
often penetrate deeply into the decks surface, requires a repetitive treatment with
1000 psi hot 200F water temperature heating the stained surfaces in the attempt to
draw and eradicate reappearing oils from the pores or sponge like interface zone
utilizing a detergent to emulsify rematerializing oil–fat remnants. Permitting a
repetitive drying time between applications is of an advantage especially before a
sodium hydroxide based solution is applied in the attempt to reduce the often
diminishing but reoccurring stain formations. The successful hydroxide applica-
tion must be neutralized from all wood surfaces with an oxalic acid based wood
brightener which also neutralizes the tannins acid that has been drawn to the
surface. In totaling overall surface cleaning and prep time s followed by a desired
wood staining–coating and/or preservation procedure is it clear that job criterion
and pricing can quickly escalate.
When removing a deteriorated exterior stain–varnish product, it is of impor-
tance to first identify the adhesive quality of the binding resin of the remaining
coating residual. In general deteriorated stains are highly susceptible to high-
pressure water introduced by a rotary surface cleaner. Testing the removal effec-
tiveness is simple and should not be steered by a pending chemical sales criterion.
Subject to wood type, hardness and/or presence of surface deterioration nec-
essary applicable pressures may range from 1000 to 4000 psi, at 2.5–5 gpm, hot
and/or cold water.
When a total removal scenario cannot be guaranteed by utilizing high-pressure
water only, the following hazardous removal criteria, employing a free caustic
application to the varnish remnant enhances deletion effectiveness greatly. The
introduction of a high-pressure water procedure to a dry, porous wood surface
(boards and/or logs) penetrating the existing crevices or fissures within the wood
substrate permit a measurable moisture saturation and absorption application
preferably to above 20% moisture content. The degree of absorption can further be
controlled when manually operating a vacuum assist rotary surface cleaner, pro-
viding a direct water recovery. This absorption is a vital function, especially when
a job criteria calls for the utilization of un-buffered or free caustic treatment
applied to the woods surface, designed to soak through, the exterior finish and the
wood’s stain-coating interface. The water saturation penetrates and swells pores
hindering the uncontrolled deep absorption of the damaging caustics. Calculating
the timeframe between treatment of high-pressure water and caustic application
and its dwell time should always be a controlled requirement. Caustics cannot be
neutralized by water but can be blocked within an engorged porous area where
access to liquid acidic neutralization is not denied in depth by shrinkage to the
present caustic elements. Wood products, such as cherry, mahogany, oak, redwood
and cedar contain a high amount of tannic acid which can be drawn to the surface
when correct neutralization of the substrate is not achieved (pH 7). Especially
when dormant chemistry is reintroduced to humidity will surface discoloration
reappear. Newcomers to the industry are best advised to apply buffered chemistry
Fig. 3.301 a Overhead wood cleaning; b 2 9 45 fan jets 3000 psi to 5 gpm; c dried wood
surface before staining
Fig. 3.302 a Weathered

wood-façade; b wood-façade
cleaned, dry, before staining
Fig. 3.303 a Wood damage round jet, wet surface; b wood damage round jet, wet surface
controlling the pH criterion of a specific cleaning–restoration procedure. Much can

be learned when following manufacturers’ guidelines.
Log home washing, sealing and/or restoration procedures present an application
variety which requires a personal and specific marketing strategy.
Log-house owners are finding it difficult to identify qualified service companies
restoring and maintaining their homes. The novice service provider will find it
difficult to relate to the needs and desires’ a log home owner identifies. Due to
specific environmental circumstances, or sometimes a lifestyle oriented criteria the
customer requires a unlike job prerequisite in comparison to the proud owner of a
city or suburban tract home. Most often is a water filtration, recycling capability
very welcomed and identifying job quality as is the inherent equipment capability
to operate with fluctuating water supply below 5 gpm due to the rural location of
many homes. In many areas log home manufacturers have applied inferior wood
treatment, coatings or varnishes to their product later ultimately responsible for
premature failure in their unforeseen given environment. Coating companies
identified this new emerging market selling products based on a UV protection and
water repellency but lack the capacity to control or describe variations of surface
and substrate preparation often resulting in an incorrect coating or varnish
installation. The prior cleaning, which is best and most effectively performed with
high pressure water on interior and exterior surfaces (Fig. 3.301) removing sap and
airborne contaminants especially on the top-side of logs, where accumulating
contaminants retain humidity providing a fertile environment for moss, mold and
algae etc. Periodically performing surface maintenance correctly by washing and
rinsing a log home is quite a simple affair achieving the necessary surface
cleanliness and acidic neutrality equal to logs neutral pH 7 prior to a probably oil
based, solvent borne and penetrating replenishment.
It is important not to subconsciously be lured into discounting the guarding
against moisture intrusion to solid appearing doors and window frames, roof
overhangs, underside and eave components which are probably manufactured from
hardwood veneer but bonded to a solid or hollow core structure. Buildings may
incorporate a variety of components not of solid nature and therefore more sen-
sitive to humidity.
The problem starts when coating maintenance procedures have been neglected
over an extended period of time. Environmental influences can separate wood cells
in various unforeseen areas from their substrate. These wood fibers cannot retain a
stain or coating application (Fig. 3.302).
Fig. 3.304 a Weathered wood-façade; b wood surface before and after; c surface before staining
Fig. 3.305 a Floor boards, weathered—mold; b floor boards, clean, dried before staining;
c boards, before staining
Besides determining the correct psi–gpm configuration correctly testing the

coating or varnish stripper is of utmost importance. Creating test patches on shady
and sunny sides are as vital on structures environmental impact zones where wind,
rain and ice have varying seasonal surface influences and must be performed and
correctly evaluated. Experience has shown that this is best done before an overall
job estimate is established. Performing this test patch criteria also permits the
evaluation as to necessary protection of landscaping, covering or removal of light
Fig. 3.306 a Building-façade after cleaning and dry; b before; c after-dry; d stained; e building-
façade after drying, within staining process
Fig. 3.307 a Weathered floor boards; b 2 9 45 fan jets 3000 psi to 5 gpm; c surface cleaner
(Spin-Jet); d before e after
fixtures and various metallic hardware, masking windows, possibly require scaf-
folding and/or lance extensions, checking for possible inherent dangers such as
live electrical wiring, pedestrian traffic, possible windswept influence of coatings
on surrounding structure or vehicles and considering the final job cleanup pro-
cedures of possible accumulated hazardous waste and its correct identification,
storage and transportation to the appropriate facilities.
Log homes are often accompanied by wooden decks, terraces, and staircase
structures supporting the design criteria of the main buildings architectural iden-
tity. Deck staining, sealing and water proofing most often includes servicing and
incorporating railings, spindles and staircase structures. Transforming decks to a
pristine condition is most often required when an overall renovation is in progress.
In their endeavor to save money homeowners frequently attempt to service their
decks, underestimating the qualifications a professional high-pressure water
application specialist requires within the wood cleaning, preservation and resto-
ration criteria. Renting the necessary equipment and learning on the go often
results in damage visually identifiable as a surface discoloration, recurrence of
mold and fungus, ghosting and wood carving and/or rising of the grain in their
attempt to clean or possibly remove coatings. The severity of occurring damages
(Fig. 3.303) can be more visible or enhanced when surfaces are in a damp to dry
stage. Identifying wood variety and type, the degree of surface deterioration,
overall tool access to surfaces in question, blast water quality and mineral makeup,
and securing a functional up or downstream chemical injection is a professionals
criterion. Also nozzles, rotary surface cleaner and spin-jet varieties, water
recovery, filtration and recycling necessities are tool entities seldom available at an
equipment rental facility. This especially is noticeable when researching equip-
ment availability offered by shops for wood stain, coating and restoration treat-
ment products supporting their product sales efforts. A property owner must
understand that a qualified surface preparation is managed and achieved by a
qualified tool operator understanding the substrate, and its challenges to be pre-
pared for a coating procedure.
Removing the gray appearance of aged wood siding and deck-railing surfaces
(tannin) represents the simplest form of a wood cleaning procedure. A trigger gun
mounted manually operated 25 fan jet applied in corners and on spindle and
railing work, a rotary surface cleaner with dual 15 to 45 fan at varying psi–gpm
performances, most often eliminates the application of phosphoric and oxalic
acids, avoiding the application of neutralizing endeavors.
Always permit adequate substrate drying time and be sure that the weather
report is favorable before stain and/or penetrating water repellent oil based sol-
vents incorporating UV protection are applied by roller, airless or pump-up
sprayer. Allow for penetration time and wipe off excess product and apply brush,
avoiding irregular product loading. Provide pictorial samples after pressure
washing only and before staining. One after first staining application is shown
(Figs. 3.304, 3.305, 3.306).
Cleaning composite and ceramic tile, asphalt, cedar, and/or metal roof shakes-
shingles is ordinarily a simple endeavor often incorporating an advantageous
gutter system to collect and operate a wastewater recovery, filtration and recycling
unit.
‘‘Roof safety’’ All operations above 60 ft from the ground are subject to con-
tractors’ safety and best practices concerning fall protection. OSHA CFR29
1926.500 and roof safety subtitles are the information base explaining the must do
requirements. Safe access to roofs by ladder or any other method is a controlled
criterion, which requires training in correctly operating personal protective
equipment (top entrance harness, lanyards-lifeline, etc.,) and testing as it requires a
safety man overseeing operations. Roof design varieties, placement of roof
anchors, and various access methods accommodating the operation of rotary
surface cleaning equipment, spin-jet and trigger-gun or fan jet assemblies will vary
with every job description. These safety requirements are not confined to a roof
surface in question, but must incorporate the whole jobsite including possible
influence of surrounding vicinity. Access specialization utilizing high-pressure
water tooling and wastewater recovery recycling and filtration systems are a most
exciting and lucrative endeavor.
The roof cleaning application and its job potential depends on geography and
climate. In the Seattle or Portland, Oregon area mosses, mildew and algae are the
contaminating source to roof surfaces.
In an industrial city like Chicago, weather cycling and general air pollution
(Fig. 3.307) and its acidity is responsible for discolorations and fungus development
and in dry areas such as New Mexico the roof cleaning business is quite none existent.
Nevertheless 90% of US homes feature asphalt shingle roofs. Modern shingles

are manufactured from organic based fibers or glass-fibers of varying lengths and
orientation creating a substrate impregnated with various bituminous–asphalt
products and protective mineral granules providing texture and color themes. The
disadvantages of these roofing products are sensitivity to physical impact or stress,
especially on high heat or very cold days and the susceptibility of bitumen–asphalt
to improperly applied cleaning chemicals which is best altogether avoided. Dirt–
dust and other organic materials deposited by rain accumulating on low velocity
roof surfaces become the breeding ground for algae type spores. Spreading and
decomposing algae or fungus is the culprit which discolors a roof surface. A black
striking stain development is most likely gloeocapsa magma algae found on
asphalt and metal roofs.
A rotary surface cleaner incorporating rpm control and a hover-craft like lift
permitting unidirectional operation gliding (Fig. 25.10) over irregular shingle
surfaces is the ideal tool configuration for this or other roof cleaning operations.
Neutralizing the equipment’s weight and mass, nullifying lifting of shingles,
incorporating finger light unidirectional control in an often somewhat physical
precarious situation can not be replaced by any other tool configuration. Psi–gpm
configuration is best adjusted to the low-end of granular adhesion and manipulated
by 45 fan nozzles, providing removal of discoloration or bacterial growth only by
adjusting the nozzle angulations’ to the surface (only). After the cleaning proce-
dures are completed and surfaces are flooded with an preventive chemical rinse
from the bottom up and after their recommended dwell time neutralized, advise
customer to install copper or zinc strips on top layer of asphalt shingles. Rain wash
introduces small amounts of copper poisoning–killing reoccurring bacteria.
Tile roofs are more prevalent today. The lightweight surface cleaner again is the
ideal unit. The application of chemicals should only occur if a dialogue with tile
manufacture can be established as to the appropriate chemical solution, protecting
the tile glaze. The notion that a tile glaze is susceptible to damage introduced by a
surface rotary cleaning unit again is a myth perpetuated by competitive chemical
salesman.
Cedar–redwood, white pine-cyprus, etc. shingles are cleaned utilizing the same
equipment but the chemical application, and preservation varies drastically by
area, humidity, temperature, wood type, past treatment and present surface deg-
radation, etc. Never, ever start cleaning procedures from the bottom up because
water will penetrate to the roof sheeting or worse. There also is little protection
and physical hold applied to a shingle system inviting damage by lifting and
stepping on. Moss protruding into shingle structure must be removed, and varying
by location, molds identified for the correct topical roof treatment and the appli-
cation of suitable wood preservatives. All materials must be accompanied by
MSDS sheet identifying ingredients and safety precautions. Chemicals work most
effectively when only trace elements are left to be removed or treated on a dry
substrate, if not otherwise explained. Do not apply unfortified linseed oil, fire
retardants, the waterproofing sealants or plasticizers. The Cedar Shake & Shingle
Bureau (www.cedarbureau.org) is a resource as to roof design, shingles or shake
type, identification of mold-fungus procedures, etc. Today, in countless commu-

nities, plastic-vinyl siding and trim is also applied as architectural construction,
such as downspouts, gutters, window frames and fencing, etc.
Inherently these products are all susceptible to static bonding of dirt and air-
borne particles. The wide variety of manufactured vinyl siding also greatly varies
in product quality. Porosity and/or composition of siding is drastically varying
with exposure to sunlight (fading) and increased heat absorption resulting in
inconsistencies ranging or exhibiting flat to glossy surface appearances (dull).
Always check the building for missing and loose panels, and choose non pene-
trating application criteria avoiding water seepage to the interior. Customer must
know and be aware of pre-existing damage and structural problematic preferably
signing off a disclaimer before a cleaning procedure commences. After first
thoroughly and repeatedly soaking vinyl surfaces and buildings immediate vicinity
(foliage) apply a mild biodegradable cleaner to vinyl surfaces followed by a
manual surface agitation (pole brush) immediately followed by applying the low
pressure rinse avoiding lifting of siding components. A 45 fan nozzle at 500 psi
3–5 five gpm is most often sufficient. Apply rinse jet in downward motion
avoiding water penetration from bottom up. Air velocity alone may damage vinyl
panels, or send water to the interior. It is best to start working on the shady side of
the building in progression to the sunny side expanding the water wetting and
reducing chemical dwell time. To avoid streaking, the job sequence generally
starts on the bottom of the structure. Vinyl’s structural susceptibility to heat will
keep operating temperatures below 135F. Areas prone to mildew, infestation,
noticeable and obvious especially on vinyl sidings light in color is removed by
jetting and followed by a light sodium hypochlorite solution (bleach) applied to the
prior infected areas. It is best to avoid the penetration of any cleaning solution to
the backfill-surfaces of siding avoiding stain leaching to cleaned surfaces. Oxalic
acid can be useful for rust stains, but must be applied with caution. Artillery
fungus, a stubborn problem and best carefully challenged with hot water and a spin
jet nozzle at reacquired pressures avoiding damage to vinyl. Areas prone to stain
and dirt accumulation such as for instance mildew development in the vicinity of
attic vents, on top of window-molding and door sills, soffit areas, vinyl under or
behind balconies and decks are job specific, as are gutters, down-pipe and spouts,
window screens and shutters which must all be considered in the bidding process
do to possibly intensive time consumption within the overall cleaning process.
When aware this is of no consequence; cleaning vinyl siding is one of the least
difficult application criteria within the general house washing field.
The aluminum siding business, once prominent, is today virtually nonexistent
and includes the ever fading remaining buildings to be serviced. No one building
can be compared to another or similar application criterion. Surfaces are painted
and oxidize with time requiring a careful analytical application criterion as to
chemistry and water pressures applied. Most often a two step cleaning process is
necessary in applying systematically and equally a buffered acid solution, followed
by a high alkaline soap solution to neutralize all surfaces. The first step when
cleaning aluminum siding is to check for oxidation. Direct sunlight accelerates the
Wood restoration and preservation, vinyl, wood, aluminum siding and roof cleaning

Address:

Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:
Deck-landing-staircase-railing-roof Dimension lumber:
Siding: aluminum wood vinyl fiberglas
Shingles-shakes:
Spruce: asphalt tile wood composite metal
Pine:
Fir: Rough surfaced:
Cedar: Smooth surfaced:
Deterioration: mild: aggressive:
Redwood:
Explain:
Other: Other:
Stain type: soluble tannins, sap, pitch, moss, mold,
Other:
fungus, fire, graffiti, bird-bug-pest droppings
Spot cleaning: Time: Authorized: Overall square footage to be serviced:
Existing structural damages: (explain) Safety procedures: (explain)
Litmus paper: (pH) Acid treatment: MSDS:
Substrate-surface moisture meter: Acid neutralization: “
Detergent: “
Blast water source: lbs: gpm: Surface pH:
Blast water discharge: yes no Other:
Equipment: roller, pump-up, airless sprayer
Penetrating wood preservative: Water filtration and recycling:
Semi-transparent stain: Rotating surface cleaner: vacuum-support:
Solid color stain: Spin-Jet:
Deck stain for previously stained decks: Extension wand: 6’ 10’ 12’ Telescopic wand:
Exterior deck stain solvent based: Trigger-gun: Fan nozzle: 15° 25° 45° 65°
Protect from water intrusion: Protective skirting-cover:
Describe application and work procedure: Overall height-with: Scaffolding: Man lift:
Environment Industrial Commercial Residential

:
GEAR - LIST Nr.

Address:
City: P.O. Box:

e-mail:
Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:
Building type: Pressure washing - Hydro-blast equipment:
Non-expendable equipment:
Expendables:
Safety procedure:
Work procedure:
Developed by: Date:

paint chalking or paint oxidation processes. Surfaces exposed to industrial pollu-

tants, airborne dirt such as auto exhaust and building type pending rust stains,
mildew and fungus might al be an accumulative present criterion. Dark aluminum
siding, such as dark red or blue is also washed from top down preventing the
greater tendency to streak especially important in hot weather. Sealing this type of
surface is important extending the longevity of achieved surface appearance.
Required equipment includes safety glasses, chemical gloves, chemical suit, hard
hat, first aid kit with eyewash, wooden-metal paddle scraper, long-range chemical-
acid injector, buffered acid solution, alkaline soap, MSDS sheets, pole brush,
various aluminum wands and telescopic wands, 25–45 and 65 nozzles, variable
speed rotating nozzles, duct tape and plastic sheeting for masking windows, doors
and foliage. Within exterior building cleaning procedures bird droppings-excre-
ment can be encountered in various locations, which are either nesting or habitat
locations which must be considered hazardous waste. A number of illnesses to
include cryptococcus, histoplasmosis, and psittacosis are associated with dry bird
droppings primarily those from birds in areas of nitrogen rich soils, pigeons and
bats. The primary mode of transmission of these diseases to humans is via inha-
lation of disease causing spores-organisms. Personal protective gear, respirator
NIOSH approved protection below 0.3 lm, is a must. Misting down-wetting the
area of contamination limiting airborne activity before a removal process is ini-
tiated or area inspections for demolition work, restoration of historic and/or
abandoned buildings is performed. Infected areas, especially in areas or vicinity of
food source manufacturing, and a storage facility is this hazardous waste removal
criterion regulated.
Chapter 4
Associations
Abstract Raw material, energy production, petrol-chemical and general product

manufacturing and their distribution alliances most always fund and support an
association specializing in industry promotion, up-to-date marketing and news-
worthy content formed by their constituent and membership. They assist and
provide a great inside as to their industry specific plant locations, their size,
and production processes, the variety of products manufactured, identification and
typing of their manufacturing hardware and/or maintenance intervals due to plant
shutdown schedules or emergency response strategies, etc. Following the indus-
tries contact information in chapter introduction these associations are listed
specifically within the commercial industrial resource criteria before revealing the
industry specific safety regulation and criteria to facilitate a direct and pertinent
information resource criteria. Services sales endeavors, prior technical qualifica-
tion and classification, customer contacts and job-industry specific safety infor-
mation can be accrued.
ACI American Concrete Institute, http://www.

concrete.org
AAC Aluminum Anodizers Council, http://
www.anodizing.org
ACGIH American conference for governmental
industrial hygiene, http://www.acgih.org
ACPA American Concrete Pipe Association,
http://www.concrete-pipe.org
AAMP American Association of Meat Proces-
sors, http://www.aamp.org
ANSI American National Standards Institute,
http://www.ansi.org
AAFCO American Association of Feed Control
Officials, http://www.aafco.org

550 4 Associations
AAR Association of American Railroads, http:

//www.aar.org
AASP Alliance of Automotive Service Providers,
http://www.aaspi.org
AAIA Automotive Aftermarket Industry Asso-
ciation, http://www.aftermarket.org
ABA American Bakers Association, http://
www.americanbakers.org
ABRA American Bio-Recovery Association,
http://www.americanbiorecovery.org
ADA American Dairy Association, http://www.
ilovecheese.com/default.htm
AERA Engine Builders Association, http://www.
aera.org
AFDO Association of Food and Drug Officials,
http://www.afdo.org
AFIA American Feed Industry Association,
http://www.afia.org
AF&PA The American Forest and Paper Associ-
ation, http://www.af.andpa.org
AGI American Geological Institute, http://
www.agiweb.org
AIW Association Italiana Waterjet, http://
www.aiw.polimi.it/page.htm
AISI American Iron and Steel Institute, http://
www.steel.org
Air Barrier Association of American, http://www.airbarrier.org
ANSI American National Standards Institute,
http://www.ansi.org
APA At Sea Processors Association, http://
www.atsea.org
APHIS Animal and Plant Health Inspection
Service, http://www.aphis.usda.gov
APRA Automotive Parts Remanufactures Asso-
ciation, http://www.apra.org
ASA Automotive Service Association, http://
www.ashop.org
ASA American Soybean Association, http://
www.amsoy.org
ASA American Sugar Alliance, http://www.
sugaralliance.orc
ASAE American Society of Agricultural Engi-
neers, http://www.asae.org
4 Associations 551
ASIA American Sheep Industry Association,

http://www.sheepusa.org
ASLRR American Short Line & Regional Rail-
road Association, http://www.aslrra.org
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engi-
neers, http://www.asme.org
AREMA The American Railway Engineering and
Maintenance-of-Way Association, http://
www.arema.org
AVME American Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion, http://www.avma.org
ARMA Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers Associa-
tion, http://www.asphaltroofing.org
ASTA American Seed Trade Association, http://
www.amseed.com
ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigera-
tion a. Air-Conditioning Engineers, http:
//www.ashrae.org
AHPWJA Australian High Pressure Water Jetting
Association, http://www.ausjetinc.com.au/
AWDA Automotive Warehouse Distributor Asso-
ciation, http://www.awda.org
ASTM American Society for Testing and Mate-
rials, http://www.astm.org
API American Petroleum Institute, http://
www.api-houston.org
AIChE American Institute of Chemical Engi-
neers, http://www.aiche.org
AWS American Welding Society, http://
www.aws.org
AWT German Working Group of Water Jet
Technology, http://www.iw.uni-hannover.
de/awt/index.html
AWWA American Water Works Association,
http://www.awwa.org
B&CMA Biscuit and Cracker Manufacturer Asso-
ciation, http://www.thebcma.org
BIA Brick Industry Associations, http://www.
gobrick.com
BOR Bureau of Reclamation, http://www.
usbr.gov
CSSB Cedar Shake & Shingle Bureau, http://
www.cedarbureau.org
552 4 Associations
CGA Compressed Gas Association, http://

www.cganet.com
CISPI Cast iron soil pipe Institute, http://
www.cispi.org
CCI Cotton Council International, http://
www.cottonusa.org
CCR Central Contractor Registration, http://
www.ccr.gov
CSI Construction Specification Institute,
http://www.csinet.org
CVSN Commercial Vehicle Solutions Network,
http://www.cfshq.com
DKI Disaster Cleanup International, http://
www.disasterkleenup.com
D-U-N-S Dun & Bradstreet (D&B), http://www.
dnb.com
Federal Housing Administration, http://www.hud.org
EDI Exterior Design Institute-synthetic stucco,
http://www.exterior-design-inst.com
EIA Energy information Administration, http:
//www.eia.doe.gov
EIFS-synthetic stucco, http://www.exterior-design-inst.com
EPA Environmental Protection Agency, http://
www.epa.gov
EPRI Electric Power Research Institute, http://
www.my.epri.com
ETA Cleaning Equipment Trade Association,
http://www.cera.org
FDA Food and Drug Administration, http://
www.fda.gov
FRA Federal Railroad Administration, http://
www.fra.dot.gov/
FSCT Federation of Societies for Coatings
Technology, http://www.coatingstech.org
FWS Fish and Wildlife Service, http://
www.fws.gov
FPA Food Processing Association, http://
www.mwfpa.org
FWS Fish and Wildlife service, http://www.
fws.gov
FCC Federal Communications Commission,
http://www.fcc.gov
4 Associations 553
FAACO Federal Aviation Administration Con-

tract Opportunities, http://www.faa.gov/
?=7482
FAA Federal Aviation Administration, http://
www.faa.gov
FHA FEMA, Federal Emergency Management
Agency, http://www.fema.gov
FHWA US Federal Highway Administration,
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov
FWPCA Federal Water Pollution and Control Act
(Clean Water Act), http://www.epa.gov
GANA Glass Association of North America,
http://www.glasswebsite.com
IAAPA International Association of Amusement
Parks and Attractions, http://www.iaapa.org
IARW Refrigerated Warehousing Associations,
http://www.iarw.com
IAQA Indoor Air Quality Association, http://
www.iaqa.org
ICGA Infiltration Control Grouting Association
(NASSCO) http://www.sewergrouting.com
ICCF International cemetery, cremation and
funeral association, http://
www.iccfa.com
ICMA State and Local Government Manage-
ment Associations, http://www.icma.com
ICRI International Concrete Repair Institute,
http://www.icri.org
ISRI Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries,
In., http://www.isri.org
ISO International Organization for Standardi-
zation, http://www.iso.ch
IMCA International Marine Contractors Associ-
ation, http://www.imca-int.com
INGAA Natural Gas Association of America,
http://www.ingaa.org
IKEKA International Kitchen Exhaust Cleaning
Association, http://www.ikeca.org
IFC International Finance Corp., http://
www.ifc.org
ISSA International Sanitary Supply Associa-
tion, http://www.issa.com
IOOC International Olive Oil Council, http://
www.internationaloliveoil.org
554 4 Associations
JSA Joint Subcommittee on Aquaculture (fed-

eral), http://www.epa.gov/agriculture/
anaquret
MIA Marble Institute of America, http://
www.marble-institute.com
MIA Masonry Institute of America, http://
www.masonryinstitute.org
MSHA Mine Safety and Health Administration,
http://www.msha.gov
MPI Master Painters Institute, http://www.
mpi.net
NADCA National Air Duct Cleaners Association,
http://www.nadca.com
NACE International Corrosion Association,
http://www.nace.org
NASSCO National Association of Sewer Service
Companies, http://www.nassco.org
NCPI National Clay Pipe Institute, http://
www.ncpi.org
NCMA National Concrete Masonry Associations,
http://www.ncmaetek.org
NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Asso-
ciation, http://www.nema.org
NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System
NPRA National Petrochemical and Refiners
Association, http://www.npradc.org
NFPA National Fire Protection Association,
http://www.nfpa.org
NFPA National Food Processes Association,
http://www.foodinfonet.com
NMA National Mining Association, http://
www.nma.org
NIOSH National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health, http://www.niosh.org
NGA National Glass Association, http://
www.glass.org
NTPEP National Transportation Product Evalua-
tion Program, http://www.ntpep.org
NRC Nuclear Regulatory Commission, http://
www.nrc.gov
NUCA National Utilities Contractors Associa-
tion, http://www.nuca.com
4 Associations 555
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Admin-

istration, http://www.OSHA.gov
PCA Portland Cement Association, http://
www.cement.org
PDA Pump Distributors Association No 5,
Chapelfield Orford, UK., http://
www.the-pda.com/
PSPA Pacific Seafood Processors Association,
http://www.pspafish.net
PPSA Pigging Products and Services Associa-
tion, http://www.ppsa-online.com
PPSA Pulp and Paper Safety Association, http://
www.ppsa.org
PPFA Plastic Pipe and Fittings Association,
http://www.ppfahome.org
PPOA Professional Pool Operators of America,
http://www.ppoa.org
PERA Production Engine Remanufacture’s
Association, http://www.pera.org
PIMA Paper Industry Management Association,
http://www.pimaweb.org
PWNA Power Washers of North America, http://
www.thepwna.org
SAE Society of Automotive Engineers, http://
www.sae.or
SNAME Society of Naval Architects and Marine
Engineers, http://www.sname.org
SSPC The Society for Protective Coatings,
http://www.sspc.org
SFM Society for Food Service Management,
http://www.sfm-online.org
SMA Stucco Manufacturing Association,
http://www.stuccomfgassoc.com
SMA Steel Manufacturers Association, http://
www.steelnet.org
SPRAT Society of Professional Rope Access
Technicians, http://www.sprat.org
TAPPI Technical Association of the paper and
pulp industry, http://www.tappi.org
TIA Tire Industry Association, http://
www.tireindustry.org
WJTA Water Jet Technology Association, http://
www.wjta.org
556 4 Associations
WJT The Water Jetting Association 17 St.

Judiths Lane, Sawtry Camps PE28 5XA
UK United Kingdom, http://enquiries@
waterjetting.org.uk
UL Underwriters Laboratories, http://
www.ul.com
USACE United States Army Corps of Engineers,
http://www.usace.army.mil
USDA United States Dept of Agriculture, http://
www.usda.org
Chapter 5
Safety Information
Abstract Introduced are the job walk principles which must first consider the
industries and/or customers specific environment, rules, regulations and safety
procedures concerning their operation and/or production which include in-house
labor or possible effects on secondary trades? Assigning a probability or likelihood
and possible severity of an accidental mishap in an area or application criterion can
be identified as a certainty, probability and possibility, or remote and improbable.
This type of risk assessment is most often controlled within a customer’s envi-
ronment and its operation. However, often underestimated are risks and hazards
encountered within an unfamiliar job environment where unidentified threats to
safety are the result of an application specific condition? These possibilities are
discussed in detail throughout chapter Introduction and the Application core cri-
teria combined with the introduction of recommended practices for the use of
manually operated high-pressure water jetting equipment. The following con-
tractor’s basic bid-paperwork illustrations consider this safety oriented principals.
5.1 Contractor’s Basic Safety Information Bid

and Paperwork Illustrations
UHP, hydro-blast and pressure washing applications are never offered or per-
formed without a subjective jobsite risk assessment, its management and cost
criteria. Profit margins are greatly susceptible when day-to-day operations do not
consider concealed risks within an application procedure. Unanticipated and/or
belated elimination of hazards to protect operators and labor force within the direct
or indirect vicinity of services performed can be costly to everyone involved.
Assigning a probability or likelihood and possible severity of an accidental
mishap in an area or application criterion can be identified as a certainty, proba-
bility and possibility, or remote and improbable. This type of risk assessment is

558 5 Safety Information
Fig. 5.1 a Recommended

practices, b medical
information card
most often controlled within a customers environment and its operation. However,
often underestimated are risks and hazards encountered within an unfamiliar job
environment where unidentified threats to safety are the result of an application
specific condition. A job walk principle must first consider the industries and/or
customers specific environment, rules, regulations and set safety procedures
concerning their operation and/or production which include in-house labor or
possible effects on secondary trades.
This will require a contractor’s labor force participation in the education as to
plant-locations specific safety procedures. This includes recognizing plant equip-
ment and its maintenance consequences, safe behavior in various plant environ-
ments, their process equipment, machinery and possible production processes
before high-pressure water application technologies can be fine-tuned for safe on-
site or in plant operations.
The pressure washing hydro-blasting and UHP technician cannot afford to make
a risk assessment as to probable, possible or the remote possibility of injury by
tooling manipulating high-pressure water and/or by the resulting industrial product
or waste removal technique which includes the environmental consequences of
toxic and flammable-volatile materials (Fig. 5.1).
A positive identification by risk assessment of possible hazardous inhalation,
bruising, minor lacerations, injection injuries or broken bones must always result
in the total elimination of such a possibility. Personal protective gear, providing
non-skin contact protection starting with gloves, rain gear, eye protection, face
shield, boots specifically designed for high-pressure water cleaning applications,
5.1 Contractor’s Basic Safety Information Bid and Paperwork Illustrations 559
APPLICATION REVIEW
Address:
Web site: City:

e-mail: P.O. Box:
State: ZIP Code:
Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:
Job Location: Job-Site, Hazard Risk Assessment:: Specify:
Jobsite Review:
Expendables:
Developed by: Date:


Fig. 5.2 Best management

practices
fall and respiratory protection including a possible respiratory program, which may
require air supplied respirator equipment, etc. are requirements sometimes in part
also considered expendables within a bid procedure for a variety of applications.
With every job narrative general hazards are eliminated by providing safe
access and egress to the jobsite, protecting labor force from slips, trips and falls,
falling objects from overhead structures by secondary trades, and the correct
handling of heavy equipment. Industry specific safety guidelines and job related
safety criterion is always an application guiding circumstance varying with every
job description explained and recorded in chapters ‘‘introduction’’ and ‘‘applica-
tion core’’.
Information for safe operation of pressure washing, hydro-blast and UHP
equipment can be found in various publications as to the recommended practices
for the use of manually operated high-pressure water jetting equipment published
by the WJTA Association which includes a medical alert note to physicians, or the
Power Washers Association of North America (PWNA), providing best manage-
ment practices for pressure washers within various applications. The UK’s water
jetting Association publishes the code of practice for the safe working and use of
water Jets (Fig. 5.2).
5.2 Application Register Catalog
Marine–Agricultural–Aquatic–Industrial–Commercial–Residential
‘‘Register’’ numbers are ‘‘branded by’’ business and industry identification or
manufacturing hardware and process, identity of an service industry and particular
business practice, type of product to be removed, area identification, or environ-
mental and disaster terminology.
Secondary ‘‘register’’ numbers apply either to application similarities or an
application criterion necessary within a specified primary job description. With a
job curriculum derived from an ‘‘application review’’ its application core ‘‘gear-
list’’ authorization will support and/or fine-tune a gear-list derived from an
application review (Figs. 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9, 5.10, 5.11, 5.12, 5.13, 5.14
and 5.15).
5.2 Application Register Catalog 561
“ ”
(a)
(b)
Fig. 5.3 Application register a A, b S, c C, d P (continued)

(c)
(continued)
(d)
GEAR - LIST Nr.

Address:
P.O. Box:
e-mail: State:
Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Description:

Expendables:

Developed by: Date:

Fig. 5.4 Bid proposal form

Fig. 5.5 Daily time ticket

Fig. 5.6 Sample confined space entry permit

Fig. 5.7 Page 2, confined space entry permit

Fig. 5.8 Waste stream, chemical product chain of custody record.

Fig. 5.9 Pre-job safety meeting record and signature sheet

Fig. 5.10 a, b Taligate safety meeting and signature sheet

Fig. 5.11 Down time work sheet

Fig. 5.12 Repair work order-sheet

Fig. 5.13 Drivers’ inspection check list

Fig. 5.14 Verbal quoted price record

Fig. 5.15 Road expense and disbursement record

About the Author
Wolfgang Maasberg started his career

at WOMA Germany in 1967. Soon his
field of expertise resulted in demonstrat-
ing to potential customers advanced
high-pressure water tools and equip-
ment (up to 10,000 psi). The 1968
expansion of WOMA to the United
States extended this activity into the
Americas.
Also involved in the application
advancements of commercial-industrial
hydro-vac systems and rotary surface
cleaning equipment (25–600 hp),
Wolfgang following WOMAs employ-
ment utilized the newly developed high-
pressure water tool variety for service
providers involved in the introduction of
application technologies to navy-marine, industrial and commercial business
identities.
Providing commercial and industrial cleaning services integrating hazardous
waste abatement and dredging applications, paint coating removal, concrete
surface abrasion-roughening and/or demolition applications the sewer, pipe, boiler
and condenser maintenance criterion concluded the field of activity. The
development and prototyping of mobile hydro-vac systems, wastewater
recovery, filtration and recycling equipment (18–300 hp) enriched the existing
application variety.
Today, these successful technologies support an array of applications
flourishing also within the lower horsepower ranges. Wolfgang developed his

Hydro-Blasting and UHP-Jetting, DOI: 10.1007/978-0-85729-835-5,
578 About the Author
business model based on practical, hands-on experience applying experimental and

most up-to-date equipment and tooling varieties.
Recording all bid and practical job application aspects in the commercial and
industrial environment does sustain the constant expansion of the established
business model and correlating instructional manual.
Glossary of Acronyms, Abbreviations
and Symbols, Industrial Language
Discovery
In consideration acronyms, abbreviations and symbols directly pertain to the

application criterion influenced by pressure-washing, hydro-blast and UHP jetting
procedures developed for commercial and industrial environments. This includes
technical standards for jetting equipment, commercial industrial manufacturing
hardware and process. The commercial industrial language discovery also extends
into books Index content revealing commercial and industry specific vocabulary
not relating to a specific core application vocabulary found within the application
register criterion
Abrading Surface preparation of concrete, intended to roughen the surface profile

of the concrete subsequent removing foreign material, UHP, hydro-blast and
water abrasive blasting are methods of surface abrading
Abrasive A fine granulated material used for hydro-abrasive blasting
Abrasive jet Solid-soluble abrasive particles admixed to a water jet
Abrasive water jetting-blasting-abrasives Admixed to one or more water jets in
a venturi configuration
Absorption The uptake or absorbing of water, other fluids and dissolved chemical
Abatement Reducing the degree or intensity off, or eliminating pollution
Abatement debris Waste from remediation activities
ABS Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, a common thermoplastic
Accumulator A pressure chamber absorbing-equalizing reciprocating p. pressure-
cycles pulsations, and fluid mass-shock

580 Glossary
Adhesion is called the bonding strength of a coating, the degree of attraction

between a coating and substrate or between two coats of paint that are held
together by chemical–mechanical force
Adsorption Removal of pollutant from air or water by collecting the pollutant on
the surface of a solid material, treating waste in which activated carbon, nut-
shells, etc. remove organic matter from wastewater
Adsorption (2) The result of an material (filter media) capable of extracting a
substance from a mixture of gases and/or liquids and gathering it on the surface
of the media in an condensed layer, the process is not accompanied by physical
or chemical changes
Acid A corrosive solution with a pH less than 7, and has the ability to react with
bases or alkalis in water solutions. Litmus paper turns red, a pH of 1 indicates as
strong acid. Orange-lemon juice and vinegar also contain acids. Specific acids
are applied for phosphatizing and aluminum brightening, concrete etching, etc.
Acid gas scrubber-air handling system To remove acid gas exhaust from var-
ious industrial processes
Acid inhibitors Chemicals greatly reducing the attack of acids on metals,
inhibitors may also prevent damage caused by acids
Acid resistant brick-tile Suitable for use in contact with chemicals, foodstuffs,
etc; usually laid with acid resistant mortars
Acid resistant, cast iron pipe Cast iron pipe containing between 14.25 and 15%
silicon, small amounts of manganese, sulfur and carbon manufactured in same
dimensions as cast iron pipe
Acidic Said of igneous rocks (brick’s), containing more than 65% silica
Activated sludge A primary effluent is mixed with bacteria-laden sludge and then
agitated and aerated to promote biological treatment, speeding the breakdown
of organic matter in raw sewage undergoing secondary waste treatment
acfm Actual cubic feet per minute
AC Alternating electric current that reverses its direction at regular intervals, the
number of times per second the current completes its flow in both directions is
called the frequency and given the unit in hertz (Hz)
ACM Asbestos containing materials
Aeration Exposes to circulating air, adds oxygen to the wastewater and allows
other trapped gases to escape, the first step in secondary treatment via activated
sludge
Aflatoxin Naturally occurring mycotoxin produced by two types of mold
Glossary 581
Agribusiness Agriculturally related businesses that supply farm inputs such as

fertilizer or equipment or are involved in the marketing of farm products, such
as warehousing, processors, wholesalers, transporters and retailers
Agricultural pipe drain Porous or perforated pipes lay in a gravel filled trench
draining subsoil
Aggregate Inert granular material such as natural or manufactured sand, gravel,
crushed gravel and stone, vermiculite, perlite, air cooled blast furnace slag
bound by concrete or mortar utilizing a matrix form or an inert granular
material that is added to gypsum plaster
Air pollution scrubber-system Built to remove contaminants from air, utilizing
water and/or chemicals
ALARA As low as reasonably achievable, a radiation safety principal for mini-
mizing radiation doses
Alternator Alternating electric current generator
Algae Various aquatic plant life forms
Algae discoloration A type of roof discoloration caused by algae, commonly
called fungus growth
Alkaline builders Starting with the strongest, caustic soda, sodium ortho-meta
silicate, Trisodium phosphate, soda-ash, borax, bicarbonate of soda
Alkali Chemical substance such as potassium hydroxide or sodium carbonate that
neutralizes acid
Aluminum brightener An acidic cleaning solution, etching aluminum surfaces, a
brightening effect
Ambient conditions The weather including air temperature, relative humidity,
dew point and wind velocity
Anaerobic digester Vessel for digesting the organic matter in a waste treatment
plant by organisms which do not use oxygen
Anti siphon valve Utilized to prevent contamination of drinking water when
pump equipment is connected to city supply, equivalent to a check valve
Anodized aluminum (Anodic coating) A coating chemically bonded to an alu-
minum surface to prevent oxidation
Atm Atmosphere
Asbestos abatement Procedures to control fiber release from asbestos containing
materials in a buildingvessel or industrial property, to remove them entirely,
encasement, encapsulation, repair, or enclosure
ASCS Air systems cleaning specialist
582 Glossary
Airless spraying A coating method utilizing hydraulic pressure between 2 and

3,000 psi to atomize paint
Air band -air shutter A band or disc on a fuel burner that adjusts and regulates
air to combustion chamber
Artillery or shotgun fungus A growth identified by small black dots of various
sizes creating stubborn or permanent stains on most surfaces
Asphalt-based paints A specialized cut back asphalt product that can contain
small amounts of other materials such as lampblack aluminum flakes, or
mineral pigments, they are used in water proofing operations and other similar
applications
Asphalt plastic cement Asphalt based sealant material meeting ASTM D4586
type one or two used to seal and adhere roofing materials. Also called mastic,
blackjack, roof tar and bull
Asphalt-concrete primer Asphalt–based primer used to prepare concrete and
metal for asphalt sealant applications
ASU Air separation unit
Atmospheric tanks Rectangular or cylindrical vertical or horizontal are used for
liquids, whose vapor pressure is atmospheric or below at storage conditions
Autogenous flash point Called also self ignition flash-point or auto ignition, the
temperature at which a substance will self ignite. No outside source, flame or
heat is required
Auto-start An automatic startup system built into some pressure washers and
hydro-blast units configured so as to start up when a electric or pneumatic
signal a pressure drop or the trigger gun is operated
AWT Advanced wastewater treatment
Automatic cool-down Automatic shutdown sequence, continuous cool down of
heating coils preventing excessive calcium buildup
Back-flow valve To prevent contamination of city drinking water when utilizing
city water source as a hydrant or valve assembly
Bag-house unit Utilized for dust collection from massive air streams throughout
the industrial-commercial environment it is the final portion of a dust collection
system
Ballast Water stored in tanks onboard ships utilized to trim and stabilize a vessel
Ball valve Is a quarter turn on-off valve
Baking soda Sodium bicarbonate
Bar A metric unit of pressure
Glossary 583
Barrier coatings A layer of a material that obstructs or prevents passage of

something through a surface that is to be protected
Baume Baume scale is a measure of a solution’s specific gravity not its
concentration
Bentonite A colloidal clay commonly used to provide a tight seal around a well
casing, soil remediation-stabilization and honing applications
Bio-accumulation The increase in concentration of toxic chemicals heavy metals,
and certain pesticides in plants and animals as they take in contaminated air,
water, nutrition or food
Biodegradable A natural process by which an organic or carbon containing
material is decomposed by Micro-organisms producing carbon dioxide, water
and inorganic salts
Befouling Biological encrustation of surfaces in seawater by flora and barnacles
Biological monitoring By means of living organisms to test the quality of either
effluent to be discharged into receiving waters or waters downstream from a
discharge
Biomass Is anything derived from plant or animal matter and includes agricul-
tural, forestry waste and energy crops. It is burnt as fuel, or combustible oils are
extracted from it
Bioremediation Use of living organismsnormally bacteria, bugs, snails, etc. to
alter a compound into a non-hazardous substance, also applied to clean up oil
spills or remove-convert other pollutants from soil, water, or waste water
Biosecurity Agricultural practices intended to reduce or prevent the introduction
of infectious disease on a farm or other production facility
bbl/day Barrels per day
Blackwater Water that contains animal human or food waste
Blasting pressure Pressure usually expressed in pounds per square inch (psi) or
kilo Pascal (kPa)
Bleach A product that will whiten, brighten and remove stains on wood, hard and
porous surfaces
Blow-down valve A valve as utilized on car tires to introduce compressed air to
dewater pump equipment
Blushing A dulling effect caustics and acids can have on finished or painted
surfaces seen often as a ‘‘whitening agent’’
Blush rust First formation of iron oxide found on a steel surfaces following
exposure to high-pressure water coating removal-cleaning applications by the
passivated surfaces to moisture
584 Glossary
BTU British thermal unit-unit of heat energy equal to the amount of heat required
to raise the temperature of 1 pound off water by 1°F at sea level
BMP Best management practice(s)
Burst pressure The pressure at which a component will fail
BFW Boiler feed water
Brackish Mixed fresh and salt water
Brick-stone beam Several courses of bricks or stones (lintel) held together by
iron straps
Bridge deck The portion of a bridge that provides direct support for vehicle and
pedestrian traffic
Brush-off blast cleaning A blast-cleaning standard with the lowest quality
requirements
BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand: biological oxygen demand
Boson’s chair A suspended device from a single cable or rope for use by a single
individual in sitting position
Bottom ash Non-airborne combustion residue from burning pulverized coal in a
boiler
Boiling point Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit or Centigrade at which any
given liquid bubbles or gives off vapors
Boot-top Area on the exterior hull of a ship between the light load line and the
deep load line
Bore-pump The diameter of a pumps piston or plunger
Builder A material that enhances or maintains the cleaning efficiency of the
surfactant in a detergent
Buffer Compounds when contained in a solution causes the solution to resist
change in pH
Bug hole Irregular or regular cavities usually not exceeding 15 mm in diameter,
resulting from entrapment of air bubbles in formed concrete surfaces
Burnish Polish or rubbing to a smoother or glossier surface
Burst-plate Burst plate assembly; a safety device installed to the discharge side of
a hydro-blast system and is generally only activated when accidentally
exceeding pumps operating pressure by one third before a catastrophic plate
failure will explosively eliminate system pressure and possibly the full water
volume produced (never ever exchange burst plate with a penny nickel or
quarter)
Glossary 585
Burner Burner blows fuel over the electric arc igniting a flame inside of coil
assembly
Burner gun Removable assembly within an oil burner housing that typically
contains oil line nozzle adapter, nozzle, static pressure plate/fins, electrode
support and electrodes
Burner drawer assembly Same as burner gun
Butadiene styrene (Acrylonitrile) ABS is a common thermoplastic used to make
light rigid molded products
By-pass Water flow diverted from a pumps pressure side to the suction side
By-pass plug A small plug that must be installed in a commonly used version of a
oil burner fuel pump if the pump is to be used in a to pipe system (suction and
return)
CCTV Closed-Circuit TV
Cadmium Toxic cadmium compounds have been used as color pigments often
mixed with other heavy metal compounds
Calcium carbonate Insoluble compound that results from the reaction of sodium
or potassium carbonate especially in hot water soluble with acid
Calcium carbonates-2 An environmentally friendly powder-light abrasive used
with high-pressure water as blast-cleaning agent correctly applied without
damaging or adversely affecting stone surfaces
Calcium hypochlorite Specific chlorine bleach used in deck cleaning products
also marginally effective against mildew
Calcium oxide Chemical name for lime or quick lime
CAFOs Facilities with a capacity of 2,500 or more swine subject by the EPA to
point source pollution permit requirements
Carbon dioxide percentage When measured in oil or gas burner flu-gas indicates
efficiency of combustion
Catwalk A often narrow walkway to facilitate plant structure access
Caulk To fill and joint with mastic or asphalt cement to prevent leaks
Caustic Strong alkaline substances eroding many types of materials with a pH
generally greater than 12.5 (sodium hydroxide). Caustic materials have a cor-
rosive effect on human tissue
Caustic embrittlement Corrosion from acidic media couples’ with internal stress
to form a brittle alloy particular at grain boundaries. This causes reduced
ductility and metal failure, if the metal is subject to bending stress
586 Glossary
Cavity flashing A sheet of waterproofing material installed across the gap of a

cavity wall can be of ferrous or nonferrous continuous material
Cavitation The formation and implosion (collapse) of gas bubbles created within
the contact area of an high velocity water stream causing metal pitting,
sometimes deformation on high pressure water valves, plungers etc.
Cavitation damage (2) The pitting of concrete caused by implosion (collapse) of
gasses bubbles in high velocity flowing water
C° Degrees Celsius metric scale of temperature
Class ‘‘A’’ The highest fire-resistance for roofing as per ASTM E-108 indicating
roofing is able to withstand severe exposure to fire originating from sources
outside the building
Class ‘‘B’’ Fire-resistance rating that indicates roofing materials are able to
withstand moderate exposure to fire originating from sources outside the
building
Cloud point The temperature a detergent-concentrate or solution separate into
two distinct phases
Cleaning units An arbitrary measure of effectiveness which is the product of psi
and gpm resulting from? an actual horsepower input, arbitrary due to nozzle
design efficiency and stand off distances to various surfaces
Cleanser A powdered cleaning product usually containing an abrasive, surfactant
and sometimes a bleach
Clean Water Act The principal law governing pollution of the nation’s rivers
lakes, estuaries and coastal waters
CCR Central contractor registration is the primary registrant database for the US
Federal Government
CAA Clean air act—federal law governing efforts to control air pollution
CGCC Coal gasification combined cycle
CCI Cotton council international
CEM Continuous emission monitoring
CERCLA Comprehensive environmental response compensation, and liability
act
Check valve Allows flow-through in one direction only
Chlorination In wastewater treatment plants used as a pretreatment to keep
effluent from turning septic
CH4 Methane
Glossary 587
Chelating A substance has the ability to chemically bind calcium and/or mag-
nesium ions to form a water-soluble third substance
Chiller Cools a fluid to a temperature below that obtainable if water only were
used as a coolant utilizing a refrigerant such as ammonia or freon
CIP Clean-in-place system and procedure
CIPP Cured-in-place pipe lining
CMU Concrete masonry units smooth or split-faced concrete block walls
CMRS Certified microbial remediation supervisor
Coils Mounted in vertical or horizontal position transferring heat from fire side
area to the high-pressure water and only when in operation
Combustible liquid A liquid with a flashpoint above 148°F but less than 200°F
Combination machine Equipment that can function as a cold and hot pressure-
washer and/or steam cleaner
Combined-cycle system Utilizes gas from heating coal which operates a com-
bustion turbine connected to a generator and the exhaust gases from this turbine
heat water that in turn operating a steam powered generator
Clarifier A clarifier is a active process tank that allows solids to settle out of
solution
Cooler Cools liquids or gases by means of water
C.O.C. and C.C.C. Cleveland open or closed cup method to establish and express
the flash-point or fire-point of a substance
COD Chemical oxygen demand
CO Carbon monoxide
CO2 Carbon dioxide
Complex phosphates Utilized in detergents to overcome water hardness to break
up and suspend water-insoluble material,
Condenser Condenses a vapor or mixture of vapors
Contactor A heavy-duty relay that allows a low power control signal to turn on/
off a much higher power load
Corrosion inhibitor A product in a cleaner that protects against an attack on metal or
living tissue or inhibits a discoloration of aluminum, magnesium, zinc and chrome
Crevice A narrow opening or fissure
CSS Chloride scrubbing system
588 Glossary
CTB Coal tar pitch cementitious solid that is obtained as a residue in the partial
evaporation or fractional distillation of coal tar and used in coatings, paint,
roads, roofing, coal briquettes, and sealants
Coal tar A tar that contains polycyclic aromatic compounds and is produced by
the destructive distillation of bituminous coal
CT Combustion turbine
CFM Cubic feet per minute
CFR Code of Federal Regulations (www.access.gop.gov/nara/cfr)
CFSAN Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (vm.cfsan.fda.gov/list.htm)
Conveyance loss Water loss in pipes channels, conduits, ditches and surfaces by
leakage or evaporation
Cut-back A coating binder as coal tar or asphalt in an organic solvent to provide
easy application
CVI Certified ventilation system inspector
CWA Clean water act 1972
CWS Cooling water supply
CWR cooling water return
DBB Double block and bleed
Decontamination Removal of harmful substances such as noxious chemicals,
harmful bacteria or other organisms, or radioactive material from room,
equipment and structural surfaces
Deflocculating The breaking up of solid soil aggregate into small particles to be
flushed
Degreaser A product that emulsifies grease and oil
Demulsify Breaking down an emulsion of its insoluble material forming a sep-
arate layer (oil–water)
Dermal toxicity The ability of a pesticide or toxic chemical to poison people by
contact with the skin
Descaling High-pressure water cleaning technique for removal of hard water
deposits detergents or chemicals from interior of a condenser or heat transfer
tubes
Descaling pump Acid resistant pump circulating acid solution through a boiler or
heating coils
dB Decibel(s)
Glossary 589
Density A measure of how heavy a specific volume of a solid liquid, or gas is in

comparison to water
Deflagration Dispersion of dust particles in sufficient quantity and concentration
which can cause a rapid combustion if the event is confined by an enclosure as
building vessel or equipment and ignited by heat, flame or static electricity
Deflocculating agent A material added to a suspension to prevent settling
Degasification A water treatment that removes dissolved gases from the water
Demineralization A treatment process that removes dissolved minerals from
water
DEQ Department of environmental quality
Dew point The temperature at which a gas or air at atmospheric pressure is
saturated with a condensable component
Digester A large cylindrical vertical pressure vessel, where wood chips are
steamed with caustic cooking solutions
Dilution ratio That amount of water mixed with a chemical
Direct belt drive Refers to the transfer of power between motor and pump
Direct current (DC) Electric current that flows in one direction only such as the
battery current
Diaphragm pump A positive displacement pump
Dissolved solids The quantity of dissolved material in parts per million (ppm)
DOC Dissolved organic carbons
DOE Department of Energy
Double acting plunger, piston A pump design in which fluid is discharged during
both directions of stroke
Down-fired burner Oil burner that fires downward into a vertical heating coil
Downstream The pressure-discharge side of every pressure washer or hydro-blast
equipment
Downstream injector Chemical injector installed on the pressure-discharge side
of any pressure-washer
Double lance-wand Manually variable-adjustable pressure wand with chemical
applicator nozzle-jetting
Draft diverter Utilized in a flue discharge diverting possible downdraft allows
combustion gases to escape from the equipment regardless of flue draft con-
ditions and preventing back-draft from entering the combustion chamber and/or
controls excessive up-draft in flue by drawing air through the diverter, rather
590 Glossary
than through the combustion chamber, generally a draft hood provides the same
function
Drip leg A gravity sediment and condensate collection by a vertical pipe installed
before pipe enters a gas-fired appliance
Drum kit A prepackaged quantity of concentrated chemical which can be diluted
with water to equal a 55 gallon drum of normal strength chemical
Dry Rot Wood rot caused by certain fungi dry rot can result from condensation
build-up, dry rot will not remain localized and can damage any lumber touching
the affected area
Dryvit A registered trade name for exterior siding known as EIFS referred to as
synthetic stucco (pressure sensitive)
Dry steam Steam that does not contain velocity transferring water droplets
DSI Pilot-less ignition system for gas burners a direct spark ignition
[ Interior diameter
D-U-N-S Dun & Bradstreet (D&B) provides a unique nine digit identification
number for each physical location of your business location
Dump-gun A trigger gunwhich switches the water flow from nozzle orifice two a
muffled nozzle orifice of equal size within the gun housing or dumps the
pressurized water directly to atmosphere
Dwell time The active penetrating time necessary for a chemical application to a
surface before pressure-washing hydro-blasting, rinsing and/or substrate neu-
tralization commences
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
Effluent Wastewater treated or untreated that flows out of a treatment plant sewer,
or industrial discharge, generally refers to waste discharge into surface water
Effluent limitations Restrictions established by a State or EPA on quantities rates
and concentrations in wastewater discharges
Eaves Lower edge of a sloping roof of a building which projects beyond the wall
Eaves fascia The vertical board attach to the end of roof rafters
EIFS Exterior insulation low-maintenance synthetic-stucco wall finish-systems
(water jet sensitive)
Environmental site assessment the process of determining whether contamina-
tion is present on parcel or real property
Enclosure Putting an airtight impermeable, permanent barrier around asbestos
containing materials, to prevent the release of asbestos fibers into the air
Glossary 591
Emulsifier A chemical that aids in suspending one liquid in another usually an

organic chemical in an aqueous solution (water)
Emulsification The breaking up fats oils, grease and other soils into small par-
ticles which are then suspended in water
Entrain To trap bubbles in water either mechanically through turbulence or
chemically through a reaction
Environmental exposure Human exposure to pollutants originating from facility
emissions threshold levels are not necessarily surpassed, low-level chronic
pollutant exposure, one of the most common forms of environmental exposures
Elastomeric Materials having rubber like properties
Electrode An insulated conductor that carries high voltage for ignition from the
rear area of an burner gun to the combustion area. They are usually used in pairs
with ignition spark occurring between them located near the fuel nozzle (in fuel
vapor-spray)
Electrostatic static precipitator Is a device that gives coal dust particles an
electric charge to be attracted to a collector plate precipitators help to prevent
air pollution
Equivalent orifice size The orifice of a qualified jetting nozzle is not a round
hole. Various nozzles performance charts list the relevant orifice size which is
the diameter capacity of a round hole (water passage)
Etching A solution reacting with a surface it is on and either removes a micro-
scopic layer of the metal or dissolves-dulls glass
Evaporation pond Areas where sewage, industrial liquid waste is pumped or
dumped and dried
Exposure level The amount (concentration) of chemicals at the absorptive human
skin surfaces
Exposure concentration The concentration of a chemical or other pollutant
representing a health threat in a given environment
Exposure assessment Identifying the pathways by which toxins may reach
individuals, estimating how much of a chemical an individual is likely to be
exposed to and estimating the number likely to be exposed
Exposure pathway The pass from sources of pollutants via, soil, water, clothing,
and or food to humans
Excess air Air supply to a burner over and above what is needed for combustion
Fabric filter A cloth device that catches dust particles from industrial emissions
(bag house)
Ft.2 Square-foot
592 Glossary
°F Degrees Fahrenheit the scale of temperature used in the United States

Farrow-to-finish A confinement operation where pigs are bred and raised to their
slaughter weight
Fascia girder Exposed outermost girder of a structure often treated architectur-
ally providing an attractive appearance
FCOJ Frozen concentrated orange juice
Filters and strainers Intended to protect fluid end (pump head) by removing high
velocity contaminants extending valve bodies plunger-packing surfaces and
nozzle offices operational cycle
FDA Food and Drug Administration
Feed lot A confined area for the controlled feeding of animals
Ferric iron corrosion A form of galvanic corrosion in which the reduction of iron
III (Ferric) to iron II (Ferrous) is coupled to oxidation of iron 0 (metal) to iron II
(Ferrous)
FGD Flu-gas desulphurization process
Fillers Ingredient that adds weight volume and/or lower the cost of a chemical
product
Fines Crushed or powdered material such as blast abrasive residual
Fire point Temperature at which vapors of a solvent will ignite and continue to
burn when the external source of flame is removed
Filter A porous material through which a fluid is past to remove matter in
suspension
Flash point The temperature at which vapors of a solvent will ignite when an
external source of flame is introduced
Flash rusting Occurs on metal within minutes to a few hours after hydro-blast
cleaning procedures
Flow-actuated unloader Often incorporating a pressure regulation capability
permitting continuous jetting operations when maintaining trigger gun in open
or water jetting operation. Stopping water flow in the high-pressure hose and
trigger gun assembly (closed trigger position) diverts-bypasses and returns
pumps continuously produced water volume from valve body directly to suc-
tion-float tank and this preferably under near negative pressure creating the
least possible water turbulence-air saturation and heat
Flow switch An electric switch with the provision to sense fluid flow
Float tank-suction tank The water tank on a pressure-washer or hydro-blast unit.
The water level is maintained by a float valve or sensor regulating water supply
Glossary 593
receiving recycled water from pump head and pressure regulators or flow
actuated Unloader. Suction tanks also reduce waters air-gas saturation and
temperature before returning to the pressure cycle of equipment
Float valve Operates by buoyancy of a float attached to a lever arm in operation
maintaining fluid level of suction tank
Flow The amount of water forced through the pressure-washer hydro-blast or
UHP equipment measured in gpm and for steam cleaning equipment in gph
fpm Feet per minute
Flue-gas desulphurization system or scrubber is the device that removes more
than 90% of the sulfur dioxide emissions from the burning process of coal
Flue gas desulphurization Employs a sorbent usually lime or limestone, to
remove sulfur dioxide from the gases produced by burning fossil fuels
Fly-ash The airborne combustion residue from burning coal or other fuels
FSIS Food Safety and Inspection Compliance services USDA
FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy- can be used to identify the
generic resin of existing coatings. Most coatings are carbon based revealing in a
test procedure their organic make-up
Food borne illnesses Human illnesses caused by food borne pathogens
Food borne pathogens Disease causing microorganisms, usually bacteria, fungi,
parasites, protozoan and viruses
Fuel pump A fuel pump is used to pressurize fuel oil vaporizing-atomizing oil
through burner nozzle
g Gram(s)
Gables Triangular portion of the end of a building having a double sloping roof
from the level of the cornice or eave to the ridge of the roof
gal Gallons
Galvanic corrosion Metal corrosion that occurs because of an electric contact
with a more noble metal or nonmetallic conductor in a corrosive electrolyte
Gas jet Gas orifice
Gas orifice A fixed size gas nozzle incorporating air inlet holes and a mixing tube
Gate valve Screw action from a handle shaft to move a solid gate across the flow
path to shut of flow
594 Glossary
Gate A door or mechanical device utilized on locks and dams to control passage
of water
Gasification Conversion of solid materials such as coal into gas for use as a fuel
General corrosion Uniform metal loss from entire exposed metal surface this
form of corrosion is often the result of metal exposure to strong acids
Generator A burner requires either a 12 V direct current or 120 V alternating
current to develop the electric arc
Germicide Any agent that will kill bacteria especially those causing disease
GFCI Ground fault circuit interrupter same as GFI
Gloeocapsa magma is a species of cyanobacteria this particular algae feeds on
limestone present in asphalt shingles, etc.
Gooseneck A portion of a water service connection between the distribution
system a water main and a water meter (pig tail)
Governor A regulator devise used on internal combustion engine to maintain
constant engine speed with variable loads often applied to avoid installation of a
flow actuated Unloader
GPM Gallons per minute
GPH Gallons per hour
Graving dock A fixed basin for dry-docking ships composed of reinforced con-
crete, steel sheet pile, or masonry near waterways
GTC Gasification Technologies Council
Graying The bleaching and drying out of a wood surface produced by sun’s rays
Gravity feed Suction conditions for a pump where pumped water is drawn from a
reservoir or tank higher than pumps suction inlet
Gray water Domestic wastewater composed of wash water from kitchen bath-
room, laundry sinks, tubs and washers
Gun or trigger-gun A pistol like handle with a hand sized trigger assembly
(on/off) ergonomically designed to effectively distribute nozzles-lance recoil
forces upon operator incorporating a valve mechanism to shut off a water jet at
will. Dump-gun designs only internally divert systems high-pressure water to a
guns low-pressure side, thus eliminating recoil forces
HACCP Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (www.cfsan.fda.gov/
*lrd/haccp.html)
Hale concrete Concrete whole from defects micro fractures, disease, and
deformities
Glossary 595
Hardness Natural water characteristic due to the presence of dissolved calcium

and magnesium
HASMAT Hazardous Material Regulations
HAZWOPER Hazardous Waste Operations Emergency Response
HAZCOM U.S. regulation governing hazardous chemicals in the workplace
HVAC Heating Ventilation and Air-Conditioning systems or processes
Hazardous waste Any solid waste that is ignitable, explosive, reactive or toxic
and which may pose a substantial hazard to human health and safety or to the
environment when improperly managed
Heating coil Metal coil tubing used in pressure washer and hydro-blast equipment
conveying heat to pressurized flowing water
Heat exchanger Performs a double function by heating a cold fluid utilizing a hot
fluid which it cools
High limit switch Senses excessively high water discharge temperatures reducing
or turning off heat generation
HP-WC High-pressure water cleaning is performed at pressures from 70 to
207 MPa 5,000–30,000 psi with or without the addition of other liquids or
abrasives, to remove unwanted matter from various surfaces. Where the term
high-pressure water cleaning is used without further qualification, it is con-
sidered to be describing hydro-blast or water jetting operations below
30,000 psi (2,041 bar)
High-pressure water cleaning Hydro-blasting water blasting
Hg Vacuum level measured in terms of inches of mercury (Hg). One standard
atmosphere equals 14.69 psia (29.92 in-Hg) any fraction of an atmosphere is a
partial vacuum and equals with negatives gauge pressure. A torr is defined as
1/760 of an atmosphere and can also be thought of as 1 mm-Hg where 760 mm-
Hg equals 29.92’’ in.-Hg. Even smaller is the micron, defined as 0.001 torr
Hydraulic horsepower Pressure derived at a jetting nozzle = psi 9 gpm: 1714
Hydro-blasting-1 Hydro-blasting is derived from the German language hydro-
dynamic—fluid forming
Hydro-blasting-2 Strahlläppen-combined with US dictionaries explanation for
blasting
Hydro-blasting-3 Blasting—a forcible stream of water (steam) from an opening
therefore = ‘‘Hydro-blasting’’ expression developed in 1967 by Wolfgang
Maasberg, Jr. commissioned and approved by Wolfgang Maasberg Sr. identi-
fying his high-pressure water as a tool technique to the North American market
596 Glossary
in 1968 at 5–10,000 psi today identifying applications performed at equipment

operating pressures of 70–207 MPa, 5,000–30,000 psi or (340–2.041 bar)
Hydraulic cement That sets and hardens by chemical interaction with water
being capable of doing so under water
Hydrocarbons Any of a large class of organic compounds containing only carbon
and hydrogen crude oil and natural gas are often referred to as hydrocarbons or
hydrocarbon fuels
Hydrofluoric acid (HF) One of the most potent acids available HF cleans alu-
minum by disintegration
Hydrogen embrittlement Corrosion from acidic media couples with internal
stress to form a brittle alloy particularly at grain boundaries. This causes
reduced ductility and metal failure if the metal is subject to bending stress
Hydrolysis Chemical reaction in which water reacts with another substance to
form one or more new substances
Hydrophilic Having an affinity for water in accepting or wetting and/or capable
of uniting with or dissolving in water
Hypochlorite In sodium salt form the active bleaching ingredient in liquid
chlorine bleach H2O water
H2S Hydrogen sulfide
H2SO4 Sulfuric acid
Horizontal machine A pressure-washer in which the axis of the heating coil is
horizontal
Horsepower hp, the measure of the rate that work is done, 1 hp = 550 ft-lb/s;
1 hp = 746 w; 1 hp = 42.4 Btu/min;
hp High-pressure
hr Hour(s)
HRSG Heat recovery steam generator
HTHRU High-temperature heat recovery unit
IAQA Indoor air quality association
ID Inside diameter of a hollow round hole such as in a nozzle pipe-lance or high-
pressure hose fitting
IDEM Indiana Department of Environmental Management
Igniter, solid-state A solid-state device used to convert a DC or AC voltage
supply to high voltage in order to provide ignition spark
Inert A material that will not react to a particular cleaning compound
Glossary 597
Inhibition The process in which a thin-film organic compound is deposited on a

metal surface reducing the corrosion potential of the metal while the metal is
exposed to an oxidizing environment after pressure washing, hydro-blasting or
UHP application procedures
Inches mercury (in. Hg.) 1 in. Mercury is the pressure at the bottom of a column
of mercury 1 in. deep (1 Hg. = psi)
Inches water column (in. W.C.) 1 in. water column is the pressure at the bottom
of a column of water 1 inch deep (1 psi = 27.700 W. C.)
Inorganic Any material not made with carbon except carbon dioxide and
carbonates
Impact nozzle Nozzle employed by a steam cleaner wand which covers pressure
produced by nozzle with a tapered steam expansion nozzle
Injection ratio Is the rate of chemical injected into a water stream the ratio of
water to the ratio of chemical flow
Intensifier pump A hydraulic driven double piston pump the pressure increase of
water at multiple hydraulic pressures Ø ø
IPM Integrated pest management
IPP Independent power producer
IRM Integrated resource management
ISEP Ion separation unit
Isocyanate Are toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and diphenylmethane diisocyanate
(MDI) a reactive material for polyurethane manufacturing
Jar Test A laboratory procedure that simulates a water treatment plant’s coagu-
lation/flocculation units with differing chemical doses, mix speeds and settling
times to estimate the minimum or ideal coagulation dose required
kg kilogram(s)
Kilowatt A unit of power equal to 1,000 w
kW kilowatt(s)
Laitance A weak and nondurable material containing cement and fines bleeding
from aggregates
Lance-wand Various lengths of tubing used to clean heat exchangers and/or
retain water jetting nozzles to a trigger gun (wand)
Leaching The process by which chemicals are dissolved and transported through
the soil by percolating water
LEL Lower explosive limit
598 Glossary
LFL Lower flammable limit

lb or lbs Pound or pounds
Lime Calcium-carbonate appears as hard white deposits inside of hot water piping
derived from hard water and as various discolored residues on surfaces in need
of cleaning
Liter (L) Liter a metric unit of volume measure (1 gallons = 3.79 L)
Litmus test The use of litmus paper to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a water
solution (pH)
LNG Liquefied natural gas is cooled to a temperature of approximately -160°
(Celsius) at atmospheric pressure it condenses to a liquid. This liquid takes up
600 times less than the volume of gas
Lotus effect The measure of resistance to the wetting of a surface on a nanoscale
a rough surface more hydrophobic than a smooth surface reducing contact area
between water droplet and surface
Locking type Unloader Utilizes operating pressure to unload and bypass water
back to suction tank while maintaining static operating pressure within high-
pressure hose and trigger gun assembly
Lockout The means to protect workers from injury or death caused by accidental
startup or the release of stored energy from equipment
LP–WC Low pressure water cleaning-performed at pressures less than 34 MPa–
5,000 psi up to 25 hp and is also called ‘‘power washing’’ or ‘‘pressure wash-
ing’’, NACE-SSPC-WJTA
LOX Liquid oxygen
LP Low-pressure
LP Gas Liquefied petroleum gas
LPG Liquefied petroleum gas is usually propane or butane and is derived from oil
LTHRU Low temperature heat recovery unit
Magneto An alternator with permanent magnets generating current to drive a high
voltage ignition coil commonly used to generate ignition spark for small
engines and sometimes oil burner ignitions
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) A government required form that must be
on file for each chemical manufactured describing the hazards precautions and
ingredients present within the formulation
Manifest A form used by haulers transporting waste that lists EPA identification
numbers type and quantity of waste, the generator it originated from, the
Glossary 599
transporter that shipped it and the storage or disposal facility to which it is being
shipped. It includes copies for all participants in the shipping process
Manifest system Tracking of hazardous waste from ‘‘cradle-to-grave’’ (genera-
tion through disposal) with accompanying documents known as manifests
Masonite Siding resembling a wood grain surface but is a composite material
consisting of wood and various alternative fibers bound by resins
Masonry Primer An asphalt-based primer used to prepare masonry surfaces for
bonding with other asphalt products
mg milligram
Metering pump An accurate positive displacement pump that can be constant or
intermittently operated at various specific adjustable chemical flow rates
Metering valve Generally a venturi operated valve adjusting chemical flow rate
by mechanical restriction
Methyl methacrylate Polymerization to produce various polymers clear plastics,
molding putty, etc.
Micro-switch Small momentary electric action switch
min Minute(s)
Mildew-mold Plantlike growth visually identifiable as small black dots or grayish
dark patches often when active also green in appearance
Millimeter (mm) One-thousandth of a meter (metric) 100 = 25.4 mm
Mill scale The various oxides of iron formed in the milling of iron and steel
MSW Municipal solid waste
MW Megawatt(s)
MWe Megawatt(s)-electric
MWH Megawatt-h(s)
Modified bitumen Rolled roofing membrane with polymer modified asphalt and
either polyester or fiberglass reinforcement
MSH A scale of hardness named after F. Mohs, German mineralogist 1773–1839
Mohs Scale A scale of hardness used in mineralogy the degrees increasing in
hardness, is: talc 1; gypsum 2; calcite 3; fluorite 4; apatite 5; feldspar 6; quartz
7; topaz 8; sapphire 9; diamond 10’
Moleing US interpretation for Wolfgang Maasberg Sr. 1958–1960 patented tube
drain, pipe, conduit and sewer cleaning technique by various self propelling
nozzles affixed to an hp-hose assembly
600 Glossary
Mopping To apply hot asphalt or coat tar using a hand mop or mechanical
applicator
MRF Material recovery system
Multi pass coil Heating coil configuration permitting combustion gases to pass
along the length of the coil more than once in different directions
Muriatic acid An acid used to remove concrete and mortar also called hydro-
chloric acid
NAAQS National ambient air quality standards
ND Non-detectable
Needle valve Some applications justify the irregular utilization of an compara-
tively inexpensive high-pressure needle valve assembly permitting its manual
pressure regulation as in the function of a bypass valve (never ever operate as a
pressure regulator)
NESHAPS National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
NEPA National Environmental Policy Act
NETL National Energy Technology Laboratory
N2 Nitrogen gas
NH3 Ammonia
NiO Nickel oxide
NONO2NOx Nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxides
Nozzle number Orifice size designation for a nozzle manufacturer identifying
gpm-psi performance criteria what subsequent horsepower prerequisites
NP None-prior proprietary
NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (permit)
NPT National pipe taper-thread
Number 1 and number 2 Fuel oil normally used in oil fired pressure washers.
Number one essentially kerosene, number two oil, essentially home heating oil
or diesel fuel. When sold as diesel fuel a variety of additives are present
NV Non-visible contamination is the presence of organic matter, such as a very
thin film of oil or grease and/or soluble ionic materials such as chlorides,
ferrous salts and sulfates remaining on a substrate after water removal or
evaporation-drying procedure
OD Outside diameter, the external diameter of a round object such as a pipe,
drain, piston, hose or nozzle
Glossary 601
ODP Open drip proof, electric motor construction resistant to dripping from
above
O&M Operating and maintenance
OEM Original equipment manufacturer
Open gun A pressure washing, hydro-blasting or UHP gun operating a trigger
activity to open position
O2 Oxygen, gas
Orangeburg pipe Two varieties exist, one with homogeneous solid walls, and
one with laminated walls, cellulose fibers (wood, etc.) impregnated with hot
coal/tar pitch, today considered obsolete but still in service, manufactured by
fiber conduit company in Orangeburg USA, today replaced by PVC
Organic A substance composed of hydrogen and carbon
Over the ditch Pipeline work that is executed after the pipeline is welded toge-
ther but before lowering into the trench
OWM Office of wastewater management
Oxalic acid based wood brightener Unique in removing stains formed by iron
screws, nails and tap water, lightens the graying effect from environmental
exposure to wood
Oxygen deficiency Low oxygen in atmosphere generally below 19.5% is a health
hazard
Pancake Coil A coil in which the pipe is wound in a flat spiral, more commonly
designed in one or more pancakes situated on the outlet side of a heating coil
Packing The seal between a pump plunger and cylinder
Passivation A process which involves the deposit of a metal compound film on
the surface of the same metal reducing the corrosion potential of the surface
after pressure washing, hydro-blasting or UHP cleaning procedures
Pasting A process which suppresses, fuses and seals or confines industrial dust
and powder like products
PEL Permissible exposure limits
Permeability The rate at which liquids pass-through soil or other materials in a
specified direction
Peptizing The breaking up of solid particles into extremely small particles to a
size as to mimic a true solution
Pharmaceutical manufacturing process Any process involving the manufac-
turing of pharmaceutical products, and intermediates, including but not limited
to the following operations: manufactured by chemical synthesis, separation of
602 Glossary
medical chemicals including but not limited to antibiotics and vitamins from
micro organisms, manufacturing of botanical and biological product by the
extraction of organic chemicals from vegetative materials or animal tissues
and/or the formulation of pharmaceutical into various dosage forms, such as
capsules, inject-able solutions, or ointment form, etc
Phenolic resin Can include any of various synthetic thermosetting resins such as
Bakelite obtained by the reaction of phenols with simple aldehydes such as
formaldehyde, for producing coatings adhesives, countertops and molded
products, etc
Pickling Cleaning of metal oxides from metal surfaces applying acidic solutions
before further processing of the metal
Piston cup Piston seal between piston and cylinder
Piston pump A pump in which the high-pressure seals are part of the moving
piston
Pitch diameter The diameter of a pulley the v-belt makes drive contact
Pitting Non-uniform distribution of corrosion potential across a metal surface
which results in a selective attack on areas of high corrosion potential
P& IDs Piping and instrument drawings
pH The relative acidity and alkalinity of water or chemical solution from 0 to 14
(potential of hydrogen) The term pH tells how many hydrogen atoms (H+) are
in a liquid, pH of 7.0 is neutral, higher values indicate increasing alkalinity and
lower values indicate increasing acidity
Plating A form of galvanic corrosion in which a more active metal is oxidized
from its metallic state to a dissolved ion, while a less active metal is reduced
from dissolved ion to a metallic solid
Plastic yield The yield point of drilling mud measures the pressure necessary for
drilling mud to flow
Plunger-pump A pump in which the high-pressure packing is part of the sta-
tionary cylinder assembly
Pollution Contamination of air, water, land or other natural resources, creating a
nuisance or harmful to public health and livestock, wild animals, birds, fish or
other life
Pressure gauge Gauges are liquid-filled (oil–glycerin) to dampen reciprocating
pumps pressure fluctuations, gauges are reliable when operated within the
range off their indicated pressure range
Positive displacement pump Within its operating range there is a fixed relation
between input shafts rpm and volume of liquid pumped
Glossary 603
PPE Personal Protective Equipment

Phosphatized Metal surfaces, chemically treated with an acidic phosphate solu-
tion, providing an protective coating on metal surfaces. Applied as a corrosion
inhibitor and surface treatment for enhanced paint adhesion
Phosphoric acid An inorganic acid that is commonly used for metal cleaning and
rust removal
Pot-holing Uncovering buried utilities to visibly confirm their location before any
type of excavating or construction commences
Polycarbonate Thermoplastic polymers, which are easily worked or molded or
thermoformed
Polyvinyl chloride Commonly abbreviated as PVC, most widely used thermo-
plastic polymer after polyethylene, and polypropylene
Polyvinyl acetate PVA is a rubbery synthetic polymer utilized to manufacture
wood glue and adhesives, etc.
Poultice method Removal of deep set stains, by a soft moist mass (slurry or
paste), pooled with various cleaning agents causing the stain extraction
Pop-off valve A safety device, relieving pressure and water volume explosively
by safely abolishing all designed restrictions
POTW Publicly owned treatment works (permit)
PMOC PMCC Pansy’s Martins Open and Closed Cup methods of establishing
and expressing flash and fire points used by refineries in particular
PM Preventive maintenance
PMP Project management plan
ppm Part(s) per million (mass) commonly used to represent the level of pollutant
concentrations where concentrations are small
ppb Parts per billion, units commonly used to establish the maximum permissible
amount of a contaminant in water or air
Precipitating builder A chemical water softener converting hardness in minerals
to an insoluble form
Precipitate The process in which an insoluble solid formed by chemical reaction
in a solution falls to the bottom of the reaction vessel
Pre-mix Chemical mixing process of concentrates, prior to application
Pressure Amount of force per unit of area over which the force is acting as psi
and bar and does not relate to cleaning effectiveness of an orifice or nozzle
604 Glossary
Pressure actuated Unloader An Unloader that switches to the bypass mode

when its discharge pressure is slightly surpassed such as for instance when
closing the trigger mechanism on a pressure-washing, hydro-blast or UHP gun.
Can be an air, hydraulic, mechanical or pressure trapping function. Can also
incorporate an automatic or manual pressure regulation
Pressure cleaning The use of high-pressure water, with or without other sub-
stances with pump pressures below 5,000 psi at max 25 hp
Pressure controls Pressure–volume relief valves, regulators, Unloader’s and
burst plates must only be serviced by qualified personal
Pressure feed Pressure washer supply a direct feed, generally tap pressure range
50–90 psi, and often not sufficient in gpm performance for commercial
equipment requiring a charge tank
Pressure regulator Maintains a set psi configuration with varying flow rates and
inlet pressures
Pressure spike A minute pressure surge that occurs, in an unloader’s discharge
side actuating the bypass mechanism
Pressure relief valve Installed to pump head’s discharge side, preventing pres-
sures exceeding rated maximum operating pressure of pump (equipment). Care
must be taken, because various available units will not permit the full passage
of produced water volume. Most often critical when plungers are exchanged for
a higher water volume configuration (change of application), mismatching the
pressure relief function
Pressures switch An electric switch sensing fluid actuated pressure at a preset or
an adjustable pressure range
Pressure trapping Unloader An Unloader that switches to the bypass mode
when its discharge pressure exceeds a minute set psi value. First developed-
patented by Wolfgang Maasberg Sr. WOMA Corp. supporting the operation of
10,000 psi trigger guns. (Discontinuing water flow on jobsite)
Primary containment The main method of storing a wastewater stream
psig Pound(s) per square inch gauge; therefore zero psig equals approximately
14.7 psia
psia Pound(s) per square inch absolute, without deducting atmospheric pressure
PTO Power take-of pump drive, generally placed on rear of tractor engine-trans
Pump protector temperature operator relief valve Preventing excessive tem-
perature build up when running in bypass mode
Psi Pound(s) per square inch
Psia Absolute gauge pressure
Glossary 605
Psig Negative gauge pressure

Quench tank A water filled tank used to cool incinerator residue or hot material o
products during industrial processes
Quality assurance–Quality Control A system of procedures, checks, audits and
corrective actions to ensure that all EPA research design and performance,
environmental monitoring and sampling, and other technical reporting activities
are of the highest achievable quality
RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Raw Sewage Untreated wastewater and its contents
R1, R2 etc. See SAE 100R1, 100R2, etc.
Reaction, recoil thrust The back thrust produced by water forced out of an orifice
(Nozzle), continuous thrust in pounds is =0.0526 9 gpm 9 psi
Reactivity Characteristic of a material to produce a chemical reaction
Reduction Paint fading and spotting of aluminum surfaces through the use of
harsh acidic or alkaline products, breaking down surfaces substrate
Reboiler Connected to the bottom of a fractionating tower, providing the reboil
heat necessary for a distillation process
Reed switch Low current electric switch, utilizing two magnetic alloy wires
sealed in a glass tube, actuated by a magnet
Regeneration rate The volume of water, expressed in gallons per minute (gpm)
or gallons per hour (gph), which a well produces independent of well water
storage
Relief valve A valve that automatically opens if pressure applied exceeds its
specific set limit
Reserve alkalinity The measure of buffering capacity above pH 9.5 of an alkaline
cleaning product, also expressed as the equivalent amount of sodium hydroxide
Retro-reflectivity The capacity to return light (paint-coatings)
Refractory Usually a high temperature insulation material as brick, tile or glass,
etc.
Rinse agent It aids in the spot-free drying of a painted or vehicle surface after a
wash cycle
Rotating nozzle Either in zero or twin fan nozzle configuration, set to rotate by
various degreed impact positions to a surface, rpm regulated by psi-gpm flow to
possibly ultrahigh rotating speeds
rpm Revolutions per minute
606 Glossary
Rust and corrosion inhibitors Reduction of iron and steel flash-rust develop-
ment, during and after a cleaning procedure with high-pressure water
RV valve Pressure relief valve, set or adjustable
S Sulfur, elemental
Saturated felt An asphalt-impregnated felt used as an underlayment between the
roof deck and roofing material
SAE Specifications for hydraulic hose, often classifies pressure washing hose by
identifying numbers of braid layer reinforcements to inner tube
Safety factor The ratio of burst pressure to working pressures, safety factor of
four to one of a component or hose (4,000 psi working pressure times for equals
a burst pressure of 16,000 psi)
Salt The by-product of reaction of on acid and base
Sanitizing Reduces the number of bacterial contaminants to a safe level as
required by the public health department guidelines
Saturated steam Steam at the exact ‘‘boiling temperature’’
Schedule 60, schedule 80 Designation for the two strengths of steel-stainless pipe
most often used as gun barrel-extension-wand, lance-nozzle retainer and
heating coil materials
Settling tank or sedimentation tank or clarifier A vessel in which solids settle
out of water by gravity during waste water or drinking water treatment
processes
Seal coat A liquid asphalt treatment used to waterproof and improve the texture of
an asphalt substrate
Sedimentation the process of depositing matter that settles to the bottom of a
liquid medium
Sequestering agent An aqueous solution combines with a metallic ion forming a
water soluble ombination in which the ion is substantially inactive
Sewer nozzle Various nozzle designs and techniques patented by Wolfgang
Maasberg, WOMA Corp. 1958–1960 introducing to world the self-propelling
pipe, drain and sewer cleaning application
Shore Shore durometer hardness, testing rubber and softer plastics
SJW Standard pressure washing, hydro-blast or UHP water which is of sufficient
purity and quality that it does not impose any threat to proper extended function
of pressure producing equipment and will not impose additional contaminants
to a surface being cleaned by introducing additional impurities or possible
soluble sediments harmful to a surface treatment
Glossary 607
Steam table A table of numerical values relating to the boiling temperature of

water to its pressure Example: at 100 psi, water boils at 338°F, at 200 psi water
boils at 388°F
Steam cleaner Similar in construction to a hot pressure washer, except that the
water is usually heated to a higher temperature at 300°F or more
Steam trap A device, which removes water droplets from steam
Straight through machine Equipment of the past, continuously operating a high-
pressure hose and wand assembly (water-steam) avoiding the operation of a
trigger gun
Stress corrosion cracking corrosion reduces the ability of metal to distribute
static stress, resulting in localized areas in which the static stress exceeds the
yield point of the metal, producing a metal failure with little loss of metal
Stroke, pump The distance traveled by a pump piston or plunger between a
pressure and suction cycle
Stucco Often a concrete textured surface applied by hand trowel
Stylus A device to measure the distance between peaks and valleys to determine a
profile, hydro-abrasive blasting on steel surfaces, supporting the correct choice
of an abrasive and method
Sludge Solid, semi-solid, or liquid waste from municipal, commercial or indus-
trial waste-watertreatment facilities, waste water treatment plants, or air pol-
lution control facilities
Sludge Is the muddy waste produced during processes to remove sulfur from coal
Slurry Is coal that is ground to a powder and mixed with water and pumped
through a pipeline
Soap Water soluble cleaning compound, made by treating a fatty acid with a
caustic chemical
Soda ash Commercial form of anhydrous sodium carbonate
Sodium hypochlorite Specific chlorine bleach used in deck cleaning products
Sodium per-if carbonate A powder ingredient present in deck cleaning product
Soffit Exposed undersurface of an overhead component on buildings, such as a
balcony, lintel, beam, cornice, vault or arch
Soluble Substance capable of being dissolved in a liquid
Solution Formed by dissolving one or more substances in a liquid resulting in a
homogenous mixture
Solvent A liquid that has the ability to dissolve, suspend or extract other materials
608 Glossary
Solvents Organic chemicals added to detergents to remove soluble dirt, break-up

and suspend, and they can range from harmless to extremely toxic to humans
and property
SO2, SO3, SOx Sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, combined sulfur dioxide and
trioxide
Specific gravity Is the ratio of a material to the density of water
SPF Refers to the isocyanides and resin components used to make polyurethane
foam
SRU Sulfur recovery unit
Stack liner The protective lining for flues, or other exhaust interiors subject to a
high temperatures or corrosive conditions
Sulfuric acid cleaner Used in solution with water to remove light cement smears,
excess grout, efflorescence or mineral deposits
Surface Tension Expressed in ‘‘dynes’’ per square centimeter the force required
to penetrate the surface of a non agitated liquid
Surfactant An active biodegradable agent, that increases the emulsifying, dis-
persing and surface wetting properties of a solution, ranging from non foaming
to extremely high foaming
Sump Low-lying collection point, for an effluent or water, which may require
neutralization or other treatment before discharge
Super-concentrate A concentrate initially diluted that becomes a concentrate that
is diluted again before use
Super-heater Heats vapor above the saturation temperature
Superstructure Part of the ship above the main deck
Surge hose A high-pressure water hose utilized as pulsation dampener and/or
accumulator
Surge ball Compressible sphere placed within a chamber used to absorb pressure
pulsations
Surge tank-surge chamber Area or tank receiving medium velocity air saturated
and sometimes heated water from pressure regulator bypass functions
Surface profile The surface contour established by hydro-abrasive blast cleaning,
classified by depth and its texture, average peak to valley height on steel
surfaces
Synergism Two chemicals are combined and the combined effect of the chemical
reaction is greater than either one acting independently
Glossary 609
Synthetic detergent Cleaning products manufactured based on synthetic

surfactants
Tannin The resin that leaches out of wood, creating a brownish to black stain
TCLP Toxicity characteristics leaching procedure
TEFC Totally enclosed fan cooled electric motor
TEDE Total effective dose equivalent
Temperature limit switch Shuts off the heat if it senses excessively high dis-
charge temperatures
Temperature rise For hot and cold pressure washers and/or hydro-blast equip-
ment the difference in water temperature between the equipment’s suction
and/or bypass-discharge side
Tertiary treatment Any level of wastewater treatment beyond secondary treat-
ment and can include filtration, nutrient removal, removal of nitrogen and
phosphorus, toxic chemicals or metals and also called advanced treatment when
nutrient removal is included
Thermo One thermo equals 1000,000 BTU
Thickening agents Increases the viscosity of liquid detergent
Time delay shutdown Automatically turns the machine off if they trigger gun is
not in use for a set interval time
Transformer control Low power transformer used to step down the voltage
supplied to lower the value for operations of controls
Transformer ignition Low power transformer to step up a supply voltage, such
as 120 or 240 V to high-voltage such as 10,000 V to provide ignition spark
Trigger lock A locking device incorporated into a trigger gun, preventing acci-
dental operation
Trigger gun Versus dumb gun design
TSP Trisodium Phosphate an alkaline substance containing phosphates encour-
aging growth of mildew and mold
Total circulating volume Volume of liquid which will be contained in the
equipment being cleaned plus the volume of liquid contained in hose or piping,
including settling-suction tanks, etc. and the equipment needed to connect to a
fluid recycling-circulating truck, pressure washing and hydro-blast equipment,
etc.
Toxic waste Waste that poses as substantial presents or potential hazard to human
health or the environment when improperly managed
TLV Threshold limit value
610 Glossary
TSCA The toxic substances control act gives EPA the ability to track industrial
chemicals produced or imported
TSS Total suspended solids in waste or drinking water, measuring the quantity of
pollutants
TOC and TCC Taglibue open and closed cup method of establishing and
expressing flash and fire points
TOC Total organic carbon
Turbidity Indicates the degree of water cloudiness caused primarily by the
presence of colloidal matter
Two-step machine A cold pressure washer or hydro-blast equipment, which
applies two different chemicals in separate applications
UHP-WJ Ultra high-pressure water jetting performed at pressures above
210 MPa or above 30,000 psi
UL Underwriters Laboratories, independent organization for standards and
product testing
UL 1776 Product standard for pressure washers, issued on 9 October 1992, rec-
ognized by ANSI
Ultra high-pressure water cleaning High-pressure water as a tool with or
without substances for cleaning, coating removal or demolition applications
with pressures exceeding 210 MPa–30,000 psi (2.041 bar)
Unloader A valve developed by WOMA Corp. (late 1950s) sensing that water is
not discharged from the trigger gun, in response directing pumps total water
output pressure-less into pump-heads by-pass circuit (suction side of pump
heads valve assembly) in doing so maintaining the operating pressure between
pump head discharge and trigger-gun assembly. Activating the trigger gun
resumes operation at precise system pressure
Upstream injector Chemical injector installed on the water suction side of any
pressure washer
Upper detection limit The largest concentration that an instrument can reliably
detect
U.S. gallon Equal to four liquid quarts, eight liquid pints, 231 cubic inches (in.2),
or 3.785 l, weighs 8.33 lb (3.78 kg)
Vacuum hydro-blasting A vacuum shroud support to simultaneously capture
debris and water ricochet within a cleaning process facilitating water recovery-
filtration-recycling procedures
Vac switch Electric switch sensing a vacuum actuated by a diaphragm
Glossary 611
VC The visible surface cleanliness is the visible condition of a substrate when

viewed without magnification after a high-pressure water cleaning or abrasive
treatment procedure is concluded
Vapor barrier A moisture impervious layer which prevents passage of water into
a material or structure
Vapor pressure The absolute pressure at which a liquid, at a given temperature
starts to boil, (flash to gas–vapor)
Vapor Retarder Any material used to prevent the passage of water vapor
Vapor Space Corrosion Attack of volatile corrosive materials on concrete and
metal surfaces above the level of liquids containing the volatile materials in
solution
Vapor transmission rate The rate moisture passes through a material, structure
or coating
Variable pressure wand A jetting wand equipped with two tubes and an
adjustable selector valve for low-pressure chemical applications
Varnish A liquid that is converted to a transparent solid film after being applied in
a thin layer
Varnish stain A varnish that has a transparent color added, generally less
penetrating power than a true stain
Vinyl emulsion polymers Paint and coating raw material, vinyl based chemistry
Viscosity The property of a fluid that resists internal flow by its interacting liquid
thickness
V2O5 Vanadium pent oxide
VOC Volatile organic compounds
Volume percent Expressing concentration in which the volume of an individual
component of a mixture is divided by the volume of the total mixture and this
result is multiplied by 100
VSMR Ventilation system mold remediator
Watt 1 watt = 3.4 Btu/hr, 1 W = 44.3 ft-lb/min, 746 W = 1 hp
Water-borne coatings The carrier which is a water emulsion, water dispersion, or
ingredients that react chemically with water
Waste-heat boiler Steam production similar to a steam generator, except the
heating medium is hot or a liquid producing a chemical reaction
Water hardness Soluble metal salts, generally those of calcium and magnesium
and/or iron and manganese, are often responsible for cleaning problems. Soap
can turn into insoluble soap curds or it can reduce the ability of surfactants to
612 Glossary
perform their cleaning function. Expressed in grains per gallon (gpl), grains per
liter (gpl), or parts per million (ppm), as one gpg equals 17.1 ppm. water free of
calcium and magnesium is described as soft and if appreciable amounts of
either or both are present, it is called hard
Water Jetting The terminology developed by WOMA England, from German
technical dictionary, Strahl geschwindigkeit—jet speed—therefore ‘‘jetting’’
and (Wasser) Strahl—flüssig—jet-stream, therefore ‘‘Water Jetting’’ (1964),
5,000–30,000 psi
Waterjetting NACE-SSPC terminology for water jetting is the use of a standard
water jetting discharge from a nozzle at pressures of MPa 70 (10,000 psi) to
207 MPa to prepare a surface for coating or inspection. This description of
pressurized water jetting performance with a velocity greater then 335.3 m/s or
1,100 ft/on a nozzle orifice does not identify a job classification or capability.
As to the jetting performances for corrosion, coating and concrete substrate
prep, cleaning or removal requirements can only be correctly identified by
recognizing necessary gpm-hp-and psi configurations relating to a jobs indi-
vidual tool selection most often in variance between contractors
Waterproof underlayments Modified bitumen–based roofing underlayments,
which are designed to seal wood decks and waterproof critical leak areas
Water pollution The introduction of substances that makes water impure com-
pared with undisturbed water, usually, this comes from soil erosion, introduc-
tion of poisonous chemicals from industries and spills of domestic sewage or
industrial and agricultural waste
Water logging Soaking of agricultural land caused by rising of the water table
WC Water cleaning—the use of pressurized water discharged from a nozzle to
remove unwanted matter from a surface
Wand Seamless aluminum, steel and stainless pipe extending a trigger gun’s
barrel reach
Wetting Agent The ability to displace air from a surface, improving the process
of wetting that surface by reducing the surface tension of water to spread or
adsorb or absorb more freely
Weep hole Small holes or openings used to permit water and condensate to drain
to a building exterior
Weep hole (2) Openings, or installed pipes near the bottom of a retaining wall,
permitting free drainage from backfill and gravel material, preventing build up
of pressure behind a the wall
Weight Percent Expressing concentration in which the weight of an individual
component of a mixture is divided by the weight of the total mixture and at this
result is multiplied by 100
Glossary 613
Wet scrubbers Designed to remove contaminants from an air stream using water
or an aqueous chemical solution
WJ Waterjetting-water discharged from and nozzle at pressures of 70 MPa
(10,000 psi) or greater to prepare a surface for coating or inspection, water
velocity is greater than 340 m/s (1,100 ft/s) when exiting nozzle orifice
WJ-1 Clean to bare substrate when viewed without magnification proves free of
oil, grease, unidentified foreign matter, rust, previous coatings, and/or prior
identified mill scale in/on specified surface areas. Various surface discolor-
ations are possible due to unidentified environmental conditions and steel to
steel surface variances
WJ-2 Very thorough or substantial surface cleaning to a matte (dull, mottled)
finish which when viewed without magnification, is free of all visible oil,
grease, dirt and rust except for randomly dispersed stains of rust, tightly
adherent thin and other tightly adherent foreign matter. The staining or tightly
adherent matter is limited to maximum of 5% of the surface staining
WJ-3 Thorough cleaning the surface to a matte (dull, mottled) finish, which when
viewed without magnification is free of all visible oil, grease, dirt, and rust
except for randomly dispersed stains of rust, tightly adherent thin coatings and
other tightly adherent foreign matter. The staining or tightly adherent matter is
limited to and maximum of 33% of the surface
WJ-4 Light cleaning of a surface which shall be cleaned to a finish, when viewed
without magnification, is free of all visible oil, grease, dirt, dust, loose mill
scale, loose rust and loose coating. Any residual material shall tightly adhere
Vinyl Today a common but varying type of exterior surface, home–industrial
structures
Zephiran A chloride solution (benzalkonium) used when skin comes in contact
with any acidic product used for aluminum brightening
ZLD Zero liquid discharge
Through the years, vanished and surviving equipment manufacturers, and/or

contractors applying high-pressure water as a tool, including the industrial–
commercial engineer establishing application requirements coined a vocabulary
identifying tooling, application oriented techniques and processes. Industry
associations such as the AWT, BHRA, WJT, CITA, PNA, NACE, SSPC and
WJTA work hard to unify and create an unbiased vocabulary standard. The most
common terms have been gathered and explained so as not to cause excess
confusion in identifying neutral and impartial acronyms, abbreviations and
commercial–industrial language or terms.
Trade Related Publications
1. Andreas W. Momber (1998) Waterjet applications in Construction Engineering, by A.A.

Balkema, Rotterdam, NL, http://www.balkema.nl
2. ACI- American concrete Institute and, BRE, ICRI (2003) Concrete repair manuals volume 1
and 2 published jointly, http://www.concrete.org
3. Cyril Harris (1993) Dictionary of Architecture & Construction, McGraw-Hill, Inc.
http://www.mhprofessional.com
4. DOT, Emergency response guidebook for first responders during the initial phase of a
hazardous material incident, http://www.hazmat.dot.gov/gydebook.htm
5. Joe Harrington (2001) Industrial cleaning technology, by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101
Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, http://www.balkema.nl
6. Jonathan M. Whitt (1999) Power-washing 101, A manual for operating a residential and light
commercial, pressure washing business, Advantage publishing company, Little Rock
Arkansas 72205-3823, Tel. 501-280-0007 http://www.adpub.com
7. Master Painters Institute (2002) Maintenance Repainting Manual, by MPI, exterior systems
evaluation, surface preparation, http://www.mpi.net
8. Nalco Chemical Company (1988) The Nalco Water Handbook, McGraw-Hill Inc.,
http://www.mhprofessional.com
9. NASSCO (206) Jetter Code of Practice, WRc Swindon, Frankland Road Blagrove, Swinden,
Wiltshire SN5 8YF, England http://nassco.org
10. Raymond E.F. Weaver (2003) Practical Math for the Protective Coatings Industry, The
Society for Protective SSPC, http://www.sspc.org
11. The Society for Protective Coatings (2004) Surface preparation and coating of concrete,
surface preparation and considerations for concrete substrates, SSPC, http://www.sspc.org
12. The Society for Protective Coatings (2002) Good painting practice, Painting manuals volume
1 a. 2 http://www.sspc.org SSPC
13. The Society for Protective Coatings (2001) The inspections of coatings and linings, SSPC,
http://www.sspc.org
14. The Society for Protective Coatings (2000) Protective coatings, fundamentals of chemistry,
corrosion and its control, http://www.sspc.org
15. The society for Protective Coatings (2004) The fundamentals of cleaning and coating-
concrete, Common mechanisms of concrete deterioration SSPC, http://www.sspc.org
Failures related to particular substrates SSPC, http://www.sspc.org
17. Steel Structures Painting Council (1998) Protective Coatings for Pulp and Paper mills, The
Society for Protective Coatings, SSPC, http://www.sspc.org

616 Trade Related Publications
18. The Society for Protective Coatings (1992) Maintenance coating of weathering steel, field
evaluations and guidelines, http://www.sspc.org
19. The Society for Protective Coatings (2002) Surface preparation and cleaning of metals by
Waterjetting prior to recoating, Joined surface preparation standard SSPC-SP 12/NACE
No. 5, http://www.sspc.org
20. The Society for Protective Coatings (2004) Supplements to systems and specifications, SSPC
painting manual volume 2, cleaning metals by Waterjetting, surface cleanliness requirements,
dehumidification and temperature control during surface preparation, http://www.sspc.org
21. SSPC (2000) Standard Method of Evaluating the Degree of Rusting on Painted Steel
Surfaces, http://www.sspc.org
22. SSPC-NACE (2001) Guide and Reference Photographs for Steel Surfaces Prepared by
Waterjetting, http://www.sspc.org
23. SSPC-NACE (2001) Guide and Reference Photographs for Steel Surfaces Prepared by Wet
Abrasive Blast Cleaning, The Society for Protective Coatings, SSPC, http://www.sspc.org
24. SSPC (2002) Guide and Reference Photographs for Steel Surfaces Prepared by Dry Abrasive
Blast Cleaning, The Society for Protective Coatings, SSPC, http://www.sspc.org
25. SSPC (2004) Guide and Reference Photographs for Steel Surfaces Prepared by Power and
Hand Tool Cleaning, The Society for Protective Coatings, SSPC, http://www.sspc.org
Index
A Aircraft engine parts, 26

Abrasive contaminants, 443 air filtration systems, 88
Absorption–adsorption rate, 263 Airports, aviation industries, 22
Acidic–corrosive environments, 84 Alkyd resins, 494
acid-caustic rich interiors, 180 Alumina, Mill scale, 92
acid etching, 57 Aluminum oxide, 512
acidic produce, 114 aroma preservation, 81
ACM products, 409 American Fire Hose Manufacturing
Abattoirs, 38 Company, 199
abrasive blast techniques, 11 anaerobic biological treatment, 530
abrasive sizing, 514 anchor profile, 57
acid damaged surfaces, 57 Andreas W. Momber, 60
adhesives-mastics, 10 Animal pounds, 1
adhesion parameters, 10 animal fats (grills), 536
adsorption, 530 Animal rendering, 38
aerobic microbes, 530 anti-graffiti coatings, 322
after coolers, 290 ‘‘Application Index’’
aged wood siding, 542 ‘‘Application Core Curriculum’’
aldehydes, 530 APPLICATION REVIEW, 559
Aluminum Lance ‘‘APPLICATION INDEX CATALOG’’
Guide, 439 Aquatic-marine pools and tanks, 441
aluminum siding, 544 asbestos abatement, 411
ALARA, 415 asphalt-bituminous mats, 12
Alkaline, 111 Asphalt-mastic-coating, 12
aluminum smelting, 129 Asphalt-bituminous splatter, 494
Agricultural environments, 1 Asphalt-tar-mastics industries, 9
agricultural sector, 38 auxiliary boilers, 298
aggregate façades, 258 Avian pathologists, 7
air barrier designs, 269 Aquaculture water treatment facilities, 105
airborne toxic-volatile organic ATÜMAT (High Pressure Water
compounds, 496 Jet Equipment), 93
airborne activity, 30
air-conditioning, 22
air sampling, 411 B
air-slurry-water-abrasive, 12 Backer rod, 379
aircraft cowlings, 22 Bacteria and biological effects, 374

618 Index
B (cont.) C
Bacterial-salmonella, 2 Cable-reel unit, 472
bacterial growth, 1 CCTV inspection access, 455
backfill-surfaces, 544 Calcined bauxite, 512
Baking coal, 126 Calcium sulfate areas, 267
Baking soda, 513 Calcium carbonate, 494
barge cleaning process, 143 calcium oxide product, 87
ball valve assembly, 422 candle wax events, 536
Barnacles, 154 carbonation-salt-rust, 57
Battery manufacturers, 29 Carbonation, 194
Bernoulli theory, 62 ‘‘CASTÜMAT’’
Bernoulli’s nozzle design, 122 catalytic-cracking, 384
Bernoulli, reversed nozzle-venturi, 275 catch basins, 478
best management practices Cattle-hog-poultry operations, 1
(BMPs), 528 Cattle-hog-poultry slaughterhouse
Beverage, bottling facilities, 32 operations, 38
Bid and paperwork illustrations, 557 Cascading water, 267
bilge wells, 506 Caustic exposure, 180
biological effects, 374 Caustic soda, 258, 415
biodegradable detergents, 415 cavitational influences, 290
Biomass powered power-plant clay formations, 378
Bioremediation, 530 cement and lime manufacturing, 86
Bilge voids, 504 cement-lime kilns, 86
Biosecurity, 2 Cement-concrete film, 310
biosecurity guidelines, 99 Cement powder, 514
biological oxygen demand City fountains, 445
situation (BOD), 181 Chain of Custody Record, 569
bird control fixtures, 48 charge water, 422
Bituminous product installs, 305 chart recorder, 422
boatswain’s chairs, 48 chemical metering, 4
Blank-off, 505 chemical attack, 259
black liquor by-product, 177 Chemical applications, 112
blast furnace operations, 126 Chemical application specifications, 256
blast media, 312 chemical exposure, 159
blood lead laboratory, 31 chemical injectors, 275
Boilers and steam generators, 115 chemical oxygen demand (COD), 181, 528
bottom-top felts, 177 Chemical rinse aids, 523
Breweries and distilleries, 32 Centrifugal charge pump, 427
Brick-block-stone-stucco and masonry façade Ceramic beads, 512
cleaning, 250 chilling and hanging facility, 38
brick glaze, 250 chicken stock breeding
brick reversal, 255 classifying substrate, 510
brick substrate, 309 clear-coat technology, 480
brick failure (refractory), 88 clinker cooler, 92
bridge decks, 56 Clinker removal techniques, 185
Briggs & Stratton, 108 Clinker-slag development, 286
brush technique, 55 clinker burning process, 88
buffer-pH controller, 532 closed-loop wash water recovery, 486
buffered acid solution, 544 coagulation, 530
buildup fragmentation, 86 Coal gasification plants, 71
Buildings, washing exterior-interior, 44 mobile wash water recovery, 527
bulk manufacturers Coalescing oil–water separator
Butadiene styrene, 494 Coal Mines, 71
Butchers-slaughterhouse operations, 38 coke oven gas, 126
Index 619
Cocoa, 81 Decommissioning–decontamination, 193

cocoa plant, 82 decontamination practices, 410
Coffee, tea, 81 Deck staining, 541
Coal-rock drilling, 71 Deformed-damage tubes, 301
Coal-rock stratospheres, 71 Dredging ponds, 106
Coarse contamination (mass), 415 dehumidifying equipment, 4
Coarse edge-weld seam polishing, 450 degreasers, 447
Coating-asbestos removal, 64 Demineralized water disaster
Coating blisters, 446 demilitarize warheads-bombs, 490
Code of good practices, 38 Demolition-rehab procedures, 54
Cold storage facilities, 35 demolition-restoration, 48
Coke product accumulation, 494 deodorized, 476
Colloidal dispersion, 478 dampener, 427
Commercial–industrial structures, 54 dense mineral powders, 134
Coke product accumulation DELEADING, 31
Cementitious wall board, 303 deteriorated brick, 254
Compact triplex pumps, 61 Dietary supplement industry, 170
Competent person training-certification, 61 cleanup, 429
Concrete cutting, 494 discharged to storm sewers, 391
Concrete batch equipment, 90 disinfecting, sanitizing contaminated
Concrete residual, 494 areas, 46
Concrete surface slurry, 141 dissolved, 528
Concrete and clay masonry, condenser or dissolved organics, 530
small tube heat exchangers dissolved organic carbons (DOC), 181
Confined work spaces, 58 distilleries, 36
Confined space entry, 159, 497 deteriorating coating, 57
Confined space entry permit, 567 dolomite lime (hydration), 86
Construction joints, 379 double bottom, 146
Construction cycles, 25 downstream chemical injection, 541
Construction industries, 54 downstream equipment, 78
Construction safety, 59 Down Time Work Sheet
Contracting bid status, 23 Dolomite lime (hydration), 572
Contractor’s basic safety information, 557 DRI plant, 122
Convenience stores, 49 DRI top gas scrubbers, 128
Copper stains, 536 Drivers Inspection Checklist, 574
Corn cob granules, 513 drive-thru (flat work), 11
Coating failures, 159 duel wand, 487
Cosmetic process industry, 174 dump-metering valve, 425
Corrosion inhibitors, 318 Durable traffic markings, 304
Convenience store, 393 drying processes, 55
Cradle to grave, 409
Crash floors, 55
Crude oils, 494 E
Cured grain, 534 Elasticity-tensile strength
electronic certified chart recorder, 78
Electronic pipe locator, 470
D effluent transfer reservoirs, 55
Daily Time Ticket, 566 effluent filtration-control, 134
debris pulling method, 462 effluent intake and solids separator
Dairy foods, byproducts and derivatives, 93 efflorescence, 56, 255
dairy breed associations, 101 Emulsified asphalts, 9
Data Universal Numbering System, 397 emulsifiers, 11
de-boning area, 38 emulsified product, 528
Decaffeination, 82 Emulsified oil–water separator
620 Index
E (cont.) fire hydrant’s, 463

Emulsion polymers, 494 flammable–combustible cargo, 143
energy-shock, fluid flare exhaust units, 471
epoxy resins, 494 fleet washing, 121
epoxy-urethane coating, 480 flex lance operation, 62
Epoxy–resin–vinyl–latex-paint Flight deck substrate, 406
manufacturing, 61 flocculation, 528
erratic injector operation, 275 flock replacement, 3
evaporation coolers, 114 flue inlet, 471
evaporation procedures, 528 fluidized bed drying facilities, 84
Evisceration room, 38 fluid filtration systems, 389
excavating method, 372 fluid pulsation dampeners, 72
Exhibition and sport arenas, 157 fluorescent dyes, 421
Extraction-processing, 81 FDA-USDA, 115
Extraction methods, 81 Foaming-soaps-detergents-acids, 272
Expansion-control joint cleaning on rigid food grade high-pressure hoses, 36
pavement, 378 Food-produce retailers, 114
Expansion joints, 25 food and produce manufacturing
explosive constituent, 418 processes, 58
exterior weathering Food processing companies, 108
Food processor residual, 494
Food service industries, 108
F foodstuffs, 115
Façade inspectors, 47 foundries’ melt process, 129
façades performance issues, 48 foreword jet, 465
false bottom, 472 Foundries, steel mills, forging shops, 122
Fat smear accumulations, 41 Fountain coating, 449
feed mill equipment, 5 friable asbestos, 413
feed water quality requirements, 192 friction losses, 275
FGD stack cleaning, 194 freeze–thaw cycling, 378
felts, 384 friction and texture testing, 25
Fermentation residual, 494 frozen-refrigerated fruit, 115
fertilizer manufacturing, 35 frozen juice, 36
Freon HNS-200C, 416 FSH Confined Space Entry Permit, 568
fiber–plastic structure, 385 fugitive lead emissions, 30
fiberglass tank lining, 504 Fungus-mold, 271
5-l filtrate, 526

filter plates, 389 G
Filters, 384 Gas and vacuum vessels, 421
fin structure, 386 Garnet, 512
Fish-farms hatcheries-nurseries, 102 gear-blowers, 142
Fish processing, 101 gear-up, break-down times, 44
fish farm water source, 102 GEAR – LIST Nr., 564
fish-waste, 103 General surface preparation-restoration, 250
filter cloth, 389 generator, 463
filter cake sedimentation, 88 geotechnical investigation, 372
fire brick damage (refractory), 87 graffiti removal applications, 250
Fire-disaster cleanup, 46 Glass beads, 512
fire hazard control, 110 glass fiber manufacturing, 90
fire proofing material, 413 glass–ceramic–porcelain, 131
fire suppression systems, 113 Glass grit, 512
fire triangle, 386 Glass-lined pharmaceutical plant
flat glass, 131 vessels, 495
Index 621
Glass linings, 495 humidity, 114

Gas and vacuum vessels Humidity controls, 514
grain elevators, 5 hydraulic systems, 421
ghosting event, 327 Hydro-abrasive blasting, 507
grain (raised), 534 HYDRO-BLASTING 5,000-30000 psi
granulated milk producers, 81 hydrogen fluoride, 134
gravity separation, 530 Hydrofluoric (acid), 261
grout strength, 257 hydrogen peroxide, 177
grout-mortar product, 262 hydroxide application, 537
ground-roadway stability Hydrostatic testing, 421
gravity feed procedures, 274 Hydro-tea, 526, 528
grease extraction, 113 hydroxide solution, 262
grease interceptor, 114 hydro-vac application criteria, 409
hydro-vac dredging, 103
hygiene departments, 41
H hygiene practices, 93
H2O compressors, 438 hydro concrete mill, 57
(H2SO4), 158 hydro-coke drum cutters, 63
HACCP system, 2 hydro-vac wet mode system, 414
Hazardous materials cleanup, 523 Highway-road services, 157
hazardous waste identification, 44 HVAC duct insulation, 410
hazardous waste site, 55
Hazardous waste removal, 58
Hazardous industrial waste recovery, 409 I
hazardous communication course Industrial–commercial equipment, 477
(HAS-COM), 155 Insect–pest suppression, 429
HASMAT regulations, 204 Inspection video
HAZMAT team, 429 interchangeable piston-plunger
high-rises, 48 combinations, 108
historic masonry, 268 interior linings, 480
healthcare organizations, 110 interface adhesion factors, 405
Heating hardware, 81 Icicle-shaped ring deposits, 287
HEPA filtration, 412 interface strength, 308
heat exchanger deck hardware, 78 Isocyanate, MDI & TDI, 494
herbs, 81
herbal oils, 84
hazardous analysis, critical control J
point system (HACCP) Jet bridge areas, 24
hazardous air pollutants, 129 jet fuel, 146
high density clay, 376 JP-4-JP-5 fuel tanks, 504
hog operations, 4 Juice processing, 32
High temperature paint-coating removal
hochdruck wasser strahl pistole
(high pressure water jet gun), 93 K
hold times, 422 Kawasaki steel works, 123
homicide and self-inflicted death, 417 kiln, 86
hood-duct fires, 113 Kiln-boiler-furnace cleaning, 285
Honda, 108 Kiln & preheater & precalciner, 92
Horse stables, 1 kitchen exhaust hood cleaning, 35
hotel-municipal pools, 441 Kennels-zoos-aquariums, 1
hose damage, 462 kerosene spills, 536
hydraulic roof shoring, 71 Kobe, 123
hot-cold water pressure-washer and Kohler, 108
systems (1,500 to 9,000 psi), 110 Kubota, 108
622 Index
L Metal pitting, 514

Labyrinth technique, 74 milk concentration, 81
labyrinth valve body, 72 mobile wash water recovery, 527
lanyards, 146 Mold remediation, 429
lateral thrust advancing, 372 ‘‘monitor-hole watch’’, 155
Laundry-garbage chute cleaning misting events, 498
and sanitizing mud-sedimentation, 435
Large tube heat transfer units, multilayer coating system, 307
lateral cutters Multimedia filtration
Latex (green state), 494 Municipalities, 157
Latex synthetic, 494 muriatic-hydrochloric acid, 257
lead rich coating removal, 58 moss and mold developments, 431
lead oxide, 131
leak detection, 421
leakage analysis, 422 N
Lechler, 488 Natural gas combined cycle
licensed hazardous waste site, 55 power plant, 191
Lake & pond management, 101 NATO airports, 24
light oil jetting, 435 Navy vessels, 145
Light oils, 494 naval job specifications, 319
limestone, 443 negative airflow, 412
liquid filtration, 83 neutralizing the recoil forces, 288
liquid or gaseous state, 86 non-destructive test procedure, 422
Lydia M. Ph.D. and Charles A. Frenzel, 397 nozzle assemblied, 374
locomotive, 480 nozzle standoff distance, 430
Nonferrous metal industries, 122
Nonskid coating, 400
M non-hazardous wash water, 120
Marble, 443 Non-ionic detergent, 265
Material Recovery Systems (MRF), 178 nonselective germicide
Magnesium sulfate, 513 (1% active iodine), 102
MAGNOMAT, 138 non-permeable surfaces
Make-up water, 527 nonskid coatings, 308
Maritime vessels, 137 NPDES discharge permit, 424
marketing strategy, 45 nitrogen oxides, 134
mastic-polymer elasticity, 380 nozzle-injector technology, 510
Max-vacuum standard, 142 nozzle-lance configuration
Microbreweries, 35 (angulations), 87
micro brewery industry, 82 NPDES, 119
micro-organisms, 94 Nuclear Power Plant
Micro-organisms decontamination, 193
Microbial analysis, 433 nuclear material-handling industry, 414
mildew and/or mold growth, 269, 535 Nut shells, 513
Milk processing, concentrates,
powders, 93
milk solids, 99 O
milk reception, 99 Odor-stench control, 429, 431
mineral extraction processes, 76 Offshore oil platforms, 137
mechanical extraction from oil–fats, 112
random rock, 74 oil–grease filter, 112
Melamine, 513 Oil lube systems, 435
Methyl methacrylate, 494 oil compressors, 435
metallic activity, 262 oil rigs, 57
metallurgy stations, 128 oil jetting application, 436
Index 623
oil/water separation, 393 Polymerization, 281

open drip-proof, 439 potable water source, 406
organic oils, 536 plant food safety-hygiene regulations, 86
Ornamental statuary-monuments, 441 plant infrastructure, 158
Orangeburg lateral pipe, 454 Plastic media, 513
Oil skimming vessel, 470 plastic dams-booms, 525
organic waste, 4 plastic–vinyl siding, 543
Organic–inorganic filtration, 409 plate processing, 31
organic chemicals, 170 pharmaceutical outsourcing, 174
organic stains, 265 pharmaceutical products, 82, 170
Oscillating speeds, 380 Pharmaceutical bulk manufacturers, 176
Otto Teufer, 9 phenolic, 530
oxidation, 530 Phosphatized degreasers, 415
oxidization of topcoats, 399 phosphoric filtration, 30
oxygen deficiency, 35 phosphoric polishing filters, 529
oxygen deficient atmospheres, 498 pH values, 255
oxygen enriched atmospheres, 498 Pipe, brick and block manufacturing, 86
oxygen depletion (BOD), 528 pipe radius, 457
oxidation, 257 Polycarbonate, 494
Ozone generator, 531 Poly vinyl chloride, 494
Poly vinyl acetate (PVA), 494
Pre-cast companies, 90
P Prefabricated building assembly, 86
Package boiler services, 290 Pre Job Safety Meeting, 570
paper machine, 180 Premature brick failure, 88
paper-pulp mill, 178 Pre-qualifying, 157
painting-coating-liner Pressure-leak testing, 421
resurfacing, 57 pretreatment clarifier, 525
Paint dried solvent, 494 primary–secondary–tertiary
Paint epoxy, 494 clarifiers, 181
Pasting, 282 Product cutting nozzles, 61
pasteurization processes, 81 product recovery equipment, 36
patina, 251 Produce retailers, 108
peak count, 514 product warranty guidelines, 57
PCBs and VOCs, 530 profiling procedures, 468
Pelletizing plant, 129 profile height, 515
Pellet types, 127 proposal, 565
pest development, 1 pollution prevention hardware, 132
penetrating wetting, 421 pond liners, 76
Penetrating wood preservative, 545 porous stone substrate, 443
Permissible exposure limits poultries, 41
(PELS), 411 pulp-paper industry, 87
pest suppression, 429 Psi x Gpm: 1,714 = Hp, 247
Phenolic resins, 494 Pulp-paper, 176
piers, 57 paperboard, 176
pipe-sewer inspection, 455 cellulose, 176
Pipeline cleaning and cutting pull off parameters, 161
applications, 452 purification, 170
pile driving applications, 373 Polishing, etching, metal burr-flush
pile sections, 376 removal, 450
pile driving method, 377 poultice concentrates, 315
porous profile, 11 powder operations, 81
polishing filtration, 527 Power-plant service, 135
Polymer jetting methods, 280 pylon structures, 56
624 Index
Q Rx cavity refueling, 416

Quarantine restriction, 3 Rx head stud-ring, 416
Quick exchange plunger-piston, 71
S
R Sacrificial coating, 322
Radiation protection, 194 salt deposits, 56
Radiation-protection technician, 194 sanitation program, 96
Rail accident site-emergency response, 198 Sawdust, 513
Rail bridge, rail maintenance sawed groove, 378
departments, 198 scaffold primary access, 14
Railcar coatings, 480 scarifying method, 57
Railcar units, 481 screens, 384
Railroad-commuter-light rail maintenance self propelling of flex lance
yards, 98 assemblies, 61
Railroad inspection, 208 Secondary fish processing plants, 101
Repair Work Sheet, 573 secondary spill containment, 203
Railways historical associations, Self-contained breathing apparatus, 506
theme parks, 98 sectionalized rinse, 263
Rail safety and signage procedure, 203 Seasonal batch requirements, 170
Raymond E.F. Weaver, 67 semi-full production cycle, 86
Rebar systems, 48 septic and/or treatment facility, 528
Reddish-brown stains, 257 Sewer cleaning techniques, 456
Red meat producers, 5 Sewers, laterals, culverts, sumps, industrial
Ready-mix concrete industries, 86 pipe cleaning, 452
Ready mix plants, 89 Sidewalks, decking, tank and pool
Rehabilitation process, 57 construction, 378
Refinery-oil-polymer-chemical manufacturing silica sand, 131
environments, 61 Siliceous stones-rock, 265
Refrigerated-frozen dairy products, 93 Silica sand, 512
Refrigeration, 35 Silicon carbide, 511
Regulatory agencies, 410 Sintered bauxite, 512
Repair cycles, 422 sheet point friction, 376
Rigid steel lance, 61 shellfish producers, 105
Rigid lance operator, 62 shellfish and crustacean
Remington cannon, 86 products, 105
Remote control camera, 470 Shopping zones, 157
Resetting nail-heads and screws, etc., 533 Shot Crete, 59
Restoration projects, 315 shellfish, 101
Retail-processing environment, 115 skip-jack nozzle, 457
Respiratory protection, 31, 417 Slag’s, Fly-ash, 92
Restoration, waterproofing, 44 slaughterhouse-meat processing
Road deck installation, 57 operations, 201
Road film, 483 sludge or slurry pumping, 76
Roof safety, 500 staging facilities, 55
Roof asphalt-composite tile, wood shingle Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants 40
cleaning, 532 CFR, 414
Roots, 459 stack-exhaust deposits, 483
Rubber bladders, 458 Stack-flue plate, 471
Runways, 22 Stack height, 471
Runway cleaning, 24 standoff distances, 492
Rubber build up, 24 Static extraction, 76
RV valve, 424 static pressurized water–oil charge, 424
Rx cavity floor, 416 steel–concrete rehabilitation, 198
Index 625
Steel cutting-demolition Tanks, vessels-autoclaves, precipitators,

applications, 211, 507 container cleaning, 488
Steam generators, three drum water tube tarpaulin methods, 44
boilers, 290, 421 T-assembly, 388
Steam–vapor–gas flue stacks, industrial T-dual abrasive cleaning head, 301
elevator shafts, 470 taconite rock, 127
Storm surges, 459 tank fog, 4
storm water runoff, 154 tea, 81
spill prevention response plan, 141 Tank car cleaning applications, 202
Spin-Jet technology tarpaulin-covering procedures
sterilization–pasteurization-manufacturing (splash proofing), 112
cycles, 96 temperature cycling, 421
STOP-GO command, 296 tensile strength-elasticity-stickiness, 63
subsoil conditions, 26 tear-off visors, 292
substrate-interface, 534 3D tank-cleaning, 446
Surface modulation, 450 theme-park facilities, 285
surface-soil-ground-aquifers, 119 Thermal-hot scale removal (cracking), 441
surface roughness, 446 Theme-amusement parks, 180
suspended organics, 530 thermal environment, 86
soaking cycle, 445 thermal shock fragmentation, 55
soda pop manufacturers, 36 thermal shock method, 311
sodium carbonate, sodium thick-film adhesion, 401
hydroxide, 41 Tile-brick-grouts, 472
sodium-hypochlorite NaOC1, 375 top cone conditions, 528
soft drink container, 490 (TPH), 312
soil contamination, 477 total suspended solids in wastewater
solid rocket fuel shells, 490 effluent (TSS), 528
soluble, 528 3M foils, 312
Soluble abrasives, 452 total dissolve solids in wastewater
solvent borne coatings, 480 effluent (TDS), 528
solvent extraction, 82, 530 total petroleum hydrocarbon count
solvent rich solution, 75 towers and tanks
soil profiles, 377 toxic priority pollutants, 477
soil treatment, 409 Traffic control, 55
spawning facilities, 103 transfer hose technology, 81
structural steel joints, 48 transit car manufacturing industries, 208
Sugino, 488 Tracer concentrate, 427
sulfite pulping process, 177 Trade Related Publications, 615
Surface prep, graffiti removal, 44 trench degradation, 459
surface preparation reference, 521 Traffic barricades, 470
supermarket chains, 114 trace elements, 543
sugar refineries, 87 Tropical marine livestock centers, 101
Surface pasting, 272 Trucks-trailers-tankers-railcars, 108
Surface preparation, 54 Turbine flow meter, 427
surface profile, 515 turbine fouling, 192
surface roughness, 57 turbine oil, 436
Surface tension reducer, 427 two-step chemical cleaning method, 261
Synthesizing-combining, 182 two-Pronged abrasive manifold
T U
Tailgate Safety Meeting, 571 Upstream manhole, 457
Tannins, 534, 537 UHP trigger-gun, 468
Tank top plating, 506 Urea, 271
626 Index
U (cont.) Wash water control, recovery, filtration,

U-tube condensers, 191 recycling, 523
Underwater hydro-blasting, 521 Washing exterior-interior surfaces, 53
UV damages, 534 wastewaters neutrality (pH 5–6), 528
UV protection, 534 water abrasive injectors, 276
water bladders, 401
water based coatings, 325
V water borne coating, 480
Vacuum booms, 525 water compressibility, 11
vacuum chill box, 64 water/air droplets, 11
Vacuum-dredging tools, 4 water barriers, 526
vacuum assist water recycling, 36, 51 water-effluent run-off, 55
vacuum shoe, 413, 526 waterproofing, 14
vacuum shroud, 525 water filled bladders, 524
volume-psi metering, 423 water pollution control, 523
valve flange joint, 374 water purification systems, 33
vegetative materials, 170 water saturation ratio, 528
Vehicle fleets, rail-car, water solubility, 483
truck-trailer-tanker, 477 water soluble road film, 483
ventilation valve, 424 Well casing walls, 377
Verbal Quoted Price By Phone, 575 well drilling platforms, 478
vertical pipe-cleaning, 475 weld tagging, 376
Veterinary associations, 7 wet-end exposure, 180
Veterinary facilities, 1 wet/dry interface to scrubber vessels, 188
vinegar, 443 whirl jets, 467
Vinyl emulsion polymers, 494 whirl-jet chamber, 491
Vinyl, wood, aluminum siding whitewater tanks, 177
cleaning, 532 whitening, 261
viscous-sticky products, 9 wire mesh-plate-vane mist eliminators, 384
Volatile substance removal and effluent wood-façade, 533
separation, 488 Wood restoration and preservation,
volatile-gaseous environment, 394 seal-coating applications, 532
volatile organic compounds, 170 wooden fencing, 447
wood stain, 534
Wood structures-decks-seal-landing and fence
W restoration, 532
Waste product (biomass), 182 Wolfgang Maasberg Sr., 61
waste transportation trip ticket, 464 WOMA Corp., 61
wastewater treatment facility, 134, 161, WOMA designed 2-D and 3-D nozzles
175
Wastewater reclamation technology,
evaporation, 523 X
waste-refuse handling, 319 X-ray fluorescent analyzer, 270
wash water discharge, 477

Wolfgang Maasberg (auth.) - Commercial-Industrial Cleaning, by Pressure-Washing, Hydro-Blasting and UHP-Jetting_ The Business Operating Model and How-To Manual for 450 Specific Applications-Springer-V

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Wolfgang Maasberg (auth.) - Commercial-Industrial Cleaning, by Pressure-Washing, Hydro-Blasting and UHP-Jetting_ The Business Operating Model and How-To Manual for 450 Specific Applications-Springer-V

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Commercial-Industrial Cleaning,

ISBN 978-0-85729-834-8 e-ISBN 978-0-85729-835-5

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Cover design: eStudio Calamar S.L.

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Commercial: Industrial Cleaning

1. In Chap. 1 introduction, categorize the industry or business, its area and/or

4. Evaluate the recognized core application curriculum, (primary–secondary

5. Choose the primary and/or secondary gear-list authorization form to classify

6. Track paperwork (job-walk) through jobs conclusion

1 Introduction: Succeed in Residential, Commercial

1.7 Butchers-Slaughterhouse Operations, General Processing,

1.16 Food Service Industry, Restaurants, Healthcare Organizations,

1.24 Railroad-Commuter-Light Rail Maintenance Yards, Railway

2 Application Register. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

3 Application Core Curriculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 247

3.6 Concrete-Aggregate, Cleaning-Cutting-Scarifying,

3.20 Steam-Vapor-Gas-Flue Stacks, Industrial Elevator Shafts,

5 Safety Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557

About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577

Glossary of Acronyms, Abbreviations and Symbols,

Trade Related Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615

Abstract The introduction and documentation encompasses over 500 distinctive

1.1 Agricultural Environments, Cattle-Hog-Poultry

The great number of animals held in today’s confined production, transportation,

W. Maasberg, Commercial-Industrial Cleaning, by Pressure-Washing, 1

Fig. 1.1 On demand

Fig. 1.2 Flock breeding

Fig. 1.3 Cattle feeder unit

Fig. 1.4 Grain and feed silos

therefore protecting animal health. A constant review-updating process identifying

Fig. 1.5 Wastewater

decontaminating-sanitizing flock placement vehicles, feed container silos

Fig. 1.6 Milk parlor

According to the specific application, adequate ventilation and/or dehumidifying

Fig. 1.7 Feed silos and

Fig. 1.8 Grain silos

Fig. 1.9 Cattle feeder

Customer, Company: Da Date: Nr:

Purchasing Engineering Maintenance Safety

Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Location: Job Site Risk Assessment: Specify:

Job Site Review:

Safety equipment and procedures: ©

WORKSHEET- PURCHASING - SALES

Fig. 1.10 Tar-pitch-product

1.2 Asphalt-Tar-Mastics Industries, Bituminous

Fig. 1.11 Refinery

Fig. 1.12 Gravel mill for

job completion. Regardless of previous successful cleaning or scaling methods,

Fig. 1.13 Asphalt plant

Penetration and adhesion parameters of asphalts or coatings must be known when

Fig. 1.14 Asphalt-gravel

Fig. 1.15 Asphalt plant

Fig. 1.16 Asphalt polymer

Fig. 1.17 Rock quarry

Fig. 1.18 Asphalt loading

Surface cleaning and surface preparation methods for re-installment of paint

Customer, Company: Date: Nr:

Web site: City:

Purchasing Engineering Maintenance Safety

Tel: Tel: Tel: Tel:

Job Location: Job Site Risk Assessment: Specify: