Rosica Angelova

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Poc:u:u;a AHrerroBa
HOBA 6bAfAPCKA HCTOPHH

(1878-1944)
© Poc111:(a AHre110Ba - aBTop, 2008
© vfaAaTeJJCTBO "¢a6ep'; 2008
ISBN 978-954-775-908-4
Poc:u~a AHrerroBa
HOBA
6'bAfAPCKA
HCTOPHH
(1878-1944)
JIEKQMOHEH KYPC
Cl>a6ep • 2008
IIpe,I:U"oBop ...................................................................................................................... 9
I. Bn3CTaHoB.srnaHe Ha 6nrrrapcKaTa p;np)I<aBHa Tpaµ;n:u;n:JI .............................. 11

1. BpeMeHHO pycKo ynpaaneHue ................................................................................ 11
2. CaH-CTecpaHCKH ,n;oroaop ....................................................................................... 20
3. EepJIHHCKHRT KOHrpec H HeroBHTe perneHHR ...................................................... 27
4. CnnpoTHBa cpem;y 6epJIHHCKHTe perneHHR ......................................................... 30
II. YcTpoJi:cTBO Ha KH.IDKeCTBO EnJirapHJI ............................................................. 36

1. Ytipe,n;uTeJIHO cn6paHue H npueMaHe Ha TopHoBcKaTa KOHCTHTYQHR ........... 36
2. Ihpao BeJIHKO Hapo,n;Ho co6paHHe u H36op Ha 6onrapcKH KHR3 ................... 42
3. EonrapcKWRT napnaMeHTapH3'bM .......................................................................... 45
III. IlnpBHTe Kpa11KH Ha caMocm.sITeJIHo noJIHrn'leCKo pa3BHrne (1879-1885) ... 50

l. CoQMaJIHO-HKOHOMH'IeCKH w µ;eMorpacpcKH npoMeHM ...................................... 50
2. Bo3HHKBaHe Ha noJIHTH'IeCKMTe napnrn B KHR)l(eCTBOTO.
KoHcepBaTWBHW npaBHTeJICTBa .......................................................................................... 54
3. YnpaaneHwe Ha Jiw6epanHaTa napTHR (26.03.1880 - 27.04.1881) .................... 59
4. IIpeapaT'bT OT 2 7 anpun 1881 u Pe)l(11M'bT Ha KH.lf)l(eCKMTe IT'bJIHOMOillWR .... 64
5. KoaJIM~MOHHO ynpaaneH11e Ha n116epanu u KoHcepaaTop11 .............................. 73
6. YnpaBJieHwe Ha Jiw6epanHaTa napT11.lf HatJeJio c IleTKO KapaaeJioB ................ 78
lV. J13TO'IHa PyMeJIHJI ................................................................................................. 83

1. YcTpoJ1:cTBO H ynpaaneHwe ..................................................................................... 83
2. llfapa6ornaHe u xapaKTep Ha OpraHM'IecK11R ycTaa ........................................... 84
3. ,Uop)l(aBHO ITOJIMTM'IeCKO M3rpa)l(,n;aHe ................................................................. 94
4. Pa3B11TMe Ha HKOHOMMKaTa - arpapeH npeapaT M ceJICKOCTOITaHCKO
npoH3BO,ll;CTBO, npoMMIIIJieHOCT, ToproBH.lf, Kpe,n;MT ...................................................... 97
5. IloJIMTM'IeCKM )l(J!IBOT " napTt1t1 ........................................................................... 100
6. KynTypHo cTpowTeJICTB0 ....................................................................................... 103
V. Cne;zi;n:HeHHeTo H HeroBaTa 3ain;HTa ................................................................. 106

l. IloTMIIWTa Ha 6onrapcKOTO C'be,D;MHeHMe ........................................................... 106
2. Ilo,n;roTOBKa M npoB'b3marnBaHe Ha Coe;zi;wHeHMeTo ....................................... 111
3. Cne,n;MHeHMeTo H Eapona ...................................................................................... 116
4. B 3am;wTa Ha coe,n;wHHCTKOTO ,n;eno ...................................................................... 119
5. M:wpoT npH3HaH:we ................................................................................................. 126
VI. EnrrrapCKaTa KpH3a (1886 - 1887) .................................................................. 130
1. BoJirapwR cne,n; Coe,n;wHeHJtieTo ............................................................................ 130
2. 0TCTpaHJIBaHe Ha KHJI3 AJieKcaH,n;op I OT 6omapcKJtIJI npecToJI ................... 132
3. YnpaBJiem1e Ha PereHTCTBOTO (aBrycT - HOeMBpH 1886) H CK'bCBaHe
Ha OTHoilleHHJITa c PycHJI .................................................................................................. 13 7
4. HoB eTan oT ynpaBJieHHeTo Ha PereHTCTBOTO. Jlfa6op Ha <Pep,n;HHaH,n; CaKC
Ko6yprroTCKH 3a 6onrapcKH KHJI3 .................................................................................. 140
VII. foJIJ1MoTO npoTHBope'IHBo BpeMe Ha CTecpaH CTaM6orroB (1887 - 1894) ...... 146
1. <PopMHpaHe Ha npaBHTeJICTBOT0 ......................................................................... 146
2. TBop,n;aTa poKa ........................................................................................................ 147
3. Mo,n;epHH3ttpaHe H o6~ecrneH Hanpe,n;oK Ha KmnKeCTBoTo .......................... 155
4. Anp)l(aBeH Hau;HoHaJIH3oM B 6omapcKoTo npHcocTBHe
Ha Me)l(,n;yHapo,n;HaTa cu;eHa ............................................................................................... 160
5. ITa,n;aHe Ha Ka6HHeTa .............................................................................................. 165
VIII. YrrpaBJieHHe Ha Hapo,ri;HaTa napTHH (1894- 1899) ................................. 167

1. 06pa3yBaHe H KOHCOJIH,n;au;m:r Ha npaBHTeJICTBOTO
Ha ,n;-p KoHcTaHTHH CTOHJIOB ........................................................................................... 167
2. KnM noMHpeHHe c PycHJI ...................................................................................... 171
3. HoBaTa H3TO'IHa KpH3a .......................................................................................... l 74
4. B no3HaToTo JtIKOHOMH'IecKo pycno .................................................................... 177
IX. fo,rrrapHH Ha npara Ha XX BeK (1899 - 1903) .............................................. 185

1. 3acmrnaHe no3HIJ;HHTe Ha MOHapxa ..................................................................... 185
2. KoanHu;HotteH Ka6HHeT Ha AeMoKpaTH'IecKaTa
H I1porpecHBHO-JIH6epanHaTa napTHJI ........................................................................... 193
3. XoMoreHHO npaBHTeJICTBO Ha nporpecHBHOJIH6epamue,
Ha'IeJio c ,n;-p CTOJIH AatteB ................................................................................................ 196
X. YrrpaBJieHHe Ha Hapo,ri;Hom16epa11HaTa rrapTHH (1903 - 1908) ................. 202

1. Oco3HaTo 6e3CMJIHe ............................................................................................... 202
2. KnM Hey,n;op)l(HM no,n;eM B cTOnattCKaTa H KymypHaTa cqiepa ......................... 20
3. ITpaBHTeJicTBoTo H ono3HIJ;HJITa npe3 1907 r ................................................... 219
XI. ,[t;eMoKpaTH'lecKaTa napTHH Ha BJiacT (1908 - 1911) .................................. 222

1. BomapcKaTa He3aBHCMMOCT (22 cenTeMBpM 1908) .......................................... 222
2. KnM pe,n; H 3aKOHHOCT ............................................................................................ 227
3. B o6po'Ia Ha 6aJIKaHCKMTe npornBope'IHR ........................................................ 230
XII. EarrKaHCKH BOHHH (1912- 1913) .................................................................. 233

1. I1o noTJI tta KOMnpoMwca ...................................................................................... 233
2. <PopMHpaHe Ha BaJIKaHcKHJI CoID3 ...................................................................... 235
6
3. 06>IB>IBaHe 11 XO.II Ha IIopsarn EanKaHCKa so:ti:Ha (oKT. 1912 - Ma:ti 1913) ... 238
4. BTopa EanKaHcKa so:ti:Ha - nopBa Haq110HaJIHa KaTacTpo<Pa .......................... 243
XIV. Hau;:uoHaJIHOOCB060.r:1:uTeJIHO )J;BJf)l(eH:ue Ha 6'I>rrrap:uTe B MaKep;oH:UJI

Jf Oµ;p:UHCKO (1893-1912) ................................................................................................. 250
1. Tiono:>KeH11eTo Ha 6onrap11Te B OcMaHcKaTa 11Mnep11>I rne.r:1 Eepn11HcK11>I
KOHrpec ................................................................................................................................. 251
2. TiponaraH,I111Te ........................................................................................................ 252
3. EonrapCKOTo HaceneH11e B CesepHa .JJ:o6pywi<a 113ana,[IH11Te6omapCKM 3eM11 .......... 253
4 . .JJ:e:t'rnocT 11 pon>I Ha EonrapCKaTa eK3apxvrn ...................................................... 254
5. Cb3,IlaBaHe 11 .r:1e:ti:HOCT Ha BMOPO 11 BMOK .................................................... 257
6. J1mrn,I1eHCKO-Tipeo6pa:>KeHCKOTO B'bCTaHitie (1903) ......................................... 262
7. Ha~110HanHoorno60.r:111TeJIHOTO ,I1B11:>KeH11e rne.r:1 B'hCTaHitreTo ....................... 265
XIII. E'I>rrrapm1 B HaBe'lep:ueTo :u no BpeMe Ha Il'I>pBaTa cBeTOBHa BOHHa ...... 268

1. Eonrap11>I rne.r:1 EanKaHCK11Te so:ti:H11 (1913 - 1915) ......................................... 268
2. Eonrapirn Me:>KAY AHTaHTaTa 11 l(eHTpanH11Te rnn11 ........................................ 272
3. Tipe3 no6e.r:111 K'hM HOBa KarncTpocpa .................................................................. 276
4. Tiorne.r:1crn11>ITa OT e,IlvIH norperneH 1136op ........................................................ 281
XV. E'I>rrrapcKOTO o6m;ecTBO crreµ; Il'I>pBaTa CBeTOBHa BOHHa.

YnpaBJieH:ue Ha E'I>rrrapcK:UJI 3eMeµ;errcK:u C'I>I03 ......................................................... 286
1. TipoMeHeH11>IT 11 npoMeH>I~ ce CB>IT rne.r:1 TiopBaTa CBeTOBHa BO:t'IHa ........... 286
2. TIpexo.r:1 K'hM caMOCTO>ITeJIHO ynpasneH11e ......................................................... 289
3. TipoT11Bope•nrnarn 11.r:1eorrorn>I 11 pe<PopMeHa .r:1e:ti:HocT Ha E3HC .................. 294
4. BoHilIHonoJ111TwrecK11 11H11Q11aT11B11 ................................................................... 302
5. Ono311Q11>ITa (1920 - 1923) .................................................................................. 305
6. TioT>IT K'bM 9 IOH11 ................................................................................................... 309
XVI. ,D;eMoKpaTH'leCK:UHT croBop :u HeroBOTo yrrpaBJieHHe (1923 - 1931) .. 312

1. TI op Bo npas11TeJICTBO Ha'tfeno c npo<P. AneKcaHAop l(aHKOB ........................ 312
2. BTOp11 crosop11cTK11 Ka611HeT Ha AH.r:1pe:ti Jl>In'feB (1926 - 1931) .................. 323
XVII. "KopaBaTa µ;eMoKpau;Hs" Ha Hapoµ;H:us 6rroK ........................................ 334

1. <PopM11paHe Ha Ka611HeTa ...................................................................................... 334
2. TipaB11TeJICTBeH11 MepK11 3a npeO,[IOJI>IBaHe Ha TIOCJie,[111Q11Te
OT 11KOHOM11'tfeCKaTa Kp113a ................................................................................................ 33 7
3. E'hnrap11>I 11 npoMeH>IIQaTa ce Me:>K,I1yHapo.r:1Ha KOHIOHKTypa ......................... 343
4. EnoKoT 11 ono311Q11RTa ........................................................................................... 348
XVIII. 06m;ecTBeHo-11KOHOMJ1'1ecKo 1111orr11T11'1ecKo pa3Bl1Tlle Ha

E'I>rrrap:uJI B HaBe'lep:ueTo Ha BTOpaTa cBeTOBHa BOHHa (1934 - 1939) _. .............. 352
1. .JJ:eBeTHa,[leCeTOMaMQ11 Ha BJiaCT ........................................................................... 3 52
7
2. Ka61rneT'bT Ha reH. IIeH'IO 3naTeB (22 J.£Hyap:w - 21 anp:wn 1935) .................. 358
3. IIpaB:wTencrno, Haqeno c AHgpe:i1 TorneB (21 anp:wn - 23 HOeMBp:w 1935) ... 360
4. YnpaBJieH:We Ha Ka611HeTMTe Ha reoprn Kboce:wBaHOB (1935 - 1940) ............ 363
XIX. H~oHanHoocso6o,a;:iuerrHo ,D;BIDKeHHe Ha 6nrrrapHTe (1919 - 1939) .. .379

1. B MaKegoHMJ.! .......................................................................................................... 379
2. B TpaKHJ.! .................................................................................................................. 394
3. B ,[(o6pyg)Ka............................................................................................................. 398
4. B 3anagHMTe noKpati:HHHM .................................................................................... 403
XX. 3aJie3'I>T Ha TpeToTo 6nrrrapcKo :qapcTBO (1939 - 1944) ......................... .407

1. EonrapcKMJ.!T HeyTpan:wTeT B Ha'laJioTo Ha BOHHaTa ....................................... .407
2. IIp:wcoeg11HJ.1BaHe Ha EonrapwJ.£ K'bM Tp:wcTpaHHHJ.£ naKT .............................. .411
3. ,[(np)KaBHaTa Kplirna 1943-1944 r ......................................................................... 418
XXI. IIapTHHHo-norrHTH'IecKaTa cHcTeMa B Enrrrapm1 (1879 - 1944) ........ .426

1. ,[(BynaprnfmMJ.1Tnon11rnqecKM Mogen B KHJ.()Kecrno Eonrap:wJ.£ (1879-1886) ...... 427
2. IIorr:wTH'lecKHTe napTHM B J.faTO'IHa PyMeJIHJ.! ................................................. .429
3. MHoronapTMHHaTa IlOJIMTH'leCKa CMCTeMa (1886 - 1918) .............................. .431
4. IloCTparn Mo3af1Ka rneg IIopBaTa CBeTOBHa BOti:Ha........................................ .437
8
HOBA E'b!II'APCKA MCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
Ilpe~roBop
YtJe6Hl1K'bT e npeAHa3HatJeH 3a cTyAeHTl1 B lllyMeHCKl1R yH11Bepo:1TeT "Ern1cKon

KoHCTaHl1TH n pecnaBCK11''. Tow e C'bo6pa3eH c xopap11yMa Ha AYICI.rtrnmrnaTa B YTB'bp-
AeHYITe yqe6H11 nnaHoBe 3a cneQYiaJIHOCTl1Te "J1cTop11R': ''.Apxeonor11R': "E'hnrapcK11
e3l1K 11 l1CTOpYIR" 11 "J1cTop11R 11 reorpaqmR''.
YtJe6Hl1K'bT e pa3pa6oTeH B'b3 OCHOBa Ha TIOCTJ1DKeHl1l1RTa Ha HalliaTa l1CTop11or-
pacp11R. B l13JIO)f(eH11eTo ca nocTaBeH11 aKQeHTl1 B'bpxy non11T11Ka, l1KOHOMl1Ka, Kyn-
Typa, HaQYIOHaJIHOOCB060Al1TeJIHl1 6op611 l1 He Ha TIOCJieAHO MRCTO Ha lll1'IHOCTl1Te,
C'bTBOpl1lll1 l1CTOpYIRTa Ha nepHOAa.
3aAatJaTa Ha yqe6Hl1Ka e Aa TIOATIOMOrHe CTy,[leHTl1Te npl1 TIOAfOTOBKaTa l1M, Aa
npoBOKl1pa TeXHl1R l1HTepec K'bM HOBaTa Hl1 YICTOpLrn l1 rYI TIOATYIKHe K'bM T'bpceHe l1
l13YtJaBaHe Ha AOTI'blIHYITeJIHa l1HcpopMaQl1R. CTepl10A'bT Hee pa3pa6oTeH B paMKl1Te Ha
l13AaBaHaTa MHoroTOMHa J1cTopYIR Ha E'hnrapl1R. He ca ny6mrKyBaHYI l1 yttl1Bepcl1-
TeTCKl1 neKQYIOHHl1 KypcoBe. Cepl1o3eH onl1T e HanpaBeH e.r111HCTBeHo B "J1CTop1rn Ha
HOBa E'hnrapYIR': T. III, YI3A. ''.AHy6Hc': 1999.
YtJe6Hl1K'bT MO)f(e .z:1a ce noJI3Ba OT npenoAaBaTeJIYI no l1CTOpl1R, My3eHHl1 pa6oT-
Hl1Ql1, apx11Bl1CTYI, KaKTO H OT 'IYITaTeJIYI c npocpeCl10HaJIHa Harnaca K'bM l1CTOpt1RTa.
lllyMeH, 12 Maw 2008 r.

PocwQa AHrenoBa
9
HOBA E"b!II'APCKA MCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
I. Bb3CTAHOBJIBAHE HA EbAfAPCKATA
JlbPlliABHA TPNU1YHJI
1878 r. 03HaMeHyBa Ha'IanoTo Ha HOB rrep110p; B 11cTop1u1Ta Ha 6onrapcK11.1I Hapop;

- pa)J(ga ce Tpernrn 6onrapCKa p;op)J(aBa. Tipep; HoBoocBo6op;eHaTa Hau;m1 ce pa3Kp11-
BaT xopl130HTl1Te Ha caMOCTOJITenHo gop)J(aBHO coiu;ecTByBaHe, Ha C'b3l1)J;aTeneH TPYA
l1 rrpl1o6iu;aBaHe K'bM eBporreJ1CK11.lI CB.IIT.
1. BpeMenuo pycKo ynpaBAeHRe
YcrropegHo c orrl1T11Te 3a rrpoT11BogeJ1cTB11e cpenw pernemrnrn Ha Eepn11HcK11.1I

goroBop ce 113II'bllHRBaT 11 HeroB11Te rrpep;rrHcaH11.1I 3a agM11H11cTp11paHe Ha KHJI)J(e-
cTBoTo go 113pa60TBaHeTo 11 rrp11eMaHeTo Ha KOHCT11Tyu;11.1I. BcnIIWOCT o~e B MaH11-
cpeCTa cl1 K'bM 6onrapcK11.1I Hapop; MMnepaTop AneKcaHp;op II rrop;qeprnBa, qe B ocBo-
6op;eH11Te Tep11Topl111 TypcKaTa BnacT TpR6Ba p;a ce 3aMeHR c "npaB11nHo yrrpaBneH11e''.
PycKOTO rrpaBHTencTBO, KOeTo e C'bBCeM HaRcHo, qe np11 ycrrerneH pa3BOM 11 Kpaf! Ha
BOMJ-IaTa cno)J(HaTa 3ap;aqa 3a B'bBe)J(p;aHe Ha rpa)J(p;ancKo yrrpaBneHMe ~e 3aB11c11 113-
KnIO'IMTenHo OT Hero, 3aIIO'IBa p;eMHOCT B Ta311 HacoKa p;aneq npep;11 Ha'IaJIOTO Ha B'b-
opo)J(emrn c6noC'bK. Tio CTe'-1eH11e Ha BOeHHO-IIOJl11T11'IeCKli!Te o6cTO.lITencTBa 11 ITO
BnTpeIIrnaTa nor11Ka Ha HeroBoTo pa3Bl1Tl1e B'bB BPY MoraT ga ce pa3rpaH11'IaT HRKon-
KO eTarra.
IIop;roTBMTeJIHJUIT eTan. BnrrpocoT 3a yrrpaBnemreTo Ha orno6op;eHl1Te B xop;a
Ha BOTIIHaTa 6onrapcK11 3eM11 e )J;11CKYT11paH )J;'bllfO BpeMe rrpeg11 3aIIO'IBaHeTO Ha BO-
eHHli!Te p;ewcTBHR. Crropep; Ha'IepTaH11.1I OT pycKoTo npaB11TencTBO nnaH oco6eH11.1I
xapaKTep Ha BOMHaTa Hanara He3a6aBHO B'bBe)J(gaHe Ha yrrpaBneH11e B orno6op;eH11Te
3eM11. :Vfarpa)J(p;aHeTo Ha npaB11JIHO 11 geficTBaiu;o ynpaBneH11e 11311CKBa 3ap;on60'-1eHo
l1 o6cTofIHo l13Y'IaBaHe Ha )J(11BOTa B cTpaHaTa. BH11MaH11eTo Ha 11MnepaTop AneKcaH-
Anp e np11Bne'IeHo OT KHR3 Bnap;111vrnp AneKca1-1gpoBH'I lJepKaCKl1, B11p;eH o6~ecrneH
geeu;. 1 3aToBa Ha 16 HOeMBp11 1876 r. TOM ro Ha3Ha'IaBa 3a 3aBe)J(p;aiu; rpa)J(p;aHCKHTe
gena np11 JJ:ef!cTBa~aTa apM11R c npaBaTa Ha Ha'IanHHK Ha noneB11R iu;a6 11 Ha n11'IeH
1 Ktt.113 Bnap;11M11p l.JepKacKH JaBopnrna npaBo B MocKOBCKl1R ymrneprnTeT. Toti: e ep;l1H OT
pap;eTemITe Ha KpenOCTHaTa no3eMJJeHa pecpopMa B PyGrn. Pa6onr B ap;MJ1Hl1CTpal\l1RTa Ha Bacan-

HOTO KpancTBO ITomna meµ; noTyrnaBaHeTo Ha noncKoTo B'bCTattwe OT 1863 r., K'bp;eTo l13BoprnBa
rroJeMJJeHa pecpopMa. Cnep; TOBa e KMeT Ha MocKBa, C'bJ):laBa Mop;eptta ap;Ml1HMCTpal\l1R l1 ycTpotl:Ba
,,fpap;CKaTa pecpopMa". no BpeMe Ha PycKO - TypcKaTa BOMHa poKOBO,lll1 Ml1Cl1RTa Ha PycKl1R 'IepBeH
KpocT, a OT Ha'!anoTo Ha 1878 r. e poKOBO,!IMTeJJ Ha BpeMeHHOTO pyCKo yrrpaBnettue, KOeTO yCTpotl:Ba
rpa)l()J;aHCKaTa l1 BOeHHa a)J;Ml1Hl1CTpal\l'UI B OCBo6op;eHl1Te Tep11T0pl1l1. Y'IaCTBa B !IO,llfOTOBKaTa Ha
6op;ell\aTa TopHOBCKaTa KOHCTl1T)'l\l1R. 3a6oJJRJI OT Manapl1R, yMupa B Catt CTecpaHo Ha 19 cpeBpya-
Pl1 1878 r., p;eHR Ha nop;n11cBatte Ha p;oroBopa.
Pocu4a AHzeJ10Ba
)l;OKlla;n; rrpe;n; rnaBHOKOMaH;n;Ba~MR pycKaTa apMM.lI. 3a QellTa e yrnnp;n;eHa OT MMIIe-

paTopa crreQMallHa HHCTPYKQMR, c KORTO ce orrpe;n;enRT rrpaBaTa 11 3a;n;nmKeHMRTa Ha
3aBe)J(;n;a~HR rpa)J(;n;aHCKMTe ;n;ena. CnrnacHo MHCTPYKQMRTa 3aBe)J(;n;a~MHT rpa)l(;n;aH-
CKHTe ;n;ena TpR6Ba ;n;a Cn6epe B KpaT'bK cpoK Heo6xo;n;MMMTe CTaTMCTMqecKM M MCTO-
p:wqecKH MaTepHallM 3a IIOllO)J(eHMeTO B CTpaHaTa, B'bBe)f(;n;aHe Ha HOBO rpa)J(;n;aHCKO
yrrpaBlleH:we, KOeTO ;n;a 06e3rreq11 CIIOKOeH TMll Ha apM:t-tRTa M 6e30IIaCHOCT 3a 6n71-
rapcKOTO HaceneHMe, ycTaHOB.R:BaHe Ha KOHTaKTM c MeCTH11 )J(J1Te7111, 6narotta;n;e)l()l;HM
M OIIMTHM, K011TO C'bC CBORTa rrpe;n;aHOCT Ha pycKOTO rrpaBMTellCTBO M BllMRHMe ~e
6n;n;aT rrone3HM rrpu opraHH3:t-tpaHeTO Ha MeCTHOTo caMoyrrpaBneHue. Cpe;n; 3a;n;aq11Te
ca B'bBe)l(;n;aHe pe;n; rrpM pa3rrpe;n;e7IRHeTO H B3eMaHeTO Ha ;n;aH'bQHTe M Ha7I0311Te 11 OCM-
rypRBaHe Ha KOHTp071 rrpM T.R:XHOTO C'b611paHe; 3aIIa3BaHe Ha C'b~eCTByBa~MTe Ha-
po;n;HM yq11n11~a; 3aKpirna Ha rrpaBornaBHaTa QnpKBa 11 oKa3BaHe II'bllHO cn;n;e:i1:crn:we
Ha BOeHHOTO Haqa7JCTBO rrp11 H3II'b71HeH:we Ha HerOBHTe 3a;n;aq:w.
I1p11 rrpoyqBaTenm:1Te pa6oTM KHR3 qepKaCKM BKmoqBa B c'bCTaBa Ha KaHQena-
pMRTa CM llMQa, KOHTO ca ;n;o6pe 3arro3HaTH c II07IO)l(eH11eTo B TypQM.R: 11 Hati:-Beqe ca
113T'bKHaTM crreQ:wan11cT11. TaKMBa ca: Cepreti: JlyKHRHOB - 3a 3aBe)J(;n;a~ cn;n;e6HHTe
pa6orn, rrpocpecopnT OT XapK0BcK11.R: yttMBeprnTeT Map:irn .II;p11HoB 3a 3aBe:>K;n;all\
Hapo;n;HoTo rrpoCBe~em1e, rrpocp. Eor.1111111q, Haf1;n;eH fepoB, To;n;op EypMOB, To;n;op
I1KOHOMOB 11 ;n;p. Bee c Ta311 Qell B EyKype~ rro;n; rrpe;n;ce;n;aTencTBOTO Ha rronK. JI. H.
Co6oneB e cncTaBeHa oco6eHa KOMMC.MH, B KORTO B7IH3aT KaTo qneHoBe KHR3 IIIaxoB-
CKHti:, H. fepoB, K. CTaH.MIIIeB, T. EypMoB, Xp. CTO.R:HOB H ;n;p. KoMHCMRTa TpR6Ba ;n;a
.113;11;.MpM, Cn6epe 11 CHCTeMaTH3.Mpa BCJ1qK.J1 MaTep.Mall.M M CTaT.MCT11qecK11 CBe;n;eHHR 3a
Enmap11R, 3aII03HaBaHeTo c KOHTO e Heo6xo;n;11Mo 3a rrnpBoHaqaJIHOTO yrrpaBJieH11e B
cTpaHaTa. Crrope;n; yKa3aH.MRTa Ha KHR3 qepKacKM, KOM.MCMRTa TpR6Ba rrocpe;n;cTBOM
rrpoyqBaHeTo Ha ;n;eti:cTBall\.MTe B EBporreti:cKa TypQHR 3aKOHliI ;n;a oCBeTJ111 coQ11anHo-
.MKOHOM.11qecK0To, rron11T.11qecK0To 11 KynTypHoTo C'bCTORHMe Ha 6nnrapcK11R Hapo;n;,
6e3 ;n;a ce 3acRraT Bnrrpoc.11Te 3a 6n;n;e~oTo yCTpoti:crno Ha Ennrap.MR. Pa6oTaTa Ha
KOM11CHRTa rrp11KmoqBa c .M3)l;aBaHeTO Ha rreT B.MrrycKa "MaTep11al1bl ;ll;JIR :i13yqeH11R
Eonrap:irn''.
BoeHHOBpeMeHH.MHT eTarr 3arroqBa c ;n;ecaHTa rrp11 CBMII\OB .11 B T0311 ;n;yttaBCKM
rpa;n; e HarrpaBeHa rrnpBaTa CT'bIIKa 3a pean113.11paHo B'bBe:>K;n;aHe Ha rpa)l(;n;aHcKo yn-
paBneH11e - Ha 16 FOJIM 3a ry6epHaTOp .11 BMQery6epHaTOp Ha CBJ1~0BcKa ry6epmrn ca
Ha3Haqem1 cnoTBeTHO - Hati:;n;eH f epoB 11 MapKo Eana6aHoB.
To311 aKT cnBrra;n;a c rroTB'bp)l(;n;aBaHeTo rrpe3 FOH11 1877 r. Ha I1HCTPYKQ.MRTa 3a
yqpe;n;RBaHe Ha IInpBOHaqanHo BOeHHO-IIOJI.MQeti:CKO yrrpaBnem1e B 3aB3eT.MTe OT BOti:-
CKaTa 3eM.M, C'bCTaBeHa OT 3aBe)l(;n;all\M.lI rpa)l(;n;aHCK11Te pa6oT.M.
HecnMHeHo BoeHHMTe MeCeQa ca BpeMe Ha BnpxoBHO Harrpe)l(eH11e B pa6oTaTa Ha
KaHQenapMRTa 3a rpa)l(;n;aHcKo yrrpaBnemre. 06oco6eH11 ca 8 ry6epH11.11 (CB11~0BcKa,
PyceHcKa, TynqaHcKa, OpRXOBCKa, TnpHoBcKa, Cocp11ti:cKa, I1110B;n;MBCKa .11 Cn.11BeH-
CKa), KaTO Ha7111Qe e CTpeMe)I( K'bM B'bBe)J(;n;aHe Ha o6~HHCKO .M OKp'b)l(HO yrrpaB7IeH11e
rrocpe;n;cTBOM ccpopM11paHe Ha .1136opH.11 a;n;M11HMcTpaT11BHM 11 cn;n;e6H.11 C'bBeT11. Yrrpa-
BnemieTo Ha oT;n;eJIH.MTe caH;n;)l(aQ.M e rroBepeHo Ha ry6epHaTop.11Te. Te yrrpaBJIRBaT c
rroMO~Ta Ha B11Qery6epHaTop11. Ha ry6epHaTopa ca rro;n;q.11HeH11 Bc.11qK:w rpa)l(;n;aHCKM
12
HOBA E'bflI'APCKA MCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
l1 nonm. ~ei1:cKl1 BnacTl1. IIpaBl1 BneqaTJieHHe, qe 3a ry6epHaTopl1 ca Ha3HaqaBaHl1 M3-

Kmoql1TeJIHO 6onrapM, npe,n;MMHO l13T'bKHaTl1 ,n;eiiu;M, 3ano3HaTl1 c ynpaBJieHCKl1Te B'b-
npocl1. ToBa e B cornacHe c M3l1CKBaHeTo ,n;a ce Co3,n;a,n;e no B'b3MO)l(HOCT B no-KpaT'bI<
cpoK MeCTHa, ql1CTO 6onrapcKa a,n;Ml1Hl1CTpau;m1, KORTO ,n;a 3aMeHl1 pycKaTa, l1Ma~a
BpeMeHHO npe,n;Ha3HaqeHl1e.
TopHoBcKa ry6epHl1R - reH. Maiiop M.A. JJ;oMOHTOBl1q 3a ry6epHaTOp M JJ;p. II;aH-
KOB - Bl1u;ery6epHaTOp
CBl1~0BCKa ry6epHl1R - Haii,n;eH fepoB - ry6epHaTOp l1 MapKo Eana6aHOB - BM-
u;ery6epHaTOp
TynqaHcKa ry6epHl1R - I1. B. Eenou;epKoBeu; 3a ry6epHaTOp l1 noJIK. IOpreHcoB
(e,n;l1HCTBeHl1R pyrnaK) - 3a Bl1u;ery6epHaTOp
PyceHCKa ry6epHl1R - noJIK. B. r. 3onornpeB - ry6epHaTOp l1 H. JJ;acKaJIOB - Bl1-
u;ery6epHaTOp
OpRXOBCKa (Bu,n;MHCKa) - JI. TyxonKa - ry6epHaTOp l1 K. CrnHmneB 3a Bl1u;ery-
6epHaTOp
CoqrniiCKa (OpxaHl1MCKa) - II. B. Ana6l1H 3a ry6epHaTOp l1 M. JJ;pHHOB 3a Bl1u;e-
ry6epHaTOp
IInoB,n;ttBCKa - noJIK. H. A. IIIeneneB 3a ry6epHaTOp l1 I1. I1BaHoB 3a Buu;ery6ep-
HaTop
CJil1BeHcKa ry6epHl1R - nonK. JI. I1. l1JibRIIIeBl1q 3a ry6epHaTop
B C'bCTaBeHHTe oKp'b)l(HM l1 rpa,n;cKl1 C'bBeTl1 yqacTBaT qneHoBe no npaBo (no
,D;JI'b)f(HOcT) l1 no l136op. B no-roneMHTe rpa,n;oBe ce Ha3HaqaBaT nonHu;MeiiCTepw,
noJI3Ba~l1 ce npl1 ynpaBneHMeTo Ha rpa,n;a c npaBaTa Ha OKp1>)1(HJ1 HaqaJIH11u;11. Ilona-
raT ce cneu;HaJIHl1 ycMJil1R 3a c'b3,Il;aBaHe Ha ,n;o6poBoJIHa CTpa)f(a c nonHu;eiicKw cpyttK-
D;l1t1 11 Ha BoOp'b)f(eHl1 KapaynM.
O~e c npeMHHaBaHeTo Ha pycKHTe BOMCKl1 Ha 6onrapcKa Tep11Top11R ce noCTaBR
Bonpoca 3a HeOTJIO)l(HOTO 11 6op3o C'b3,Il;aBaHe Ha no~eHCKM coo6~eHwR. B cTpaHaTa
ca KOMaH,n;HpoBaHu onl1TH11Te B no~eHCKoTo ,n;eno Pa,n;qeHKO 11 Tpy6aqeeB. l13roTBeH
e npoeKTonpaBl1JIHMK 3a no~eHcKaTa cny)l(6a B Eonrap11R. B Hero ce yToqHJIBa Ha-
ql1Ha Ha yqpe,n;RBaHeTO Ha no~eHCKJ1 CTaHD;WM, pa3CTORHJ1eTO Me)f(,n;y TJIX, 6poii Ha
KOHeTe J1 npeB03Hl1Te cpe,n;cTBa, npe,n;BJ1)f(,Il;a~J1 ce 3a BCRKa CTaHD;l1R, ,Il;JI'b)l(HOCTHJ1Te
mru;a, HaT0BapeH11 c npeHarnHeTo Ha no~aTa. 3a 6onrapcK11R Hapo,n; yCTpoiicTBOTO Ha
no~eHcKoTo ,n;eno e roJIRMa npH,n;o611BKa.
AKTl1BHa e ,n;eiiHOCTTa Ha rpa)f(,n;aHcKoTo ynpaBJieHtte B o6nacTTa Ha cpHHaHcoBaTa
qacT. Cpe,n; nopBl1Te aKTOBe ca OTMeHJIHeTo Ha B3eMaHl1Te OT TypcKOTo npaBHTeJICTBO
,n;aH'hD;l1 - 6e,n;en, cepql1M l1 roIIIyp (,n;eCRT'bK), Jil1KBl1,Il;l1paHe Ha nopoqHaTa c11cTeMa 3a
OTKynyBaHe Ha ,n;aH'bKa OT OTKynqm._\MTe. JJ;aH'bK'bT 6e,n;en ce 3aMeHJI c o6~a BOeHHa
nOBl1HHOCT, KaTO no T03l1 Haql1H Ha 6onrap11Te ce ,n;aBa B'b3MO)l(HOCT c opo)l(J1e ,n;a
6paHRT CBOeTo OTeqecTBO. Coe cneu;uaJIHa J1HCTPYKD;t1R OT FOJil1 1877 r. ce onpe,n;eJIR
pe,n;a, no KOMTo TpR6Ba ,n;a cTaHe co6HpaHeTo Ha ,n;ecJIT'bKa 3a TeK~aTa 1877 r. OT Koc-
BeHMTe ,n;aH'bD;J1, KOJ1TO ce C'b611paT Haii-Ba)l(eH e aKD;lil3'bT Bopxy TFOTFOHa Ii.I cnl1pTHJ1-
Te nl1Tl1eTa. Co6HpaHeTo Ha Ml1TaTa npo,n;'bJI)f(aBa cnope,n; pa3nope,n;6l1Te c l13BeCTHJ1
o6JieKqeHJilJI c orne,n; C'b~eCTByBa~aTa o6cTaHOBKa. 0CBo6o,n;eHl1 OT Ml1TO ca BCJ1qKJ1
Pocui{a AH2eJ10Ba
npe,[\MeTM, BHaCR:HM 3a 3a,n;oB01rnBaHe Ha HY)f(.r:IMTe Ha Bot'tcKaTa li1 l.J:epBeHMR KpocT,

KaKTO COlTTa Ji1 CTp01i1TelTHJi1Te MaTepMalTM. 3a6paHeH e Ji13HOC'bT Ha KO)!(Ji1.
KaTo rnaBHM <PMHaHCOBM yqpe)f(.n;emrn ce yrnop)f(,n;aBaT ry6epHCKMTe M oKpo)i(-
HMTe Ka3Hal.JeHCTBa, KOMTO 3anaraT Ha rrpeIJ;Ji13HaTa OTl.JeTHOCT Ji1 IIOBCeMeCTHJi1R KOH-
TPOJI TaKa ce M3rpa)f(.n;a C'bBoprneHo HOB 06m1K Ha <PMHaHcoBaTa CMCTeMa Ha HOBOli13-
rp1)f(.r1aI1..1aTa ce 6omapcKa .n;op)l(aBa.
TipMcT'bIIBa ce li1 K'bM B'b3CTaHOBRBaHe Ha rpa)f(,n;aHcKaTa co.n;e6Ha BnacT. Ha
npaKTMKa ycTaHOBRBaHeTo 11 cTaBa '1pe3 B'b3CTaHOBRBaHe Ha .n;et'!HOCTTa Ha C'bBenne
Ha CTapeH111Ji1HJi1Te, KOMTO OCBeH <PYHKIJ;li11i1 Ha 06I1..1MHCKJi1 C'bBeT MMaT Ji1 TaKMBa Ha
rroMMPMTeneH cw1. Bn3o6HoBeHa e .n;et'!HoCTTa Ha oKpo)f(HMTe co.n;e6HM C'bBeTM. KoM-
rrneKTyBa ce lTM'IHMR cocTaB Ha HaJIM'IHJUe co.n;e6HM yqpe)f(,n;eHMR. Crrope.n; HOpMa-
TMBHMTe aKTOBe l.JJieHOBeTe Ha C'b,n;e6HMTe C'bBeTM ce li136ttpaT OT HaceJieHMeTO. ToBa
oba<re e conpoBo,n;eHo c pe,n;Mu;a TPY.r:IHOCTM - nwrrca Ha xopa, 3ano3HaTw c BonpocMTe
Ha rrpaBOCb,[\MeTO, MalT'bK 6pot't o6pa3oBaHJiI 6omapM li1 np. Cne,n;oBaTenHo rrpoBe)f(.n;a-
He Ha cv.n;e6Ha pecpopMa HRMa, HO ce 3a6eJIR3BaT 6ne,n;M npoRBM Ha ycoBoprneHCTBaHe
Ha npanopa3gaBaTenHaTa CMCTeMa. ,[(et'tcTBaT Ji1 BOeHHO-TTOJieBJil C'b,[\Ji1JllilIIJ;a, no l.Jli1RTO
IIO,[\Cb,IJ;HOCT nona,n;aT Hai1-Te)f(KJi1Te 11 cepli103Hli1 npeCT'bTTJieHMR.
B o6nacrTa Ha Hapo,n;HaTa nporneTa He HaCT'bnBaT 3Hal.JHTeJIHli1 npoMeHJiI rrpe,n;-
BV!,I\ BOeHHaTa o6cTaHOBKa. Coe 3arrol.JBaHeTo Ha BOHHaTa )"IMlllilll.laTa ca 3aTBopeHliI,
a Mfloro OT y'lwTeJIJi!Te npeMMHaBaT Ha pa6oTa forno KaTo rrpeBO,[\a'lliI, 6MJIO KaTo e,n;HM
OT nopBi.'.ITe 6bnrapcKJil 'lliIHOBHMIJ;liI B HOBO Cb3,[\aBa111aTa ce a,n;MMHlilCTpau;HR. Ca-
MMTe yquJIMll.IHlil rroMell.leHJiIR ca rrpeBopHaTM B 6oJJHlilIJ;lil, Jia3apeTlil, CKJia,[\OBe liIJIM
npMcrroco6eHJil 3a HaCTaHRBaHe Ha HOBHTe yqpe)f(,n;eHHR. MapwH ,[(plilHOB rrpe.n;rrpMeMa
pe,I\MJ~a rrpoy'IBaHMR OTHOCHO 60.n;e111aTa yqe6Ha ype.n;6a B Eonrapwn. B OCHOBaTa Ha
B!A.IK,[\amuna MY 3alTRraT HRKOJiI OT OCHOBHI1Te noJIO)f(eHli!R Ha pycKaTa yqe6Ha .n;et't-
HOCT, TaKa LI pa36MpaHeTo, qe 60.n;e111aTa rrporneTHa .n;et'!HOCT B Eonrap:i.rn TpR6Ba .n;a
3ana3M C'bll.lecrnyBall.IMR .n;o Orno6mK,n;em1eTo Ha'IMH rrplil o6e3IIel.JaBaHeTo MaTepM-
anHaTa li13,[lp'b)f(Ka Ha Y'IHJIMll.laTa. Tio rrpe,IIJIO)f(eHHe Ha l.J:epKacKlil B TinoB,IlliIB ca OT-
KpMTM "TipaKTM'lecKM KypcoBe no pyCKM e3MK': K'b,IleTo ce 3arrMcBaT MHoro MJia,Ile)f(Jif.
B npo,Il'bJJ)!(eHJile Ha 'leTlilPlil Meceu;a KypcoBeTe IIO,IlfOTBRT 150 .IIYllllil.
HeMaJJKO rpM)f(Jil l.J:epKacKM rronara Iii KaTo rnaBeH rrpe,IICTaBMTeJI Ha l.J:epBeHMR
Kp'bCT. c OCB060)!(,IlaBaHeTO Ha BCeKJi1 rpa.n; He3a6aBHO ce rrpMCT'bIIBa K'bM C'b3,IlaBaHe
Ha rpa)K,IlaHCKa Me,Illi!IJ;MHCKa cny)l(6a. BoB BClil'IKM ry6epHcKM Iii oKpo)f(HJil yrrpaBneHMR
ce Ha3Hal.JaBaT no e,n;HH ry6epHCKM Iii no e,IllilH OKp'b)f(eH JJeKap, Ha KOMTO ca OCMrypeHJi1
HY)KHMR rroMOll.leH nepcoHan li1 Me,IIMKaMeHTM. B3eTM ca MepKM 3a rrpe,n;oTBparnBaHe
pa3rrpoCTpaHeHMeTo Ha 3apa3Ji1TeJIHM errM,IleMH'IHM 3a6onnBaHlilR cpe.n; HaceneHMeTo.
MHoro TPY.IIHOCTM B T03M eTarr C'b3,[laBa Heo6xo,[\MMOCTTa pe,II Ba)KHM BorrpocM
,Ila ce pernaBaT crrelllHO - .n;efICTBJilRTa cpell.ly B'bOp'b)f(eHJil 6aH,[\li1, HaCTaHRBaHeTO Ha
6e)f(aHu;M, IIOMOll.I B Me,IlliIIJ;MHCKOTO o6CJJy)!(BaHe Ji1 CHa6,[\RBaHeTO Ha .n;e:i1:crna111aTa
apMHR li1 T. H. BbrrpeKM CJJO)f(HaTa o6CTaHOBKa K'bM KpaR Ha BofrnaTa 6bJirapcKOTO Ha-
cerreHwe B TTO'ITM IJ;RJiaTa CTpaHa e no.n; yrrpaBJieHMeTO Ha MeCTHJi1 rpa)K,n;aHCKJi1 BJiaCTM.
Y'faroTBeHH ca BCM'IKM rrpoeKTM, MHCTpyKu;ww w rroJio)l(eHMR, KOMTO ocpopMRT oHe3H
14
Ha:i1:-o6IIV1 opraHM3aQMOHH11 rrpirnQmrn, rrp11,n;aBaI11M Ha MJJa,n;an 6nmapCKa ,D;bp:a-.a

Ba 6yp)KOa3HO-,n;eMOKpaTWieH xapaKTep.
Mu:pHospeMeHHJUIT enrr 06xBaI11a rrep110,n;a OT rro,n;rr11rnaHeTo Ha CanCTecpaH
CKMR rrpe,n;Bap11TeJJeH ,n;oroBop ,n;o JOJJl1 1878 r., KoraTo ce rro,n;rr11rna EepJJ11HCKMR ,n;o
roBop. HoBaTa o6CTaHOBKa ,n;oBe)K,n;a ,n;o 3aKp11BaHe Ha fpa)K,n;aHCKaTa KaHQenap11H J
,n;o Ha3Ha'iaBaHe Ha 16 arrp1rn 1878 r. Ha cneQManeH pycK1111MrrepaTopcK11 KOMwcap. 31
TaK'bB e orrpe,n;eneH reHepaJJ-a,n;JOTaHTa KHR3 A.JJeKcaH,n;np M11xat::!JJoBl1'i UoHp;yKoB
KopcaKoB 2, reHepan, KOMaHp;Ban rrpe3 BOMHaTa 13-11 apMeMCKM Koprryc To:C1 rroeM1
cpyHKQMMTe Ha IIO'iMHamrn B p;eHR Ha rrop;rr11rnaHeTo Ha CaHCTecpaHCK11R rrpep;Bap11Te
neH p;oroBop KHR3 qepKaCK11 11 rronyqaBa lllli!pOKM II'blIHOMOII\11.fl.
06I1111Te Haqana, OT KOMTO Tp.H6Ba p;a ce pnKOBO,ll;M KHR3 UoHp;yKOB rrp11 rrpo
10 anpm
Be)l(p;aHe Ha CBO.HTa ,n;e:CrnocT B Ennrapw.H, ca na6eJJ.H3aHM c I1HcTpyKQMR OT
1878 r. Crrope,n; HeR Ha JllMnepaTopcKMR KOMMcap ce Bn3nara 3a,n;aqarn BCM'iKM Herom
rp11)K11 ,n;a 6n,n;aT nocBeTeH11 3a "rrpo6y)Kp;aneTo eJJeMeHTMTe Ha 6nmapcKMR Hapo,n; l
3a B'b3MO)KHO 6np3o 3a3,n;paB.HBaHe Ha p;np)l(aBHMR nop.H,n;nK, TaKa qe npM nanyCKa
HeTO Ha cTpanaTa OT pycMTe TR ,n;a 11Ma p;ocTaT'b'iHO 3,D;paBa opraHl13aQ11R, KORTO fo
Morna ,n;a ce npoTMBOIIOCTaBM Ha BCRKaKBVI Bpa)l(p;e6HJ1 BJI11RHl1R M rroceraTelICTBa
': Heo6xo,n;11Mo e ,n;a ce rro,n;roTBM 6nmapCKaTa ,n;np)l(aBHo-rrpaBHa opraHM3aQMR K'b:r.
caMOCTO.HTeJJeH IIOJJMTM'ieCKM )KJ1BOT.
C p;a,n;eHaTa na KHR3 Uon,n;yKoB-KopcaKOB ,n;orr'bJJHMTeJJHa 111-rCTpyK1~MR ce rrpe,n;
BM)l(,n;a C'b3,D;aBaHe np11 MMrrepaTopcKMR KOM11cap Ha "CnBeT Ha yrrpaBnemreTO Ha KHR
)l(ecrno Enrrrap11R". To311 cnBeT na yrrpaBJJen11no (M11n11cTepcKM C'bBeT) 1pR6Ba ,n;<
OC'bII\eCTBRBa 06Il\OTO pnKOBO}J;CTBO no BC11'iKl1 TeKYII\M ,n;ena 11 ,n;a M3pa6oTBa pa3
JJ11'iHl1 rrpoeKTM 11 nape,n;6M. Crrope,n; Y1HcTpyKQMJITa C'bBeT'bT TpR6Ba ,n;a ce CbCTOl1 ff
cep;eM oT,n;eJJa:1. 3a BnTpernmne ,n;erra; 2. <l>u:nancos J1I KOHTporren; 3. C1>µ,e6en; 4

Y'le6en J1I µ,yxosen; 5. BoeHeH; 6. Ilo~u:, TerrerpaiPJII, IInTHH cno6~eHJIIH 11 o6~ecT
Benu: pa6oTu:; 7. KaH~errapHH 3a 06~J1ITe p;erra u: 3a ,n;unrroMaTJ1I'lecKJ1ITe OTHorneHJIIJ
M K'bM He.fl CTaTMCTM'ieCKO 6IOpo.
3a 'iJJeHoBe Ha C'bBeTa M YrrpaBJJRBaII\M oT,n;eJJMTe ca na3naqenH reHepaJJ-MaMOJ
n. A. fpeccep - ynpaBJJRBalll OTp;eJJa 3a BnTpemm1Te pa6on1; K. A. Eyx - ynpaBJJJI
Balli cpHHaHCOBHR oTp;eJJ; C. J/1. JlyK11.HHOB - ynpamrnBalll c-b,n;e6J-IHR oT,n;eJJ; rrpocp. M
UpHHOB - ynpaBJJ.HBalll oT,n;erra 3a napo,n;na npornern 11 ,n;yxoBmue ,n;erra; reH. Ma:i10J
B. r. 3orrornpeB - ynpaBJIRBalll Boemnrn oT,n;err M reH. Ma:Cmp M. A. UoMOHTeBM'i - 3<
,n;11peKTop Ha KaHQeJJap1rnTa 11 3aBe)K.n;aII\ ,n;eJJaTa Ha CnBern. 3a qrreH Ha C'bBeTa cc
C'i11Ta C'bII\O M 6nmapcKMR eK3apx. 3a rrpep;ce,n;aTerr Ha CnBeTa no rrpaBo ce C'iMT<
I1MrrepaTopcKJIIR KOMMcap.
2 AneKcau,11,»p ,IJ;o11,11,}'KOB-KopcaKoB 3aB'bp11rna rrpaBo 11 BOeHHO y•rnmm-1e. A,lllOTaHT Ha KHJI.

BopOHl\CB, Y'!aCTHl1K B pe,l\111\a BOCHHl1 KaMrraHl111, reHeparr - a,lllOTaHT Ha I1Mrreparnpa, reueparr
ry6epHaTop Ha K11eBcKa, Ilo.r1orrcKa 11 Borr11HcKa ry6epHH. Ilo BpeMe Ha PyCKo-TypcKaTa Boiliua ere
Heparr OT KaBarrep11HTa, KOMaH,ll11p Ha l13TQ<JHl1H OTpH,ll. Crre.r1 CM'bpTTa Ha KHH3 T.JepKa3KJ/! rrpe3 187:
e Ha3Ha'IeH 3a 11MrrepaTopcK11 KOM11cap B Eorrrap11n. Crre.r1 rrp11KJJJO'IBaHe Ha 6orrrapcKaTa c11 M11cm
ce 3aBp'bll.\a B Pyc11n 11 e Ha3Ha<1eH 3a reHeparr- ry6epuaTop rrorne.r10BaTeJJHO Ha O.r1eca, XapKOB, 1
KaBKa3. I136paH e 3a 'IJJeH Ha ,Ihp)f(aBHl1H C'bBCT.
15
Pocu11a AHzeJZoBa
B'I>TpemHJUIT 0Tµ;e11 B3eMa He3a6aBHH MepKH 3a B'bBe)l(p;aHe Ha rpa)l(p;aHcKo-

ap;MHHHCTpaTHBHO ynpaBJieHHe B OHe3H MeCTHOCTH, KOHTO p;o T03H MOMeHT ca nop;-
BJiaCTHH Ha Bep;OMCTBOTO Ha BOeHHMTe. OT OT'leTa Ha KHR3 ,[(oHp;yKoB CTaBa RCHO, qe
ca yCTaHOBeHH 7 ry6epHHH, OT KOHTO 5B KHR)KeCTBO E'hJirapHR l1 2B vfaTO'IHa PyMe-
Jll1R. 3a p;a ce nop;o6pM pa6ornrn Ha rpa)l(,D;aHCKOTO ynpaBJieHHe e l13B'bprueHa peBH3HR
B'bpxy p;eHHOCTTa Ha BCM'IKH yqpe)l(p;eHHR, HaMHpa~l1 ce Ha Tep11TOpl1RTa Ha p;ap;eHa
ry6epHHR. PeBH3HRTa ce l13B'bprnBa nop; npRKOTO p'bKOBop;cTBO Ha ynpaBJIRBa~11,q B'b-
TpernHHR oTp;eJI reH. Mawop fpeccep. PeBH3HRTa noKa3Ba C'b~ecTBeHH nponycKH H
pa3JIH'IHR, nopap;H KOeTO ca H3p;ap;eHH HOBH npaBHJia - 3a rpap;CKHTe H 3a OKp'b)l(HHTe
C'bBeTH, H 3a ry6epHCKJ1Te ynpaBHTeJIHH C'bBeTH.
C'bcTaB'bT Ha fpap;cKHR C'bBeT BKJIID'IBa ep;HH npep;cep;aTeJI, TPHMa nocTORHHH
'IJieHOBe H OT 4 p;o 12 IIO'leTHH 'IJieHoBe, KOHTO ce J136HpaT 3a cpoK OT p;Be rop;HHH
113 cpep;aTa Ha MeCTHHTe )l(HTeJIH Ha rpap;a no p;BycTeneHHaTa c11cTeMa. Y'lpep;eHHRT
rpap;cKM C'bBeT p;ewcTBa KaTo KonerHaJIHO TRJIO B npep;en11Te Ha npep;ocrnBeHHTe MY
npaBOMO~HR HaII'bJIHO caMOCTORTeJIHO. 3a pa3JIHKa OT fpap;CKHR C'bBeT Ha OKp'b)l(HHR
C'bBeT KaTO IIO-BHCIIIa ap;MMHHCTpaTHBHa ep;HHHQa e B'b3JIO)KeHO KaKTO p'bKOBO,D;eHe-
TO Ha BCH'IKH o6~eCTBeHO-CTOIIaHCKH p;ena B OKp'bra (c l13KJilO'leHJ1e Ha rpap;oBeTe),
TaKa H Ha Te3H, KOHTO ca B'bB Bp'b3Ka c l1HTepecHTe Ha xa3HaTa. 0Kp'b)l(HHRT C'bBeT
ce C'bCTOJ1 OT 4 IIOCTORHHH 'IJieHoBe, 4 IIO'leTHH H 1 npep;cep;aTeJI, J136paHH 3a cpoK OT
p;Be rop;HHH OT MeCTHHTe )l(J1TeJIH. qJieHOBeTe Ha C'bBeTa J136HpaT IIOMe)l(p;y CH ep;HH
ceKpernp H Ka3Ha'lew. TaKa KOHCTpYJ1paH 0Kp'b)l(HHRT C'bBeT p;ewcTBa KaTo ap;MHHH-
cTpaTHBHO-cTonaHCKO TRJIO. KaTo BHCIIIe ap;MHHHcTpaTHBHO yqpe)l(p;eHHe p;ewcTBa
fy6epHCKHR C'bBeT 3a pernaBaHe Ha B'bnpocH H p;ena, oTHarn~11 ce p;o BCH'IKH MeCTa
H JIHQa OT ap;MHHHCTpaTHBHOTO Be,D;OMCTBO. IJo npaBO HerOB npep;cep;aTeJI e ry6epHa-
TOp'bT. f y6epHCKHRT C'bBeT pa3rJie)l(p;a BCH'IKJ1 OHe3J1 B'bIIpocH, KOHTO CTORT H3B'bH
KOMIIeTeHTHOCTTa Ha rpap;CKHTe H OKp'b)l(HHTe C'bBeTH l1 ca CB'bp3aHH C'bC 3eMep;eJIH-
eTo, T'bprOBHRTa, Hapop;HOTO npoCBe~eHMe, o6~eCTBeHHTe pa60TH, o6~0IIOJie3HJ1Te
yqpe)l(p;emrn H Hapop;HoTo 3p;paBe.
Bup;Ho e, qe ycTpowcTBOTO Ha rpap;cKMTe, oKp'b)l(HHTe H ry6epHcKHTe C'bBeTw
IIO'IHBa Ha Ha'laJiaTa Ha p;eQeHTpaJIH3aQHRTa, a H36opHOTO Ha'laJio HMa HaH-IIIHpOKO
npHJIO)J(eHHe. Oco6eHo BHHMaHHe B'hTpernHHR oTp;eJI 0Tp;e11,q Ha ycTpowcTBOTo Ha no-
JIHQettcKaTa qacT. C'hrnacHo BpeMeHHHTe npaBMJia 3a ycTpowcTBOTO Ha IIOJIMQMRTa B
KHR)J(ecTBO E'hmap11,q Hap;3op'bT B ceJIH~aTa nop;Jie)l(H Ha Hap;3op, oc'b~ecTBRBaH OT
IIOJIJ1QeHCKH KOMaHp;H, C'bCTOR~l1 ce OT KOHHH H nernH CTaprn11 H MJiap;IIIH )l(aHp;apM11.
3a BCJ1'1KJ1 CTpa)l(ap11 e B'bBep;eHa ep;MHHa yHmpopMa. 06'bpHaTO e CIIeQMaJIHO BHHMa-
HHe Ha 3aTBop11Te B CTpaHaTa. fnaBHOTO MM ynpaBJieH11e ce npep;oCTaBR Ha ry6epHa-
TOpl1Te, a npeKHR Hap;3op B'bpxy pep;a H ycTpOHCTBOTO HM ce B'b3Jiara Ha 0Kp'b)J(HJ1Te
Ha'laJIHMQM 11 Ha IIOJII1QMettcTep11Te 3a rpap;oBeTe. I1pe3 anp1111 1879 r. ce yqpep;RBa
11 cneQ11a11Ho no~eHcKo 0Tp;e11eH11e np11 0Tp;eJia 3a B'bTpeIIIHH p;ena. 0TKpHBaT ce
no~eHCKJ1 KaHTOpl1, OTp;eneHMR, CTaHQMH, KOMTO ce HaMMpaT nop; Bep;oMCTBOTO Ha
oKp'b)l(HJ1Te no~eHCKH Ha'laJIHHQM. Ype)Kp;a ce B'bIIpoc'bT 3a KopecnoHp;eHQMRTa, 3a
ycnoBMRTa 11 pep;a 3a pa3p;aBaHe Ha KopecnoHp;eHQHRTa 11 np.
16
B 3a,n;'bmKemuna Ha B'bTpernmur oT,n;en Bn113a C'b~O ype)l(,n;aHeTo Ha Me,n;MQMH·

cKo-caH11rnpHarn 'IacT B E'bnrapm1. IIp11cT'bIIBa ce K'bM opraH11311paHe Ha 6onHMQM 11
arrTeKH, KOHTO ca oco6eHo OCK'b):IHJ!! 3a CTpaHaTa. Te3H MeporrpmITJ!!.fl ce J.13B'bplliBa1
C'bC C'b,n;eifCTBJ!!eTO Ha HaM11pa~11Te ce B C'bCTaBa Ha apMM.HTa 1 600 neKap11 Ji! OKOnc
2 000 Me,n;MQMHCKM cecTpH. Crrope,n; BpeMeHHMTe rrpaB11na fnaBHOTO ynpaBneH11e H<
Me,n;MQHHCKaTa 'IacT B CTpaHaTa e npe,n;ocrnBeHo Ha cneQHaneH Me,n;HQHHCKH C'bBeT
C'bCTO.fl~ ce OT TPHMa 'IneHOBe, Ha3Ha'IeHH OT npaBJ!!TenCTBOTO, e,n;HHH.HT OT KOHTO Ct
onpe,n;err.H 3a npe,n;ce,n;aTen Ha C'bBeTa. ,IJ;eifHOCTTa Ha Me,n;HQHHCKMR c'bBeT ce 3aKmo

'IaBa B OC'b~eCTB.HBaHe Ha Ha,n;3op B'bpxy o6~eCTBeHaTa XHfJ!!eHa, B'bpxy 6onHHQHTe
anTeKHTe, Y'JHmr~aTa 3a cpen,n;lllepH KaKTO 11 opraHH3MpaHe Ha 6op6aTa C'bC 3apa3H:t
6onecT, pa3rne)l(,n;aHe Ha HOBH cpapMaQeBTM'IHM cpe,n;cTBa 11 np. Ha Me,n;HQMHCKHR c'b
BeT ca no,n;'IMHeHH OKp'b)l(HJtITe H rpa,n;cKHTe neKapH, KOHTO ce Ha3Ha'IaBaT H YBOn
HRBaT OT ynpaBnRBa~HR B'bTpernHHR oT,n;en, HO no npe,n;no)l(eH11e Ha Me,n;HQHHCKMJ
C'bBeT.
J13pa6oTeHH ca H ,n;eifcTBaT BpeMeHHH npaBHna 3a yCTpm1cTBO Ha anTeKHTe l
E'bnrapHR. 0TKpHBaHeTo Ha arrTeKa cTaBa c pa3perneHHe Ha Me,n;HQHHCKHR C'bBeT. C'b
,n;'bp)l(aTenRT HnH ynpaBnRBa~MRT Ha arrTeKaTa TpR6Ba ,n;a HMa HY)l(HaTa rro,n;roTOBK:
H o6pa3oBaHHe. OrneH onpe,n;en.HHe Ha ycnoBHRTa 3a OTKp111BaHe Ha arrTeKHTe H B'b
TpernHoTo HM ycTpoifcTBo H ynpaBneHHe ce c'b,n;'bp)l(aT H pa3nope,n;6H 3a npoBe)l(,n;aH
Ha peBH3HH B'bpxy ,n;ei1HOCTTa J!!M.
B'bTpernHMRT oT,n;en B'bBe)l(,n;a rracnopTHHR pe)l(HM, Koi\'1To ycrnHOB.HBa rrpe,n;n11ca
HM.fl e,n;HaKBO 3a,n;'bn)l(HMJ!! KaKTO 3a BCH'IKH 'Iy)l(,n;eHQH, HaM11pa~H ce B npe,n;emue H
KHJI)l(eCTBOTO, TaKa H 3a 6'bnrapcKHTe no,n;aHHQH np11 n'bTyBaHe 3a,n; rpaHHQa. TaKa c
cnara Kpai\'1 Ha 6e3pe,n;HeTO, KOeTo C'b~YCTByBa ,n;o T03J!! MOMeHT B CTpaHaTa.
<l>HHaHCOBJUIT OT)J;eJI npw C'bBeTa Ha ynpaBneHHeTO rrpaBH H3BeCTHH KopeKQH:
OT H3rpa,n;eHaTa OT KH.fl3 qepKaCKH opraHH3aQ11!.H Ha cpwHaHCOBHTe opraHH. KHR3 ,Il;oH
,n;yKoB 3aKpHBa ry6epHcKHTe Ka3HH'Iei1cTBa, KaTO ocTaBR caMo e,n;Ho B CocpHR, KoeT
,n;ei\'rcTBa KaTo QeHTpanHo. B Hero nocT'bnBaT BCH'IKH c'b6paHH ,n;oxo,n;H. B'bBe)l(,n;a ce
no-CTpHKTeH KOHTporr KaKTO npw noCT'bnBaHeTO Ha npHXO;r\HTe, TaKa H npw T.HXHC
TO pa3XO,n;BaHe. J1KOHOMH'leCKOTO C'bCTORHHe Ha CTpaHaTa npaBH HeQenec'bo6pa3H
H3rpa)l(,n;aHeTo Ha e,n;:trn MHOfO'IHCJieH H ycno)l(HeH ,n;'bp)l(aBeH anapaT. ETo 3a~o c
npoBe)l(,n;a CTpor pe)l(HM Ha HKOHOMHH. Cpe,n; n'bpBHTe HHHQHaTHBH B Ta3H HaCOKa
3aMeH.HHeTO Ha KOMaH,n;HpoBaHHTe pycKH 'IHHOBHHQH c TaKHBa OT MeCTHOTO Hacem
HHe, KOHTO ,n;a nOJIY'JaBaT HOpManHH 3annaTH.
Ilpe,n;BH,!l; oco6eHaTa Ba)l(HOCT Ha MHTHJi!'IeCKOTO ,n;eno pycKOTO rpa)l(,n;aHCKO yr
paBneHHe C'b3,D;aBa cneQHanHo L(eHTpanHo ynpaBneHHe no MlilTHHQHTe. HeroBaTa 3<
,n;a'Ia e ,n;a H3B'bplliH BCH'IKH npe,n;BapHTenHH opraHH3aQHOHHH pa60T11! no OTKp:trnam
TO Ha MHTHHQH H MHTHH'IeCKH nyHKTOBe H ,n;a npeCT'bnH K'bM C'b6HpaHe Ha MHTHlil'IC
CKH npHxo,n;H. MHTHHQHTe no eCTeCTBeHHTe rpaHHQH Ha CTpaHaTa - no 6peroBeTe r
,Il;yHaB H qepHO Mope 3anO'IBaT ,n;a cpyHKQHOHHpaT Be,n;Hara cne,n; ycTaHOB.HBaHeTO f
HOBaTa BnacT. Ilo p;pyrnTe rpaHHQH HMa 3aTpy,n;HeHHR, npe,n;Bw,n; He3aB'bpllieHaTa p;
6oTa Ha ,n;eMHnHTap11!3aQHOHHHTe KOMHCHH. IlpH onpe,n;en.HHe Ha BHOCHOTO H H3H01
HOTO MHTO pycKOTO rpa)l(,n;aHCKO ynpaBneHwe ce p'bKOB0):\111 OT C'b~HTe TapHcpH, KOH1
17
Pocul{a AH2eJioea
,D;ettcTBaT npl1 TypcKOTO rrpaBJ.1Tencrno, T'btt KaTO Te ca ycTaHOBeHH qpe3 T'bproBCKJ.1

,D;oroBopw Me)l(,!l;y BwcoKaTa rropTa l1 ocTaHanHTe ,!l;'bp)l(aBJ.1.
CneQwanHJ.1 rptt)l(J.1 ce rronaraT OT cTpaHa Ha qmHaHCOBJ.1Te opraHw 3a cHa6,D;RBaHe
Ha HacenemfeTo c'bc cpaBHJ.1TenHo eBTl1H Kpe,D;HT. BnB Bpo3Ka c TOBa pycKOTO ynpa-
BneHwe B3eMa MepKw 3a B'b3CTaHOBRBaHe Ha C'bI.QeCTByBaI.QJ.1Te no BpeMe Ha TypcKOTO
rrpaBttTencTBO 3eMe,D;enqecKw KacJ.1. ,[(o 3arroqBaHeTo Ha BOttHaTa B 6omapCKJ.1Te 3eMJ.1
cpyHKQHOHHpaT 33 3eMe,D;enqecKJ.1 KaCJ.1 c KaTIJ.1Tan 10 MJ.1ITJ.10Ha cppaHKa. I1o-ronRMa
qacT OT KaIIJ.1TanwTe Ha C'bI.QeCTByBaI.QJ.1Te KaCIII ca pa3IIJ.1ITeHJ.1 H orpa6eHJ.1 OT 6RraI.QO-
TO TypcKo HaceneHHe. 3a ,D;a ce ynecHJ.1 l1 pernaMeHTHpa ,D;ettHOCTTa Ha OTKPl1Tl1Te KaCJ.1
Ha 28 IOHH 1878 r. ce rrpweMa YcTaB Ha 3eMe,D;enqecKJ.1Te KacJ.1 B EonrapHR, c KOMTO ce
orrpe,D;enR ocHOBHa Qen l1 rrpe,D;Ha3HaqeHJ.1e Ha yqpe,D;emne 3eMe,D;encKJ.1 KacJ.1, HaqwHJ.1-
Te 3a C'bCTaBRHe Ha KaCOBJ.1R KaTIJ.1Tan, ycnOBJ.1RTa 3a OTIIYCKaHe Ha 3aeMJ.1Te J.1 TRXHOTO
nnaI.QaHe, pe,D;'bT 3a Ha3HaqaBaHeTO Ha ,!l;IT'b)KHOCTHJ.1Te flJ.1Qa J.1 KOHTpona, OC'bI.QeCTBR-
BaH Bopxy TRXHaTa ,D;ettHOCT.
Ha MRCTOTO Ha 6HmnaTa 0ToMaHcKa 6aHKa ce yqpe,D;RBa EomapcKa Hapo,D;Ha
6aHKa. OcHOBHaTa :H 3a,D;aqa e ,D;a Co,D;ettcTBa 3a Bo3pa)l(,D;aHeTO H npaBttnHoTo pa3BJ.1-
TJ.1e Ha MeCTHaTa ToproBJ.1R, a TaKa C'bl.QO ,D;a peryn11pa ToproBCKJ.1Te OTHOllieHJ.1R J.1 Ha-
po,D;Hl1R Kpe,D;HT B KHR)KeCTBOTO. Ha EHE enc ce,D;am1I.Qe B Cocpi.rn l1 Ha KnoHoBeTe iI
B'bB BapHa, TopHoBo vi Pyce ce Bo3nara Hape,D; c l13BopnrnaHeTo Ha Bc11qKw o6HKHOBe-
HH cpwHaHCOBJ.1 onepaQHH 11 cny)K6aTa Ha ,D;op)l(aBHO Ka3HaqeJ1:cTBO. TaKa ce rroCTaBR
ocHoBaTa Ha 60,D;eI.QeTo cTorraHCKO pa3BJ.1THe qpe3 C'b3,!l;aBaHeTo Ha EHE.
C'bp;e6mu1T oTp;err qpe3 "BpeMeHHJ.1 Co,D;e6HJ.1 rrpaB11na" 3anoqBa peopraHl13aQJ.1R
B rrpaBopa3,D;aBaHeTo. Cn,D;e6HaTa BnacT ce npe,D;OCTaBR Ha MeCTHHTe C'b,!l;l1JIHI.Qa, KO-
J.1TO ca cencKw (rroM11pwTenHw), 06I.Q11(oKpo)f(HJ.111 ry6epHcK11) l1 oco6eHJ.1. 3a ype)f(-
,D;aHe Ha BcJ.1qKJ.1 rpa)K,!l;aHCKJ.1 ,D;ena, KOHTO 3acRraT ceMei'rnorrpaBHHTe 11 Hacne,D;crne-
HonpaBHHTe OTHOllieHJ.1R Me)K,!l;y MlOCIOnMaHCKOTO HaceneHJ.1e ca OCTaBeHJ.1 ,D;a ,D;ettCT-
BaT C'b,!l;l1fll1I.QaTa Ha Ka,D;l1l1Te. B Cn,D;e6HaTa Cl1CTeMa ce rrpoBo3rnacRBaT HaqanaTa Ha
rry6n11qHOCTTa, rnacHOCTTa, He3aBJ.1CHMOCTTa Ha C'b,!l;a OT a,D;Ml1HJ.1CTpaQJ.1RTa, KaKTO
11 rrpaBoTo Ha 3aI.QMTa Ha IIO,!l;C'b,!l;l1MHR. TaKa rroCTerreHHO ca B3eTJ.1 Heo6xo,D;MMHTe
MepKH 3a rro-6op30TO J.13,!l;J.1faHe Ha C'b,!l;MflJ.11.QaTa KaTO HaII'bflHO He3aBJ.1CJ.1MJ.1 C'b,D;e6Hl1
J.1HCTl1TYQHJ.1, e,D;J.1HCTBeHo KOMIIeTeHTHJ.1 ,D;a pa3rne)K,D;aT crropoBe OT rrpaBHO eCTeCT-
BO. CncTaBeHo e o6I.Qo 11 e,D;Hoo6pa3HO 3a QRna Eonrap11R I1ono)Kem1e 3a Cn,D;e6HttTe
TaKCJ.1 11 rep60B11Te Hano3J.1.
0Tp;erra 3a Hapo;ri;HaTa npocBeTa H ;ri;yxoBHHTe ;ri;erra, Ha11erro c npo!f>. MapHH
,[(pJ1HOB 3 rrpO,!l;'bfl)KaBa ,D;a IIOOI.QpRBa HaceneHJ.1eTO K'bM OTKpl1BaHe Ha HOBJ.f yqttJIJ.1-
3 Map:irn ,Il;pHHOB e pogeH npe3 1838 B IlaHanop11I11e. Ilpe3 1858 3aMl1HaBa B Pycm1, 3a ga
npo,!lbmKl1 o6pa30BaHl1eTo cw. Y'll1 B lO)!<HOcJiaBRHCKl1R naHcl10H B KweB, a B11oc11egcTBIAe - B Moc-
KOBCKl1R ymrnepcwTeT, K'hgeTO ce g1111110Mwpa 11pe3 1865 r. Me)!(gy 1865 l1 1871 IT'bTyBa IA pa6oTl1 B
ABcTpl1R IA v1Tamrn. Ilpe3 1869 CTaBa egl1H OT c'by'Ipegl1TeJil1Te IA aKTl1BeH 'lJieH Ha D'bJirapcKOTO
KHl1)!(0BHO gpy)!(eCTBO. Ilpe3 1872 11011y'laBa Mafl1CT'bpCKa CTeITeH l1OT1873 e go~eHT ITO CJiaBRHCKa
cp1111011omR B XapKOBCKl1R yHwBeprnreT. B KpaR Ha 1876 e 11pt13HaT 3a pegoBeH npocpecop. Ilpe3
1878-1879 TOW 3aBe)!(ga 0Tge11a 3a HapogHoTo 11pocBeI11eHIAe l1 gyxoBHl1Te ge11a B paMKIATe Ha BPY
Ha o'bmapwR. B T03l1 nepwog Y'lacTBa aKTHBHO H3rpa)!(gaHeTo Ha g'hp)!(aBHHTe ycTovl Ha HOBa o'bJI-
18
HOBA E'h!II'APCKA JiICTOPJiIJI (1878-1944)
~a, KaTo 3a 11e1na ce yBern1'!aBaT cpep;cTBaTa 3a Hapop;HOTO nporne~emre. qpe3 npM·

eTMRT npe3 aBrycT 1878 r. BpeMeHeH ycTaB 3a Hapop;HMTe yqmrn~a Ha 6a3a Ha YT·
B'bpp;eHMR no-paHO p;eMoKpaTM3'bM B o6JiacTTa Ha yqjl[Jijl[~Ho-npoCBeTHa p;eMHOCT Ct
onpep;eJIR CTPYKTypaTa Ha yqMJIM~aTa, TRXHOTO ynpaBJieHMe, nporpaMMTe M Ha'IMH<
Ha M3p;'bp)KaHeTo MM. B'bBe)Kp;a ce 3ap;'bJI)KMTerrHo Ha'!arrHo rneTcKo o6pa3oBaHMe 3<
p;e11aTa OT p;BaTa nona. OrneH Ha'!aJIHM C'bI.QecTByBaT cpep;HM (p;ByKJiaCHM) M '!eTMPM
KJiacHM yqMmt~a. 3a ynpaBJieHMeTO Ha MaTepMaJIHaTa qacT Ha yq11n11~aTa ce :t136Mp<
:t13Me)Kp;y 'IJieHOBeTe Ha o6~MHaTa T. Hap. "rrnJIM~HO HaCTORTeJICTBo", KOeTo TpR6B<
p;a co611pa yq11JI:t11QH:t1Te np11xop;11, p;a oTp;eJIR cpep;cTBa 3a nop;o6p.irnaHe MaTep11aJI
HaTa 6a3a Ha yq11m1~aTa :t1 p;a nop;noMara 6ep;H:t1Te yqeHMI\M, KOMTO ce yqaT p;o6pe
,Uet1HoCTTa Ha Y'IMJIM~HMTe HaCTORTerr11 ce KOHTpomrpa OT oKp'b)KHMTe Y'IMJIM~m
C'bBeTM, a Hap;30p'bT Ha npenop;aBaTeJICKaTa p;efiHOCT ce OC'b~eCTBRBa OT npaBMTeJI
CTBeH:t1 :t1HCneKTOp:t1.
3a nop;roTOBKaTa Ha Y'IMTeJICKM nepcoHaJI :t1 3a nop;roTOBKa Ha n1111a, )KeJiae~M p;;
npop;'bJI)KaT cBoeTo o6pa30BaH11e ce OTKpMBaT p;Be KJiac11qecK:t1 rMMHa3M:t1 B CoqJ:t1R 1
fa6poBo :t1 '!eTMPH peaJIHM yqirnM~a B JloM, Pyce, TinoBp;MB :t1 CJIMBeH. 0TKp:t1BaHeT1
Ha cpep;HM yqe6HM 3aBep;eHMR B EonrapMR e Kpa'!Ka Hanpep; no n'bTR Ha KYJITypHOT1
113p;11raHe Ha 6omapcK:t1R Hapop;. B3eMaT ce MepK:vr 3a OTKpMBaHe Ha 6v16m10TeK:t1 :t1 'IM
TamI~a :t1 3a yBeJIM'IaBaHe Ha 'IMcnOTO Ha :iop;aBaHMTe MeCTHM BeCTHMI\1'1. Do npep;no
)KeHMe Ha cocp:vr:i1cK:t1R ry6epHarnp IT. B. Ana6MH :t1 Ha npocp. M. ,UpMHOB ce ornoBaB
nopBaTa 6:vr6JIMOTeKa B CoqrnR, K"hM KORTO e yqpep;eH :t1 My3ef°r 3a cTap:t1Hl1, B KOMT'
ca co6paH:t1 BC:t1'IK:t1 C'b~ecTByBaI.QM apxeorrorwiecKM naMeTH:t11\1'I. CKopo B 6116n110
TeKaTa noCT'bnBaT KH:t1fl1, nop;apeH:t1 OT pa3JI:t1'IHH CJiaBRHCK:t1 o6~eCTBa jl[ p;py:>KeCTB<
KaKTO :t1 OT 'IaCTHH JIMI\a. 3aKyneHa e 6M6mroTeKaTa Ha CnMpMp;OH ITanay3oB M p;p.
Cne11MaJIH:t1 MepKM ce B3eMaT 3a ycTaHOBRBaHeTo Ha 6oJirapcKMR e3HK KaTo ocp:11
1111aJieH e3MK B CTpaHaTa. BoBe:>Kp;aHeTo Ha 6'brrrapcKMR e3:t1K KaTO ocpMI\MarreH B a)J
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TypcKM npO:t13XOp;.
3a B'b3CTaHOBRBaHe Ha p;yxoBHMR )!{jl[BOT B CTpaHaTa, ce npMCT'bnBa K'bM ypep;6
Ha pa3pyrneHMTe M orpa6eHM no BpeMe Ha BOMHaTa 1\'bpKBM. ITpeMaxHaT e p;aH'bK Bm
p;M'l:t1Ha, a c'bBeT'bT noeMa M3p;p'b:>KKaTa Ha eK3apxa M Brrap;:vr1111Te. 3a nop;roTOBKa ll
p;o6op CBeI.QeHM'!eCKM nepcoHaJI C'bI.QecTByBaI.QMTe p;yxoBHM yqMJIM~a B JlRCKOBell
CaMOKOB ca npeBopHaTM B ceMMHapMM.
ITonaraHeTO Ha OCHOBMTe Ha BOeHHaTa opraHH3al\MR Ha CTpaHaTa npep;cTaBJIRE
3ap;aqa OT nopBocTeneHHO 3Ha'!eHMe 3a BpeMeHHOTO pycKo ynpaBJieHMe. OpraHM3:
1\MRTa Ha BOeHHaTa CMJia e B'bnpoc OT M3KJIIO'IMTeJIHa Ba)KHOCT 3a BCRKa p;'bp)l(aBa
c'bcTaBJIRBa Ba>1rna c'bcTaBHa qacT OT p;op)l(aBHMR anapaT. ETo 3a~o c Ta3M 3ap;a~
rap1ur. Eg1rn OT c'bcTaB11Tem1Te Ha T'bpHOBCKaTa KOHCTl1TYL\11>I. Heroso e rrpe,ll;JIO)!(eH11eTo Co<lJ1

ga e HoBaTa CTOJJHL\a Ha E'bmap11>I. Cneg 1881 r. )!(J1Bee B XapKOB 11 npog'bJI)!(aBa CBO>ITa Ha)"!Ha
npenogasaTencKa ge:C!HOCT go Kpa>I Ha )!(MBOTa CM. IIpe3 1898 r. e M36paH 3a 'IJJeH-KopeHcnoHgeHT ·
I1MnepaTOpCKaTa CaHKT-I1eTep6yprCKa AKageMH>I Ha HayKMTe. M. ,lJ;pMHOB YMMpa B XapKoB np
1906 rneg npog'bJJ)!(MTeJIHO 6011egysaHe OT Ty6epKy1103a.
19
Pocuu,a AH2e110Ba
e HaToBapeH BoeHHIUI oTµ;eJI. 3a Rp;po Ha 6omapCKaTa Boti:cKa cJiy)K11 6onrapcKoTo

or10JI'IeH11e. 3a YBenw'IaBaHe Ha pep;oBeTe MY npe3 anpwn 1878 r. e npoBep;eH nopB11JI
3ap;bll)Kit1TeneH npM311B 3a HOB06pam.~11, cornacHo YTBopp;eH11Te BpeMeHHW npaBwna
3a o6pa3yBaHe Ha 3eMcKaTa BotkKa Ha KHR)KeCTBO Eonrap11R. C BoBep;eHaTa 3ap;bJI-
)Kit1TeJIHa BOeHHa rny)K6a caMo npe3 1878 r. ca 06ytieH11 oKono 30 000 p;ynm. Tipw oT-
TernJIHeTo Ha pycK11Te oKynaQWOHHH BllacT11 B M11pHoBpeMeHHHJI cocTaB Ha 6onrap-
cKaTa apMHR ca BKllIO'IeHitl 3 neXOTH11 .LIPY)K11H11, 6 KOHH11 eCKap;poHa, 8 apT11Jiep11ti:cK11
6aTapew, 1 11 nonoBwHa WH)KeHepHw poT11, 1 o6cap;Ha apTwnepwti:cKa poTa w apnrne-
pwti:CKa napKOBa KOMaHp;a. Oco6eHO roJIJIMO BHWMaHwe ce OTp;ellR Ha nop;roTOBKaTa
Ha 6omapcKw KOMaHp;eH Kap;op. Ha 26 HOeMBpw 1878 r. B'bB Bee o~e Heo6JIBeHaTa 3a
CTOJIJ1Qa CoqmR e OTKpl1TO BOeHHO yq1rn11~e J1 rnep; no-MaJIKO OT rop;wHa - Ha 10 MaM
1879 r. e npow3Bep;eH nopBwJI ocpwQepcK11 B1mycK.
Cnep; nop;nwrnaHeTo Ha EepnwHCKWR KOHrpec 3anotIBa 3aKJIIff'IHTeJIHJUI eTan OT
J13rpa)K,[laHeTo Ha HOBa D'bJirapwR. Toti: 3aBopnrna c npeKpaTRBatte p;eti:HOCTTa Ha BPY
npe3 Mati: 1879 r w ce xapaKTepw3wpa c norrHoTo npep;aBaHe Ha QeHTpanHaTa 11 MeCTHa
BJiacT B 6omapcKw pnQe. Toti: e CBop3aH c yCKopRBaHe p;eti:HocTTa Ha BpeMeHHOTO py-
cKo ynpaBJieH11e-yrrecHeHO OT M11pa, HO np11TeCHeHO OT CbKpa~aBaHe Ha BpeMeTpae-
HeTO MY OT 2 rop;11Hw Ha 9 MeceQa, cno6pa3HO 113l1CKBaH11RTa Ha EepmrncKWJI p;oroBop.
B T03l1 nepwop; OT l13KllIO'IJ1TeJIHa Ba)KHOCT e p;eti:HOCTTa Ha ,[J;11nJI0MaT1111ecKMJI oTp;en.
Toti: TpR6Ba p;a Topcw Hati:-cnonyqn11Bo pa3pernaBaHe Ha norpaHW'IHWTe K0Hcprr11KT11,
npep;113BHKaH11 He caMo OT TypQ11R, HO JtI OT Cop6Jrn 11 PyMnHWR. TipeKpaTJIBaHeTo Ha
rpaH11'IH11Te J1HQH,[leHT11 CTaBa ep;Ba cnep; ycTaHOBJIBaHeTO Ha rpaHJ1'!HaTa ll11H11JI OT
Me)Kp;yHapop;HaTa p;eJIWM11TaQl10HHa KOMHCWR.
Pa6oTaTa Ha oKynaQWOHHWTe BJiacnr ycnJIBa p;a nocTwrHe rnaBHaTa cw Qell - B
MHoro KpaT'bK cpoK p;a ce noJIO)KJ1 ycnenrno Haqano Ha HOBWJI p;op)KaBHO ap;MHHW-
cTpaTwBeH, Cbp;e6eH 11 cp11HaHCOB pep; 11 c TOBa p;a ce Cb3p;ap;aT yrnoBWR 3a caMOCTO-
JITeJIHO co~ecTByBaHe Ha KHJI)KeCTBOTO. ToBa e Cb3l1,LlaTeJieH nepwop;, npe3 Koti:To
ce OTMeHJI TypcKWJI coQwaneH 11 p;bp)KaBeH CTpofr ce 11 113rpa)Kp;aT WHCTWTYQWWTe Ha
TpeTaTa 6omapCKa p;np)KaBa.
CaHcTe<l>aHCKHJIT MHpeH p;oroBop e npep;Bap11TeJieH (npen11M11HapeH) MwpeH

p;oroBop Me)Kp;y PyrnJI 11 OcMaHcKaTa 11Mnep11JI, CJIO)K:t-171 Kpa:Cr Ha PycKo-TypcKaTa
1877-78 rop;:i-rna . .D:oroBopoT e nop;nwcaH oKono 17 qaca Ha 19 cpeBpyap:w (3
BOti:Ha OT
MapT HOB CT11ll) 1878 rop;wHa B CaH CTecpaHo (p;Hec :rllernHJIKboti:), ceno 3anap;Ho OT
Uapwrpap;, OT rpacp H:wKonati: J1rnaT:weB :w AneKcaHp;op Henwp;oB OT pyCKa CTpaHa 11 OT
BbHllIHWR M11H11CTnp CacpBeT MeXMep; narna 11 nocrraH11Ka B fepMaHWJI Cap;ynax 6eti:
OT CTpaHa Ha OcMaHCKaTa wMnepwR.
TiperoBop11Te 11 perneH11RTa Ha p;oroBopa, 1130CTpRT CitlllHO OTHorneHitlRTa Me)Kp;y
PyrnJI 11 3anap;H11Te Ben11K11 cwnw. Te3M TPY.z:IHOCT11 p;opw cb3p;aBaT onacHOCTW 3a ro-
llRMa Bceo6~a Bot°rna Me)Kp;y Bell11K11Te CJ1Jl11. TipOTJ1BOpetIJ1JITa OTHOCHO KJiay311Te
20
HOBA E'bflrAPCKA J1CTOPJ1JI (1878-1944)
MY crnBaT rrpe.n;rrocTaBKa 3a pa3na.n;a Ha CbI03'bT Ha TPMMaTa MMrrepaTopu cep;eM ro-

p;MHM IIO-K'bCHO.
CaHcTecpaHCKMRT MupeH .n;oroBop peaJIM3Mpa 6omapcKMR Hau;woHaJieH 11.n;ean, 3a
IIOCTMraHeTO Ha KOWTO ce BO,D;RT 5 BOt°!HM. Cnep; rrpeB3eMaHeTO Ha IlJieBeH OT pycuTe,
Peycp narna - BOeHHMRT MMHMCTnp Ha OcMaHcKaTa MMnepuR M3nparu;a TeJierpaMa 3a
rrpuMupue p;o rnaBHOKoMaHp;Baru;uRT Ha pycKMTe BOMCKM - KHR3 HuKonat1: HuKonae-
BWL YBep;oMRBaMKM PycwR, HuKonaeBw-1 nonyqaBa oTroBop, qe MHoro cKopo ru;e no-
nyqu p;orrnllHMTeJIHM MHCTPYKD;MM OTHOCHO nperoBopuTe 3a rrpuMupue, a .n;o ToraBa
- p;a npop;'bJI)l(M HaCT'bnJieHMeTO.
Ilo-K'bCHO rne.n; Karn pyCKaTa apMMR npeMMHaBa llfanKa, cynrnH A6llyll XaMull Il
M3IIparu;a TenerpaMa .n;upeKTHO .n;o MMrreparnp AneKcaHp;np II, 3aep;Ho c p;BaMaTa M)i
nnllHOMOID;HHD;M - MMHMCT'bpa Ha B'bHillHMTe pa60TM CepBep narna M MMHMCTopa Ha
cynTaHCKMRT p;Bop HaMMK narna. J1CKaHMRTa ca 3a npuMupue M cnupaHe Ha BOeHHHTf
p;eMCTBMR. I1MnepaTopnT OTXBnpllR rrpep;JIO)f(eHMeTO 3a cnupaHe Ha HaCT'bnJieHMeTo,
3aru;0To TypcKaTa CTpaHa OTKa3Ba p;a npueMe yrnoBHRTa Ha Pycrrn.
OcMaHcKaTa MMnepuR ce o6poru;a 3a rroMoru; K'bM AHrnMR, KaTo no C'bID;OTO BpeME
pycKMTe BOMCKM pa36uBaT Cronet1:MaH narna npu Kapaaraq, npeB3eMaT He3aID;MTeHM-
RT O.n;puH u 3anoqBaT HaCT'bIIJieHue c nocoKa l(apwrpa.n; u Aapp;aHeJIMTe no 6peroBeTE
Ha MpaMopHo Mope.
Ha 11RHyapu1878 r. TypcKoTO npaBMTeJICTBO ce o6poru;a K'bM ABCTpo-Ymapm1
3a noMoru;. B OcMaHcKaTa HMnepwR o6aqe He C'b3HaBaT, qe BueHa HRMa .n;a Tnpcu Ha-
quH 3a cnaceHMeTO Ha MMnepMRTa, a 3a B3MMaHeTO nop; CBOR BJiaCT Ha qacT OT TypcKM-
Te 3eMM Ha EanKaHuTe. l(enet1:KM p;a nonyqaT Heru;o u 3a ce6e cu, aBCTpo-yHrapu;un
MCKaT MMpHMRT p;oroBop rnep; KpaR Ha BOMHaTa p;a 60.n;e C'brnacyBaH 3aep;HO c BCMqKJ.1
BeJIMKM cunu. AHrllMR 3acTaBa Ha coru;aTa II03MD;MR, HO u;enu 3arra3BaHeTo Ha OcMaH-
cKaTa MMnepMR. J1 p;BeTe ,,BeJIMKM cum-1" Ha T03M eTan He MMCJIRT p;a M3n'bJIHRT MOJI-
611Te Ha cyJirnHa M HeroBOTO npaBMTeJICTBO 3a BOeHHa IIOMOID;. 0TKa3aHaTa nop;Kperra
B'bB BOeHeH nnaH np:irny)f(p;aBa TypcKaTa CTpaHa p;a Tnpcu 6np3 HaquH 3a cnupam
Ha pycKOTO HaCT'bnJieHue. IlnllHOMOID;HMD;MTe ca M3npaTeHM B Ka3aHJI'bK (Knp;eTo Cf
HaMHpa rnaBHOKoMaHp;Baru;uRT HuKonat'I HuKonaeBuq), 3a .n;a o6cn.n;RT yrnoBMRTa 3a
npuMupue. Ha TRX e npe.n;crnBeH p;oKyMeHT c MMeTo ,,OcHoBaHWC Ha Mupa" (cncTaBeH
OT AlleKcaHp;np Henup;oB). Cnep; KaTo ce 3ano3HaBaT c Hero npe.n;crnBMTeJIMTe Ha cyn-
TaHa ro OTXBnpllRT, Hat'i-Beqe 3apa.n;11 ToqKaTa B Hero, KORTO rnacu OCB060)1(,D;eHMeTC
Ha EonrapMR, KORTO p;a o6xBaru;a TepMTOPMMTe OTC'bp;eHM 3a 6omapCKM OT l(apwrpa.n;-
CKaTa KoHcpepeHD;MR. ToBa Hanara HOBO rrpeKoCBaHe Ha nperoBopuTe M npop;'bJI)l(eHm
Ha BoeHHMTe .n;et1:cTBMR. PyCKaTa apMMR OBJiap;RBa 3eMMTe oKono peKa Mapuu;a u qac1
OT 6peroBeTe Ha MpaMopHo Mope. I1peB3eTM ca Jirone Eyprac, Po.n;ocrn u lfopny. E
OcMaHcKaTa MMrrepuR Beqe ce roTBM nnaH 3a eBaKyau;MRTa Ha cynTaHa M npu6JIM)l(e-
HMTe My.
Ha 23 RHyapu 1878 r. aHrnut'icKMTe BOeHHOMopcKM cunu rronyqaBaT 3an0Bep;11
.n;a HaBJIR3aT B Aapp;aHeJIMTe, KOeTo e OTMeHeHo caMo qacoBe no-KnCHO. Ep;MHCTBeHo-
TO, KoeTo ocrnBa Ha OcMaHcKaTa MMnepuR e p;a npueMe BcuqKu ucKaHMR Ha PycuJI
Me)f(.n;y 19 M 31 RHyapu 1878 r. e nop;nucaHo npuMupueTo B O.n;puH, Knp;eTo TOraB<
21
Pocuu,a AH2eJZ0Ba
ce HaM11pa u;eHTpanaTa Ha HaCT'bnBaru;aTa pycKa apMMR. ITopBaTa TO'IKa B npoToKona

no np11M11pHeTo rnacH: EonrapHR ce C'b3p;aBa KaTo aBTOHOMHO KHmKeCTBO B npep;e-
JIHTe, K'bp;eTo MH0311HCTBOTO OT ttaceneHHeTo e 6onrapcKo. HeMHHTe rpaHHQH B HH-
KaK'bB CJiy'IaM He MOraT p;a 6op;aT no-MaJIKH OT rpaHHQJ1Te np11eTH OT L(apHrpap;CKaTa
KOHcpepeHQHR. TR ru;e nnaru;a p;aH'bK, ru;e HMa Hapop;Ho xpHcTHRHCKO npaBHTeJICTBO
H MeCTHa MHJIHQHR. OcMaHcKaTa apMHR TaM noBe'Ie He ru;e ce HaMHpa. OcTaHaJIHTe
11cKaHHR ocHrypRBaT He3aBHCJ1MOCTTa Ha PyMoHHR, Cop6HR H 1-IepHa ropa.
C Ha'IaJioTo Ha PycKo-TypCKarn BoifHa o6CTaHoBKaTa B EBpona ce Ha)l(e)l(asa. Ha
2 Maif 1877 r. aHrnHifcKoTo npaBHTencrno B3eMa perneHHe AHrnHR p;a ce BKJIIO'IM B'bB
BOMHarn Ha cTpaHaTa Ha OcMaHcKarn HMnepHR, aKo PyrnR o6cap;H L(apHrpa.n;, npo-
HHKHe Ha TepHTopHRTa Ha ErnneT, oKynupa ,[(app;aHeJIHTe li!JIJ1 ITepcuifcKJtRT 3aJIJ1B.
Bpo'IeHa e Horn Ha rpacp ITbOT'bp lliysanos - pycKJtRT noCJiaHHK B JloHp;oH. Te311 pe-
meHJtRTa Ha npaBHTeJICTBOTO Ha EeHp;)l(aMJ1H ,[(H3paenH H pa3HornacJ1RTa cpep; Hapo-
p;a B nop;Kpena Ha OcMaHcKaTa li!Mnepirn, cperu;aT conpoTusaTa Ha YHJIRM fnap;cToH,
HO T03J1 n'bT TOM He noCTJ1ra fOJIRM ycnex p;op:tt M cnep; H3,ll;aBaHeTO Ha BTopaTa CH
KHHra B nop;Kpena Ha 6onrap:ttTe ,,Ypoi~u no KJiaHe". lliysanos uHcpopMupa pycKoTo
npamnencTso, KOeTo ysepRsa AHrnHR, qe Er:ttneT J1 ITepc:ttMCKHRT 3amrn HRMa p;a no-
nap;HaT nap; pycK:tt npHu;e11.
BnnpeKH cMeJI:ttTe CH pemeHHR H M3Ka3BaHHR, AHrnMR ce cTpaxysa OT roJIRMa
so:i1:Ha c PycHR, T'bM KaTo pycHTe MoraT p;a H3BJ1KaT Ha noMoru; aBcTpo-yHrapcKJtTe H
repMaHCKHTe cu C'bI03HHQH. PerneHHeTo Ha aHrJIHMCKOTO npaBHTencTBO e p;a OTK'bc-
He AscTpo-YHrapHR OT C'bI03a H p;a R npHc'bep;HHH Ha CBOR CTpaHa. B KpaR Ha Maif
1877 r. MHHHCT'bp npep;cep;aTeJIRT Ha AHflIJ1R - ,[(:tt3paeJIH H3nparu;a TaeH MeMopaH-
p;yM p;o asCTpo-yHrapcKOTO npaBHTeJICTBO, c KOMTO ce npaBH onHT 3a nop;THKBaHeTO
Ha AsCTpo-YHrapHR p;a HCKa o6narop;eTeJicTBaHe OT BOMHaTa. BnnpeKH on111THTe Ha
AHrmrn, AscTpo-YHrapuR He npoMeHR noJIHTHKaTa c:H cnpRMO PycHR. Ha T03H eTan
aBCTpHMCKOTO npaBHTeJICTBOTO He 6u ce C'bfJiaCJ1JIO catvJO Ha npop;'bJI)l(HTeJIHa pycKa
npoTeKQHR Hap; EomapuR.
He CJiep; p;onro pyCKHRT 11MnepaTop pa36Hpa 3a TattHHTe nperosopH Me)l(.n;y BH-
eHa H JloHp;oH H npasH onuTH p;a ysepH AscTpo-YHrapHR H AHrnHR, qe 60.n;e~eTo Ha
EanKaHHTe ~e ce pernH OT BCH'IKH BenHKJ1 CHJIH. 3a p;a 3aCHJIH C'bI03'bT CH c AscTpo-
YHrapHR H fepMaHJtR, AneKcaHp;'bp II npep;crnBR npep;BapHTeJIHO p;oKyMeHTa ,,Orno-
BaHWC Ha Mupa" Ha p;BaMaTa :t1MnepaTOpH. fepMaH:t1R npHeMa rrpoTOKOJia, HO TOM He ce
Hpas:t1 oco6eHo Ha AsCTpo-YHrapHR. Bn3TIOJI3BaMK:t1 ce OT TOBa, rrpam1nencTBOTO Ha
AHrJIMR npasH HOBM onMTH 3a snornasaHeTo Ha OTHomemrnTa B CoI03'bT Ha TPMMaTa
HMnepaTopM. HosoTo rrpep;Jio)l(eHHe OT cTpaHa Ha ,[(:H3paenH e M06MJI:t13aQHR Ha aBc-
Tpo-yHrapCKaTa BOMCKa. Bos BHeHa He ce cornarnsaT, 3aru;oTo AHrnMR He e CMRTaHa
3a Hap;e)l(p;eH C'bl03HHK. TaMHHTe nperoBopM He p;oBe)l(p;aT p;o naKT, HO pa3KpHBaT, qe
ABCTpo-YHrapHR 3acTasa Ha aHflIHMCKa no3MQMR. 0TKPHTHTe aHTHpycKH H3Ka3Ba-
HHR B AHflIHR :t1 HeC'brJiacHeTO Ha xa6c6ypr:t1Te c ,,OCHOBaHWC Ha Mupa", B,ll;'bXBaT HOBH
Hap;e)l(,ll;H Ha OcMaHCKaTa HMnepHR, KORTO Be'Ie O'IaKBa ,ll;l1IIJIOMaTH'leCKa :t1 BOeHHa
nop;Kpena.
22
HOBA EnJII'APCKA MCTOPMff (1878-1944)
Pyorn 3arroqBa p;a l13IIMTBa 3aTpyp;HeHMR u c 6anKaHCKMTe cu C'bI03Hl1Ql1. PyM'h-

HMR Hep;oBOJICTBa OT rrpeMMHaBaHeTo Ha IO)KHa Eecapa611R B C'hCTaBa Ha pyCKaTa MM-
nepuR, MaKap qe rn rronyqaBa CeBepHa ,[(o6pyg)l(a Karn KOMrreHcau;uR. ,[(orr'bJIHMTeJIHM
3aTpyp;HeHMR up;BaT c TOBa, ti:e pyCKaTa BoJ1cKa He oCBo6o)Kp;aBa 3eMuTe B MaKep;oHMR
u Pop;orruTe, KOMTO TpR6Ba p;a BJIR3aT B Tep11Top1111Te Ha HOBooCBo6op;eHa E'hnrapuR.
Ha 19 <PeBpyapu 1878 r., cnep; peti: Ha EucMapK CTaBa RcHo, qe fepMaHMR 3aeMa
pycKa CTpaHa, T'hM KaTO TR ce MHTepecyBa caMO OT CBo6op;HOTO Kopa6orrJiaBaHe no
,[(yHaB u ,[(app;aHeJiuTe, a oCBeH TOBa ce 3acT'hIIBa 3a rropo6eHOTO xpucnrnHCKO Hace-
JieHue Ha EanKaHMTe. Crropep; p;yMuTe Ha KaHu;nepa, fepMaHMR 611 11rpana ponRTa Ha
rrocpep;HHK c u;en cMeKti:aBaHe Ha oTHoUieH11RTa Me)l(p;y Pyc11R 11 AHrn11R.
B KpaR Ha <PeBpyap11 1878 r. ce npoBe)Kp;a KoH<l>epem-111R Ha C'bI03'hT Ha Tp11MaTa
UMrrepaTop11. Ha HeR M11H11CT'hp npep;cep;aTeJIRT Ha ABcTpo-YHrap11R - rpa<P AHp;pa-
lli11 oCTpo B'h3pa3RBa Tep11Top1111Te Ha E'hnrap:irn p;a ce rrpoCT11paT Ha IOr OT CTapa
rrnaH11Ha. ITo-K'hCHO Bc11qK11 Te311 CTeqeH11R Ha o6cTORTeJICTBaTa rn;e B'h3rrperrRTCTBaT
peaJIJtI311paHeTo Ha ,,CaHcTe<l>aHcKa E'hnrap11R". Ero113M'hT Ha Ben11KJtITe c11n11 pa)Kp;a u
Eepn11HCKl1RT p;oroBop.
Cnep; rrop;rr11cBaHeTo Ha Op;puHcKoTo rrpHMHpHe, 3arroqBaT M11pHitITe rrper0Bo-
p11 Me)Kp;y p;BeTe CTpaH11 B KOH<PmtKTa. 3a rrp'hB Il'hJIHOMOI.IJ;Hl1K OT pyCKaTa CTpaHa e
1136paH rpaqi H11KOJiai1 llirHaT11eB, KOMTO p;'hnro BpeMe rrpep;11 TOBa e 611n rrornaH11K
B IJ;ap11rpap;, 11MeHHO 3a TOBa II03HaBa p;o6pe c1t1cTeMaTa Ha OcMaHcKaTa 11MrrepirIR,
3aII03HaT e J.1 c 11CKaH11RTa Ha 6'hnrapcKJ.1RT Hapop;.
Ha 9 <PeBpyap11 1878 r. l/IrnaT11eB npwcT11ra B Op;p11H. To:W Hee p;oBoneH OT paH-
HOTO rrp11M11pir1e J.1 cm1paHeTO Ha BOeHH11Te p;eJ1CTBJ.1R. PyCKaTa apM11R 113o6rn;o He M11-
HaBa npe3 3eMJ.1Te Ha MaKep;oHirIR JtI Pop;on11Te, KOir!TO ce oti:aKBa p;a 6'bp;aT BKJIIO'l'.eHJ.1
B rpaH11u;11Te Ha 6'hnrapcKOTO KHR)Kecrno. OCBeH BC11'l'.Ko eBeHTyanHa 0Kynau;11R Ha
IJ;ap11rpap; OT pycK11Te BOMCKJtI 611 ornryp11na MHoro no-p;o6p11 rro311u;w11 Ha PyrnR no
BpeMe Ha rrperoBopirITe. Bc'hrn;HocT 6'bp3oTo nop;n11cBaHe Ha np11Mir1p11eTo e JtI311CKaHo
OT ITeTep6ypr, K'hp;eTo Bee orn;e 11.Ma npiuecHeH11R OT 6'bp;ern;a BOMHa c AHrn11R. BT0-
p11RT pycK11 rrpep;cTaB11TeJI e AneKcaHp;'hp Henirip;oB - Ha'IaJIH11K Ha p;11nnoMaTir1'IeCKa-
Ta KaHu;enaprrn B feHepaJIH11R pycKJ.1 rn;a6 11 C'bBeTHir!K Ha IIOCOJICTBOTO B IJ;ap11rpap;.
Y1IacT11e B rrper0Bop11Te B3eMa 11 KHR3 AneKce:W IJ;epeTeneB, KOMTO e ep;IrIH OT n'hpB11Te
'Iy)l(p;em~11 B11p;en11 6'bnrapcK11Te 3eMJ.1 rnep; TypcK11Te 3Bepcrna rrpe3 1876 r. 11 e cpep
113pa6onrn11Te Tep11Top1111Te Ha 6'bnrapCKaTa p;'hp)l(aBa no BpeMe Ha IJ;ap11rpap;CKaTa
KoH<l>epeHQir!R. IJ;epeTeJieB, KOMTO e 3aMeCTH11K Ha Ha:Wp;eH fepoB B pycKOTO KOHcyn-
CTBO B ITnoBp;11B, rro3HaBa p;o6pe npo6neM11Te Ha 6'bnrapirITe.
ITopap;IrI orracHocTTa OT BOMHa c AHrnirIR 11 ABcTpo-YHrap11R, Pyc11R e np11Hyp;eHa
p;a HarrpaB11 HRKOJ.1 OTCT'hIIKJ.1 Ha TypcKaTa cTpaHa, KORTO nopap;11 1130CTpeHJtITe OTHO-
rneHir!R Ha Pyc11R c ocTaHaJI11Te Ben11Kir1 c11n11 ce B'h3IIOJI3Ba 3a p;a 3a6aBJ.1 rrpou;ec'hT rrc
IIO)J;IIJ.1CBaHe Ha p;oroBopa.
M11pHir1Te rrper0Bop11 3arroti:BaT Ha 13 <PeBpyap11, rnep; KaTo B Op;p11H rrp11cT11ra1
II'hpBir!RT 'IJieH Ha TypcKaTa p;enerau;11R, B'hHUIH11RT M11H11CT'hp - Ca<PBeT rrarna, Ir! BTO-
p11RT - Ca6p;ynax 6e:W, noCJiaH11Ka Ha OcMaHCKaTa 11Mrrep11R B Eepn11H. To'IHO rnra-
Ba ce IrI3B'hprnBa 11 crroMeHaToTo Be'Ie HaxnyBaHe Ha aHrnirii1cK11RT <PnoT B MpaMop-
23
Pocw~a AHzenoaa
HO Mope, KOeTo o6tta):le)l():laBa TypcKaTa cTpaHa. OIQe B HaqanoTo Ha rrperoBopwTe,
CaqrneT rrarna 3aHB.HBa qe WMrrepw.HTa IQe ocbIQeCTBW W3pa6oTeHwTe OT IJ;apnrpa.r1-
cKaTa KOHcpepem~WJI pecpopMM, HO TOM OTXB'bpnH ycnoBWHTa 3a MWp, 3aIQOTO IIO,[\IIWC-
BaHe Ha .r1oroBop ~e MMa caMo aKo 6'b,[le 3arroqHaT KOHrpec Ha BCJ1'IKJ1 BenMKM cwnM.
CacpBeT rrpornKa nperoBopMTe, HO TaKa qe ):la He rM rrpeK'bCBa, 3aIQoTo ce cTpaxyBa OT
HOBO pycKO HaCT'bIInettwe K'bM CTOflWQaTa. OcMaHCKaTa HMIIepMH Bee OIQe ce Ha,[\.HBa
Ha rroMOlQ OT cTpatta Ha AttrnMH J1 ABcTpo-YttrapHH.
IlperoBOpMTe B'bpBHT M'b'IWTenHo, pycKOTO rrpaBWTencTBO 3aIIO'IBa ,[\a yceIQa Ha-
MepeHW.HTa Ha TypCKaTa CTpaHa, 3aTOBa pernaBa ,[\a npe.r1rrpMeMe IIO-TB'bp,[\W MepKw c
Qen no-CKopornHo rro.r1rr11cBaHe Ha .r1or0Bopa. Ha 24 cpeBpyap11 ce J13IIpaIQa oTpH,L\ OT
10 000 .r1yrnw Kpau IJ;apMrpa.r1, a fnaBHaTa pyCKa KBapTwpa ce Mecrn OT O.r1p11H B Catt
CTecpaHo. Ta3W TaKTJ1Ka Ha crrnarnBaHe He ):laBa pe3ynTaT J1 TypcKwTe II'bnHOMOlQHW-
QM rrpo.r1on)l(aBaT .r1a rreqen.HT BpeMe .r10 )l(enaHaTa rroMo~ wnw Kottrpec Ha BenwKwTe
CJ1flJ1.
,UeneraQMHTa Ha OcMaHcKaTa MMrrepwH B'b3pa3.HBa cpe~y rpaHWQWTe Ha Eon-
rapMH w Cop6w.H, Ko11To oTK'bcBaT MHoro OT Tepi-ITopi-rnTe Ha WMrrepttHTa. PycKHTe
rrpe,[1CTaBWTen11 He HCKaT ,[\a OTCT'bII.HT II03WQWWTe CJ1, T'bM KaTO OTK'bCBaHe Ha MaKe-
p;OHCKMTe 3eMM w Pop;orrwTe, 6M 06e3n10.r1wno ,[\OCTa OT cenMIQaTa TaM (ronHMa qacT
OT ttaceneHMeTo ~e ce rrpMp;BW)l(J1 K'bM rno6o):IHJ1Te 6onrapCKw 3eMw) J1 IQe ttapyrnw
QenocTTa Ha 6'hnrapcKWHT Hapop; J1 pernettmna Ha IJ;ap11rpa.r1cKaTa KoHcpepeHQJ1JI.
Ha 25 cpeBpyapw B Catt CTecpatto rrpMcTwra BenwKHHT Be3wp AxMep; BecpwK. Ilpo-
p;omI<aBaT o6C'b)l()J;aHMJITa OTHOCHO rpaHWQHTe Ha E'hnrapMR, HO He ce p;ocn1ra p;o
HWKaK'bB pe3ynTaT. IlperoBopwTe ca rrpeK'bCHaTM Ha 28 cpeBpyapM. Ha C'blQaTa p;arn
rpacp J1rttaTMeB yse,[\OMHBa rnaBHOKOMaHp;BaIQHHT Ha Bof1cKMTe KHH3 HMKona:W HM-
KonaeBW'I, qe rrpWMWpMeTO Tp.H6Ba C'blQO ,[\a 6op;e rrpeK'bCHaTO, a HaCT'brrneHweTO rrop;-
HOBeHO. HMKonaes11q J13IIWTBa rrp11TecHeH11e, qe rrop;o6HM .r1eHCTBJ1H 611xa ,[\OBen11 p;o
BOHHa c Attrn11H.
Ha 1 MapT 1878 r. ,[\BaMaTa pycK11 rrpep;crnB11TenM, MrpaHeB 11 Hen11.r10B rrocTaBHT
ynTI1MaTyM Ha TypCKaTa ,[\eneraQI1.H p;a IIO,[\IIWllie HnJ1 soeHHJ1Te p;eHCTBMJI IQe 6op;aT
rrop;HoBeH11. PyCKaTa apMHH B oKonHoCTMTe Ha Catt CTecpatto ce cTpOHBa Ha n11HHJI s
rrocoKa IJ;apMrpap;. Te3J1 p;eMOHCTpaQI1H Ha cwna HBHO sp;'bXBa cTpax Ha OcMaHCKaTa
J1MrrepHH, 3aIQOTO rrperosop11Te 3a B'b306HOBeHW.
,UorosopoT e rrop;rrMcaH Ha 3 MapT 1878 r. KnaY3HTe Ha M11pa ca rrpe.r1cTaBeH11 cnep;
paTmp11QwpatteTo My, KOeTo crnBa ,[\Be cep;MWQI1 rro-K'bCHO - Ha 17 MapT. PerneHWHTa
Ha p;oroBopa Bn113aT B c11na Ha 18 MapT cnep; KaTo C'b):lop)l(aHI1TO MY e c'bo6IQeHo c
QWpKynHpHa Horn OT pycKI1JI KaHQnep KHH3 AneKcaHp;op fopqaKoB Ha ocrnHanHTe
BenI1KI1 CJ1flH.
Crrope.r1 p;orosopa qeptta ropa, yp;Bo.Hsa Tep11TopMRTa c11 3a cMeTKa Ha OcMaH-
cKaTa I1Mrrep11H, KaTO BKnIO'IBa rpap;OBeTe HMKllII1'I, Ilop;ropwQa 11 AHTI1Bap11 (Eap)
(qneH 1). B11c0Karn rroprn rrpw3HaBa He3aBHCJ1MOCTTa Ha KHJI)l(ecrnoTo (lfoeH 2).
Cbpforn e rrpI13HaTa OT IlopTaTa 3a He3aBHCWMa ,L\'bp)l(asa J1 aHeKc11pa rroMopascKHTe
rpa.r1ose HMrn w JleCKosaQ, KaKTO 11 qacTH OT Hosorra3apcKo (l.JneH 3). PyMoHMH co~o
e rrpI13HaTa OT IJ;apMrpa.r1 3a He3aBI1CWMa ,L\'bp)l(asa (qneH 5).
24
HOBA E'b!II'APCKA UCTOPUJI (1878-1944)
.[(oroBopnT C'b3p;aBa aBTOHOMHO, Tp116yrnpHo KmDKecrno E'bnrap11R c xpHCT11RH-

cKo npaBMTeJICTBO 11 npaBoTo p;a MMa Bol1cKa. 0KoWiaTeJIH11Te rpaHMQM Ha KHR)!(e-
CTBOTO TpR6Ba p;a ce onpep;eJIRT OT CMeceHa pyCKo-TypcKa KOM11CMR, HO pa3MepHTe Ha
En.iirapHR, onpe,n;eneH11 B o6~M JI11HMM Ha np11Jio)!(eHarn Kaprn TpR6Ba ,n;a cJiy)!(aT 3a
OCHOBa Ha OKOff'.JaTeJIHOTO pa3rpaHWieH11e.
Tep11Top11RTa Ha E'bJirapHR ~e o6xBa~a 3eM11Te OT peKa .[(yHaB no HOBoyCTpo-
eHarn cp'b6cKa rpaHMQa 11 OTTaM no 3anap;HaTa rpaH11Qa Ha Ka3aTa BpaHR ,n;o nnaHMHa-
Ta Kapap;ar. OTTaM rpaH11QaTa ~e MMHe no 3anap;H11Te rpaH11QH Ha Ka311Te KyMaHOBO
KotiaHM, KanKaHp;eneH p;o Kopa6 nnaHMHa. Cne,n; TOBa rpaH11QaTa ce cnyCKa Ha IOr nc
qepHH .[(pHH 11 norne no 3ana,n;HaTa rpaH11Qa Ha Ka3MTe OxpHp;, CrnpoBo 11 Kopqa
cT11ra ,n;o nnaHMHarn fpaMoc. 0TTaM rpaHMQarn Tp'brBa Ha M3TOK npe3 KoCTypcKoTc
e3epo, cT11ra p;o peKa M'bmeHHQa 11 ce cnyCKa ,n;o ConyHcKMR 3aJIMB. fpaH11QaTa 3ao611-
KaJIR ConyH M npe3 e3epoTo EellIMK rhoJI 113JIM3a Ha OpcpaHCKMR 3aJI11B. OT Eypy rholl
rpaHMQaTa M3B11Ba Ha ceBep K'bM Pop;onMTe p;o lfrnenape, OTK'bp;eTo 3aB11Ba Ha M3TOJ<
M ce cITyCKa ITO App;a, ITOCJie MMHaBa npe3 Y13TO'IHa TpaKWR p;o qepHo Mope, KaTo oc-
TaBR Op;pHH B OcMaHcKarn MMITepHR, a Jlo3eHrpap;, JlIOne6yprac 11 ManKo T'bpHoBc
- B E'bJirapHR. fpaHMQaTa HaITyCKa MopcKMR 6pRr ITp11 MattraJIMR M ITpe3 .[(o6pyp;)!(c:
113JI113a Ha .[(yttaBa npH PacoBo (qneH 6).
TaKa Tep11Top11RTa Ha HOBOTO KHJl)!(eCTBO E'bJirap11R o6xsa~a CesepHa E'bJira·
pHR, Cocp11l1c1<0, IIMpoTCKO 11 BpaHcKo B II0Mopas11ern, ITO'IT11 QRJia MaKep;oHMR ( 6e<
HaM-IO)!(HMTe o6nacTH), 'IaCTM OT Kocoso (Ka'IaHHK) liI An6aHJiIR (Kop'IaHcKo), qacT 01
Y13TO'IHa TpaK11R 11 IO)!(Ha .[(o6pyp;)!(a.
Haqeno Ha ,n;np)!(aBaTa TpR6Ba p;a 3acrnHe KHR3, KOMTO p;a 6'bp;e rno6o,n;Ho M36pa1
OT Hapo,n;a, YTB'bpp;eH OT B11coKaTa IToprn 11 op;o6peH OT BeJIJiIKJiITe CMJI11, KaTo H11KO~
'IJieH Ha BJiaCTBa~MTe B Espana p;trnacTMM He MO)!(e p;a 6np;e H36paH Ha 6'bnrapCKMJ
ITpecTOJI. C'b6paH11e OT 6'bJirapcKM IT'bpBeHQH, CBMKaHo B IIJI0Bp;11B 11JI11 TnpHoBc
TpR6Ba p;a o6c'bp;liI 11 ITp11eMe OCHOBeH 3aKOH Ha CTpaHaTa, ITO ITP11Mep Ha Te311 B .[(y-
HaBCKMTe KHJl)!(eCTBa OT 1830 r. (qrreH 7)
OcMaHCKHTe BOMCK11 TpR6Ba ,n;a HanycHaT CTpaHaTa, a pycKaTa soeHHa oKyITaQMJ
~e ITpop;'bJI)!(JiI p;Be rop;MHM (qJieH 8). Yrn'IHRBaT ce B'bITpocHTe, CB'bp3aHJiI c HaJIJiI'I11
eTo Ha ocMaHCKM p;np)!(aBH11, o6~eCTBeHM M JIM'IHM 11MOT11 B E'bnrap11R 11 ITJia~aHeTC
Ha rop;MllIHWR ,n;aH'bK Ha KHR)!(eCTBOTo K'bM IIoprnrn (qneH 9, 10, 11).
OcMaHcKarn 11MITep11R o6e~asa pecpopMH B Eorna M XepQeroB11Ha (qrreH 14)
KpMT, Em1p H TecaJIMR (qneH 15).
B 3aMRHa Ha peITapaQWMTe ITO soi.1Harn BMcoKarn IToprn ITpep;aBa Ha PyrnR TepH
TopHH B KasKa3, BKJIIO'I11TeJIHO EaTyM11 M Kapc, KaKTO 11 CeBepHa .[(o6pyp;)!(a, KORT<
PyrnR OTCT'bITBa Ha PyM'bH11R B 3aMRHa Ha IO)!(Ha Eecapa6MR (qneH 19).
IIpon11s11Te - Eoccpop'bT M .[(ap,n;aHeJIMTe, ca o6RBeHM 3a OTKPWTM, KaKTO B'bB soi.1
Ha, TaKa JiI B M11p, 3a T'bproBCK11Te C'b)J;OBe Ha HeyTpaJIH11Te p;'bp)!(aBM OTITpaBR~M ce I
l1JI11 OTITJiaBa~11 OT pycK11 ITpHcTaH11~a (qJieH 24).
C ITO,Il;IT11CBaHeTo Ha CaHcTecpaHcK11R MHpeH p;oroBop, OcMaHcKaTa MMITepm
ITpHeMa liICKamrn Ha Pyc11R, c'bp;'bp)!(a~11 ce B Hero. B'bITpeK11 TOBa BMcoKarn ITOpT:
25
l'ocuiia AH2e11osa
ce Ha,n;JIBa, 'le TIOHe 'laCTH'IHO 11\e B'b3,D;ei1CTBa Ha HOBOOCB06o,n;eHaTa 6omapcKa ,n;op-

)KaBa.
IlopBMTe Bne'laTJieHMJI 3a goroBopa ca Ha JI11u;e, Be,n;Hara iu;oM Toii cTaBa M3Bec-
TeH 3a 3anagHMTe BeJIMKM CMJIH. AHrmrn M ABCTpo-YHrapMJI ce 06JIBJ1BaT npoTMB
Hero, 3aJIBJIBai1KM 'le PycMJI caMa e penrnJia vfaTO'IHHJIT Bonpoc B CBOJI TIOJI3a, 6e3 ,n;a
ce ,n;onMTa go 3ana,n;HHTe BeJIHKM c11Jiw.
3ae,n;Ho c AHrJIMJI, v1TaJIJ1JI l1 ¢paHll;l1JI ce 06J1BJ1BaT CHJIHO npoTl1B H3Jia3 Ha D'bJI-
rapHJI Ha DJIJIO Mope, no,n; npeTeKcT 'le iu;e 60,n;e H3TIOJI3BaH OT PycwJI, 3a ,n;a oKa)Ke
BJIHJIH11e Hag Cpe,n;113eMH0Mop11eTo w MopcKMTe c11JI11 B EBpona. foToBa ,n;a noKa)Ke
HacTo:CI'IHBOCTTa cu, AHrnHR 3arro'IBa ,n;a ce roTBH 3a Boi1Ha. B3eTl1 ca MepKH 3a cocTa-
BJIHeTo Ha gBa eKcne,n;11u;MoHHM Kopnyca 3a BOeHHl1 ,n;ei1cTBl1JI cpeiu;y pycMTe M npeB03
Ha aHrm1:C1cKl1 Bo:CrcKw OT MH,n;HJI, npe3 Cyeu;KttJI KaHaJI B Cpe,n;H3eMHO Mope. ABc-
Tpo-YHrap11J1 l13JIBJ!Ba He,n;OBOJICTBO OT C'b3)l;aBaHeTO Ha 6oJirapCKa ,n;op)KaBa, KOJITO
BKJIID'IBa B npe,n;eJIHTe cw MaKe,n;oHMJI, 3a KOJITO BweHa oT,n;aBHa MMa aneTl1Tl1. fepMa-
HMJI Hee npRK npoTHBHHK Ha ,n;oroBopa, HO HaCTOJIBa npe,n; PycMJI ,n;a B3eMe no,n; BHl1-
MaHwe MCKaHMJITa Ha ABCTpo-YHrap:i.rn, KaTo TaKa KOCBeHo JI no,n;KperrJI. Ta3J.1 KpM3a B
OTHOllleHMJITa coc 3arra,n;HMTe BeJIHKJ.1 CMJIM, KapaT PycMJI ,n;a MHCJIJ.1 'le Ha,n;BMCHaJiaTa
BOiiHa c AHrmrn w ABCTpo-YHrapwR iu;e ce C'bCTOJ.1. PyCKaTa apMHJI Hee cnoco6Ha Ha
BTopa BOiiHa, Be,n;Hara rne,n; rrpwKJIID'IHJiaTa. MHeHMJITa B PycMR ca npoTHBope'IMBM, a
Hapo,n;oT He 6M o,n;o6pirn HoBa npo,n;oJI)KHTentta BOiiHa.
B KpaJI Ha MapT 1878 r. OT PyrnJI B ABCTpo-YHrapMJI e H3npaTeH rpacp MrnaTHeB,
KOiiTo TpJ16Ba ,n;a nocT11rne pa3611paTeJicrno no cnopHMTe Borrpocw. Toii cpeiu;a ynpe-
u;w OT CTpaHa Ha aBCTpo-yHrapCKJ1JIT MHHJ.1CT'bp Ha B'bHllIHMTe pa6on1 froJia AHgpa-
llIJ1 M HMnepaTopoT ¢paHu; J1orncp, 'le PycMJI He cna3Ba npe,n;BapMTenmne ,n;oroBope-
HOCTM M C'bCTaBJI ,n;oroBopa 6e3 ,n;a o6opHe BHJ.1MaHMe K'bM OCTaHaJIMTe BeJil1KJ1 CMJIH.
Bo3pa)KeHMJI ca oTrrpaBeHw l1 K'bM pellleHMJITa 3a Cpe,n;Ha w 3ana,n;Ha MaKe,n;oHMJI, Ko-
MTO cnope,n; CaHcTecpaHcKHJIT MMpeH ,n;oroBop BJIM3aT B TepwTopMRTa Ha EomapwJI,
KaKTO M K'bM rpaHwu;aTa Me)f(,n;y Cop6wJI M EomapMJI. C u;eJI ,n;a napupa MCKaHMJITa Ha
Cop611JI OTHOCHO Eorna M Xepu;eroBMHa (M,n;eMTe Ha ABCTpo-YHrapMJI ca ,n;a npwrnow
Tep11Topu11Te Ha MaKe,n;oHMJI K'bM ce6e cM, KaTo TaKa ,n;a cM yrnoM co6CTBeH M3Jia3 Ha
DJIJio Mope, KoeTo o6a'!e BKJIID'IBa OTHeMaHeTo Ha 3eMM OT TeXHMJI C'b:E03HMK - Cop-
611JI, 3a KOeTO J1CKaT ,n;a CJ.1 oc11rypJIT KOMTieHcau;ww 3a Cop6MTe Ha M3TOK K'bM 6oJI-
rapcKMTe Tep11Top:irn) ABCTpo-YHrapMJI nocTaBJI 11cKaHHJ1 rpa,n;oBeTe IlMpoT, TpoH 11
BpaHJI ga MHHaT no,n; cpo6CKa BJiacT.
HeycnexoT Ha rpacp MrHaTweB 3a cMeK'laBaHe Ha noJIO)KeHMeTo BO,!l;M ,n;o HOBW
npMTeCHeHl1Jl B I1eTep6ypr. IJo TOBa BpeMe npMCTMra TeJierpaMa OT EepJIMH, B KOJITO
f epMaHHJI npe,n;Jiara nocpe,n;Hw'leCTBO Me)K,n;y aHrnMiicKaTa M pyCKaTa cTpaHa, c u;en
M36RrnaHe Ha roJIRMa Bceo6iu;a Boi1Ha. YrnoBMJITa caw ,n;BeTe CMJIH ,n;a M3TerJIJIT Bot'l-
CKMTe CM Ha paBHO pa3CTOJIHHe OT LI;ap11rpa,n;, KOeTO forna npMeTO.
Ha 27 anpwJI 1878 r. pycKOTO npaBMTeJICTBO B3MMa pellleHMe ,n;a M3TI'bJIHJ.1 MCKa-
HHJITa Ha ABcTpo-YHrapwR oTHOCHO Eomap11JI, c u;eJI ,n;a M36erne KOHcpJIMKT. foaBHW
npoTMBHHll;M Ha perneHweTo ca rpacp MrnaTHeB M KaHu;JiepoT AJieKcaH,n;op fop'IaKOB,
HO MHeHMJITa MM He ce IlOCTaBJIT Ha ,n;HeBeH pe,n;.
26
HOBA E'bflI'APCKA MCTOPJ!!Jl (1878-1944)
Cneg nper0Bop11 c aHrJIHWCKOTO npaBMTeJicTBO ce cnrra go cITopa3yMeH11e 3;

IO)!(Ha Eecapa6m1, Kapc H EaTyM ill npeMMHaBaHeTO MM B c'bcTaBa Ha Pyrn.H. Cpe
~y TOBa aHrJil!l':IaHMTe 11cKaT D'bJirap11.H ga 6oge pa3geJieHa Ha gBe ':!aCTM, ITO 611JI0Tc
Ha CTapa nJiaHMHa. IIo HaCTO.HBaHe Ha AHrnlil.H no-K'bCHO IO)!(HaTa 'IaCT e Hape'IeH;
:VfaTO'lHa PyMeJIM.H. J1CKaHeTo 3a pa3geJI.HHe Ha HOBOOCBo6ogeHa D'bJirap11.H e ITp11eTc
rneg ITogn11cBaHe Ha rnwHa cnorog6a Me)!(gy AHrJIMR 11 Pyrn.H.
CaHcTeaHCKMRT MMpeH goroBop cpe~a Heogo6peHJ1eTo 11 Ha c'bcegHMTe H;
o'bJirap11.H 6aJIKaHCKl1 g'bp)!(aBM. Copfo.rn MCKa Bwg11H 11 113.HBRBa npeTeHQl1l1 3a Ma
KegoHMR. IIogTMKBaHa OT ABcTpo-YHrap11R, Cop611R Haco'l:Ba cTpeMe)!(MTe ctt 3a Te
p11Top11aJIHO pa311rnpeH11e Ha l13TOK K'bM 6omapcK11Te 3eMM. IIo TOBa BpeMe cop611
Te qeJIRT Aa B'b3CTaHOB.HT Tep11Top1111Te Ha crnpa ,,BeJittKa Cop6tt.H" OT BpeMeTo H;
CTeaH .[(ymaH, B KORTO BJil!l3aT 3eMMTe Ha Q.HJiaTa MaKeAOHCKa o6JiaCT J1 rpaAOBeT1
IU11n, BeJieC, fopHa .[()!(yMaR, oeJiorpaA'll1K, KroCTeHAl1JI l1 ApyrH. PyM'bHl1R C'b~O HI
OCTaBa AOBOJIHa OT AOfOBOpa. 06C'b)!(AaHe no Te3J1 B'bnpoc11 Me)!(AY rpaqi J1maTl1
eB 11 pyMoHCKHRT Kparr KapoJI I HMa o~e npe3 qieBpyap11 1878 r. ToraBa MOHapxo·
ITpoTecrn:pa OTHOCHO npeMMHaBaHeTO Ha IO)!(Ha Eecapa611R B Pyc11.H, a CeBepHa ,[(06
PYA)!(a B PyMoHMR, noA npeTeKCT, 'le TaKa qeJiocTTa Ha pyMoHCKMRT HapoA ce Hapy
rnaBa, a pyM'bHCKaTa Anp)!(aBa nony'laBa 'ly)!(gl1 3eMM c 'IY)!(AO HaceJiem1e (CeBepH•
,[(o6pyA)!(a). IIo-K'bCHO Te3tt HeC'brJiarn.H AaBaT 0Tpa)!(eH11e 11 B EepJIMHCKitI.H KOHrpec
fopQI1R C'b~O J.1Ma Tep1nopHaJIHJ.1 HeAOBOJICTBa OTHOCHO BKJIIO'lBaHeTO Ha MaKeAO
HM.H l1 TpaKM.H B 6onrapCKaTa gop)!(aBa. fopQMR CMRTa, 'le TepttTop1111Te Ha D'bJirapm
Tp.H6Ba Aa ce ITpocT11paT B MH3l1.H, .[(o6pyA)!(a 11 BMAHHCKO, Ho He H IO)!(HO OT Crnp•
ITJiaHttHa. Tow KaTo oCTaHaJI11Te 3eM11, ITO rpoQKO MHeHHe ca ,,wcTopvr'IecKtt rpoqK:r
Tepwrnp11vr''.
,[(aTaTa 3 MapT e Ha'laJIOTO Ha TpeTaTa 6omapCKa Anp)!(aBa l1 HaQJtIOHaJieH npa3
HlilK Ha D'bJirap11.H. CaHCTeaHcKH.HT npeJIJtIM1rnapeH MMpeH goroBop MaKap l1 3a KpaT
KO qi11Kcttpa rpaHHQttTe Ha o6eAMHeHa D'bJirap:r.rn 11 Ta3M CaHcTeaHCKa D'bJirapm
OCTaBa OCHOBeH 6omapcKJ/l HaQMOHaJieH JtigeaJI B CJieABa~11Te 70 rogl1Hl1. IJ;eJIOCTT;
Ha CaHcTeaHcKa D'bJirap11R e nptt'IvIHa 3a 3ano'lBaHeTo Ha EaJIKaHcKaTa BOWHa, Koc
BeHo Me)!(AYC'bI03Hl!l'leCKaTa BOWHa H BJil13aHeTo Ha o'bJirapitIR B ITopBaTa l1 BTopaT;
rneTOBHa BOMHa.
3. EepAHHCKHHT KOHrpec u HeroBHTe pemeHHH
OT OT 1 IOHM go 1 IOJIM 1878 r. B BepJIMH ce npoBe)!(Aa Me)!(gyHapogeH KOHrpec

Tow e CBttKaH no HaCTO.HBaHe Ha 3aTiaAHOeBponewcKvtTe BeJivtKtt cvtJIM JtI no-cITeqvtaJI
Ho Ha AHrJIMR u ABCTpo-YHraptt.H. OcBeH rnx B Hero y'lacTBaT o~e vr npeACTaBvITem
Ha Pycu.H, <DpaHQMR, fepMaHvt.H, J1TaJIHR tt OcMaHCKaTa vtMneptt.H, a rnKa C'b~o u H;
HRKOM OT 6aJIKaHCKttTe CTpaHtt - fopQM.H, Cop6vtR, PyMoHM.H l1 qepHa ropa. Bnnrap
CKJ1.HT HapOA, 'll1.HTO C'bA6a ce pernaBa TaM, He e ITpeACTaBeH.
YcITelllHM.HT Kpaw Ha PyCKo-TypcKarn orno6oAvtTeJIHa BOMHa 1877-1878 TB'I>pAt
MHoro o6e3noKO.HBa 3anagHttTe eBponewcKvt gop)!(aBM OT eBeHTyaJIHOTO 3ac11JIBaHt
27
Pocu4a AHceJ10Ba
Ha pycKOTO BJIMJIHMe Ha EanKaH11Te. 0PrnTattKTII M3KJIJO'IMTeJIHaTa cTpaTerH<IeCKa.

Ba)l(HOCT Ha T03M pa:HoH Ha I0roM3TO<JHa EBporra, Te He op,o6pJIBaT rrop,rr11caH11JI rne,a;
BOttHaTa Me)l(p,y PyrnJI 11 OcMaHcKaTa l1Mrrep1rn CaHcTecpaHCKM goroBop 11 HacTOJI-
BaT OTKPMTO 3a HeroBOTO peBJ13l1paHe. J13TOI.QeHa OT BOMHaTa JI! B MKOHOMJll<JeCKO, Yi:
BoB BOeHHO OTHOllleHJire, PycmI e rrpHHygeHa ga rrp11eMe HarrpaBeHOTO OT TJIX rrpeg-
JIO)l(eHJlle 3a CBMKBaHe Ha Me)l(gyHapogeH cpopyM, KOMTO ga npepa3rJiega pellleHMJITa
Ha CaHcTecpaHCKMJI goroBop. B HaBe<Iep11eTo Ha CBMKBaHeTo Ha Eepn11HCKJ1IJI KOHrpec
oco6eHo aKTMBHa gefrnocT pa3rpoI.Qa aHrJIMMCKaTa g11rrnoMaQJ1IJI. Ha 18 Matt 1878 r. B
JloHgoH e CKJIJO<IeHo TattHO aHrJio-pycKo crropa3yMeH11e, no CMJiaTa Ha KoeTo Pycm1 e
rrpuHygeHa ga ce cornac11 c pa3geJIJIHeTo Ha TOKY-ll\O oCBo6ogeHaTa 6onrapCKa gop-
)l(aBa Ha gBe qacT11: egHaTa - o6oco6etta KaTo caMOCTOJITeJIHo KHH)l(eCTBo Eonrap11JI c
rpaHMQM Me)l(gy p. ~yHaB H Crnpa rrJiaHMHa, M gpyrarn - J13TO<IHa PyMeJIMJI, Ha ror OT
CTapa rrnaHMHa, KOJITO ga 6oge rrocTaBeHa rrog BopxoBeHCTBOTO Ha BMcoKaTa rropTa,
HO c II111p0Ka aBTOHOMMH M reHepan-ry6epHaTop xpucTMJIHMH. Ha 25 Matt c. r. BoB B11-
eHa e CKJIJO<JeHo rnfrno crropa3yMeHMe Me)l(gy AHrJIMJI 11 ABCTpo-YHrap:i:rn. B Hero oc-
BeH pa3TIOKoCBaHeTo Ha CaHcTecpaHcKa EonrapMJI Ha rroco<IeHMTe qacT11 e rroCTMrHaTo
M gpyro cornallleHJlle - ga 6oge HaMaJieH <IYBCTBMTeJIHO cpoKoT Ha BpeMeHHOTO pyCKo
yrrpaBJieHT11e B Eonrapml, rrpegBMgeH B CaHcTecpaHCKMJI goroBop. Te3Jll crropa3yMe-
Hl1JI rneg TOBa 3aJIJiraT B OCHOBaTa Ha rrperoBOpMTe Me)l(gy 3arragHJ1ITe eBporrettCKJ1
gop)l(aBM l1 PyrnJI. 3a rrpegcegaTeJI Ha KOHrpeca e M36paH repMaHCKMJIT Kam~nep 0.
EMcMapK. Coe cBoJI 6naroCKnoHeH HeyTpan11TeT TOM ynecHHBa M3KJIJO'IMTeJIHo MHoro
xogoBeTe Ha eBporrettcK11Te rrpegCTaBMTenM. B 061.QHTe rrneHapHH 3acegaHT1rn, Ha KOM-
TO yqacTBaT aHrJIJl!MCKHJIT MJl!HMCTop-rrpegcegaTeJI E. ~H3paenl1 (nopg EMKOHccp11ng),
aBCTpo-yHrapcKMJIT MMHHCTop Ha BoHlllHJl!Te pa60T11 AHgpalllM, pycKMJIT KaHQnep
A. M. fop<IaKoB M repMaHCKMJIT KaHQnep 0. EMcMapK, ce ge6aTMpaT HafI-Ba)l(HHTe
BorrpocM - TepHTop:i:rnnHMTe rpaHMQJll Ha HOBoocBo6ogeHaTa 6onrapcKa gop)l(aBa 11
cog6arn Ha EocHa JI! Xep~eroB11Ha. I1pegcTaBMTen11Te Ha 3anagHJ1ITe BenMKJll cJ1In11 11
oco6eHo nopg E11K0Hccp11np, l1 AHp,palllM ce cTpeMJIT KOJIKOTO e Bo3MO)l(HO noBe<Ie ga
HaMamn rpaHJl!QMTe Ha Eonrap11JI M ga oc11rypJIT CBOJl!Te MKOHOMJ1I<JecK11 MHTepenr B
HeJI rneg OTKoCBaHeTo MOT npep,eJIMTe Ha OcMaHcKaTa 11Mrrep11JI. ABCTpo-yHrapCKaTa
p,MnJioMaQMJI c MoJI<Ian11BoTo cornacMe Ha ocTaHaJIMTe 3anap,HoeBporrel1cKJ1I CJl!JIJI! ce
6op11 3a rro-roneMM rrpaBa Bopxy EocHa l1 Xep~eroBMHa. I1pep, KOHrpeca c M3BeCTHl1
TepMTopManHM rrpeTeHQMJll KoM EonrapMJI M3JIH3aT 11 HRKOM OT npep,CTaBJ1ITen11Te Ha
cocegHMTe 6anKaHcK11 CTpaHM. Ha rrpoTecTHMTe nMcMa Ha 6onrapcKMR Hapop,, 113rrpa-
TeH11 )J,O KOHrpeca OT BCJl!'IKJ1 KpaMI.Qa Ha CTpaHaTa J1 oco6eHo OT OHe3Jll, KOMTO ce
npep,BM)l(ga p,a ocTaHaT B npegem!Te Ha OcMaHcKaTa MMnep:i:rn, He e o6opHaTo BHM-
MaHMe.
PellleHMRTa Ha EepnMHCKMR KOHrpec 3anRraT B T. Hap. EepJIMHCKJll p,oroBop OT
1878. Te ca yp,ap He caMo Bopxy BJIMRHJlleTo Ha PycMR Ha EanKaHMTe, HO 11 Bopxy 6on-
rapcKMTe HaQJ1IOHanH11 MHTepecM. Eepn11HCKMRT p,oroBop e Me)l(p,yHapop,eH aKT, rro-
gnucaH Ha 110n11 OT rrpegCTaB11TeJIJ1I Ha p,op)l(aB11Te, yqacTBanM B EepJIMHCKMR KoHrpec
1878. fJiaBHOTO MY rrpep,Ha3Ha<JeHMe e peBl13MRTa Ha CaHcTecpaHcKMR rrpeJIMMHHapeH
(npep,Bap11TeneH) p,oroBop 1878. I1o rnnarn Ha p,oroBopa ToKy-I.Qo ocBo6op,MJiaTa ce
28
HOBA E'bflI'APCKA J1CTOPJ1Jl (1878-1944)
6orrrapCKa .n;op)l(aBa e pa3nOK'bCaHa Ha HRKOJIKO qacn-r. 1. Tep11Topt1J11Te Me)J{.n;y p . .D;y

HaB M CTapa nnamrna 3ae.n;Ho c ToraBauIHaTa CoqrnfrCKa o6nacT o6pa3yBaT KHR)l(e
crno EonrapMR HatJeJio c KHR3, M36MpaH npRKO OT Hapo.n;a. Ho 3a .n;a 60.n;e rrpt13HaT 3
3aKoHeH 6orrrapcKJ!I BJia.n;eTeJI, TOM TpR6Ba .n;a nonytJM cornacJ1IeTo Ha BeJIJ!IKJ!ITe c:vrm
(PycMR, AHrmrn, <PpaHQMR, ABcTpo-YmapMR, f epMaHJ!IR M :VfraJIMR) M OcMaHcKaT
MMrrepuR. 3a ynpaBJieHJ!IeTo Ha KHR)l(eCTBOTO ce rrpep;BM)l(.n;a OpraHM'IeCKM yCTa1
(KOHCTMTYQMR), t13pa6oTeH OT co6paHue Ha Me_CTHH rropBeHQM. CpoKoT Ha BpeMeH
HOTO pycKO yrrpaBJieHJ!Ie B EomapMR ce HaMaJIRBa OT 2 rop;MHJ!I, KaKTO TOBa onpe.n;em
CaHcTecpaHCKMRT .n;oroBop, Ha 9 MeceQa. HaMupa~aTa ce B KHR)l(eCTBOTO ocMaHCK
apMMR TpR6Ba .n;a HanycHe HeroBMTe npe.n;enu M .n;a 60.n;e 3aMeHeHa c MecTHa Hapo.n;H:
MMJIMQMR. HoBaTa 6orrrapcKa .n;op)l(aBa ce nocTaBR BoB BacaJIHa 3aBMCMMOCT OT Oc
MaHcKaTa J!IMIIepuR M ce 3ap;oJI)l(aBa .n;a :B rrna~a e)l(ero.n;eH .n;aHoK. 3a HeR ocTaBaT 1
cvrna BCM'IKM .n;oroBopvr, rro.n;nJ1IcaHJ11 Me:>K.n;y 3ana.n;HMTe BeJIJ!IKM CMJIM M OcMaHcKaT:
MMrrepuR .n;o M36yxBaHeTo Ha PycKo-TypCKaTa orno6o.n;uTeJIHa BOMHa 1877-18 78, M .n;p
2. 3eMJ!ITe Me)l(.n;y CTapa rniaHMHa M Po.n;orruTe ce o6oco6RBaT B OTp;eJIHa aBTOHOMH:
o6nacT rro.n; rrpou3BOJIHOTO MMe :VfaTOtJHa PyMeJIMR. YnpaBJieHJ!IeTo 1) ce Bo3Jiara Ha re
Hepan-ry6epHaTop, Ha3HatJaBaH OT BucoKaTa nopTa M o.n;o6pRBaH co~o TaKa OT Benu
KJifTe cunu, yqacTBaJIM B EepJIMHCKHR KoHrpec. B HeroBa no.n;Kperra TpR6Ba .n;a .n;e:WcTB•
06nacTHO co6paHue, u36MpaHo OT HaceJieHJ!IeTo, :>Kvrneell\O B 06nacTTa. 3. MaKe.n;o
HMR u O.n;pMHCKO ocTaBaT OTHOBO B rrpe.n;emITe Ha OcMaHcKaTa MMnepvrn rro.n; rrpRKaT;
BJiaCT Ha cynTaHa, T. e. 3a Te3J!I p;Be 6omapcKJif o6nacTM He ce npep;BM:>Kp;a KaKBaTo VI .n;:
6J1IJI0 rrpoMRHa B CTaTYTa MM OT BpeMeTo npe.n;u PyCKo-TypCKaTa orno6o.n;uTeJIHa Boi1
Ha 1877-1878. OcMaHcKaTa vrMnepvrn npueMa ep;MHCTBeHOTO 3ap;oJI:>KeHJ1Ie .n;a rro.n;roTm
M rrpoBe.n;e B Te3M p;Be o6JiaCTM pecpopMM, qpe3 KOJ!ITO .n;a 60.n;aT t13paBHeHM rrpaBaTa H•
xpucTMRHCKOTO HaceneHue c Te3M Ha MOXaMe.n;aHCKOTO. 4. fpa.n;oBeTe IIupoT u Bpam
ce npe.n;aBaT Ha Cop6uR, a PyMoHVIR nonyqaBaJia CeBepHa ,Uo6py.n;:>Ka KaTo KOMneH
caQJifR 3a Eecapa6uR, KORTO no cuJiaTa Ha CaHcTe<!iaHCKJ!IR .n;oroBop ce rrpe.n;ocTaBR H•
PycMR. B EepnviHCKMR .n;oroBop ca BKJIIOtJeHu M KJiay3M, OTHaCRJ1\M ce .n;o coce.n;HVIT1
6aJIKaHCKJif CTpaHu. PyMoHMR, Cop6uR M qepHa ropa ce rrpt13HaBaT 3a He3aBMCVIMI
.n;op)l(aBJif, HO ce 3ap;oJI)l(aBaT .n;a rroeMaT M3TIJiall\aHeTO Ha CoOTBeTHaTa qacT OT .n;op
:>KaBHJifR .n;orrr Ha OcMaHCKaTa JifMnepuR. foneMu rrpu.n;o6uBKJ!I c .n;oroBopa rronyqaB;
ABcTpo-YHrap1rn. Ha HeR ce rrpe.n;oCTaBR rrpaBOTO .n;a oKyrrupa B rrpo.n;oJI)l(eHue Ha 3(
r. EocHa M XepQeroBvIHa, .n;a .n;op)l(M mow BOMCKVI B HoBorra3apcKMR caHp;)l(aK, KOMT<
ocTaBa B rrpe.n;eJIMTe Ha OcMaHcKaTa MMnepMR VI .n;a KOHTponupa 6peroBaTa JIJifHJ!IR H<
qepHa ropa no A.n;puaTJ!ItJecKo Mope. Ha cBoi1 pe.n; AHrJIMR y3aKoHRBa rnoeTo rrpaB<
.n;a 3arpa6u rpoQKMR o. Kurrop M .n;p.
EepnuHCKMRT .n;oroBop e e.n;Ho HecnpaBep;JIMBO .n;eno Ha 3ana.n;HoeBporrei1CKaT<
.n;unnoMaQMR, HaJio)l(eHo npoTMB BOJIRTa Ha PycuR. qpe3 pa3nOKoCBaHeTo Ha CaHcTe
cpaHcKa EorrrapuR 3ana.n;HuTe eBporrei1cKu .n;op)l(aBu VI rro-crreQMaJIHO ABcTpo-YHra
puR u AHrJIMR ce CTpeMRT .n;a HaHecaT y.n;ap Bopxy MHTepernTe Ha PyrnR Ha EaJIKaHMT1
Ji[ .n;a OTCTpaHRT HeMHOTO BJIMRHMe B T03Jif pai1oH Ha EBpona. 3ae.n;Ho c TOBa qpe3 T031
HacuJICTBeH aKT Te nmuaBaT 6orrrapcKJifR Hapo.n; OT TOKY-ll\O Jif3BOIOBaHaTa HaQJ!IOHaJI

Ha He3aBVICJifMOCT VI OCTaBRT 3HatJJifTeJIHM qacTJif OT HerOBJifTe Tept1TOpt1H B rrpe.n;eJIMTI
?Q
Pocui{a AHzenoBa
Ha OcMaHcKaTa 11Mnep11R 11 ,n;pyr11Te cbce,n;tt11 6a11KaHCKl1 CTpaHM. ITo TaK'bB Ha'Il1H Te

C'b3,[laBaT ycnoBl1Jf 3a KpattHO H30CTpRHe Ha OTHOllieHl1JfTa Me)l(,n;y OT,n;eJIHl1Te 6aJIKaH-
CKl1 Hapo,n;11, nocne,n;cTBl1JfTa OT KOMTO He 3aK'bCHHBaT ,n;a ce npoRBJfT.
4. CbrrpoTnBa cpel!!,Y 6epAnHcKnTe pemeuua
E'hrrrapcKl1JfT Hapo,n; Be,n;Hara 113pa3HBa rnoeTo roTIHMO He,n;oBOTICTBO OT Eep1111H-

CKl1H ,n;oroBop. 0'IeBl1,J:IHO e, 'le 6ep1Il1HCKOTO TBOpeHl1e C'hll\eCTBeHO ce pa3Ml1HaBa c
B'h3po)l(,n;eHcKwR 11,n;ean Ha 6'hrrrap11Ha 3a co6crneHa ,n;'hp)l(aBa. lifaB'hH Tep11Top1111Te
Ha KHJf)l(eCTBOTO OCTaBaT 6e3cnopHo 6'brrrapCKl1 3eMl1 J1 HallIM C'bHapo,n;Hl1Ql1, KOMTO
no 6pow Ha,qx:B'hpTIRT HaceneHMeTo B ocl>HQManHo npl13HaTMTe rpaHMQM. ITopa,n;w Ta3l1
npH'IMHa peweHl1HTa Ha Eep1111HCKl1H ,n;oroBop ca nocpeI.QHaTM He caMo c ro1111Ma 6011-
Ka, HO J1 c roTOBHOCT 3a C'bnpoTMBa.
OI.Qe cne,n; no,n;m1rnaHeTo Ha CaHcTecl>aHCKl1Jf npe1111M11HapeH ,n;oroBop cpe,n; 6'b11-
rapcK0To Hace11em1e 3anO'IBa ,Il;BJ1)1(eH11e 3a OC'bll\eCTBHBaHe Ha HaQl10HaJIHOTO e,n;MH-
CTBO B paMKl1Te Ha e,n;11HHa E'h11rap11R. IlI11poKo pa3npoCTpaHeHa qiopMa Ha npoTecT
e 113npall\atteTo. Ha neTHQMM 11 n11cMa Ha pa3m1'IHM a,n;pec11 - ,n;o MMnepaTop AneK-
caH,n;'hp II 11 npaB11Te11cTBaTa Ha 3ana,n;HoeBponewcKMTe ,n;'hp)l(aBM, ,n;o pycK11Te oKyna-
QMOHHM BTiaCTM M Bl1,Il;Hl1 pycKM o6I.QeCTBeHJ1Ql1. Haqeno Ha Ta3l1 KaMnamrn 3aCTaBa
6'hnrapCKaTa 6yp)!(Oa3l1JI, BJt!CllIJ1 ,n;yxoBHJt!Ql1 l1 Hat'I-l13T'bKHaTMTe npe,n;CTaBMTeJil1 Ha
6'brrrapCKaTa l1HTe1111reHQl1J1. IliwpoKa ,n;ewHocT pa3BJrnaT KY3MaH IlianKapeB 11 Me-
To,n;11 Kyces11q, HaTosapeHM ,n;a c'b611paT no,n;n11c11 OT 6'b11rapcK11Te o6I.QMHH B MaKe-
,n;oHl1Jf 11 TpaKl1JI. OcHOBHMTe MCKaHMJI B TJfX ca 6'b11rapcKOTO Hace11eH11e B MaKe,n;o-
HMJI ,n;a He ce no,n;'Il1HJfBa Ha Qapi-1rpa,n;cK11J1 naTp11px l1 ,n;a He ce ,n;onyCKa 3ace11BaHe Ha
TypcKM 6e)l(aHQM B Heorno60,n;ett11Te 6'h11rapcKM 3eMM. ITeTMQl10HHaTa qiopMa e caMo
'IaCT OT 06Il\06'b11rapcKOTO ,J:IBl1)1(eHl1JI 3a OC'hI.QeCTBJ!BaHe Ha Hapo,n;HOTO e,n;l1HCTBO.
E'hrrrapcKMJIT Hapo,n; T'hpc11 perneH11e tta HaQ110HaJIHHJ1 B'hnpoc 11 no TI'hTJI Ha Macos11
,n;ewcTBMJI, cT11raI.Ql1 ,n;o B'hOp'b)l(eHa 6op6a.
TpaK11wcK11Te 6'b11rapH, oco6eHo 6'brrrapcKoTo Hace11em1e B Po,n;onHTe, so,n;HT
Te)l(Ka 6op6a cpeI.Qy onMTMTe ,n;a ce B'h3CTaHoBH TypcKaTa BnacT. Be,n;Hara rne,n; CKTIIO'I-
BaHeTo Ha CaHCTecl>aHCKMJI ,n;orosop B po,n;oncKMTe ropM ce c'b6MpaT roneMM MacM oT
pa36MTaTa npe3 HHyaptt ,n;o ITnoB,n;MB apMMJI Ha CronewMaH nawa, TypCKH 6e)l(aHQM 11
6'brrrapM c MoxaMe,n;aHcKo sepoM3nose,n;aHMe. UenTa MM e ,n;a M36erHaT B'h3Me3,n;MeTo
3a CBOMTe npe,n;MWHM ,n;eJIHMJI l1 ,n;a 3a,n;'bp)l(aT MMOTMTe M BJiaCTTa CM. TaKa Hapeqe-
HOTO Po,n;onCKo B'hCTaHMe CM noCTaBJI OI.Qe ,n;a Qen ,n;a npMc'he,n;MHM patioHMTe Me)!(,n;y
XapMaHJIM M XacKoBo K'hM TypQHJI, KOMTO crrope,n; CaHcTecl>aHCKMJI ,n;oroBop ocrnsar
B rpaHl1QMTe Ha E'hnrapMH. ITpe3 MapT Ha'Ieno Ha opraHJtI3HpaHMJI OT THX MeTe)I( 3a-
CTaBa 6MBWl1JI aHrnHWCKM Kottcyn B'hB BapHa 11 Eyprac M oqi11Qep-,n;o6poB011eQ B oc-
MaHcKaTa apMMJI npe3 BOWHaTa 1877/78 r. )J;. E. CeHKTiep (no,n;BM3aBaI.Q ce no,n; MMeTO
XM,n;aeT nawa). MeTe)l(HMQMTe ycnJIBaT ,n;a osna,n;eJIT 'IaCT OT lifaTo'IHMTe M UeHTpa11HJ1
Po,n;onM, npeMMHaBaT ,n;eMapKaQMOHHaTa JIMHMJI M CTMraT 'IaK ,n;o EaTaK, ITeI.Qepa M Xa-
CKOBO. ITo TI'bTJf CM Te pa3rpa6BaT ,n;eceTKM 6'b11rapCKJ1 cena M M3B'bpllIBaT norpOMM.
30
HOBA Eb!II'APCKA J1CTOPJ1H (1878-1944)
PoAOTICKOTO B'bCTaHHe e opraHH3HpaHo OT BHcoKaTa nopTa H HMa 3a QeJI Aa no·

npe'IH Ha H3TI'bJIHeHHeTo Ha CaHcTecpaHcKHR MHpeH AoroBop w Aa ce B'b3CTaHOBH oc·
MaHcKaTa BJiacT B TpaKWR, MaKeAOHWR H Apyrw 6MBllIM npomrnQM11 Ha OcMaHcKaT<
wMnep11R. To wMa TIOAKpenarn Ha aHrrrwJ1:cKoTo nocorrcTBO B Ll;apwrpaA. OT AttrrrwJ
ce M3npa~aT noM0~11, opn:>KHe u 6oenp11nacw. Ha 18-oTo 3aceAaHwe Ha Eeprr11H·
CKJ!IR Kottrpec attrrr11J1:cK11R npeACTaB11TeJI JIOPA Corrc6np11 OT MMeTo Ha attrrr11ticKan
u cppettcKaTa AerreraQMR npeArrara Aa ce C'b3AaAe Me:>KAyttapOAHa KOM11c11R 3a pa3-

CJieABaHe Ha cn611TMRTa B P0Aon11Te. EBponeJ1:CKaTa poAoncKa KOM11Cl1R e yqpeAem
Ha 3 IOJIJ1 1878 r., KaTO 113611pa 3a CBOM npeACeAaTeJI aBCTpo-yttrapCK11R npeACTaB11TeJ
TIOJIK. <Pott Paa6. KoMJ1CJ1RTa noce~aBa IlJIOBAWB, neAearaq, KcaHTJ1, fIOMIOPA:>K11Ha
KnpA:>Karr11 u poAoncK11Te cerra. KoM11CHRTa He KOHCTaT11pa npeK11 yrrwKw cpe~y py-
cKaTa apMHR 11 6nrrrapcKOTO HacerreH11e. TR He l13JIM3a c eA11HHo MHett11e u TaKa onw-
T'bT Aa ce TIOAKpenRT peCTaBpaTopcK11Te QeJIM Ha OcMaHcKaTa 11MnepwR 3aBnpllIBaT c
Heycnex. BPY AOnpwttaCRT MHOro 3a BOeHH11R pa3rpoM Ha MeTe:>KH11QWTe. Ha<JeJio Ha
BnOpn:>KeHaTa cnnpoTwBa Ha 6nrrrapwTe 3aCTaBa rrereHAapH11R 6nrrrapcKw BOMBOACJ
KanwTaH IleTKO K11pRKOB.
IlpoTecT11pa HaceneH11eTo Ha MaKeAOH11R, oCnAeHo Aa ocTaHe noA <JY:>KAa BJiaCT:
He :>Kena.RT Aa np11eMaT cparnnHaTa np11cnAa :>K11TerrwTe Ha 0ApHHCKa TpaK11R 11 Eeno-
MopHeTo, AOKOCHaJI11 ce 3a 6poeHH MeCe[\M AO CBo6oAaTa; HeroAyBaT 6nnrap11Te 01
KHR:>KeCTBOTO, Ann6oKO C'b'IYBCTBall.\H Ha rno11Te C'bHapOAHWQM. 3a :>KanocT BCM'IKO
OCTaBa Hanpa3HO, 3a~OTO HHTepecwTe B3eMaT Bpnx HaA cnpaBeAJIMBOCTTa.
HeroAyBa 11 6nrrrapcKOTO HaceJieHHe B vfaTO'IHa PyMeJIMR. B Ha'laJIOTO Ha cen-
TeMBp11 1878 r. B IlnoBAHB ce cn611pa ronRMa rpyna 06~ecTBeH11 AeMQM, 3a Aa M3-
pa6oTw npoTeCTeH MeMoap AO Bem1Kl1Te CHJIH. B H3pa6oTeHJIIR OT M. npwHOB J1 Ji1B.
EB. fellIOB MeMoap ce 113T'bKBa, qe 6nnrapwTe ~e ce 6opRT c BCM'IKH cpeACTBa, 3a Aa
ocn~ecTBRT cBoeTo eAMHCTBo, a aKo IloprnTa 113npaT11 rapH1130Hl1 B JifaTO'IHa Py-
Men11R, ~e oTroBopRT Ha Hac11nweTo c Hacwn11e. MeMoapnT e ttaJ1:-npeACTaB11TenH11.R
npoTeCTeH AOKyMeHT, aApecHpaH AO BemIKJ1Te CJ1JIH. nenera[\MR B C'bCTaB n11Ml1T'bp
fpeKOB, ToAop MKOHOMOB 11 fp11rop Ha<JOBM'I npwcT11raT B 11;ap11rpaA, 3a Aa ro TIOAHe-
caT Ha cTpaHMTe, yqacTHl1'1Kl1 B KOHrpeca. Te ca nocpe~HaTH 6narocKJIOHHO caMo or
pycKMR nocnaHMK. V1TaJIHaHCKJ1RT, aBCTpHMCKJ1RT J1 repMaHCKJ1RT ce OTHaCRT K'bM TRX
cTyAeHo, a cppeHCKJ1R B'b06~e OTKa3Ba Aa r11 np11eMe.
IIpoTecTHaTa aKQHR Ha 6nrrrapHTe OT V13TO'IHa PyMen11R, B KORTO B3eMaT yqac-
TMe 11 npeACTaBMTen11 OT KHR:>KecTBoTo 11 MaKeAOHMR, 3ano3HaBa eBponeticKoTo 06-
~eCTBeHo MHett11e c nono:>KeHHeTo 11 Te:>KHeHMRTa Ha QeJIHR 6nrrrapcK11 HapoA. TJI
ce 113pa3RBa o~e B AeceTKM aApec11, Mon611 11 l13Jio.>KeHwR. EAHOBpeMeHHO c TOBa no
l1Hl1[\J1aTJ1Ba Ha 611Bllil1 peBOJIIOQJ10HHJ1 AeM[\11 JiI C'bC C'brJiac11eTo Ha pycKJ1Te BJiaCTl1
B'b3Hl1KBaT r11MHaCTM'lecKo-CTpenK0Bw APY:>KeCTBa, KOMTO cTaBaT onopa Ha cnnpoT11-
BaTa B V13TO'!Ha PyMeJiwR. f11MHacT11<JecKwTe APYiKecTBa W3rpa:>KAaT CBOR opraH113a-
Ql1R, KORTO o6eAMHRBa oKono 40 000 AYllIM. Haqeno Ha TIOAfOTOBKaTa WM B CnwBeHcKa
ry6epHI1R 3aCTaBa reH. M. n. CKo6eneB, a B IlnOBAMBCKa - 6nrrrapCK11R TIOJIK. K. M.
KernKoB. f11MHacT11qecK11Te APY:>KeCTBa nocT11raT roneM11 ycnex11 11 CTaBaT HaAe:>KAeH
31
Pocu4a AHze1wBa
C'bl03Hl1K Ha pyCKaTa ,ll;l1IlJIOMaQl1R B OTCTORBaHe Ha 6onrapCKaTa Kay3a B J.13TOqHa

PyMemrn.
Hat1-3Haq11TenHa l13RBa Ha conpoTMBa e KpecHeHcKo-Pa3JIO)l(KOTo B'bCTaHMe.
B nop;roTOBKarn MY B3eMaT yqacTMe c'b3p;ap;em1Te KOMJ1TeT11 "Ep;MHCTso''. B pep;MQa
Kpam.Qa Ha CTpaHaTa ca o6pa3yBaHJ1 KOMHTeTJ:t "Ep;HHCTBO", KOJ1TO nop; cpopMaTa Ha
6narornop11TeJIHl1 p;py)l(eCTBa nop;roTBRT B'bCTaHMe B vfaToqHa PyMeJIMR, MaKep;oHMR
11 Op;pHHCKO. KoMwTeT'bT s TopHoso e ocHoBaH Ha 29 asryCT 1878, s Xap;)l(11Hep;J1JI-
KOBarn K'bl.Qa, Kop;eTo no TOBa BpeMe )l(MBee 6onHMR Beqe ITro6eH KapasenoB. J1H11-
Ql1aTop11Te nopBI1 CTJffaT p;o 3aMHC'bJia 3a 061..QoHapop;Ho HaqHHaHwe 11 np113osasaT
3a Boopo)l(eI-ia conpoTwsa cpel.Qy perneIIMRTa Ha EepmmcKMR Kmirpec. J1MeHarn Ha
roneMwTe Bo3pO)l(,ll;eHQl1 ITro6eH KapaBenos, CTecpaH CrnM6onoB, npocp. MapwH ,Upu-
HOB, rnasarn Ha EonrapCKaTa npaBocnaBHa QopKsa EK3apx MocHcp I, XpwcTo J1BaHOB
foneMMR, XpucTo KapaMMHKOB, ,UparaH UaHKOB 11 p;pyrn naTpHoTw ce OTKpORBaT cpep;
Te3w, KOMTO HCKaT c opo)l(J1e p;a p;oBoprnaT p;enoTo Ha OcB06op;1uennaTa so:WHa.
3a KpaTKO BpeMe KOMl1TeTl1 "Ep;wHcTso" ce C'b3p;aBaT B Pyce, IToBeq, fa6poBo,
TpRBHa 11 p;pyrap;e. Haqeno Ha KOMMTeTMTe 3acrnsaT Bl1,ll;Hl1 rpa)l(p;aHw, p;yxoBHMQH,
6l1Billl1 peBOJIIOQl10HeplL PyceHCKl1RT KOM:t1TeT p;o cpep;aTa Ha OKTOMBpH ce ornaBRBa
OT J1satt Ba30B. YcHJIMJITa Ha KOM:t1TeT11Te ca Hacoqenu rnasno K'bM nop;noMarane Ha
B'bCTaHMeTo B MaKep;oHMR. Co6HpaT ce cpep;crna 11 opo)l(He. Hapep; c KOMHTen1Te s
KHR)l(eCTBOTO ce C'b3p;aBaT H B noqT11 BCHqK11 cena 11 rpap;ose Ha J13ToqHa PyMeJIMR.
I1pe3 RHyapw 1879 r. ce C'b3p;aBa UeHTpaneH KOMMTeT 3a IO)l(Ha Eonrapirn Haqeno c
,Up. UaHKOB, K. BenuqKoB 11 non feoprn Tunes. Uenrn na IO)l(H06onrapcK11Te KoM11-
TeT11 e nop;roTOBKa Ha Boopo)l(eHa conpoTMBa B cnyqa:W Ha HacTaHJIBaHe Ha TYPCKH
rapH:t130HH B o6naCTTa.
EonrapwTe OT MaKep;oHMR KaKTO nocoquxMe H3npal.QaT p;o npasuTencTBaTa Ha
Ben11K11Te c11n1111 BpeMeHHoTo pycKo ynpasnemte neTMQHl1, MeMoap1111 Mon6H, c KOH-
TO npoTecn1paT cpell\y pernenweTo TeXHHTe 3eMw p;a ocTaHaT B npep;en11Te Ha OcMaH-
cKarn 11Mnep11R. Hapep; c M111pH11Te npoTeCTl1 npop;'bJI)l(aBaT 11 'IeTHM'IeCKMTe aKQMH.
CT11x11:t1H11Te l13RBH Ha conpoTMBa np11p;o611saT opraH11311paH xapaKTep c aKTMBHOTO
y'IaCTwe Ha QopKOBHMTe p;eJ.\'1Q11 11 l1HTenureHTl1 KaTo HaTaHawn Oxp11p;cK11, MeTop;ww
Kyces, Barnn ,U11aMaHp;11es 11 p;pyrw, 11 Ha KOMJ1Ten1Te "Ep;wHcrno''.
B Ha'IaJioTo Ha asrycT 1878 r. oxpup;cKMR snap;wKa HaTaHaMJI Oxp11p;CK11 4 ce 3a-
eMa c opraHl13MpaHeTo Ha C'bl.QecTsysal.QMTe seqe 'IeTHM'IeCKl1 rpym1. To:W ce cpell\a
4 HaTaua1m 3orpacpcKH, MHTponorrHT OxpH,!ICKH H IlrroB,!IHBCKH e po.r1eu Ha 26 OKT 1820 r.

ceno K}"IeB11111e, CKoTicKa l.(optta ropa. B 1835 ro.r111ua onrna ,!la yq11 B CaMOKOB. C11e.r1 TOBa Tipo-
,ll'bl!JKaBa o6pa30BaHl1eTO Cl1 B Tip1111eTI, K'b,lleTO 3ae,!IHO c Y'fHTem1 r. CaMypKallleB npeBeJK,lla ,,BO
I1pOCTl1i1 11 KpaTKl1i1 H3WK 6011rapcKww" aHTWCeMl1TCK11H TpaKTaT ,,C11yJKeHwe eBpewcKO 11 Bee 3l!OT-
Bopett11e tt11xtto" Ha MOHaxa HeocpwT, OTTie'feTaH B 1838 ro,!IWHa OT Teo.r1oc11w Cr.rna11TcK11. Tipe3 1837
ro.r111Ha ce nogCTp11rBa 3a MOHax B 3orpacpcKWH MaHcTwp c 11MeTo HaTaHawn. Y'fw B KwrnwHeB 1'f
B OgecKaTa ceM11Hap11H, PycwH. B 1840-1841 rog11tta 3aeguo enc 3axap11Cr KHHJKeBCKl1 Harnttaun
rrpeBeJKga ,,3ep~al!o 111111 ome.r1a110 xp11cT11HHCKoe", OTTie'faTaHO B MocKBa B 1847 rog11Ha. Tipe3 1851
rog11tta 3aBoprnBa K11eBcKaTa .r1yxoBHa aKageMl1H, KaH,!IW,llaT Ha 6oroc11osweTo c pa6oTaTa: "O TOM,
32
HOBA E'bllfAPCKA MCTOPMJ! (I 878-1944)
B KIDCTeHp;MJI cbc cTapMTe BOMBOp;M, Ha'!eJio c p;Rp;o J1JibO MapKoB M Hacop'IaBa Ha

MepeHMRTa MM 3a 6op6a. Ila C'b~OTO BpeMe T'bpHOBCKMR KOMMTeT M3rrpa~a MHxaM:
CapacpoB B CocpMR, KypMep1ue CrnTM AHTOHOB, feoprn )K11BKOB 11 ,[(:>Kopp;:>Ko MoMqe;
B fopHa ,[(:>KyMaR M K:EOcTeH,[IMJI. BcH'IKM Te KOHcTaTMpaT Hamr'!MeTo Ha opraHM3aQM.ll
Ha6eJIR3aHM QeJIM M 3ap;aq11 Ha 6op;e~oTo B'bCTaHMe.
CocpMMCKHRT KOMMTeT, KOt°ITO KOHQeHTpMpa B ce6e CM fOJIRMa qacT OT 6omap
CKaTa eMMrpaQMR OT MaKep;oHMR, ce rrpeMMeHyBa B KOMMTeT "Ep;MHCTBo" M rrpMeM:
yCTaBa Ha TopHOBCKMR. IloCTe11eHHO ce C'b3p;aBaT KOMliITeTM B CocpMMCKMR pai101
B 6JIM30CT p;o OrHlil~aTa Ha C'b11pOTlilBaTa. Ilpe3 cerrTeMBplil IIO,[lfOTOBKaTa Ha B'bC
TaHJ1eTO ce 3aCMJIBa. Ila BCRKO BepORTHOCT rrpep;cTaBMTeJIJ1Te Ha ,[IBM:>KeHMeTO m
TOBa BpeMe rronyqaBaT Hacop'Iem1eTo Ha rrpep;cTaB11TeJI11Te Ha BpeMeHHOTO pycKc
y11paBJieHMe. ,[(ei1HOCTTa Ha TopHOBQJ111 ocrnHaJIMTe KOMliITeTM B CeBepHa Eonrapm
rrpop;'bJI)KaBa p;a e 11pep;l1MHO IIOMO~Ha, a opraHM3aQMRTa J1 TaKTM'IeCKOTO poKOBO,[I
CTBO OCTaBa B poQeTe Ha Cocp11i1cKJ1R KOMMTeT. Ilpl1'IJ1HJ1Te 3a HaCO'!BaHe p;eMHOCTT;
Ha ceBepH06omapcK11Te KOM11Ten1 rnaBHO 3a MaKep;oH!irn He ce o6yrnaBR caMo o·
roJIRMOTO 3Ha'!eH11e Ha Ta3M o6rraCT 3a 6op;e~oTo HaQMOHaJIHO pa3Bl1TJ1e. TpaKliIR l
p;pyn1Te o6nacTM 11pep;cTaBJIRBaT He 110-MaJI'bK MHTepec. ToBa ce Hanara rrpep;H BCM'I
KO OT HaJIM'IJ1eTO Be'!e Ha B'bCTaHJ1'IeCKJ1 11poRBM J1 Ha'!eHKJ1 Ha opraHJ13MpaHo ,[IBM
)KeH11e TaM.
Ha 8 cerrTeMBpM 1878 rop;MHa B PMJICKlilR MaHaCTMp ce 11p0Be:>Kp;a C'bBe~aH11e. H
Hero 11pMC'bCTBaT H. OxpMp;CKM, ,[(HMHT'bp IIorrreopnreB, J1JibO MapKoB, BOMBOp;M o·
BoTpernHOCTTa Ha MaKep;oH!iIR, KaKTO M yrrpaBliITeJIMTe Ha KIDcTeHp;HJICKMR M ,[()Ky
MaMCK!iIR oKpor H. P. 0BCRHl1M M M. B. IlleB'!eHKO. PMJICKMRT MaHacT11p e reorpacpcK<
C'bep;MHJ1TeJIHO 3BeHO Me:>Kp;y p;BaTa oKpora M 110 TOBa BpeMe c6opeH 11YHKT Ha BCM'IKJ
'!eTHMQM, OII'bJI'IeHQM, KOMTO ce oT11paBRT OT KHR:>KeCTBOTO M J13TO'!Ha PyMeJIMR 3:
B'bCTaHM'IeCKHR pat'roH. TyK 11p!iICTMra M rrpaTeHHK'bT Ha TopHOBCKMR KOMMTeT M. Ca
pacpoB M M3pa3JIBa fOTOBHOCTTa Ha KOMJ1TeTJ1Te B KHJI)KeCTBOTO p;a OKa)KaT BCRKaKBc
IIOMO~ 3a BO,[leHe Ha B'bCTaHJ1eTO. HarnHal1JI OCTaBR B ,[()KyMaMCKJ1R pafIOH 3a CBOi
3aMecTHMK ,[(. IIorrreoprneB Coe 3ap;aqa p;a C'b3p;ap;e B rrorpaHM'IHMTe c TypQMR pat'rom
MeCTHO OII'bJI'IeHMe, KOeTO p;a 11oeMe oxpaHaTa Ha rpaHJ1QaTa J1 p;a C'b611pa B'bCTaHJ1QH
'!TO BonrapcKwJlr ApxwerrncKorr B ApeBHHJI BpeMeHa He 3aB11c11n HH OT PwMcKaro, HH OT KoHcTaHTH

HorronbcKoro Ilarpwapxa''. PbKorrono)l(eH e 3a JlrepoMoHax B KvieB. HaTaHawn e cTaBa nH'!eH rrpwJITeJ
Ha IleTKOBH'I, PaKoBcKH, ArrpwnoB, Ilanay30B 11 MHOro Apyrw BHl:\HH 6bnrapcKH H pycKw o6Il\eCT
Bem1 H AYXOBHH ):\eMI.\H. IlbTyBa H3 PyrnJI, ABcTpHJI, Cbp6HJI, Bna1I1Ko, Mon):\oBa H OcMaHcKaT;
HMrrepHJI. YfryMeH e Ha ,I(o6poBel\KHJI MaHaCTHp B Mon):\oBa AO 1869 roAHHa PbKorrono)!(eH e 31
rrpbB MHTporronHT Ha BbnrapCKaTa eK3apXHJI B OxpHA rrpe3 cerrTeMBpH (1872) fOl:\HHa, Ho rronyqaB1
6epaT rrpe3 1874 fOl:\HHa. B3HMa yqacTHe B opraHH3HpaHeTO Ha KperneHcKo-Pa3nO)!(KOTO BbCTaHHI
rrpe3 1878-1879 fOAHHa. Tio-KbCHO e JioB'!aHcKH MHTporronHT (1879-1891 r.), a OT 1891 fOl:\HHa AC
CMbpTTa CH e IlnOB):\HBCKH MHTporronHT. ABTOp Ha MHOfO ):\OIJHCKH, CTaTHl1 11 rrpeB0):\11, cpeA KOHTO
"ByKBap cnaBeHo-6bnrapCK11 3apaAH yq11nHil\e Ha CKorrcKo qepHoropCKo ceno Ky'leB11cTa", ByKy
pell\ 1865; "3a I0cTl1HHaHoBH rrpaBa Ha OxpHl:\CKa apxwerr11cKorr11JI HnH 3a l\bpKOBHa He3aBHCHMOC'
H CaMOCTOJITemmcT Ha OxpHACKO-BbnrapcKo CBJIIl\eHoHa'lantte", IJ,apttrpaA 1873. HaTaHaHn OxpHA
CK11 e rroqeTeH qneH Ha BK.I(. YM11pa Ha 18 cerrTeMBpH 1906 r. B TinoB):\HB.
33
Pocu4a A1ueJiosa
3a K10CTeH):II1JI 3aMecTHI1K He e npe):IBM):leH. BepoRTHO ):IR):IO J1Jibo BOWBO):la ce CMRTa

no npaBO 3a TaK'bB, HO TOW He 611JI Be'Ie II'bJIHOQeHeH 3a IIO):I06Ha~ I13I1CKBa~a Henpe-
K'bCHaTO Hanpe)f(em1e 11 eHepr11R ):lettHOCT. HaTaHa11JI 3aMI1HaBa 3a TpaK11R. M11c11RTa
MY TYK Hee ycnenrna - ITeTKO BOttBO):la BpeMeHHo e 3a):lop)f(aH OT pycKMTe BJiacT11, a
Ha 19 cenTeMBp11 1878 r. e orno6o):leH c npe):ln11caH11e ):la He npe611BaBa B npe):lerr11Te
Ha 113TO'!Ha PyMeJII1R 11 KHR)f(eCTBO Eomap11R.
Ha 3 OKTOMBpI1 1878 r. e yqpe):leH ):l)f(yMattCKI1 6JiaroTBopI1TeJieH KOMI1TeT "E):II1H-
CTBO", KOWTO noeMa npRKaTa opraHI13aQI1R Ha B'bCTaHil!eTO B pattoHa. 3a HeroB npe):lce-
):laTeJI e 1136paH KoHCTaHT11H Eoc11JIKOB - ):l'bJiroro):l11LUeH Y'!I1TeJI 11 KH11)f(ap B MaKe):lo-
H11R. TpeCKaBa no):lroTOBKa ce I13BnpLUBa 11 B K10cTeH):l11JICKO. Cocl>11wcK11RT KOM11TeT
opraH11311pa oTpR/:I OT oKOJio 100 /:IYLUI1, K011TO ca 113npaTeH11 K'bM K10cTeH):II1JI no,n;
pnKOBO):ICTBOTO Ha A):laM KaJIM11KOB, ocl>11Qep OT ,[J;oHcKaTa Ka3aLUKa BottcKa 11 'IeTa
no):I pnKOBO):ICTBOTO Ha Maifop Jiy11c BottTK11eBI1'I - noJIRK ()f(eHeH 3a 6omapKa OT
BeJiec). TaKa K10cTeH):l11JI CTaBa BTopo B'bCTaH11'!eCKo orH11~e.
Il(a6oT, omaBRBaH OT ,[J;. ITonreopr11eB, He cnyMRBa ):la 06e,n;11H11 BCI1'IK11 roToB11
3a B'bCTaH11'IeCKa 6op6a rnrr11 OKOJIO Pr.ma 11 IT11p11H. M11TponoJI11T HaTaHa11JI npe):l-
TIO'II1Ta ):la ce o6JIRra Ha opraH113aTOpCKaTa l1 6oi1:HaTa ):lettHOCT Ha 'IeTHTe, 'IHWTO po-
KOBO):IIJ!TeJIH ca OIII1THI1 BOttBO):IH. OT KHR)f(eCTBOTO CT. CTaM60JIOB Bn3pa3RBa cpe~y
TOBa CBoeo6pa3HO B'b3IIpOI13Be)f():laHe Ha 'IeTHH'IeCKaTa TaKTHKa OT B'b3p0)f():leHCKOTO
MI1HaJio. TaKa B'bCTaHil!eTo 1136yxBa npe):l11 ):la ce C'b3):1a):le e):l11HeH pnKOBop;eH QeHTnp
c RCHa CTpaTerHR 11 TaKTHKa.
Ha 5 OKTOMBp11 1878 ro):l11Ha OKOJIO 400 B'bCTaH11QI1 no):I pnKOBO):ICTBOTO Ha Crn-
RH BOWBO):la (CToRH KapacT011JIOB) aTaKyBa TypcKHR rapHI130H 11 npeB3eMa Kpernett-
CKI1Te xaH'IeTa. TypcKHTe BOWCKI1 ca npI1TI1CHaTH B paifoHa Ha xaH'IeTaTa 11 BCeK11
OIII1T ):la ce Ha):II1rHaT I1JII1 TI'bK ):la ce cHa6):1RT c XJIR6 e ocyeTRBaH OT B'bCTaHI1'IeCK11
ornH. B KpaR Ha ):leHR Te ce npe):IBaT c HCKaHe ):la 6o):laT 113npaTeH11 B KHR)f(eCTBOTo
nopa):IH CTpaxa, 'le B TypQI1R ~e 6o):laT HaKa3aH11. Opo)f(MeTo 11M e KOHcl>11cKyBatto.
Orno6o):leH11 ca ceJiaTa BJiax11, O~aBa, HoBo ceJio. BncTaH11eTo o6XBa~a 11 MeCTHOCT-
Ta KapLUI1RKa, Ha):IRCHO OT peKa CTpyMa. <PopM11paHo e B'bCTaH11'IeCKo pnKOBO):ICTBO
B C'bCTaB: aTaMaH A):laM KaJIMI1KOB, Ha'IaJIHI1K-~a6 ,[J;. ITonreopr11eB 11 maBeH BOttBo,n;a
CT. KapacTOI1JIOB. BncTaHH'IeCKI1RT ~a6 ce Hap11'Ia "Il(a6 Ha B'bCTaHI1QI1Te MaKe):IOH-
cK11" ce yCTaHOBRBa B c. BJiax11.
OrneH B KpecHeHCKOTO ):lecl>11Jie B'bCTaH11'IecK11 ):lettCTBI1R 3aTIO'IBaT B HeBpoKon-
CKO, ,[J;eM11px11capcKo, CepcKo, MaJieLUeBCKo 11 np. B Ha'IaJioTo Ha HoeMBp11 B'bCTaH11-
eTo o6xBa~a 11 ceJiaTa OT EaHcKo-Pa3JIO)f(KaTa KOTJIOBI1Ha. O)f(eCTO'IeH11 cpa)f(eH11!l
ce BO):IRT np11 orno6mK):laBaHe Ha EaHcKo 11 Pa3Jior. BTop11 B'bCTaH11'IecK11 QeHTnp B
Pa3JIO)f(KaTa KOTJIOBI1Ha CTaBa ceJio fopHo ,D;pam11~e. KnM Hero ce oTnpaBRT B'bCTa-
HI;i:QI1 OT ,[J;oJIHO ,D;pam11~e. ,[J;o6npCKo I1 fo):IJieBo. Ccl>opMI1paHaTa 'IeTa TIOTerJIR K'bM
ceJio EaHR.
B pe3yJITaT Ha ycneLUHI1Te B'bCTaH11'IeCKI1 ):lettcTBI1R B KpecHeHcKo 11 Pa3JIO)!{-
KO ca orno6o):leH11 43 ceJia. EoJirapcKaTa BOJIR 3a rno6o):la e TIO):IKonaHa OT cJia6Hre
cTpaH11 Ha B'bCTaH11eTo, KOI1TO npoJI11'IaBaT o~e B caMoTo MY Ha'IaJio. KoM11TeTHTe
"E):II1HCTBo" B KHR)KeCTBOTO He ca B C'bCTORHI1e ):la oc11rypRT pe):IOBHO Heo6xo):II1M11-
34
HOBA E"b!II'APCKA MCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
Te 6oerrpwrracw w opo)!me. 3arrap;HwTe p;op)f(aBw Herop;ysaT cpern;y B'bCTaHweTo KaT(

HapyrneHwe Ha BepnwHCKWJI p;orosop. PycwJI e rrpwHyp;eHa p;a 3a'!eTe TJIXHOTO MHem11
11 npeycrnHOBJIBa HernacHaTa c11 nop;Kpena. OCTp11 JIJ1'!Hl1 11 np1rnu;11nHli1 TaKTM'!ecKJ
npoTMBope'IMJI pa3ep;1i1HJIBaT B'bcTaHw'!ecKoTo poKOBop;crno. Coqm:ifcKMJIT KOMMTe'
li1 HerOBJ1Te nop;p;p'b)f(HJi1IJ;li1 OTCTOJIBaT 3aMWC'bJia 3a 6op3H napTtt3aHCKJ1 p;e:i1:CTBJ,1Jl I
3arrap;Ha TIOCOKa, 3a p;a MO)f(e pa3III1i1peHWJIT o6XBaT Ha B'bCTaHJ1eTO p;a npep;W3Bli1K:
HaMecaTa Ha seJIWKWTe Cl1Jili1. MecTHWTe sop;a'lw ce o6JIBJIBaT rrpoTWB npw6op3aHOT<
pa3npocTwpaHe Ha B'bCTaHtt'leCKWTe p;e:i1:cTBl1JI li1 3a yKpenBaHe Bopxy orno6op;eH1i1T1
3eMw. HRKOM OT rnx ca y6wTw B w36yxHaJiwTe pa3rrpw (CTOJIH Bo:ifsop;a e y6wT 3BepcK~
Ha 25 HOeMBp11 1878). ,n11M. IlorrreoprneB ry61i1 poKOBO)J;HHJI CJ,1 IlOCT B rn;a6a. 0Trna6
HaJIO OTB'bTpe J,1 Hep;oCTaT'b'lHO nop;KpeneHO OTB'bH, B'bCTaHweTO e CMa3aHO.
BonpeK11 npoJIBeH11JI rep0113'bM Typu;wTe rrpeMwHaBaT B HaCT'bTIJieH11e. Ha 11 Ho
eMBpw 1878 rop;wHa e orro)f(apeHa Kperna. Coll\aTa Y'!aCT rrocTwra orn;e 12 cena O'.
KpecHeHCKOTO p;eqnrne. KoM KpaJI Ha HoeMspw e pa3rpoMeHo B'bCTaHweTo li1 B Pa3
JIO)f(KO. Ilo p;ecHWJI 6pRr Ha p. CTpyMa B'bCTaHw'!ecK11Te p;e:ifcrnwJI rrpop;'hJI)f(aBaT p;c
cpespyapw 1879 rop;wHa. B T0311 KpttTW'leH MoMeHT B MaKep;oHm:.1 wp;Ba CTecpaH CrnM
6oJioB. To:i1: 3aep;Ho c HMKOJia 06peTeHOB HaCTOJIBa p;a ce W3TIOJI3Ba orrMT'bT OT Arrp1rn
CKOTO B'bCTaHwe OT 1876 rop;1rna w arrocTOJIJ1 p;a rrop;roTBJIT HaceJieHHeTo 3a 6op;ern;11Tt
B'bCTaHw'!ecKw p;e:ifcrnwJI. H. Oxpwp;cKH ocrnsa rrpHBop)f(eHwK Ha '!eTHM'leCKaTa TaK
TWKa.
Ilpe3 arrp11n 1879 rop;wHa ep;Ha cpaBHHTeJIHO roJIJIMa '!eTa rrpeMwHaBa TypCKaT<
rpaHwu;a c u;en p;a p;ap;e cwrHaJI 3a B'bCTam·1e OKOJIO DHTOJIJI. BocTaHWIJ;HTe ocTaBaT H3·
om1paHw w He MoraT p;a cnpaT HaCT'bTIJieHMeTo Ha TypcKWTe so:ifcKw. B cpep;arn Ha Mat
'leTaTa e pa36HTa, 'laCT OT '!eTHHIJ;HTe 3aJIOBeHH, a MaJIIJ;HHa ce 3aBporn;aT HeBpep;HMJ!
B EonrapwR. 3a p;a ce cnpas11 c 'leTHTe TypCKaTa BJiaCT o6JIBJIBa aMHHCTWJI. Tosa BHao
pa3p;BOeHHe H KOJie6aHHe cpep; 'leTHHIJ;HTe J,1 MeCTHHTe p;e:ifu;w, fOTOBJ,1 p;a ce npHC'be·
p;WHJIT K'bM TJIX. Ha 25 Ma:i1: 1879 rop;wHa HarnHaHJI Oxp11p;cKw pa3nyCKa 'leTJ11Te.
KpecHeHcKo-Pa3JIO)f(KOTO B'bCTaHMe e ep;Ha OT HaH-roJieM11Te npoJIBH Ha 6omap·
CKJ,iJI Hapop; 3a ocorn;ecTBJIBaHe Ha TI'bJIHO Hau;110HaJIHO OCB060)f()J;eHHe li1 o6ep;wHeHJ,i(
Henocpep;cTBeHo rnep; EepJIHHCKWJI KOHrpec. He3aBHCWMO OT Heycnexa, TO C'b3p;as~
3p;pasa Tpap;wu;MJI B ocso6op;wTeJIHHTe 6op6w B MaKep;oHWJI w TpaKWJI. To noKa3Ba, '!(
6onrapwTe HJIMa p;a ce npwM11pJIT c Hecrrpasep;JIWBOCTWTe w nepMaMeHTHO rn;e BO)J;Jl1
6op6a p;o TI'bJIHOTO w OKOH'laTeJIHO pernaBaHe Ha 6omapcKWJI Hau;woHaJieH Bonpoc
D'bJirapwTe noKa3BaT Ha EBpona, 'le rnep;aT Ha 6epmrncKWJI p;wKTaT KaTo BpeMeHm
MJipKa li1 OKa3BaT BJIJ1JIHWe Ha BwcoKaTa noprn p;a ce OTKa)f(e OT npaBOTO CH p;a pa3TIO·
JIO)f(W TypcKw rapHH30HW. KpecHeHcKo-pa3JIO)f(KOTo B'bCTaHMe ce JIBJIBa 3aKoHoMepHc
w norw'IHO npop;'bJI)f(eHwe Ha 6onrapcKaTa Hau;woHaJIHa, 6yp)f(oa3Ho-p;eMoKpaTw'lm
peBOJifOIJ;HJI.
JH:ITEPATYPA
BbHIIIHa noJIHTWKa Ha nbnrapm11879-1886. ,I(oKyMeHTH. T. 1. C., 1978.

,I(aMRHOB, C. <DpeHcKoTo wKoHoMwqecKo npoHWKBaHe B frbnrapw11 1878-1914. C., 1971.
Pocu4a AHzeJ1oaa
,UaMRHOB, C. Ennrapi,rn B'bB ¢peHcKaTa nom1THKa 1878-1918. C., 1985.

JJ:oiiHoB, ,U. KpeetteHcKo-Pa3JIO)l(KO B'bCTaHHe. C., 1979.
J1CTopHR Ha EonrapHR. T. VII. EAH. C., 1991.
J1crnpi,rn Ha JJ:o6py,n;:lf<a. T. 3. c., 1988. rn. IV. BpeMeHHOTO pycKO ynpasJieHHe B .Uo6py-
,ll;)l(a npe3 1887-1879 r.
Ko3MeHKo, 11. B. PyCKaTa ,n;nnnoMal\HR H ¢opMwpaHeTo Ha 6nnrapCKaTa ,n;op)l(aBHocT
cne,n; Ocso6o)l(,n;eHHeTo. C., 1982.
JianKoB, M. EonrapwR B 6a11KaHcKaTa nonHTHKa Ha AscTpo-YHrapHR 1878-1903. C.,
1993.
MaTeesa, M., Xp. Tenaswrnpos. ,UHnJioMaTH'!ecKH OTHOilleHHR Ha EnnrapHR 1878-1988.
c., 1989.
MwllleB, P. AscTpo-YHrapHR H EnnrapHR 1879-1894. IlonHTH'!eCKH OTHOilleHHR. C. 1988.
IlaHTeB, A. AHrJIHR cpell\y PycwR Ha EanKaHHTe 1879-1894. C., 1972.
IlaHTeB, A. Ilpo611eMH Me)l(,n;y roneMHTe H MaJIKvtTe ,n;op)l(aB11 B HOBO speMe. - J1Ilp, 1974,
KH. 3.
IlaHTeB, A. AHrmrn H B'bHillHOTIOJIHTH'IecKHTe npo6neMH Ha EonrapHR 1879-1914. - B:
Ennrap1rn B csern OT ,n;peBHOCTTa ,n;o HalllH ,D;HH. T. 2. C., 1979.
IlaHTeB, A. EonrapcKHRT Bnnpoc B CAITl 1876-1903. Bem1Ko TnpHOBO, 1984.
IleHKOB, C. Eop6arn Ha 6onrapcKHR Hapo,n; nponrn EepnHHCKHR ,n;orosop H Me)l(,n;yHapo):l-
HOTO npaso. rn. I, rn. II, rn. III, C., 1968.
IleHKOB, C. EepnHHCKHR ,n;orosop H EanKaHHTe. C., 1985.
IleHKOB, C. Me)l(,n;yHapo,n;H11 ,n;orosopw Ha EonrapwR (681-1947r.). C., 1992.
Pa,n;es, C. CTpOHTeJIH Ha cnspeMeHHa EonrapHR. C., 1990.
Ca3,n;os, ,U. MHoronapnu7rnaTa noJIHTH'!ecKa cwcTeMa H MOHapxH'!eCKHRT HHCTHTYT B
EnnrapHR (1879-1918). C., 1993, 141-148, 219-244.
CeMOB, M. BenHKvtTe CHJIH l1 6nnrapcKaTa HaQHOHaJIHa ,n;paMa. C., 1991.
CrnTenosa, E. ,UHnJioMaQHRTa Ha KHR)l(eCTBO EnnrapHR 1879-1885. C., 1977.
CrnTenosa, E., P. Ilonos, B. TaHKOBa. J1cTopHR Ha 6onrapCKaTa ,n;HnnoMaQHR 1878-1913.
c., 1994.
To,n;opos, BpeMeHHOTO pycKo ynpasneHHe B EnnrapHR npe3 1877-1879 r. C., 1958 .
..,
II. YCTPOHCTBO HA KHHlliECTBO 6bAfAPHH
1. YIIpe~HTe.i\.HOTO cb6pauue H npHeMaue ua TbpuoecKaTa KOH·

CTHT}'gHH
BnIIpoc'bT 3a Aop)KaBHOTO ycTpoi1cTBO Ha KHR)KeCTBO EonrapwR w 3a tt3pa6or-

BaHeTo Ha HeroBaTa KOHCTWTYQWR e perneH B EeprrwttcKttR AOroBop, KOHTO IJOcTaHo-
BRBa, qe 6orrrapcKaTa A'bp)KaBa ce B'b3CTaHOBRBa KaTO KOHCTI1TYQI10HHa MOHapxvl!I,
Haqerro c KHR3. CIIopeA qrr. 4 OT EeprrttHCKWR AOroBop BPY ce 3aA'bJI)f(aBa Aa tt3rpa~11
aAMI1HMCTpaQI1R, KORTO Aa IJOeMe poKOBOACTBOTO IJO I13pa6oTBaHeTO I1 IIptteMaHeTO
36
Ha OCHOBHMJl 3aKOH Ha e,n;Ha ,n;op:>I<aBa - KOHCTMTYQMJITa, KaKTO M ,n;a ce M36epe KHJl3

Coll\MJIT 'IJieH npe,n;Bvt:>I<,n;a B TopHoBo ,n;a ce co6epaT T. Hap. "Horn6MnM", T. e. nopBeH
QM, KOHTO ,n;a M3pa6oTJIT H rrpMeMaT npoeKT Ha 60.n;ell\aTa KOHCTMTYQMJI.
KHJI3 ,IJ;oHJWKOB npeQeHJIBa, qe 60,n;ern;orn CBo6o,n;Ho KOHCTMTYQMOHHO rnopqecT
BO ce Hy:>K,n;ae OT npe,n;BapMTeJieH npoeKT, 'IMMTO TeKCT ,n;a CTaHe npe,n;MeT Ha ,Il;MCKycm
11 npoMeHM. :V13pa6oTBaHeTo Ha npoeKT 3a KOHCTMTYQWJITa ce Bo3Jiara Ha C. JlyKaHoB
Ha'IaJIHMK Ha co,n;e6HMJI oT,n;eJI. I1pe3 cerrTeMBpM M OKTOMBPM 1878 r. TOW M3npall\e
n11cMa ,n;o Hatt - BM,Il;HMTe 6onrapCKM o6rn;ecrneHMQl1 H noJIMTM'IeCKM ,n;et°IQM: ,IJ;paraI
I.J;aHKOB, MapKo Eana6aHOB, EK3apx Morncp, T. J1KOHOMOB, rp. Ha'IOBM'I M ,n;p. BCM'IKli
Te TpJI6Ba ,n;a OTfOBOPJIT nMCMeHO Ha 16 Bonpoca, KaTO M3Ka:>KaT CBOMTe pa36MpaHMJ
3a 60.n;ell\OTO ,n;op:>KaBHO yCTpowcTBO M ynpaBJieHMe 11 ,n;a ce BKJIID'IaT B o6co:>K,n;aHe
TO Ha npoeKTa 3a OCHOBeH 3aKOH Ha HOBoo6pa3yBaHOTO KHJI:>KeCTBO. MHeHMJITa Ml\
ca nony'IeHM TBop,n;e KoCHo, KoraTo npoeKToT 3a OpraHM'IeCKM ycTaB Be'Ie e roToB 1
3aTOBa Te He OKa3BaT BJIMJlHMe npM HeroBOTO M3pa6oTBaHe. ITo,n; BHMMaHMe ca B3en
e,n;Ba npw npepa6oTKaTa Ha npoeKTa.
c. JlyKaHOB 3aBopurna CBOJl npoeKT KoM KpaR Ha OKTOMBPM 1878 r., 6e3 ,n;a no
JIY'IM BCM'IK11 O'IaKBaHM OTfOBOpM. Cnope,n; T03M nopBM BapwaHT 3a KOHCTI'1TYQMJl He
KHJI:>KeCTBO EonrapMR, KHJI3oT MMa roJIJIMa BJiaCT. B Hapo,n;HoTo co6paHMe BJIM3aT ,n;e
JieraTW no npaBO, Ha3Ha'IeHM OT KHJI3a 11 1n6MpaHM OT Hapo,n;a. J136opHOTO npaBO I
HenoJIHO Tott KaTo ce npe,n;BM:>K,n;a 11Myrn;ecrneH QeH3. ITpaBo ,n;a rnacyBaT JtIMaT caM<
OHe3M 6onrapcKM rpa:>K,n;aHM, KOHTO npMTe:>KaBaT HJIKaKoB BH,Il; He,n;BM:>K11Ma co6CTBe
HOCT MJI11 nnarn;aT ,n;aHoK. ITpoeKTbT 3a KOHCTMTYQ11JI npe,n;BM:>K,n;a Co3p;aBaHeTo He
.D;op:>KaBeH CoBeT c a,n;M11H11CTpanrnHo KOHTPOJIHH M coBell\aTeJIHM cpyHKQHH.
Ha 6 HOeMBp11 1878 r. C. JlyKMJIHOB 3aBopurna npoeKTa 11 ro l13nparn;a Ha pycKOT<
npamuencTBO 3a o,n;o6peHMe, HO HMnepaTopa ro Bpoll\a c 3a6eJie:>KKa, 'le e ,n;oCTa KOH
cepBaTMBeH. ITpoeKToT e nperne,n;aH H ,n;onoJIHeH OT Ml1Hl1CTepcTBOTO Ha BoHUIH11T1
pa6on111 OT BOeHHHJI MHHMCTop ,IJ;. A. MwJIIDTHH. I1pe3 ,n;eKeMBpM 1878 r. npoeKToT 1
o6co,n;eH Ha oco6eHo CoBern;aH11e rro,n; rrpe,n;ce,n;aTeJICTBOTO Ha KHJI3 Cepre:i.1 H. YpcoB
rnaBeH Ha'IaJIHWK Ha BTopoTo oT,n;eneH11e Ha WMnepaTopCKaTa KaHQenapMJI. HanpaBe
HMTe nperropoKH ca B nocoKa HeroBOTO ,n;eMoKpaTM3MpaHe. ITopBo: TpJI6Ba ,n;a ce Bo
Be,n;e Bceo611\0, npRKO M Tai1Ho rnacyBaHe no npMMepa Ha ll!Bet'rQap11R. BTopo: TpJI6Be
,n;a ce pa3UI11pRT npaBaTa Ha Hapo,n;HOTO rrpe,n;cTaBl1TeJICTBO, KOeTO ,n;a 60,n;e e,n;MHCTBeI
ToJIKYBaTeJI Ha 3aKOHHTe. TpeTo: TpR6Ba ,n;a MMa CBo6o,n;a Ha c,n;py:>KeHrrnrn 11 co6pa
HMJITa. 1:IeTBopTo: TpJI6Ba ,n;a HMa Tai1Ha M HenpMKOCHOBeHa 'IaCTHa KopecrroH,n;eHQMJl
I1eTo: TpR6Ba ,n;a ce HaJIO:>KaT urnpoKM npaBa Ha ne'IaTa M T. H. I1pM'IMHWTe 3a Ta3t
no3MQMJI Ha l1MnepaTopa ca, qe TopHoBcKaTa KOHCT11TYQMJI TpR6Ba ,n;a 60,n;e no ,n;e
MoKpaTW'IHa OT OpraHH'IHMJI yCTaB Ha J13TO'IHa PyMeJI11JI, 3a ,n;a Mo:>Ke ,n;a noKa:>Ke H:
3ana,n;a, qe HJIMa ,n;a npeBpoll\a KHJI:>KeCTBOTO B 3a,n;,n;yHaBcKa ry6epmrn. J1MrrepaTopo·
MCKa ,n;a 3arnop,n;M opeona Ha oCBo6o,n;MTeJIKaTa, KaTo ocurypM 6omapMTe c nrnpoKt
,n;eMoKpaTliI'IHM CB060,n;11. B I1eTep6ypr He MOraT ,n;a He CM ,n;aBaT cMeTKa 3a ,n;oJI60K(
BKopeHemITe npe3 Bo3pa:>K,n;aHeTo ,n;eMoKpaTM'IHM Tpa,n;11QMl1. J1MnepaTopoT ce cTpe
MM ,n;a HeyTpaJil1311pa eBeHTyaJIHl1 rrp03ana,n;Hl1 HaCTpoeHl1Jl Ha 60.n;ell\HJl KHJl3.
37
Pocu4a A1-12eJZ0Ba
Crrep; KaTo npepa6oTemun s I1eTep6ypr npoeKT 3a OpraH1t1'-leCKJ11 ycTas e norry-

'!eH s Cocpmi, Toft e OKOH'IaTeJIHO pesu3upaH, npesep;eH Ha 6nrrrapcK1t1 u oTne'IaTaH,
3a p;a 6np;e pa3p;ap;eH Ha p;enyTaTJl!Te.
Ha 10 cpespyapJ11 1879 r. B TnpHoBo 3ano'!Ba csonTa pa6oTa Y'lpep;ineJIHOTO C'l>-
6paHue Ha KHR)l(ecTso Bnrrrapirn. B HeroBli!R cncTas BJilil3aT 229 p;yrulil, KaTo OT rnx
117 ca lil36paHlil no 3saHJ11e, 105 ca npep;cTaBJl!TeJilil Ha ap;MJ11Hli!CTpaTli!BHJ11Te cnsen1
Iiicnp;li!Jili!UJ;aTa Iii 12 Bli!Cllllil p;yxoBHli!QH. ITpnKo OT Hapop;a ca li!36paHJll 88 p;enyTaTJll.
B Y'Ipep;li!TeJIHOTO cn6paHlile BJilil3aT 5 npep;cTasli!TeJilil Ha y'Ipe)l(p;eHJl!R Iii p;pym p;py-
)l(ecrna JI! 19 p;yrnlil JiliI'IHO Ha3Ha'!eHJll OT pycKHR KOM1t1cap .IJ:oHp;yKos. B cn6paHJ11eTO
SJIH3aT rpap;cKH )l(HTeJI1t1 Ha sn3pacT Me)l(p;y 30-40 rop;HHlil. Y'lacTsaT no'ITliI sclil'I-
KliI no-n3secTH1t1 1t1 3acrry)l(1t1JI1t1 JiliI'IHOCTH, a cnm;o TaKa Y'IJ11Tem1, rreKap1t1, ap;soKaTliI,
rry6rrli!Q1t1CT1t1 Iii KH1t1)l(OSH1t1Q1t1. J.fa6opJ11Te ca rrposep;eHu no p;syCTeneHHaTa c1t1cTeMa
cnrrracHo 1t1361t1paTeJieH 3aKoH, cncTaseH sn3 ocHoBa Ha BpeMeHH1t1Te rrpasirna OT 24
asryCT 1878 r. 3a 1t1361t1paHe Ha 'IJieHoBe Ha 0Kpn)l(H1t1Te cnp;1t1JI1t1I.Qa.
Cn6paH1t1eTo e OTKp1t1To c pe'l Ha .IJ:oHp;yKoB, s KORTO TOH 3aRSRsa Ha p;enyrnT1t1Te,
qe npep;JIO)l(eH1t1R npoeKT "He e noseqe oT ep;Ha nporpaMa 3a yrrecHeH1t1e Ha THXHaTa
pa6orn': Ho nornep;HaTa p;yMa rrp1t1Hap;Jie)l(1t1 "saM u ep;1t1HCTSeHo saM". Crrep; pe'lTa
.IJ:oHp;yKos HanyCKa TnpHoso Iii rrpasu o6HKOJIKa Ha Bnrrrapun. UenTa MY e p;a He ro
06s1t1HRT, qe OKa3Sa HaTHCK Ha YC. no T031i1 Ha'lltIH 6nrrrap1t1Te ca ep;liIH OT MaJIKOTO
Hapop;u s Espana, KOliITO 1t1MaT S'b3MO)l(HOCT cai\m p;a 1t13pa6oTRT ocHOSHliIR cu 3aKOH.
3a npep;cep;aTeJI Ha YC e 1t136paH 6usrnun eK3apx AHTliIM I, a 3a nop;rrpep;cep;aTemr T.
l1KoHoMos u IT. Kapaserros. J13pa60Tsa ce u npas1t1JIH1t1K 3a p;eftCTsue.
0TKp1t1saHeTo Ha YC cnsnap;a c nocrrep;H1t1Te MeceQ1t1 OT KpecHeHcKo-Pa3JIO)l(KO-
TO sncTaHue. Cnp;6aTa Ha 6nrrrapi1Te ocTaHarru 1t13S'bH npep;erruTe Ha KHH)l(eCTSOTO
snnHysa c1t1JIH0 Hapop;H1t1Te npep;CTasuTerru. Om;e noseqe 'le cpep; THX ce HaMHpar
npep;crns1t1TeJI1t1 OT MaKep;omrn, Op;puHcKa TpaKvrn u l13TO'lHa PyMeJI1t1R, KOUTO B
npucncTsueTo Ha MeCTHliI rpa)l(p;aH1t1 3acep;asaT s yqurrm1~eTo npu QnpKsaTa "Cs. HM-
Korra': 06m;oHapop;HliIH S'bIIpOC pa3p;eJIR p;enyTaTliITe Ha p;Be - "KpattHltITe MJiap;vr" IT.
Kapaserros, IT. CrraseftKos, .IJ:p. UaHKos u "yMepeH1t1Te cTap1t1" ,n. fpeKos, K. CTourroB,
M. Bana6aHOS li1 p;p. no K'bCHO Te CTasaT OCHOSa 3a ccpopM1t1paHeTO Ha nOJiltITliI'IeCKVI
Te'IeH1t15!. I1nps1t1Te HacTonsaT p;a ce OTJIO)l(ltI pa6oTaTa Ha YC p;oKaTo He ce peru1t1 06-
m;0Hapop;H1t15! Snnpoc, a HRKOVI p;opvr CTHraT p;o KpattHOCTliI KaTO npep;naraT KHR)l(e-
CTSO Bnrrrap1t1R p;a ce OTKa)l(e OT cso6op;aTa Clil li1 s 3HaK Ha COJiltI,IJ;apHOCT p;a ce snpHe
nop; srracTTa Ha cyrrTaHa. BTopuTe HacTonsaT p;a ce npucTnTilil K'bM H3pa6oTsaHe Ha
KOHCTliITYQli151Ta. Te np1t13HasaT Sa)l(HOCTTa Ha npo6JieMa, HO npep;rraraT 3a Hatt yMeC-
THO p;a ce 1t13npaT1t1 ep;uH MeMopaHp;yM p;o BerruKMTe curru. Hanpe)l(eH1t1eTo s3eMa 3a-
CTparniiTeJIHli1 pa3MepH u npasu He1t136e)l(HO HaMecaTa Ha 1t1MnepaTopcK1t1R KOMvrcap.
HeroB1t15! roJIRM asTop1t1TeT ycnoKoRsa o6CTaHOBKaTa u B cpep;aTa Ha MapT 3ano'-!Ba
06C'b)l(,Il;aH1t1RTa no OCHOSHliIR p;np>KaSeH 3aKOH.
no rrpep;JIO)l(eHue Ha K. CTOliIJIOS cn6paH1t1eTO 1t1361t1pa KOMliICHR OT 15 p;yruu, Ha
KORTO ce S'b3Jiara p;a 1i13pa60Tlil np1t1HQliITili!Te Ha 6nnrapCKaTa KOHCT1t1TyQ1t1.lI. qJieHOBe-
Te :H cnoTseTHO ca: KoHCTaHTliIH I1oMRHos, MapKo Barra6aHos, feopru BnJIKOBliI'I, Tie-
TKO fop6aHos, .D:1t1M1t1Tnp fpeKos, H . .IJ:aCKaJIOB, Top;op l1KoHOMOB, KrruMeHT Bpamn-1-
38
HOBA E'bflI'APCKA JlfCTOPJlfJl (1878-1944)
KM, fp. HatfOBW:I, C11MeoH BapHeHcKo-TipernaBCKM, K CTOMJIOB, XpMcTo CTORHOB, A

CTORHOB, J1JIJ.1R QaHOB l1 np. QaHKOB. B CBOR ParropT Te Ha rrpaKTJ.1Ka C'b3,[\aBaT npar·
MaTJ.1tfeH l1 a,[\eKBaTeH Ha peaJIHaTa HCTOPMtfeCKa CJ.1TyaQl1R rrpoeKT 3a OCHOBeH 3aKOH
rrp11 TOBa l13fOTBeH caMO OT 6'bmapM, rrpe.r:1cTaBJ.1TeJIJ.1 Ha BO,[\e~J.1Te IIOJIJ.1TJ.1tfeCKJ.1 Te·
tfeHJ.1.H J.1 COQJ.1aJIHl1 rpyIIM B TOfaBallIHOTO o6~eCTBO. noKyMeHT'bT e J.13,r:\'bp)l(aH IIOBe·
qe B ccpepaTa Ha JIM6epaJIHHR KOHCTMTYQMoHaJIJ.13'bM, c'bo6pa3eH cnc crreQMcpI1'IHl1H
6'bnrapcKM yrnoB11n B E'bnrapMR rne.r:1 cToJieTMn qy)l(.r:1a BJiacT M c JIMrrcaTa Ha Heo6xo·
,[\MMOTO yBa)l(eHMe K'bM ,r:\'bp)l(aBaTa, MHCTMTYQMMTe J.1 3aKOHJ.1Te. OcHOBHMTe HatfaJia
KOJ.1TO ca 3aCT'bIIeHl1 B parropTa ca Ha CB060,[\aTa, Ha paBeHCTBOTO rrpe,[\ 3aKOHa, Ha Ca·
Moorrpe.r:1eneH11eTo (caMoyrrpaBJieHMern) J.1 Ha o6e3rretfeHMeTo (rnrypHOCTTa). "Y:neHo-
. BeTe Ha KOMl1Cl1RTa, J.13fOTBJ.1Jia ,[\OKJia,[\a BHaCR 3Hatfl1TeJIHJ.1 rrorrpaBKl1 J.1 ,[\OII'bJIHeHJ.1Jl
B pycKMR rrpoeKT. MaKap Toi1: .r:1a e rrpM6'bp3aHo OTXB'bpJieH Ha 21 MapT 1879 r., cpaBHe-
HMeTo c TeKCTa Ha T'bpHOBCKaTa KOHCTMTYQMR IIOKa3Ba, qe B OKOHtfaTeJIHJ.1.H TeKCT Ha
KOHCTMTYQJ.1.HTa e OCTaHaJia rOJIRMa tfaCT OT TeKCTOBeTe, rrpe,[\JIO)l(eHl1 B parropTa.
Ha 21MapT1879 r. ,[\OKJia,[\a e rrpotfeTeH OT K. TioMRHOB 11 Be,[\Hara e IIO,[\JIO)l(eH m
yHM~O)l(MTeJIHa KpMTMKa OT MH03HHCTBO .r:1erryTaTJ.1. 5IpKI1 peq11 cpe~y Hero ,r:\'bp)l(a1
TI. KapaBeJioB, TI. CnaBeMKOB J.1 .r:1p., KOMTO KaTeropM'IHO J.1 J.13QRJIO OTXB'bpJIRT KaTo He-
HY)l(Ha 11 6e3IIOJie3Ha pa6oTaTa Ha KOMMCMRTa, 6e3 .r:1a rrpMJIO)KaT KOHKpeTeH apryMeH1
J.1 6e3 ,[\a pa3rJie,[\aT KpI1TJ.1tfHO HJ.1TO e,[\HO OT rrpe,[\JIO)KeHMRTa B parropTa.
n:ncKyCMJ.1Te B YC BO,[\RT ,[\O o6oco6.irnaHeTO Ha ,[\Be OCHOBHJ.1 TetfeHJ.1R B CJie,[\OCB0-
6o)K,[\eHCKJ.1R IIOJIMTMtfeCKJ.1 )KJ.1BOT. TI'bpBoTo e Ha T'bM HapetfeH11Te KOHcepBaTopM (no
5
AYMMTe Ha fp11rop HatfOB1iitf B'bB B. "Mapu11a"). Te ca rrpe,[1CTaBJ.1TeJI11 Ha Hai1:-3aMO)K-
5 fpttrop Ha110BH'I e pop;eH Ha 3 cpeBp. 1845 r. B CBHil..IOB B ceMetkrnoTO Ha 3aMO)!(eH TbproBel\.

Y1111 B rpbQKOTO }"ll1Jll1Il..le B CBJ1Il..IOB, BbB cppeHCKl1>I KOJie)!( B Ee6eK, B TbproBCKl1 r111n11I11a B I1a-
p11)!( 11 BweHa. Cnep; KaTo 3aBbpurna rron11T11KOHOMl1>I B I1ap11)!(, cTaBa TbproBeQ B CBHil..IOB, KbAeTO
rrpe3 1866 r. ornaB>IBa MeCTHJ1>I peBOJilOQWOHeH KOMWTeT. Cnep; rrpeMHHaBaHeTO Ha "!eTaTa Ha <D11mm
ToTIO B 6bnrapcK11Te 3eM11 rrpe3 1867 r. Ha"IOBJ111 e rrp11Hyp;eH p;a 3aM11He 3a EyKypell..I, orrarnBal!Kl1
ce OT rrpecnep;BaHe OT BnacT11Te. TaM TOH pa6on1 3aep;Ho c obnrapcKaTa p;o6pop;eTenHa p;py)!(1rna
l1 nop;rroMara 3aMJ1HaBaHeTO Ha p;o6poBOJ11\I! 3a BrnpaTa 6bnrapCKa nenrn B Eenrpap;. I1pe3 1868
rop;11rna 3aMJ1HaBa 3a BHeHa, Kbp;eTO pa60Tl1 B MeCTHl1>I KJIOH Ha TbproBCKaTa KOMIJaHl1>I Ha 6aI11a
Ct1. Tott OCHOBaBa KHJ1)!(0BHOTO p;py)!(eCTBO ,,Harrpep;bK" t1 lll1ille 3a cppeHCKH t1 HeMCKJ1 BeCTill11\t1.
ITo BpeMe Ha Cpb6CKo-TypcKaTa Bot'rna rrpe3 1876 rop;HHa opraH11311pa H3rrpaI11aHeTO Ha 6bnrap-
CKH Ao6poBOJil\t1, a rrpe3 PyCKo-TypcKaTa Bot'J:Ha rrpe3 1877-1878 r. e Ha cny)!(6a B pycKOTO fnaBHO
KOMaHp;BaHe. CneA 0CBo6o)!(p;emreTo Ha"IOBl1"1 cTaBa ep;11H OT Bop;a'I11Te Ha KoHcepBanrnHaTa rrap-
Tl1>I, KaTO 3aeMa nornep;oBaTeJIHO pa3JIJ1"1Hl1 Allb)!(HOCTH - Mt1Hl1CTbp Ha cp11HaHrnTe (1879 l1 1882-
1883), Mt1Ht1CTbp Ha BbHlllHJ1Te pa60T11 11 H3ITOBep;aHJ1>ITa (1879-1880), rroMOil..IHl1K-KMeT Ha Cocj:JH>I
(1880-1881), Mv!Hl1CTbp Ha BbTpelllHJ1Te pa60TJ1 (1882), "lneH Ha Cb3,ll;aAeHJ1>I ITO BpeMe Ha Pe)!(J1Ma
Ha llbJIHOMOil..ll1>ITa ,[J;bp)!(aBeH CbBeT (1881-1883). B Kpa>I Ha Pe)!(HMa Ha TibJIHOMOil..IH>ITa e cpwHaH-
COB Ml1HJ1CTbp l1 B Koanl11\l10HHOTO npaBJ1TeJICTBO Ha ,[J;p. L(aHKOB (1883-1884). I1pe3 1882 rop;wHa
cTaBa p;onwceH, a npe3 1884 roAt-rna - pep;oBeH "lneH Ha EK,[J;. I1pe3 1884 r. fp. Ha"IOBW'I e Ha3Ha'!eH
3a p;11nnoMaT11'!eCK11 npep;cTaB11Ten Ha obnrap11>I B EyKypell..I w ocp111\HanHo ocTaBa Ha T03t1 rrocT p;o
1889 rop;wHa. Cnep; p;eTpoH11paHeTo Ha KH>I3 An. I EaTeH6epr ce Bpbll..la B Dbnrap11>I 11 e BbHllleH 11
qmHaHCOB Ml1Hl1cTbp B H>IKOnKo npaB11TencTBa (1886-1888). OT 1889 p;o 1891 rop;11Ha e npep;cTa-
Bt1Ten Ha Dbnrap1rn BbB B11eHa, cnep; KOeTO e OTHOBO cpvrHaHCOB l1 BbHllleH MJ1Hl1CTbp (1891-1892 H
39
Pocu11a AHzeRoBa
HaTa l.JaCT Ha 6nnrapcKOTO o6~eCTBO, IIOJl)''U1lll1 BHCOKO o6pa3oBaHHe B eBpone:ti:-

CKMTe ymrnepcHTeTH. TRXHOTO y6e)KgeHHe rn: Kapa ga ce CnMHRBaT B ynpaBJieHCKHTe
Kal.JeCTBa Ha Hapoga nopagw JIHIICaTa Ha TpagMQHH l1 OIIHT. Cnopeg TRX npeKaJieHo
geMoKpaTHl.JHaTa KOHCTHTYQMR e HenpHJIO)KMMa M HOCH peaJIHa onaCHOCT OT KpH3a
Ha BJiaCTTa l1 aHapxwR. Haft H3TnKHaTMTe Bogaqw Ha KOHcepBaTopwTe ca JIMl.JHOCTH OT
KpmiaTa Ha "yMepeHHTe" no o6~oHapogHHR Bnnpoc.
BTopoTo Tel.JeHwe e nw6epanHoTo. fl116epan11Te OTCTORBaT nocnegoBaTenHo l1
IInJIHO npoKapBaHe Ha geMoKpaTHl.JHHR npHHQHn B KOHCTHT)'QHRTa. Te ce o6RBR-
BaT npoTHB HMyIQeCTBeHHR QeH3. Tio3HQHRTa HM e cpopMwpaHa IIOA ge:ti:CTBHeTO Ha
pa3JIMl.JHH cpaKTopw. Te npott3JIH3aT OT Ha:ti:-geMoKpaTHl.JHHTe cpegw Ha 6nnrapCKaTa
Bn3pO)KgeHCKa 6yp)f(Oa3MR l1 HHTenwreHQMR. TipwBnp)KeHHQH ca Ha Kpa:ti:HwTe JIH6e-
paJIHM 11 gopH Ha peBOJIIOQHOHHH nonwTHl.JeCKH TeopwH. MHHaJioTo HM e CBnp3aHo c
HaQHOHanHopeBOJIIOQHOHHHTe 6op611 3a orno6o)KgeHwe. Y6egeHH ca B cnoco6HoCTl1-
Te Ha urnpoKHTe rnoeBe OT 6nnrapcKHR Hapog.
,[J;BeTe Tel.JeHHR ce pa3JIHl.JaBaT TIO TOBa qe egHHTe (KOHCepBaTopttTe) He BRpBaT B
caMoynpaBJieHHeTo Ha Hapoga 11 He npweMaT KOHCTHT)'QHRTa, a gpyrwTe (nH6epam1-
Te) TOl.JHO o6paTHOTO. TipHJIHl.JaT CH no TOBa qe l1 ABeTe Tel.JeHHR CMRTaT, qe CTOIIaH-
CTBOTO Tp.R6Ba ga ce CBnp)Ke c TDp)KeCTBOTO Ha qacTHaTa co6cTBeHOCT. J1 gBeTe Te-
l.JeHHR 3anaraT Ha CBo6ogaTa Ha npegnptteMal.JecKaTa HHHQHaTHBa l1 noKpOBHTeJICTBO
Ha pogHOTO npoH3BOACTBO.
no BpeMe Ha YC npegMeT Ha AHCKYCHH e BnnpocnT AO KaKBa CTeneH geMoKpa-
THl.JHa 6H TpR6Bano ga 6r,ge gr,p)KaBHaTa ypeg6a. KoHcepBaTopHTe ce CTpeMRT Aa
ocwrypRT pnKOBOAHO IIOJIO)KeHHe Ha HMOTHHTe, KaTO orpaHHl.JaT BJIHRHHeTO Ha Ha-
poga Bnpxy ccpepaTa Ha BJiacTTa qpe3 BnBe)KgaHe Ha 113fo1paTeneH QeH3 H KaTo ce no·
CTaBRT OCHOBHHTe JIOCTOBe Ha Anp)KaBHOTO ynpaBJieHHe B pnQeTe Ha MOHapxwqecK11!1
HHCTHTYT 11 Ha TaKHBa HHCTHT)'QHH KaTo CeHaT 11 ,[J;np)KaBeH CnBeT.
BnnpeKH ge6aTHTe 3a CeHaT 11 ,[J;np)KaBeH CnBeT, JIH6epanwTe nel.JeJIRT MH03HH-
CTBO B YC 11 HanaraT CBOHTe Hgew npw H3pa6ornaHeTo Ha TK, KORTO e npweTa Ha 16
anpwn 1879 r.
TK e nnpBoTo KpynHo IIOJIHTHl.JeCKo geno Ha orno6ogeHaTa 6nnrapcKa HaQHR. B
3aKJIIOl.JHTeJIHO cnoBo npegcegaTeJIRT Ha YC, 6ttBIIIHR eK3apx AHTHM I 3aRBRBa "tta-
npaBHXMe 3aKOHH OT Hapoga 3a Hapoga': Cnopeg l.JJieH 4 OT EepJIHHCKHR goroBop oc-
HOBHHR 3aKOH TpR6Ba ga ce HapHqa opraHHl.JeH yCTaB - TepMHH KOWTO ce yn0Tpefo1-
Ba 3a aBTOHOMHHTe H nonyHe3aBHCHMH gr,p)KaBH B KpaR Ha XIX BeK, HO Hapogmm
npegCTaBHTeJIH ro HapHl.JaT KOHCTHT)'QHR, nogo6Ho Ha 3anagHOeBpone:ti:CKHTe Bemi-
KH CHJIH. B KOHCTHT)FQMRTa HHKnge He caMO He ce cnoMeHaBa 3a BacaJIHOTO IIOJIO)!(e·
HHe Ha HOBaTa gr,p)KaBa, HO gopw HMa pa3nopeg611, KO:ti:To ca B pa3pe3 c )'TBnpgem!!l
OT BeJIHKHTe CHJIH CTaTyT - l.JJieH 5 rnac:tt KHR3nT e BnpxoBeH npegcTaBHTeJI Ha Anp·
1894-1896), KMeT Ha Cocp11R (1896-1897) 11 M11H11CThp Ha T'bproB11RTa 11 3eMeAeJI11ero (1899-1900).

Or 1903 AO 1906 rDAHHa e A11IlJIOMar11qecK11 npeAcTaBHTerr B ~ap11rpaA. Yqacrna 11 B nper0Bop1m
no CKJIIO'lBaHero Ha JIOHAOHCKHR AOroBop npe3 1913 rDAHHa. fp11rop Ha'IOBH'l yM11pa B Cocp1.rn Ha
4 RHyapl.f 1920 fOAHHa.
40
HOBA E'blII'APCKA MCTOPMfI (1878-1944)
)l(aBaTa, a •rneH 17 p;aBa rrpaBo Ha KHR3a c op;o6peHHeTo Ha Hapop;HoTo co6paHHe p;a

CKJIIOqBa p;oroBopH C'bC C'bcep;HH p;'bp)l(aBJ1.
Co3p;ap;eHa rro 06pa3er.i; Ha Eenrnt'1cKaTa, PyMoHCKaTa J1 Cpo6CKa KOHCTHTYIJ;HR,
TopHoBcKaTa KoHCTHTYIJ;HR ycTaHOBRBa 6yp)l(oa3HO p;eMoKpaTJ1qHo ycTpoftcTBO J1
yrrpaBJieHJ1e Ha KHR)l(eCTBO EonrapHR. I1oJIJ1TJ1qecKaTa CJ1CTeMa, KORTO ce yCTaHOBRBa
B Eomapmi e 3a6eJie)l(J1TeJIHa rrpH ToraBallIHHTe ycnoBHR B EBpona.
Crrep; nplileMaHeTo Ha KOHCTHTYIJ;HRTa 6omapCKaTa p;'bp)l(aBa ce ocpopMR KaTo
napnaMeHTapHa MOHapxHR c yMepeHo-m16epaJIHO yCTpoftcTBO. BnacTTa B HeR ce rro-
p;eJIR Me)l(p;y KHR3a J1 Hapop;HoTo co6pam1e. EomapcKHR MoHapx e "BopxoBeH rrpep;-
cTaBHTeJI J1 rnaBa Ha p;'bp)l(aBaTa': KOMTO yrnop)l(p;aBa J1 op;o6pRBa rrpHeTli!Te OT rrap-
JiaMeHTa 3aKOHJ1. B TOBa ce H3pa3RBa J1 HeroBOTO OTHOllleHHe K'bM 3aKOHOp;aTeJIHaTa
BJiacT. Toft e HaqaJIHHK Ha BcJ1qKJ1 BoeHHH Cli!JIH B KHR)l(eCTBOTO. OT HMeTo J1 nop;
Hap;3opa Ha KHR3a p;eftcrnaT opram1Te Ha J13II'bJIHJ1TeJIHaTa BJiacT. ,Ihp)l(aBHHR rna-
Ba J1Ma crrer.i;HaJIHJ1 npaBOMO~MR J1 crrpRMO C'bp;e6HaTa BJiaCT - npaBO p;a IIOMJ1JIBa B
KpMMMHaJIHMTe p;erra J1 p;a p;aBa aBTOHOMliIR 3aep;Ho c Hapop;HOTO co6pam1e. KHR3'bT
l1Ma c11JieH KOHTporr H Bopxy Ml1HMcTepcKHR C'bBeT. Mvrnl1cTp11Te ce Ha3HaqaBaT H
OCB060)1(,D;aBaT OT Hero J1 ca OTrOBopmr rrpep; Hero 3a p;et'lcTBMRTa Cl1. KHR3'bT C'b~O
TaKa MO)l(e p;a CBHKBa HC.
HC H3II'bJIHRBa 3aKoHop;aTeJIHaTa BnacT. To ce yqpep;RBa rnep; Bceo6I.Ql1 l136opH B
KOJ1TO MoraT p;a yqacTBaT BCJ1qKJ1 M'b)l(e HaBopllIHJIM 21 rO)J;J1HJ1, a npaBO p;a ce KaH)J;J1-
p;aTHpaT 3a p;erryTaTH MoraT caMo HaBopllIHJIHTe 30. Cnopep; TK HC 6HBa 0611KH0BeHo
l1 BeJIHKO. OHC HMa 3aKoHop;aTeJIHa MHHIJ;HaTHBa. To o6c'b)l()J;a J1 npHeMa 3aKOHHTe,
rnacyBa p;'bp)l(aBHHR 6wp;)KeT H T. H. IlpaBo Ha OHC e p;a HaMaJIRBa HJIH yBeJIHqaBa
BCRKaKBH 6epHH, TO C'bl.QO TaKa MO)l(e p;a rrracyea npHeMaHeTO Ha qy)l()J;J1 3aeMJ1 11 T.
H. MHHJ1CTPJ1Te npH OTnpaBeHO K'bM TRX IIJ1TaHe OT Hapop;HMTe npep;cTaBHTeJIJ1 ca
p;JI'b)l(HVI p;a p;aBaT 06RcHeH11R 3a CBORTa p;et'rnocT J1 np. BHC HMa no cner.i;HcpJ1qHJ1
cpyHKIJ;MJ1 liI ce C'b6Hpa npH: H3pa6ornaHe Ha HOBa J1JIJ1 npoMRHa Ha CTapaTa KOHCTJ1-
TYIJ;HR, OTCT'bIIBaHe HJIH npoMRHa Ha qacTH OT p;'bp)l(aBHaTa TepHTopHR, H36op Ha
KHR3 J1JIJ1 pereHTJ1.
TK noeMa KaTeropMqHa J1 Hep;sycMHCJieHa npaBHa rapam.i;MR 3a BcJ1qKJ1 ocHOBHH
rpa)!(p;aHCKH rrpaBa H p;eM0KpaTJ1qm1 rno6op;H: paBeHCTBO npep; 3aKOHa, Bceo6I.Qo J13-
6HpaTeJIHO npaBo, CB06op;a Ha CJIOBOTO J1 neqaTa, cp;py)l(eHJ1RTa, HerrpHKOCHOBeHOCT
Ha qacTHaTa co6CTBeHOCT ( c KOeTO ce C'b3)J;aBaT ycJIOBJ1R 3a pa3BMTlileTO Ha KaIIJ1TaJIJ1-
3Ma, 3a CTOIIaHCKO J1 COIJ;HaJIHO pa3BJ1TJ1e), npaBO Ha ap;BOKaT J1 C'bp;e6Ha cnpaBe)J;JIJ1-
BOCT, CB06op;a Ha BepOH3IIOBep;aHMRTa J1 yBa)l(eHJ1e npaBaTa Ha MaJIIJ;J1HCTBaTa, 3ap;'blI-
)l(J1TeJIHO l1 6e3nJiaTHO HaqaJIHO o6pa30BaHHe.
Oco6eHo MRCTO B KOHCTHTYIJ;HRTa 3aeMa 6omapcKaTa r.i;opKBa J1 eK3apxHRTa.
qpe3 rnacyBaHeTo Ha qJI. 38 ce rrpHeMa nopBaTa 3aKoHop;aTeJIHa MRpKa 3a pernaBaHe-
TO Ha HaIJ;HOHaJIHHR Bonpoc. Crrep; npop;'bJI)l(J1TeJIHJ1 p;e6aTH ce npHeMa, qe r.i;opKBaTa B
KHR)l(eCTBOTO e qacT OT 6omapCKaTa eK3apX11R, KORTO ocHrypRBa p;yxoBHO ep;HHCTBO
Ha 6oJirapHTe B JIJ1IJ;eTO Ha eK3apxa, He3aBJ1CJ1MOCT OT TRXHaTa pa3IIOK'bCaHOCT.
I1pe1~eHeHa c KpHTepHHTe Ha ep;Ho p;pyro BpeMe KoHCTHTYIJ;HRTa npHTe)l(aBa H
HRKoft Hep;ocTaT'bIJ;H. TR JIHlllaBa OT noJIHTJ1qecKH npaBa noJIOBHHaTa )!(J1Tem1 Ha KHR-
41
Pocu£4a AHzenoBa
)l(eCTBOTO - )l(emne. KHR3'bT norr)"IaBa rorreMM n'bJIHOMOI.LVtfR, KOMTO rrpM onpep;erreHw

ycrromrn BOART p;o cpopMMpaHeTo Ha JIM'IeH pe)l(MM l1 rrpeBp'b~aHeTo Ha HC B yp;o6ett
l1HCTpyMeHT 3a peaJil13l1paHe Ha KOpl1CTHl1 aM6J11.~l1l1.
ITpoKapaHMTe B TK npMHQWnl1 ca noBJil1RHl1 KaKTO OT perneHMRTa Ha EeprrMH-
CKWR KOHrpec, KaKTO l1 OT p;yxa Ha ToraBarnHoTo BpeMe. B EBporra, KaKTO l1 Ha EarrKa-
HMTe rocnop;cTBaT MOHapxM'IeCKMTe pe)l(l1Ml1. Ho B 061..QecTBeHaTa rrpaKTMKa Ha6ttpa
Cl1Jll1 peny6rrttKaHCKaTa Mp;eR, B'bB B'b3p;yxa BJIMRRT Kpa:i1:Hl1 peBOJIIOQl10HHl1 Teop:trn.
ToBa ce cMerna B C'b3HaHtteTo Ha 6'bnrapttTe, B norre3peHMeTo Ha B'b3pO)l(p;eHcKaTa Hl1
HHTerrttreHQMR.
TK e 6e3crropeH ycnex Ha 6'brrrapttTe p;a rrocTaBJIT cBoeTo o6~ecTBO l1 p;'bp)l(aBaTa
CM B'bpxy p;eMOKpaTl1'IHl1 OCHOBH. B HeJI Hap;p;eJIJIBaT 6yp)l(Oa3HO-JIH6epaJIHl1Te l1p;e11,
KOHTO HeOTCT'bnHo ctt rrponpaBRT n'bT npe3 BTopaTa norroBttHa Ha XIX BeK. ToBa R
npaBM ep;Ha OT Ha:i1:-nporpecl1BHJ1Te 3a BpeMeTo CM, Hanpep;Htt'IaBa l1 o6'bpHaTa KoM
ttp;HttTe BpeMeHa, KOHCTHTYQMR.
ITo npep;rro)!(eHtte Ha M . .D:pMHOB Ha 4 anpttrr 1879 r. 3a CTOJIHQa Ha HOBaTa 6on-
rapCKa p;'bp)l(aBa e l136paHa CocpMR.
2. Il'hpBo Be.1\HKO HapONJO C'b6paHue " H36op Ha 6'bJ\rapcKU KIDl3
IT'bpBoTo BerrttKo Hapop;Ho c'b6paHtte, CBMKaHo B TopHoBo Ha 17 anpttrr 1879 r.,

MMa TO'IHO orrpep;erreHa 3ap;a'Ia - p;a H36epe p;'bp)l(aBeH rrraBa. To3l1 B'bnpoc e OT Ba)f<HO
3Ha'IeHMe 3a pa3Bl1Tl1eTo Ha 6'brrrapCKaTa p;'bp)l(aBa l1 3a yKpenBaHe Ha Me)l(,!WHapo.11-
HOTO iI noJio)!(eHMe. Crropep; EeprrMHCKMR p;oroBop KHR3'bT He MO)!(e p;a npMHap;rre)l(JA
K'bM HMKOR OT BJiacTBa~MTe p;MHaCTl1l1 Ha BeJIHKMTe Cl17Il1. Co~ecTByBa onacHocT 'le
B rrponrneH CJI)"Iat'r TOM MO)l(e p;a ce npeBopHe B npoBop;HMK Ha qy)l(p;O BJIMRHMe. 3a-
TOBa pycKOTO rrpaBHTeJICTBO ce CTpeMH p;a npep;JIO)l(l1 KaHp;Mp;aT, KOMTO e npl1eMJil1B He
caMo 3a PycMR, HO l1 3a 3arrap;mne p;op)l(aBM.
ITop;roToBKaTa 3a l136opa Ha 6'brrrapcKl1 KHR3 OTHeMa MHoro CMJIM l1 BpeMe l1 aH-
ra)!(Mpa 3a p;orrro eMOQMMTe Ha 6orrrapcKoTo o6~eCTBO. B'brrpocoT 3a M36opa Ha KHR3,
3a HerOBJ1Te rrpaBa l1 3a)J;'bJI)l(eHl1JI B'b3Hl1KBa Bep;Hara I.QOM CTaBaT l13BeCTHl1 pernem1-
JITa Ha EepnttHCKMR KOHrpec. O~e npe3 JIRTOTO l1 eceHTa pep;ttQa 6'brrrapcKl1 061..Qecr-
BeHMQM ca IIOMOJieHH OT pycKMTe BJiaCTl1 p;a l13Ka)l(aT CBOeTO MHeHMe no p;'bp)l(aBHOTO
yCTpo:i1:cTBo l1 yrrpaBrreHMe. ITpe3 OKTOMBpM 1878 r. KHR3 .D:oHp;yKoB l1 Cepreu JlyKJA-
RHOB l13IIpa~aT IIHCMa C'bC 16 B'bnpoca p;o Ha:i1:-nonyrrRpHttTe 6'brrrapcKl1 nOJil1Tl1'1e-
CKH p;eMQl1 c MOJI6a 3a nl1CMeH OTfOBOp. OceM OT B'bIIpOCMTe ce OTHaCJIT p;o l136opa II
crnTyTa Ha 6'bp;e~MR KHR3. B'brrpoc'bT 3a l136opa l1 crnTyTa Ha 6'bp;e~MR KHR3 ca rrpe11-
MeT Ha O)!(l1BeHl1 pa3roBopl1 l1 B crreQMaJIHo ype)l(p;aH11 qacTHM cpe~M l1 co6MpaH11R.
ITo BpeMe Ha pa6ornrn Ha Yqpep;MTeJIHOTO c'b6paHMe, Ha 26 MapT 1879 r. ce rro-
CTMra C'brJiacMe, qe "c'b6opoT 3a orrpep;eJIRHe Ha II'bpBMR KHR3 TpR6Ba p;a 6'bp;e HOBO-
l136paH", KaTo ce l13JI'b'IaT no 3 rrpep;cTaBMTeJIM OT BceKM 10 000 p;yrnM M'b)l(KO Hacene-
Htte. TyK p;erryTaTMTe p;orrycKaT pa3Ml1HaBaHe, T'bM KaTo B tt3pa6oTBa~aTa. ce rnrasa
KOHCTHTYQHR Te 3arrttcBaT B'bB BHC p;a BJIH3aT no p;BaMa rrpep;crnBMTeJIM Ha 10 000
42
HOBA E'bHI'APCKA J1CTOPJ1JJ (1878-1944)
p;yurn: OT p;BaTa nona. Tot't KaTo HJIMa BpeMe 3a p;'bJirH cnopoBe ce npueMa nornep;Ho
1136op11Te p;a ce npoBep;aT no 113rorneH11Te OT pyo1Te BpeMeHHH npaBHJia OT 24 aBrycT
1878 r.
HJIMa TO'IHH p;aHHH Kora 11 KaK ca npoBep;eH111136op11Te 3a I BHC. BepoJITHO TOBa
cTaBa Ha 111 8 anpun 1879 r. Tio rnep;eH11JI OT neqaTa o6~HJIT 6pot'i Ha p;enyTaTH e 250,
no TO'IHaTa Qmppa e o6aqe 237 p;yurn:, KaTo OKOJIO 2/3 OT p;eneraTHTe Ha Yqpep;uTeJIHO-
TO co6paH11e ca npeu36paHH H ep;Ba Me)l(p;y 66-75 ca HOBOH36paHH.
Tio BpeMe Ha 3acep;aHHJITa Ha Yqpep;uTeJIHOTO co6paH11e cpep; p;enyTaT11re 3anoq-
BaT p;a ce pa3npocTpaHJIBaT 6powyp11 c 611orpacptt'IHH p;aHHH 11 p;opu c nopTpeTH Ha
KaHp;up;aTHTe. TaKaBa HHcpopMaQHJI ce noMecrna 11 Ha CTpaHHQHTe Ha nep11op;H'IHl1JI
ne'IaT. TaKa H3p;aBaHHJI B TopHOBO OT CBeTocJiaB MunapoB "B'bltwpcKuil. 11eB" H "B'b11-
2apuH" Ha Xp. Eo'IBapoB 11 ,I(. K. TionoB npenopo'IBaT :>KHBee~HJI B I1ap11)1( pyMoH-
CKH 6onRpHH Eu6eCKy. MaKap p;a HMa nop;KpenaTa Ha BH)J;HHJI cppeHCKl1 p;op)l(aBHHK
fleoH faM6eTa H Ha BJIHJITeJIHH aBCTp11HCKH nOJIHTH'IeCKH cpep;H, TOM He ce nOJI3Ba C
p;oBepueTo Ha 6omap11Te. EomapcKoTo o6~ecrno He npueMa 11 KaHp;up;aTypaTa Ha
p;pyruJI pyMoHCKH npeTeHp;eHT KHJI3 Kapon, queTo MMe ce CB1>p3Ba c npeTem~uu 3a
YHl1JI Me)l(p;y EomapuJI 11 PyMoHHJI, up;eJI, KOJITO He HaMupa HHKaKBH nop;p;po:>KHHQH
cpep; 6omap11Te. MHoro rroBeqe cuMnanrn co6upaT B1>3pacTHHJI Beqe npHHQ Xat'i-
HpHX Pbot'ic, Banp;eMap ,Il;aTCKH, AneKcaHp;op EaTeH6epr. B T03H paHeH rnep;orno60-
)f()J;eHcK11 rrepuop; ce o6c'b)l(p;aT KaHp;up;aTypu 11 Ha nop;aHHQH Ha pycK11JI HMnepaTop
- rpacp J1rttaTHeB, reH. CKo6eJieB, ,Il;oHp;yKoB-KopcaKOB. I1eTep6ypr o6aqe e KaTero-
pu'IeH - p;a He ce pa6oTH no KaHp;up;aTypaTa Ha HHTO ep;HH pycKH nop;aHHK. He 3aHu-
MaBaT cep.H03HO o6~eCTBeHoTo MHeHue 11 6omapcKv!Te KaHp;up;aTypu - rpacp IOn11JIH
TieJI'IeBH'I, KHJI3 EMaHyun Eoropwp;H, AneKcaHp;op EK3apx 11 AHTHM I.
TiopBaTa HeocpttQHaJIHa cpe~a Ha qaCT OT p;enyTaTHTe CTaBa Ha 15 anpun Bro-
JIJIMa 3ana Ha Kpo'IMa Ha MapwHo none. Bonpoc'bT, KOMTO ce p;e6aTupa e caMo ep;HH
- KOH p;a 6op;e 1136paH 3a 6omapcKH KHJI3. EMOQHOHanHo BCH'IKH ce rpynupaT oKono
KaHp;11p;aTyp11Te Ha HwKonat'i TI. J1rHaTHeB 11 KHJI3 ,Il;oHp;yKoB. Ha p;pyrnJI p;eH o6c'b)f(-
p;aHHJITa npop;'bll:>KaBaT, HO npHCTl1ra H TeJierpaMaTa Ha pycKl1JI B'bHllieH MHHHCT'bp
An. fopqaKoB. B HeJI H3pH'IHO ce nop;qepTaBa BOlIJITa Ha UapJI Orno6op;HTen HHKOM OT
HeroBHTe nop;aHHQH p;a He 6op;e H36ttpaH 3a 6onrapcKH p;op:>KaBeH rnaBa. TaKa BCH'IKH
ce KOHconup;upaT oKono KaHp;up;aTypaTa Ha xeceHCKHJI npttHQ AneKcaHp;op EaTeH6epr.
Tot'i e npueMJIHBa KaHp;up;aTypa 11 3a PyrnJI, T'bM KaTO ce HaMHpa B 6Jil13KH pop;HHHCKH
Bp1>3KH C pycKHJI QapcKH )J;BOp H C 6pHTaHCKOTO KpaJICKO CeMeMCTBO H e nop;nOpY<JHK
B aBcTpo-yHrapCKaTa apMHJI. HeroBaTa KaHp;wp;aTypa e oco6eHo nop;xop;JI~a, 3a~0To
lIH'IHOCTTa MY OlIHQeTBopJIBa paBeHCTBO Ha cunuTe no H3TO'IHl1JI Bonpoc, nocTurHa-
To Ha Eepn11HcK11JI KOHrpec.
,Il;aTaTa, onpep;eneHa 3a 1136opa Ha KHJI3, Hee rnyqat'tHa. Ha 17 anp11n e po)l(p;eHu-
JIT p;eH Ha UapJI Orno6op;11TeJI H 3a 60Jirap11Te TOBa HMa c11MB07Il1'IHO 3Ha'IeHue. Cnep;
Thp)l(eCTBeHHJI M07Ie6eH 3a 3p;paBeTO Ha 11MnepaTopa, OTClly)l(eH B HCTOp11'IeCKaTa
qepKBa "CB. qeT11p11p;eceT M'b'IeHHQtt" OT Bl1)J;HHCKHJI MHTponoJI11T AHTl1M I, Hapop;-
HHTe 1136paH11Q11 3ano'!BaT 3acep;aH11eTo. Ha Hero npuc'bCTBaT 11 cneQ11anHo noKaHe-
43
l~~~H'S.Sl) RN.'\OTJN. 1'.)l'J'\11.11\nd. MOH
mfTe 3a QeJITa ocp11QJ11anm1 JI11Qa - npegcTaBJl!TeJIJI! Ha Ben11KJ11Te CJl!JIJI!, rpa)KgaHCKJI! 11

BOeHH11 BJiaCT11.
Top)KeCTBeHOTO 3acegaHJ11e e OTKPJl!TO OT pycK11JI Jl!MnepaTopcKJI! KOM11cap KHJI3
An. noHgyKoB-KopcaKOB. Tow noeMa 11 poKOB0)1;CTBOTO Ha 3acep;aH11eTO. 3a npep;ce-
p;aTeJI Ha Co6pamreTO e onpep;eJieH ep;11H OT Ha:i1-CTap11Te JI! HaH-p;OCTOHH11Te p;enyTaT11
- BJ1!)1;11HCKJl!JI M11TponOJI11T AHTJl!M I. vfa6op He e npoBe)!(p;aH, HJIMa JI! p;pyrn KaHp;l1-
p;aTypJ11. Ee3 rnacyBaHe ce onpep;eJIJI 11 610p0To: nop;npep;cep;aTeJIJI! IleTKo KapaBeJioB 11
pyceHCKWJI M11TponoJIWT fpwropw:i1.
Cnep; no3p;paBJieH11JITa JI! no)KeJiaH11JITa 3a ycneurna pa6oTa rocT11Te HanyCKaT 3a-
JiaTa. neJIOBaTa pa6oTa 3anO'IBa c peq Ha enwCKon KnwMeHT EpaHMQKW. OcHOBHOTO B
HeroBoTo Jll3Ka3BaHe e pa3JicHeHMeTo 3all\O 6omap11Te Jl!CKaT, a He MoraT p;a W36epar
pycKJI! nop;aH11K 3a mow KHJI3. MwTponoJIJl!T KnwMeHT nop;po6Ho npep;CTaBJI KaHp;J11p;a-
Typi1Te Ha npMHQ Xar1:Hp11x Pbo:i1c, KHH3 Banp;eMap p;aTCKJI! M npHHQ AneKcaHp;op. Tip11
npep;cTaBJIHeTo Ha KaHp;11p;aTypaTa Ha AneKCaHp;op J103ecp cpoH EaTeH6epr B 3anara
Jll36yxBaT 6ypHJ11 poKonJIHCKaHWJI. 3aTOBa HJIMa 06co)Kp;aH11JI JI! rnacyBaHe. PeweHo
e KHJI3'bT p;a ce wMeHyBa AneKcaHp;op I. Ilop;nwcaH e aKT 3a J113611paHeTo Ha 6omap-
CK11H KHJI3, KoeTo no C'bIQeCTBO 3aMeHJI rnacyBaHeTo. KoMJl!C11JI B C'bCTaB: BapHeHcK11
w IIpernaBCKJI! MWTponoJIJl!T CJ11MeoH, cocpJ11:i1cKJ11JI ry6epHarnp To.n;op EypMoB, p;-p
Barnn KapaKaH0BcK11, JieKap npH pycKoTO nocoJICTBO B l.(apHrpap;, p;-p KoHCTaHTl1H
CTOJl!JIOB, ceJIJIHWH'bT OT Kyna faHo l.(aHOB JI! TYP'iJl!H'bT xap;)!(Jll Myep;311H TpH6Ba ,[la
3aMWHe 3a napMIQaT, 3a p;a nop;Hece Ha KHJI3a aKTa 3a W36opa JI! npJl!BeTCTBeHWJI ap;pec
Ha Co6paHWeTO.
l.(HJiaTa QepeMOHWJI no Jll36opa, no nop;nwrnaHeTo w no onpep;eJIJIHeTo Ha KOMM-
CMJITa 3a Bpo'iBaHe Ha Jll36wpaTeJIHJl!JI aKT npop;'bJI)KaBa HJIKOJIKO qaca. Ha 18 anp11n
1879 r. Co6paHJ1eTO e 3aKp11TO.
EomapcKaTa p;eneraQJl!JI, KOJITO HOCJI! Jll36wpaTeJIHJl!JI aKT np11cTJ11ra B JlwBap;Jl!H Ha
1 Maw 1879 r., K'bp;eTO ce cpeIQa c HOBOW36paH11JI KHJI3. Cnep; TOBa MMa cpel.1\11 c py-
CK11JI B'bHllleH MJl!HJ1CT'bp fHpC, pycKJl!JI MMnepaTop J,1 11MnepaTp11Qa. cTOBa MJ1CJl!J!Ta
Ha p;enyTaQ11JITa e Jll3n'bJIHeHa JI! TH ce oTnpaBJI o6paTHO 3a EomapMH. CaMo p;-p K
CTOJ1JIOB nonyqaBa HOB a 3ap;aqa - no npep;JIO)KeHMe Ha KHJI3 noHp;yKOB TOH e BKJIIOtJeH
B rn11TaTa Ha KHR3 AneKcaHp;op I KaTo qaCTeH ceKpeTap 11 ro npHp;py)KaBa no BpeMe
Ha neTp;eceTp;HeBHOTO MY noTyBaHe 113 EBpona. IIoceIQaBaT BMeHa, Ilap11)!(, Ep10Kcen,
napMIQap;, M10HxeH, P11M 11 l.(apMrpap;. HaBCJIK'bp;e 6omapcKJl!R KHJI3 e np11eT 6naro-
CKJIOHHO.
Ha 24 IOH11 1879 r. KHJI3'bT enc CBl1TaTa rn CT'bnBa Ha 6omapCKa 3eMJI. B He~
BJIJl!3aT: ApBep;a cpoH PMp;e3en - Mapwarr Ha p;Bopa, poTMJl!CT'bp KopBJ11H-BMpc611rcKW
- cprrJ11rerr-ap;10TaHT, AneKcaHp;op MeHrec - 'iaCTeH ceKpeTap, nonK. llleneneB - C'bBeT-
H11K M p;-p K. CTOJl!JIOB - noJIJl!Tl1'iecKM ceKpenp. Ilpe3 BapHa M Pyce ce oTnpaBJIT K'bM
TopHoBo, Kop;eTo Ha 26 IOH11 1879 r. norrara T'bp)KecrneHo KJieTBa. HaqaJioTo e nono·
)KeHo. EomapcKoTo KHR)Kecrno Jl!Ma KHR3 - AneKcaHp;op I. Pop;eH e Ha 5 anpHn 1857 r.
B'bB BepoHa, l/1Tan11R. IlorrHoTo MY Jl!Me e npMHQ AneKcaHp;op J103ecp cpoH EaTeH6epr
(Ha HeMCKM: Prinz Alexander Joseph van Battenberg). Brnp11 CJl!H Ha repMaHCKMR np11HI1
ArreKcaHp;op cpoH XeceH-napMIQap; oT MopraHaT11'iHJ11R MY 6paK c noncKaTa rpacpirn~
44
IOmrn cpoH XayKe, pyCKa rrptt.flBOpHa .r1aMa. IJoTOMQHTe HM ce HapwrnT "cpoH EaTer
6epr" (no ttMeTo Ha e,[(Ho BJia):leHtte B XeceH), 3aIQOTO Qap AneKcaH):lnp II, )KeHeH 3
ceCTpaTa Ha rrpHHQ AneKCaH):lnp cpoH XeceH-AapMI.Qa,[1, e rrpoTttB T03l1 MopraHaT11qe
6paK. Ha 20 ro):IHHH, rrpe3 1877 r., MJia,[IHRT rrpMHQ AneKcaH):lnp cpoH EaTeH6epr rrc
nyqaBa pa3perneHHe OT HMII. AneKcaH,[lnp II .r1a rrocT'bIIH B pycKaTa apMHR, rrperrnyB
AyHaB Ha rroHTOH c 13 rrexoTeH 6aTaJibOH, a rne.r1 TOBa rrpeMMHaBa l1 CTapa IIJiaHMHa
rrpoqyTMR 9 KOHeH IIOJIK Ha reHepaJI :rl.rorncp fypKO.
KHR3 EaTeH6epr e repMaHcKtt apttcToKpaT, q11eTo ceMewcrno MMa po.flHHHCK
Bpn3KJ1 c aHfJIJ1MCKOTO KpaJICKO ceMeMCTBO (TOM e IIJieMeHHJiIK Ha aHfJIMMCKaTa Kpa
JIHQa) c pycKttR MMrreparnpcKH ,[(Bop. I1pe3 1886 r. AneKcaH,[lnp MOlIM B EepJIMH 3
pnKaTa Ha rrpyCKaTa rrpttHQeca BMKTOpMR, HO KaHQJiepnT E11cMapK ce o6RBRBa rrpo
TMB. HRKOJIKo ro,[IMHM rne.r1 a6,[IMKaQHRTa KHR3'bT 3a6oJIRBa. Tow rronyqaBa OKOH1IaTe
neH OTKa3 OT EeplIHH l1 rreT fO,[IVIHM rrpe,[IVI CMnpTTa CM BJIJ13a B MopraHaTJ11IeH 6pa
c aKTpHcaTa OT napMIQa,[ICKMR TeaTnp IIIoxaHa Jlott3l1Hrep. 3apa.r111 TOBa e rrpHHY.fleJ
.r1a rrpHeMe rro-HMCKaTa TMTJia zpaifJ XapmeHay. AneKcaH,[lnp M :rl.roxatta VIMaT CHH 1
,[l'bIQepR:
• AceH, rpacp XapTettay (1890 - 1965)
• UBeTaHa (1893 - 1924)
KoHcTaHTMH CTOVIJIOB e KpncTHMK Ha CVIHa MY AceH VI ,[l'biQepR MY UBeTaHa. 1'
AceH, VI UBeTaHa YMMpaT, 6e3 .r1a VIMaT CBOVI ,[leJ. ~a. AceH o6atfe ocMHOBRBa CHHa H;
CnrrpyraTa CH EepTa Xyca-PaMOC OT npe,[1J1ll1Hl1R n 6paK, B pe3ylITaT Ha KOeTO TOJ
3ano1IBa .r1a ce HapHqa B11nxeJIM cpoH XapTeHay.
KHR3 AneKcaH):lnp YMV1pa B fpaQ, ABCTpVIR Ha 17 HOeMBpM 1893. OcTaHKHTe M~
ca npeHeceHM B CocpMR Ha 24 HoeMBpH VI ca norpe6aHM c no'IHT Ha 3 RHyap11 1898 1
B MaB30JieI1 Ha EaTeH6epr B QeHTnpa Ha cTOJIVIQaTa. HaQHOHaJIHVIRT BOeHHOVICTopM
tfecKM My3er1 pa3nonara c Hatt-MHoro OTJIJ11IVIR (op.r1eHV1) Ha KHR3 AneKcaH,[lnp. Te c
.r1apeHM npe3 1937 r. OT cnnpyraTa MY rpacpVIHR IIIoxaHa XapTeHay.
3. 6'bArapCKIUIT napAaMeHTapH.3'bM
3a rrepV10,[la 1879-1944 r. cnope.r1 TnpHOBCKaTa KOHCTHTYQMR Hapo.[IHOTO cn6pa

HMe ce KOHCTMTyttpa KaTo 06HKHoBeHo Hapo.r1Ho cn6paHHe VI KaTo Ben11Ko Hapo.r1m
cn6paHtte. I1o CTPYKTypa Hapo.[IHOTO cn6paHV1e e e.r1HoKaMapeH napnaMeHT, Bnnpe
KJ1 'le MHOfOKpaTHO Ce 06C'b)K,[la Bnnpoca 3a BTOpa KaMapa. vfa6opMTe 3a Hapo,[IHI
npe.r1cTaBMTeJIH ca npeKM, Ha ocHoBaTa Ha Bceo6IQo rnacyBaHe, KaTo ce rrp11nara npo
nopQVIOHaJIHa, Ma)Kop11TapHa HJIVI cMeceHa CVICTeMa. CpoK'bT Ha TI'bJIHOMOIQHRTa ci
onpe.r1enR c KoHcTMTYQMRTa. Cnope.r1 TK TOM e TpMro.r111rneH, lif3MeHeH rrpe3 1893 r. H<
5 ro):IMHlif, a npe3 1911 r. - Ha 4 rD.flVIHlif.
BeJIJifKOTO HapO,[IHO cn6paHlife e ,[l'bp)KaBeH npe,[ICTaBVITelieH opraH. no 1947 r. TC
ce CBVIKBa OT KHR3a (oT 22 cenTeMBPlif 1908 r. - OT QapR), PereHTCTBOTO Mlilif MMHMC
TepcKlifR C'bBeT 3a pernaBaHe Ha Ba)KHJ1 .flnp)KaBHlif Bnnpoclif - lif36op Ha HOB Blia,[leTeJ
lifJilif Ha pereHTlif, npOMRHa B OCHOBHlifR 3aKOH, OTCT'bTIBaHe, pa3MRHa ]if nplif,[106J1BaH1
45
Pocuu,a AHze11osa
Ha HaceJieH11 Tep11Top1111, ynoJIHOMo~aBaHe Ha 6omapcK11.R MOHapx p;a ynpaBJIRBa
p;pyra p;op)l(aBa (oT 15 Mati 1893 r.). PerneHl1.RTa ce B3eMaT c KBanmp11q11paHo MHo-
311HCTBO OT 2/3 OT Bc11qK11 Hapop;HH npep;crnB11Ten11. BHC ce caMopa3nycKa cnep; pe-
rnaBaHe Ha BonpocHTe, 3a KOl1TO e H36paHo, HO MO)l(e p;a H3n'bJIH.RBa <iiYHKL\l1MTe Ha
0611KHOBeHo Hapop;Ho co6paHHe. Cnopep; TK npaBo p;a l13611pa 11 p;a 6op;e 113611paH
HMa BCeKl1 6onrapcKH rpa)l(p;aHl1H, nOJI3Ba~ ce c nOJil1TJ11IeCKl1 H rpa)l(p;aHCKl1 npaBa,
6e3 ornep; Ha norr 11 l1M~ecTBeHo norro)l(eHHe. Jifa611paTerr11Te Tp.R6Ba p;a ca HaBop-
rn11rru 21 rop;11HH. ,UenyrnT11Te Tp.R6Ba p;a ca rpaMOTHH 11 p;a ca HaBoprnHJIH 30 rop;11HM.
Epo.RT Ha Hapop;HHTe npep;cTaBMTerrw B'bB BHC e p;Ba noTM no-rorrRM oT T0311 B OHC.
OT 1879 p;o 1893 r. ce 113611paT no p;BaMa Hapop;HH npep;CTaB11Terr11 Ha 10 XHJIRp;H )l(V!-
TeJIM, a OT 1893 p;o 1945 r. - no p;BaMa Ha 20 000. Co6paHV!eTO ce poKOBO)J;H OT npep;ce-
p;aTerr 11 nop;npep;cep;aTerrw.
• I BHC 3acep;aBa B TopHoBo OT 17 anpun 1879 r. p;o 26 IOHV! 1879 r. c npep;cep;aTeJI
- AHT11M I. :Vfa6wpa repMaHCKMR np11HL\ AJieKcaHp;op EaTeH6epr 3a npoB 6omapcK11
KH.R3.
•II BHC 3acep;aBa B CBH~OB OT 1 IOJIV! 1881 r. c npep;cep;aTerr - Top;op li1KOHOMOB.
CycneHp;Hpa ( cnupa p;eticrnueTo) TopHoBcKaTa KOHCTHTYL\HR, KaTo rnacyBa HCKaHV!-
Te OT ArreKcaHp;'bp I EonrapcKH l13BoHpep;HH TI'bJIHOMO~HR p;a ynpaBJIRBa CTpaHaTa 7
rop;HHH c nOMO~Ta Ha ,Uop)l(aBHH.R C'bBeT.
•III BHC 3acep;aBa B TopHoBo OT 19 OKTOMBpH 1886 r. p;o 3 aBrycT 1887 r. c npep;-
cep;aTerr - feoprn .>KHBKOB, no-K'hCHO 3aMeCTeH OT ,UHMHT'bp ToHqeB. Ji13611pa 3a KHR3
npHHL\ Barrp;eMap ,UaTCKH, a rnep; OTKa3a MY p;a 3aeMe npeCTorra H3forpa repMaHcKHR
npHHL\ <t>epp;nHaHp; CaKc-Ko6ypr- forn 3a KHR3.
•IV BHC 3acep;aBa B TopHoBo OT 3 Mati 1893 r. p;o 17 Mati 1893 r. c npep;cep;aTeJI
- ,U11MHT'bp IleTKOB. Ilp11eMa 3aKoH 3a H3MeHeHHe Ha 13 qJieHa OT TopHoBcKaTa KOH-
CTHTYL\l1R.
•V BHC 3acep;aBa B TopHoBo OT 9 IOH11 1911 r. p;o 9 IOJIH 1911 r. c npep;cep;aTeJI
- CToRH ,UaHeB. IlpneMa H3MeHeHne Ha TopHoBCKaTa KOHCTHTYL\HR.
TopHoBcKaTa KOHCTHTYL\HR onpep;eJIR 06HKHOBeHoTo Hapop;Ho c'b6pattHe KaTo
3aKoHop;aTerreH H npep;CTaBHTerreH opraH Ha KHR)l(eCTBO EonrapHR. IlaprraMeHT'bT
HMa 3aKOHop;aTeJIHH H KOHTp01IHl1 npaBOMO~HR - npHeMa, H3MeHR, p;on'hJIBa 11 OTMe-
H.R 3aKOHH H KOHTporr11pa p;etiHOCTTa Ha l13n'bJIHHTeJIHaTa BJiacT. Toti e ep;HoKaMapett.
Ilpe3 1879 H 1938 r. ce )J;HCKYTHpaT npep;JIO)l(eHH.R 3a C'b3)J;aBaHe Ha BTOpa KaMapa, HO
He ca npHeTH.
06~HRT 6poti Ha o6vrKHOBeHHTe Hapop;HH co6paHHR OT Orno6o)l(p;eH11eTo ,110
1944 r. e 25. TexHHRT MaHp;aT, 6poti p;enyrnT1111 npep;cep;aTeJIH e npep;crnBeH B rn6rr11-
L\aTa.
46
HOBA E'D!II'APCKA UCTOPUJI (1878-1944)
TianJTaMeHT Matt)laT TI Oe)lCe)laTen bDOH )le11VTa"l

Y'IpeJlttTeJJHO c1>6pam1e 10.02.1879 - 16.04.1879 EK3apx AttrnM I 231
1 BeJJHKO napoJlHO
17.04.1879 - 26.06.1879 EK3apx AHTHM I 231
c1>6oantte
1 06ttKHOBeHo HapOJlHO
co6oatttte
21.10.1879-24.11.1879 n. KapaBeJTOB 158
2 06HKHOBeHO HapOJlHO
n. KapasenoB,
23.03.1880-18.12.1880 II. P. CnaBeHKOB, 172
Cb6paHHe
H. CVKHaooB
2 BemtKo napOJlHO
01.07.1881 EK3apx AHTHM I 307
C1>6oanne
3 06ttKHOBeHO HapOJlHO MttTpononttT
I 0.12.1882 - 25.12.1883 47
co6namre CttMeOH, ,n:. roeKOB
II. KapaBenoB, CT.
4 06ttKHOBeHo HapOJlHO
27.06.1884 - 06.09.1886 CTaM6onoB, 195/286
Cb6paHHe
f. )J(HBKOB
3 BeJJHKo napoJlHO f. )J(11BKOB,
19.10.1886 - 03.08.1887 493
c1>6oanne n. TowreB
,[(. Tow1es,
5 0611KHOBeHO Hapo)lHO
15.10.1887- 17.12.1889 3. CTOHHOB, 285
cb6patt11e
n. CnaBKOB
6 06ttKHOBeHO HapOJlHO
15.10.1890-15.12.1892
n. CnaBKOB, 276
Cb6paHHe ll. TieTKOB
4 Bem1Ko napOJlHO
03.05.1893-17.05.1893 ,[(HM. IIeTKOB 577
c1>6nanne
7 06HKHOBeHO HapOJlHO ,[(. IIeTKOB,
15.10.1893 - 21.12.1893 145
cb6oatt11e f. )J(HBKOB
15.10.1894-04.02.1896 Teo)lop Teo)lopoB 149
co6oattne
01.12.1896-19.12.1898 .lJ:-p feoprn JIHK)'JTOB 159
co6oattne
IO 06ttKHosetto napoJlHO
16.05.1899 - 29.11.1900
,n:.
Ba'los,
169
cb6oatttte )J(_ EaKanos
11 06HKHOBeHO HapOJlHO MB. EscTp. rewos,
22.02.190 I - 23.12.190 I 166
Cb6DaHHe M. Eana6attoB
22.04.1902 - 31.03 .1903 .lJ:paraH QaHKOB 188
co6oatttte
n. crnnKoB,
02.11.1903 - 22.12.1907 T. faTeB, TI. fy)leB, 189
cb6pamre
Ilo6on TieTKOB
14 06HKHOBeHo HapOJlHO Xp. CnasettKOB,
15.06.1908 - 15.02.1911 203
cb6oamre II. OoaxoBau,
5 BeJJnKo napOJlHO
09.06.1911-09.07.1911 .lJ:-p Crn~m .lJ:atteB 414
c1>6pantte
15 06ttKHOBeHO HapOJlHO CT. ,[(attes,
15.10.1911-23.07 1913 213
co6oaHtte MB. EB. rernoB
47
Pocu4a AHzenosa
16 06ttKHOBeHO HapO.UHO
19. 12. 1913-31.12.1913 .D:ttMttThp Baqos 204
Cb6paHHe
17 06ttKHOBeHO Hapo,UHO
20. 03. 1914-15.04.1919 .D:ttMHTbp Baqos 257
Cb6paHHe
18 06ttKHOBeHO HapO.UHO Hai14o QaHoB
02.10. 1919 -20.02.1920 237
Cb6paHHe (He.ullrrKo ArnHacos)
19 06ttKHOBeHO Hapo,UHO Arr . .D:acKa.rros,

15.04.1920 - 11.03.1923 232
Cb6paHHe H. Moqypos
20 06HKHOBeHO HapO,UHO ArreKcaH.Ubp E.

21.05.1923 - 11.06.1923 245
Cb6paHHe .D:acKarros
21 06ttKHOBeHO Hapo,UHO T. Kyrres,

09.12.1923 - 15.04.1927 267
Cb6pam1e Arr. QattKOB
22 06ttKHOBeHO Hapo,UHO Arr. QattKOB,

19.06.1927-18.04.1931 275
Cb6patttte H. Hai1.uettos I
23 06ttKHOBeHO Hapo,UHO CT. CTecjJattos,

20.08.1931 - 19.05.1934 283
Cb6paHHe Arr. Mamrnos
24 06HKHOBeHO Hapo,UHO
22.05.1938 - 27.04.1939 Crniiqo MywattoB 160
cb6pam1e
25 06ttKHOBeHo HapO.UHO H. Jlorocjlerns,

24.02.1940 - 23.08.1944 160
Cb6paHHe Xp. Ka.rrcpos
IhpBoTO M Brnporn o6wKHOBeHo HapoAHO co6paHwe 3aCeAaBaT B Kny6a Ha py-

CKMTe ocj:rnQepw B Cocpmr. TpeToTo o6wKHOBeHo HapoAHO cn6paHwe M3IIOJJ3Ba crpa-
Aarn Ha Mo)f(KaTa rMMHa3MR B Cocpw.11. qeTBopTOTO o6MKHOBeHo HapOAHO co6pam1e
3aceAaBa nopBoHaqaJJHO B canoHa Ha q11TaJJMl[\e "HaAe)f(Aa" B TopHoBo M B crpaAaTa
Ha 6MBllleTO BoeHHO yqwnwl[\e B Cocp11.11 (QettTpaneH AOM Ha apM11.11rn). OT ABaAeceT
M llleCTOTO 3aCeAaHMe Ha TiopBaTa MY peAOBHa ceCMR TO ce npeMeCTBa B HOBOIIOCTpo-
eHOTO 3AaHwe Ha HapoAHOTO cn6paHMe. ABTop Ha npoeKTa e BMeHCKMRT apx1.neKT 01
6onrapcKM npoM3XOA KoHCTaHTMH MoBaHoB11q. CrpaAaTa e OTKpMTa T'bp)f(eCTBeHo tta
25 HOeMBpM 1884 r. TiapnaMeHTapHMRT KOMIIJJeKC e pa3IIIMpRBaH HRKOJJKO II'bTM - rrpe3
1896-1898 r. e nocTpoeHo AByern)f(HOTO ceBepHo Kp11no (apx. MopAaH M11naHoB), a
npe3 1923-1928 r. K'bM ceBepHaTa CTpaHa e M3AMfHaTa TpMeTa)f(Ha IIOCTpofIKa, npoeK-
TMpaHa OT apXMTeKT TieHqo Kofl:qeB. no BpeMe Ha BToparn CBeTOBHa BOMHa crpaAaTa
e pa3pyllleHa OT aHrno-aMepMKaHCKMTe 6oM6apAMpOBKM. CneA B'b3CTaHOBRBaHeTo ii
rrpe3 1955 r. TR e 06.11BeHa 3a rraMeTHMK Ha KynTypaTa.
J,fa6opwTe 3a HapOAHM rrpeACTaBMTelJM ca npeKM M TaMHM, Ha OCHOBaTa Ha sce-
061[\0 113611paTeJJHO npaBo. TI pe3 193 7 r. ce AaBaT ocpm~wantto 113611paTeJJHM npasa H
48
HOBA E'bHI'APCKA UCTOPUJI (1878-1944)
Ha )J(eHl1Te -MaHKl1Te, KOl1TO MMaT 3aKOHeH 6paK. :VfanomBa ce nponop~110HaJIHaTa

Ma)J(op11TapHaTa l1Jil1 cMeceHaTa l13611paTeJIHa c11cTeMa. :Vfa611paTen11 ca 6onrapcKJ,ff1
rpa)J(AaHl1, HaBopurnJil1 21 fOAJ.1Hl1, KOl1TO He ca Jil1llJeHl1 OT rpa)J(AaHCKl1 J.1 nOJil1TJ.1
qecK11 npaBa. TopHoBcKaTa KOHCT11Ty~m1 l13MCKBa KaHAMAaTMTe 3a HapoAHM npeA
30 rDAl1HM 11 Aa ca rpaMOTHl1, EpoRT Ha AenyTaTl1Te l
cTaB11Ten11 Aa ca HaBoplll11JI11
MaHAaToT Ha TiapnaMeHTa ce onpeAeJIRT OT KOHCTMTY~MRTa. OT 1879 r. eAHl1 HapoAeI
npeACTaBMTeJI ce M3611pa Ha 10 000 )l(J1TeJil1, a OT 1893 AO 1934 r. - no eAMH Ha 20 000
Ha:i'i-MaJioK e 6poRT Ha AenyTaT11Te cnopeA 3aKoH 3a ,D;op)J(aBHMR coBeT OT 1882 1
- 47 AYllll1.
CpoKoT Ha noJIHOMO~MRTa Ha 06J1IKH0BeH0To HapoAHO co6paHMe ce orrpeAeJIJ
OT KoHcT11Ty~11RTa. OT 1879 r. AO 1893 r. cnopeg TopHoBcKaTa KOHCTl1TY~MR TOH 1
TPM rogMHM. OT 1893 go 1911 r. MaHAaToT e yBeJI11'!eH Ha neT rog11HJ1I. HoBa npoMRHi
B OcHOBHJIIR 3aKoH npe3 1911 r. ro HaMaJIJIBa Ha '!eT11p11 rOAl1HM. OT 1879 go 1944 1
OHC ce CBMKBa Ha cecJIIM, KaTo BpeMeTpaeHeTo MM e OT HRKOJIKO qaca AO HRKOJIK<
Mece~a. TopHOBCKaTa KOHCTMTY~MR onpeAeJIR egHa rog11lllHa cecMR - OT 15 OKTOMBpl
AO 15 geKeMBpM. B MHOro cnyqa11 BpeMeTpaeHeTo Ha cecJ1IJ1ITe e yBeJI11'!eHo. Tipw Heo6
XOAl1MOCT ce CBMKBaT 11 l13BoHpegHl1 CeCJIIJII.
I1pe3 nepJ1Ioga Ha ge:i'icTBJIIe Ha TopHoBcKaTa KOHCTMTY~JIIR OHC ce OTKp11Ba o'
KHJI3a (OT 1908 r. - ~apR) M e npegcegaTeJICTBaHO OT HaH-Bo3pacTHl1JI HapOAeH npeA
cTaBMTeJI. Ha nopBoTo 3acegaH11e genyTaTl1Te M3611paT poKOBogcTBO Ha TiapnaMeHTi
- npeAcegaTeJI 11 nognpeAcegaTemt. 3aKoHogaTeJIHl1RT npo~ec e goJior M CJIO)l(eH. 06
Co)l(AaHeTO Ha 3aKOHOIIpOeKTJIITe ce JII3Bopurna OT KOMl1Cl1M, CoCTaBeHl1 OT HapOAHl
npeACTaBMTeJIM. fnacyBaHeTo npeMJIIHaBa npe3 gBe '!eTeHl1R Ha OTAeJIHJII napnaMeH
TapHJII 3aceAaH11R. Ha nopBoTo 3acegaH11e 3aKoHonpoeKToT ce npweMa B QRJIOCT, ;
npw BTopoTo rnacYBaHe ce npJ1IeMa Ha qacTM. 3aKOHogaTeJIHMTe aKTOBe ce ny6nwKyBa'.
B ,D;op)l(aBeH BeCTHl1K (6po:i'i IIopB11 l13JIM3a Ha 28 IOJIJII 1879 r.). fnacyBaHeTO e Jll1'IH<
M RBHO. Tio pellleHMe Ha HapogHOTO co6paH11e rnacyBaHeTO MO)l(e Aa e TaHHO. 3ace
AaHJIIRTa ca ny6n11'IHJ1I, a no KOHKpeTHJII BonpocJII napnaMeHTa MO)l(e Aa B3eMe pellle
HJl!e ga ca npw 3aKp11Tl1 BpaTJII. TiapnaMeHTapHJIITe KOMMCMM nognoMaraT AeMHOCTTi
Ha HapogHoTo co6paHJ1Ie. EpoRT JI! HaJ1IMeH0BaHMRTa JIIM ce npoMeHRT B 3aBJ1ICJ1IMoc1
OT npaBJIIJIHl1~MTe Ha rrapnaMeHTa. KoMJ1ICJ1IJ1ITe ca rrocTORHHl1 - coc 3aKOHOAaTenm
11 KOHTpOJIHa ge:i':IHOCT, M BpeMeHHJII - 3a KOHKpeTHJII npoy'IBaHJIIJI M aHKeTM. BTopoT<
o6MKHOBeHO HapoAHO Co6paHJIIe nocTaBJI Ha'!aJIOTO Ha TpaAMQMRTa IIOCTOJIHHMTe KO
MJIICMJII Aa OTroBapRT Ha 6poR Ha Ml1HJIICTepcTBaTa.
EonrapcKJIIRT napnaMeHTapM3oM e npeKoCBaH HRKOJIKO noTJII. HapogHoTo co
6paHMe He ce CBJIIKBa npe3 Pe)J(l.fMa Ha noJIHOMO~l1RTa Ha KHR3 AneKcaHgop I (1881
1882) JI! rneg ,il;eBeTHaAeceToMa:CrcKMR rrpeBpaT (1934-1938).
TiapnaMeHToT KaTO Cl1CTeMa 3a ynpaBJieHJIIe M napnaMeHToT KaTO rrpeACTaBIUeJI
HO yqpe)l(geHJIIe MMaT CBOeTO MRCTO M pOJIJI B pa3BMTMeTO Ha Aop){(aBHOIIpaBHMTe OT·
HollleHJIIR B EonrapMR. JiwncaTa Ha Tpa:i'iHo yCTaH0BeH11 TpaAM~JIIM B ynpaBJieHMeTO
Ha go6pe opraHJ1I311paH11 napTMJII, Ha Heno3HaTa napnaMeHTapHa npaKT11Ka, Ha HeAOC
TaTo'IHO B11c0Ka noJIMTM'!ecKa Co3HaTeJIHOCT M KynTypa rrpaBRT TPYAeH M cBoeo6pa
3eH noTR Ha 6onrapcKMR napnaMeHTap113oM npe3 pa3rJie)J(gaHMR nepMOA.
49
JU1TEPATYPA
Eyp1mK0Ba, 11. Hel13BecTeH npoeKT 3a KOHCTJ'IT~l'IJI Ha A-p K. CTol'IJIOB OT 1879-. - 11,[(A,

1997, KH. 70.
ferneBa, tf. IhpBoTo 6orrrapcKo Berrl'IKO HapOAHO co6paHJ1e l1 J136opoT Ha KH.113 ArreKcaH-
AnP EaTeH6epr. - 11Tip, 1993, KH. 4-5, 107-117.
11cTOpl1.11 Ha Eorrrapl'l.11. T. VII. BAH. C., 1991.
Ko3MeHKO, 11. B. PyCKaTa Al'ITIJIOMaQJ'IJI l1 cpopMI1paHeTo Ha 6orrrapcKaTa Aop)l<aBHocT
CJieA 0cBo6o)l<AeHJ1eTO. C., 1982, 21-123.
MaHoJioBa, M. Co3AaBaHe Ha TopHoBcKaTa KOHCTl1TYQl1JI. C., 1980.
MapKoBa, 3., E. CTaTerroBa, CoQJ1011on1qecKo npOJ'IBaHe Ha cocTaBa Ha Y'IpeAJ'ITeJIHOTo
co6paHJ1e. - B: TopHOBCKJ'ITe 3aKoHOAaTeJil1. I06J1rreeH c6opHHK. C., 1980.
MaTeeBa, M., Xp. TenaBH'-iapoB. ,[(HnJioMaTJ'l'lecKH OTHorneHl'IJI Ha Eorrrapl'l.11 1878-1988.
C., 1989.
TieHKOB, C. Me)l<AyttapoAHl'I AOfOBOpH Ha Eorrraptt.11 (681-1947r.). C., 1992.
TieTKOB, n. ArreKCaHAop EK3apx - KHJl3 Ha Eo11rapl1.11? // ErreKTpOHHO CilJ'ICaHHe
Liter Net, 07.12.2007, N2 12 (97) <http://liternet.bg/publishll/petko_petkov/aleksandyr.
htm>(07.12.2007).
TieTKOB, n. EorrrapcKH npoeKT 3a KOHCTHTYQl1JI OT 1879 r. - 11Tip, 2000, KH. 3-4.
TieTKOB, n. TipaBOCJiaBHJ'ITe 6orrrapCKH apxI1epeH B J'lpeAHTeJIHOTO H TiopBOTO BHC
1879 r. - ,[(yxoBHa Kymypa, 1993, KH. 10.
TieTKOB, n. CT. Krrl'IMeHT EpaHJ1QKJ1 J1 TopHOBCKH (Barnrr ,[(pyMeB) - apxwepet1 11 ADP·
)!(aBHl'IK 1878-1901. BT, 2000.
TieTKOB, n. CT. TopHOBCKaTa KOHCTl1TYQl1JI Hee rapaHT11parra naprraMeHTapHO·AeMOKpa-
TJ'l'IeH Ql'IK'bJI Ha ynpaBJieHJ'le. - 06w;ecTBO J1 npaBO, 1994, KH. 11-12.
TieTpoB, M. Eorrrapo-pycKH no1111TH'leCKl1 OTHOllleHHJI B HaBeqepl1eTo H no BpeMe Ha
noJIHOMOID;l1J1Ta (1879-1883). - 11Tip, 1981, KH. 6.
PaAeB, C. CTpowTerrw Ha coBpeMeHHa Eorrrap11.11. T. 1, C., 1990.
Ca3AOB, ,[(. MHoronapTI1MHaTa noJil'ITH'lecKa cwcTeMa l1 MOHapx11qecKHJ1T HHCTl1TYT B
EorrrapH.11 (1879-1918). C., 1993.
CeMOB, M. Berrl1KHTe CHJIJ'I H 6orrrapCKaTa HaQHOHarrHa ApaMa. C., 1991.
CTaTerroBa, E., P. TionoB, B. TaHKOBa. 11cTopl1.11 Ha 6orrrapcKaTa AHnrroMaQl'IJI 1878-1913.
C., 1994.
~ypaKOB, A. EHQl1KrroneA11'IeH cnpaBo'IHHK HapoAHOTO co6paHJ1e 1879-2003. C., 2003.
III. nnPBHTE KPA4KH HA CAMOCTO.HTEJ\HO

IlOJ\HTH4ECKO PA.3BHTHE (1879-1885)
1. ·cO!!HaAHO•HKOHOMH'lec1m H .zteMorpa<IJCKH npoMeHH
OCB060:>1<p;em1eTo Ha EonraplilR OT ocMaHCKO BJiap;w-1ecTBO p;0Be:>1<p;a p;o C'bll.\eCT·

Bem1 lil3MeHeHlilR B COQlilaJIHO-lilKOHOMlil'IeCKlilR o6JI1i1K Ha 6onrapcKOTO ceno, KOeTO
50
HOBA E'bJII'APCKA MCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
p;asa npemnami:e Ha Hap; 4/5 OT HaceneH11eTo Ha cTpaHaTa. Hatli-Ba)f<HaTa npoMRHa e

arpapmrn npeBpaT, I13B'bprneH Henocpep;crneHo cnep; Orno6o)Kp;eH11eTo p;o cpep;aTa Ha
80 rop;MHJ.1 Ha XIX B. OcHOBHOTO MY C'b,ll;'bp)l(aHMe e JIMKBM,ll;MpaHe Ha ep;poTo TypcKo
3eMeBJiap;eHMe M YTB'bp)Kp;asaHe Ha rocnop;cTBOTo Ha p;pe6HMTe H cpep;HMTe 3eMep;en-
CKJ.1 CTOTiaHCTBa.
ArpapHMRT eTan npeMMHaBa npe3 p;Ba eTana. Il'hpBJUIT eTan, KOHTO o6xBall.\a
BpeMeTo Ha Orno6op;MTeJIHaTa BOHHa H Henocpep;crneHo rnep; HeR, ce xapaKTepH3Mpa
c HaCJ.1JICTBeHO 3aB3eMaHe Ha no-rOJIRMaTa 'laCT OT J.130CTaBeHJ.1Te OT MIOCIOJIMaHJ.1-
Te 3eMli1 OT CTpaHa Ha 6'b11rapCKJ.1Te ceJIRHH. ,I(BJ.1)1(eHJ.1eTO Ha 6'b11rapcKJ.1Te ceJIRHliI 3a
3aB3eMaHe Ha J.130CTaBeHli1 3eMli1 3ailO'IBa 0111e npe3 BTopaTa IlOJIOBJ.1Ha Ha 1877 r., HO
B Ha'laJIOTO e orpaHM'leHO. ,Uo RHyapH 1878 r. ca 3aB3eTli1 MaJIKO 3eMJ.1, T'bH KaTO BCe
0111e e OCBo6op;eHa caMO HeroJIRMa 'laCT OT CTpaHaTa J.1 6RrCTBOTO Ha MIOCIOJIMaHJ.1Te
Hee TaKa MacoBo. 3aB3eMaT ce 3eMli1 npep;MMHO OT npliIM)K,ll;all.\MTe OT IO)f(Ha o'b11rapMJ1
6'bnrapM 6e)KaHI.Vf. Tio Ta3M Ha'IMH arpapHliIR B'bnpoc no BpeMe Ha Orno6op;11TeJIHaTa
BOHHa ce CB'bp3Ba M c 6e)KaHCKJ.1R B'bnpoc. Pa3Max arpapHoTo ,ll;BJ.1)KeHli1e nonY'laBa
npe3 1878 r. To e y11ecHeHo OT MacoBoTo 6RrCTBO Ha TypcKMTe 3eMeBnap;emvr 11 m
TypcKoTo HaceneHMe 3aep;Ho c OTCT'bnBall.\liITe KbM Uap11rpap; pa361i1TJ.1 ocMaHcKM Botf-
CKJ.1. Tipep;noCTaBKa 3a TOBa e o6cTORTencTBOTO, 'le npep;liI Orno6o)K)J;eHMeTo ep;poTc
3eMeBJiap;eHJ.1e B'b3HI1KBa npe,ll;liIMHO Ha OCHOBaTa Ha HaCliIJICTBeHO B3eTli1 liIJIJ.1 c li13Ma-
Ma npliicBoeHliI 3eMli1 Ha 6'b11rapcKli1 ceJIRHliI. ArpapHoTo ,ll;Bli1)KeH11e npe3 T03I1 nepMO):
e CT1i1XI1HHO, 6e3 KaKBOTO I1 p;a e p'bKOBO,ll;CTBO OT CTpaHa Ha HRKaKBa nOJIJ.1Tli1'1eCK(
opraHli13aQI1R B HaQliIOHaJieH liIJiliI MeCTeH Ma111a6. J1HTeH3li1BHOCTTa MY no patlioHJ.1 m
e ep;HaKBa - B HRKOliI patfoHliI KaTO B J13TO'IHa D'bnrap11R Hanp11Mep T031i1 npoQeC m
npoTM'la.
OT MapT 1878 r. pycKMTe BJiaCTliI ce onliITBaT p;a BHecaT li13BecTeH pep; c B'bBe)l(p;a
HeTO Ha pa3pernMTeJIHJ.1 6J.1JieTJi1 3a 3aceJIBaHe B 3eMJII1Il\aTa Ha MIOCIOJIMaHCKliITe ceJI;
MJiliI 3a o6pa6oTBaHe Ha 3eMli1 Ha TypcK11 3eMeBnap;eJIQli1 B 3eMJili1ll.\aTa Ha 6'bnrapcK1
cena. KaTo QRJIO pyCKaTa noJiliITliIKa no arpapHliIR B'bnpoc e npoTMBope'IMBa, HO ·
KpatfHa CMeTKa 611aronpHRTCTBa 3aB3eMaHeTO Ha I130CTaBeHI1Te 3eMli1 OT 6'b11rapcK1i1T
ceJIRHI1. I1pe3 HOeMBpliI 1877 r. Te I13,ll;aBaT OKp'b)l(HO, KOeTO pa3pernaBa Ha 6'bnrapcKt1
Te 6e)l(aHQI1 OT TpaKUR, HernacHo li1 Ha MeCTHUTe 6'bnrapli1, p;a o6pa6ornaT BpeMeHH
I130CTaBeH:t1Te OT TYPQI1Te 3eMu cpe111y 'laCT OT peKOJITaTa, 6e3 p;a ce npep;onpep;err
B'bnpoca 3a co6cTBeHocTTa. Cnep; nop;nurnaHeTo Ha EepnuHCKliIR p;oroBop pycKM'I
BJiaCTliI C'bo6pa3HO HOBaTa o6cTaHOBKa 3ano'1BaT p;a JiaBliipaT B CBORTa arpapHa non:v
T:t1Ka. 3a p;a 3a)J;OBOJIRT cpopMaJIHO I1CKaHli1RTa Ha 3anap;HaTa p;11n110MaQ1i1R npe3 IOH
1878 r. Te C'b3,ll;aBaT HRKOJIKO CMeceH:t1 TypcKo-6'bJirapcKH KOMl1CI1]1[ 3a ype)l()J;aHe r
cnopHHTe ap;MHHHCTpaTI1BH]I[ B'bnpocliI OKOJIO BJiap;eHI1eTO Ha He)J;BJi1)l(]l[MaTa co6cTBI
HOCT Ha 3aBp'bll.\all.\:t1Te ce MIOCIOJIMaHH.
C M3p;ap;eHo OT C'bBeTa Ha pycKUR HMnepaTopcK11 KOMHcap B E'b11rap11R )KypHa~
HO IlOCTaHOBJieHHe Ha 2 aBrycT 1878 r. ce nocTaHOBRBa, 'le o6BMHeHHTe B rpa6e)l(
u3p;eBaTe11cTBa Hap; MeCTHOTO Hace11eH11e TypcKH 6e)l(aHQli1 c11ep; TRXHOTO 3aBp'bll.\al
ll.\e 6'bp;aT He3a6aBHO apecTYBaHH u npep;ap;eHM Ha BoeHeH c'b,n;. TaKa 6'b11rapcKli1Te c
JIRHI1 ycnRBaT ,n;a y3aKOHRT npMp;o6uBaHeTo Ha 'laCT OT 3eM11Te, BJiap;eHliI OT TYP1'H'1
51
Pocu4a AHzenoaa
6narogapem1e Ha HaxogqJ1BOCTTa Ha pycKJ1Te BJiacTJ1 3a J13HaM11paHe Ha o6xogHJ1 II'b-

Tl111\a 3a pa3pernaBaHe Ha arpapH11JI Bonpoc B rnxHa non3a.
Bropmn eran, K011To o6xBall\a rnaBHO nopBaTa nonoBJ1Ha Ha 80-re rog11H11, e
CBop3aH c J13KynyBaHeTO OT 6onrapCKJ1Te ceJIJIHJ1 Ha OCHOBHaTa qacT OT 3aB3eTJ1Te
3eMJ1. I1pe3 Mal1 1879 r. pycKJ1Te BJiaCTJ1 npegaBaT ynpaBneHJ1eTo Ha HOBoccpopM11-
pattaTa 6onrapCKa agMJ1Hl1CTpaQJ1JI. I1pe3 nep110Aa 3anoqBa IIOJIJ1TJ1Ka Ha HaTJ1CK
cpell\y ceJIRHJ1Te, 3aB3eJIJ1 TypcKJ1 3eMJ1. Hal1-rnneH e T03J1B113ToqHa PyMeJIJ1JI. I1o):I
):lasneH11e Ha B11coKaTa nopTa npaBJ1TencTBOTo e np11HyAeHo Aa B3eMe MepK11 npoTJ1B
BCJIKaKBO no-HaTaT'bllJHO noceraTeJICTBO cpeuw co6cTBeHOCTTa. 113ToqHopyMeJIJ1t1:-
CKOTO npaBJ1TeJICTBO J1Ma onaceHJ1JI OT J1HQJ1AeHTJ1, KOJ1TO MoraT Aa CTaHaT IIOBOA 3a
0Kyn11paHe Ha o6nacTTa. B KHJI)!(ecTBOTO pernasaHeTo Ha arpapHl1JI Bonpoc npoT11qa
np11 no-6naronpl1RTHJ1 ycJIOBJ1JI nopaAJ1 HaJIJ1qJ1eTO Ha IIOBeqe CTa6J1JIHOCT B Me)l(-
,gyHapogHO OTHOilleHJ1e J1 IIO-fOJIJIMOTO BJIJ1JIHJ1e Ha Ape6HaTa 6yp)!(Oa3J1JI B ynpa-
BJieHJ1eTo. ITopB11Te ,gBe KOHcepBaTJ1BHJ1 npaBJ1TeJICTBa C'b3AaBaT BpeMeHHJ1 cMecem1
0Kp'b)l(HJ1 KOMJ1CJ1J1 3a MlOCIOJIMaHCKJ1Te 6e)l(aHQJ1, C'bCTaBeHJ1 OT no ABaMa 6onrap-
CKJ1 co6cTBeHJ1QJ111 ABaMa TYPCKJ1 3eMeBna,geJIQJ1 11 npoRBJIBaT TonepaHTHOCT cnp.R-
MO TypcKJ1Te 3eMeBJiaAeJIQJ1. JI116epanH0To npas11TeJICTBO Ha )J;p. QaHKOB JIJ1KBJ1AMpa
Te3J1 KOMJ1CJ1J1 J1 B'b3npenJITCTBa Bpoll\aHeTo Ha J1MOTJ1Te Ha eApl1Te TypcKJ1 3eMeBna-
,geJIQJ1. I1oCTeneHHo e,gpoTo TypcKo 3eMeBJiaAeH11e 113qe3Ba 11 6onrapcK11Te ceJIRHJ1 ce
cHa6ARBaT coc co6cTBeHa 3eMJI. Eonrap11R 3anoqBa cBoeTo cso60AHO pa3BJ1TJ1e KaTO
CTpaHa Ha ):lpe6HOTO 3eMeAeJICKO npol13BOACTBO.
Orno6oAMTeJIHaTa PyCKo-TypcKa B011:Ha OT 1877/78 r. BJiornasa noJIO)l(eHJ1eTo Ha
noBeqeTo OT Tpa,gl1QJ10HHJ1Te 0Tparn11 Ha 3aHaJITq11J1:cK0To npo113BOACTBO. CpeA np11-
q11H11Te ca KaKTO CTeCHJIBaHeTO Ha BoTpernHJ1.R na3ap, npoMeHJ1Te B'bB BKyca J1 611Ta
Ha 6onrapcKoTo HaceneH11e H Ap., TaKa H KOHKypeHQJ1RTa Ha HHAYCTp11anH11Te CTOKI1,
BHOCHH 11 MeCTHJ1. ITopB11Te 6onrapcKJ1 npaB11TeJICTBa B3eMaT MepK11 3a o6neKqasaHe
Ha noJio)l(eH11eTo Ha 3aHaJITq1111Te. ITptteMaT ce 3aKOHOAaTeJIHJ1 HHJ1QJ1aTJ1BJ1, HO Te He
MoraT Aa cnpaT He1136e)!(HJ1JI XOA Ha pa3BJ1THeTo.
ECTeCTBeHo ce ycKopRBa pa3BJ1TJ1eTo Ha Kan11Tan11cTw-1ecKaTa cpa6p11qHa J1H):lyc-
Tpl1R. 3a nep11oga 1880-1885 r. ce OCHOBaBaT 24 IIO-eApM J1HAYCTpl1aJIHJ1 npeAIIp:trn-
TJ1JI B rpaAOBeTe fa6pOBo, CocpMR, I1JIOBAJ1B, Pyce, IInoBAl1B J1 BapHa. IIpeo6na,gasar
MeJIHMQJ1Te, 611peH11Te cpa6p11K11 11 B'bJIHeHoTeKCTJ1JIHMTe npeAnp11RTJ1JI. ITocTaBR ce
HaqanoTo 11 Ha A06l1BHaTa MHAYCTpl1R B CTpaHaTa. 011\e no BpeMe Ha BPY e Ha3HaqeH
"npaBJ1TeJICTBeH reonor J1 MMHepanor" J1 BHaqa6oTo Ha 80-Te rOAJ1HJ1 ca Hanpasem1
nopB11Te npoyqBaHMJI B pal1oHa Ha ITepHMK - Eo6oB AOJI - Morn11Ho. 0TKpMTJ1 ca
3Haq11TeJIHJ1 3aJie)l(J1 OT onoBHo-cpe6opHM PYAl1 B PoAOIICKO.
3Haq11TeJieH pocT 6eJie)!(J1 BoTpeurnarn J1 B'bHI.IIHaTa ToproBMJI. BoHI.IIHMJIT cTo-
Koo6MeH e op11eHT11paH K'hM pa3BJ1TJ1Te 3anaAHOeBponel1cK11 A1>p)!(aBJ1. CpeA rnx Ha
nopBo MJICTO ca ABcTpo-YHrap11R 11 AHrJIMJI, cnegBaHM OT <f:>paHQMJI, Pyc11JI, fepMaH11J1
J1 11TaJIMJI. EonrapcKJ1JIT J13Hoc ce cocTOJ1 npeAMMHO OT 3opHeHJ1 xpaHM, A06J1T'bK u
HJIKOJ1 )l(J1BOTJ1HCKH npOAYKTJ1 (KaI.IIKaBaJI, c11peHe, nacTopMa, JI011:, CJiaHJ1Ha J1 ):Ip.) I'!
e HacoqeH npeg11MHO K'DM TypQMR, KORTO noeMa 59% OT 0611\aTa cyMa Ha J13Hoca Ha
KHJI)l(ecrnoTo 11 113ToqHa PyMeJIMJI. BoHI.IIHaTa ToproBHJI e B poQeTe Ha qy)!(AJ1 np-
52
HOBA E'"bflrAPCKA MCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
fOBQVI, KOVITO IIOJI3BaT Ha KOMVICVIOHHVI HaqaJia yrnyrVITe Ha 6onrapCKV1 TnproBQVI Ha

,n;pe6Ho. BnTpenIHaTa ToprOBVIR e B poQeTe Ha qiopMVlpall.WTa ce 6yp)f(oa3VIR.
Ba)f(HO MRCTO 3aeMa HOB KJIOH Ha KaIIV1TaJIVICTV1qeCKaTa ,n;etl:HOCT B rpa,n;oBeTe -
rrpe,n;npVleMaqecTBOTO (oT,n;aBaHe Ha qacTHVI JIVIQa qpe3 Topr ,n;op)!(aBHVI ,D;OCTaBKVI Ha
CTOKVI VIJIVI Ha ,n;op)J(aBHVI CTpOe)f(VI Ha crpap;VI, rnoceTa, MOCTOBe, rrpVICTaHVl~a VI ,n;p.).
ToBa o6cTORTeJicTBo e CBop3aHo c Heo6xop;VIMOCTTa OT Vl3rpa)J(,n;aHe VIHqipacTpyKypa-
Ta Ha MJia,n;aTa 6onrapCKa ,n;op)J(aBa.
B nopBVITe rne,n;ocso6o)J(p;eHcKVI rop;VIHVI ce npaBRT CT'bIIKVI 3a Vl3rpa)J(,n;aHe 6aH-
KOBaTa CVICTeMa Ha CTpaHaTa. Ha 25 .11HyapV1 1879 r. e o,n;o6peH rropBVIRT ycTaB Ha D'bJI-
rapcKa HapoAHa 6aHKa. Ha 25 Matt BJIVl3a B CVIJia VI npaBVIJIHVIK K'bM yCTaBa, c KOHTO
ce orrpe,n;eJIRT <iiYHKQVIVITe, opraHVl3aQVIRTa VI KOMIIeTeHQVIVITe Ha 6aHKaTa. Ha 6 anpVIJI
TR 3arroqBa ,n;a <iiYHKQVIOHVlpa c OCHOBeH KaIIVITaJI OT 8 687 000 MJIH. VI yrrpaBJIRBa~
Jiy,n;oBVlr Kap6oHbOp. IlopBVIRT :H yrrpaBV1TeJI e feoprVI }l{eJIR3KOBVlq, ocTaHaJI Ha T03VI
IIOCT OT 1 K>JIVI 1879 r. ,n;o 27 arrpVIJI 1881 r. OT 1883 r. EHE e c HOB ycTaB, c KOHTO TR
CTaBa eMJilCJ.10HHa 6aHKa - nonyqaBa npaBoTo ,n;a Vl3,D;aBa 6aHKHOTVI lil ce rrpeBpn~a B
aBTOHOMHa ,n;op)!(aBHa lilHCTVITYQVIR. ,Uo 1893 r. EHE J.1Ma 5 KJioHa VI TPVI areHQVIVI.
c IIOMO~Ta Ha pycKlilTe BJiaCTVI ce npVIBe)f(,n;a B pep; VI ,n;eiiHOCTTa Ila C'b3,D;a,n;eHVITe
oTnpep;VI OcB060)!(,n;eHV1eTo cBoeo6pa3HVI 3eMe,n;eJICKlil Kpe,n;J.1THVI KoorrepaQVIVI - 3e-
Me,n;eJICKVI KaCJ.1, KOJ.1TO ca IIOCTaBeHVI no,n; o6~J.1R Ha,D;30p Ha MJ.1HVICTepCTBOTO Ha 4iVl-
HaHCJ.1Te. Bn306HOBRBaT CBORTa ,n;etl:HOCT VI KJIOHOBeTe Ha 0TOMaHCKaTa 6aHKa, C'b3-
,n;a,n;eHa c aHrno-qipeHCKJ.1 KaIIVITaJIVI B cpe,n;aTa Ha XIX B. Ta3VI 6aHKa no,n;,n;op)f(a CBOVI
KJIOHOBe VI areHTlil B IlnoB,D;VIB, Pyce J.1 CoqiV1.11. Co3p;aBaT ce VI rropBVITe qacTHVI 6aHKVI
- lllyMeHcKo ToproBcKo ,n;py)f(ecrno (1881), 'Tvrp,n;arr" (1882) B Pyce VI ,n;p.
HopMaJIV13Vlpa ce napJ.1qHoTo o6po~eHJ.1e. HaJIV1qV1eTo Ha pa3Hopop;Hlil rrapV1qHV1
3HaQJ.1 ro 3aTpy,n;HRBa. Coe 3aKoH, rnacyBaH Ha 4 K>JIVI 1880 r. OT HC 6onrapcKV1RT 3Jia-
TeH neB e rrpMeT 3a HaQlilOHaJIHa MOHeTHa e,n;V1HV1Qa. Ilpe3 1881 r. ce ceKaT VI nopBMTe
cne,n;ocBo6o)f(,n;eHCKJ.1 MOHeTVI. TRXHOTO KOJIJ.1qecTBO e Hep;oCTaT'bqHo, 3aTOBa pyCKaTa
py6na e J.13Bap;eHa OT o6pn~eHvre e,n;Ba B Kpa.11 Ha XIX BeK, a ocTaHaJIJ.1Te qy)f(p;VI cpe-
6opHlil MOHeTVI rrpe3 1885 r. HoBVIRT 6onrapcKVI neB no 3JiaTHO C'b,D;op)f(aHJile ce paBHR-
Ba Ha qipeHCKJilR qipaHK Jil C'b,D;'bp)J(a 0,29032 r. qVICTO 3JiaTO.
EepnVIHCKVIRT ,n;oroBop pa3K'bCBa e,n;VIHCTBOTO Ha 6onrapCKaTa HaQVIR VI HeiiHaTa
JilCTOpVlqecKa TepVITOpVIR, KOeTo HaHaCR Vl3MeHeHJ.1e KaKTO Ha Hetl:HaTa xapaKTepMc-
TlilKa, TaKa VI Ha AeMorpa<l>cKu:Te npon;ecu:. Ilpe3 1879 r. e rrpoBe,n;eHo npe6po.11BaHe E
KHR)!(eCTBOTO, KOeTo noKa3Ba 06~ 6potl: Ha HaceneHV1eTo 1 740 000 ,n;yrnVI, a no-K'bCHC
VI B l13ToqHa PyMeJIVIR, Ko,n;eTo qV1CJIOTo e 815 951. Crrope,n; cnBpeMeHHVIQVITe Te3t1
rrpe6po.11Bamrn ca OQeHeHVI KaTo He3ap;oBOJIVITeJIHVI rropap;lil HerrpeQJ.13HOCTTa Ha no,n;-
roTOBKaTa lil rrpoBe)f(p;aHeTo VIM. OcB060,n;V1TeJIHaTa BOMHa rnara HaqanoTo Ha eMlilr-
paQVIOHeH rrpoQec Hatl:-Beqe cpe,n; MK>CK>JIMaHCKOTO HaceneHV1e, Kotl:To npop;'bJI)!(aBc:
c pa3JIVlqHa CVIJia J.1 rrpe3 CJiep;Ba~VITe fO,D;VIHVI. Ilpe3 80-Te rop;VIHVI eMV1rpaQJ.10HHVIF
rrpoQeC ry6VI OCTpoTaTa cu:. fnaBHaTa qacT OT MKlCKlJIMaHCKVITe Vl3CeJIHVIQJ.1 ce Hacoq-
BaT K'bM HeocB060,n;eHV1Te 6onrapcKV1 3eMJ.1 VI no-MaJIKO K'bM Mana A3J.1R.
BTopVIRT MVlrpaQVIOHeH npoQec e CBop3aH c rrpecenBaHe B KHR)f(eCTBOTO Ha 3Ha-
qJ.1TeJIHVI eMVlrpaHTCKVI qacTVI OT 6onrapcKOTo HaceJieHV1e B HeocBo6o,n;emtTe 3eMJ..
53
Pocu4a AHzenoaa
(Haw-qecTO Hap11'IaH11 6e)l(aHQl1). KoMITaKTHJ1 6e)l(aHCKJ1Mac1111.z:1saT OT J13TO'IHa Tpa-

Kl1R, OT ceJiaTa ITO ,!l;OJIHOTO Te'IeH11e Hap. Map11Qa 11 IO)l(HJ1Te CKJIOHOBe Ha CTpaH):l)l(a.
KoM KHR)l(eCTBOTO ce HacoqsaT 11 MHoro 60Jirap11, 113cen11JI11 ce B Ml1HaJIOTO B c'bce.z:1-
Hl111n11 ITO-,!l;aJie'IHJ1 CTpaH11. E.r1HospeMeHHO c Tosa ce 3ac11Jisa ITpoQeC'bT Ha CJIJ13aHe
OT ITJiaHJ1HCKJ1Te pawoH1111 3aceJIBaHe B ITOJICKJ1Te ceJIHll.\a. Haw-c11JieH e T03l1 ITpoQec
B CesepHa Eonrap11.11. Pa3Bl1Ba ce 11 ce30HHaTa M11rpaQ11.11 Ha HaceJieHJ1eTo OT e):IHJ1 pa-
MOHM K'bM .r1pyr11 ITO J1KOHOMJ1'IeCKJ1 ITPl1'IJ1HJ1, Ha30BaHa HaM-'IeCTO "ryp6eT'IJ1MCTBO''.
M11rpaQVI11Te 11 .z:1eMorpacpcK11Te ITpoQec11 3arnraT ceJIHll.\HaTa cvrcTeMa Ha ,!l;'bp)l(aBaTa.
IlocTORHHO HaMaJIRBa 6poR Ha HaCeJieHJ1eTO B Ma7IKVITe ce11Mll.\a J1 HapacTBa 6po.11 Ha
rpa.r1cK0To HaceJieHvre. TaKa noCTeITeHHO Ocso6o)l(,!l;eHvreTo .z:1ose)l(.r1a .r10 cpopM11paHe-
TO Ha HOBa ):leMorpacpcKa cTpyKTypa - 3ac11nBaHe Ha eTHM'IeCKaTa xoMoreHHOCT Ha
HaceJieHMeTO B CB060.z:1Hl1Te 3eMM J1 yBe7IM'IaBaHe 'IMCJIOTO Ha qy)l(,!l;VITe e11eMeHTJ1 B
OCTaHaJIMTe ITO,[\ qy)l(,!l;O B7la,[IM'IeCTBO TepMTOPMM.
2. B'h3HHKBaue ua noA11T11qecK11Te napTHH B Kus~eCTBOTO. Kou~

cepBaTHBHH npaBHTe.l\CTBa
C ITpvreMaHeTo Ha TopHoBcKaTa KOHCTMTYQVIR 11 1136opa Ha KHR3 AneKcaH,!l;op I

3a,!l;'bJI)l(eHJrnTa Ha Hapo,!l;HVITe ITpe.r1cTaB11TeJI11 ce 113qepITBaT, HO oqepTamne ce npo-
TVIBope'IMR Me)l(.z:IY JI116epan11 11 KOHcepBarnpvr ocrnBaT. Te ce pa3ITpoCTpaHRBaT 113
QRJiaTa CTpaHa J1 TaKa ce ITOCTaBR Ha'IaJIOTO Ha J13rpa)l(,[laHeTO Ha ITapTVIMHO-ITOm:ITM-
qeCKaTa CTpyKTypa Ha 6'bnrapcKOTO 0611\eCTBO.
EHepm'IHVITe poKOBO.z:ll1TeJIM Ha Jivr6epaJivrTe IleTKO KapaBenos, IleTKo C11asei1-
KOB6 11 AparaH QaHKOB ycrr.11BaT TBop,!l;e 6op3o .z:1a C'b3.z:la):laT cso.11 ITapnrn. 011\e npe3
JIRTOTO Ha 1879 r. 3aITO'IBa µ;a M3JIM3a HeMHVIRT BecTHJ1K "Qen0Ky1rna Eonrap11.11" (nop-
BVIR 6pow 11311vr3a Ha 20 IOHVI 1879 r.), a .z:10 eceHTa e ccpopM11pa1-10 QeHTpaJIHO 6ropo 11
ca l13rpa,!1;eHVI HRKOVI MeCTHJ1 opraHVI3aQJ1VI. Jll16epaJIHaTa ITapT11R, l13pa3VITeJI ITO TOBa
6
IleTKO CJrne:iiKoB e poAeH e Ha 17 HOeMBpJ;I 1827 r. BbB BenJ;1KO TbpHoso, B AOMa Ha Paqo Ka-
3aHA)!(J;1JITa. Mai1Ka My, IIeHKa, yMJ;1pa npJ;I pa)!(AaHeTO, a AeTeTo e cnaceHo no qyAo. ,[J;RAOTO Ha IJe.
TKO Cnasei1KOB, Pa'lo tiexnapR, e OT EaHCKO. 3apaAJ;1 y6Hi1CTBOTO Ha TypqJ;IH, KOHTO ro npJ;1HY)!(AaBan
,11a ro npeHarn Ha rpb6 npe3 peKa fna3He, e npJ;1Hy,11eH Aa H36Rra J;1 ce npecensa B TbpHoBo. Ealllara
Ha IIeTKO Cbll\O e Hape'leH Paqo, HO ce 3aeMa c Ka3aH,!l)lrni1cTBo. Toi1 e cna6o o6pa3oBaH, HO e c rop~
6brrrapCK:w ,11yx. B cerroTo Ha Ma:tiKa CJ;!, BmnosrpaA, IIeTKO BH)!(Aa cnaBeJ;1, KOJ;1TO ro sne'larn.irnaT
,!IOTOJIKOBa, qe npoMeHR cpaMJ;1ll:WRTa CJ;! Ha Cnasei1KOB. Cne,11 Ocso60)!(,!\eHJ;1eTo II. CnasetiKoB CTaBa
eAJ;1H OT BOAaqJ;1Te Ha 1rnsoo6pa3yBaHaTa Jfa6epanHa napT:wR. Crnsa npeACeAaTen Ha HapoAHOTO cb·
6paHJ;1e (1880), MJ;IHJ;!CTbp Ha HapOAHOTO npoCBell\eHJ;le (1880) ]',! MJ;IHHCTbp Ha BbTpellIH:WTe pa6or11
(1880-1881) B npaBJ;1TencTB0To Ha II. KapasenoB. IIo speMe Ha Pe)!(J;1Ma Ha TibnHOMOil\HRTa (1881·
1883) 3aMJ;1HaBa 3a IIrroBAHB, KbAeTo npeno,11asa B I1nos,11:11scKaTa fJ;IMHa3J;!R. Cne,11 3aspbll\aHeTO ell
B DbJirapJ;IR OTHOBO e BbTpellieH MJ;1HJ;1CTbp (1884-1885) B HOBHR Ka6J;1HeT Ha KapaBenOB. J13,!\aBaB.
,,OcmeH" (1879), B. ,,L(enoKynHa E'bnzapwc" {1879), B. ,,He3aBucuMocm" (1880-1883), B. ,,T'bpHoBcKa
KoHcmumyu,wr" (1884), B. ,,I!fcmuHa" (1886), B. ,,CocfiuiicKu oHeBHuK" (1886) ]',! B. ,,llpaaoa" (1888). 3a
no,11qepTaHJ;1 AeMOKpaT:wqH:w :WAe:W :w yqacT:we B non:wT:wqecK:wTe 6op6:w e apecTysaH, 3a6paHeHo MY e
,11a Y'IHTencTByBa :w My HaMaJIRBaT neHrnRTa. IIeTKO CnasetiKOB yM:wpa B Cocp:wR Ha 1 10rr:w 1895 r.
HOBA E'bJITAPCKA MCTOPMH (1878-1944)
BpeMe Ha lifHTepernTe Ha no-rOJUIMarn tJ:acT OT Hapo,a;a HM - ,a;pe6HHTe lif cpe,a;Hlif co6-

CTBeHlifl\l1, lifMa MHOro6poi1:Hlif 'IJieHOBe ]if npHB'bp)l(eHlifl\H.
KoHcepBaTlifBHarn napTHR o6e,a;HHRBa 3aMO)l(ffi1 rpa,a;cKlif TnproBn;lif, e,a;pH 3eMe-
Brra,a;errn;H, 3Ha'IlifTeJIHa 'IaCT OT BlifCilleTO ,a;yxoBeHCTBO ]if lifHTeJrnreHn;lifJITa J1 e C'bB'bp-
IlleHO JICHO, 'le He MO)l(e ,a;a ce pa3Blife KaTO MHoro6poi1:Ha IlOJilifTlif'IeCKa cpopMan;lifJJ.
qacT OT 'IJieHoBeTe if ca nOJIYtJ:liflllif o6pa3oBaHMeTo Clif B 3ana,a;Ha EBpona lif ca B'b3Illif-
TaHlif B ,a;yxa Ha p;op)l(aBHonpaBHlifTe y-qeHlifJI OT TpeTaTa tJ:eTBnpT Ha XIX B. IloBetJ:eTo
OT TRX B'b3IIpHeMaT lif,ll;elifTe Ha nporpeclifBHlifR JIH6eparrlif3'bM lif npaBMJIHO pa36Hpar
o6eKTlifBHlifTe 3aKOHlif Ha pa3BlifTlife Ha KaIIHTaJilif3Ma. B napTHRTa BJilif3aT KoHCTaHTlifH
CTOlifJIOB, fpHrop Ha'IOBlif'I, AHMlifTnp fpeKOB, [eoprH BnJIKOBM'I, pyceHCKlifR MHTpo-
IIOJilifT fpHropHil:, BapHeHCKlifR MHTponorrlifT CHMeoH lif ,a;p. B pe,a;oBeTe Ha KOHcepBaTo-
PHTe BJilif3aT 11 np11Bop)l(eHlifl\l1 Ha no-yMepeH con;lifaJIHOJIH6eparreH KOHCTHTyn;110H-
TaJI113'bM KaTo To,a;op L1KOHOMOB, MapKo Earra6aHoB, To,a;op EypMoB 11 ,a;p. Bo,a;a'IlifTe
Ha KIT npeHaCJIT CBOl1Te HacTpoeHl1R 11 pa3611paH11JI OT Hapo,a;HoTo cn6paH11e Bnpxy
CTpaHlifl\11Te Ha BeCTHl11\lifTe "BI-ITOilla" ]if "EnrrrapCKJ1 mac''.
ABeTe napTHl1 ca B Ha'IaJieH npon;ec Ha lif3rpa)l(p;aHe, KoraTo, crre,a; o6HKOJIKa 113
CTOJIHI\11Te Ha Berr11K11Te c11rr11 lif noce~eHlife np11 cyrrrnHa B IJ,ap11rpa,a;, Ha
26 IOHtt
1879 r. KHR3 AneKcaH,a;op I norrara Krrerna B TnpHoBo. Toil: npe,a;BapHTeJIHO e 113rpa-
,ll;lifJI B ce6e Clif y6e)l(,a;eHJifeTo, 'le C'bC CBOJITa ,a;eMOKpaTlif'IHOCT 11 lif3BeCTHO orpaH11'Ia-
BaHe npaBaTa Ha MOHapxa, TopHoBcKaTa KOHCT11Tyn;11R e HenpHro,a;Ha 3a 113ocTaHa-
rra 11· 6e3 lif3rpa,a;eH11 ,a;op)l(aBHH Tpa,a;11n;H11 cTpaHa KaTo Eorrrap11R. KHR3'bT 6np3o ce
opHeHTHpa B o6CTaHOBKaTa 11 pa3611pa, 'le KoHcepBaTl1BHaTa napTHR e Ta3lif, KORTO
611 no,a;KpenHrra HeroBHTe yclifJilifJI 3a orpaHlif'IaBaHe npaBaTa Ha naprraMeHTa 11 pa3Illl1·
pRBaHe Ha Jil1'IHaTa MY BrracT. Ilo Ta3lif np11'IHHa nnpBoTo 6nnrapcKo npaBu:TeJICTBO
ynpaBJIJIBar.n;o OT 5 IOJIH 1879 r. e C'bCTaBeHo OT KOHcepBaTop11 11 e B C'bCTaB: To;a;o1
EypMoB7 - MlifHMCTnp-npe,a;ce,a;aTerr 11 M11Hl1CTnp Ha BnTpellIHl1Te pa60T11, A11MMT'bf
fpeKOB - MlifHMCTop Ha npaBOC'bp;lifeTo, MapKo Earra6aHOB - MliflrnCTnp Ha B'bHilIHHTI
pa60T11, fp11rop Ha'IOBM'I - Ml1Hl1CTnp Ha qmHaHrnTe, reH. IlboTp. A. IlapeHcoB - M1'1
HlifCTnp Ha Boil:Harn, ,a;-p [eopr11 ArnHaCOBM'I - Ml1H11CTop Ha npocBeTaTa (5 IOJIH - z,
HOeMBp11 1879 r.). Ka6vrneT'bT 11.Ma 3a 3ap;a'Ia ,a;a ,ll;OH3rpa,a;11 ,a;op)l(aBHarn opraHH3al\1'1J
B ,a;yxa Ha TnpHoBcKaTa KOHCTMTYI\HR.
IlnpB11Te CT'bIIKlif Ha npaB11TerrcTB0To ca 06er.n;aBa~11. Ao CBMKBaHeTo Ha IlnpBo
TO OHC Ha 21 oKTOMBp11 1879 r. Ka6HHern H3,ll;aBa yKa311, c KOl1TO ce ype)l(,ll;aT Bnnpo
7 Top;op EypMoB e pop;eH B ceno Hosa Maxarra, fa6poBcKo. Tipe3 1857 3aB'bpnrna JJ;yxoBHa"I
aKap;eMMJ'l B Kli!eB w CTaBa yqwrerr B fa6poso. Cne;n; 1860 e pe;n;aKrop Ha secrHw~wre E'brrrapcKw KH~
>KM~li!, C'bBeTHMK w BpeMe. Tio speMe Ha BPY e TirroBp;MBCKM Bli!~ery6epHarop w CocpmkKw ry6e1
Harop. Or 5 JOJIM 1879 ;n;o 6 p;eKeMBpw 1879 ornaBRBa IT'bpBoro 6'bnrapcKo rrpaswrencTBo. Tipe3 18f'
CTaBa 'IJieH Ha rrpoc'b~ecTByBaJIMJ'l KpaTKO )J;'bp>KaBeH C'bBeT. Tipe3 1883 e MMHMCT'bp Ha qlli!HaHCJI
re B Ka6wHera Ha reH. JieoHwp; Co6ones, KaKTO H 3a HJ'IKOJIKO p;HH no speMe Ha rrpespaTa or 183
Tipe3 1884 crasa pe;n;oseH 'IJieH Ha EKJJ;. Cnep; rrpespara 3aep;Ho c p;pyrn KOHcepsaropH rrpeM1rna11
K'bM rrpopycKaTa TiporpecHBHOJIH6eparrHa rraprHR. Tipe3 OCTaT'bKa OT )f(HBOTa CH }"IaCTBa aKTli!BE
B ITOJIHTli!'IecKwre 6op6H H B pep;aKrHpaHero Ha secrHli!~Hre Bi;iroIIIa, E'brrrapcKH mac H Csernm=::
YMHpa rrpe3 1906 r. B CocpHR.
55
Pocul-ia AH2eJZ0Ba
elil OT nnpBoeTeneHHO 3Ha'IeHJile 3a ,!l'bp)l(aBHOTO ynpaBJieHJile. I1MeHHO Ba)l(HOeTTa lilM

e nplil'IlilHa TRXHOTO HOpMaTlilBHO ype)l(,!laHe ,Ila eTaHe npe,!111! npoBe)l(,!laHeTO Ha 11!360-
PlilTe Iii eBlilKBaHeTo Ha ITnpBoTo OHC.
Onpe,!leJIR ee eTpyKTyparn Ha OT,!leJIHlilTe MlilHlileTeperna Iii Be,!IOMeTBa Iii ee e'b3,!la-
Ba ,!IJI'b)l(HOeTTa maBeH eeKpernp nplil BCRKO MlilHlileTeperno. Ha 28 IOJilil 1879 r. li13Jilil-
3a 6pofl: n'bpBlil Ha B. ",nnp)l(aBeH BeeTHlilK" - oqrnu;lilaJieH opraH Ha npaBJilTeJieTBOTO,
3ana3eH ,!IO ,!\Hee.
c Ba)f(HO 3Ha'IeHJile 3a lilKOHOMlilKaTa Ha eTpattaTa e yKa3'bT 3a OTKplilBaHe Ha MHT-
Hlill.J;lil no JO)l(HaTa rpattlilu;a Ha KHR)f(eeTBOTO. BnBe,!leHa e KaTerop11!3aI.J;lilR, KORTO e C'b-
o6pa3eHa e pa3Bli1BaHaTa ,I1eflttoeT Iii Ba)l(HOCT 3a eTonaHCTBOTO Ha cTpattaTa. Mli1TH!1-
u;li1Te B'bB Baptta, CB1i111.\0B Iii Pyce ernsaT nnpBOKJiaeHlil, a Te3lil B Cll!JililCTpa, HlilKonorr,
JloM Iii Blil,!llilH - BTopoKJiaCHlil. TaxttaTa 3a,!la'Ia e ,Ila o6naraT c l-:IaJI03li1 BClil'IKlil qy)l(,!111
eTOKlil. Pa3perneH e 6e3Mll!TeH BHOC Ha CTOKlil OT l13TO'!Ha PyMeJill!R Iii MaKe,!IOHlilR.
IJ;enTa e ,Ila ee 3ana3RT rnlilpoKll!Te T'bproBCKlil sp'b3Kli1, e'bll.\eCTByBall.\lil Me)l(,!ly TPlilTe
6nnrapeKli1 o6naeTlil. Retta Jilil'Ilil lil,!leRTa, qpe3 yneemrnatte Ha T'bproBCKlil~e Bp'b3Klil c
OTK'beHaTlilTe OT 6nnrapcKaTa ,!l'bp)l(asa o6naeTli1, ,Ila ce e'b3,!la,!laT yrnoBlilR 3a 6n,!lell.\O-
TO lilM lilKOHOMlil'IeCKO, peen. nOJililTlil'IeeKO lilHTerplilpaHe e KHR)l(eCTBOTO.
E,!ltta OT nnpBlilTe MepKlil Ha npaBlilTeJicTBOTO e CBnp3aHa c pernaBaHeTo Ha B'b-
npoca 3a xnn6a. Bofl:ttaTa ttapyrnaBa Tpa,!llilI.J;lilOHHlilR XO.II Ha ceJieKocTonattcKlilTe ,!letl-
HOCTlil. KnM Tosa ee np1i16asn Iii roJIRMaTa eyrna OT 1879 r. B cTpattaTa lilMa He,!loeTlilr Ha
XJIR6. 3aTOBa npaBJilTeJieTBOT e yKa3 3a6paHRBa li13HOe'bT Ha u;apeBlilI.J;a, )l(JilTO, e'!eM!1K
Iii ,!lpyrn xpattlil.
ITpe,I1np1i1eMaT ee MepKlil 3a li13rpa)l(,!laHe Ha HOpMaJIHa TI'bTHa Mpe)l(a. Jllilncarn Ha
naplil'IHlil cpe,!ICTBa nplilHY)f(,!laBa npaBlilTeJICTBOTO ,Ila B'bBe,!le n'bTHa TIOBlilHHOCT 3a Ha-
eeJieHll!eTo. ITpRKOTO li13n'bJIHeHlile Ha B'bBe,!leHaTa nOBlilHHOeT, npoeKTlilpatteTo Ha Il'b-
Tlilll.\aTa Iii TRXHOTO eTpOlilTeJICTBO ce B'b3JiaraT Ha MeeTHlilTe OKp'b)l(Hlil e'bBeTlil. c orne11
lilKOHOMlil'IeCKOTO CTa6Jl!Jili13Mpatte Ha CTpaHaTa ce B3eMaT MepKlil 3a OTeTpaHRBaHe Ha
HRKOlil Hepe,!IHOCTlil nplil pa3HOCHaTa T'bprOBlilR c nlilTlileTaTa Iii TIOTIOH. qpe3 B'bBe)f(,!la-
HeTO Ha nO-BlilCOKO naTeHTHO o6naraHe 3a pa3HOCHaTa T'bproBlilR Ha Te3lil npoli13Be,!le-
Hli1R ee noKpOBMTeJICTBa MeeTHaTa T'bproBMR.
qacTlil'IHa npoMRHa ee M3BnprnBa B e'b,I1oycTpoflcrneHaTa clileTeMa, KaTo ce Ha-
MaJIRBa 6poR Ha aneJiaTMBHMTe e'b,!llillllilll.\a OT neT Ha ,!IBe J1 ce yBeJIJil'IaBa C'beTaB'bT
c no ,!IBaMa 'IJieHOBe Ha OeTaHaJIMTe ,Ila ,!leMeTBaT B CTpaHaTa aneJiaTMBHM C'b,!llilJill!llla
-e,!IHOTO B Coqrnn, ApyroTo B Pyee.
B npoTMBOBec Ha ,I1eu;ettTpaJI1i13aI.J;lilOHHMR nplilHI.J;lilTI, 3aJierttaJI B TnpHoBeKara
KOHCTMTYI.J;MR, npaBll!TeJICTBOTO npeMaxBa li136opttoTo Ha'IaJio 11 B'bBe)l(,!la lilMYII\eCT-
BeH, o6pa30BaTeJieH Iii B'b3paeToB u;ett3 B np11eTli1Te Ha 14 asryeT 1879 r. ITpll!BpeMeHHM
npaBll!Jia 3a 0611.\lilHCKOTO rpa,!ICKO Iii ceJieKO ynpaBJieHJile. I13BeCTHO He,!IOBOJICTBO npe-
,!ll13Bli1KBa npaBJilTeJICTBeHaTa MRpKa, HaCO'ieHa K'bM nOHJil)l(aBaHe Kypca Ha pyCKaTa
epe6npHa py6na Iii nOBlillllaBaHe MMTOTO Ha BHOCHaTa COJI OT 8 Ha 30%. OcHOBHH.flT
MOTlilB 3a Ta3li1 MRpKa ce o6RCHRBa c HanJIMBa Ha py6JIM B CTpaHaTa OT PyM'bHlilR, K'b-
,!leTO eTOMHOCTTa lilM e no-HlileKa. ToBa C'b3,!laBa B'b3MO)l(HOCTl1 3a cneKynaI.J;lillil, Kouro
56
HOBA E'blII'APCKA MCTOPUJI (1878-1944)
KaforneTa l1CKa ,n;a rrpecetJe. B C'blQOTO BpeMe TO e B pa3pe3 c l1HTepeca Ha HacerreHue-

To, KOeTO l13IIOJI3Ba py6rraTa KaTO OCHOBHO 3a MOMeHTa IIJiaTe)!<HO cpe,n;CTBO.
He,n;oBoJICTBO 6y,n;u 11 rro,n;M.irnan Ha 3Ha'Il1TeJieH 6po:t1 oKp'b)l(Hl1 HatJaJIHl1Ql1,
Ha3Ha'IeHl1 OI.Qe OT AoH,n;yKoB-KopcaKoB, KaKTO 11 perneHueTo Ha rrpaB11TeJICTBOTO ,n;a
rrpeKpaT11 ,Il;OII'bJIH11TeJIHOTO 3arrnarn;atte Ha BCM'IK11 'I11HOBH11Q11 OT 6omapCK11 rrpo113-
xo,n;.
TiorraraT ce rpm1<11 3a pa3rpoMRBaHe Ha pa360J1:H11tJecK11Te 6aH,n;11 OT 611Brn11 Typ-
CK11 BOWHl1Q11, K011TO 3ae,n;Ho c X0,Il;)l(l1Te 11 npaTeH11Q11 OT ~ap11rpa,n; no,n;CTpeKaBaT MIO-
CIOJIMaHCKOTO HaCeJieH11e B 113TO'IH11Te 'IaCT11 Ha KHR)l(eCTBOTO K'bM HeIIO,Il;'I11HeHl1e Ha
BJiaCT11Te. CTl1ra ce ,n;o o6RBRBaHe Ha 10 IOJil1 1879 r. Ha BOeHHO IIOJIO)!(eHl1e B H.lIKOl1
oKpo3l1 Ha BapHeHcKa l1 TopHoBcKa ry6epHl1l1. BorrpeKl1 Te311 MepK11 rrpaBl1TeJICTBO-
TO He C'bYMRBa ,n;a ce crrpaBl1 HaII'bJIHO c pa360WHH'IeCTBOTO.
Ha ,n;HeBeH pe,n; e rrocTaBeH 11 )!(eJie3oII'bTHl1R Borrpoc. EepJil1HCKH.HT ,n;oroBop
rrpeXBopJIR Bopxy KHJI)!(eCTBOTO 3ap;'bJI)!(eHl1RTa Ha B11c0Karn rroprn no CTpouTen-
CTBOTO Ha Ml1HaBarn;arn npe3 6omapcKa TepHTOpl1R 'IaCT OT Me)!(,n;yHapo,n;Hl1.H II'bT BM-
eHa-~apMrpa,n;. Eomap:irn TpR6Ba ,n;a OTKyrru OT aHrnMwcKaTa KOMIIaH11R )!(eJie30II'bT-
Harn OTce'IKa Pyce-BapHa. 3a Ta311 QeJI rrpe3 IOJil1 1879 r. B Cocp11R rrpucT11ra ,n;eneraT'bT
Ha KOMrraHl1RTa A)!(. EapKnew, KOWTO rrpe,n;nara c,n;eJIKaTa ,n;a ce ype,n;M tipe3 rno6anHa
QeHa, KORTO e HeIIOHOCMMa 3a cp11HaHCOBHTe B'b3MO)!(HOCTl1 Ha CTpaHaTa. Tio C'bID;aTa
rrpM'Il1Ha HeycrrernHa ce oKa3Ba 11 11H11Q11aT11BaTa Ha ,n;BaMaTa npe,n;crnBMTeJIM Ha py-
CKHTe 6aHKepM f11Hc6ypr 11 C. TioJIRKOB - lfrpH11 11 YTMH, KOl1TO rrpe,n;naraT QRJIOCTHa
rrporpaMa 3a )!(II CTpOMTeJICTBO, 3a C'b3,Il;aBaHe Ha 6aHKa 11 3a OTKyrryBaHe Ha JI11HMRTa
Pyce-BapHa.
B cTpaHaTa Ben11K11Te c11JIM Ha3Ha'IaBaT rno11 npe,n;CTaBJuen11 c paHr Ha ,n;11rrJ10Ma-
Tl1'IeCKM areHT M reHepaJieH KOHcyJI. Tipe3 cerrTeMBpM 1879 r. Bp'b'IBaT aKpep;11Tl1BHMTe
cu rrMcMa cpo6cKMR 11 pyMoHCKl1R ,n;11nJI0MaT11'IecKH areHT, a e,n;Ha ro,n;11Ha rro-K'bCHO
l1 rpoQKl1.lI. c yKa3 OT 19 IOJil1 1879 r. ca Ha3Ha'IeHM II'bpBl1Te 6oJirapCKl1 ,!1;11IIJIOMa-
TM'IeCKM areHTl1 B Cop611R, PyMoHl1R 11 TypQ11R. TipaBJueJICTBOTO ce orpaH11'IaBa c
areHTCTBa B C'bce,n;H11Te ,Il;'bp)!(aBM nopa,n;11 rna611Te cp11HaHCOBl1 B'b3MO)!(HOCTM Ha MJia-
,Il;OTO 6nmapcKo KHR)!(ecrno 11 HeyKperrHaJioTo MY Me)l(,n;yHapo,n;Ho rroJio)!(eHMe. 3a ,n;a
3a,n;oBOJIM npeTeHQ1111Te Ha B11coKaTa noprn M 3ana,n;H11Te BeJ111KM CMJIU 3a ype)!(,n;aHe
Ha 6e)!(aHCKMR B'bnpoc, rrpaBMTeJICTBOTO yqpe,n;RBa B 0Kp'b)l(Hl1Te rpa,n;oBe CMeceH11
KOMMCl1M, KOl1TO ,n;a yrrecHRT B'b,Il;BOpRBaHeTO Ha MIOCIOJIMaHCKl1Te 6e)l(aHQ11B11M0Tl1-
Te 11M.
Cnrn;eBpeMeHHO l1Ma HapyrneHl1R Ha KOHCTl1TYQMRTa - KHR3'bT ce TMTyrryBa "Bl1-
CO'IeCTBo", a He "cBeTJIOCT"; B'bBe)!(,n;a ce MMyI.QeCTBeH QeH3 3a KMeToBeTe B ceJiaTa 11
MaJIKMTe rpa,n;oBe, npeMaxBa ce l136opHMR npl1HQMII 3a 'IJieHoBeTe 3a 0Kp'b)!(H11Te M
rpa,n;cK11Te C'bBeTM. He,n;oBoncrno npep;l13Bl1KBa u B'bBe)l(,n;aHeTo Ha HRKOl1 KOCBeH11
,n;aH'bQM. Jlu6epaJil1Te l13IIOJl3BaT He,Il;OBOJICTBOTO l1 opraHl13l1paT rrpoTeCTHl1 Ml1TMHfl1
B TopHoBo, fa6poBo, JloBe'I 11 ,n;pyru cen11rn;a Ha KHR)!(eCTBOTO. J13nparn;aT ce npoTecT-
H11 pe30JIIOQl111 l1 neTl1QMl1 ,n;o OTp;eJIHl1Te MMHl1CTepCTBa, npaBl1TeJICTBOTO l1 KHR3a.
HaceJieHueTo, Hac'bp'IaBaHo oT nu6epaJil1Te, OTKa3Ba ,n;a rrnaI.Qa HOBl1Te ,n;aH'bQl1.
57
rocu4a .11.Hzenoaa
IlapnaMeHrnpHWTe W36opw ce npoBe)l(p;aT Ha 30 cenTeMBpw 1879 r. w B rnx rna-

conop;asaTeJJwTe p;aBaT p;osepweTo cw Ha nw6epanwTe. OT W36paHwTe 170 p;enyrnrn
caMo 30 ca npaswTeJJCTBeHw. Ep;wHop;ylllHO 3a npep;cep;aTeJJ Ha I OHC e W36paH IleTKo
KapaseJIOB. To3w BOT c'brnacHo napnaMeHTapHaTa npaKTWKa w npwm.:i;wnw, W3WCKBa
He3a6asHa ocrnsKa Ha npaswTeJJCTBOTO. BMecTo Tosa AneKcaHp;'bp EaTeH6epr T'bprn
cpep;cTBa 3a W3XOp; OT C'b3p;anoTo ce noJJO)l(eHwe. Tow wcKa pa3pellleHwe OT IleTep6ypr
p;a pa3Typw Hapop;HoTo c'b6paHwe. 0Trosop'bT e p;a ce 06pa3ysa Koanwu;woHHO npas11-
TeJJcTBO. Ilo speMe Ha Te3W O)l(eCTotJeHw nonwTwtJecKw 6op6w ,D;p. UaHKOB OTC'bCTBa
OT CTpaHaTa. :Vfanpau.:i;aHeTo MY B Uapwrpap; e HanpaseHo OT TaKTW-IeCKa rnep;Ha TO'l-
Ka. Ha npaKTwKa TOM e Haw-nop;xop;.Hl.IJ; 3a nocTa, KOMTO 3aeMa, HO OT p;pyra - npas11-
TeJJcTB0To OTCTpaH.HBa HaM-BlJW.HTeJJHaTa JJW'IHOCT Ha nw6epanwTe. Ilpw OTC'bCTBWeTO
Ha UaHKOB Kapasenos ce oqeprnsa KaTo p'bKOBop;wTeJI Ha ocpopMRl.IJ;aTa ce Jiw6epanHa
napTw.H. 3aTosa KH.H3a KaHw Ha ayp;weHu;wR Ha 12 HOeMspw 1879 r. Kapasenos w My
npe.n;nara p;a c'bcTasw Ka6wHeT c yqaCTweTo Ha KOHcepsaTopwTe ,I!;. fpeKOB w fp. Hal!o-
BW'I. YsepeH, qe u.:i;e ce cnpasw, KapaBenos ce o6p'bu.:i;a K'bM npocp. M. ,UpwHoB 111 To.n;op
J1KoHOMOB 3a eseHTyanHo yqaCTwe B Ka6wHeTa. B nposep;eHwTe on.:i;e HRKOJJKO cpeli\11
Me)l(.n;y KapasenoB w KH.H3a cTasa RCHO, qe KapaBeJJOB He MO)l(e p;a npweMe fpeKoB 11
Ha'IOBW'I B 6'bp;en.:i;w.H Ka6wHeT, HO 6w OTCT'bilWJJ 3a TWTJiaTa Ha KH.H3a.
Cne.n; HeycnelllHWTe nperosopw 3a c'bcTaB.HHe MY KHR3 AneKcaHp;'bp I npe.n;w3BMK-
Ba pa3nycKaHe Ha Hapo.n;HoTo c'b6paHwe w Ha 24 uoeMBpu: 1879 r. Ha3HatJaBa HOBO
KOHcepsaTWBHO npaBWTelICTBO, HatJeJio c M1nponomn KnwMeHT 8 (24 HoeMspw 1879-
26 MapT 1880), w Hacpoqsa HOBW w36opw. B Ka6wHern BJJW3aT: MWTpononwT KnwMeHT
- MWHWCT'bp-npe.n;cep;aTeJJ Ji[ MWHWCT'bp Ha Hapop;HOTO npocsen.:i;eHWe, fpeKOB - Ml1-.u.
HWCT'bp Ha npasoc'bp;weTo w ynpasn.Hsan.:i; MwHvccTepcTBOTO Ha B'bTpelllHWTe pa6orn
(no-K'bCHO 3aeTo OT Bna.n;wMwp Porre KaTo ynpaBJI.HBan.:i; w OT T. J1KOHOMOB KaTO Tl1-
TynRp ), fp. HatJoBH'I - MWHWCT'bp Ha B'bHillHWTe .n;ena 111 1113noBep;aHll1.HTa 111 ynpasnR-
Ban.:i; Mll1HWCTepCTBOTO Ha cp111HaHCl11Te) 111 reH. IleT'bp IlapeHCOB - BOeHeH MWHWCT'bp
8Bacu:rr ,[(pyMeB e pop;eH oKono 1840-1842 r. B lllyMeH. Y'lu: B pop;H11.s1 C11 rpap; np11 Bo3po:aq-1ett-
cK11te Y'!l1Terr11 C. ,[(06pornrop;H1111 C. <!>11napeToB. ITpe3 1856 r. ,[(pyMeB ctaBa n0Mo~H11K-Y'll1Ten,
a npe3 1858 - nonY'!aBa cT11neHp;11.s1, 3aMl1HaBa 3a Op;eca 11 3aBopurna c ornw1eH Op;ecKara ceM11Ha-
p11.s1. ITpe3 JIHTOTO Ha C'b~ara rop;11Ha ce 3ail03HaBa c Hap;311pare1rn B naHCl10Ha r. PaKOBCK11, KOJ1TO
IlOBJil1HBa Ha MJiap;11re 6onrapqera B narpHOTl1''1HO OTHOIIIeH11e. ITpe3 1860 r. HailHCBa CBOHTa IIDpBa
noaecr ,,Hew,acmHa rjJaMUJZUH". ITy6nvrKyBa npeBo,11;11 or 11 npe3 pycK11 e3HK. ITocronBa B ,[(yxoaHaTa
aKap;eMHH B KweB, KORTO 3aBopIIIBa c orn11q11e (1869). ITpe3 1869 r. OTHBa B fanal.\ (PyMoHHR), rrorne
B Epa11na. Pa6or11 Karo Y'!l1Ten 11 3aep;Ho c B. CroRHOB, M. ,[(pHHOB 11 p;p. ocHoBaBa EonrapcKoTo
KHl1)!{0BHO p;py)!{ecrno (EK,[(). Craaa HeroB p;ewcrB11TeneH '!JieH, p;enoBop;wrerr 11 pep;aKrop Ha rrep11-
op;11qecKo cnwcaHwe Ha EK.I(. TyK ny6nwKyBa crar11w, Kp11THKl1, HaY'!HH Marep11am'l'.. ITpe3 1873 r. e
poKOIIOJIO)l(eH 3a wepO,llJIKOH nop; 11MeTO Kn11MeHT, a OT 1884 r. p;o 1901 r. e ThpHOBCKl1 M11Tporronl!T.
ToC! e co~o peKTop Ha TierponaanoBCKara ceM11HapvrR Kpaw JfaCKoBel.\ (1878-1884) l1 nopB11 rrpel(·
cep;aren Ha EonrapcKl1R qepBeH KpocT (1885-1887). Cnep; 0cBo6o)l(p;ettwero B3eMa y'lacr11e B Yqpe-
,11;11renHOTO 11 I BHC. vl36paH e 3a M11Hl1CT'bp-npep;cep;aren (1879-1880, 1886). Y'!aCTBa B 6op6ara
npor11B CraM6onoB 11 <t>epp;11HaH,D;. EwBa apecryBaH, 3aTo'!eH B fno)!{eHCKl1H MaHacr11p 11 ocop;eH tta
3 rop;11H11 3arnop. Tio'!eTeH 'IJieH Ha EK.I( or 1898 r. YM11pa B Cocp11R r.rpe3 1901 r ..
58
HOBA En!II'APCKA Ji!CTOPJi!Jl (1878-1944)
(3aMeHeH Ha 22 MapT c TiaBeJI TineBe KaTO ynpaBJIRBaI.Q). CncTaB'bT noKa3Ba, qe e Ha-

npaBeH onMT 3a KOMrrpoMMc. En11cKon Kn11MeHT, TiapeHCOB 11 J1KOHOMOB nop;p;np)KaT
HOpMaJIHM OTHOIIIeHMR c m16epaJIMTe J1 ca rrp11eMJIMBJ1 3a TRX.
3a KpaTKml nep11op; Ha ynpaBJieHMeTO CM npaBMTeJICTBOTO ycnRBa p;a nop;rOTBM
11 npoKapa B Hapop;HOTO cn6paH11e 3aKoH 3a opraHM3MpaHeTo 11 p;e:CrnocTTa Ha 6nJI-
rapCKaTa apMMR (Tip11BpeMeHHO noJio)KeH11e 3a 6nmapcKaTa Boii:cKa). Tip11op11TeT
B'bB BnTpeIIIHaTa noJIMTMKa ocrnBa opraHM3aQMRTa Ha p;np)KaBH11R anapaT. En11cKon
Kn11MeHT ce on11rna p;a npoKapa np11M11p11TeJIHa JIMHMR Me)Kp;y p;BeTe napnm, KaTo
B'b3CTaHOBRBa MHoro OT yBoJIHeHMTe n116epan11 Ha pa6oTa. BTopoTo KOHcepBaTMBHO
rrpaBMTeJICTBO ce oKa3Ba Hecnoco6Ho p;a ce cnpaBM cnc 3ap;aq11Te Ha p;np)KaBHOTO yn-
paBJieHue. Bn3HMKHaJiaTa TIOJIMTM'IeCKa Kp113a B cTpaHaTa ce 3ap;nn6otiaBa.
Tipe3 RHyapu 1880 r. ce npOBe)Kp;aT 1136op11 3a Brnpo o6ttKHOBeHo cn6paHMe. Tio-
6ep;aTa Ha JI116epaJIHaTa napTHR e C'bKPYIIIMTeJIHa M npep;aBaHeTO Ha BJiaCTTa B Heii:-
HMTe pnQe He MO)Ke noBeqe p;a ce OTJiara. B KpaR Ha MeceQa EaTeH6epr 3aMttHaBa 3a
PycuR, 3a p;a np11cnCTBa Ha ro611nefIH11Te Tnp)Kecrna no rnyqafI 25-rop;MIIIHMHaTa OT
B'b3IIIeCTBMeTo Ha AneKcaHp;np IL TyK TOM M3TIOJI3Ba CBOMTe Bpn3KM 11 BJIMRHMe 3a
p;a p;oKa)Ke, qe B KHR)KeCTBOTO BCM'IKM cpep;cTBa ca M3'IepnaHJ1 J1 ep;MHCTBeHMR 113-
xop; e OTMeHRHe Ha KOHCTMTYQMRTa. Ho M T03M II'bT yc11JIMRTa MY OCTaBa 6e3 pe3yn-
TaT. Pyc11R M3npaI.Qa MHCTPYKQMR p;o p;unnoMaTM'IeCKMR areHT B PycuR, c KORTO MY
ce BMeHRBa B p;nJir p;a nop;p;np)Ka 6nmapcKMR MOHapx rrp11 BCM'IKI1 o6cTORTeJicrna.
BoeHHMRT M11HMCTnp reH. TiapeHCOB, c KoroTo EaTeH6epr e cKapaH, e 3aMeHeH c reH.
Ka3MMHp fycrncpoBM'I EpHpoT, cpHHJiaHp;eQ no Hapop;HOCT. MaKap p;a ca OC'bI.QecrneHM
Te3M CT'bIIKM, Te He ynecHRBaT KHR3a B KOHKpeTHMTe MY QeJI11.
Cnep; OTKpMBaHe Ha BToporn o6ttKHOBeHo Hapop;Ho cn6paHMe Ha 23 MapT 1880
r. M 113611paHeTo Ha TI. KapaBeJioB 3a npep;cep;aTeJI Ha cn6paHMeTo rrpaBMTeJICTBOTO
nop;HaCR CBORTa OCTaBKa, rrpep;BapMTeJIHO op;o6peHa J1 np:weTa OT KHR3a.
3. YnpaBAenue ua J\u6epaAHaTa napTim

(26 MapT 1880-27 anpHA 1881)
Ha 26 MapT 1880 r. e C'bCTaBeH M3QRJIO xoMoreHeH Ka6ttHeT Ha JI116epanHaTa
napTHR B C'bCTaB: L(p. ll;aHKOB9 - MMHMCT'bp-rrpep;cep;aTeJI J1 MMHMCTnp Ha B'bHIIIH11Te
9 )J;paraH l(aHKOB e poAeH Ha 25 OKT. 1828 r. B CBH!l\OB. Yqu B CBH!l\OB, EneHa H fa6poBo, a
CJieA TOBa B 0Aeca H KweB. OT 1848 r. AO 1850 r. e yqwTeJI B fana~. ITo-K'bCHO yqw B'bB BweHa, OTKpHBa
neqaTHJ1~a B CBl1ll\OB, KORTO npe3 1855 r. npeHaC.fl B LI;apHrpaA. Ilo TOBa BpeMe CTaBa npl1B'bp)!(eHJ1K
Ha yH:11aTCTBOTO :11 HJAaBa yH:11aTCKJ1.fl BeCTHHK "Ennrap:11R" (1859-1863 r.). Ilpe3 1861 r. yqacrna B
nocell\eHHeTO np:11 nana IT:11i1 IX B P:11M, npH KOeTo apXHMaHAPHT Iil:ornij> CoKoJICKY! e 06.f!BeH Ja
en:11cKon. CJieA Heycnexa Ha YHH.f!Ta npe3 1863 r. IJ;aHKOB ce JaBpnll\a B CBH!l\OB 11 crnsa q:11HoBHJ1K
B OCMaHCKaTa aAMJ1HJ1CTP~l1.fl. ITo-K'bCHO e yq:11TeJI J1 C'bAJ1.fl B Pyce (1865-1867 r.) J1 TIOMOll\Hl1K-
ynpaBJ1TeJI Ha HmIIKJ1.fl (1868-1869 r.) :11 Bl1Al1HCKH.fl (1869-1872 r.) caH~aK. Ilpe3 CJieABall\HTe
rOAl1Hl1 e yq:11TeJI B IJ;ap11rpaA. Ilpe3 1876-1877 r., 3aeAHO c MapKo Eana6aHoB, e HarnsapeH OT Enn-
rapcKaTa eK3apXHR Aa nnTyBa B EBpona, 3a Aa 11HcpopMwpa o6ll\eCTBeHOTO MHeH11e 3a noJIO)!(eHHeTo
Pocu11a AH2en0Ba
pa6onr, II. KapaBeJIOB - MHHHCTnp Ha qmHaHcwTe, XpwcTo CTORHOB - Mwm1cTnp Ha

rrpaBOC'b):IHeTO, feoprw TmneB - MHHHCT'bp Ha B'bHIIIHTe pa6oTw, l1BaH fI03eJieB - M11-
HHCTnp Ha rrpornern;eHweTo w pycKHR reHepan Ka3wMwp EpHpoT - MwmrcTnp Ha Boti-
HaTa. 3a rrpep;cegaTeJI Ha BTopoTo o6wKHOBeHo cn6pam1e e H36paH II. P. CnaBeHKOB. B
C'b3):\a):\eHOTO rrpaBHTeJICTBO r. TwrneB J.1 l1B. fI03eJieB He ce IIOJI3BaT c aBTopwTeT cpe,ll
JIJ.16epaJIJ.1Te. ToBa KOCBeHO IIO):\CKa3Ba, qe Me)f():ly nw6epanwTe no TOBa BpeMe HRMa
rrop;rOTBeHJ.1 JIJ1'IHOCTJ.1 3a Bl1CIIIJ1 a):\MJ.1Hl1CTpaT11BHJ1 p;JI'b)f(HOCTJ1.
C6JI'bC'bK'bT c peaJIHOCTMTe rrpuHy)f(gaBa rrpaBuTeJICTBOTO p;a HaMaJiw rrpoT11-
11
Bope'IURTa c KHR3a (B'b3IIpweMa TJ1TJiaTa BJ.1CO'!eCTBo': 3a):\OBOJIRBa HRKOJ.1 HerOBll
cpuHaHCOBU UCKaHHR). To npO):l'bJI)f(aBa p;OM3rpa)f():laHeTO Ha ):l'bp)f(aBHWTe UHCTHTy-
L(Ul1 u rrorrnJIBaHeTo Ha agMHHHCTpaTUBHHR arrapaT. B eg11Hoge-HcTB11e c rrapnaMeH-
TapHoTo MH03UHCTBO Ka611HeTa pa3BMBa aKTWBHa ge"HHOCT. J13B'bpIIIeHO e II'bpBOTO
rrpe6poRBaHe Ha HaceneHueTo B KHR)f(eCTBOTO. CHa6geH c H3BnHpep;Hl1 rrpaBOMOUJ;MR,
BOeHHJ.1.il MHHHCT'bp ce crrpaBR c pa360HH11'IeCKJ.1Te 6aH):IM, KOHTO Bl1JIHeRT B CeBe-
poH3TO'IHa D'bJirap11R. IIpHeTu ca pep;wL(a 3aKOHl1 (oKOJIO 26) c Ba)f(HO 3Ha'IeH11e: 3a
a):\MUHHCTpaTUBHOTO geJieHue Ha CTpaHaTa (oKp'b3MTe ca HaMaJieHJ.1 OT 31 Ha 21), ga-
Barn; B'b3MO)f(HOCT 3a caMoyrrpaBJieHue no MeCTa H p;o6JIU)f(aBarn; a):\MHHHCTpaTUBHOTO
yCTpo-HcTBO Ha KHR)f(eCTBOTO c TOBa Ha l13TO'IHa PyMeJiwR; 3a oTroBopHoCTTa Ha M11-
HMCTpHTe, YTO'IHRBarn; o6cTORTeJICTBaTa, npw KOHTO Te ca IIO,ll;C'b):\HH; 3a rrogo6pRBa-
He Ha cencKoTo cTorraHcrno. IIpHeT e rrnpBHRT u3611paTeJieH 3aKoH Ha 17 geKeMBptt
1880 r. c KOMTO ce B'bBe)f():la Ma)f(opuTapHaTa CJ1CTeMa J1 npegoCTaBRUJ; Ha rrpaKTUKa
HeorpaHM'!eHa B'b3MO)f(HOCT Ha rpa)f(p;aHMTe Ha KHR)f(eCTBOTO p;a u36upaT w ga 6ngaT
1136wpaHu.
B o6nacTTa Ha WKOHOMHKaTa BHMMaHueTo e Haco'IeHo K'bM ceJICKOTO CTOIIaHCTBO
11 pernaBaHeTo Ha arpapHHR Bnrrpoc B rron3a Ha 6nnrapwTe. C YKa3 OT 6 arrpwn 1880 r.
ce 3aKpwBaT BpeMeHHUTe KOMUCHJ.1, KOUTO HMaT 3a L(eJI ga perynwpaT II03eMJieHHTe OT-
HOIIIeHUR. B cnrn;oTo BpeMe ce oTp;enR roJIRMO BHMMaHwe Ha 6e)f(aHL(HTe OT TpaK11R ii
MaKegoHMR. 0TrrycHaTl1 ca HM 100 000 cppaHKa 3a HaCTaHRBaHe 11 xpaHa go 3arrO'IBaHe
Ha pa6on. KoMUCMR c npegcegaTeJI II. P. CnaBe"HKoB ce 3aHuMaBa c B'b):IBOpRBaHeTO
Ha 6e)f(aHL(l1Te. Ha-H-Tpyp;eH ce oKa3Ba BnrrpocnT, rnnp3aH c TypcKuTe qucpnul."(11. Bos
Bpn3Ka c Te)f(KOTO rroJIO)f(eH11e Ha ceJIRHMTe B KIOcTeHp;l1JICKO rrpe3 1880 r. Hapogttoro
cn6paHwe Ha3Ha'IaBa KOMMCHR Ha'IeJio c K. J1pe'IeK u M. CapacpoB. B pe3ynrnT Ha aH-
KeTaTa e H3pa6oTeH 3aKOH 3a IIO):lo6pRBaHe C'bCTORHJ1eTO Ha 3eMe):\eJICKOTO HaceJieH11e
Ha 6bnrapuTe cne,[I ArrpunCKOTO BbCTaHue. Cne,[I Ocao6mK,[leHUeTO e e,[IHH OT BO,[la'IUTe Ha n116e-

panHaTa rrapTmI. ITponrnorrocTaBR ce Ha Pe)lrnMa Ha ITbllHOMOll.IURTa u e HHTepHupaH B'bB Bpa11a,
KOeTo rrpe,!1H3BUKBa rnyMeH rronuTu'IecKU cKaH.r1an. Toft e Hapo,lleH rrpe.r1cTaB11Ten B Y'lpe,!IHTenHoTo,
IBHC (1879 r.) u a I (1879 r.), II (1880-1881 r.), IV (1884-1886 r.), X (1899-1900 r.), XI (1901 r.) u XII
(1902-1903 r.) OHC. ITpe.r1ce.r1aTen Ha XII OHC B rrepuo.r1a 22 arrp. 1902 r. - 21 aa. 1903 r. OT 1884 r.
Bb3rnaBRBa rrpopyCKa rpyrra, OT,llen11na ce OT flM6epanHaTa rrapTMR, Hape'leHa no-KbCHO ITporpe-
CMBHO-nM6epaJIHaTa naprn.11. ITpe3 1886 r. eMMrpMpa B Pyrn.11 u ce 3aBpbll.la B EbnrapMR npe3 1895 r.
cne.r1 rra,[laHeTo OT BnacT Ha CT. CTaM6onoa. B Ha'lanoTo Ha 20 BeK ce oTTern.11 OT rroJIMTM'lecKHR )!(11-
BOT. YMMpa Ha 11 MapT 1911 r. B Coqrn.11.
60
HOBA E'bflI'APCKA UCTOPUJl (1878-1944)
no rocrrop,apcKHTe w 'HicpJIHlllKH 3eMl1, npweT Ha 24 HOeMBpw 1880 r. IlpweT e 3aKOH'bT

nponrn 3eneHwqapcTBOTO, KOJirTo TpR6Ba p,a JIHKBHP,Hpa npaKTHKaTa Ha JIHXBap:i1Te p,a
ornyCKaT napw Ha Hy:>Kp,ae~HTe ce cpe~y 6'bp,e~aTa peKOJITa.
B o6nacTTa Ha qmHaHcHTe npaBHTeJICTBOTO npoBe:>Kp,a noJIHTHKa Ha CTporw HKO-
HOMHH, paBHOMepHO pa3npep,eJIRHe l1 C'b6HpaHe Ha p,aH'bQHTe. IlpHeTw ca cepHR OT
p,aH'bqHo-qmHaHCOBH 3aKOHl1, cpep, KOHTO - 3aKOH 3a rep6oBMR c6op, 3aKOH 3a B'hp-
XOBHaTa CMeTHa naJiaTa, 3aKOH 3a C'bCTaBRHe l1 l13TI'bJIHeHHe Ha 6IOp,:>KeTa, 3aKOH 3a
MHTH11qecKHR yCTaB 11 np. 3acnyra Ha npaBHTeJICTBOTO e 113rpa)Kp,aHeTo Ha CTar11cr11-
qeCKo 610po npw M11H11cTepcrB0To Ha cp11HaHc11Te npe3 1880 r. T'b:ilr KaTo p,'bp)KaBHaTa
xa3Ha e npa3Ha nopap,11 Hepep,oBHOTO nocr'bnJieHwe Ha p,aH'bQJ1Te, HC npweMa 3aKOH
3a p,ernT'bKa npe3 1880 r. Cnopep, Hero ~e ce B3e~rn p,ernT'bK B HaTypa, KaTo onpep,eJIR-
HeTO MY ~e ce l13B'bpllll1 OT rpap,cK11Te 11 cencKwTe C'bBeTw. 3a p,a MO)Ke p,a ce perym1pa
qmHaHCOBJ1JI )KJ1BOT Ha CTpaHaTa npaBJ1TeJICTBOTO npoBe:>Kp,a Ba:>KeH aKT - npweMa
ce 3aKOH 3a ceqeHe Ha 6'hnrapcKl1 nap11qH11 3HaQJ1, Karo JieB'bT ce YTB'bp)l(P,aBa 3a oc-
HOBHa 6'bJirapcKa nap11qHa ep,l1HJ1Qa. IlocoqBaT ce l1 BCJ1qKl1 Bl1,ll,OBe MOHeTJ1, KOJ1TO
~e ce ceKaT. 3a OCHOBa e J13TIOJI3BaHa flaTJ1HCKaTa KOHBeHQl1JI KaTO Ha:ilr-npaKTl1qHa l1
np11crroco6wMa 3a KHJI)l(eCTBOTO c B'b3npweMaHe Ha cppeHcKara napwqHa cwcTeMa no
qJ1CTOTa l1 CTOIIIHOCT Ha MeTaJia.
06p'b~a ce cepH03HO BHJ1MaH11e Ha nporneTarn, 3a Koero ce rnacyBa 3aKOH Ha 21
Ma:ilr 1880 r. IlpweMa ce 3aKoH 3a nop,o6paBaHe noJio)l(eHHeTo Ha 6ep,H11Te no6opHHQl1,
yqacTBaJIH B noJIHTwqecKwTe P,Bl1)KeHJ1R 3a orno6o)l(p,aBaHe Ha E'hnrapwa l1 B on'bJiqe-
Hl1eTo. Ha Te3l1, KOHTO ca cnoco6mr p,a pa6ornT, ce p,aBaT p,'bp)KaBHJ1 cny)l(6l1. 3anoqBa
npoyqBaHe Ha npwpop,HwTe 6oraTcTBa. Toce oc'b~ecTBJIBa OT npocp. p,-p <DpaHQ Tyna
OT B11eHa l1 OT 6'bnrapCKl1JI MHHepanor r. 3JiaTapCKJ1. B KpaR Ha cenTeMBpl1 1880 r.
Beqe ce c'bo6~aBa 3a OTKpwBaHe Ha 6oraT11 3aJie)l(J1 OT )l(eJIR3Ha pyp,a B CaMOKOBCKO 11
3aJie)Kl1 OT KaMeHHH B'brJiw~a.
Ilo OTHOllleHwe Ha CBOl1Te TIOJil1TJ1qecKl1 npOTl1BHHQH nw6epaJIHTe HapyrnaBaT

KOHCTHTYQl1RTa. TaKa npw npoBepKara Ha 3aKOHHOCTra Ha H36paHHTe p,enyranr JIJ1-
6epanwre ocTaBRT CrnM6onoB, KoJ/rTo e ep,Ba 26 rop,wllleH, HO KarnpaT 1136opa Ha ,[(.
fpeKOB, o6BwHeH 3a TOBa, qe e pyM'bHCKJ1 nop,aHHK H EBnorw feoprHeB - 3a TOBa qe e
pycKw nop,aHHK, B'bnpeKw nop,ap,eHaTa MOJI6a 3a orno6o)l(P,aBaHe OT Hero. KacwpaHw
ca o~e npocp. M. ,Il;pwHoB, AT. J1rttaToB, H. EanKaHCKH w p,p. ,Il;oKOJIKO e npwHQHTIHa
IT0311Ql1RTa Ha n116epam1Te ce Bl1)KP,a OT cpaKTa, qe no-K'bCHo ce npweMaT pep,oBHJ1
l136opwTe Ha M. Ilam1qapCKJ1 J1 n. MaHTOB - C'b~O OT Eecapa6wa l1 PYM'bHCKH rrop,a-
HJ1Ql1, HO C Ta3l1 pa3Jll1Ka, qe Ce qJ1CJIJIT K'bM fl116epaJIHaTa rrapTHJI.
,IJ;pyr B'bnpoc, KOJirTo ce pelllaBa B HC e T03l1 3a nrrnaTa Ha KHR3a. ,Il;oKaTo ca B
OII03l1Ql1JI, m,r6epaJIJ1Te OCTpo Kpl1Tl1KyBaT THTJiaTa "BHCoqecTBo", c KOJITO KOHcepBa-
ropwTe THTynyBaT KHJI3a. Ho cnep, Hp,BaHeTo CH Ha BJiacT, Te rrocTerreHHO rrpoMeHJIT
IT03HQl1RTa cw. Ha 11 arrpHn 1880 r. rrpw npoqwrnHe oTroBopa Ha TpoHHaTa peq e H3-
rroJI3BaHo o6p'b~eHHeTo "Baille BwcoqecTBo" w QRJiaTa 3ana ro rrpweMa c annop,Hc-
MeHTH. ToBa ce OTpa3JIBa HeraTHBHO Ha aBTopwreTa Ha flH6epanHaTa rrapTHR. Ha 8
"[1enoKynHa E11nzapwr". Tpw MeceQa rro-K'bCHO, qaK Ha
Ma:ilr 1880 r. crrHpa p,a l13JIH3a a.
27 aBrycT 1880 r. 3arroqBa p,a l13JIH3a B. "He3aaucuMocm". Pa3oqapoBaH1t1eTo HaMHpa
Pocu~a AHze11oea
113pa3 11 Ha MeCTHMTe 1136op11 - npe3 K>HM 3a KMeT Ha Cocp11,q e M36paH T. Ji1KOHOMOB,
a 3a HerOBM nOMOll.IHMQM - H. ,D;aCKaJIOB M rp. HaqoBM'i.
B 0611acTTa Ha B'bHllIHaTa noJIMTMKa npaBMTeJICTBOTo npoA'bJI)l(aBa yc11JIMRTa Ha
nnpBoTo npaBMTeJICTBO no ype)l():\aHe Ha ABYCTpaHHMTe Bnnpoc11 enc Cnp611R, Py-
M'bHMR 11 TypQMR, np1.1eMaHe Ha 3aBpnll.lall.IMTe ce B CTpaHaTa TypcKM 6e)l(aHQM. I1pe3
1880 r. BnnpeKM npoTeCTMTe Ha BMCOKaTa nopTa KHR)l(eCTBOTO ce npMC'be,(\MHRBa K'bM
Me)l(AyHapoAHaTa TenerpacpHa KOHBeHQMR OT 1875 r. TypcKOTO npaB11Te11crno He,(\o-
BOJICTBa 11 B HaqaJIOTO Ha 1881 r. npeK'bCBa ycTaHOBMJIMTe ce Me)l(AY ,(\BeTe CTpaHl1
AMn110MaT1.1qecK11 OTHOlllemrn 1.1 3anoqBa Aa TpeT11pa En11rap1.1,q KaTo np1.1B1111ernpo-
BaH rypcKl1 BMJiaeT. 3ae,(\HO c TOBa OTKa3Ba ,(\a npM3HaBa 113,(\aBaHMTe B KHR)l(eCTBOTO
nacnopTM.
IIpaB11Te11cTBOTO AeVlcTBa cno6pa3HO KOHCTl1TYQMRTa 11 Ha HRKOJIKO nnTM B'hB
B3al1MOOTHOllleHMRTa c Anp)l(aBHMR rnaBa HaCT'bnBaT KpMT11qH11 c11TyaQMM. TaKa B
HeroBo OTC'bCTBMe ce no):\rOTBR npoeKT03aKOH 3a HapoAHOTO onnnqeH1.1e, noAqMHe-
HO npRKO Ha napnaMeHTa. KHR3 A11eKcaHAnp I Hanara "BeTo" 11 nonpaBKa B TeKcra.
KoHcpJIMKT B'b3HMKBa 11 B'bB Bpn3Ka c npoeKTMTe 3a )l(eJie3onoTHO cTpo11TencTBO 11
ype)l():\aHe Ha AYHaBCKOTO Kopa6onnaBaHe. IIpaBMTencrnoTo nOAAnp)l(a MAeRTa 3a
CBnp3BaHe Ha Cocp1.1R c AyHaBCKMR rpaA CBMll.IOB npe3 TnpHOBo. MHeHMeTo Ha KH.H-
3a, cno6pa3eHo c M3MCKBaHMRTa Ha EepnMHCKMR AOroBop M CnBeTMTe Ha Pyc11R, e B
noJI3a Ha JIMHMRTa Een0Bo-Cocp11R-I111poT, KORTO Ille CB'bp)l(e CTpaHaTa c QeHTpanHa
113ana):\Ha EBpona. To3M npoeKT e MHoro no-nepcneKTMBeH c orneA MKOHOM11qecK11re
MHTepec11 Ha Eonrap11R. IIpoT11Bopeq11RTa CTaBaT Henpeo):\OJI11MM, KoraTo npe3 eceH-
Ta Ha 1880 r., Ha 3ace,(\aH11e Ha EBponeV!cKaTa AYHaBCKa KOMMCMR B fanaQ 3a 113pa6or-
BaHe IIpaBMJIHMK 3a Kopa6onnaBaHeTo, peqHaTa noJIMQMR 11 Ha):\3opa no CpeAeH IA
,D;oneH ,D;yttaB, 6onrapcKMR npeACTaBMTeJI K11p1.1RK IJ;aHKOB ):\ewcrna B pa3pe3 c KH.H-
)l(eCKMTe MHCTPYKQMM, Aa ce nOAKpen11 aBcTpoyHrapcKMR npoeKT. Tow rnacyBa B no11-
3a Ha PyMnHMR,KORTO noAo6Ho Ha Eonrap1.1R ce CTpeMM Aa 3all.IMT11 cyBepeHHMTe CIA
npaBa Ha Kpati:6pe)l(Ha Anp)l(aBa 11 ):\a orpaH11q11 BJIMRHl1eTo Ha Aya1111cT1.1qHaTa MMne-
p1.1R Bnpxy Kopa6onnaBaHeTo B pai1oHa. HeroBaTa no3MQMR e nOAKpeneHa OT pycKW!l
npeACTaBMTeJI. ,[l;Hl1 CJieA TOBa Ml1HMCT'bp-npe):\CeAaTeJIRT noAaBa OCTaBKa M ce crwra
AO qaCT11qHa peKOHCTPYKQMR.
Ha 28 HOeMBpH 1880 r. nnpBoTo n116epanHo npaBMTencrno e npeycTpoeHo, Karo
nocT'bT Ha MMHl1CTnp-npeAceAaT~JI e noBepeH Ha IleTKo KapaseJios 10 , a ,D;p. IJ;aHKOB
10 IleTKO KapaBerroB e poAeH Ha 5 anpwn 1843 r. B Konpws~m~a. HeroB no-ron.HM 6paT e Ill!·
caTemn w pesomOQl10Hep JlJ06eH Kapasenos. ITopsoHa'IanHo IIeTKO yqw B po,l1Hl1H cw rpaA, norne B
rpoQKO yqwnw~e B EHoc, fopQMH. IIpe3 1859 r. 3aMwHaBa npw 6paT cw B MoCKsa, KoAeTo cne,[\Ba e
lllcrnpwKo-qmnonorw'IeCKMH cpaKynTeT Ha MocKoBcKMH yHwBepcwTeT, npeK'bCBa 3a HHKOJIKO fOAllHll
l1 3asoprnsa npaso B co~MH yHwsepcwTeT (1869r.) Karn cTyAeHT BJil13a B'bB Bpo3Ka c HapOAHl!'Je-
cKoTo ABM)l{eHwe. IIpe3 1878 r. ce 3aspo~a B EonrapwH 3ae,[\HO c pycKMTe ocso6o,[lwTenHl1 BOttCKll, B
'Il1ttTO ~a6 pa6oTl1. Ha3Ha'IeH e 3a Bl1Qery6epHarnp Harp. BMAMH w oKpo)KeH ynpaswTen B rp. T'bp-
HOBO. ,D;enyTaT e B Y'IpeAwTenHoTo co6paHwe 11 IIOAIIpeACe,[\aTen Ha IIocTOHHHoTo 610po Ha Cn6pa-
Hwern (1879 r.) B3eMa ,[\ettHO y'IaCTwe npw l13pa6oTBaHeTO Ha TopHOBCKaTa KOHCTMTYQMH. Bo,[\a'I e
Ha JIHBOTO Kpwno Ha Jiw6epanHaTa napTMH (1879-1883). OcHoBaTen Ha ,Il;eMoKpaTM'IecKaTa napnrn If
HOBA E"bflI'APCKA MCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
CTaBa BnTpellleH M11Hl1CTnp. TaKa J1116epaJIHaTa napT11H OCTaBa Ha BJiaCT, HO ynpa-

BJIJIBa B ycJIOB11HTa Ha BCe no-c11JieH IlOJil1TWieCKl1 HaTl1CK OT CTpaHa Ha IlO,D;KpenJI-
Hl1Te OT KH.H3a KOHcepBaTop11. MaJIKO IlO-KnCHO - Ha 17 ,o;eK. 1880 r. KHJI3a B 3aill1CKa
,o;o KapaserroB HaCTOHBa 3a 113Ba:>Kp;aHeTo Ha UaHKOB OT Ka611HeTa nopa,o;11 HeKopeKT-
HOTO MY noBe,n;eH11e no JJ:yttaBCKl1H Bnnpoc 11 yrno:>KHeHl1.HTa B ,n;11nrroMaTWiecK11Te
OTHOilleH11.H. Ilorne,n;Ba HOBa peKoHcTpyKQl1H Ha Ka611HeTa, KaTo UaHKOB e np11Hy-
,n;eH ,n;a no,n;a,n;e oCTaBKa 11 OT T0311 noCT, a MHCTOTO My e 3aeTo OT TI. P. Crraset1:KoB.
IlocTeneHHO HapacrnaT BnTpelllHl1Te 3aTpy,n;HeHl1.H Ha rr116epaJIHOTO npaBI-ITeJICTBO.
OcTaBKa no,n;aBa no,n;npe,n;ce,n;aTeJIH Ha Hapo,n;HoTO cn6paH11e J/locmp Epa,n;err. HeB-
KJIIO'IBaHeTo B Ka611HeTa Ha ,n;oToraBalllHl1Te M11H11CTp11 l1B. f103eneB, Xp. CTOHHOB
11 r. T11IlleB ,n;oyrno:>KH.HBa o6CTaHOBKaTa. 3a ,n;a He ce cT11ra .r10 cep1103Hl1 norne,n;11Ql1
B Ka611HeTa BJIW3aT KaKTO Henp11M11p11M11, TaKa 11 yMepeH11 n116epan11. OT Henp11M11-
pwM11Te - KapaBeJioB 11 Cnaset1:KoB, OT yMepeH11Te - UaHKOB 11 H11KoJia Crnt1:qeB. 3a
npe,n;ce,n;aTeJI Ha Hapo,n;HoTo cn6paH11e e 1136paH H11Kona CyKHapoB. Ilpe3 ,n;eKeMBp11
B npaB11TeJICTBOTO sn113a ,n;pyr yMepeH - Mwxa11JI CapacpoB KaTO Ml1Hl1CTnp Ha Ha-
po,n;HOTO npoCBell\em1e. Te311 npoMeH11 yTsnp:>K,n;aBaT no3WQW11Te Ha Henp11Mwp11M11-
Te n116epan11 s ynpaBJJeHHeTo, 6e3 ,o;a npe,n;113B11KaT pa3pwB Me:>K,n;y ,n;seTe ocHOBHl1
Kp11na Ha napT11HTa.
Bn3MO:>KHOCTl1Te Ha MJia,o;aTa ,o;op)KaBa ,o;a BO,D;l1 aKTl1BHa BnHillHa noJI11T11Ka ca
Cl1JIHO orpaH11qeH11 l1 .z:1et1:HOCTTa Ha JI116epaJIHl1Te npaB11TeJJCTBa B Ta311 HaCOKa ce
CBe:>K,o;a ,n;o oTnycKaHe Ha napwqH11 noMOI.1\11 3a EnnrapCKaTa eK3apx11HTa B Uap11rpa,n;,
,o;eKnapwpaHe Ha CTpeMe:>Ka 3a o6e,o;wHHBaHe Ha 6onrapCK11Te 3eM11 np11 cno6pa3JIBaHe
c no311QJ.1.HTa Ha Pyc11H, no,n;,o;op:>KaHe Heocp11QwanH11Bpn3Kl1c113ToqHopyMen11!:1cK11Te
npaB11TerrcTsa. Ilpe3 nponeTTa Ha 1880 r. e ttanpaBeH nnpB11HT cne,o;11HCTK11 on11T. Co-
cpwR no.z:1roTBR ,o;11nrroMaT11'IecK11 cott,o;a:>K, KaTO 3a QeJITa 113npal.1\a B JloH,n;oH CTecpaH
IlaHapeTOB c Ml1Cl1JI ,n;a COH,D;Mpa OTHOilleHl1eTO Ha aHrn11!:1cKOTO npas11TeJICTBO KnM
eBeHTyanHo cne,n;11HeH11e. Pe3ynTaToT - HeQenecoo6pa3HO e yrnmKHHBaHe Ha EanKa-
H11Te w CnBeT11 3a 6naropa3yMwe OT CTpaHa Ha 6nnrap11Te.
He11H rrpeAcegaTeJI (1896-1903). HapogeH rrpegcTaBl1TeJI BI (1879), II (1880-1881), IV (1884-1886) 11

VIII-XI (1894-1901) 0611KH0BeHo IA BI (1879) semi:Ko HapogHO c'b6paHIAe. IIpegceAaTen Ha I (1879),
II (1880) Iii IV (1884) OHC. CneA yCTaHOBRBaHe Ha Pe)l{HMa Ha II'bnHOMOil.IHRTa (1881) eMmpIApa
nocnegosaTenHo B PyM'bH!llR, U:apIArpag 11 rp. IlnOBA!llB. fJ1MHa3ManeH Y'I!l!Ten Iii KMeT Ha IInoB,!IHB
(1881-1883). Cneg B'b3CTaHOBRBaHe Ha KOHCTl1TY~l1RTa ce 3asp'bI11a B CoqmR IA pa6orn KaTO agso-
KaT . .[(on!llceH H pegoseH qneH Ha EonrapcKoTO KHJ1)f(OBHO gpy)l{eCTBO (1884). KaTO npeAcegaTen
Ha MIAHIACTepcK!llR C'bBeT (1884-1886) IAMa 3acnyrn 3a Me)l{gyHapoAHOTO rrpl13HaBaHe Ha CneAIAHe-
HIAeTO Ha VfaTO'!Ha PyMenu.H c KH.H)l{eCTBO EonrapIA.H (1885). lineH Ha pereHTCTBOTO (1886). KaTO
pycoq>l1n e B OII03!11~IAJI Ha KHJl3 <l>epgIAHaHg ITO BpeMe Ha CTaM6onoBIAJI pe)l{IAM IA BO,!IIA 6op6a 3a
B'b3CTaHOBRBaHeTO Ha 6yp)f(Oa3HO,lleMOKpaTJ1'IHl1'Te CB060AJ1. Ilo IIOBO,ll Ha pycoqmnCKIATe 6yHTOBe
(1887) e apecTyBaH IA XB'bpneH B lJepHaTa ,ll)l{aMl1R B Coqm.H. Ilpe3 1891 r. e o6sIAHeH B coyqacTHl1-
qecrso B y6m1:cTBoTo Ha M!llH!llCT'bp Xp11crn Eenqes Iii e oc'bgeH Ha 5 roguHu 3aTBop. Ilpe3 AeKeMBp!ll
1894 r. e aMH!llCT!llpaH. YMIApa Ha 6 cpesp. 1903 r. B rp. Cocp11R. IIorpe6aH e B ABOpa Ha ~'bpKBaTa ,,CB.
CegMoqucneH:t1:~11'".
63
Pocui~a AHzenoaa
0'-leBMp;HO B T03l1 He p;'bJI'bf nepuop; Ha npep;eH IIJiaH CTORT B'bTpellIHOIIOJIMTM'IC
CKMTe B'bIIpocM, CB'bp3aHM c 6op6aTa 3a Hap;MO~Me Me)Kp;y p;BeTe OCHOBHM IIOJIMTM'IC
CKM CMJIM, npu aKTMBHOTO y'IaCTMe Ha MOHapxa B TRX.
4. IlpespaT'bT OT 27 anpnA 1881 r. u Pe~HM'bT ua KHH~ecKm

Il'bJ\HOMOl!!,HH
KHR3 AneKcaHp;op I p;o6pe pa3fo1pa, 'le cTpeMe)K'bT MY p;a OTCTpaHM nu6epamr

OT BJiaCT l1 oco6eHO p;a npoMeHM KOHCTMTYQMRTa He MO)Ke p;a ce peaJU!3Mpa 6e3 o,a;c
6peHMeTo Ha BenMKMTe CMJIM M npe.r1u BCM'·IKO Ha PyrnR. KoHcynrnQMMTe MY B rn:
HacoKa cpe~aT M3BecTHO C'h'IYBCTBMe B IIeTep6ypr, HO pycKMRT MMnepaTop Ane:
caH):lop II He caMo ):l'bp)KM Ha 3aKOHHOCTTa npu ep;MH nop;o6eH xo.r1, Ho H 3Hae p;o61
npopycKMTe HaCTpoeHHR B Jfa6epanHaTa napTHR. Cne.r1 y6ui'1cTBOTO MY Ha 1 Maj
1881 r. o6cTORTencTBaTa ce npoMeHRT u He ce oKa3Ba TPY.r:IHO HOBMRT pycKM Bna,a;
Ten AneKcaH):lopIII - 'IOBeK c peaKQMOHHH IIOJIMTH'IeCKM pa36ttpaHMR M Kpailrno H
ypaBHOBeceH, .r1a 60.r1e y6e.r1eH, 'le 6onrapcKil.!Te JII1.16epanu no MHoro He~a ca cxop;t
c HMXHJIMCTil.!Te u opraHM3aTopHTe Ha aTeHTaTH B PycuR. ,UonMTBaHMRTa B Eepm
u BueHa c'b~o ca 6naronp1rnTHM. KoM TOBa ce npu6aBR II.I o6CTaHOBKaTa B Eom
pHR - ycMJieHa anuaQil.!R Ha KOHcepBaTopMTe npu naCMBHOCT Ha npaBMTel!CTBOTO
CIIe'Iel!BaHe Ha BOeHmrn MMHil.!CT'bp, pycKil.!R reHepan EpHpOT, 3a Kay3aTa Ha KHR3
B Ha'Ial!OTO Ha MapT KHR3a e Ha norpe6eHl1eTO Ha QapR l1 OCTaBa c BIIe'IaTJieHMe, 1
HacTpoeHMRTa ca 6naronpMRTHl1 3a H3BopllIBaHe Ha npeBpaT. Cne.r1 3aBpo~aHeTO 1

OT Eepnl1H II.I BueHa, KHR3'bT II.I EpHpoT yBe):IOMRBaT Ha 18-24 anpm1 npep;cTaBHTemr
Ha BenMKil.!Te Cl1lll1 B CocpuR 3a rrpep;cToR~Il.!R npeBpaT M 3a Ha'IMHa, no Kotho Toti u
6o):le l13B'bpllieH. nu6epaJICKMTe BO):la'III.! ca ):I06pe l1HcpopMI1paHM 3a fOTBeHMR np
BpaT, HO He B3eMaT eHepril.!'IHH MepKH 3a npe):IOTBpaTRBaHeTO My. fnaBHaTa npwrn1
3a naCMBHOCTTa II.CM ce ):l'bJI)KH Ha Heonpe.r1eneHOCTTa Ha ocpHQMal!HaTa pyCKa II03l11\I
K'bM nop;roTBR~MTe ce B EonrapwR cofo!Til.!R.
I1pl1 TOBa nono)KeHwe Ha 27 anpm1 1881 r. KHJI3 AJieKcaHµ;np I H3Bnpn11
cpaKTH'lecKH p;np)KaBeH npeBpaT. Tow l13p;aBa npoKnaMaQil.!R B KORTO onoBecrnE
'le e B'b3JIO)KMJI Ha pyCK1rn reH. MoxaH Ka3l1MMp EpH:poT p;a C'bCTaBH "np:irnpeMeH!
npaBil.!TencTBo", KoeTo ~e Il.!Ma 3a 3ap;a'la p;a npol13Bep;e M36opl1 3a BenwKo Hapo,111
Co6paHil.!e M p;a ynpaBJIRBa CTpaHaTa, p;oKaTO p;enyTaTil.!Te ce npOl13HecaT IIO MCKaH
Te OT Hero l13B'bHpep;HM II'bl!HOMO~MR, KOil.!TO ca IIJiaH 3a lIHKBil.!):IIl.!paHe Ha Te)f(KO'
IIOJIO)KeHwe B cTpaHaTa AKo TOM He 6op;e npil.!eT OT HOBil.!Te Hapop;HII.! npep;crnmnen
a6ouKau,wc. Ha3Ha'IeHo e BpeMeHHO npaBHTeJicTB
p;op)KaBHMRT rnaBa 3annallIBa c
poKOBop;eHo OT reHeparr MoxaH K. EpHpoT (27. 04. - 1. 07. 1881). To:i1: e MHHMCTh
npep;cep;aTeJI, BOeHeH Ml1Hl1CT'bp II.I ynpaBJIRBa~ MMHMCTepcTBOTO Ha B'bTpemmr
pa60T11. B npaBil.!TeJICTBOTO ca BKJIIO'IeHM o~e IIopcpI1pl1:i1: CrnMaTOB - Ml1Hl1CTop 1
64
npaBOCbp;MeTo, feoprn }l{eJIR3KOBM'f - MMHl1CTop Ha qmHaHc11Te, HuKoJia CTor/J:qeB 11

- MHHMCTop Ha B'bHWHl1Te pa60T11 11 l13IIOBep;aHMRTa, M p;-p KoHcTaHTl1H CTOMJIOB
KaTO yrrpaBJIRBall\ MMHMCTepcTBOTO Ha Hapop;HOTO rrpoCBell\eHMe.
YfaBoprneHMRT rrpeBpaT MMa CMJieH, HO rrpoTMBopeq11B BoTpeweH M B'bHWeH OT-
3ByK. Tori! ce rrocpell\a c op;o6peHMe OT PyrnR, 3arrap;HMTe BeJIMKM CMJIM M BucoKaTa
rropTa. Ep;MHCTBeHo AHrnMR 3aeMa pe3epBupaHa II03MQMR, nopap;u orraceHMR, qe 06-
paT'bT B C'b6l1TMRTa ll\e 3aCl1JIM rrpeKaJieHO pycKOTO 11 aBCTpo-yHrapCKOTO BJil1RHl1e
B BonrapMR. B KHR)J(eCTBOTO 11 OT 6onrap11Te, l13B'bH rrpep;en11Te My, npeBpaT'bT ce
rrpueMa Bpa)J(p;e6Ho. CMRTa ce, qe p;ei1:cTBl1RTa Ha KHR3a pa3KJiall\aT Me)Kp;yHapop;Ho-
TO IIOJIO)KeH11e Ha KHR)KeCTBOTO M HaMaJIRBaT B'b3MO)KHOCTMTe MY 3a pewaBaHeTO Ha
1
6onrapcKMR HaQ110HaJieH Borrpoc.
B nop;roTOBKaTa 3a M36opu 3a BHC ca HaJIO)KeH11 l13B0Hpep;H11 MepKM. Oll\e Ha
e 1 Marl! 1881 r. c yKa3 CTpaHaTa e pa3p;eneHa Ha rreT 06nacT11, poKOBop;eHM OT pycK11
r ocpMQep11 Karn "qpe3Buqar/J:H11" (113B0Hpep;H11) KOM11cap11. KoM11capuTe ca HaToBapeHM
c M3KmoquTeJIHO roJieMl1 rrpaBa - Ha TRXHO rrop;q11HeH11e OCTaBaT BOMCKaTa, IIOJIMQl1-
RTa, ap;MMHMCTpaTl1BHl1Te opraHM. I1pep;rrp11eTa e orpoMHa npep;1136opHa KaMIIaHMR,
poKOBOp;eHa OT KOHcepBaTop11Te, IIOJI3Ball\l1 ce c rrop;KperraTa Ha pycKMTe KOM11cap11.
B IIOMOll\ Ha KHR3a rrp11cT11ra EK3apx J/J:orncp 11 rrpep;rrp11eMa o6MKOJIKa B CTpaHaTa.
CaMMRT KHR3, rrpu,a;py)KeH OT X11Tp0Bo, C'bll\O Tporna p;a ar11T11pa B IIOJI3a Ha M3Bop-
weHl1R OT Hero rrpeBpaT.
Ep;Ba Ha 11 Marl! 1881 r. B rr11cMo .r:10 MMHHCTop-rrpep;cep;aTeJIR KHR3 AneKcaHp;op I
OIIOBeCTRBa TpMTe TOqKM, KOl1TO "orrpep;eJIRT rrpocTpaHCTBaTa Ha Iil3BoHpep;Hl1Te II'bJI-
HOMOll\l1R': c q11RTO IIOMOil\ TpR6Ba p;a ce ornryp11 rro-p;o6op pep; B 06Il\eCTBeH11Te
p;ena M rro-6op3 rrop;eM B l1KOHOMl1KaTa Ha CTpaHaTa. 3a p;a CTaHe B'b3MO)KHO TOBa,
BHC TpR6Ba p;a p;ap;e rrpaBo Ha p;op)KaBHl1R rnaBa B rrpop;'bJI)J(eHMe Ha 7 rop;MHl1 p;a M3-
p;aBa yKa3M, l1Mall\l1 Cl1JiaTa Ha 3aKOHl1; p;a C'b3,[\aBa HOBl1 yqpe)Kp;eHMR (KaTo HaqaJIO ce
MMa rrpep;Blil,[\ L(op)J(aBeH C'bBeT); p;a B'bBe)Kp;a rrop;o6peHl1R B'bB "Bc11qKM KJIOHOBe Ha
B'bTpernHOTO yrrpaBJieHue''. B IIl1CMOTO ce HaCTORBa ,[\a 6op;e OTJIO)KeHa rrpep;cTORll\aTa
ceCMR Ha 0611KHOBeHOTO Hapop;HO Co6paH11e, KaTO 6lOp;)J(eT'bT 3a 1881 r. OCTaBa B Cl1Jia
IL HttKona Croif"leB e po.r1eH Ha 24 aBr. 1845 B lliyMeH. 3asbpurna KOile)!( B Manrn, rne.r1 KOeTo
OT 1864 ,!10 1866 pa60Tll 3a 6p11TaHCKaTa KOMrramrn, CTpOR!l\a JKeJie30ITbTHaTa IIl1HHR Pyce-BapHa.
Cne.r1 3aBbpurnaHeTo Ha Jil1Hl1RTa rrpo,llbJI)!(aBa .r1a pa6oTH rro Het'rnaTa eKcrrnoaTau;11R. Cne.r1 OCBo-
60)!(,lleH11ero H. Crnf1qeB e 3a KpaTKO rrpe.r1ce.r1aTen Ha Cb,lla B Pyce, 1n6paH e 3a Hapo.r1eH rrpe,llcTa-
Bl1Ten B Y'Ipe.r111TellHOTO cb6paH11e (1879), BI (1879) 11 II OHC (1880-1881). I1pe3 1880 e Ha3Ha'leH
3a yrrpaBHTeJl Ha TenerpaqmTe, a HRKOJlKO Meceu;a IIO-KbCHO - 3a Ha'laJIHl1K Ha ITO!l\eHCKO-TeJierpacp-
HOTO yrrpaBJleH11e. I1pe3 ,lleKeMBp11 Cbll\aTa fO,!IHHa CTasa BbHJlleH Ml1Hl1CTbp B rrpaBl1TeJlCTBOTO Ha
IJ. KapaBeJlOB, HO OCTaBa Ha T0311 ITOCT 11 CJle,ll rrpeBpaTa OT 1881. I1pe3 1881 CTOU'IeB e Ha3Ha'leH
3a 'IJieH Ha BbpXOBHl1R Kacau;HOHeH Cb,ll. I1pe3 1883 113ITblIHRBa HRKOJlKO ,!111ITJlOMaT!1'IeCKl1 Ml1Cl111
- yqacTBa B rrperoBop11Te BbB BHeHa 3a cTpo11Te1IcTBOTo Ha )!(ene3orrbTHaTa JlHHl1R B11eHa-~ap11-
rpa.r1, KaKTO YI B Te3H B JlOH,!IOH 3a OTKyrryBaHeTO Ha Jll1Hl1RTa Pyce-BapHa. TI pe3 1884 e Ha3Ha'IeH 3a
KOHcyn B EHTOJIR. YMHpa B EHTOJlR rrpe3 1899 r.
65
Pocu4a AH2en0Ba
YI 6e3 npOMRHa YI 3a CJJep;sa~aTa rop;MHa. Tipep;M M3TYl'IaHe Ha cep;eMfO,IJ;MlUHMJI q

KHR3'bT B'b3HaMepRBa p;a CBMKa OTHOBO BeJU1KO Hapop;HO C'b6paHMe, 3a p;a "nperne,
KOHCTMTYQMRTa YI p;a M3B'bp1UM nonpaBKM B'b3 OCHOBa Ha HOBOC'b3,IJ;ap;eHMTe yqpe)f(
HMR YI npMp;o6MTMJI onMT.
TioCTeneHHO cTaBa RCHO, qe p;eMoKpaQMRTa M KOHCTMTYQMOHHMTe nopR,D;KM ca
nnallleHM. C yKa3 ce yqpep;RBaT cneQMaJIHM soeHHM C'b,IJ;MJIMllla, neT Ha 6pow, no e~
K'bM BCeKM qpe3511qaeH KOMMCap. HaKa3aHMRTa, KOMTO MoraT p;a HaJiaraT ca aaTI
p;o ep;MH MeCeQ KaTO npeBaHTMBHa MRpKa YI CM'bpT. c p;pyr yKa3 ce ynnJIHOMO~;
MMHMCT'bpa Ha B'bTpelUHMTe pa60TM p;a B3eMa ap;MMHMCTpaTMBHM MepKM npoTMB I
HOBHMQMTe B npecT'bnJieHMRTa no neqaTa. 3a6patteHo e nonyqasaHeTo 11 pa3np
TpaHeHMeTO Ha M3p;asamne B TIJIOB,IJ;MB B. "Mapuu,a" H "HapoOHUU znac". Tiop~
CTaHaJIMTe B TineseH, HMKonon 11 Paxoso cMyToBe, KOMTO npaBMTencTBOTO onpep;1
KaTO C'bnpOTMBJieHMe K'bM 3aKOHHOYCTaHOBeHaTa BJiaCT, B QeJIMR TineBeHCKM OK]
aaep;Ho PaxosCKa OKOJIMR ce B'bBe:>Kp;a soeHHO nono:>KeHMe c M3pMqHaTa pa3nopep;c
Te3M MeCTa p;a He ce npose:>Kp;aT u36op11 3a BHC. CnlllMRT yKa3 npop;'bJI:>KaBa cpoKa
p;eWCTBMe Ha M3B'bHpep;HMTe KOMMcapu M pa31UMpRBa qyscTBMTeJIHO npaBaTa MM r
Ra3HaqasaHeTO Ha nop;KOMMcapM 113 cpep;aTa Ha OKp'b:>KHMTe BOWHCKH HaqaJIHMQM l
0¢MQep11 OT qacTMTe Ha BOWCKMTe, pa3nOJIO:>KeHM B TeXHMTe o6JiaCTM.
vfa6opMTe 3a BHC ca Hacpoqemi: Ha 14 YI 21 IOHM. ,ll;aTaTa aa OTKpMBaHeTO
cn6paHMeTo e onpep;eneHa 3a l JOJIM 1881 r., KaTo T03M n'hT TO 111e 3acep;asa B Cs11w
BMeCTo B TnpHoso. B peaynrnT Ha rpy6MR HaTMCK, HaJio:>KeHMR noJIMQeWCKM pe)!(J
CTpor ap;MMHMCTpaTMBeH KOHTpon M npM yrno:>KHeHMR M36MpaTeJieH 3aKOH Kotte
BaTMBHaTa napTMR neqeJIM noseqeTo MeCTa B'bB BTopoTo seJIMKO ttapop;Ho cn6paH
n116epaJIMTe ca TB'bpp;e MaJIKO. B TnpHOBO neqeJIJIT Hapo,D;HOTO p;osepwe qeTwp~
m16epaJIHM sop;aqu - ,IJ;p. l(aHKOB, TI. Kapasenos, TI. P. CnaseWKOB 11 M11xawn Ca
¢os. MaKap M np11cTHrHaJI11 B CBMlllOB 6narop;apettwe Ha "rpM:>KMTe" Ha npaBHT
CTBOTO Te He MoraT p;a B3eMaT yqacnre B CBMlllOBCKOTO C'b6paHMe.
BTopoTo Ben11Ko Hapop;Ho cn6paHHe aacep;asa caMo HRKOJIKO qaca Ha 1 H
1881 r. MRcToTo e nop;6patto cneQMaJIHO - TnpHoBo e QeHT'bp Ha JIM6epaJIMTe, a Kl
3'bT e roToB p;a oTnnTysa no ,[(yttasa, aKo yrnoBMRTa MY He 6np;aT npMeTM. 3a QeJIT~
cTpo11 speMeHHa crpap;a. 3a p;a He ce npaBM nposepKa Ha 1136opwTe no M3MCKBamt
Ha aaKOHa, npaBMTeJICTBOTO 1'13,IJ;aBa yp;oCTOBepeHMR Ha BCeKM M36paH p;enyTaT. c H
Te wMaT npaso p;a BJIM3aT B crpap;aTa Ha cn6pattweTo. J1Ma M HHCTPYKQMR 3a p;npl
HMeTO Ha p;enyTaTMTe, C'brJiaCHO KORTO ce aa6paHRBa Ha Hapop;HMTe npep;CTaBMTeJrn
MCKaT p;yMaTa B npMC'bCTBMeTO Ha 6nnrapcKMR KHR3.
Ha 1 IOJIM 1881 r. B 10 qaca aanoqsa pa6orn Brnporn BHC. Tipuc'bCTBaT BMC
p;yxoBHMQM, p;unJIOMaTYfqecKM Kopnyc, KopecnoHp;eHTM OT esponeWCKHTe BeCTHM
He ce M3611pa 610po, He ce npaBM nposepKa Ha pep;oBHOCTTa Ha wa6op11Te, HRMa r
:>KeCTBeHO OTKpMBaHe, HRMa p;HeBeH pep;, He ce nonara KJieTBa. 3acep;aHMeTO e OTKpl
OT reH. EpttpoT, KOWTO npoqMTa M3BeCTHMTe seqe MCKaHMR. Cnep; TOBa p;yMaTa e ,
p;etta Ha KHR3 AneKcaHp;np I. Bea p;e6aTM p;enyrnn1Te nop;nMcBaT npoTOKOJia, c Koi
yaaKOHRBaT M3B'bHpep;HMTe n'bJIHOMO~MR Ha KHJl3a aa cpoK OT 7 rop;MHM, KaTO 1
nonyqasa npasoTo p;a ynpaBJIRBa c yKa3M w p;a c'bap;asa HOBM Bep;oMcrna, p;a np~
66
HOBA En!II'APCKA MCTOPJl/Jl (1878-1944)
rrpoMeHM B cwcTeMaTa Ha yrrpaBJieHwe, ,n;a ocwrypw M3II'bJIHeHMeTo Ha 3a,D;'bJI)KeHmna

Ha rrpaBMTeJICTBOTO M rrpw M3TM'laHe Ha cpoKa Ha II'bJIHOMOlQMJI ,n;a CBMKa HOBO BenwKo
r;e-
Hapo,n;Ho Co6paHJ.1e, KOeTO ,n;a l13B'bpllrn rrpoMeHJ.1 B KOHCTJ.1T~l1JITa. B T03J.1 IIOCJie,n;eH
rryHKT ce cn,n;'bp)Ka M Kpa:rlrnaTa QeJI Ha MOHapxa. B c'b~MR ,n;eH KHJ.13 AneKcaH,n;np I
~a-
J.13,D;aBa npoKJiaMaQMR, B KOJITO ce Ka3Ba, qe QeJITa Ha HOBMJI pe)KMM e ,n;a o6e3neqw
HO
rno6o,n;a w rrpaB,n;a 3a Hapo,n;a, ,n;a cJIO)KJ.1 Kparlr Ha 6e3nopJI,D;'bKa, npoM3BOJia M npw-
op TeCHeHMeTO. 06e1QaBa ,n;a CBMKa 06MKHOBeHO Hapo,n;HO Co6pamre, KOeTO ,n;a o6C'b,D;J.1
Ea
B'bnpocMTe 3a 610,n;)KeTa, ,n;aH'bQMTe, npMXO,D;MTe J.1 pa3XO,D;J.1Te Ha ,n;op)KaBaTa.
11-
Be,n;Hara rne,n; rnacyBaHe Ha noJIHOMO~MJITa, reH. EpHpoT c11 no,n;aBa ocTaBKaTa
~ C·
M ce 3aBpo1Qa B PyrnJI. CocTaBeH e Ka61rneT 6e3 MHHHCT'bp-npe,ri;cep;aTeJI (1 IOJIH
Qtt
1881-23 IOHH 1882 r.), enc C'bCTaB, cornacyBaH c X11Tp0Bo. Tori! BKJIIO'IBa KOHcep-
m BaTOpM, 6e3napTMrirHM M pycKM o¢wQepw. B npaBMTeJICTBOTO BJIM3aT: reH. Bna,n;wMwp
nr KpwnoB - BOeHeH MMHMCT'bp (rro-K'bCHO ynpaBJIJIBalQ reH. Marlrop Jt1BaH JiecoBorlr M
l B
TMTYJIJIP reH. AneKcaH,n;op Kayrr6apc), feopm .>KeJIJI3KOB - MMHMCT'bp Ha ¢wHaHrnTe,
Ha
,n;-p KoHcTaHTMH Jt1pe'leK - MMHMCT'bp Ha Hapo,n;HoTo nporne~eHwe, feopr11 TeoxapoB
?l! - MMHMCTnp Ha npaBoco,n;11eTO, ,n;-p KoHCTaHTMH CToMJIOB - ynpaBJIJIBalQ MMHMcTep-
rm CTBOTO Ha B'bHillHMTe ,n;ena J.1 l13nOBe,n;aHJ.1JITa (TMTYJIJIP ,n;-p feoprw BnJIKOBJ.1'1), no,n;n.
ApHon,n; ¢oH PeMmrnreH - ynpaBJIJIBalQ MMHMCTepcrnoTo Ha B'bTpelllHMTe pa6oTM
(TMTYJIJIP fpwrop Ha'IOBM'I). QqeBM,n;Ha e poJIJITa Ha KOHcepBaTop1ne - e,n;MHCTBeHaTa
lB,
noJIMTM'leCKa ¢wrypa ,n;-p BnJIKOBM'I e CB'bp3atta c TPMYMBMparn Ha'IOBM'l-CToMJIOB-
M, fpeKoB, a CTOMJIOB ornaBJIBa crreTMTe npaBMTeJICTBeHa KaHQenapwJI M JIM'leH Ka6wHeT
p- Ha KHJI3a, J.1 B3eMa yqaCTMe B pa6oTaTa Ha MMHMCTepcKMJ.! C'bBeT.
ie. TiopBMTe CT'bnKM Ha npaBMTeJicTBOTo ca B ,n;yxa Ha KOHCTPYKTMBHM HOBOB'b-
~a
Be,n;eHMJI B pa3JIJ.1'1HJ.1 c¢epw Ha ynpaBJieHMeTO Ha CTpaHaTa. MMHMCTepCTBOTO Ha
B'bHillHMTe pa6oTM e npeyCTpoeHo no Mo,n;epeH eBponerlrcKM o6pa3eQ. Tino,n;ornopHa
n- e ,n;erlrHoCTTa M Ha BOeHHOTO se,n;oMCTBO . .>KaH,n;apMepMJITa no no,n;o6we Ha ABcTpMJI M
paHQMJI npeMMHaBa rro,n; pnKOBo,n;cTBOTo Ha BoeHHOTo MMHMCTepcTBO. Co3,n;a,n;eHa e
rn KOMMCMR, KOJ.!TO ,n;a pelllJ.1 OKOH'laTeJIHO 'IJ.1¢JIJ.1IllKMR Bonpoc. Jt13,n;a,n;eHJ.1 ca npaBMJia
R· 3a CTpoeHe Ha qacTHJ.1 crpa,n;M, KOeTO cnoMara 3a 3anO'IHaJIOTO Be'le nJiaHMpaHe Ha
ce rpa,n;oBeTe. PeopraHM3MpaHo e CTOJIM'IHOTO noJIMQerlrCKo ynpasneHwe. fpM)KJ.1 ce oT-
ra ,n;eJIJIT 3a caHMTapHoTo ,n;eno, 3a co,n;onpo113BO,D;CTBOTo. B 0611acTTa Ha o6pa3oBaHMeTo
ro npo¢. K. Jt1pe'leK M3pa6orna TaKa Heo6xo,n;MMMTe yqe6Hw nporpaM11 J1 ycrnBM 3a ne-
a· ,n;arorM'lecKMTe Y'IMJIM~a.
BnHI11Hono1111TJ1'1ecKaTa aKTHBHOCT Ha npaBMTeJICTBOTO xapMOHJ.13Hpa c Ta3M Ha
npe,n;xo,n;HMTe npam1TeJICTBa. B Ha'laJioTo Ha IOHM 1881 r. CTpaHaTa ycnJIBa ,n;a ce ocso-
Ill 60,n;11 OT 3ap;bJI)KeHMJ.1Ta cw K'bM 6apoH Xwplll, a ABcTpo-YHrapwJI ¢opMaJIHO npw-
3HaBa rrpaBOTO ii ,n;a pelllaBa Bbnpoca 3a Ha'IJ1Ha Ha eKcnnoaTaQMJI Ha co6CTseHMTe
cw )KeJie3on'bTHM JIMHMM. YcneI11HO ce npoTaKa Borrpoca 3a )KeJie3on'bTHaTa JIMHMJI
Baptta-Pyce. B KOHCeHcyc c PyMoHMR ce pa6oTM npoTJ1B noceraTeJICTBaTa Ha ABcTpo-
YHrapwJI no ,n;yttaBCKMR Bnrrpoc.
B Ha'laJIOTO Ha pe)KMMa Ha n'bJIHOMOlQMJITa TPMTe Herosw ¢aKTopa -KHJI3bT,
pycKMTe ,n;erlrQM M KOHcepBaTOp11Te ,n;erlrcrnaT B cornarne. ToBa oco6etto npoJIH'laBa
B MepKMTe 3a pa3npaBa c mr6epaJIMTe. Coe cneQMaJIHa 3an0Be,n; e 3a6paHeHo Hi:l ,JJ;p.
67
Pocuu,a AHze110Ba
UaHKOB 11 rr. CJiaBeWKOB p;a )f(11BeRT B TopHOBO 11JI11 B CTOJI11QaTa. 3aTOBa UaHKOB 113-
fotpa Pyce, a C1rnseti:KoB e B'bp;BopeH B TpRBHa, KaTo no-K'bCHO npeM11HaBa B lifaTO'IHa
PyMeJI11JI. KoM p;eti:cTBa~11JI Be'Ie oT0MaHcK11 3aKoH 3a ne'IaTa e 113p;ap;eHo p;on'bJIHe-
H11e, cnopep; KOeTo 3a 113p;asaHeTo Ha secTH11K ce 11311cKsa pa3perneH11e OT M11H11CTep-
CTBOTO Ha BoTpernH11Te pa60T11. TaKa m16epan11Te ca m1rneH11 OT ne'IaTHa nponaraHp;a
- cn11pa p;a 113JI113a a. "HeJaaurnMocm" - opraH Ha JlM6epanHaTa napT11JI.
CKopo Me)f(p;y pycK11Te p;e}IQ11 11 KOHCepBaTop11Te ce nORBJIBaT pa3HOrJiac11JI. Tio-
BOp; 3a TOBa p;asa )f(eJie3on'bTH11JI Bonpoc. KoHcepsaTop11Te nop;p;op)f(aT npoeKTa Ha
cppeHCKTa qrnpMa lllaTc6aH 3a cTpo11Tencrno Ha 6omapCKaTa )f(eJie30n'bTHa Mpe)l(a,
a X11Tposo 11 noJIKOBH11K PeMJI11HreH CTORT 3ap; pyCKaTa cp111pMa f 11Hc6ypr-CTpyBe.
CT11ra ce p;ornM, 'le pycKaTa 11 cppeHcKaTa cp11HaHcos111 rpyn11 3anO'IBaT napaJieJIHlll lll3-
CJiep;BaH11JI 3a CTpa>ITeJICTBOTO Ha 6onrapcKaTa )f(eJie3on'bTHa Mpe)f(a. Ep;HospeMeH-
Ho c TOBa BCe noBe'Ie y X1nposo paCTe Hep;osep11e K'bM KOHcepBaTop11Te. 3aTOBa TOH
3anO'IBa KOHTaKT11 c yMepeH11Te JIJ116epaJI11 11 Kp011 nJiaHOBe p;a 6op;aT np11BJie'IeH11 B
ynpaBJieH11eTO BMeCTO KOHCepBaTop11Te.
Te311 co611THJI C'bBnap;aT c nop;roTOBKaTa, CB'bp3aHa c yCTpoti:cTBOTO 11 cpyHKQH-
11Te Ha .Uop)f(aBHlllR C'bBeT. KHR3'bT 11 KOHcepBaTop11Te ce o6RBRBaT 3a Ha3Ha'IaeMOCT
Ha 'IJieHOBeTe Ha .Uop)f(aBH11R C'bBeT OT CTpaHa Ha KopoHaTa. J/fapa6oTeHlllJIT OT ,Uptt-
HOB npoeKT npep;BJll)f(,ll;a C'b'IeTaBaHe Ha KHR)f(eCKaTa BJiaCT c 1136opHOCT Ha ep;Ha qacT
OT 'IJieHoBeTe Ha .UC OT HaceJieHHeTo. B noll3a Ha npoeKTa ce 113Ka3BaT X11Tp0Bo 11
yMepeH11Te KOHcepBaTop11 OKOJIO T. J1KOHOMOB 11 T. EypMoB. Te ce Hap;RBaT Ha 6a3a
npoeKTa Ha .Up11HOB p;a 6op;e noCT11rHaT nOJilllTJll'IeCK11 KOMnpOM11C Me)f(p;y JI116epa1111
11 KOHcepBaTop11. KHJI)f(eCKo -KoHcepBaTlllBH11JI 6noK OTCT'bnBa 11 Ha 14 cenTeMBp11
1881 r. e ny6rr11KyBaH ycTaB'bT Ha .Uop)f(aBH11R C'bBeT B'b3 OCHOBa Ha npoeKTa Ha ,Up11-
HOB. ,Usa p;H11 no-K'bCHO e ny6n11KyBaH caMlllR YCTaB, onpep;eJIRLQ Heros111R c'bcTaB 11
npaBOMOLQ11R, KaTo no T0311 Ha'I11H ce np1rne)f(p;a B p;eti:cTB11e nopBaTa 11 Haw-rnaBHa
pecpopMa B p;yxa Ha 11CKaH11Te OT KHR3a n'bJIHOMOLQlllR.
Cnopep; ycrnsa ,Uop)f(aBH11JIT c'bBeT ce C'bCTOlll OT M11Hl1CTp11Te, ep;11H M11Tpono-
JI11T, 1136paH OT apx11epe11Te (M11H11CTp11Te 11 apxHepeR 11MaT pernaBaLQ mac caMo no
Bonpoc11, OTHarnLQ11 ce p;o pecopa 11M) 11 12 C'bBeTH11Q11, OT Ko11To 4 Ha3Ha'Iem1 ii 8
1136pa1rn. qrreHose Ha C'bBeTa MoraT p;a 6op;aT 6onrapcK11 nop;aH11Q11, HaBoprn11rr11 30
f0,!1;11H11 Ill 3aeMaJI11 B11Clll11 p;op)f(aBH11 11 C'bp;e6H11 ,ll;JI'b)f(HOCT11 . .Uop)f(aBH11JIT CbBeT
11Ma npaso p;a p;asa MHeH11e no BC11'IK11 Bonpoc11, BHaCRH11 OT npaB11TeJICTBOTO, 11a
113fOTBJI 11 o6C'b)f(,ll;a BC11'IK11 3aKOHonpoeKT11, p;a o6C'b)f(,ll;a BC11'IK11 ap;M11H11CTpaTlllBHll
Hapep;611 11 HOBOB'bBep;eHHJI, p;a np11eMa 11 pa3rJie)f(p;a BC11'IK11 onrraKsa1111R OT 'Iacrmr
11 )J;JI'b)f(H0CTH11 JI11Qa, p;a ,D;OKJiap;Ba Ha KHR3a crry'IaIHe, B K011TO ce HapyrnaBaT oc-
HOBH11Te 3aKOH11 Ha KHJI)f(eCTBOTO. 3a 1136opH11Te 'IJieHOBe Ha C'bBeTa ce B'bBe)l(gaT
p;sycTenem-111 1136op11.
KHR3 AneKcaHp;op B xop;a Ha 1136op11Te pernasa p;a noKa)f(e Ha Espana, 'le pe)l(J1·
M'bT e BHeC'bJI ycnoKOeH11e B cTpaHaTa. TaKa TOW npeMaxBa 11HcT11TyTa Ha "'Ipe3B11 1 -iaw-
1111Te KOM11cap11111 nop;K0Mucap11''. KoM TOBa ro nop;T11KBa 11 cpaKTa, 'le cera n116epamne
He ca ep;11HHH 11 no6ep;arn 3a KOHcepsaTop:111Te e c11rypHa. Ha npaKT11Ka yCTaHoBemrnr
pe)f(11M p;oBe)f(p;a p;o 3ap;on6o'IaBaHe Ha pa3p;soe1111eTo cpep; poKOBO,D;CTBOTO Ha DH6e-
panHaTa napT11R. Cnep; l ronu 1881 r. ce C'b3p;asaT ,[\Ba QeHTopa Ha napTHRTa - ep;mrn-
68
HOBA E"bflI'APCKA MCTOPMH (1878-1944)
RT B CTpaHaTa Haqeno c yMepem1Te m16epam1 Ha ,Up. l(aHKOB, a p;pynrnT B ITnoBp;:irn

Haqeno c HenpHMHpHMHTe 1rn6epaJIJ.1 Ha IT. KapaBeJioB, K'bM KOHTO ce npHc'bep;HHR-
Ba CnaBeJ:°1KOB. YMepeHHTe ce o6RBRBaT 3a B'b3CTaHOBRBaHe Ha KOHcn1TyQHRTa, HO
CMRTaT qe TOBa MO:>Ke p;a CTaHe J.1 nocpep;CTBOM yqacTJ.1eTO HM B ,U'bp:>KaBHJ.1R C'bBeT.
HenpHMHpHMHTe ca npoTHB pe:>KHMa J.1 yqacTHeTO Ha yMepeHHTe JIJ.16epaJIJ.1 B ,U'bp-
:>KaBHHR C'bBeT.
Ha 1 HOeMBpH 1881 r. ce npose:>Kp;aT J.136opH 3a ,U'bp:>KaBeH C'bBeT. Te 3aB'bpnrnaT
c no6ep;a 3a npHB'bp:>KeHJ.1QJ.1Te Ha yCTaHOBeHHR pe:>KJ.1M. I1pJ.1qJ.1HJ.1Te 3a TOBa TpH6Ba
p;a ce T'bpCRT He caMO B C'bp;e:riICTBJ.1eTO Ha BJiaCTTa J.1 ap;MJ.1HJ.1CTpau;J.1RTa, HO J.1 B rraCJ.1B-
HaTa TaKTHKa Ha JIH6epaJIHTe. ,Il;'I>p)f(aBHJUIT C'.hBeT e YTB'bpp;eH c YKa3 NQ 1077 OT 31
µ;eKeMspu 1881 r. 3a Hero npep;cep;aTeJI e Ha3HaqeH Top;op J1KOHOMOB 12, a 3a nop;npe-
p;cep;aTeJI ,II;. fpeKoB.
J136opHTe ca no6ep;a 3a KOHcepBaTopHTe, HO 3ap;'bJI6oqasaT nponrnopeq:11J.1Ta MM
c pycKHTe npep;CTaBHTeJIJ.1. B'b3 ocHoBa Ha J.136opHaTa CJ.1 no6ep;a Te J.13Ka3BaT :>KeJiaHHe
3a C'bCTaBRHe Ha XOMoreHeH KOHcepsanrneH Ka6J.1HeT, Hern;o cpern;y KOeTO ce o6RBRBaT
yMepeHHTe KOHcepBaTopn OKOJIO T. J1KOHOMOB, Ml1TponoJIJ.1T KJIHMeHT, T. EypMoB J.1
M. Eana6aHOB. ITornep;HHTe no pa3JIJ.1qm1 c'bo6pa:>KeHHR ca 3a pa36HpaTeJicTBO c DH-
6epaJIHaTa napTHR.
I1pHTJ.1CHaT OT pa3mrqHJ.1 cTpa1rn, KHR3 AneKcaHp;'bp I C'bCTaBR ,U'bp:>KaBHHR C'b-
BeT H e,n;HospeMeHHO c TOBa ysoJIHRBa PeMJIHHreH H nocTa B'bTperneH MMHHCTop e
nosepeH Ha fpHrop HaqosJ.1q. CTaBa RCHO, qe KOHcepsaTopHTe HMaT n'bJIHa no6ep;a.
3a TOBa p;onp:11narnT H HHCTPYKQI1J.1Te Ha HMnepaTOp AJieKcaHp;'bp III K'bM XHTposo
- ,n;a He rrpoTMBOp;e:rl!cTBa Ha KOHcepBaTOpHTe KaKTO no nOJII1TJ.1qecKJ.1, TaKa J.1 no )KeJie-
30n'bTHJ.1R B'bnpoc. Bc'brn;HocT TOBa ca ,n;BaTa npo6neMa, no KOHTO Tow HMa pa3JIJ.1qHJ.1
MHeHHR c KOHcepBaTopHTe.
12
To.a;op MKoHoMOB e po.a;eH Ha 10 cenr. 1835 B )KepasHa B ceMe11crno Ha CBeI11eHHK. IT'hp-
soHa<JanHo yqu s )KepasHa, a me}:I rosa s Pa3rpa.a; 11 Pyce (1848-1850). ITpe3 cne.}:IBaI1111re ro.a;1rn11
pa6orn Karo a6a.}:l:>Kl1R s Tynqa (1851-1855) 11 )KepasHa ( 1855-1858), 11po.}:l'bJ1:>Kasa 06pa3osaH11ero
rn B Cocp~rn 11 CnwseH. ITpe3 1861 3aMHHaBa 3a I.J;apwrpa.a;, K'h.a;ero e yq11ren 11 ARKOH Ha yH1rnrcKHR
apx11en11cK011 J/rorncp CoKoncK11. ITpe3 1865 3as'bpurna }:lyxosHa aKa.a;eM11J1 s K11es. Cne.a; 3asp'bI11a-
Hero rn s Ennrap11R VlKOHOMOB e yq11ren s lllyl\1eH (1865-1869) H Tynqa (1869-1871), a me)]; rosa
ceKperap Ha e11apxuJ1:cK11J1 C'bBer B Tyw-ra (1872-1878). VJ36paH e .}:la 11pe.}:lcrasnJ1sa Tyn'laHcKara o6-
Ill1!Ha Ha l.l;'hpKOBHO-Hapo.}:IHHR c'b6op B I.J;apnrpa)l; (1871 r.). 3a KparKo yqacrna B H3)l;aBaHero Ha en.
"l.J.umanuw,e" w pe}:laKnrpa B. "Typi1uR'', l13)l;asam1 s Uap1rrpa1J;. ITo speMe Ha PycKo-rypCKara soJ1:11a
(1877-1878) yqacrna B y11pasne1mero Ha rpa)l;a, a cne)l; Hetirnrn Kpat'r 3a KparKo e yq11n11I11eH HHrneK-
rop B'bB BapHa. Cne.a; cBHKBaHero Ha Y'!pe1J;11renHoro c'b6paH11e 11pe3 1879 T. VlKoHOMOB crasa e)l;11H
or BO)l;a<J11re Ha KoHcepsarwsHara 11apr11J1. Toti e )l;erryrar, oKpn:>KeH ynpaswren s CnwseH w Eyprac
(1879), MWHWCT'bp Ha B'bTpernrnITe pa6orn (1880), KMer Ha CocpwR (1880), OKp'b:>KeH y11paswren Ha
lllyMeH (1881). VIKOHOMOB n'hpBoHa'laJJHO 110/:IKpenR Pe:>KwMa Ha Il'b/JHOMOillWRTa 11 crasa npe)l;ce-
)l;aren Ha II BHC (1881) w Ha HOBOC'h3.}:la.a;eHwR .Ihp:>KaseH c'bser (1882). ITpe3 me)l;Balllwre ro)l;11Hw
VlKOHOMOB Ce C6JJW:>KaBa CyMepeHOTO KpWTIO Ha ITIT WyqacTBa B'bB BTOpOTO l1 TpeTOTO npaBWTfRCTBO
Ha ,[(p. I.J;aHKOB (1883-1884). ITpe3 1884 crasa pe)l;oseH qneH Ha EK,[(. ITo.}:IJJO:>KeH Ha npecne)l;BaH11J1
or npaswrencrsoro Ha Cr. CraM6onos, roti ce orrernR or 11onwrw-1ecKWJ1 :>KWBOT 11 ce npeMecrsa B
lllyMeH, K'b)l;ero yMwpa Ha 9 HOeMspw 1892 cne}:I HeycnerneH onwr 3a caMoy6wJ1:crso.
69
Pocu71a AHzeJiosa
O'!eBI-1:,I~Ho e, 'le KHR3 AneKcaH,Il'bp I ycrrenrno H3B'bpnrna ,Il'bp:>KaBeH rrpeBpaT 11

rrperne,I1Ba CBOHTe [\eJIH B pa3pe3 c MHOro OT IIOCTaHOBKHTe Ha T'bpHOBCKaTa KOHCT11-
TY1\l1R. ITocTerreHHO CTaBa RCHO, 'le ,I\Ba cpaKTopa 3arrnanrnaT ycTaHoBeHWR B CTpaHaTa
pe,II. Ha II'bpBo MRCTO CTOJ1 yrropwTaTa C'bIIpOTJ1Ba Ha JIJ16epaJIJ1Te, KOHTO l13,I\HfaT JI0-
3yHra 3a B'b3CTaHOBRBaHe Ha KOHCTl1TY1\l1RTa u wMaT rroMp'b:>KKaTa Ha nrnpoKH rnoe-
Be OT 6'bmapcKoTo o6~ecrno. OT .r1pyra cTpaHa B I1eTep6ypr ce nopa)l(,IlaT C'bMHemrn
,IlaJIH c IIO,I\KperraTa Ha pe)l(J1Ma Ha II'bJIHOMOll.IHRTa He e HarrpaBeH rpellleH XO,II.
ToBa Kapa p'bKOBO,IICTBOTO Ha KoHcepBaTHBHaTa rrapTHR rrpe3 rrepwo.r1a RHyap11-
Maw 1882 r. ,Ila BO,Ill1 rrperoBopw c yMepeHJ1Te JIJ16epaJIJ1 3a IIOCTJ!IraHe Ha KOMIIpOM11C
rroMe)l(,Ily HM. PoJIRTa Ha rrocpe,IIHHK e rroBepena Ha eK3apx J/Iocmp I. ITpece'!eHa TO'IKa
o6a'le He e HaMepeHa. KoHcepBaTopwTe B'bo6~e He BKJIIO'!BaT B'brrpoca 3a B'b3CTaHo-
BRBaHe Ha KOHCTl1TY1\HRTa. Jfa6epanuTe Ha ,D;p. UaHKOB II'bK B )l(eJiattweTo cu .r1a ce
IIOCTHrHe crropa3yMeHHe rrpe.r1naraT B'b3CTaHOBRBaHe Ha KOHCTl1TY1\HOHHHR pe)l(l1M,
C'b3,IlaBaHe Ha KOaJIHf\HOHeH Ka6wHeT, CBHKBaHe Ha OHC H H3MeHeHwe Ha KOHcnHy-
1\HRTa OT BHC. HerrpwMwpHMHTe, KOHTO ca TB'bp,Ilo 3a 3arra3BaHe Ha KOHCTHTY1\l1RTa
He l13JIJ13aT c KOHKpeTHa rrporpaMa J1 TOBa ,IlaBa B'b3MO)l(HOCT [\aHKOBHTe rrpHB'bp)!(e-
HJ11\l1 .r1a B3eMaT B mow p'b1\e l1HH1(HaTMBaTa. MwTwHrwTe w c'b6pamrnTa B cena w rpa-
,IIOBe B IIO,IIKperra Ha nporpaMaTa Ha UaHKOB cTaBaT BCeHapogHo rroBceMeCTHO ,I\Bl1-
)l(eHwe rrpoTHB pe)l(HMa Ha II'bJIHOMO~HRTa. Pe)l(J'lM'bT ce orrHTBa .r1a rrpoTwBogei'krna
- ,D;p. UaHKOB e HHTepHHpaH B'bB Bpa1(a, MacoBo ce YBOJIHRBaT rrpHB'bp)l(eHHf\HTe My,
C'bC 3aKOH ce 3aTpy,IIHRBa CBl1KBaHeTO Ha rrpoTeCTHl1 C'b6paHHR l1 Ml1Tl1HfH.
Kpi13aTa ce 3a,Il'bJI6o'!aBa u KHR3 AneKcaHg'bp I OTHOBO ce gorrHTBa go Pyc1111.
Ha 15 Maw 1882 r. Ha II'bT 3a ,D;apM~aT, Tow BHe3arrHo rrpoMeHR rrocoKaTa w OT fo1etta
3aMHHaBa 3a I1eTep6ypr. TaM ce cpe~a c pycKHR wMrrepaTop J1 ycrrRBa ga H3gewcrna
l13rrpa~aHeTo Ha ,IIBaMa pycKH reHepanu KaTO Ml1Hl1CTpl1. KHR3'bT ce 3aBp'b~a Ha 8
l0Hl1 It! Ha 23 C'bCTaBR HOBOTO rrpaBJ1TeJICTBO.
Ha 23 IOHH 1882 r. KHR)l(eCTBOTO OC'bMBa c npaBHTeJICTBo, ua11eno c pycKHJI
reuepan JleoHHA H. Co6onoB 13, KOiiITo e J1 B'bTpellleH MHHHCT'bp (23 IOHl1 1882-7
cerrT. 1883). B KaforneTa BJil13aT o~e: fp. Ha'IOBW'l - cpwHaHCOB Ml1HHCT'bp, ,D;. fpe·
KOB - rrpaBOC'b,IleH Ml1Hl1CT'bp, r. TeoxapoB - rrporneTeH Ml1Hl1CT'bp, g-p r. B'bJIKOBl1'1
- Ml1HJ1CT'bp Ha B'bHlllHHTe geJia l1 l13IIOBegaHJ1RTa l1 ynpaBJIRBa~ Ml1HJ1CTepcrnoro
Ha o6~ecrneHHTe crpag11, 3eMegeJIHeTO u T'bproBl1RTa, 11 reH. AneKcaHg'bp Kayn6apc
- BOeHeH Ml1Hl1CT'bp. B cpaBHeH11e c EpHpoT 11 PeMJIHHreH Co6oneB e rro-JIOB'bK 11 ce
orr11TBa ga C'b'leTae c ycrrex ,IleMaronrnTa c OTKpHTl1 perrpecu11.
13 JieoHJlllJ; Co6orres e po1J;eH Ha 9 IOHJ.11844 r. B TopoHeQKl1 ye31J;, PycmI. I1pe3 1868 r. 3aBopnrna
Hl1KOJiaeacKaTa aKalJ;eMl1JI Ha fettepaJIHl1JI llla6 B 11eTep6ypr, PyrnJI. 3aeMa BCI1'1Kl1 lllaTHl1 ocjim-1ep·
CKJ.1 AJI'b)l(HQCTJ.1 B pycKaTa apMI1Jl. B XOIJ;a Ha PycKo-rypcKaTa BOJl!Ha (1877-1878) e 111a6eH ocji111-1ep B
1J;eC!cTBall1aTa pycKa apMI1JI B o'bJirapI1JI. ITo-K'bCHo e Ha'laJIHl1K Ha KaHQenapI1JITa Ha KHJI3 qepKacKU,
yrrpaBJIJIBalll HOBOOCB0601J;eHl1Te 6'bmapCKl1 3eMl1. IIo MOJI6a Ha KHJI3 EaTeH6epr B rrepl10IJ;a 1882-
1883 r. e Ml1Hl1CT'bp-rrpe1J;Ce1J;aTen Ha o'bmapl1JI, Ml1Hl1CT'bp Ha B'bTperrrnMTe pa6orl1 l1 Ml1Hl1crop Ha
cpI1HaHCl1Te. II01J;aBa OCTaBKa B 3HaK Ha HeC'brJiaCJ.1e c IIOJil1Tl1KaTa, rrpoBe))(IJ;aHa OT KHJI3a, l1 ce 3a-
Bp'bll.la B Pyrn.11. aarnp e Ha TpJAa ,,K'hM Haw-HOBaTa l1cTOpI1JI Ha o'bmapl1R" (1886 r.). YMI1pa Ha 13
OKT. 1913 r. B TopoHeQKl1 yeJIJ;.
HOBA E'bflI'APCKA J1CTOPJ1JI (1878-1944)
KaforneT'bT no;rtJ\'bp)Ka Pe)K11Ma Ha n'bJIHOMOil\l1RTa - TOBa e ocHOBHaTa xapaKTe-

p11cT11Ka Ha B'bTpenrnaTa MY norr11T11Ka. Ep;HoBpeMeHHO c TOBa npamnerrcTBOTO B'b3-
CTaHOBRBa p;eti:HoCTTa Ha Hapop;HoTo cn6pamre M npeMaxBa QeH3yparn Bnpxy ne'Ia-
Ta. BnB B'bHUIHaTa no1111TMKa npMopMTeT ce p;aBa Ha pa3BJ1TMeTo Ha 6nrrrapo-pycKMTe
OTHOllleHMR B noJIJ1TWieCKJ1 M MKOHOMJ1'IeCKM acneKT. BmK,[\aHMRTa Ha reHepamne
C'bBnap;aT p;o roJIRMa CTeneH c nporpaMaTa Ha KOHcepBaTOPMTe, YtJaCTBall.\M B npaBM-
TeJICTBOTO. ETo 3all\O npe3 nnpBMTe MeceQM Ha ynpaBrremre Me)Kp;y TRX C'bll\eCTBy-
Ba ep;MHOp;eti:CTBMe. ITpMeT e HOB l136MpaTeJieH 3aKOH, onpep;eJIRil\ MMyll\eCTBeHMR M
o6pa30BaTeJIHMR QeH3. qMHOBHJ1QMTe ce JIJ1lliaBaT OT npaBO Ha M36MpaeMOCT, HaMa-
JIRBa ce 6poRT Ha p;enyrnn1Te, MaHp;aT'bT MM ce yBerrwiaBa Ha rneCT rop;MHM. KHR3'bT
3ana3Ba npaBoTo CM p;a Ha3Ha'IaBa nop;npep;cep;aTeJIR M npep;cep;aTeJIR Ha Hapop;HoTo
cn6paHMe. IJ;errTa Ha 3aKoHa e p;a ce orpaHwrn p;ocT'bn'bT Ha rrM6eparrMTe p;o BrracTTa.
Pe3yrrTaT'bT OT HeroBoTo np11eMaHe e nnpBaTa no6ep;a Ha KoHcepBaTop11Te B III OHC.
!ifa6op11Te ca npoBep;eH11 npe3 HOeMBp11 1882 r. no HOB.HR 3aKoH, np.HeT OT ,D;C. HaMa-
rreH e 6poRT Ha p;enyrnnne - M36paH11 ca 47 Hapop;Hl1 npep;CTaB11Te1111. ,D;enyrnT11Te
3acep;aBaT B crpap;aTa Ha M'b)KKaTa rMMHa3.HR B Cocp11R. TinpBaTa pep;oBHa cecMR e
OTKp11Ta Ha 10 p;eKeMBp.H 1882 r. 11 ce npep;cep;aTerrcrna OT M.HTponorr.HT C11MeoH Bap-
HeHCKM M DpecrraBcK11.
B xop;a Ha pa6ornrn MY ca np11eT11 pep;vrQa 3aKOHJ1 - 3aKOH'bT 3a Tep11rnp11arrHo-
ap;MMHVICTpaT11BHOTO p;e11eH11e, 3aKOH'bT 3a 'IJ1HOBHMQV!Te, 3aKOH'bT 3a npeo6pa3yBaHe
Ha HaTypaJIHJ1R p;eCRT'bK B nap11'IeH p;aH'bK, 3aKOH 3a pa3BJ1TJ1e Ha pop;HaTa npoMJ1lll-
JieHOCT, 3aKOH 3a 0611\l1HJ1Te J1 rpap;CKOTO ynpaBJieH11e J1 np.
0THOllleHlrnTa Me)Kp;y reHeparr11Te J1 KOHcepBaTop11Te pR3KO ce BJIOIIIaBaT B'bB
Bp'b3Ka c pa3J1CKBaHJ1RTa no np11op1t1TeT11Te B )Kn cTpovrTerrcTBO. KoHcepBaTopvrTe
HaCTORBaT EnmapMR nnpBo p;a H3n'bJIHJ1 3ap;'bJI)KeHMRTa CM no EepmrHCKHR p;oroBop
- CTpOe)l(a Ha OTCe'IKaTa IJ;apM6pop;-BaKape11, KORTO p;a R CB'bp)Ke C'bC 3anap;Ha EBpo-
na. PycKHTe reHepa1111 HaCTORBaT 3a npep;11MCTBO Ha ,D;yHaBcKaTa )KeJie3HMQa, 3a oc11-
rypRBaHe Ha Bp'b3KMTe c PyrnR. Pa3Hornac11J.1Ta B Ka6MHeTa npMHy)l(p;aBaT JI. Co6orreB
M Kayrr6apc p;a T'bpCRT C'bTPYAHM'lecrno c 11116eparr11Te.
0THOllleHMRTa Me)Kp;y MHHJ1CTpMTe-KOHcepBaTopM M pycKMTe reHepa1111 npop;'bJI-
)l(aBa p;a ce J130CTpR M crrep; 3aKpMBaHeTo Ha nnpBaTa cec11R Ha TpeToTo OHC Ha 13
cpeBpyapM 1883 r. KoHcpJI11KT'bT OTHOCHO M3,[\p'b)KKaTa Ha p;paryHCKMR KOpnyc, MHTep-
HMpaHeTo Ha MMTponorr11T MMrreT11ti: 3aB'bprnBa c no6ep;a Ha reHeparrMTe. DpM TOBa
noJIO)l(eHMe KOHcepBaTopMTe HanyCKaT npaBMTeJICTBOTO - Ha 28 cpeBpyap11 1883 r. e
oTcTpaHeH CTOMJIOB, a crrep; ToBa fpeKOB 11 Ha'IOBM'I.
feHeparr11Te KOHQeHTpMpaT QRJiaTa noJIJ1TJ1'IeCKa BJiaCT B CBOJ1 pnQe. Ha MRCTOTO
Ha HanycHaJIMTe KOHcepBaTopM Ha 3 MapT 1883 r. ca Ha3HatieHM He MMHWcTpw, a ynpa-
BJIRBall\W MMHMCTepcrna ToBa ca ,D;MMMT'bp Arypa - ynpaBJIRBall\ MwH11cTepcTBOTO
Ha Hapop;HoTo npoCBell\eHMe, KHR3 M11xaM11 XMJIKOB - ynpaBJIRBall\ MwHMCTepcTBO-
TO Ha 0611\WTe crpap;w, 3eMep;e11MeTo 11 T'bproBMRTa, K11p1t1aK IJ;aHKOB - ynpaBJIRBall\
MMHMCTepcrnoTo Ha B'bHlllHJ1Te p;erra w w3noBep;aH11RTa, HecTop MapKOB - ynpaBJIR-
Ball\ MMHWCTepcTBOTO Ha B'bTpernHMTe pa6oTw. MarrKo no-K'bcHo T. EypMoB nae.Ma
MMHMCTepcTBOTO Ha cpMHaHCWTe.
71
Pocw.~a AH2e11oaa
KaforneTbT ce npeBpbll\a B ocHOBHa onacHOCT 3a KHR3a. 3a .r1a cTa6wmnwpa no-
An. naTeH6epr OTHOBO TbpCl1 noMO~Ta Ha pycKl1R l1MnepaTop. B
3l1Ql1l1Te Cl1, KHR3
Ha'fanoTo Ha anpwn 1882 r. KHR3bT HanycKa obnrapwR u npe3 Uapwrpa.r1, EpycanwM,
ATwHa u UeTHHe ce oTnpaBR KbM PycuR, 3a .r1a Y'IaCTBa B Tbp)!(eCTBaTa no ocpwQwan-
HaTa KopoHaQHR Ha AneKcaH,Ilbp III.
Tio3l1Ql1RTa Ha KHR3a ce BnolliaBa u OT 3ano'fHanaTa .r1wnnoMaTw-1ecKa aTaKa cpe-
~y obmapwR. Me)!(,Ily KHR)!(eCTBOTO u OcMaHcKaTa UMnepuR no TOBa BpeMe HMa
MHO)!(eCTBO cnopHM Bbnpocw - 3a BaKocpCKJ1Te l1MOTJ1, ,[laHbKa, co6cTBeHOCTTa Ha
TypcK11Te 6e)!(aHQM w .r1p. J1Ma onarnocT u 3a C'b~ecTByBaHeTo Ha nbmapcKaTa eK3ap-
x11R B Uap11rpa.r1. ITpecToRT Ha 6bnrapcKl1R KHR3 He cnoMara 3a pa3pelliaBaHeTo MM
u He HaManRBa Hanpe)!(eH11eTo B 6bmapo-TypcKl1Te OTHOllieHHR. He noCT11ra ycnex11
11 npw noce~eH11eTo cu B ATwHa u UeTwHe. ABcTpo-YHrapwR u fepMaHHR ca nponrn
l1Hl1Ql1aTl1BaTa Ha KHR3a 3a 6anKaHCKO c6nu)!(aBaHe.
Ha 9 Matt 1883 r. KHR3 AneKcaH,Ilbp I np11cTura B MocKBa. Ha npaKTHKa PyrnR
ce npeBp'bll\a B nnaQ.r1apM 3a pelliaBaHe Ha BbnpocwTe 3a 6bnrapcKoTo ,Ilbp)!(aBHo yc-
TpoI1cTBO u ynpaBneH11e. TyK e .r1eneraQ11R Ha Hapo,IIHOTO Cb6paHwe, Ha'feno c npe11-
ce.r1aTenR M«Tponon11T C11MeoH BapHeHcK11 .r1a 3a~J.1TaBa Kay3arn Ha KOHcepBaTopme
u KHR3a. ,UenyTaQHR OT qneHOBe Ha Cocp11I1cKwR rpa.r1cKw cbBeT, Ha'feno c KMeTa H11-
Kona CyKHapoB B no.r1Kpena Ha nw6epan11Te Cb~O e TYK. IT0.r1 pa3nH'fHl1 npe.r1no311
B PycuR ca yrrpaBnRBa~wTe Ml1Hl1cTepcTBa K. UaHKOB, T. EypMOB u KHR3 X11nKoB.
T03l1 nbT pyCKaTa .r111nnoMaQl1R OTKa3Ba .r1a no.r1Kpenw wcKaHeTo Ha 6bnrapcKl1R BJia-
.r1eTen reH. EpHpoT .r1a ce 3aBbpHe B obnrapwR u OTHOBO .r1a noeMe BnacTTa. B CoqmR
e KOMaH,IIMpoBaH pycKHHT .r1wnnoMaT MoHMH, KOMTO no,I1KpenH Ka611HeTa. Ha KHH3a e
OTKa3aH op,IleHbT "CBeTl1 AH,Ilpeft'', a TOM OT CBOR CTpaHa He npueMa no-ManKO npec-
Tl1)!(Hl1R op.r1eH ''An. HeBcK11''.
Cne.r1 Tp11Mece'fHO OTC'bCTBHe Ha 12 ronw 1883 r. AneKcaH,Ilbp Ice 3aBpb~a B Co-
cp«R u npaBu nocne,[IHH CT'bnKw 3a cnacRBaHe Ha nono)!(eH11eTo. ITo HeroBo wcKaHe or
npaBHTencTBoTo e oTcTpaHeH r. TeoxapoB u e 3aMeHeH c XpwcTo CTORHOB. 3a 6n11-
rapcK11 .r1wnnoMaTH'feCKl1 areHT B ITeTep6ypr e Ha3Ha'feH K. CTounoB, HO pycK11Te BJia-
CTl1 OTKa3BaT ,[la ro npweMaT. Bb306HOBRBaT ce KOHTaKTl1Te Me)!(,Ily KOHcepBaTopttre
u yMepeHwTe nu6epanu. Ha 8 aBrycT 1883 r. B ,IIOMa Ha UaHKOB ce no.r1n11cBa "Corna·
rneH11e 3a noMwpeH11e Ha ,[\BeTe napT11w", no.r1nwcaHO OT ,Up. UaHKOB l1 rp. Ha'fOBl1q.
0cHOBHJ1Te TO'fKl1 B CbrJiallJeHMeTO Bl13l1paT Bb3CTaHOBRBaHe Ha KOHCTl1TYQl10HHl1R
pe)!(MM KaTo ce cB11Ka BHC, 3a .r1a ce npepa6oTw KOHCTHTYQMRTa no l13fOTBeH OT npa·
Bl1TencTBOTO npoeKT. ITpe,IIBH)!(,[la ce ccpopMwpaHe Ha Koanl1Ql10HeH Ka6wHeT c paB·
HO 'fl1CJIO npe.r1cTaBwTen11 OT ,IIBeTe napTww. Ha 12 aBrycT B KHR)!(eCTBOTO npwcT11ra
HOBHRT .r1wnnoMaTw'feCKl1 areHT Ha PycwR A. C. MoHHH, KOMTO wMa l1HCTPYKQl1H or
ITeTep6ypr B non3a Ha Bb3CTaHOBRBaHeTo Ha KOHCTl1TYQHOHHl1R pe)!(J1M. Toft Bep;Hara
ce CBbp3Ba c nl16epam1Te l1 o.r106pRBa nOCTHrHaTOTO cnopa3yMeHJ1e.
3a KHR3a l1 KOHcepBaTop11Te CTaBa RCHO, qe e,[ll1HCTBeHl1R J13XO,lJ; OT oneKaTa Ha
pycK1ne reHepanl1 l1 MoHHH e npeMaxBaHeTo Ha nbJIHOMO~l1RTa 11 nocT11raHe Ha KoM·
npoMJ1C c yMepeHJ1Te JIJ16epan11. Toft e nocTJ1rHaT Bep;ttara rnep; OTKpl1BaHeTo Ha 113-
BbHpe,o;HaTa cernR Ha III OHC. Cnopa3yMem1eTo BKJIIO'fBa cnep;Hl1Te nyttKTOBe: B'JJ3-
HORA E'hJifAPCKA J1CTOPJ1JI (1878-1944)
CTaHOBRBaHe Ha KOHCTi1TYQI1UITa, 3aKp:irnaHe Ha .D;op)f(aBHl1R C'bBeT, pa3TYPRHe Ha III

OHC rnep; KaTo YTBopp;u rrpoMRHaTa Ha KOHCTl1T~UJITa, l13MeHeHueTo p;a 6op;e B'bBe-
AeHo CJieA Tpu roAUHH, KaTo AOToraBa ocTaHe B cuna TopHOBCKaTa KOHCTl1TYQl1R.
Ha 6 cenTeMBpu 1883 r. KH>I3'bT o6>IB>IBa perneHueTo cu Aa B'b3CTaHOBl1 TopHoB-
cKaTa KOHCTI1TYQH>I rnep; KaTO Hapop;HOTO Co6paHJ1e BHece B He>I H3BeCTHJ1 rrorrpaBKJ1.
CnyqunoTo ce npe3 aBrycT u cerrTeMBpH 1883 r. 11Ma H>IKOJIKO ocHOBHl1 nornep;crnuR.
KHR)f(eCKUTe TI'bJIHOMOI.QU>I u rrp11eT11Te rnep; arrpun 1881 r. aHTl1KOHCTl1TYQl10HHl1 3a-
KOH11 npop;'bJI)f(aBaT p;a ca B Cl1Jia. PycKUTe reHepaJIJ1 ca OTCTpaHeHu OT yrrpaBJieHUeTO
Ha CTpaHaTa J1 UM e OTHeTa B'b3MO)f(HOCTTa 3a aKTJ1BHO C'bTPYAHJ/l'·IeCTBO c Henp11MJ1-
p11M11Te JI116epan11, HO no T03J1 Ha'IJ1H pyxBa OKOH'IaTeJIHO J1 p;oBepueTO K'bM 6oJirap-
CKJ1>I KHR3 B IleTep6ypr. Bo3CTaHOB>IBaHeTo Ha TopHoBcKaTa KOHCTl1TYQl1R 03HaMe-
HyBa II'bJieH Kpax Ha KH>I)f(eCKJ1Te acrrupaQJ1H. BMeCTO p;a ycrroKOJ1 IIOJIO)KeHUeTO B
CTpaHaTa u p;a yKperru TpoHa cu EaTeH6epr rroCTura T'bKMO o6paTHOTO. Ila BpeMe Ha
pe)KJ1Ma Ha II'bJIHOMO~J1>ITa HefOBOTO yqaCTue B p;op)KaBHl1Te p;ena He p;oHarn IIOJI3a
Ha KH>I)f(eCTBOTO. IlpOTHBopequ>JTa Me)Kp;y rron11T11'IecK11Te cumr ce 3ap;on6o'IaBaT,
a OTCT'bTI'Il1BOCTTa Ha KH>I3a rrpu pernaBaHeTO Ha B'bHllIHOIIOJIJ1Te'IeCKJ1Te rrpo6JieMJ1,
'IURTO QeJI e p;a MY crreqenu B'bHWHa rrop;Kperra B 6op6aTa 3a yBeJiuqaBaHe Ha rrpepora-
Tl1Bl1Te, caMo ynecH>IBa HaTucKa Ha roneMHTe eBporre1kK11 p;op)KaBu Bopxy Eonrapu>I.
KaKTO OT BoTpernHu cunu, TaKa u OT B'bHllIHl1 3aIIO'IBa p;a ce o6C'b)f(p;a Borrpoca 3a oc-
TaBaHeTo MY Ha 6onrapcKl1R rrpecToJI. Ilopap;u pa3KJiaTeHHTe cu rro311~1111 EaTeH6epr
e rrpuHyp;eH p;a ce 3ap;oBOJIJ1 c IIOJIO)KeHJ/!eTO Ha KOHCTl1TYQl10HeH MOHapx.
Ep;Ha OT Ba)l(Hl1Te rrornep;l1Ql1 OT Kpl13aTa 1881-1884 r. e rrperpymrpaHeTO Ha
IIOJil1Tl1'IecK11Te cunu B CTpaHaTa. HeycrrernHH>IT orruT c Pe)Kl1Ma Ha II'bJIHOMOI.Ql1RTa
ce oTpa3>IBa Haii-Te)KKO Ha KoHcepBaTUBHaTa rrapTu>I, queTo BJIM>IHUe p>I3KO crrap;a.
Pa3CTpoeHa opraH113aQUOHHO, TR rrpecTaBa p;a urpae aKTUBHa pon>I B rroJIHTl1'IeCKl1>I
)KMBOT Ha EomapuR. Ilo BpeMe Ha pe)f(UMa ropH11R cnoJ1: Ha cpep;HaTa 6yp)f(Oa311>I yK-
perrBa MaTepuaJIHO u ce p;o6JIJ1)KaBa p;o ep;paTa 6yp)f(oa3J1>I. ToBa p;aBa B'b3MO)KHOCT Ha
yMepeHUTe eJieMeHTJ/! OT KoHcepBaTJ1BHaTa J1 nu6epaJIHaTa rrapnrn p;a ce o6ep;UHRT B
oTp;enHa napTu>I rrop; poKOBop;cTBoTo Ha .JJ:paraH UaHKOB, KOiiTo 113pa3>IBa J/IHTepecu-
Te Ha 3aMorBaI.QaTa ce cpep;Ha 6yp)f(oa3H>I. Kpal1H11Te n116epan11, Hal.Jeno c II. KapaBe-
JIOB OCTaBaT 113pa3J1TeJIJ1 Ha HHTepecuTe Ha orpoMHa 'IaCT OT HaCeJieHUeTO - p;pe6HaTa
u qacT OT cpep;HaTa 6yp)f(Oa3HR. C nornep;oBaTeJIHaTa cu u 6e3KOMnpoMHCHa 6op6a
3a Il'bJIHO B'b3CTaHOB>IBaHe Ha KOHCTl1TYQMRTa Te np11p;o611BaT HaH-Cl1JIHO BJI1i!RHJ1e B
CTpaHaTa.
5. Koa.1\HgHoHHO ynpaB.l\eHHe Ha AH6epaA11 11 KOHcepBaTop11
Ha 7 cerrTeMBp:u 1883 r. KHR3 ArreKcaHp;op I Ha3HaqaBa Koarrm~woHHO

rrpaB11Tencrno, Hal.Jeno c ,IJ;parau U:auKOB (7 cenT. - 31p;eK.1883). B Hero BJil13aT: .JJ:p.
UaHKOB - MMHHCTop-rrpep;cep;aTeJI 11 MMHMCTop Ha B'bHllIHUTe pa60T11, fp. Ha'IOBH'I
- MHHUCT'hp Ha cp11HaHc11Te, M. Eana6aHoB -MMHUCTop Ha B'bHllIH11Te pa60T11, T. :V1Ko-
HOMOB - MMHl1CTop Ha 3eMep;enueTo, ToproBMRTa 11 06I.QecTBeH11Te crpap;u, .JJ:. Mon-
73
Pocu4a AH2e11osa
JIOB - MHHHCT'bp Ha npoCBe~eHHeTo 11 K. CToHJIOB - MHHHCT'bp Ha npaBOC'b,LIHeTo. 3a

npe.r:1ce.r:1aTeJI Ha III OHC e H36paH ;Q. fpeKOB. I1pe.r:1 Ka6HHeTa CTORT 3a pa3pernett11e
,LIBe Ba)KHH 3a.r:1aqJ11: .r:1a npoKapa npe3 Hapo,LIHOTO C'b6pam1e KOHBeHQHRTa 3a oKyna-
QHOHHHR ,Ll'bJir K'bM PycMR M KOHBeHQHRTa 3a noCTpORBaHe Ha )KeJie30n'bTHaTa JIHHl1R
Uapvi6po.r:1-BaKapen H .r:1a HanpaBH )KeJiamITe or KHR3a H3MeHeHHR B KOHCTHTYQHRTa.
0c'b3HaBattKH TPY.LIHOCTHTe npe.r:1 npaBHTeJICTBOTO, UaHKOB ce B'b3nOJI3Ba OT cs11-
KaH0To Ha H3B'bHpe,LIHa cernR III OHC. J136paHo no BpeMe Ha n'bJIHOMO~HRTa To 611
rne,L1Bano .r:1a 6'b,L1e pa3nycHaTo cne.r:1 B'b3cTaHOBRBam~To Ha KOHCTHTYQHRTa. B'bnpeK11
TOBa UaHKOB pa3q11Ta Ha Hero .r:1a 6'b,LlaT npoKapaHH ,LIBeTe KOHBeHQJ1l1. He cnyqat'.rno
np11eMaHeTo HM 11Ma cpopMaJieH xapaKTep.
He,LIOBOJICTBOTO Ha HenpHM11p11MHTe n116epanH OT KOMnpoM11ca Ha ;Qp. I.J;aHKoB
npo,Ll'bJI)KaBa ,Lia K11n11. 3aToBa UaHKOB npaB11 oTCT'bnKH 11 JiaB11pa. Ha 27 cenTeMBp11
1883 r. HapO,LIHOTO c'b6paH11e rnacyBa yKa3 3a aMHMCTHR Ha OC'b,LleHHTe no non11rn-
qecK11 npwrnHM. E,LIHOBpeMeHHO c TOBa Ha q11HOBHJ1QHTe ce 3a6paH.HBa .r:1a yqacTBaT
B MHTHHrH 3a o6c'b)K,LlaHe .r:1enaTa Ha npaB11TeJICTB0To. Ha 19 cenTeMBpH c. r e pa3-
TypeHo HapO,LIHOTO OTI'bJiqeHHe. Ila J1HJ!IQJ1aTJ1Ba Ha KOHcepBaTJ1BHJ1R .r:1enyTaT n11-
Ml1T'bp AHeB e np11eTo npe,L1JIO)!(eH11eTo, cnope.r:1 KoeTo KOMaH,LIBaHeTo Ha apMMRTa ce
npe,LIOCTaBR Ha KHR3a Ka TO B'bpXOBeH Ha'laJIHl1K Ha 6'bnrapCKHTe B'bOp'b)KeHJ.1 CJ1Jil1, a
p'bKOBO,LICTBOTO Ha BOeHHaTa a,LIMl1HJ1CTpaQJ1R J1 Ha BOeHHJ1R 6JO,Ll)KeT ce B'b3Jiara Ha
BOeHHMR MMHHCT'bp. ToBa npe,Lll13BJ1KBa HOBa KpM3a B OTHorneHMRTa c Pyorn. 3aroBa
Ha 7 OKTOMBp11 1883 r. 3a IleTep6ypr 3aM11HaBa MapKo Eana6aHOB no,LI npe.r:1rror .ria
3aHece paT11cpm~MpaHaTa KOHBeHQHR 3a J13nJia~aHe Ha OKynaQHOHHHR ,Ll'bllf. J1cnrn-
CKaTa QeJI e .r:1a yBepM ynpaBJIRBa~MTe B Pyc11R B yc11JIMRTa Ha npaBl1TeJicTBOTo .ria
HOpMaJIJ13Mpa o6CTaHOBKaTa B KHR)KeCTBOTO. He3aBJ1CJ1MO OT TOBa Ha 12 OKTOMBp11 c.
r ca OT30BaHM ,LIBaMaTa Haw-npe,L1aH11 Ha KHR3a pycKH ocpHQep11 -reH. a,LIIOTaHT J.1. Jle-
coBow J1 cpnMreJI-a,LIIOTaHT IloJI3MKOB. B OTrOBop KHR3'bT J.13,LlaBa 3an0Be,L1, c KORTO Ha
MRCTOTO Ha nonK. Pe.r:111rep B ynpaBnem1eTo Ha BoeHHOTO MMHMcTepcTBO e Ha3Ha'lett
noJIK. KoTeJIHJ1KOB, OT KHR)KeCKaTa CBJ1Ta ce OTCTpaHRBaT BCJ1'1KJ1 pycKM ocpMQep11, a
36 6'bnrapcK11 ocp11QepM Ha yqeH11e B Pyc11R ca OT30BaHJ1. Pycu.H T'bpcM pernem1e Ha
BOeHHJ1R B'bnpoc B CKJIIO'IBaHe Ha BOeHHa KOHBeHQJ1R. TR e no,L1nJ1CaHa Ha 10 HOeMBpll
1883 r. J1 ype)!(,Lla B'bnpoca 3a cpyHKQJ1J1Te Ha BOeHHJ1R MJ1HJ1CT'bp J1 noJIO)KeHJ1eTO Ha
pycKMTe ocp11QepM B 6onrapCKaTa apMMR. Cnope.r:1 HeR BoeHHMRT MMHMCT'bp ce Ha·
3Ha'laBa OT KHR3a c'bc c'brnacMeTo Ha pycKMR MMnepaTop, npoMeHM B'bB BoeHHOTO
MJ1HJ1cTepcTBO MoraT .r:1a ce npaBRT caMo c'bc c'brnacMeTo Ha MJ1Hl1CT'bpa J1 Ha M11·
Hl1CTepCKJ1R C'bBeT, pycKMTe ocpMQepM ce nO,Ll'IJ1HRBaT Ha MJ1HJ1CT'bpa, Ha 6'bnrapcKl!Te
3aKOHJ1 J1 Hape,L16M, 3a6paH.HBa J1M ce yqacTJ1e BbB BbTpelllHOTIOJil1TJ1qecKJ1Te pa6oTll
Ha cTpaHaTa. I10.r:1n11cBaHeTo Ha cornarneH11eTo e ycnex 3a PycMR, Tbtt KaTo TR 3ana3Ba
KJIIO'IOBJ1Te CJ.1 n03HQJ1J1 B 6bnrapcKaTa apMHR.
Ha npe,LleH nnaH H3JIH3a Hatt-Ba)KHaTa 3a,Lla'la - J13MeHeHHeTo Ha KOHCTJ1TYI.111·
RTa. Ila T03l1 Bbnpoc npoT11Bope'IJ1RTa B JIH6epanHaTa napnrn ce 3a,LlbJI6oqasaT 11
3annarnBaT c pa3QenneH11e. 3a .r:1a 1136erHaT TOBa, UaHKOB npe.r:1nara npaB11TeJicTB0To
.r:1a cna311 06e~aH11eTo c11 KaTo rnacyBa 3a H3MeHeHHRTa, a n116epamne .r:1enynr1111a
ro npoBaJIRT.
74
HOBA E'bflI'APCKA J1CTOPJ1H (1878-1944)
B HaBe1:1epweTo Ha rraprraMeHTapHHTe 3acep;aHt1R e Jit1KBt1p;t1paH ,lJ;op)J(aBHl1R c'b-

BeT. PerneHo e crrep; rrpweMaHeTo Ha l13MeHeHl1RTa KOHcepBaTop11Te p;a HarrycHaT rrpa-
Bl1TeJICTBOTO 11 ,JJ;p. UaHKOB p;a cocTaB11 xoMoreHeH n116eparreH Ka6wHeT. 3acep;aHl1RTa
Ha HC ca rrop;HoBeH11 Ha 14 HOeMBp11 1883 r. frracyBaHw ca pep;m~a 3aKOHl1 - 3a rre-
1:1aTa, l13611paTeJieH 3aKOH, 3a p;aH'bKa "oKTpoa" 11 aKQl13a Ha TIOTIOHa 11 KpaT'bK 3aKOH
3a pa3Bl1Tl1e Ha rrpoMwrnrreHOCTTa, KOMTO nocTaHOBRBa yHwcpopMHTe Ha cTpa)J(ap11Te,
BOMH11Ql1Te 11 H.lIKOl1 CJIY)J(l1Tem1 p;a ce illl1.lIT OT MeCTHl1 B'bJIHeHl1 rrrraTOBe.
3aKOHorrpoeKT'bT 3a t13MeHeHt1e Ha KOHCTt1TYQl1.lITa e BHeceH 3a o6C'b)J(,ll;aHe Ha 5
p;eKeMBp11 1883 r. 3acep;aHt1eTO e 3aKp11TO. 3aKOHonpoeKT'bT e ,ll;OKJia)WaH OT ,JJ;. f pe-
KOB 11 Bep;Hara e np11eT c 37 rnaca. ToJ1: npep;Bl1)1(,ll;a cnep;HHTe l13MeHeH11R: HaMaJIRBa
ce 6poRT Ha p;enyTaT11Te B Hapop;HOTO co6paH11e, w3611paTeJIHO rrpaBo ce p;aBa caMo
Ha rr11Qa, rrpiue)J(aBa~11 Hep;BmI<t1Ml1 l1My~ecTBa, C'b3p;aBa ce BTopa KaMapa c'bc 3a-
KOHop;aTeJIHl1 11 ap;Ml1Ht1CTpaTl1BHl1 rrpaBa, 6pORT Ha Ml1Hl1CTepcTBaTa TpR6Ba p;a ce
onpep;eJil1 C'bC CTieQl1aJieH 3aKOH 11 p;p. vfaMeHR Ce TMTJiaTa Ha KHR3a OT "CBeTJIOCT" Ha
"B:11co1:1ecTBo': pa3pernaBa ce p;aBaHe Ha opp;eHH, noJI3BaHeTo Ha p;op)J(aBHM l1MOTM OT
KHR3a :11 pop;HHHMTe My. ITpoMeHwTe ~e 6op;aT y3aKoHeHw OT BerrwKo Hapop;Ho co6pa-
Ht1e crrep; TPM rop;t1Ht1.
Bep;Hara crrep; KaTo Hapop;HOTO co6paH:11e npHKJIIO':IBa pa6oTaTa cw, Ha 24 p;eKeM-
Bp:11 1883 r. Mt1Ht1CTpt1Te KOHcepBarnpw fp. Ha'lOBt11:1, K. CTOHJIOB t1 T. V'IKOHOMOB no-
p;aBaT ocTaBKa. Ha 25 p;eKei\rnpw e pa3nycHaTo TpeToTo uapop;Ho co6paH:11e t1 3aep;Ho
c TOBa TO e pa3TypeHo. B c'b~HR p;eH KHR31>T t13npa~a 6rrarop;apcrneHo nwcMo p;o ,JJ;p.
UaHKOB 3a porrRTa MY no BpeMe Ha Kp:113aTa, a p;Ba p;HM no-K'hCHO MMHHCT'bp-npep;-
cep;aTeJIRT e narpap;eH c opp;eH "CB. ArreKcaHp;op" - III CTeneH. Crrep;Ba HOB xop; Ha
npamuerrcTBOTO - ,JJ;p. UaHKOB nop;ttacR ocTaBKaTa Ha QeJIMR Ka6m-1eT, npHeTa Ha 31
p;eKeMBpw 1883 r.
Ha 11rnyapH 1884 r. KHR31>T Ha3Ha'laBa HOBO rrpaBiueJicTBO c Mt1Ht1CT1>p-npep;-
cep;aTeJI ,IJ;p. l.J;aHKOB (1RHyapw1884-29 JOHH 1884). CocTaB'bT MY e crrep;nwR: ,JJ;p. UaH-
KOB - Mt1HMCT1>p-npep;cep;aTerr :11 MMHHCTop Ha BoTpernHHTe p;erra, MapKo Earra6aHoB 14
14
MapKo 6ana6auoB e pogeH es K1n1cypa rrpe3 1837 r. IlopBoHa'lanHo yqu s KHJIHWHOTO yq11-
n11111e B pogHOTO cw ceno, a rneg TOBa Jasopwsa rpol\KO 6orocnoscKo yqwnw111e Ha oCTpos XanKw.
IIpe3 rnegsa111wTe rogwHw yqw rrpaso B ArnHa, MeAHl\WHa B ITapw)J(, cjmnococjmR B Xat1gen6epr w B
Kpat'rna cMeTKa 3asopwsa rrpaso B ITapmK. OT 1870 pa6oTw KaTo agsoKaT w )J(ypHaJIHCT B L(apwrpag
w B3J1Ma yqacTMe B C'b3AaBaHeTO Ha He3aBHCWMa EonrapCKa eK3apxwR. IIo speMe Ha BPY Eana6a-
HOB e sm.-1ery6epHaTOp Ha Csw111os w Pyce (1878-1879), rneg KoeTo ce BKJIIO'lBa B KoHcepsaTWBHaTa
rrapTwR 11 e B'bHIIIeH MvrnwcTDp B rropsoTo rrpaswTencrno Ha Eonrap11R. ITpe3 cnegsa11111Te rogwHw e
AMIIJIOMaTM'leCKW npegcTaBHTen B OcMaHCKaTa 1'1Mrrepl!IR (1880-1883) J1 OTHOBO B'bHIIIeH MJ1HlilCT'bp
B Ka6wHeTa Ha Ap. L(aHKOB (1883-1884). M. Eana6aHOB rrperrogasa rpol\KW e3l!IK Iii JIWTepaTypa 11
rrpaso B'bB B11cweTO Y'llillllill.l.le B CocjmR (1889-1902), OTHOBO e AlilIIJIOMaTlil'lecKlil rrpegCTaBMTeJI (B
PyMoHMR; 1902-1903). ITopBOHa'laJIHO rrplilBop)J(eHl!IK Ha KoHcepsaTwBHaTa rrapTlilR, rrpe3 1882 TOH
rrpeMwuasa K'bM Jfa6epanHaTa napTWR, a rneg HetiHoTo pa3geJIRHe rrpe3 1884 - K'bM Tiporperns-
uonw6epanuaTa rrapTMR. Tipe3 1881 r. cTasa gorronHlilreneu 'lJieH Ha EK.[(, a rrpe3 1884 r. - noneu
'lJieH. Tiperrogasa rp'bl\KM e3J1K w Jll!ITepaTypa B Y'.lcTOplilKO-cjililJIOJIO)J(KWR (1889-98 r.) J1 ITO pwMCKO J1
BJ13aHrnt1cKo rrpaso B IOpwgwqecKl!IR cjiaKymeT (1892-99, 1900-02 r.). YMlilpa Ha 1610uw 1921 r.
Pocu11a AH2eJ10Ba
- MvtHvtCTop Ha B'bHIIIHvtTe Aena vt H3IIOBeAaHvtRTa, M CapacpoB - MvtHHCT'bp Ha qrn-

HaHevtTe, T. 11KOHOMOB - MHHvtCTop Ha o6~uTe crpaAH, 3eMeAenueTo u ToproBHRTa,
A. Mo11110B - MHHHCT'bp Ha HapoAHOTO npoCBe~eHHe, K. IToMRHOB - MHHHCTop Ha
npaBOC'bAHeTo, IIOAII. BHKTop KoTenHvtKOB - ynpaBlIRBa~ BoeHHOTO MHHvtcTepcTBO
(oT 29 RHyapvt TvtTy11.11peH MHHHCT'bp e KHR3 Muxavtn KaHTaKy3uH). OettoBHHTe 3a,n;a-
qu npeA KaforneTa ca Aa B'bBeAe yMepeHOKOHCTHTYQt10HHO ynpaB11em1e J1 Aa OCHrypl!
y3aKOHRBaHe Ha npueTvtTe J13MeHeHHR B KOHCTt1TYQt1RTa.
HoBoTo npaBHTencTBO He MO)l(e Aa cnpe HeAOBOlICTBOTo B CTpaHaTa. Haqeno Ha
HenpHMvtpvtMvtTe 11u6epa11u 3acTaBaT IT. KapaBenoB u IT. P. C11aBeii'1KoB, KOHTO OKOH-
'iaTe11Ho ce 3aBp'bll\aT OT l13TO'iHa PyMenu.11. Te H3AvtraT n03yHra 3a II'blIHO B'b3cra-
HOBRBaHe Ha TopHoBcKaTa KOHCTWTYQvtR. Pa3QenneHHeTo B napTvtRTa cTaBa cpaKT u
3aToBa npe3 cpeBpyapu-MapT 1884 r. AP· UaHKOB npe.n;npueMa 06uK011Ka vt3 CTpaHara.
ITpwBop)l(eHHQHTe MY ocHoBaBaT CBOM neqaTeH opraH "CpeAeQ'', qwJi'ITo nopBH 6poil
H31IH3a Ha 14 cpeBpyapu 1884 r. 3a HeroB peAaKrop e onpe):leneH A-P Cro.11H AaHeB.
He):IOBOlIHHTe nu6epanH C'b~O He 6e3):1eli'lcTBaT. Ha 2 RHyapu 1884 r. 3ano'iBa Aa
vt31IH3a TeXHHR opraH "TopHOBCKa KOHCTHTYQHR". B HeroBa IIOAKpena e caTHpvt'iHU!I
BeCTHHK Ha AvtM. ITeTKOB "CBupKa''. AruTaQWRTa Ha He):IOBOlIHHTe He 3arnra lIH'iHocr-
Ta Ha KHR3a, aTaKHTe iI ca HacoqeHH cpe~y npaBvtTencTBOTO u HeroBHTe ):lettcTBU!I.
AoKaTo UaHKOB e Ha 06HK011Ka B cTpaHaTa, Ha 2 MapT 1884 r. IT. KapaBenoB e npuer B
):\BOpeQa. TyK TOH ):\eKnapvtpa CBOMTe npMHQVIIIH: "ttvtTO KH.113 6e3 BllaCT, HVITO Hapo~
6e3 npaBa''. 113.HBneHmna Ha KapaBelloB ca Ba:>KHM 3a KHR3a, KOHTO npH Bpa)l():le6Horo
OTHOIIIeHwe Ha pycKvtTe ynpaBlIRBa~w, MMa HY:>KAa OT COllH):\Ha onopa B CTpaHaTa, Ka-
KBaTO B CMTyaQMRTa ca HeIIpMMHpHMMTe m16epam1.
KoM BoTpernHononwTvt'iecKwTe 3aTPYAHeHHR Ha npaBwTencTBOTO ce npvt6aBHT l!
B'bHIIIHononHTH'ieCKHTe. ITopBMRT npo6neM e CB'bp3aH c OTKynyBaHeTo Ha :>Ke11e30-
II'bTHaTa nvtHMR Pyce-BapHa. IToA HaTvtcKa Ha Attrnvt.11, npe3 eceHTa Ha 1883 r. Me)l{AY
KOalIMQHOHHOTO npaBHTencTBO"' KOMIIaHvtRTa-co6cTBeHocT 3ano'iBaT nper0Bop~1. Te
ce BOA.HT B JloH):IOH, a 6onrapcKM npe):lcTaBHTenw ca HuKona CToJi'lqeB H T. XapoBep.
ITpaBHTencTBOTO Ha UaHKOB npoRBRBa HeonpaB):laHa OTCT'bTI'iHBOCT. Ha 8 MapT 1884
r. TO npaBM npe):ll10)l(em1e 3a OTKynyBaHe Ha llt1Ht1RTa 3a so MllH. cppaHKa, KaTO 1,5
MlIH. ):\ace 3aA'bp:>KaT 3a peMOHT, 6 MJIH. ):\ace H3TillaTRT B 6poi1, a 42 500 000 cppaHKa -
qpe3 0611vtraQt1t1 c 6% llvtXBa, rapaHTHpaHM c ):\OXO):\MTe OT MVITHHQMTe Ha KHJI)l(eCTBO-
TO. JlvtHVIJITa ClleABa ):\a ce npeAa):\e Ha 6onrapcKOTO npaBHTellCTBO, OCBo6o,n;eHa OT
KOMTiaHHJITa eKcnnoaTaTop, a Eonrap:irn ~e HaClle):\H npaBOTO Ha KOMTiaHWRTa KOHl\f-
CVIOHep Bopxy llvtXBvtTe, KOMTO TypQvtR ):l'bll:>KM 3a nepwo):la 1875-1878 r. Hevt3ro,n;Horo
npe):llIO:>KeHMe Ha npaBvtTelICTBOTO e aTaKyBaHO KaKTO OT HenpwMvtpHMvtTe nw6epanl!,
TaKa J1 OT KOHcepBaTOpvtTe. 0Kypa)l(eHa e caMO KOMIIaHvtRTa OT 6onrapCKaTa OTCT'bll-
'it1BOCT vt 3aToBa npeARBRBa HOBvt vtcKaHMR. ToBa ):laBa B'b3MO:>KHOCT Ha Ka6HHera ~a
pa36epe rpernKaTa cvt w ):la npeK'bCHe nperoBopvtTe.
Apyru.11T npo611eM B'b3HHKBa B OTHorneHHRTa coc Cop6vt.11. B Kpa.11 Ha OKTOMBpl!
1883 r. B Cop6w.11 u36yXBa T. Hap 3ai1qapcKo B'bCTaHue, HacoqeHo cpe~y ):lettcTBmna
Ha Kpan MunaH vt HeroBHTe npaBvtTencTBa. Cne):\ noTyrnaBaHeTo Ha 6yHTa qacr oT
poKOBO):IJ1TenvtTe vt yqacTHWQvtTe HaMupaT y6e:>Kw~e B KHR:>KeCTBOTO. Te ca npuer11
76
BonpeKM npoTeCTMTe Ha 6enrpa,n;cKoTO npaBMTeJicTBo. EMMrpaHTCKMRT Bonpoc ce yc-

JIO:>KH.HBa OT rpaHWIHMTe cnopoBe. Eonrapo-cpo6cKaTa rpaHMQa no p. TMMOK ocTaBa
cnopHa nopa,n;M OTKa3a Ha cpo6cKoTo npaBMTeJICTBO ,n;a ce c'bo6pa3M c perneHM.HTa Ha
EBpone:t1:CKaTa rpaHMqHa KOMMcvt.H. B HaqanoTo Ha Ma:t1: 1884 r. cpo6CKl1 Boopo:>KeH Ka-
payn npeMMHaBa p. TMMOK B pa:t1:oHa Ha c. EperoBo. Ilo Hape:>Kp;aHe Ha BM,D;MHCKMR OK-
po:>KeH ynpaBMTeJI cpo6CKMJI Kapayn e M3roHeH OTB'bp; TMMOK. ToBa ,n;oBe:>Kp;a ,n;o KpM3a
B 6onrapo-cpo6cKMTe OTHOilleHMR. Ha 28 MaH 1884 r. cpo6CKMJI ;n;MnJI0Man1qecKM ar-
eHT B CocpMR )J;:>Kop,n;:>Ke CMMMq Bpo'!Ba Ha 6onrapcKoTo npaBMTeJicTBo ynTitIMaTyM c
MCKaHe B TpitI;n;HeBeH cpoK ;n;a ce B'b3CTaHOBl1 cpo6CKl1JI Kapayn, ,n;a ce M3fOH.HT BCM'IKM
eMMrpaHTM OT cTpaHaTa. )J;p. UaHKOB KaTeropM'IHO OTXBopJIR cpo6CKitITe MCKaHMR. Be-
JIMKMTe CMJIM npOHBJIBaT c;n;op:>KaHOCT. B CoIIWTO BpeMe 6onrapcKOTO rrpaBMTeJICTBO
M3fOTBR no,n;po6eH MeMoap 3a MCTopmITa Ha eMitirpaHTCKMR l1 rpaHM'IHMJI Borrpoc l1
ro Bp'b'!Ba Ha npe;n;CTaBHTeJIMTe Ha PyrnR, fepMaHitIR ItI ABcTpo-YHraprrn B CocpMR.
'Y:y:>K;n;11Te p;MnJioMaTM 3aeMaT cTpaHaTa Ha Eonraprrn M HaCTO.HBaT 3a MMpHo ype:>Kp;aHe
Ha KOHcpJIMKTa. B pe3y11TaT Ha EperoBcKaTa Kp113a Cop6ItIJI OT30BaBa ;n;vrnnoMaTM'le-
CKMJI CM areHT B CocpMR M 3a l13BecTeH nepMo;n; ca npeK'bCHaTM ;n;MnJioMaTMqecKvrTe
OTHOWeHM.H Me:>K;n;y ,n;BeTe C'bce;n;HM ,ll;'bp)!<aBl1.

He611arorrpMHTHMTe B'bTpernHo l1 B'bHWHonoJIMTM'IeCKvr rrpo6neMM KapaT npaBM-
TeJICTBOTO ,n;a 3aeMe c,n;op:>KaHa no3l1Ql1.H no Bonpoca 3a HaQl10HanHoTo o6e;n;l1HeHMe.
Ilo TOBa BpeMe B l-faToqHa PyMeJIMR ce pa3rapR c'be;n;MHMCTKOTO p;BM:>KeH11e, rrpHKO
CB'bp3aHO c 6op611Te Me:>K;n;y lO:>KH06oJirapCKl1Te rrapTV1l1 B'bB Bp'b3Ka c lil3Tl1':1aHe Ha
Man,n;aTa Ha rropBMR rnaBeH ynpaBvrTen An. EoropH;n;M. IlpaBMTeJicTBoTo Tpe3BO npe-
QeH.HBa, qe MOMeHT'bT e Heno;n;xo;n;JI~ 3a ,n;ei'.ICTBHe npe;n;Bvr,n; BnornaBaHeTO Ha OTHO-
rneHM.HTa Me:>K,n;y KHR3 AneKcaH,n;op I M MMneparnp AneKcaH,n;op III. To3M KOHcpJIMKT
np.HKO HaMaJI.HBa B'b3MO:>KHOCTl1Te 3a pycKa rro;n;Kpena, Ha KO.HTO 6onrapcKaTa ;n;MnJIO-
MaQl1.H rnaBHO pa3qMTa. BonpeKM TOBa KoraTo ;n;BaMaTa rrpaTemu~l1 Ha Hapo;n;HaTa
napTMJI li1BaH CT. rernoB l1 XpMCTO Xpl1CTOB Tp'brBaT ;n;a nne,n;vrpaT Kay3aTa Ha C'be-
il:l1HeHMeTO npe,n; EBpona, MHHMCTop-npe,n;ce;n;aTeJIJI ,Up. UaHKOB pa3r0Bap.H c rnx M
oTnycKa cpe;n;cTBa 3a noTyBaHeTo, HO ocpm.~ManHo He ce aHra:>KMpa.
Ha 27 Ma:t1: 1884 r. ce npoBe:>Kp;aT l136opl1 3a IV OHC. Henocpe,n;cTBeHo npe,n;M
M36opl1Te pa3QenneH11eTo B Jll16epanHaTa napTMR e OKoHqaTeJIHO. Cnope,n; a. "Top-
HOBc1w KOHcmumyu,uJC" Ha M36opMTe ca ce JIBMJIM TPM napTMM. Herrpl1Ml1pl1Ml1Te ce
06.HBJIBaT TB'bpp;o npoTMB KOMnpoMMC c UaHKOB. YBepeH B Cl1Jil1Te cM, UaHKOB OT-
611'bCKBa npe,n;Jio:>KeHMeTo 3a cpopMaJIHO cornarneHMe c KoHcepBaTHBHaTa napTMR.
lifaBoHpe,n;HaTa cecMR Ha IV OHC e OTKPMTa Ha 27 IDHl1 1884 r. YMepeHMTe JIM6epa-
JIM l13p;HraT KaH,n;w,n;aTyparn Ha CT. CrnM6onoa 3a npe,n;cep;aTeJI Ha co6paHMeTo, Ha-
,D;.HBaHKM ce qpe3 Hero ,n;a HaMep.HT no,n;Kpenarn Ha JIM6epanMTe. Ho npM rnacyBaHeTo
Il. KapaBeJioB nonyqaaa 99 rnaca, a CTaM6onoa - 66. TaKa 3a npe,n;ce,n;aTeJI e M36paH
Il. KapaBeJioB, a 3a no,n;npe,n;ce,n;aTeJil1 CT. CTaM6onoa M H. CYKHapoB. Y6ep;MTeJIHOTo
Hap;Mo~Me Ha HenpMMMpMMMTe JIM6epanM ,n;aaa noBo,n; Ha ,Up. UaHKOB Ha 29 roHM 1884
r. ,n;a no,n;a,n;e ocTaBKaTa Ha Ka6vrneTa, KORTO KH.H3a npMeMa Be,n;ttara.
Pocu4a AHzenoaa
6. YnpaB.l\eHHe Ha AH6epa.J\HaTa napnm, Hff'le.l\o c IleTKo Kapasuos
B C'bOTBeTCTB11e c np11HQ11n11Te Ha naprraMeHTapHoTo ynpaBrrem1e KHR3'bT B'h3-

rrara C'bCTaBRHeTO Ha HOB11R Ka611HeT Ha rnecpa Ha HaJio:>K11JiaTa ce B 1136op11Te napT11R
Ha Kpai1H11Te rr116eparr11. Ha 30 IOH:U 1884 r. e C'bcTaBeHo npaB11TeJicTBO Ha'l'.erro c
IleTKO KapaBeJIOB (30 IOH11 1884 - 9 aBr. 1886). B Hero BJI113aT o~e: rr. KapaBeJIOB
- M11H11CT'bp-npeACeAaTerr, M11H11CT'bp Ha cpm-iaHC11Te 11 ynpaBJIRBa~ M11H11CTepcTBOTO
Ha 06~eCTBeH11Te crpaA11, 3eMeAeJI11eTO 11 T'bproB11RTa, rr. P. CrraBeHKOB - M11H11CT'bp
Ha B0Tpernn11Te pa60T11, J1rr11n IJ;aHOB - M11H11CT'hp Ha B'hHITIH11Te pa60T11, A-p B. Pa-
AOCJiaBoB - M11H11CT'hp Ha npaBOC'hA11eTo 11 Pai1:qo KaporreB - M11H11CTop Ha npoCBe-
~eH11eTo. BoeneH M11H11CT'hp e KHR3 M. KaHTaKY311H - BOeHeH M11H11CT'bp OT npe.qxoA-
HoTo npaBJ.1TeJICTBO. c T0311 aKT e B'b3CTaHOBeH eA11H OT OCHOBH11Te 6erre311 Ha nap-
JiaMeHTap113Ma- JI11AepoT Ha napT11RTa, np11Te)KaBa~a MH0311HCTBO OT AenyTaTCK11Te
MaHAaT11, Aa C'bCTaBR rr11cTaTa Ha Ka611HeTa. Bco~HOCT c T0311 aKT ce AaBa >13pa3 Ha
perneH11eTo Aa ce CJI0)!(11 Kpai1: Ha caMOBJiaCTHOTO Ha'l'.arro np11 C'bCTaBRHeTO Ha npaBw-
TeJICTBOTO 113B'bH 11 He3aB11C11MO OT napT11HHOTO MH0311HCTBO B naprraMeHTa.
ITporpaMaTa Ha npaB11TerrcTBOTO e rraKOH11'l'.Ha - B'b3CTaHOBRBaHe Ha TopHOBCKa-
Ta KOHCT11TYQ11R. To 11Ma TIOAKpenaTa Ha 3Ha'l'.:wTerrHa qacT OT 6orrrapcKHR HapoA, KO-
eTo ce oKa3Ba peurnBa~o 3a npeArrp11eT11Te Ha'l'.11I-IaH11R. I1oCTerrenno rrpaB11TerrcTBO-
TO 11 IV OHC JI11KB11A11paT BC11'l'.K11 aHT11KoHcT11TyQ110HH11 pa3nopeA611, B'hBeAeIIH or
rrpeAXOAH11Te rrpaB11TeJICTBa. 3aKOH'bT 3a 113MeHeH11e Ha KOHCT11TYQ11RTa e OTMeHeH
cpopMaJIHO na 'l'.eTB'hpTaTa 113BoHpeAHa cec11n Ha IV OHC rrpe3 JIRTOTO Ha 1886 r.
HacrreARBai1K11 pa3CTpoeH11 cp11naHc11, Ka6m-1eTa B'bBe)l(Aa CTpora cp11HaHcoBa
norr11T11Ka. B3eMaT ce MepK11 3a peAOBHO nocTonrreH11e Ha AaH'bQ11Te 11 co611paHe Ha
HaTpyrraH11Te HeA06op11. I1p11 OTC'bCTB11eTO Ha Apynt AOXOA11 AaH'bQ11Te ce OKa3BaT
cpaKTop OT nopBocTerreHHa Ba)KHOCT 3a rrocpe~aHe Ha cp11HaHcoB11Te HY)KA11 Ha Anp-
)KaBaTa. 0TMeHeH e yKa3a Ha ,Up. ll;aHKOB OT HoeMBp11 1883 r. Aa He ce 113TIOJI3Ba rro-
JI11Q11R rrp11 C'h611paHe Ha AaH'hQ11Te. 3arra3eHa e 11HCT11TYQ11RTa Ha cp11HaHCOBl1Te Ha-
rrreAH11Q11, yqpeAeHa C'bC 3aKOH rrpe3 1882 r. <P11HaHCOB11Te HarrreAH11Q11 113TI'bJIHRBaT
poJIRTa Ha 611pH11Q1111 ynpa)KHRBaT peAOBeH KOHTporr Bopxy pa3Mepa 11 TIOCT'bTIJieHW-
eTO Ha AaH'hQ11Te. BorrpeK11 HeAOBOJICTBOTO KapaBerroB rrpOA'hJI)KaBa c TBopAa poKa u
pe3yrrTaTl1Te ca rroBeqe OT A06p11.
PeopraH11311paH11 ca peA11Qa A'hp)KaBH11 pecop11. I1pe3 aBrycT 1884 r. ca 3aKp11111
aBCTpo-yHrapcK11Te rro~eHcK11 6ropa B Pyce 11 BapHa 11 TeXH11Te cpyHKQ1111 ce rroeMaT
OT 6orrrapcK11Te rro~11. I1pe3 cerrTeMBp11 c. r. OTAeJI'bT 3a 3eMeAerr11e 11 ToproB11R rrpu
MmrncTepcTBOTO Ha 06~ecTBeH11Te crpaA11, 3eMeAerr11eTo 11 ToproB11RTa e npeycTpo-
eH B OTAerre1-111e K'hM M11H11CTepcTBOTO Ha cp11HaHc11Te. CKopo np11 C'b~OTO M11H11cTep-
crno e yqpeAeHa 11 A11peKQ11R Ha 06~ecrneH11Te crpaA11. ToBa AOBe)l(Aa AO 3aKp11BaHe
Ha M11H11CTepcTBOTO Ha 06~ecTBeH11Te crpaA11, 3eMeAerr11eTo 11 ToproB11RTa.
3aKOHOAaTerrHaTa AeHHOCT Ha rrpaB11TerrcTBOTO e oco6eHo aKT11BHa. To BHarn 3a
o6c'h)l(AaHe OKOJIO 40 3aKOHorrpoeKTa, K011TO ce OTHarnT AO BC11'l'.K11 ccpep11 Ha CTOilaH-
CK11R 11 KYJITYPH11R )!(11BOT. I1p11eT e 3aKOH 3a 3a6paHa Ha yrroTpe6aTa Ha pyMoHCKw 11
cpo6CK11 MOHeT11, 3a HaMaJIRBaHe CTOHHOCTTa Ha pycKaTa cpe6opHa MOHeTa 11 HeHHOTO
78
HOBA E'b!II'APCKA J1CTOPJ1Jl (1878-1944)
geMOHenrnwpaHe, KOeTo ttMa 3a QeJI ga cTa6wm13wpa 6nnrapcKtt>I JieB KaTo oCHoBHa

rrapwrna egwHttQa B KHR)l(eCTBOTO. IIptteT e 3aKoH 3a cetfeHe Ha cpe6npHw MOHeTw no
5 JIB Ha CTOMHOCT 15 MJIH JIB.
C Ba)l(HO 3HatfeHwe e 3aKOH1>T 3a yqpeg;rnaHe Ha EnnrapCKa HaQttOHaJIHa 6aHKa,
c KOMTO ce YTBnp)l(gaBa ep;ttHCTBeHOTO Kpe.n;wrno yqpe)l(p;eHwe B cTpaHaTa KaTo .n;np-
)l(aBHO c KaIIJ1TaJI 10 MJIH. 3JiaTHJ1 JIB. 0CHOBHJ1Te rrpe.n;ttMCTBa cnope.n; 3aKOHonpoeKTa
OT C1>3p;aBaHeTO Ha HOBaTa 6aHKa ca, qe ce IIOHtt)f(aBa JIJ1XBaTa, qe ce yp;oBJieTBOp>IBa
Hy)l(p;aTa OT Kpnrooo6pnIQaTeJIHJ1 cpe.n;crna 3a BnTpe w Bl>H OT .n;np)l(aBaTa w ce yrrec-
HRBaT naptt'iHttTe npeBo.n;w. Cnc 3aKOH Ha 1 cpeBpyapw 1885 r. ce C1>3p;aBa IIoIQeH-
cKa cnecTOBHa Kaea. qpe3 3aKoHa 3a aKQtt3a Bnpxy nwTtteTaTa (To3tt 3aKOH OTMeHR
npweTttTe npe3 1879 w 1884 r.) u 3a rep6oBtt>I c6op Ha KHR)l(eCTBOTO ce ornryp>IBa
paBHOMepHoTo pa3XBnpJIRHe Ha p;aH'bQttTe w pep;OBHOTO WM cn6wpaHe. Hapop;HOTO
cn6paHwe npweMa npe3 RHyapw 1885 r. w .n;pyr Ba)l(eH 3aKOH - 3aKOH 3a rraTeHTttTe.
C Hero ce o6JiaraT KaKTO 6nrrrapwTe, TaKa w qy)l(p;ttTe nop;aHWQW Ha KHR)l(eCTBOTO
OT OCHOBHJ1Te neT KaTeropww - cny)l(e6HJ1 3aHRTJ1R, CB06op;HH 3aHRTJ1R, TnproBCKJ1
3aHRT11R, J1Hp;ycTpttaJIHJ1 3aHRTWR J1 3aHCUITJ1 (ernacpw).
IIpaBttTeJICTBOTO Ha KapaBeJIOB npaBtt MHOro 3a pa3pernaBaHe Ha arpapHtt>I B'b-
rrpoc. IIpe3 lOJitt 1884 r. KoMttCWRTa 3a rocno.n;apcKwTe w qwcpJittllIKttTe 3eMtt, ocTaHaJia
OT BpeMeTo Ha UaHKOBOTO rrpaBwTeJICTBO, e peopraHtt3ttpaHa. Cn3p;ap;eHa e HoBa KO-
MWCWR, B KORTO OCHOBHa ¢wrypa e T. MKOHOMOB. HaTpyrraHJ1RT onwT OT gel1HOCTTa Ha
KOMttctt>ITa B nep1w.n;a1880-1884 r. ce tt3pa3RBa B HOB 3aKoHorrpoeKT. B npweTtt>I Ha
19 RHyapw 1885 r. 3aKoH 3a rocrro.n;apcKttTe w qwcpmrrnKttTe 3eMw ce Ka3Ba, qe BCeKtt,
KOMTO e pa60TJ1JI HerrpeK'bCHaTo 10 fO}:\WHW .n;o W3,[\aBaHeTO Ha 3aKOHa OT 1880 r. e.n;Htt
w C1>1QJ1 3eMw, cTaBa TexeH co6cTBeHHK. PernaMeHTttpa ce Heo6xogwMoTo KOJitttfeCTBO
3eMR 3a ep;HO ceMeMCTBO - HJ1BW OT 8 go 15 }:\lOHlOMa Ha tfOBeK J1 JIWBap;w OT 2 .n;o 6
)l;lOHlOMa Ha ceMeMCTBO, HO o6IIWTO KOJIJ1tfeCTBO 3eMR He MO)l(e .n;a Ha}:\BttlliaBa CTO .n;ro-
HlOMa. IIpweTtt>IT 3aKoH KpacHope'iHBO noKa3Ba gBOMHCTBeHaTa C1>1QHOCT Ha .n;pe6-
Ho6yp)l(Oa3HOTO rrw6epaJIHO npaBttTeJICTBO. OT egHa cTpaHa TO ce CTpeMw .n;a 3ap;0Bo-
JIJ1 ceJIRH11Te C'bC 3eM>I, KOeTO noKa3Ba CTpeMe)I( K'bM yKpenBaHe Ha .n;pe6HaTa qacTHa
co6cTBeHOCT, a OT .n;pyra TO npaBJ1 BCW'IKO B1>3MO)l(H0 .n;a 3anrraTJ1 3eMRTa Ha 6ttBllI11Te
fl npttTe)l(aTeJitt. TBnpgaTa w rrpttHQWIIHa rroJittTwKa Ha T. MKOHOMOB no pernaBaHe-
To Ha arpapHtt>I Bnrrpoc He ce B1>3rrpweMa OT Jitt6epaJI11Te w KOMWCtt>ITa e pa3TypeHa.
CcpopM11paHa e HOBa KOM11CHR, HatfeJio c feoprn TwrneB, KORTO npop;l>JI)l(aBa pa6oTaTa
B ceBepo3anap;Ha Enrrrapw>I, Ho TR He pa6oTtt enc cnIQaTa orrepanIBHOCT.
IloJiaraT ce rptt)l(11 3a 6nrrrapcKoTo rrpoCBeTHO p;eJio. Cepw>I OT 3aKOHJ1 YTB'bp)l(-
p;aBaT p;eMoKpaTtttfHtt>I xapaKTep Ha 6nnrapCKaTa o6pa3oBaTeJIHa rncTeMa. Cpeg TRX
ca: 3aKOHttTe 3a 06IQeCTBeH11Te w qacTHttTe yqwJim.r~a w 3a oKpn)l(HttTe yqwJittIQHW
ttHcneKTopw. IIpep;BM)l(p;a ce )l;JI'b)l(HOCTTa Ha oKpn)l(HttTe yqttJIWlQHW ttHcneKTopw .n;a
6n.n;e 1136opHa, 1rncneKTopwTe ga 11MaT 3aBnprneHo cpep;Ho o6pa30BaH11e w ne.n;arorw-
qecKw cTa)I(, HaM-MaJIKO Tptt rop;wHw w .n;a Hee rro-MJiap; OT 25 rop;wHw. He ce B1>3CTaHo-
BRBa o6aqe npaBOTO Ha yqwTeJittTe .n;a yqacTBaT B IIOJIJ1TJ1tfeCKJ1 )l(J1BOT.
Cn.n;e6HoTo Bep;oMCTBo e no.n;noMornaTo enc 3aKoHa 3a HoTapwycwTe w MttpoBttTe
cn.n;ww, KOWTO tt3BnprnBaT HoTapwaJIHtt geJia. Hee nogMMHaTo w BOeHHOTO BegoMCTBo.
Pocu4a AHzenoaa
3a ITop;o6p.irnaHe Ha Boi1cKaTa BoeHHaTa cJiy)f(6a e yBem11ieHa Ha Tp11 rop;11H11, a c yKa3
OT 13 .irnyap11 1885 r. e B'b3CTaHoBeH 3aKOH'bT 3a Hapop;HoTo OIT'bJI'IeH11e. Ep;HoBpe-
MeHHO c TOBa ITO 11cKaHe Ha KHR3 KaHTaKY311H 610p;)f(eT'bT Ha BoeHHOTO Ml1Hl.fCTepcrno
e yBeJil.ftieH B cpaBHeH11e c TeKy~11R 610p;)l(eT.
Ha:i1-Ba)l(H11RT OT pa3rJie)l(p;aHl.fTe BoITpoc11 6e3cITopHo e cTpoe)l('bT Ha )l(eJJe30-
IT'bTHarn Jil.fH11R Qap116pop;-BaKapen. To:i1 e Ha p;HeBeH pep; ITpep;B11p; ITOeToTo 3ap;on-
)l(ei-rne. B yttl.fCOH c pa3611paH11RTa Ha n116epaJil.fTe, KapaBeJioB pa3pa6orna ITporpaMa
3a ITOCTpORBaHe Ha Jll.fH11RTa qpe3 B'bTpeIIJH11 pecypc11 Ha CTpaHaTa. IlopBaTa CT'bIIKa
e 3aKOH'bT 3a EHE, c KOMTO TpR6Ba p;a ce ornrypRT Heo6xop;11M11Te cpep;crna. Ha 31
RHyap11 1885 r. e rnacyBaH 11 ITpep;JIO)l(eH11R OT M11HHCT'bp-ITpep;cep;aTeJIR 3aKOH 3a )l(e-
Jie3HHTe IT'bTH~a, Koi1To npep;ocrnBR Ha p;'bp)f(aBaTa ITpaBo p;a CTpo11, npHTe)l(aBa w
eKCITJIOaT11pa )l(eJie3on'bTHHTe JIHHH11. B c'b~HR p;eH e ITpHeT l1 3aKoH 3a ITOCTpORBatte
Ha JI11H11RTa QapH6pop;-BaKapen. CnrnacHo Hero CTOMHOCTTa Ha JIHHHRTa He TpR6Ba
p;a Hap;B11lllaBa 17 MJIH. JIB., Ha ITpaB11TeJICTBOTO ce pa3pernaBa p;a CKJIIO'Il1 3aeM 3a 7
MJIH. JIB., a npep;ITpHeMatI'bT rnep;Ba p;a ce oITpep;eJIH c Tnpr. TaKa CTpoe)l('bT Ha JIHHHRTa
e npep;OCTaBeH Ha o6pa3yBaHOTO 3a rnyqaR 6nmapcKO aKQHOHepHO p;py)l(eCTBO Ha
l1H)f(. Jt1BaH fp03eB. ToBa e 6e3cITopeH ycrrex 3a Ennrap11R, KORTO He p;oITycKa HaMe-
caTa Ha qy)l(p;l1 KOMTiaHl1l1 B )l(eJie30TI'bTHOTO CTpo11TeJICTBO 11 caMa flil ITPl1Te)l(aBa w
eKCITJIOaTHpa.
PerneH11e e ITOCTl1rHaTO l1 ITO BoITpoca 3a OTKYITYBaHe Ha )l(eJie30IT'bTHaTa JIHH:W!l
Pyce-BapHa. Cnep; p;nJir11 nperoBop11 l1 KOMnpoM11c11, Ha 4 p;eKeMBp11 1885 r. e rro-
p;IT11caHo cornallleH11e, cITopep; KoeTo Jil1Hl1RTa ce OTKynyBa 3a 44 500 000 qip., Karo
KHR)l(eCTBOTO ITOJiyqaBa BCl1'IKl1 npaBa Bnpxy HeR, BKJIIO'IHTeJIHO eKCIIJIOaTaQl1RTa"
napHtIHHTe 3ap;nJI)l(eHHR Ha BHcoKaTa IToprn 3a nep11op;a 1875-1878 r. TaKa ce Jil1KBW-
p;11pa OKOH'IaTeJIHO qy)l(p;aTa co6cTBeHOCT Ha Tep11Top1rnTa Ha KHR)l(eCTBOTO.
Bc11tIK11 Te311 Ha'I11HaH11R Ha ITpaB11TeJICTBOTO ce 113BnpII1BaT np11 Tpyp;H11 yrno-
Bl1R. Ono311Ql1RTa nperpynHpa CHJI11Te l1 rnep; npop;nJI)l(l1TeJIHl1 nperoBopH nocT:wra
cITopa3yMeH11e 3a CBaJIRHe Ha ITpaBJnencTBOTO. TR opraH11311pa M11Tl1Hrl.f l.f p;eucrna B
y~np6 Ha Ka611HeTa. 3a p;a BHece pa3KOJI cpep; ynpaBJIRBa~11Te, OTI0311Q11RTa IIp11BJIW-
qa Ha CBOR cTpaHa H11KoJia CyKHapoB, Ha3HatieH 3a MHHHCTDP Ha BnTpernH11Te pa6o-
T11 Ha 31 RHyap11 1885 r. Cnopep; 3aM11cnna To:i1 TpR6Ba p;a npep;H3B11Ka M11H11CTepCKa
Kp113a 11 p;a npep;113B11Ka nap;aHeTo Ha ITpaB11TeJICTBOTO. CyKHapoB p;eI1:cTB11TeJIHO no11-
nara Ha yttm~O)f(11TeJIHa Kp11T11Ka BnTpernHaTa 11 B'bHllIHaTa non11r11Ka Ha Ka611Hera,
HO no ITpep;JIO)f(eH11e Han. KapaBeJIOB Ha 21 MapT 1885 r. e YBOJIHeH. YnpaBJIRBall\ Ha
MwH11cTepcrno Ha BoTpeII1H11Te pa60T11 cTaBa M11H11CT'bp-ITpep;cep;aTeJIR.
IlpaB11TeJICTBOTO npaB11 OII11T p;a nop;o6pM cpn6CK0-6'bJirapcK11Te OTHOllleHW!l.
HeroBa e 11HMQ11aT11Barn OT OKTOMBpM 1884 r. 3a nop;HOBRBaHe Ha nperoBop11re 3a
ype)l(p;aHe Ha rpaH11'IH11R cnop. Ycnopep;Ho c TOBa KHR3 AneKcaHp;'bp I 3ano'IBa rr:w11-
H11 ITperoBopM c Kpan M11naH. ,D;BaMarn M0Hapc11 113pa6orBaT npoeKT 3a crropa3yMe-
H11e, KOeTo ITpep;BW)l(p;a D'bJirap11R p;a ce M3B11H11 3a cTaHaJIMR KoH<Pm1KT l.f p;a oTKym1
cITopH11Te EperoBCK11 JI11Bap;11, a eM11rpaHT11Te p;a ce oTp;aJietiaT OT rpaH11QaTa. JI:w6e-
paJIHOTO npaB11TeJICTBO OTKa3Ba p;a npweMe TOBa YH113MTeJIHo cnopa3yMeH11e w orno-
80
HOBA E'b!II'APCKA UCTOPUfl (1878-1944)
rnemrn:rn Me:>Kp;y EoJirapitl.R Jt1 C'bp6It1.R ocTaBaT HanperHaTitl u Itl3n'bJIHeHM c B3aMMHO

Hep;oBepue.
EomapcKM.RT Ka6uHeT ce cTpeMM p;a npep;Itl3BJt!Ka eBponet'!CKa HaMeca 3a B'bBe:>Kp;a-
He Ha pecpopMM B eBponet'!CKMTe npoBJtlHD;HM Ha MMnepM.RTa. 3a u;eJITa npe3 p;eKeMBpM
1884 r. IV OHC rnacyBa 6Jiarop;apcrneHM TeJierpaMJtl p;o 6emut'!cKM.R npocpecop EMMJI
p;bo flaBeJie, pep;aKTOPitlTe Ha H.RKOM eBponet'!cKH BeCTHMD;M, ItlMnepaTop AJieKcaHp;op
III, rpacp J1rnaTMeB, KH.R3 .JJ:oHp;yKoB-KopcaKOB, Yt'!JI.RM fJiap;cTOH M p;pyrn p;'bp)l(aB-
HMD;l1. BeJIMKMTe CMJIM o6a'-le CM.RTaT, 'le He e BpeMe p;a nocTaB.RT Bonpoca 3a pecpop-
MMpaHe Ha EBponet'!CKa Typu;u.R. CaMo Pyc11.R npaBl1 p;MIIJIOMaTM'-!ecKM nocT'bIIKM B
Uapwrpap; B 3aw;11Ta Ha xpit1cnrnHCKOTO HaceJieHwe. TaKa yrnJil1.RTa p;a ce nop;noMorHe
6omapcKOTO HaceJieHue B MaKep;oHH.R 11 Op;p11HcKa TpaKH.R no p;unJioMaTM'-!eH II'bT
3aBoprnBaT c Heycnex. ToBa nop;Tl1KBa MaKep;oHCKVITe KOMMTeT11 B KH.R:>KeCTBOTO K'bM
nop;roTOBKa Ha '-!eTVI. Ilpe3 Mat'! 1885 r. '-!eTa nop; p'bKOBop;cTBOTO Ha Ap;aM KaJIMMKOB
npeMMHaBa B MaKep;oHM.R. qy:>Kp;HTe npep;cTaB11TeJI11 OTnpaB.RT 06B11HeHM.R K'bM 6oJI-
rapcKoTo npaBMTeJICTBO. KapaBeJioB Bep;Hara HaJiara CTporu caHKD;l1M Ha 6omapcKVI-
Te eMMrpaHTM OT MaKep;oHM.R 11 3ac11JIBa oxpaHaTa no rpaHMD;l1Te.
TaKaBa e no3VID;M.RTa MY M no OTHorneHwe Ha eBeHTyaJIHa coep;HHCTKa aKD;H.R. Oc-
'b3HaBat'IKM, 'le JivrncBaT npep;nocTaBKl1 3a eBeHTyaJIHO 06ep;VIHeH11e c lO:>KHa EoJirapVI.R
KapaBeJioB npep;npVIeMa CT'bnKitl 3a yKpenBaHe Ha 6JII13KJ1Te Bpo3KJ1 c aBTOHOMHaTa
o6nacT. TaKa Ha 30 cenTeMBpw 1884 r. e YTB'bpp;eHa Ml1THM'-!eCKa crrorop;6a, cornacHo
KORTO ce rapaHTI1pa 6e3MJ1TeH BHOC Ha OCHOBHI1Te MeCTHJ1 apTMKYJIVI.
B KpaR Ha asrycT 1885 r. npaB11TeJICTBOTO e M3npaBeHo npep; npo6JieM c PyMo-
HMR. Tot'! e CBop3aH c onpep;eJIRHe Ha cesepoH3TO'-!HaTa rpam,ru;a Ha KHJI)KeCTBOTO B
.JJ:o6pyp;)l(a. IlperoBopVITe Me:>Kp;y p;seTe CTpaHM ca npop;'bJI)Kl1TeJIHl1 VI M'b'-IMTeJIHl1 no-
pap;w npeTeHD;HMTe Ha PyMoHH.R p;a BJiap;ee B'b3Bl1IlleHVIeTO Apa6 Ta611JI Kpa:W CwnucT-
pa, KOeTo cnopep; perneHVIeTo Ha EBponet'!CKarn rpaHVI'-!Ha KOMI1CVIR npuHap;Jie:>Ku Ha
E'bmapuR. Ha 22 aBrycT 1885 r. pyM'bHCKMTe norpaHl1'-!Hl1 Bot'!cKM oKynupaT Apa6
Taforn J1 OKOJIHOCTTa My, KaTO 3a noBop; l13nOJI3BaT CTpoe:>Ka Ha MJ1THl1'-leCKa 6apaKa
OT 6oJirapcKHTe BJiaCTM. KapaBeJIOB pernaBa KOHcpJIMKTa c p;unJI0MaTM'-!ecK11 cpep;cTBa
u npep;Jiara Ha pyM'bHCKOTO npaBMTeJicTBo p;a ce Ha3Ha'-!M KOMMOIR 3a onpep;eJIRHe Ha
rpaHMD;aTa B cnopHVIR y'-!aCT'bK l1 p;a ce orno6op;H OKynupaHaTa MeCTHOCT.
Co6unrnrn OT 6 cenTeMBpu 1885 r 11 nornep;saJiarn Cp'b6CKo-6omapCKa BOHHa
rrpuKoBaBaT BHl1MaHueTo Ha 6'bmapCKaTa o6w;ecrneHocT VI npaBVITeJICTBOTO. BpeMe-
TO npe3 KoeTo ynpaBJIRBa rrpaBMTeJICTBOTO Ha flH6epaJIHaTa napTMR, Ha'-!eJio c Kapa-
BeJioB e BpeMe Ha peaJIJ13'bM, Ha MeponpI1RTl1R, KOVITO pa3KpVIBaT aKTVIBHaTa p;eMHOCT
J1 BRpHaTa opVIeHTaD;MR . .JJ:e:tiHOCTTa Ha npaBl1TeJICTBOTO e HaCO'-!eHa K'bM yKpenBaHe
Ha KHR:>KeCTBOTO B J1KOHOMVI'-!eCKVI l1 ITOJIJ1TH'-!eCKO OTHOilleHMe H Hep;onycKaHe HaMe-
caTa Ha B'bHillHJ1 CJ1JIVI B'bB B'bTpernHl1R :>KHBOT Ha EoJirapmL .JJ:onyrnaTl1Te OTCT'bITKJ1
ce rrpaBRT 3apap;u TopceHeTo Ha p;unJI0MaT11'-!eCKa rrop;Kpena B pernaBaHeTo Ha Hau;u-
OHaJIHMR Borrpoc. IlpaBl1TeJICTBOTO p;orryCKa pep;uu;a CJia6oCTJ1 l1 oco6eHO no OTHOille-
HMe Ha pa3BMTMeTo M Hacop'IaBaHeTo Ha 6omapCKaTa rrpoMitlrnJieHocT. B cTpeMe:>Ka
CM p;a 3ana3JIT p;pe6HaTa '-!aCTHa co6cTBeHOCT JIJ16epaJIMTe cn'bBaT pa3BOR Ha KanVITa-
JIVICTJ1'-!eCKJ1Te OTHOilleHl1R.
81
Pocuz,ia AH2e110Ba
B nepwo.a;a 1879-1885 r. ce nonaraT ocHoBttTe Ha crnforneH .a;op)f(aBeH )f(WBOT, Co3-

.a;ageHw ca .a;o6pw ycnoBttR 3a pa3BWTtteTo Ha ttKOHOMWKaTa 11 KynTyparn, tt3rpa)f(.a;ar
ce MOp;epHtt .a;op)f(aBHl1 Y1HCTY1TYl.\Yll1, pa3BY1Ba ce HOpManeH nonttTYl'IeCKYl )f(J,1BOT, 3a-
Il0'-1Ba ga ce qiopMwpa nonwTtttieCKa KynTypa. KHJI)f(eCTBO EonrapwR ycnJIBa .a;a ona3vt
nonwTwieCKaTa .a;eMoKpal\ttR 11 .a;a npo.a;oJDKW Hanpe.a;.
JIJ1TEPATYPA
BoHlllHa nom1THKa Ha o'brrrapwR 1879-1886. AoKyMeHTJll. T. 1. C., 1978.

felllesa, J.1. J.1,11eorrornR w nporpaMH Ha KoHcepsaTHBHaTa napTHR ( 1878-1886) - MTip, KH.
3, 1986.
fellleBa, J.1. 3a OTHOllleHweTo Ha KoHcepsaTopwTe K'bM KHR3 Arre1<caH,110p EaTeH6epr.
- BJ.1C, KH. l, 1988.
felllesa, J.1. KHR)!(eCKHTe TI'bJIHOMOII~HR JI! 3a,11a<I11Te Ha BTopoTo BerrwKo Hapo,11Ho co6pa-
H11e 188lr. - J.1Tip, 1994/95, KH. 2.
AaMRHOB, C. cI>peHCKOTO HKOHOMH'leCKo npoHHKBaHe B o'brrrapwR 1878-1914. C., 1971.
AaMRHOB, C. o'brrrapwR B'bB cppeHcKaTa norrwTwKa 1878-1918. C., 1985.
AwMHTpOB, M. KHR3'bT, KOHCTHTYQHRTa w HapO,!l'bT. C., 1972.
MKoHOMHKaTa Ha Eorrrap1rn ,110 COQJ11aJIJ11CTH<Iec1<aTa pesomoQHR. C., 1962.
Mcrnp11R Ha Eorrrap1rn. T. VII. EAH. C., 1991.
J.1cTop11R Ha o6pa30BaHHeTo w ne,11arornqecKaTa MHC'bJI B EorrrapwR. T. II. C., 1982.
JlaJIKOB, M. Eorrrap1rn B 6anKaHcKaTa noJIHTHKa Ha AscTpo-YHrapwR 1878-1903. C.,
1993.
MaHOJioBa, M. TiapnaMeHTapH3M'bT B D'bJirapJ11R 1879-1894. C., 1989.
MwllleB, P. AscTpo-YttrapwR 11 D'bJirap11R 1879-1894. TioJIHTH'lecKH OTHOllleHHR. C. 1988.
HaTaH, )K., Jl. EepoB, CT. UoHeB, K. fopos. J.1cTopwR Ha HKOHOMH'lecKaTa MHC'bJI B 0011-
rapwR. T. I. C., 1971; T. II. C., 1973.
TiaHTeB, A. AHmHR cpenw PycwR Ha EanKaHwTe 1879-1894. C., 1972.
TiaHTeB, A. Tipo6JieMl1 Me)l():ly roJieMHTe JI! MaJIKJ1Te ,!l'bp)!(aBJll B HOBO BpeMe. - J.1Tip, 1974,
KH. 3.
TiaHTeB, A. AHm11R w B'bHlllHonorrwTw<IeCKHTe npo6neMw Ha Eonrap11R 1879-1914. - B:
Eonrap1rn B cseTa OT ,11peBHOCTTa ,110 Hall!H ):IHJll. T. 2. C., 1979.
TieTpos, M. Eonrapo-pycKw nonwTH'leCKH OTHOllleHHR B HaBe<IepHeTo w no speMe Ha
TI'bJIHOMO~JllRTa (1879-11883). - MTip, 1981, KH. 6.
TieTpos, M. Eonrapo-pycKH noJIJ11TH'lecKJ11 OTHOllleHHR B HaBe<IepweTo Ha Coe):IHHem1ero
1883-1885. - J.1Tip, 1983, KH. 2.
Ca3,[IOB, A. Ha<IaJIOTO Ha cronaHcKaTa nonJ11Tl1Ka B cso60,11Ha EorrrapwR (1877-1886). - B:
Tipo6JieMH Ha HOBaTa H HaM-HOBaTa CTOnaHCKa H KYJITypHa HCTOpHR Ha D'bJirapwR. c., 1992.
CTaTenosa, E. AwnnoMaQJllRTa Ha KHR)l(eCTBO o'brrrapwR 1879-1885. C., 1977.
CTaTenosa, E. Eonrapo-cpo6cKJ11Te OTHOllleHHR cne,11 C'b3):1aBaHeTo Ha KHJI)!(eCTBO o'bJira-
pwR 1879-1885. - B: Cpo6c1<0-6onrapc1<aTa BOMHa. C6opHJ111< cTaTHH. C., 1985.
CTaTenosa, E., P. Tionos, B. TaHKOBa. McrnpwR Ha 6orrrapCKaTa ,11wnnoMaQJ11R 1878-1913.
c., 1994.
CTORHOB, J.1s. Jiw6epanHaTa napTHR B KHJI)f(eCTBO Eonrapw.i11879-1886. C., 1989.
To,11opos, fopaH A. Ype)!():laHe Ha arpapHJllR l1 6e)!(aHCKl1R Bonpoc B KHJI)l(eCTBO EonrapH!!
B nopBHTe ro,1111HJ11 cne,11 Ocso6o)l():leHHeTO (1879-1881). - MTip, KH. l, 1961.
82
HOBA E'b!ITAPCKA MCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
ToAopoB, fopatt ;:I.. IlomnwKaTa Ha 6'bnrapcK11re 6yp)!{Oa3HH npaBHTeJICTBa no arpapmrn

YI 6e)!{aHCKYIR B'bIIpoc CJieA A'bp)!{aBHYIR npeBpar OT 1881 r. - Y.!Ilp, KH. 2, 1961.
ToAOPOB, fopaH ;:I.. BpeMeHHOTO OTMeHRHe YI B'b3CTaHOBRBaHe Ha KoHCTYITYQHRTa B KHR-
)Kecrno o'bJirapirn 1881-1883. C., 1991.
IV. 113TO'-IHA PYMEAH.H (1879~1885)
1. y CTpOUCTBO H ynpaB.l\eHue
Cnope,n; 'IJieH 13 Ha Eepn11HcK1rn p;oroBop "... Ha IDr OT EanKaHa ce o6pa3yBa ep;Ha

npoBwHu;m1 no,n; MMe J13Tff'IHa PyMemur, KORTO oCTaBa no,n; npRKaTa nonwTwrecKa w
BOeHHa BnacT Ha cynTaHa, np11 ycnoBMR Ha aAMHHHCTpaTHBHa aBTOHOMHR. TR :iu;e 11Ma
reHepan-ry6epHaTop Xpl1CTl1RHvlH". 3aKOHOp;aTeJIHaTa p;eHHOCT :iu;e ce OC'bIJ~eCTBRBa OT
06nacTHO cn6paH11e, KOeTo :iu;e Ha611pa ,n;enyrnTHTe no 1136op, cny)l(e6Ho noJIO)l(eH11e
11 Ha3Ha':IeH11e 11 :iu;e pa6onr Ha cee1111. B ocTaHaJIOTO BpeMe cpyHKQHHTe Ha napna-
MeHTa :iu;e ce noeMaT OT Hapo'IeH TiocTORHeH KOMHTeT. J.13n'bJIHJ/ITeJIHaTa BJiaCT :iu;e ce
peaJIJ/l3Hpa OT 6-qneHHO npamuencrno, Hape'IeHo no cppeHCKJ/l 06pa3eu; ,D,11peKrnpaT,
a B ap;Ml1HJ1CTpaTHBHO OTHOllleHJ/le o6nacTTa :iu;e e pa3p;eneHa Ha 6 oKpnra - TinoBp;11B-
CKJ1I, Tia3app;)l(J11UKJII, CTapo3aropcK11, Cn11BeHCKJ1I, XacKOBCKH 11 EypracKJII, Hape'IeH11
npecpeKTyp11.
lfoeH 14 Ha Eepn11HCKJ1R ,n;oroBop cp11KC11pa rpaHHQHTe Ha J13TO'!Ha PyMeJIJ/IR. J13-
TO'IHaTa rpaHJ/IQa B'bpB11 no 6pera Ha llepHo Mope, a ceBepHaTa - no 611n0To Ha Crnpa
nnaHJ/IHa. 3anap;HaTa rpaH11u;a 3ano'!Ba OT Bpnx TiaCKaJI, cnyCKa ce p;o p. TonoJIHJ/IQa
Me)l(p;y TIJ1Ip,n;on JI! c. ,Il,ylllaHQM, npop;'bJI)l(aBa p;o c. TieTpJ1Iq u OTTYK Me)l(p;y J1xT11MaH
u c. BaKapen, H3TO'IHO OT CaMOKOB, cTura Pop;on11Te. IO:arnarn rpaHJ/IQa B'bpB11 no Po-
p;onuTe Ha l13TOK p;o p. App;a, 3aB11Ba Ha ceBep, npeCM'la p. Map11u;a Hap; CB11neHrpap;
11 no CeBepHa CTpaHp;)l(a p;ocTJ1Ira llepHo Mope Ha ceBep OT Barnn11Ko (MJ1I'IYPJ1IH).
Cnep;oBaTeJIHO l13TO'IHa PyMeJIMR rpaH11'!11 caMo c ep;Ha p;np)l(aBa - KHR)l(ecrno o'bJI-
rap11R. llneH 15 Ha EepnJ1IHCKl1R p;oroBop p;aBa npaBo Ha cynTaHa p;a na3u rpaHHQHTe
qpe3 CTpOe)f( Ha yKpenneHJ/IR l1 CBOJ.1 rapHJII30HJ1. 3a nop;p;'bp)l(aHe Ha B'bTpelUHHR pep;
e C'b3p;ap;eHa MeCTHa )l(aHp;apMepHR J1 MHJIHQJ/IR c ocpJ1IQep11, Ha3Ha':IaBaHJ1 OT cynrnHa.
B onpe,n;eneH11 cnyqa11 npu Han11queTo Ha B'bHlUHa un11 B'bTpelUHa onacHOCT rnaBHMRT
ynpaBvi:TeJI MO)l(e p;a BVIKa Ha nOMOJQ TypcKJ1 BOHCKVI.
BnTpelUHOTo yCTpoiircTBO cnopep; 'IJI. 18 OT p;oroBopa e B'b3JIO)l(eHo Ha EBponew-
cKa KOMHCHR, KORTO B cnrnacue c Bvi:coKaTa nopTa B TPHMece':IeH cpoK TpR6Ba p;a VI3-
pa6oTJ/l OpraHvi'IeCKH ycrnB 3a o6nacTTa. TipJ1I VI3n'bJIHeHvi:e Ha 3ap;a':IaTa cu KOMMCMR-
Ta Tp.H6Ba ,n;a ce pnKOBO)J;J/l OT 3aKOHJ1ITe 3a BHJiaeTuTe, KOJ/ITO ca B CJ/IJia B OcMaHCKaTa
VIMnepJ1IR, u OT npe,n;JIO)l(eHHRTa, HanpaBeHJ/l Ha IJ;apurpap;CKaTa KOHcpepeHQJ/IR OT 1876
r. OcBeH TOBa c '!JI. 19 Ha KOMHCHRTa ce B'b3Jiara 3ap;a'laTa ,n;a ynpaBJIJIBa cpvi:HaHcHTe
83
Pocui<a AH2e11osa
Ha o6nacTTa, p;oKaTo ce 113pa6onr OpraHw-1ecKJ1JI ycTaB J1 BJie3e B p;et1:cTBJ1e HoBaTa

ap;MJ1Hl1CTpaQJ1R.
Ta311 o6nacT J1Ma rrJIOll\ 35 901 KB. KM 11 HaceneH11e 815 946 p;yrrm 11 cnep;Ba ,11a
ce yrrpaBJIJIBa C'brnacHo pa3rropep;611Te Ha OpramrqecKJ1JI yCTaB. CTomtQaTa Ha aBTO-
HOMHaTa o6nacT e ep;liIH OT Hat1:-roneMJiITe liI Hat1:-pa3BliITliITe 6'bmapcKliI rpap;oBe cne,11
Orno6o)Kp;eHJifeTo - IlnoBp;liIB. llpyr11 rro-roneMliI rpap;oBe B o6nacTTa ca Cn11BeH, CTa-
pa 3aropa, Ila3app;)Kl1K, XacKoBo, Eyprac liI p;p.
Ilo BpeMe Ha KOHrpeca B EepnliIH pycKHRT p;liinJioMaT IT. lliyBaJioB HapliI'Ia J13TO'l-
Ha PyMeJiliIJI "Hep;oBOJIHa E'bnrapliIR" 3a pa3JIJ1Ka OT "p;oBOJIHa E'bnrapliIR", KaKBaTo e
KHJI)KeCTBOTO. ToBa orrpep;eneHliie ce oKa3Ba BRpHo He caMo 3a rr'bpBliITe rop;liIHliI rne,11
EepJiliIHCKliIJI p;oroBop, HO 11 3a QeJiliIR rrepHop; Ha C'bll\eCTByBaHe Ha o6nacTTa.
2. Jtfapa6oTBaHe 11 xapaKTep Ha OpraH1111ecKHH yCTaB
Me)Kp;yHapop;HaTa o6cTaHOBKa rnep; EepnliIHCKliIJI KOHrpec Hat1:-o611\0 ce xapaKTe-

p1iI3l1pa c rrpop;'bJI)KaBaHe Ha 6op6aTa Me)Kp;y BeJiliIKHTe CliIJIJ1 3a rocrrop;cTBO B EBpo-
rret1:cKHJI IOrolil3TOK. EepJil1HCKJ1Te rroCTaHOBJieHliIR JIBHO pa3Kpl1BaT HaMepeHMeTO Ha
3arrap;Hl1Te CTpaHJ1 p;a HarrpaBJIT OT J13TO'IHa PyMeJiliIJI 061i1KHOBeHa rrpoBl1HQJ1JI, KO.R-
TO p;a He ce pa3JiliI'IaBa MHOfO OT OCTaHaJIJ1Te BJ1JiaeTJ1 Ha liIMrrepliIRTa. ToBa HaMepem1e
rrpOJIJ1'IaBa J1 B p;et1:cTBJiIJITa Ha rrpep;cTaBJiITeJIJiITe Ha Te31iI p;'bp)KaBJiI B KOMJiICJiIJITa 3a
1iI3pa6ornaHe Ha OpraHJiI'IeCKliI yCTaB 3a o6nacTTa. TRxHaTa rnaBHa QeJI e p;a C'bCTaB.RT
TaKoBa yCTpot1:cTBo, KOeTo p;a oTp;aneqJiI J13TO'IHa PyMeJIJ1JI OT KHR)KeCTBO E'bmaptt!l
Ji[ p;a OTCTpaHJiI pycKOTO BJIJiIJIHJ1e B HeJI. Te ce CTpeMJIT p;a B'b3CTaHOBJIT B'bB B'b3MO)!(H0
Hat1:-roJIJIMa CTerreH BJiacTTa Ha cynTatia liI p;a HaMaJIJIT poJIJITa Ha 6'bnrapcKOTo Hace-
neHJife, KaTO JiI3KYCTBeHO ce 3aCJiIJI)i[ Mano6pot'rnoTO TypcKO Iii rp'bQKO MaJIQJiIHCTBO.
Hat1:-yrropliITliI rrpoBop;HliIQliI Ha Ta31iI JiliIHlilJI, Hapep; c p;eneraTJiITe Ha OcMaHcKaTa MM-
rrepliIR, ca rrpep;cTaBliITeJIJiITe Ha AHrnliIR liI ABCTpo-YHrapliIR. lleneraTJiITe Ha <PpaHl\M.R,
fepMaHJiIJI Iii J1TaJIJiIJI o61ilKHOBeHO rrop;KperrJIT CBOJilTe 3anap;HliI KOJierliI B TJIXHaTa npo-
TliIB06nmapcKa p;ettHOCT.
Ep;liIHCTBeHo PycMJI 3all\liITaBa liIHTepecliITe Ha 6'bJirapcKliIJI Hapop;, KaTo ce c1pe-
MliI p;a 3ana3Jif 6nmapcKliIR xapaKTep Ha o6nacTTa liI p;a C'b3p;ap;e TaKoBa ycTpot'!crso,
KoeTo no-K'bCHO p;a ynecHliI C'bep;liIHeHJifeTo c KHJI)KeCTBO E'bnrapliIR. 011\e no BpeMe
Ha BOHHaTa B IO)KHa E'bnrapliIR e B'bBep;eHo C'bll\OTO rpa)Kp;aHcKo yCTpot1:cTBO, KaKTO
liI B ocTairnJiliITe orno6op;eHliI TepliITOplilliI. T'btt KaTo cnopep; EepJililHCKliIJI p;oroBop Ha
EBponet1:CKaTa KOMliICliIR e B'b3JIO)KeHo p;a p'bKOBOp;liI caMo cpliIHaHCliITe B o6nacTTa, ,11py-
fliITe KJIOHOBe B yrrpaBJieHJileTO eCTeCTBeHo TpR6Ba p;a OCTaHaT B p'bQeTe Ha pycKHTe
BJiaCTliI, aKo He p;o liI3TliI'IaHeTo Ha cpoKa 3a BOeHHaTa oKynaQliIR, noHe p;o 1iI3pa6orna-
HeTo Ha OpraHliI'IeCKliI yCTaB.
PycKoTo ynpaBJieHliie liI3TIOJI3Ba TOBa BpeMe 3a p;a C'b3p;ap;e B J13TO'IHa PyMenm1
3p;paBa ap;MliIHliICTpaQliIJI liI 3eMcKa BottcKa, liI3rpap;eHliI Ha C'bll\liITe npliIHQliITiliI u B'b3
ocHoBa Ha C'bll\liITe npaBJiIJIHliIQliI, KaKTO ap;MliIHliICTpaQliIJITa liI Bo11cKaTa Ha KHJI)f(e-
CTBO E'bnrapr,rn. To ce nocTapaBa p;a 3ana31i1 caMOCTORTeJIHOCTTa Ha B'bBep;eHaTa a,11-
MliIHliICTpaQliIR liI p;a He p;orrycHe KOMlilCliIRTa p;a ce HaMecBa B ynpaBJieHJifeTo Ha o6nac-
84
HOBA E'b!IIAPCKA J1CTOPJ1Jl (1878-1944)
Tra. ,D;opu no B'bnpoca 3a cpttHaHCHTe BpeMeHHOTO ynpaBneHue e Ha MHemie, 'le Te He

TpR6Ba ,n;a ce npe,n;aBaT H3QRno B poQeTe Ha KOMHCHRTa. Ha pycKttTe npe,n;cramnenu
B KOMHCHRTa TI'bK e B'b3flO)!(eHa 3ap;a'IaTa B npOTHBOBec Ha ycttnHRTa Ha 3anap;HHTe
,n;eneraTH ,n;a ce 6opRT 3a p;eI1cTBHTenHa aBTOHOMHR, KaTo ce orpaHtt'IaT npaBara Ha
cynTaHa u ce 3ana3u nono)KeHtteTo, Koero 6onrapcKoTo HaceneHwe 6wno Be'Ie nony-
<Iwno KaTO MH03HHCTBO B o6naCTTa.
KoMwrnRra 3ano<IBa CBORTa pa6ora B I.J,apwrpa,n; Ha 18 cenTeMBpw 1878 r. TypQWR
e npe,n;CTaBeHa OT AcwM nawa, ceHaTop, nopBw KOMttcap, w A6po ecpeH,n;w, Bwcw cny-
)!(ttTen B MWHWCTepcTBOTO Ha B'bHWH:WTe pa6oT:w, Brop:w KOMwcap; Pyc:wR - OT AneK-
caH,D;'bp IIIeneneB, nonKOBH:WK OT feHepanHHR ~a6, Y<JaCTH:WK B'bB BOMHara :w 6:wBw
ry6epHaTOp Ha DnoBp;:WB, TI'bpB:W KOMHcap, H KHR3 AneKceI1 I.J,epeTeneB, 6ttBllI ceKpe-
Tap Ha pycKOTO noconcrno B I.J,apurpa,n; w reHepaneH KOHcyn B DnoB,D;HB, y<Iacrnan
npw pa3Kp:wBaHeTo Ha ocMaHcK:wTe 3Bepcrna np:w noryrnaBaHero Ha AnpuncKoTo
B'bcraH:we, BTOPH KOM:wcap; AHrn:WR - OT XeHp:w ,D;poMOH,ll; Yoncp, <IneH Ha aHrnuI1cK:WR
napnaMeHT. KOM:Wcap, :w nop,n; ,lJ;'bHaMop, TIOMO~HHK-KOMHcap; ABCTO-YHrap:wR - OT
EeH:waMwH Kanau, <IneH Ha ymapcKHR napnaMeHT; fepMamrn - OT A. <floH EpayHrn-
BaI1r, BHQeKoHcyn B EyKype~; <flpaHQHR - OT 6apoH MaKrnM:wn:waH ,ll;bO PttHr, n'hnHo-
Mo~eH M:WHHCT'bp, KOMHcap, H I1Tan:WR - OT A. BepoHH, TI'bpB:w ,n;paroMaH B :WTanuaH-
CKara ,n;eneraQHR B I.J,apurpa,n;.
B nopBttTe 3ace,n;amrn ce o6c'b)!(,ll;ar npe,n;BapviTenHttTe B'bnpocw, CB'bp3aHH c pa-
6oTaTa Ha KOMHCHRTa :w Het:rn:wTe n'hnHOMO~vrn. DpvteMa ce 3ace,n;aH:wRra ,n;a ce npep;-
cep;aTencTBaT OT oTp;enH:wTe npe,n;CTaBwTen:w <Ipe3 pe,n;yBaHe, perneHHRTa ,n;a ce B3eMaT
C'bC c'hrnac:weTo Ha BC:W'IKH <IneHose Ha KOM:WC:WRTa. YTB'bp)!(,n;asa ce cpopMyn:wpaHOTO
OT KHR3 I.J,epeTeneB TIOflO)KeHHe, 'le y<IaCTHeTO Ha TypcKHTe ,n;eneraTH B 3ace,n;aH:WRTa
H B rnacyBaHeTo npaBH OpraHH'IeCKHR ycras 3a,D;'bfl)!(WTeneH 3a BvicoKaTa nopra vi
cne,n;oBaTenHo TR HRMa npaBo ,n;a ro npepa3rne)!(,n;a H H3MeHR cne,n; H3pa6ornaHeTo vi
npvieMaHeTO My.
EBponeMCKaTa KOMWCVIR o6C'b)!(,ll;a VI B'bnpocHTe 3a OTHOilieHHeTO K'bM nop;aBaHH-
Te OT HaceneHweTO npollleHMR, 3aBp'b~aHeTO Ha TypcKMTe 6e)!(aHQW H 3a cpHHaHC:WTe.
Do npep;no)!(emre 3a 3anap;m1Te ,n;eneraTM Ha nopBo BpeMe e peweHo ,n;a He ce npvieMaT
nporneHMR, KOHTO ca Haco<IeHvi npoTHB nocraHosneHMRTa Ha EepnHHCKHR p;orosop
3a l13TO'IHa PyMenMR, KO:WTO ,n;a nperne)!(,n;a KOMHCHRTa. Do B'bnpoca 3a 6e)!(aHQMTe
OCMaHCKHTe ,n;eneraTH HaCTORBaT KOMVICHRTa ,n;a B3eMe MepK:W, 3a ,n;a ce ynecHH TRX-
HOTO 3aBp'b~aHe. C Tosa ce Qen:w ,n;a ce npoMeH:w o6nwK'bT Ha o6nacTTa B non3a Ha
MI-OcIDnMaHcKMR eneMeHT. Ta3H nonWTHKa e no,n;KpenRHa OT 3ana,n;HvrTe ,n;eneraru, HO
cpe~a C'bnporvisa OT CTpaHa Ha npe,n;CTaBMTen:wTe Ha PycwR, KOHTO ,ll;OKa3BaT, 'le B'b-
npOC'bT 3a 6e)KaHQ:WTe He BflM3a B KOMnereH[\JrnTe Ha EBponeuCKara KOMVICH.R w 'le 3a
HerosoTo pewaBaHe e C'b3p;ap;eHa cneQttanHa pycKo-TypcKa KOMWC:WR, KORTO 3acep;aBa
B I.J,apvirpa,n;.
He no-ManKo cno)!(eH ce oKa3Ba Bonpoc'bT 3a cpviHaHCHTe, KOMTO 3aHMMaBa KO-
MWCHRTa npe3 QRflOTO BpeMe Ha He11Hara pa6ora :we TIOCTO.RHeH H3TO'IHVIK Ha He,n;opa-
3yMemrn. Do npep;no)KeHvie Ha 6apoH p;bo PviHr KOM:WCHRTa Bnvi3a B'bB Bp'b3Ka c OTo-
MaHCKara 6aHKa, Ha KORTO ce npe,n;nara ,n;a c'b6:wpa ,n;aH'bQ:WTe B o6nacTTa. Cne,n; Tosa ce
Pocui{a AHze11oaa
J136wpa cDMHaHCOB KOMMTeT, KOMTO TpR6Ba .n;a B3eMe B CBOM po~e ~RJIOTO ynpaBJiem1e
Ha <PwHaHCMTe. 3a TaK'bB e onpe.n;eneH HeMe~'bT A.n;on<P IllMMT, .n;oToraBa MHcneKTop Ha
KJIOHOBeTe Ha 0ToMaHCKaTa 6aHKa.
OT cpe.n;aTa Ha OKTOMBpM 1878 r. KOMMCMRTa ce npeMeCTBa B I1JIOB)l;MB, K'b.n;ero
cornacHo nocTwrnaToTo cnopa3yMemi:e Me)f(.n;y npam1TeJicTBarn Ha BeJIMKMTe cmm,
TpR6Ba .n;a ce npoBe)f(.n;aT 3ace.n;aHmITa 3a M3pa6oTBaHe Ha OpraHw1ecKM ycrnB. 3anaA·
HMTe .n;op)f(aBM M Typ~MR ce Ha)l;RBaT, qe B I1JIOB)l;MB KOMHCMRTa ~e MO)f(e no-JieCHo
.n;a B3eMe B CBOM po~e ynpaBJieHMeTO Ha <PwHaHCMTe M ~e MMa B'b3MO)f(HOCT .n;a KOH·
Tponwpa .n;eucTBMRTa Ha MeCTHaTa a.n;MMHMCTpa~MR. PycKwTe npe.n;CTaBMTenw CMRTaT
TI'bK, qe B I1JIOB)l;MB KOMHOIRTa ~e 60.n;e no-MaJIKO M3JIO)f(eHa Ha Bpa)f(.n;e6HM Ha Pyorn
BJIMRHMR M MHTpwrw, OTKOJIKOTO B Qapwrpa.n;. TyK TR ~e ce HaMMpa cpe.n; CaMOTO Ha·
ceneHwe M Henocpe.n;cTBeHO ~e OTI03Hae HeroBMTe MCKaHMR OTHOCHO ycTpOHCTBOTO
Ha o6nacTTa. Co6MTMRTa noTB'bp)f(.n;aBaT npe.n;noJIO)f(eHMRTa Ha pycKMTe npe.n;cTam1·
TeJIM.
EomapcKoTo HaceneHwe B l13TO'IHa PyMeJIMR nocpe~Ha KOMMCMRTa c ronHMo
B'b36y)f(.n;eHMe. Ha 16 OKTOMBpM 1878 r. e.n;Ha 12-'IJieHHa .n;enyrn~MR, B KORTO BJUl3aT
npe.n;cTaBMTemr Ha pa3JIM'IHM rpa.n;oBe Ha IO)f(Ha EomapwR, Bpo'IBa Ha 'IJieHoBeTe Ha
KOMMCMRTa MeMoap, B KOMTO OT HMeTO Ha ~RJIOTO 6onrapcKO HaceJieHMe B o6rracna
ce M3pa3RBa npoTecT cpeuw pa3noK'bCBaHeTo Ha 6omapcKMR Hapo.n;. ABTopwTe Ha
MeMoapa TIOCO'IBaT MH03HHCTBOTO Ha 6onrapwTe B cpaBHeHwe c OCTaHaJIMTe Hapo~
HOCTM M H3Ka3BaT He.n;oBepwe K'bM o6e~aHaTa OT EeprrwHcKMR .n;oroBop aBTOHOMl!R,
KORTO B 3Ha'IMTeJIHa CTeneH 3ana3Ba BJiaCTTa Ha cynTaHa Ha.n; o6JiaCTTa. HaKpa.R ce
HaCTORBa .n;a ce 3ana3M C'b~eCTByBa~OTO yCTpofICTBO M ce TIOCO'IBa onacHOCTTa 3a
MMpa, aKO He ce M3TI'bJIHRT cnpaBe)l;JIMBMTe )f(eJiaHMR Ha 6omapwTe.
BonpeKw qe MeMoapoT e H3~RJIO Haco'leH npoTMB EepnHHCKMR .n;oroBop, KOMl!-
CM.R:Ta ce BM)f(.n;a npwHy.n;eHa .n;a ce 3aHHMae c Hero. B e.n;Ho OT nopBMTe 3ace.n;amrn B
ITnoB.n;MB ce pernaBa npe.n;ce.n;aTeJICTByBa~MRT .n;a noKaHH 'IJieHoBeTe Ha .n;enyrnl.\HRTa
M .n;a rM ycnoKOM OTHOCHO HaMepeHM.R:Ta Ha KOMMCMRTa. EonrapwTe He OCTaHaT )l;OBOn-
HM OT OTroBopa Ha KOMMCHRTa. B HOB MeMoap Te 3aRBRBaT, qe .n;o6pwTe HaMepeHl!R,
OT KOMTO ce BO)l;M KOMMCMRTa, He ca )l;OCTaT'b'IHH. Heo6xo.n;MMH ca rapaH~MH, 'le TOBa,
KoeTo TR ~e M3pa6oTM, ~e ce npwJIO)f(M, KaKTO TpR6Ba. CTpa.n;aHMRTa Ha 6onrapcKl!R
Hapo.n; OT TypcKMR pe)f(MM ca TOJIKOBa roneMM, qe TOH B HMKaK'bB rnyqaft He MO)!(e ~a
ce TIO)l;'IHHM Ha npRKaTa BJiaCT Ha cynTaHa.
ITpoTecTw w M3JIO)f(eHMR oTnpaBRT w oT.n;enHMTe cenu~a B l13TO'IHa PyMen11a.
CwnHo Bne'larneHwe npaBw npoTecroT Ha KapnoBCKMTe B)l;OBH~M. B Ha'laJioTo Ha HO-
eMBpH npe.n; KOMHCM.R:Ta ce RBRBa .n;enera~MR, B KORTO OT MMeTo Ha 864 )f(eHM, 1J]l!J1T0
conpy3w H CMHOBe 6e3 HMKaKBa BMHa ca H36MTM no BpeMe Ha BOHHaTa OT TYPI.\l1Te,
HaCTORBa .n;a ce TIOT'bpcw CMeTKa OT rypcKOTO npaBMTeJICTBO 3a M3B'bpilleHOTO 3JIO·
.n;eRHMe M 3aRBRBa nporecT cpe~y HaMepeHMeTO .n;a ce B'b3CTaHOBM CTapMRT pe)!(J1M B
o6nacTTa.
He.n;oBOJICTBOTO Ha HaceneHMeTo or nocraHOBJieHHRTa Ha EepnMHCKMR .n;orosop
ce M3pa3RBa oco6eHo CMJIHO B .n;eMOHCTpa~MMTe npOTMB .n;wpeKTOpa Ha <PwHaHcme
IllMMT, Koraro TOM npMCT'bTIBa K'bM peBM3MpaHe H npweMaHe Ha KaCMTe B o6rracm.
HOBA E'bflI'APCKA UCTOPUJI (1878-1944)
0THa'Iano TOM cpe~a naCJ1BHa C'bilpOTJ1Ba OT cTpaHa Ha MeCTHJ1Te BnaCTJ1, KOJ1TO OT-
Ka3BaT Aa MY npeAaAaT KacuTe l1 Heo6xoAMMJ1Te cBeAeHMR aa nocT'bnneHMRTa l1 paa-
XOAMTe. CneA TOBa ce c6n'bCKBa c Bpa)f(Ae6HOTO OTHOllleHJ1e Ha HaceneHJ1eTO, KOeTO
BJ1)f(Aa B HeroBo nm.1;e 'Il1HOBHJ1K Ha cynrnHa, a B Aei1cTBJ1RTa MY - noArOTBMTenHM
CT'bilKJ1 3a B'b3CTaHOBRBaHe Ha OCMaHCKaTa BnacT B o6nacTTa.
B TaKaBa o6cTaHOBKa aano'!HaT J1 npoTM'IaT aaceAaHMRTa Ha KOMJ1Cl1RTa B IInoB-
AMB. Ha rnpBoTo aaceAaHue, npoBeAeHo Ha 21 OKTOMBpM 1878 r., ocMaHCKJ1Te Aenera-
TI1 npeACTaBRT CBOM npoeKT aa OpraHJ1'IeCKJ1 ycTaB, KOMTO cnopeA rnx TpR6Ba Aa noc-
ny)f(M 3a OCHOBa Ha pa3J1CKBaHJ1RTa B KOMJ1CJ1RTa. IIpoeKT'bT no Hl1IJ..\O He ce paanJ1-
'IaBa OT l13AaAeHJ1R npeAM TOBa aaKoH aa BJ1naeTJ1Te B OcMaHcKaTa MMnepuR. CnopeA
Hero o6nacTTa TpR6Ba Aa ce ynpaBnRBa OT BanMR (reHepan-ry6epHaTop), noAnoMaraH
OT Myxace6eA)f(I1R (rnaBeH ceKpernp) I1 CeAeM Ha3'bpl1 (AI1peKTOpl1), Ha3Ha'IaBaHJ1 OT
BucoKaTa nopTa. Te o6paaYBaT TaKa Hape'IeHMR aAMMHJ1CTpaTMBeH C'bBeT, c KOJ1TO Ba-
nuRTa TpR6Ba Aa ce C'bBeIJ..\aBa no BCJ1'IKM B'bnpocu, KOJ1TO He ca npeABl1AeHJ1 B ycrnBa
l1 aaKOHJ1Te Ha o6nacTTa. KaTo MeCTHO aaKOHOAaTenHo npaBo ce npeABJ1)f(,D;a p;a ce
yqpep;l1 fnaBeH C'bBeT, C'bCTaBeH OT J136l1paHJ1 OT HaceneHMeTO J1 Ha3Ha'IaBaHJ1 OT Ba-
nMRTa qneHoBe. IIoBe'IeTo 'Il1HOBHI1IJ;l1, c'bp;MMTe, KaKTO l1 ocpuIJ;epuTe OT MI1nl1IJ;I1RTa
J1 )f(aHAapMepmna cnopeA npoeKTa ce Haatta'laBaT OT BucoKaTa nopTa no npe,n;no)f(e-
HI1e Ha BanMRTa. TypcKMRT e3MK ce aanaaBa KaTo rnaBeH eaMK B o6nacTTa. 3anaaBa ce
cTapoTo MY aAMMHJ1cTpaTl1BHO p;eneHue, crnpaTa p;aH'b'IHa cucTeMa M np.
IIpe,n;no)f(eHMRT OT ocMaHCKMTe AeneraTJ1 npoeKT npeHe6perna l1 ManKoTo npaBa,
KOJ1TO Eepnl1HCKJ1RT AOroBop npep;BJ1)f(,D;a aa o6nacTTa, l1 aaToBa e OTXB'bpneH. Pa6o-
TaTa npop;'bn)f(aBa B'b3 OCHOBa Ha I13pa6oTeHaTa OT aBCTpo-yHrapCKJ1R npeACTaBI1Ten
Kanaw nporpaMa aa ornoBHJ1Te nono)f(eHI1R, KOJ1TO TpR6Ba Aa aanerHaT B OpraHJ1-
qecKJ1 yCTaB aa YfaTO'IHa PyMenMR. C'hrnarno Ta3l1 nporpaMa yCTaB'bT TpR6Ba Aa ce
C'bCTaBJ1 npu cTporo cnaaBaHe Ha nocTaHoBneHMRTa Ha Eepnl1HCKJ1R p;oroBop l1 B C'b-
rnacM.e c Ayxa Ha aanaAHOeBponeMCKJ1Te p;'bp)f(aBHo-npaBHM l1HCTl1TYIJ;l1l1 M HY)f(,D;MTe
Ha HaceneHMeTo.
IIpoeKTJ1Te Ha OTAenHMTe rnaBJ1 TpR6Ba Aa ce wapa6oTBaT OT AeneraTMTe c'brnacHo
npeABapuTeneH nnaH J1 cnep; TOBa p;a ce o6c'h)f(,D;aT l1 npueMaT OT KOMJ1CJ1RTa. IIopaAJ.1
pa3nl1'IJ1RTa B CXBa~aHmITa Ha pycKJ1Te npep;CTaBI1TenJ1 J1 Ha TeXHJ1Te npOTJ1BHMIJ;J.1
'IeCTo no OTAenHM Ba)f(HJ1 B'bnporn B'b3HJ1KBaT np9A'hn)f(MTenHI1 w OCTpl1 p;uCKycuu,
KOMTO aa6aBRT pa6oTaTa Ha KOMHCJ1RTa. I1'hpBl1Te Il0-3Ha'IJ.1TenHJ1 cnopoBe B'b3HJ1K-
BaT no B'bnpoca aa o6naCTHaTa MI1nl1IJ;J.1R (HapoAHa BOMCKa). qn, 6 OT rnaBa n'hpBa Ha
npoeKTa onpeAenR BOeHHaTa cny)f(6a KaTo aaA'bn)f(MTenHa aa BCJ1'IKJ1 rpa)f(AaHM Ha
o6nacTTa, HO C'bA'bp)f(a J1 nono)f(eHwR, KOI1TO MMaT aa IJ;en p;a l13MeHRT xapaKTepa Ha
MI1nI1IJ;I1RTa KaTo MeCTHa BOMCKa. TaKa HanpuMep Ha cny)f(MTenuTe B TypcKaTa apMI1R
l1 Ha cnep;BanuTe B TypcKM BoeHHI1 yqun11IJ..\a ce AaBaT npuBuneruw, KOJ1TO TpR6Ba Aa
ornrypRT TypcKM ocpuIJ;epu aa Ml1nl1IJ;l1RTa J1 )f(aHAapMepMRTa. OT Apyra cTpatta, Ha
cynrnHa ce p;aBa npaBo B cnyqa:W Ha BOMHa B eBponeMCKJ1Te BnaAeHMR Ha I1MnepuRTa
I1RJ1 B 6nJ130CT AO TRX p;a BMKa pyMenMMCKa MJ1RJ1IJ;MR B noMO~ Ha TypcKaTa apMl1R.
Ha npaKTJ1Ka TOBa oaHa'IaBa He caMo pyMenu:WcKaTa BOMCKa p;a ce nop;'II1Hl1 Ha Typ-
87
Pocu4a AH2enoaa
CKOTO rnaBHO KOMaHABaHe, HO :11 Aa ce C'h3AaAaT yrnoBJ1R B 6nAel.l\e rn Aa ce t13TIOJI3yBa

B eBeHTyallHa Bo:WHa cpeuw KHR)Kecrno Enmap1t1R t1llt1 cpe~y PyrnR.
IIpoTHB Te3t1 npeAJIO)KeHHR ce o6RBRBaT peurnTellHO pycKt-rTe AelleraTt-r, no.r1-
KpenRHH OT HRKOt1 OT 3aTiaAHJ1Te npeACTaBJ1TellJ1. IloJIKOBHJ1K llleneJieB HaCTORBa .r1a
6'bAaT npeMaxHaTH npHBHJiefHJ1Te, KOHTO ce AaBaT Ha pyMeJIHMQJ1, CJIY)KJ1llJ1 B Typ-
CKaTa apMt1R Hlll1 CJieABaJIH B TypcKJ1 BoeHHt1 yqt-rJIJ1~a. To:W ce o6RBRBa t1 nponrn
npaBoTo Ha cyllTaHa Aa l13TIOJI3Ba pyMellt-r:WcKaTa Mt1JnIQJ1R 3a 3a~:11Ta Ha t-rMnept-rRTa,
T'bM KaTO BKllIO'-!BaHeTO Ha pyMeJIWMCKaTa Mt1lll1Qt1R B C'bCTaBa Ha TypcKaTa apMl1R for
03Ha'iaBallO Aa ce npweMaT Ha TypcKa cJiy)K6a t1 xpt1CTJ1RH:t1, Hel.l\O, KOeTO OCMaHCKHTe
npeACTaBt1Tell:t1 He HCKaT Aa AOnycHaT. 0KOH'iaTeJIHOTO o6C'b)KAaHe Ha T03t1 'iJieH ce
oTnara.
O)KHBeHw pa3t1CKBaHt1R npeAt13Bt1Ka :11 B'hnpoc'bT 3a npaBarn Ha cynTaHa B o6nac-
TTa, Ko:C1To ce CB'bp3Ba t1 c B'bnpoca 3a AeQeHTpallJ13aQHRTa B ynpaBlleHweTo. Cnope11
npeAllO)KeHHR 'ill. 7 TpR6Ba ce Aa Ha3Ha'iaBa He caMo rettepan-ry6epHaTop'hT :11 ocpw-
Qept-rTe Ha MWllHQHRTa t1 )KaHAapMepwRTa, KaKTO nocrnHOBRBa Eepn1t1HCKHR AOrosop,
HO :11 Apyrt-rTe BHClllH rny)K1t1Ten:11 - rnaBHHR ceKpernp, rnaBHHTe aAMJ1HHCTpaTJ1BHW
AHpeKTOpt1, C'bAHt1Te Ha BnpXOBHOTO C'bAHJit1~e. Ilo T03t1 Ha'iHH cynTaH'bT cpaKrn-
qecKH 3ana3Ba B pnQeTe c:11 HenocpeACTBeHHR KOHTpon Ha,[1 J13TI'bJIHt1TellHaTa BJiacT,
a o6e~aHaTa OT AOfOBopa aBTOHOMt1R ocrnBa caMo )l(eJiaH1t1e. PycKwTe npe,[1CTaBJ1Te-
llH ce o6RBRBaT npoTl1B Te3J1 npasa Ha cyllTaHa. KHR3 IJ,epeTelleB nocoqBa, qe IJ,apw-
rpaACKaTa KoHcpepeHQHR, Ha KORTo ce no3oBaBa EepmrncKt-rRT ,[loroBop, npenopo'!Ba
no-lllt1pOKa aAMHHJ1CTpaTt1BHa aBTOHOMJ1R, OTKOJIKOTO npe,[lllO)!(eHHRT B KOMJ1CJ1RTa
npoeKT. ABTOHOMJ1RTa TpR6sa Aa HaMep:11 H3pa3 B AeQeHTpallJ13aQt1RTa, KOeTo 03Ha-
qaBa Ha HaceneHHeTo Aa ce npeAOCTaBt-r npaBoTo ,[la J136t-rpa no-roJIRMaTa qaCT OT cny-
)l(t1TellHTe B o6llaCTTa.
B'hnpeKH TOBa B norne,[IHaTa pe,[laKQHR Ha 'ill. 7 e 3ana3eH npt-rHQHTI'bT Ha tta-
3Ha<JaBaHeTo. fJiaBHHRT CeKpeTap, KOMTO e 3aMeCTHHK Ha ynpaBt1TeJIR Ha o6nacTTa
J1 AHpeKTOp Ha B'bTpelllHJ1Te pa60Tt1, TpR6Ba ,[la ce Ha3Ha'iaBa OT cyllTaHa 1'13Me)!(,lly
TpwMa KaHAW,[laTw, npeACTaBeHH MY OT reHepan-ry6epttaTopoT; aKo B cpoK or e):IWH
Mece4 cynTaH'bT He HanpaBn CBOR J136op, ry6epHaTOp'bT HMa npaBOTO caM ,[la Ha3Ha-
'IJ1 rnaBmu1 ceKpeTap, KaTo YBeAOMJ1 cynTaHa 3a HanpaBeHoTo Ha3Ha'ieHHe. foasmrn
AHpeKTOpH Ha a}\MHHJ1CTpaTHBHHTe CJiy)K6H, C'bAHHTe Ha BnpXOBHOTO C'b,I\1'1lIJ111\e "
OKp'b)KJUtTe ynpas11Tem1 ce Ha3Ha<JaBaT OT reHepall-ry6epHaTopa c OA06peH:11ero Ha
cynTaHa, HO c yroBopKa, qe aKO B cpoK OT eAHH MeCeQ CJie,[1 HarrpaBeHOTO OT rnaBHWR
ynpaBiuen coo6~eHwe 3a Ha3Ha<JaBaHeTo cynTaH'bT He coo6~t-r rnoeTo pellleH11e, TO
rp116sa }\a ce CMHTa 3a TIOJIO)K:WTeJIHO.

BaJKeH e C'bI.qO TaKa Borrpoc'bT 3a npasoTo Ha cyllrnHa ,[la caHKQHOHt-rpa rnacy·
BaHwTe OT 06nacTJJoTo CD6patt:we 3aKOHH. Cnope,[1 'ill. 10 OT rnaBa n'hpBa Ha npo-
eKTa, 3a }\a CTaHaT 3aA'bJIJKHTeJIHW J{ ,n;a BJIR3aT B CHlla, rnacyBaHHTe OT C'b6paHJ1eTO
3aKOHH rp116sa Wt 61>AaT )'TB'bp,n;eHH OT cynTaHa J{ CJieA TOBa ,[la 6'b,[laT o6Hap0,[1BaHW
OT Heroso HMe. Ilp:u H3BeCTHa MYJl;HOCT Ha TypcKaTa aAMlfHt1CTpaQHR t1 npH onpe11e·
neHa HeAo6poxenaTeJIHOCT, KaKBaTO c JIOllO)l(J{TellHOCT MO)Ke ,[la ce O'iaKBa, npaBOTO
Ha cynTaHa Aa caHKq,HOHMpa 3aKOHWTe Het136e)l(HO ~e AOBe,[le ,[IO rrapan:113:11patte Ha
88
HOBA EnflI'APCKA MCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
c6w;ecTBeH0-11KOHOMMqecKt1JI l1 nOJIMTJ!IqecKM )l(J!IBOT B o6JiaCTTa. 3aTOBa KHJI3 IJ;epe-

"TeJieB npe,n;nara ,n;a ce oCBo6o,n;JIT OT caHKL\MJITa Ha BnpxoBHarn BJiaCT noHe Te3M 3aKo-
FIM l1JI11 npaB11JIHl1l_\l1, KOMTO ce OTHaCJIT ,n;o MeCTHl1 BnnpocM, HeT'bpTIJII..QM 3a6aBJIHe
:J.1JIM OTJiaraHe. B pe3yJITaT Ha cTaHaJI11Te pa3MCKBaHl1JI ce np11eMa ,n;onnJIHeH11e, qe aKo
E cpoK OT ,n;Ba Mecel_\a cynTaH'bT He OTXB'bpJIM npe,n;Jio)l(eH 3a yrn'bp)f(,n;aBaHe 3aKoH,
'I'OH ,n;a BJie3e B CMJia. Ilo T0311 Ha'fMH npaBOTO Ha cyJITaHa ,n;a ce HaMeCBa B 3aKOHo,n;a-
'J'eJICTBOTO Ha o6JiaCTTa e orpaHM'feHO, KOeTO Ha npaKTMKa 3aCMJIBa eJieMeHT11Te Ha
caMOCTOJITeJIHOCT Ha o6JiaCTTa no OTHOllieHMe Ha l_\eHTpaJIHaTa BJiaCT.
,[('bJirl1 cnopoBe cTaBaT 11 no 'fJI. 20 OT rnaBa BTopa Ha npoeKTa (crnHaJI CJie,n; TOBa
"t.!JI. 22 OT rnaBa n'bpBa), KOHTO 3arnra Bnnpoca 3a e3Ml\MTe B o6nacTTa. C'brnacHo Ha-
npaBeHoTo OT 6apoH p;bo PMHr npe,n;Jio)l(eHMe ocp11l_\MaJieH e3MK TpJI6Ba ,n;a crnHe Typ-
CKMJIT, a 6nJirapCKt1JI t1 rp'bl_\KMJI ce ,n;onyCKaT KaTO cpaKyJITaTMBHM B OTHOllieHMJITa
Ha qacTHMTe JIMl_\a c ap;Ml1HMCTpal_\MJITa M c'b,n;mrnw;aTa. PellieHMJITa Ha C'b,ll;MJIMI.QaTa,
KaKTO l1 pa3JI11'fHMTe aKTOBe l1 C'bo6w;eHHe na ap;MMHMCTpaTMBHvITe BJiacnr, TpJI6Ba ,n;a
ce C'bCTaBJIT e,n;HoBpeMeHHO Ha TypcK11, 6nmapCKl1 l1 rpnl_\KM e3MK. Ilpe,n;JIO)f(eHMeTO
ttecnMHeHo e npo,n;MKTyBaHo OT CTpeMe)f(a Ha :VfaTO'fHa PyMeJIHJI ,n;a ce 3ana311 KaTo
TypcKa o6JiaCT, Hew;o, K'bM KOeTO ynopMTO ce ,ll;OMOfBaT He caMO OCMaHCKMTe, HO 11
3ana,n;mne rrpe,n;CTaB11Temr.
PycKMTe ,n;eneraTM, KOMTO M no T03t1 Bnnpoc noeMaT 3aw;11TaTa Ha 6'bnrapcKMTe
11HTepec11, B'b3pa3JIBaT eHeprn'IHO cpew;y TOBa npe,n;no)l(eHMe. Te HaCTOJIT 3a oqml\11a-
neH e3MK B o6nacTTa ,n;a ce np11eMe 6'bnrapcKMJIT, TypcKMJIT ,n;a ce 3ana3M KaTo 0¢11l_\Ma-
JieH B OTHOllieHMJITa Ha reHepan-ry6epHaTopa t1 BMcoKarn noprn; a KaTo ¢aKyJITaT11B-
HM B OTHOllieHMJITa Ha '!aCTHMTe JIMl_\a c ap;Mt1Ht1CTpal_\t1JITa ,n;a ce ,n;onycKaT TypcKMJIT
11 rp'bl\Kl1JIT. Cne,n; npop;'bJI)KMTeJIHM ,UHcKyc11M np11 oKotttrnTeJIHOTO pe,n;aKT11paHe Ha
OpraHM'!eCKMJI ycTaB ce npHeMa ynoTpe6arn Ha Tp11Te e3MKa B 06nacTHOTO cn6paH11e
11 npep;MMCTBO Ha e3MKa Ha MH0311HCTBOTO Ha HaceJieHMeTo B 0Kpn)l(Ht1Te, OKOJIMH-
CKJtITe l1 o6I.QMHCK11Te CJiy)f(6t1. J.1 T'bM KaTO 6'bnrapt1Te ca MH0311HCTBO B o6JiacTTa l1 B
cn6par-rneTO, 6'bJirapCKJt!RT e3MK B ,n;eHCTBMTeJIHOCT ce HaJiara KaTO e,n;MHCTBeH o¢Ml\l1-
aJieH e3MK B JifaTo•-rna PyMeJIMJI.
ITpop;'bJI)f(l1TeJIHJtI 11 oCTp11 pa3HCKBaHMJI cTaBaT no BnnpocJtITe 3a opraHMTe Ha
3aKOHO,D;aTeJIHaTa BJiaCT - 06JiaCTHOTO C'b6paHt1e l1 IlocTOJIHHMJI KOM11TeT, K011TO ce
TpeTHpaT B neTa rnaBa Ha npoeKTa. Il'bpBOI-Ja'fanuoTo npe,n;Jio)KeH11e npe,n;B11)1(,n;a 06-
JiaCTHOTO C'b6paHMe ,n;a ce C'bCTOM OT Tpvr BM,n;a 'fJieHoBe - no npaBo, 1136paHvr OT Hace-
JieHvreTo 11 Ha3Ha'!aBaHM OT rnaBHMJI ynpam1TeJI. l!JieHoBe no npaBo TpJI6Ba ,n;a 6'b,n;aT
Ha'!aJIH11l\MTe Ha peJit1fl103HJ1Te 06w;11HM, npe,n;ce,n;aTeJIMTe Ha B'bpXOBHMTe C'b,ll;MJIM-
I.Qa t1 rnaBH11JIT ¢11HaHCOB KOHTpOJibOp - BCM'fKO 10 ,n;yllI11. Jifa6poem1Te '!JieHOBe, Ha
6po:i1: 36 ,n;yllI11, ce 113611paT qpe3 npRKO 11 TaHHO rnacono,n;aBaHe vr 3a TJIX ce M3MCKBa
MMyw;ecrneH l\eH3. Ha3Ha'feHJtITe TpJI6Ba ,n;a 6'bp;aT onpe,n;eneHM 113Me)l(,n;y HaVi-BM-
,ll;HMTe 3eMeBJia,n;eJil_\11, TnprOBl_\11 J1 l1H,D;yCTp11aJil_\l1, ap;Ml1Ht1CTpaTMBHl1Te CJIY)KMTeJI11
vr rpa)f(,n;aHvrTe c'bc CBo6o,n;Hvr npo¢ecvrM, np11Te)l(aBaw;11 BMCllie o6pa3oBaHvre, 11 Tex-
HMJIT 6po:i1: TpJI6Ba ,n;a B'b3Jit13a Ha noJIOBMHaTa OT l136paHMTe, T. e 18 ,n;yllivr. c Te3M
nocTaHOBJieHMJI ce l_\eJIM ,n;a ce orpaHl1'IJ1 yqacTMeTO Ha llIMpOKMTe Hapo,n;Hvr MaCM l1 Ha
89
Pocuu,a AHzenoBa
MH03l1HCTBOTO OT HacerreHl1eTO B yrrpaBJieH11eTO Ha 0611acTTa l1 p;a ce oc11ryp11 l13Becr-
HO BJil1RHl1e Ha p;pyr11Te Hapop;HOCT11, rnaBHO Ha TypCKOTO l1 rp'bQKOTO MaJIQl1HCTBO.
AHrn11:i1:cKl1RT rrpep;cTaB11Terr, KOMTO e aBTop Ha Ta311 qacT OT rrpoeKTa, o6ocHoBa
rrpaBOTo Ha rnaBHl1R ynpaB11Te11 p;a Ha3HaqaBa orrpep;eneH 6po:M: p;erryrnT11 B 6op;enwro
co6paH11e c TOBa, qe Te311 p;erryrnT11rrp111111rrcarn Ha ropHa KaMapa (ceHaT) IQe rrpe.r1-
cTaBJIRBaT Heo6xop;l1Ml1R KOHcepBaTJ.1BeH erreMeHT, KOMTO I.Qe CJipK11 3a Bp'b3Ka Me:>K,[\y
p;erryTaT11Te, 113611paH11 OT Hapop;a, l1 BJiaCTTa. EapoH p;ho P11Hr OT CBOR cTpaHa, Karo
rrpep;nara 6poRT Ha Ha3HaqaBaH11Te p;erryrnT11 p;a ce HaMarr11 Ha 12 p;yum, rrocoqBa, 'le
Te I.Qe 11rpaRT porrRTa Ha ap11cT0KpaQl1RTa l1Jil1 6yp)f{oa311RTa B p;pyr11Te CTpaH11. Pa3-
611pa ce, p;BaMaTa HMaT rrpep;B11p; Ha3Ha'leHHTe p;erryrnT11 p;a ce B3eMaT rrpep;11MHO or
TypcKOTO l1 rp'bQKOTO MaJIQl1HCTBO l1 no T03l1 Haq11H l13KYCTBeHO p;a ce 3ac11rr11 TRXHO-
TO BJI11RHl1e B 0611aCTTa.
PycK11Te rrpep;cTaB11Terr11 ce o6RBRBaT rrpoTl1B Ha3HaqaBaHeTo Ha p;erryrnT11 OT re-
Hepa11-ry6epHaTopa. KHR3 I(epeTeJieB noco'!Ba, qe TaKoBa rrpaBo He e rrpep;Bl1:>Kp;atto
OT I(ap11rpap;CKaTa KompepeHQl1R, H11To II'bK ce c'bp;'bp)f{a B 3aKoHa 3a B1111aenne. Tow
113T'bKBa l1 p;pyr apryMeHT - qpe3 Ha3Ha'leH11Te 11 c 'laCT OT p;erryTaT11Te no rrpaBo wno
l136op reHepa11-ry6epHaTOp'bT JieCHO MO)f{e p;a Cl1 oc11ryp11 MH03J1HCTBO B Co6paHl1eTO
11 p;a ro rrocTaBl1 nop; CBoe BJil1RH11e. TaKOBa co6paH11e I.Qe 6np;e 113QRJIO 3aB11c11Mo 01
ap;M11H11cTpaQl1RTa 11 HRMa p;a 113pa3RBa BOJIRTa Ha Hapop;a. HeroBaTa caMocTORTerr-
HOCT np11 TaKOBa IIOJIO)f{eH11e CTaBa 11JII030pHa l1 TO He MO)f{e p;a 6op;e p;e:i1:CTBl1TeJieH
3aKoHop;aTerreH w KOHTporreH opraH. Cnep; p;nrrr11 pa311cKBaH11R 11 crropoBe ce B3eMa
KoMrrpoM11cHo perneH11e, cnopep; KoeTo 6poRT Ha p;enyTaT11Te no Ha3HaqeH11e .r1a ce
HaMarr11 Ha 10 p;yrn11.
BoB cpyHKQl1J1Te Ha 0611acTHOTO co6paH11e BJil13aT He caMo pa3rJie)Kp;atteTo 11
np11eMaHeTo Ha 3aKOHl1Te l1 Ha 610p;)f{eTa Ha o6rracTTa. To pa3no11ara c rn11p0Ka 3aKo-
Hop;aTeJIHa l1Hl1QJ1aTJ1Ba, MO)f{e p;a npaB11 npep;JIO)KeHHR npep; reHeparr-ry6epttaropa
3a 113pa6oTBaHe Ha 0Tp;e11H11 3aKoHonpoeKTl1, l1Ma npaBoTo p;a liICKa l1 Hanara 3aMemi-
HeTo Ha 0Tp;errH11 3aKOHJ1 Ha 11Mnep11RTa c Qerr p;a ce cno6pa3RT c HY)f{,IJ;J1Te l1 l1HTepe-
rnTe Ha 0611acTTa. Co6paH11eTo l1Ma l1 KOHTporrH11 cpyHKQl111 - c npaBOTO p;a oTnpaBJI
11HTeprreJiaQ11l1 K'bM rrraBHl1Te ap;Ml1Hl1CTpaTop11 l1 p;a l13Ka3Ba Hep;0Bep11e Ha OTp;eJIHlf
CJIY)KJ1TeJIJ1 TO ce npeBp'bI.Qa B'bB B'bpXOBeH KOHTponeH opraH Ha o6rraCTTa.
3Haq11Te11H11 crropoBe npep;l13BWKa l1 Borrpoc'bT 3a c'bcTaBa l1 rrpaBaTa Ha IIocro-
RHHl1R KOMl1TeT. CnrrracHo HarrpaBeHOTO OT aHrrr11I1cK11R npep;cTaB11Terr rrpep;nmKe-
Hl1e, KOMl1TeT'bT ce l13JI'bqBa OT 06rraCTHOTO Co6paHl1e lit ro 3aMeCTBa, KoraTo TO He
3acep;aBa. Toil: TpR6Ba p;a cny)f{lit KaTo C'bBeTHl1K l1 IIOMOI.QHJ1K Ha reHepa11-ry6eptta-
Topa, a ocBeH TOBa 11Ma lit pep;11Qa 3aKoHop;aTeJIHl1 lit KOHTponHlit cpyHKQ11J1. PycKHTe
npep;cTaB11Ten11 rrop;KpenRT 11p;eRTa 3a IIocTORHHJ1R KOMJ1TeT, HO HaCTORBaT MH03HH-
CTBOTO p;a 6np;e rrpep;cTaBeHO B IIocTORHHJ1R KOMJ1TeT B C'bI.QaTa rrponopQ11R, KaKTO ca
nocrnBeH11 11 B 0611acTHOTo cn6paH11e. Cnep; yrrop11Ta 6op6a enc cB011Te rrpoTHBHHl\lf
B KOMJ1CJ1RTa pycKMTe npep;cTaBJ1TeJIJ1 ce C'bfJiaCRBaT KOMl1TeT'bT p;a ce C'bCTOl1 OT 10
pep;oBHl1 qneHoBe l1 3 3aMecTHl1Ql1. 3a p;a ce OTHeMe B'b3MO)f{HOCTTa Ha 6onrapvne Aa
3aeMaT BCJ1qKJ1 MeCTa, e B'b3IIp11eTa CJIO)f{Ha Cl1CTeMa Ha rnacyBaHe, crropep; KORTO HVI-
90
KOR 6ronenrna He Tp.116Ba p;a C'bp;'bp:)l<a TIOBeqe OT 6 MMeHa, a 3a M3611paHe Ha 3aMeCT-

HJ.1Q11 - IIOBeqe OT 2 HMeHa.
Ilo rrpep;Jio)l(eH11e Ha 6apoH p;bo PwHr B ap;MMH11CTpaTMBHO OTHOllieH11e .VfaTO'IHa
PyMenm1 TpR6Ba p;a 6'bp;e pa3p;eneHa Ha 6 oKp'bra - IInoBp;MBCKl'I, Ila3app;)l(l1llIK11, Xa-
CKOBCKM, Crnp03aropcK11, Cn11BeHcK11 u EypracKM, 11 oKono 21 OKon1111 (yBeJIM'IeHM
crrep; TOBa Ha 28). B oKp'b3MTe ce C'b3p;aBaT rnaBHl'I (oKp'b)l(Hlll) C'hBeTM, a B OKOJIMM-
Te J.1 061.QMHl'ITe - OKOJIMMCK11 11 06ll.\MHCK11 C'bBeTH. 3a M36opa Ha tJJieHOBeTe HM ce
npep;nara cJIO)l(Ha cwcTeMa, KORTO 11en11 p;a ornryp11 yqacT11eTo Ha penwruo3HMTe u
HaQMOHaJIHHTe MaJIQMHCTBa HapaBHO c MH0311HCTBOTO OT HaceneHl'leTO. IlpoeKT'bT
B'bBe)!(p;a npHHQHIIa Ha QeHTpaJI113aQ11RTa, KaTO npep;BJ.1)1(,ll;a He caMO OKp'b)!(HMTe 11
OKOJIMMCKHTe ynpaBH11QJll, HO M KMeTOBeTe Ha 06ll.\lilH11Te p;a ce Ha3Ha'IaBaT HanpaBO
OT reHepan-ry6epHaTopa. B pe3ymaT Ha HacrnJ1q11B11Te wcKaH11.11 Ha pycKMTe rrpep;-
CTaB11Tenw ca HanpaBeHM HRKOM npoMeHJil. 3a OKOJI11MCK11Te HatJaJIHMQl'I ce rrp11eMa
p;a 6'bp;aT Ha3HatJaBaHM OT reHepan-ry6epHaTopa 113Me)!(p;y KaHp;11p;aTM, noco'IeHM no
CTIJ.1C'bK Ha OKp'b)l(HMTe C'bBeTM, a 3a rpap;CKl'ITe M ceJICKMTe KMeToBe - p;a 6'bp;aT 113611-
paHl'I npRKO OT HaceJieHl'leTO.
<P11HaHc11Te Ha o6nacTTa ce ype)l(p;aT B cep;Ma rnaBa, npoeKT'bT 3a KORTO e 113roTBeH
or 11Tan11aHCKl'IR KOMJl!cap BepHoH11. Ilp11 o6c'b)f()J;aHe Ha qrnHaHCOBOTO yCTpol1cTBO
Ha J13TO'IHa PyMen11.11 ce np11eMa, qe o6naCTTa KaTo tJaCT OT OcMaHcKarn 11Mnep11.11
ll.\e TpR6Ba p;a yqacrna B nop;p;'bp)!(aHeTo Ha HeHHl'IR 6rop;)!(eT, KaTO nJiall.\a onpep;eneHa
rop;lllllIHa BHOCKa Ha B11c0Karn noprn. TypCKaTa p;'bp)!(aBa 3ana3Ba 3a ce6e c11 np11xo-
p;~ne OT Ml'ITH11Q11Te, IIOI.QMTe 11 Tenerpacl>11Te, a rop;MllIHaTa BHOCKa ce ycTaHOBRBa Ha
rpM p;eceT11 OT np11xop;11Te Ha o6nacTTa. TyK B'b3Hl'IKBaT npoT11Bopeq11.11 no B'bnpoca
3a o6ll.\l'IR p;oxop; Ha J13TO'IHa PyMen11.11. J1Tan11aHCKl'IR npep;crnB11TeJI ro 113'Ili!CJIRBa Ha
800 000 TypcKH n11p11 rop;HllIHO. ToBa 03HatJaBa, qe o6nacTTa rp.116Ba p;a nna111a BCRKa
rop;11Ha no 240 000 TypcK11 n11p11 p;aH'bK Ha B11coKaTa noprn.
Ta311 cyMa e TB'bpp;e BMCOKa 3a cl>11HaHcoB11re B'b3MO)!(HOCT11 Ha J13TOtJHa PyMeJil'IR
cnep; BOMHaTa, HO 3anap;H11Te npep;CTaB11TeJI11 B KOMl'ICl'IRTa, 113XO)!()J;aMK11 OT 11KOHO-
MJ.1tJeCK11Te MHTepec11 Ha cB011Te p;'bp)f(aB11 B OcMaHcKaTa 11Mnep11.11, 3aRBRBaT, qe ca
roTOBl'I p;a ro np11eMaT M3QRJIO. B'h3pa)f(eH11R npaBRT caMo pycK11Te p;eneraT11. Ilon-
KOBHl'IK IIIeneneB noco'!Ba, qe 113q11cneH11.11Ta Ha BepHoH11 3a np11xop;11Te Ha o6nacTTa
ca TB'bpp;e Bl'ICOKl'I, 11 HaCTOJIBa rop;lllllIHaTa BHOCKa p;a ce HaMaJil'I, Karo ce 113'Il'ICJIRBa
B'b3 OCHOBa Ha p;oxop; OT 600 000 TypcKl'I n11p11. OCBeH TOBa TOM npep;nara nopap;11
CTOnaHCKaTa pa3pyxa B o6nacTTa cnep; BOMHaTa npe3 TI'bpB11Te <t>11HaHCOBl'I rop;11H11 TR
p;a 6'bp;e oCBo6op;eHa oT 3ap;'bJI)l(eHMeTo p;a nnall.\a rop;11llieH p;aH'bK. ,[(pymTe p;eneraT11
o6aqe He nop;KpenRT TOBa npep;JIO)!(eH11e. B Kpal1Ha cMeTKa ocrnBa n'hpBoHa'IaJIHOTO
npep;Jio)!(eH11e OTHOCHO cyMaTa Ha p;aH'bKa 11 n'hpBaTa cl>11HaHcoBa rop;11Ha o6nacTTa p;a
He nna111a p;aH'bK, a 3a BToparn p;a nnaTJ1r nonoB11HaTa OT npep;Bwp;eH11.11 p;aH'bK.
OcTaHaJIMTe rnaBw oT OpraH11'IeCKMR ycrnB He npep;113BlilKBaT oco6eH11 pa3MCK-
BaH11R u ce rrpHeMaT 6e3 Tpyp;HoCTM. Te ca norneTeH11 Ha yCTpol1cTBOTO Ha oTp;eJIHMTe
p;MpeKQl'IJ.1 J.1 Ha TRXHaTa p;eMHOCT. IlpoeKT'bT Ha OCMa rnaBa - "3eMep;en11e, T'bproBl'IR
11 o6ll.\ecrneHw crpap;11" e pa3pa6oTeH OT BepHoH11 u npueT 6e3 B'b3pa)!(eHMR. TB'bpp;e
o6llIMpHa e p;eBeTaTa rnaBa - "3a C'bp;e6HMTe BJiaCTM': 'IMMTO npoeKT e nop;roTBeH OT
91
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HOBa l1HCTl1TYQMH - npoKypaTypaTa, KO.sITO KOHTpon11pa BCMtfKl1 C'b)J;MJIMI.Qa B C'
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MIOCIOJIMaHCKMTe penMrM03Hl1 o6IQJ1Hl1 3aHanpep; TpH6Ba p;a nonytfaBaT 6epaTMT
He OT cynrnHa, KaKTO e p;oToraBa, a OT reHepan-ry6epHaTopa. To o6aqe cpeI.Qa C'bI
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Ta Ha EK3apx!llHTa B MaKep;oH!ll.sI !II Op;p!llHCKO.
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HO ynpaBneH11e, HO B o6IQM JIMH!llM TOW e p;ocrn n116epaneH. Haqeno Ha l13TI'bJIHH
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ra BoTipoc'bT 3a HacTaHJIBaHeTo Ha TypcKJ!! rapH1130HJ!! TIO CTapa TIJiaH11Ha 3aHMMa-
la
Ba )1(11BO HaceJieHMeTO B o6nacTTa, KOeTO pernaBa ,o;a ce npoTJ!!BOIIOCTaBM C'bC C11Jia
)·
M B HJ!!KaK'bB rnyqai1 ,o;a He ,o;oTiyrne TypcKMTe rapH1130HJ!!. ToBa OTKPMTO e 3aJIBeHo
f·
OT 113npaTeHaTa OT J13ToqHa PyMen11JI ,o;erryTar.i;11JI ,o;o CTOJIMIJ;MTe Ha Ben11K11Te c11JI11
HaqeJio c J1B. EBcTp. fernoB. C r.i;en ,o;a ce rro,o;rornu HaceJieH11eTo 3a B'bOp'b)l(eHa C'bTipo-
ra
nrna cpen.i;y Bll113aHeTO Ha TypcKM BO°CICKM B o6JiaCTTa ce C'b3,[\aBaT rMMHaCT11qecK11Te
a· ,o;py)l(eCTBa. B HaqaJIOTO Ha 1879 r. KOMMTeTMTe "E,o;11HCTB0" C'bC C'b,[\eMCTBJ!!eTO Ha py-
IJ
CKMTe BJiaCTJ!! H3rpa)l(,[\aT B'bB BCMqKH rpa,o;oBe 11 B no-roneMMTe ceJia Ha J13TO'!Ha Py-
MeJil1R rl1.MHaCTWieCKl1 ,o;py)l(ecrna OT 6onrapl1.-,D;06poBOlllJ;11. opMaJIHO Te TpR6Ba ,o;a
rro,o;rroMaraT cp11311qecK0To 3aKaJIRBaHe Ha q71eHyBan.i;11Te. B ,o;ei1cTB11TeJIHOCT Te c'bc-
TaBJIRBaT cTpoi1Ha opraHM3ar.i;mi, r.i;enm..1.i;a ,o;a rro,o;roTBM HaceneHMeTo 3a He,o;orrycKaHe
Ha TypCK:t-ITe rapmBOHM TIO cesepHaTa rpam1r.i;a Ha o6nacTTa. B KpaR Ha 1879 r. no
11cKaHe Ha B11coKaTa nopTa 11 3arra,o;H11Te BenMKM CM7111 r11MHacT11qecK11Te ,o;py)l(eCTBa
ca pa3rrycHaT11, a q71enoseTe HM ca 3am1ca1m KaTo pe3eps Ha 113ToqHopyMen11i1cKaTa
MJ!!JI11IJ;11R. B rrorne,o;cTB11e yqacTHMIJ;MTe B r11MHaCTMqecK11Te ,o;py)l(eCTBa 11 Te3H B Ko-
MMTeT11Te "E,o;11HCTB0" 11rpaRT ,o;ei1na pollR B C'be,[\MH11CTKOTO ,[\B11)1(el-rne.
PycmI Tipe,o;nara ,o;a ce B'bBe,o;e cMeceHa oKyrrar.i;MR B J13TO'IHa PyMeJI11JI c qacT11
Ha BeJI11K11Te c11n11. IJ;eJITa Ha TOBa rrpe,o;no)l(eH11e e ,o;a ce rrpe,o;ornpaT11 113npan.i;aHeTo
Ha OCMaHCK11 BOMCK11 B o6JiacTTa. HRKOM OT ,[\'bp)l(aB11Te rro,o;KpeIIRT rrpep;llO)l(eHMeTO,
,o;pyr11 ce o6RB.irnaT npoTMB Hero, a Typr.i;HR 3aRBRBa, qe TR caMa n.i;e MO)l(e ,o;a rro,o;-
,D;'bp)l(a pe,o;a 11 ,o;a ycTaHOBJ!! HOBaTa a,o;MMHMCTpaIJ;MJI. llopa,o;J!! JI11IICaTa Ha e,o;11HCTBO B
MHeH11RTa TOBa npep;llO)l(el-rne C'bll.J;O OTrra,o;a
Me)l(,o;yspeMeHno B pe3yJITaT Ha corrponrnaTa na 6omapcKoTo HaceJieH11e Ji! Ha
,D;11IIJIOMaT11qecK11Te IIOCT'bTIK11 Ha pycKOTO rrpaBHTellCTBO cynTaH'bT ce OTKa3Ba ,o;a 113-
TipanI soi1cK11 TIO rpaHMIJ;MTe Ha l13To•rna PyMellMJI. Ha 24 arrp11JI 1879 r. B llJIOB,D;MB
TipMcT11ra reH. HvrKoJiai1 06pyqes, KOMTO Ha cnep;HMR ,o;eH B co6opHaTa r.i;opKBa ,,CB.
Eoropo,o;Mr.i;a" Tipoq11Ta rrpoKnaMaIJ;MR Ha pycKVIR 11Mrreparnp ,o;o 6omapvrTe H rn yse-
pRBa qe ocBeH renepan-ry6epHaTopa, Ha3Ha'IeH OT BvrcoKaTa TIOpTa c'bc cornacMeTo
Ha Ben11K11Te c11nM, B o6nacTTa He n.i;e 60,o;aT ,o;orrycHaT11 HJIKaKBM TypcK11 Bnacn1 K
Boi1cK11. B C'bIIJ;OTO BpeMe reH. CTon11rr11H yToqHRBa B Qapvrrpa,o; MepKMTe 3a npegaBa-
He Ha BJiacTTa Ha HOB11JI reHepan-ry6epHarnp c r.i;en ,o;a ce 1136RrHaT KaKBVITO 11 ,o;a 611n<>
cMyToBe 11 6e3pe,o;11e. ToBa e roJIRMa no6e,o;a 3a 6omapV1Te 11 TR B 3Ha'I11TeJIHa cTeneK
ynecmrna Coeg11HeH11eTo Ha J13TO'!Ha PyMeJIMJI c KHR)l(ecrno Eomap11R npe3 1885 r.
93
Pocu4a AH2e110Ba
B Hat.IaJioTo Ha MaM 1879 r. cyrrTaH'bT o,n;o6p.irna M3pa6oTemrn: OT EBponeMCKaTa

KOMMCMR OpraHw-1ecK11ycTaB11 Ha3Ha'IaBa 3a rnaBeH ynpaB11Terr Ha 1faTO'IHa PyMeJIH.R.
KHR3 ArreKcaH,n;'hp Eorop11,n;11 (ArreKo I1arna) 15, BHCIII TypcKH caHOBHHK OT 6'bnrapcK11
npo113xo,n;. EBponeMCKaTa KOMHCHR nonyqaBa 3a,n;aqaTa ,n;a KOHTpon11pa np11rraraHeTO
Ha OpraHH'leCKHR ycTaB ,n;o CBHKBaHe Ha Il'hpBo 06nacTHO c'b6paH11e. KHR3 A. Eoro-
p11,n;11 Tp'brBa OT U:ap11rpa,n; Ha 14 MaM Be'IepTa J1 Ha crre,n;HHR ,n;eH npHCTHra B I1JIOB,ll;J1B.
B'hnpeK11 H3pM'1HaTa 3an0Be,n; Ha cyrrTaHa ,n;a HOCH cpec Ha rnaBaTa, 3a ,n;a no,n;qepTae
np11Ha,n;rre)l(HOCTTa Ha o6rracTTa K'bM HMnepmna, o~e Ha rpaHHQaTa, npe,n;ynpe,n;eH
OT ,n;ornnaTa ,n;a ro nocpe~He ,n;enyTaQHR 11 OT npaTeHHQHTe Ha reH. CTon11n11H, Tow e
np11Hy,n;eH ,n;a cBaJIH 11 3aMeHH cpeca c 6'bnrapcK11 KarrnaK.
ToBa e o~e e,n;Ho ,n;oKa3aTeJICTBO 3a 6'bnrapcKHR xapaKTep Ha o6nacTTa 11 3a TB'bp-
,n;aTa BOJIR Ha HaceJieHHeTO ,n;a 3aJIH'IJ1 OT caMOTO Ha'laJIO BCRKaKBH B'bHIIIHM 6erre311
Ha 3aBHCHMOCT OT B11coKaTa nopTa. Ta3H BOJIR e noTB'hp,n;eHa H.R.KOJIKO ,n;eHa no-K'bCHO
- Ha 18 MaM, KOraTO npH ocpHQHaJIHOTO BCT'bnBaHe B ,ll;JI'b)l(HOCT Ha rnaBHHR ynpaB!1-
TeJI 6'hrrrap11Te He ,n;onycKaT Ha,n; npaBHTerrcTBeHHR ,n;oM ,n;a 6'h,n;e 113,n;11rttaTo TypcKoTo
3HaMe. :VfaTO'IHa PyMeJIHR Tp'hrBa no TI'bTR Ha cBoeTo oT,n;errHo norrHTH'IecKo pa3BHT!1e
KaTo o6nacT.
3. jl'bp2KaBHOilOJ\.HTll'leCKO u:npa2Kp,aue
Ha 15 MaM 1879 r. crre,n; npe,n;Bap11TeJIHO o,n;o6peH11e OT CTpaHa Ha Berr11K11Te rnrrvr,

cynTaH'bT Ha3Ha'laBa 3a np'hB o6rraCTeH ynpaBHTerr c S-ro,n;11rneH MaH,n;aT ArreKo Eoro-
p11,n;11, TIOTOM'bK Ha CTap KOTJieHCKH po,n;. Il'hpBaTa rpH)l(a Ha Eorop11,n;11 e ,n;a C'bCTaBl1
cBoe npaB11TeJicTBo, T. Hap. ~11peKTopaT. O~e B U:ap11rpa,n; TOM 113,n;eticrna Ha3Ha'la-
BaHeTo Ha faBp11rr Kp'bcTeBH'I 3a rnaBeH ceKpeTap 11 ,n;wpeKTop Ha B'bTpeIIIHMTe ,n;erra.
Ha nocTa Ha'laJI!'11K Ha MMJIMQMRTa 11 )l(aH,n;apMepHRTa, B11coKaTa nopTa, c'brnarno
,n;a,n;eHOTO iI OT OpraHM'leCKMR ycTaB npaBo, Ha3Ha'laBa reH.-MaMop B11Tanwc. Ilpw M3-
6opa Ha ocTaHaJiwTe ,n;wpeKTopw An. Eoropw,n;w cna3Ba H3roTBeHaTa OT reH. CTonwnwH
M 6'brrrapcKMTe ,n;eMQM JIHCTa. EµwHCTBeH KOMnpoMwc TOM npaBH no OTHOIIIeHwe Ha
cpwHaHCHTe. 3a T03H nocT B JIHcTaTa e npe,n;JIO)l(eH J.1BaH EB. fernoB. Ho Eoropw,n;vr e

npwHy,n;eH ,n;a OCTaBH llIMH,ll;T, Ha3Ha'leH OT EBponeMCKaTa KOMMCMR, c Ha,n;e)l(,n;a, 'le
TOBa ~e npe,n;oTBpaTH HaMecaTa :H w ~e ycKop11 HeMHOTO pa3TYPRHe. TaKa Ha 20 Mau
3a ,n;wpeKTopw ca Ha3Ha'leHH: To,n;op KecRKOB 16 - Ha npaBOc'b,n;MeTo, llIM11,n;T - Ha qrn-
15
IioropHII;H, KH.113 AneKcaHII;'bp CTecl>aHOB (l 822-l 71011w 1910)- po11;ett B KoTen, Y'H1 B ~apw
rpa11;, Jlw, B'bB <l>paHI_\WR. 3aa'bpWBa II;'bp)l(aBHO rrpaBO B fepMaHWR. 3aeMa BWClllli! a):IMli!Hli!CTpaTli!BHW
cny)i(6li! li! ,!lli!TTJIOMaTli!'!eCKli! rrocToBe B OcMaHcKaTa li!Mrrepli!R.
16
To11;op J1cKpOB KeC.HKOB (20 qieap. 1831 - 9 IOHli! 1894) - po,!leH B IlnOB,!lli!B, K'b,!leTO 3aaopw-
Ba fli!MHa3li!R. B11a.r1ee TypcKli! li! rp'bl\Kli! e3li!K. I1Ma a):IMli!HWCTpaTli!BHa rrpaKTli!Ka KaTo cny)f(li!Ten B
TypcKOTO yrrpaaneHli!e lil e li!3BeCTeH C'bC 3acnyrli!Te Cli! K'bM l\'bpKOBHO-rrpocBeTHli!Te .r1e11a B IlllOBAWB.
,Il;li!peKTop Ha rrpaaoc'b):lweTO (1879-1882); rrpe.r1ce.r1aTe11 Ha IIocTORHHWR KOMli!TeT (1879, 1882-1883)
li! 'llleH Ha BpeMeHHOTO rrpaBli!TencTBo (1885). Hapo11;eH rrpe,!ICTaBli!Ten B V li! VI OHC. E,!lli!H OT BO)-la-
'lli!Te Ha nli!6epanHaTa rrapTli!R (Ka3li!OHHa) B Jt13TO'!Ha PyMeJllilR.
94
HOBA E'bflfAPCKA UCTOPUJI (1878-1944)
HaHC:t1Te, .n;-p feoprM BorrKoBwi: 17 - Ha 3eMe.n;em1eTo, ToproBJIJRTa J11 o6nv1Te crpa.n;w, J1.
fpyeB 111 - Ha Hapo.n;HoTo nporne~eHwe. qeTJ1JPJ1JMa OT 'IJieHoBeTe Ha ,1J;J1JpeKTopaTa ca
JIJ3BecTHH 6orrrapcKH o6~ecrneHH .n;er11111 OT cpe,n;J11Te Ha e,n;paTa 11 cpe,n;HaTa 6yp)Koa-
3JllR - JIJoaKHM fpyeB, .n;-p feopm BorrKOBJIJ'I, faBpJ11rr KpocTeBJll'I, T. KernKoB.
Ha3Ha'IeHHTe OT Eoropw.n;J11 4 ,n;J11peKTop11 TpR6Ba .n;a 60.n;aT o,n;o6peHJIJ OT cyrrrnHa.
TioprnTa He YTBbp)K.n;aBa caMo KecRKOB, HO BorrpeKH TOBa TOM ocrnBa Ha rrocTa cw.
OT.n;errHHTe .n;wpeKQHM ce ycTpor1saT no pycKw o6pa3eQ. BrnKa ,n;J1JpeKQJ11R JllMa
KaH11errap11;r c Ha'IaJIHHK, ceKpernpJ11 w ,n;pym 'IHHOBHJIJQJIJ. I1pe3 Mar1 1879 r. ca Ha3Ha-
'IeHJIJ rnecTTe npecpeKTJll ( oKpo)KHJIJ ynpaBJ1JTe1rn). Brn'IKJIJ Te ca 6orrrap11, H3BeCTHH
17 feopru: BoJIKOBH'I (qaJI'bKOB, qamIKH) (1833 - 1982). Karo orn11'1eH CTyfleHT u MHoroo6e-
111aBaI11 Mrrai:1 rreKap, 6nrrrapitH'bT Be):IHara neqenu KOHKypc 3a Ha'laJIHHK Ha xwpypruqecKaTa KJIH-
HHKa l1 npeno):laBaTen no xupyprmr B'bB BoeHHO-Mef1Hlll1HcKoro Y'IHm1111e B UapHrpa):I (1857). ,I\Be
ro):IHHH no-K'bCHO onrna Ha cne11uarrH3a1111JI no xwpyprn.JI B TiapmK (1859 - 1863), K'b):lero BJIH3a B
Kpnra Har. C. PaKOBCKH l1 ll-P TI. BepoH, cpe111a ce c M.A. BaKyHHH 11A.11. Xep11eH l1 npe3 cenT. 1859
r. c npenopnKaTa Ha PaKoBCKH e noCBeTeH OT CTecpaH J1n11q B napmKKa MacoHcKa JIO)f(a. OT 1865 r.
3ano'IBa H3):1HraHeTo MY B iieapxitJITa Ha TypcKaTa BOeHHa Me):IH'-lvIHa 11 o6pa3oBaHue - l13npaTeH e
3a rnaBeH rreKap Ha UettTparrHaTa BOeHHa 6orrH1111a B ,I\aMaCK, Ha rnei:1Ba111aTa ro):litHa Be'le 3aBe)f():la
KaTe,1:1paTa no xupyprnH B'bB BoeHHo-Me):IHllHHCKoro Y'IHm1111e H rrpe3 1870 r. e vJ36paH 3a npocpecop
no xupypnrn H 3a i:1upeKTop Ha 6orrm111aTa "Xatli:1ap rrarna" B Uapurpa):I. Toti e Hat'r-BHCOKO l13flllrHa-
TH.JIT 6nnrapl1H - nOJIKOBHllK B TypCKaTa BOeHHa a):IMHHHCTpa11H.JI l1 6etl B rpaJK):laHCKaTa tlepapXH.!I.
Crrei:1 Cpo6cKo-TypCKaTa Bot°rna (1876), KoraTo e Ha'larrHHK Ha BOeHHHTe TypcKH 6orrHl1'-ll1 B Hurn u
Co¢vrn, e npoH3Be):leH B 'll1H l\rnpanai1-6eC1. TipHJITerr e c Mll):IXaT narna 11 mr'leH rreKap Ha B'bHIIJHH.JI
MHHHCT'bp Parnl1):1 rrarna (1870 - 1876). Tipw noce111em1ero Ha MHHHCTopa rrpH pycKHJI HMneparop
ArreKcaH):lnp rrpe3 1873 r. npo¢. BnrrKOBH'I e BKJIIO'leH Karo "oco6eH" rreKap B CBMTaTa Ha ParnH):I
narna. Me)f():lyBpeMeHHO e M36paH 3a i:1onV1ceH 'lrreH Ha BK.I\ (1875), a no-K'bCHO - 11 3a i:1eC1cTBHTerreH
(1884). Herrocpe):lcTBeHo crre):I AnpurrcKoro B'bCTam1e e BKJIIO'leH B AHrn11C1cKaTa caHitTapHa MHCHJI,
onwcBa 3BepcTBaTa, Ha KOHTO ca IlO):IJIO)f(eHH 6onrapitTe, l1 npei:1aBa·MaTep11arra Ha aHrJIH'laHHTe. 3a
TOBa MY "):le.JIHite" Mit):IXaT rrarna HcKa rnaBaTa Ha CBC.JI npitJITerr H ):IOKTOpnT - npo¢ecop, MHpanaC1-
6etl, ITOJIKOBHJ1K H MaCOH - e OC'b):leH Ha CM'bpT. Ca!'.JO 6naro,1:1apeH11e nap;aHeTO Ha MH):IXaT OT BJiaCT,
CM'bpTHaTa npl1C'b):la e 3aMeHeHa C'bC 3aTO'leHHe H B'b):IBOp.JIBaHe B ,I\aMaCK. 0111e rrpe3 M. Mat°! 1878 f. f.
BonKOBH'I ITO):laBa ocTaBKa H ce Bpo111a B BnrrrapH.JI, K'b):lero 3ano'IBa HeroBaTa aKTHBHa 06111ecTBeHa
l1 i:111n110MaTH'leCKa i:1e:tl:nocT. Karo ):IHnrroMamqecKH areHT Ha Bonrapit!I B UapHrpai:1 npvrnyJK):laBa
BHCOKaTa rropTa ):la ce OTHac.JI K'bM Bnrrrapirn KaTO K'bi\I caMOCTO.JITenHa ):l'bplKaBa, a He KaTO K'bM
np1rnurrernpomrna npoBvlH'-IH.JI Ha Typ1111JI. TBnpll C'bMHrnrreHHK Ha CT. CTaM6orroB 3a 3ana3BaHe
HallHOHarrHaTa He3aBJ1Cl1MOCT Ha CTpaHaTa HH, r. B'bJIKOBH'I e y611T B Uapwrpa):I - y6itHCTBOro MY Ha
14 ¢eBp. 1892 r. e opraHH3V!paHO OTT. Hap. CrraBJIHCKH KOMHTeT C'bC 3HaHuero Ha rpa¢ J1rHaTMeB l1
C'brnarnero Ha rpa¢ Herrit):IOB. <l>w3it'leCKH H3B'bpI1JV1Tem1 ca 6nnrapcKitTeJIOJiitTe11>mrpaHTl1 OpnoB-
CKH H ,I\pa)f(eB.
18 MoaKHM fpyeB IIpoft'leB - 6onrapcKH npoCBeTHTen, Y'lJHTeJI, nei:1aror H npeBo):la'I, po):leH
B Konpv1BJ1'1H'-la Ha 9 cenT. 1828 r. IlolIJ'laBa OCHOBHoro rn o6pa30Bam1e B po,[IHHJI rn rpa):I rrpu
rrpo'lyTM.JI Y'lJMTeJI Heo¢11T PuncKu. B npo):l'bJIJKem1e Ha 20 ro):IHHH rrperro):laBa B KonpitB!llH'-la u B
TinoB):IVIBCKOTO KrracHo 6nnrapcKo Y'IHJIM!lle, KOeTo no HeroBo BpeMe e HaC1-npo'lyT0To J'IHIIH!lle
B Bnnrapl1.JI. Ilpe3 1884 r. CTaBa pei:10BeH 'IJieH Ha BK.I(. ABrop e Ha ronJIM 6potl J'le6HM11VI rro pa3-
JIH'IHH npei:1Men1. Ilpe3 1858 r. e rrpep;JIO)f(J171 ):lace npa3HyBa 24 MaC1 - Kwpun l1 MeTO):IHH- Karo
rrpa3Hl1K Ha 6nnrapCKHTe J'leHH'-IH.YMHpa Ha 1 aBr. 1912 r.
06ll\eCTBeH:11 :11 nporneTHM p;etir.:i;w. OKp'b)l(eH yrrpaB:11Ten Ha Tinow:i;:11BcK:11 oKp'br e An.
EK3apx (Bwp;eH )l(ypHaJIMCT :11 yqacTHMK B I.J;'bpKOBHO-Har.:i;:110HaJIHMTe 6op6:11), Ha Ta-
rnpna3app;)l(:l1IllKM oKp'br - feoprn EeHeB (yqacTHMK B Har.:i;:110Han-peBonror.:i;:110HHMTe
6op6:11), Ha Crnpo3aropcK:11 - Hecrnp MapKoB (yq:11Ten M Hapop;eH p;eer.:i;), Ha Cn:11BeH-
CK:l1 - Top;op Y1KoHOMOB, Ha EypracK:11 - Y1BaH X. TieTpoB (T'bproBer.:i; OT KorneHcKaTa
cpaMMJIMR xap;)l(M TieTpoB:11), Ha XacKOBCKM - TeocpaH PatiHoB (rnH Ha PatiHo TionoBWJ
:11 o6ll\eCTBeH p;eer.:i;). Tipe3 C'bll\MR Mecer.:i; Mati ca Ha3Ha'leHM ceKpernpuTe Ha npecpe-
KTMTe :11 OKOJIJ1HCKMTe ynpaB:l1TeJI:l1 - BTOPM no Ba)l(HOCT MeCTHM opraHM Ha BJiaCTTa.
OT 28 OKOJIJ1HCK:l1 Ha'laJIHJ11J;:l1 22 ca 6'bnrap:11, 4-r'bpr.:i;w, 3-Typr.:i;w. Tio'ITM BCM'IKM ca
M3BeCTHJ1 c p;etiHOCTTa cw npe3 B'b3pa:>Kp;aHeTo. Me:>Kp;y rnx ca xacKOBCKMR 0Kon:11ticK11
Ha'laJIHMK - AwMMT'bp AylllaHoB, enxoBCKMR - ATaHac Y:InweB, RM6oncKMR - MMxairn
fpeKOB M p;p.
PelllMTeJieH MoMeHT B 6op6aTa 3a 3a~:11Ta Ha 6'bnrapcKMR xapaKTep Ha Y:l3TO'IHa
PyMenwn HacT'bnBa c :1136op:11Te 3a TI'bpBo o6nacTHo c'b6paH:11e. Tiop;roTOBKarn Ha J113-
6op:11Te 3a 06nacTHO c'b6paHMe, KOeTo c'brn. 'Ill. 86 Ha OpraHM'leCKMR ycrnB Tpn6Ba ,r:i;a
ce CBMKa npe3 OKTOMBpw, 3ano•rna Bep;Hara cnep; Ha3Ha'laBaHeTo Ha rnaBmrn ynpaBl1-
TeJI. Ep;Ha OT n'bpBMTe rpM:>K:l1 Ha npaBMTeJICTBOTO e p;a C'bCTaBJ1 cner.:i;wanHa KOMMCJllR,
KOJITO p;a pa3p;eJIM CTpaHaTa Ha 36 M36vtpaTeJIH:l1 OKOJIMM. Ba)l(Ha ponn 3a cnOKOHHOTO
npoTvt'laHe Ha M36op:11Te :113MrpaBa n'bTyBaHeTo Ha rnaBHMR ynpaBMTen M3 CTpatta-
Ta, npep;npMeTo no BHyllleHMe Ha pycKMR KoHcyn KHR3 UepeTeJieB. ToBa e n'bpsara
o6MKOJIKa Ha Eoropwp;M, B KORTO TOH ce 3ano3HaBa c opraHtt3aI.J;MRTa Ha MeCTHarn a,11-
MMHMcTpar.:i;Mn M noJIO)l(eHMeTO Ha 6'bnrapMTe M Ha MaJII.J;MHCTBaTa. Y136op:11Te ce npo-
Be)l(p;aT Ha 7 OKT. 1879 r. M Ha TJIX BC:l1'IK:l1 onMTJ.1 p;a ce p;oKa3Ba HJIKaKBa OTHOCMTeJIHa
paBHOCTOMHOCT Ha TpvtTe eTHOCa (6'bmapCK:l1, rp'bI.J;KM :11 TypcKM) pyxBaT. 44 OT 06ll.10
56 p;enyrnTvt B 06nacTHOTO c'b6paHMe ca 6'bmap:11.
TI'bpBoTo o6nacTHO c'b6paHMe nocTaBR p;o6po Ha'lano Ha napnaMeHTapHttR )!(l1-
BOT B o6nacTTa. Toce OTKpvtBa Ha 22 OKTOMBpvt 1879 r. B crpap;aTa Ha 6wBill:l1JI TypcKl1
xaMaM B TinoBp;MB, KOHTO 3a r.:i;enTa e OCHOBHO peMOHTttpaH M npeycTpoeH. fnaBHJllRT
ynpaBHTen e nocpell\HaT T'bp)l(ecTBeHo M c aKJiaMar.:i;uw, a BOeHHaTa MY3MKa H3CBvtpsa
Mapllla "lliyM:11 Mapwr.:i;a': KOHTO crnBa XMMH Ha Y13TO'IHa PyMenvtR. 06nacTHOTO C'b-
6paHHe J1Ma 3a OCHOBHa 3ap;aqa p;a rnacyBa 6JOp;)l(eTa :11 3aKOH:l1Te, KOHTO BJIM3aT B rnna
cnep; YTB'bp)l(p;aBaHeTo MM OT cynrnHa.
Ha 10 p;eKeMBpvt 1879 r. Hapop;HoTo npep;crnB:11TencTBO tt36vtpa 'IJieHoBeTe Ha ITo-
CTORHHMR KOMMTeT - TpeTMJI Ba)l(eH opraH B ynpaBJieHMeTO Ha o6JiaCTTa, KOHTO JllMa
KOHTponH:11 M 3aKoHop;aTeJIHH cpyHKI.J;MM. KaTo eMaHar.:i;wn Ha 06nacTHOTO c'b6patt11e,
IIOCTOJIHHMJIT KOMMTeT M3Il'bJIHRBa HefOBMTe 3ap;aq:11 npe3 BpeMeTo, KoraTO TO He 3a-
cep;aBa. Toi1 MMa npaBo p;a o6nBRBa BOeHHO ynpaBJieHwe B o6nacTTa, p;aBa MHeH!lle Ha
rnaBHMJI ynpaBMTeJI M ce KOHTponwpa OT C'b6paHMeTO. TioCTeneHHO opraH'bT pa3IIIl1-
pnBa npaBaTa CM :11 ce Hanara KaTo rnaBeH opraH B ynpaBneHMeTo Ha o6nacTTa. Or
1882 r. TOM 06.irBJIBa 3acep;aHMRTa cw 3a OTKPMTM 3a o6ll\eCTBeHocTTa.
o'bmap:11Te MHoro p;o6pe nper.:i;eHJIBaT ponnTa, KORTO ll\e vtrpae TiocTORHHMR Ko-
MvtTeT, H 3aTOBa He ce nop;p;aBaT Ha BHyllleHHRTa Ha qy)l(p;MTe KOHCYJIM 3a BKJIIO'IBaHe
vt Ha npep;cTaBMTeJIM Ha Manr.:i;:11HcTBaTa TpR6Ba o6aqe p;a ce npeop;onee pa3nope,r:i;6ara
96
HOBA E'b!IfAPCKA UCTOPUJI (1878-1944)
Ha OpraHw-1ecKJ.1R yCTaB, cbrnacHo KORTO BCeKw p;enyTaT MMa npaBo ,rw rnacYBa caMo
3a rnecT KaHp;wp;aTJ.1. Tipw T03J.1 Hal.JJ.1H MaJIQJ.1HCTBaTa MOraT p;a J.136epaT caMO l.JeTHpJ.1-
Ma mow npep;cTaBHTenw. Haxop; OT TOBa nono)!(eHwe HaMwpa Mnap;MR HBaH Cana6a-
rneB, aaB'bpnrnn MaTeMaTwKa B Tipara. Tow npep;nara cpopMyna 3a rnacyBaHe, KORTO
ornrypRBa no 18 rnaca 3a 10 6'bnrapcKH KaHp;wp;aTJ.1. Enarop;apeHwe Ha Ta3J.1 cpopMyna
BCJ.1l.JKJ.1 TMTynRpHM qneHoBe ca 6nnrapw: }1B. EB. fernoB, p;-p feoprn 51HKynoB, p;-p
XpHCTO CTaM6oncKJ.1, p;-p feoprn CTpaHCKJ.1, J1BaH Cana6arneB, cBell\. feoprliI TwneB,
KoHCTaHTMH BenH'IKOB, H. KapamtpoB, MwxaliIJI Map;)!(apoB, H. Bop;eHM'lapoB. 3a
npep;cep;aTen Ha KOMJ.1TeTa e M36paH HB. EBcTp. fernoB.
4. Pa3BHTne Ha HKOHOMHKaTa - arpapeH npespaT H ce.llcKocTo-
naHcKo npOH3BOJJ;CTBO, npoMHW.lleHOCT, T'bpl'OBHH, Kpep;uT
3anoqHaJIJ.1RT no BpeMe Ha BOHHaTa arpapeH npeBpaT rrpop;'bJI)KaBa liI rnep; C'b3-

):laBaHeTo Ha HaTOl.JHa PyMenwR. EnnrapcKoTo ynpaBJieHJiie TYK e M3npaBeHo npep;
pep;liIQa aaTpyp;HeHMR. Tiop; HaTMcKa Ha 3anap;H1i1Te BeJIJ.1KI1 c11n11 I1 np11 Herrocpep;CTBe-
HaTa onacHOCT OT TypCKa 0Kyrra1111R J.13TO'IHopyMeJII1HCKOTO rrpaBJ.1TeJICTBO rrpoBe)!(p;a
OTCT'bII'IHBa rroJiliITMKa no 6e)!(aHCKI1R w arpapmrn Bnrrpoc. He:t'rnoTo c'bp;'bp)!(aH11e e
B'b,IJ;BOpRBaHe Ha TypcKMTe co6crneHJ.111I1 B TeXHMTe I1MOTI1. ToBa cpe~a MHoro Tpyp;-
HOCTJ.1 I1 CTaBa 6aBHO. TipamneJICTBOTO Tnprn KOMnpOMI1CHI1 TI'bTM~a 3a ype)!(p;aHe
Ha 6e)KaHCKHR B'bnpoc. Tipe3 1880 r. e I13p;ap;eH ap;MMHMCTpaTMBeH npaBMJIHliIK NQ 27,
KOHTO ynecHJIBa cHa6p;JIBaHeTo c p;oKyMeHTH 3a co6crneHocT. EnnrapcKMTe 6e)!(aHQJ.1
OT Op;pwHcKa TpaKliIR ce HacTaHRBaT Ha p;np)!(aBHH 3eMliI, KOHTO Te TpH6Ba p;a 11anna-
rnT c pa3cpo'IKJ.1. ArpapHoTo p;BH)!(eHMe ce pa3BI1Ba 11 3a cMeTKa Ha ropwTe, Mep11Te w
p;pyrnTe 06ll\J.1HCKJ.1 3eMJ.1, KOI1TO ce pa3opaBaT I1 ce npeBp'b~aT B HHBI1.
TipeMJiIHaBaHeTO Ha TypcKJiI 3eMI1 B co6CTBeHOCT Ha 6nnrap11 npop;'bJI)!(aBa qpea
I13KynyBaHeTo HM. Cnopep; CTaTHCTHl.JeCKMTe p;aHHJ.1 3a BpeMeTo OT 1879 p;o 1 HOeM-
BpM 1883 r. B J13TOl.JHa PyMemrn ca H3KyneHJ.1 OT TYPIIMTe oKono 360 000 yBpaTa 3eMR.
OT Ta3I1 cpopMa Ha arpapHoTo p;BliI)!(eH11e e 3aMHTepecoBaHa qacT OT ocpopMR~aTa ce
IO)!(H06nnrapcKa 6yp)!(oa3I1JI. ManoMMOTHMTe J.1 6e3I1MOTHJ.1Te ceJIJIHliI He pa3nonaraT
C'bC cpep;CTBa I1 rrpwfo1rBaT p;o IIOMO~Ta Ha JII1XBapi1Te. He3aBI1CJ.1MO OT TOBa noKynKo-
npop;a)K6aTa Ha p;pe6H11 nap11en11 e no-roJIRMa, OTKOJIKOTO Ha ep;pw q11cpnu11u. 3a paa-
JI.I1Ka OT KHR)!(eCTBOTO B J13TOl.JHa PyMemrn ep;p11Te TypcKw 3eMeBnap;en11u He 6np3aT
p;a npop;aBaT 3eMJ1Te C.!1. TI pea II'bpB.I1Te p;Be rop;I1HI1 Te ce Hap;JIBaT Ha B'b3CTaHOBJIBaHe
Ha ocMaHcKaTa BnacT B IO)!(Ha Ennrap11.11 11 3aT0Ba 3ana3BaT .I1MOT.I1Te c11. Teau aeMw He
ce o6pa6oTBaT J.1 3a TJIX He ce nna~a p;aH'bK, Koern HaMaJI.11Ba p;np)KaBH.MTe npuxop;11. C
B'bBe)Kp;aHeTo Ha Kap;acTpanH.MR p;aH'bK, KOHTO 3aMeH.11 p;eCJIT'bKa rrpea 1882 r., TypcKM-
Te co6cTBeH.I11\.I1 TpR6Ba p;a IIJiall\aT p;aH'bK He3aBI1C.I1MO p;aJII1 o6pa6oTBaT 3eM.I1Te CJ.1
MJIJ.1 He. TaKa aaKOH'bT 3a Kap;acT'bpa rrocT11ra TnpceHMJI pe3ynTaT. Cnep; npwnaraHeTo
My 3aIIOl.JBa MacoBo rrpop;aBaHe Ha TypcKJ.1 3eM.I1 I1 I13CeJIBaHe Ha ep;pw 3eMeBnap;en11w.
Cnc C'bll\aTa 11en npe3 1882 r. e rrpweT 3aKOH 3a npeBpn~aHe Ha BaKncpcKMTe MMOTJ.1 B
rno6op;Ha co6cTBeHOCT. c B'bBe)!(,IJ;aHeTO Ha Kap;aCT'bpa IIOJIO)KeH.MeTO Ha MaJIOJ1MOT-
97
Pocuu,a AHzenoBa
HHTe ceJrnHH ce BJIOlliaBa OI.Qe noBe'Ie. TaKa 3ano'IBa H3cerrBaHe Ha 6orrrapcKH cemrn11
OT HoBo3aropCKo, KapHo6aTcKo H p;pyrH qacTH Ha ll13TO'IHa PyMeJIHR B KHR)l(ecrnoro.
Ycnopep;Ho c pa3opRBaHeTo Ha 6ep;HHTe 11 cpep;HH 3eMep;errcKH cTonaHH ce H3Bopuma
H KOHQeHTpaQHR Ha no3eMrreHaTa co6cTBeHocT. Ilo-rorrRMaTa 'IaCT OT C'b3p;ap;emm
ep;pH 3eMeBrrap;eHHR He ce npeBpoI.QaT B ep;pH KamITaJIHCTH'IeCKH 3eMep;errCKH CTonaH-
CTBa. 06HKHOBeHO co6CTBeHHQHTe HM fH pa3p;aBaT Ha OT,D;eJIHH napQeJIJ1 3a o6pa6oT-
Ka OT cerrRHl1 cpeI.Qy 113norrHQa HJIH p;pyrn cpopMH Ha HaTyparrHa w napH'·IHa apeHp;a.
}l{HBOTHOB'b,IJ;CTBOTO B ll13TO'IHa PyMemrn ce HaMwpa B OI.Qe no-Te:>KKO C'bCTORHMe,
OTKOJIKOTO 3eMep;errHeTO. foJI.HMa qacT OT ,lW6HT'bKa e OTBJie'IeHa HJIH 3afl1Ba no speMe
Ha Bo-VrnaTa. HaMaJIRBa nrroIQTa Ha nacHI.QaTa, T'btt KaTo MHoro p;op)l(aBHH H o6IQMH·
CKH 3eMH ca pa3opaHw OT cemrn:iue. Bo3CTaHOBRBaHeTo Ha :>Kl1BOTHOB'b,ll;CTBOTO CTaBa
6aBHO nopap;H BHCOKJ1Te QeHH Ha p;o6HT'bKa l1 rrwncaTa Ha cpep;CTBa. Jl13TO'IHOpyMe-
JIJ1ttCKJ1Te npaBHTeJICTBa norraraT rpH:>KH 3a C'bB3eMaHeTO Ha ceJICKOTO CTonaHCTBO
KaTO OCHOBeH noMHH'bK Ha o6rracTTa. OI.Qe npe3 1879 r. C'bC 3an0Bep; Ha rrraBHHR yn-
paBJi!TeJI e 3a6paHeH Jil3HOC'bT Ha 3'bpHeHH xpaHH OT cTpaHaTa, KaKTO H Ha p;pe6HHR 11
ep;pwR p;o6Ji!T'bK, KaTO OT 2 Matt 1881 r. BCH'IKH orpaHH'IeHHR ca npeMaxHaTH.
Ep;Ho OT cepwo3HHTe MeponpHRTHR ca ycwrrMRTa 3a qnrnaHcoBo nop;noMaraHe Ha
3eMep;errcKoTo HacerreHwe. CoI.QecrnyBaI.QHTe OT npep;w 0CBo6o:>Kp;eHMeTo 3eMep;eJ!'·1e-
CKM KaCH ca pa3CTpoeHM no BpeMe Ha BOttHa. 3a p;a B'b3CTaHOBM p;ettHOCTTa HM, npa-
BHTeJICTBOTO ce 3aeMa p;a p;oCTaBH OT UapHrpap; apxHBHTe HM H p;a rw cHa6p;w c MaJIKo
KanwTarr. IIo MHHQMaTMBa Ha CrrHBeHCKHR oKpo:>KeH ynpaBMTerr T. Y1KOHOMOB npe3
1880 r. e HanpaBeH nopBHRT 3aeM OT CoqmttCKaTa Hapop;Ha 6aHKa Ha cTottHocT 20
000 TypcKH rrupw 3a HY:>KAMTe Ha 3eMep;errcKOTO HacerreHHe OT CrrwBeHCKH H EypracK11
p;enaprnMeHT. Coe C'bI.QaTa Qerr npe3 crrep;BaI.QHTe rop;MHH ca B3eTM OI.Qe HRKOJIKO 3a-
eMa, KOeTO no3BOJIRBa p;a ce B'b3CTaHOBRT 3eMep;eJI'IeCKMTe KaCM B'bB BCH'IKH 0Kp1>3H.
3aep;Ho c TOBa npe3 1881 r. 06rracTHOTO co6paHHe rrracyBa 3aKoHonpoeKT 3a 3eMe-
p;errqecKHTe KacH, KOttTO ype:>Kp;a TRXHOTO yCTpottcTBO M ynpaBrreHwe. Cnopep; Hero
cerrRHMTe MoraT p;a norryqaBaT 3aeM p;o 5 000 3JiaTHH rpollia npw JIHXBa 8% M cpell\y
3aJior OT He,D;BM)l(HMMTe CH MMYI.QeCTBa B ,ll;BOttHa CTOYIHOCT Ha 3aeMa.
KaTo OT'IMTaT npMMMTHBHOCTTa Ha cerrcKocTonaHcKaTa TeXHHKa M 3HaHMR, H3·
TO'IHopyMeJIMttCKMTe npaBMTeJICTBa B3eMaT MHHQHaTMBaTa 3a Mop;epHM3MpaHe Ha 3e·
Mep;errweTO. Ha 1 Matt 1883 B c. Cap;oBo e OTKPMTO 3eMep;errcKo yqwJIHI.Qe c o6pa31\0B
qmprrMK 3a nop;roTOBKa Ha cneQMaJIHCTM 3a cerrcKOTO cTonaHCTBO. 3a HY:>K.J:IHTe Ha
Y'IMJIMIQeTo OT qy:>K611Ha ca BHeceHM ceMeHa, MallIHHM M p;o6MT'bK. C Qerr ):la ce no-
nyrrRpH3MpaT arpoHOMM'IeCKMTe 3HaHMR, B Crnpa 3aropa Ha 1 cpeBpyapw 1883 r. 3a·
no'IBa p;a H3JIM3a nopBMRT ceJICKOCTonaHCKM BecnrnK CJie):I 0CBo6o:>Kp;eHMeTo "3eM-
rrep;eJieQ", pep;aKTMpaH OT lil3BeCTHMR arpoHoM M 061.QeCTBeHMK ,lJ;MMMThp HayMoB.
TaKa BonpeKM TPYAHOCTMTe OT 1880 r. B ll13TO'IHa PyMeJIMR 3ano'IBa, MaKap M 6aBHO,
HopMaJIM3MpaHe 11 HapaCTBaHe Ha cencKocTonaHcKoTo npo!i13BO,ll;CTBO. To ce .J:lnJDKlf
rrraBHO Ha yBeJIM'IaBaHe Ha o6pa6oTBaeMaTa nJIOI.Q l1 Ha eCTeCTBeHHR np1i1pacT Ha
ceJICKOTO HaceJieHHe.
98
Pocu~a AH2en0Ba
3ana3BaT ce Tpa.ri;r-ui;MoHHMTe ce,ri;M11qHJ1 na3apmn;a B rpa.ri;oseTe, Ha KOMTO ce npo,r:r;aBa

rnaBHO ceJicKocTonaHcKa npo,ri;yKQJ1R. ToproBHRTa ce J13Boprnsa OT .ri;pe6H11 ep;Hom1'l-
HJ1 ToproscK11 qmpMH, 'IMMTO 6poi1 6op3o HapacTBa B nopBHTe ro,r:r;HHJ1 rne.ri; Orno-
60)!(,ri;eH11eTo.
BnTpernHaTa ToproBMR ce cocpe,ri;oTo'laBa B no-roJieM11Te rpa.ri;ose Ha o6nacTTa.
U:emne Ha CTOKJ1Te B OT,[\eJimne paMOHJ1 ca pa3JIH'IHH M ce o6pa3yBaT CTJ1XHMHO. B
ToproBcKaTa c<Pepa ca 3aeTH rnaBHo 6omap11 w ropQH, a qy)l(,lJ;HTe KanHTarrvrcTH ca
TBop,r:r;e MarrKo. IIo-qyscrn11TerreH Hanpe,r:r;oK npaBH B'bHllIHaTa ToproBHR. JtfaTot.Ina Py-
MelIMR J13HaCR rrraBHO 3opHeHJ1 xpaHH, BJ1Ha, po30BO Maeno, rnaRK, rai1TaHH, .ri;o6HT'bK,
TIOTIOH H np . .>K11nrnTa ToproBHR ce orpa1rnqasa c IJ;apHrpa,r:r;cKHR na3ap, a 113HOC'hT
Ha .ri;oforT'bK e orpaHH'leH. BHoC'bT e no-MalI'bK, KOeTo ce ,ll;'bJI)l(J1 Ha cencKocTonaHcKwR
xapaKTep Ha CTpa1rnrn H rna611Te <PHHaHCOBH B'b3MO)l(HOCTJ1. BHarn ce 3axap, Ka¢e,
opH3, ra3, cn11pT, xapTHR, MalllJ1H11 J1 .ri;p. Tsop,r:r;e oTpMQaTeJIHO BJI11Re yCTaHosemrnr
MHTH11t.IecK11 pe)!(J1M Me)!(.ri;y KHR)l(eCTBOTO 11 o6nacTTa.
Kpe,ri;MT'bT Ha JfaTO'IHa PyMerr11R coni;o e crra6o opramrnwpaH. 3a Kan11rnnwc-
T11t.IecKOTO pa3BHTJ1e ca Heo6xo,ri;HMJ1 naptt'IHH cpe,ri;CTsa, a Te MoraT .ri;a ce nonyqar
npe,ri;HMHO OT qacTHJ1 JIMQa. ToBa TJiaCKa 3eMep;em.i;H, MHp;yCTp11arrQ11 11 ToproBQH K'hM
mrxsapHTe l1 IlOBHlllaBa lI!l!XBeHHR npoQeHT. JhrxBaTa ,ll;OCTHra <PaHTaCT11'1Hl1 pa3Mep11
11 pa3opRsa ,lJ;lI'b)!(H11QHTe. Hape.ri; c B'b3CTaHOBRBaHeTo Ha 3eMe,ri;errqecKHTe Karn ce
3aMHCJIR 11 OTKpHBaHe Ha o6rracTHa 6aHKa. BcH'IKH npe,r:r;rro)l(emrn 3a OTKpwsaHe Ha
HOBH Kpe,ri;J1THJ1 yqpe)!(,ri;eHJ1.il He ce peaJIJ13HpaT. BMeCTO TOBa B o6rracTTa B'b3CTaHOBll-
Ba CBORTa .ri;etiHOCT KJIOH'bT Ha 0TOMaHcKaTa 6aHKa, KOMTO p;o Coe,ri;wHeHHeTo OCTaBa
e,ri;m-ICTBeHOTO Kpe,ri;HTHO yqpe)!(,ri;eHwe.
lllecno,ri;HmHMRT nepHo,ri; OT coni;eCTsysaHeTo Ha J13TO'IHO PyMeJIHR e orpaHw-
t.IeH 3a rorreM11 npoMeHH B ccpepaTa Ha J1KOIIOM11KaTa. BonpeKw TOBa rop;wHMTe MY ca
B'b3CTaHoB11TerreH eTan, KOMTO ynecHRBa no-HaTaT'bllIHOTo pa3BJ1Tl1e Ha KanwTanwc-
TH'lecK11Te OTHOilleII11R.
5. Ilo.l\.HTHqec1m 2KHBOT H napTHH
Be,ri;Hara rne.ri; ny6rr11KYBaHeTo Ha Eeprr11HcK11R .ri;orosop 3anot.IBa cnnpoTHBa cpe-

ni;y IlOCTaHOBJieHMRTa My, KORTO ,[J;OBe)l(.ri;a ,ll;O nomip113aI.J;11.il B 6orrrapcKOTO o6ni;ecrno.
Crre.ri; KaTO CTaBa RCHO, qe C'be,ll;HHeHJ1eTO Ha ,ri;BeTe 6orrrapcKH qacnr e HeB'b3MO)l{H0
cera, yc11rr11.R:Ta ce HaCO'IBaT K'bM 3all.J;HTa Ha aBTOHOMHRTa 11 He,r:r;onycKaHe Ha TypcKI!
rapHH30H11 B o6rracTTa. B J13ToqHa PyMeJIHR ce oqepTaBaT .ri;se Tet.IeHHR, KOHTO oTcro-
RBaT pa3JIJ1'1Hl1 TaKTHK11.
YMepeHOTO KpHJIO BKlIIO'IBa npep;cTaBHTeJIH Ha ep;paTa 11 'laCT OT cpe.ri;narn 6yp-
)l(Oa3HR. To ce pnKOBO,lJ;M OT eK3apx Morn<P, MHTponorrHT IIaHapeT, 6parn fpyeBl1, fe-
IIIOBM .ri;p. "YMepeH11Te" ce Ha,[J;RBaT qpe3 MMPHM np0Tecn1, a.ri;pec11, neTHQHJ1 11 APYflf
,[J;l1IlJIOMaTJ1'1eCKJ1 cpe,ll;CTBa ,n;a 113,[J;eticTBaT OTCT'bTIKJ1 OT BelIJ1KJ1Te Cl1lll1 npw np:wna-
raHeTO Ha EepJIMHCKJ1.il .ri;orosop. 3ae,ri;Ho c TOBa Te He OCTaBaT J130lil1paHl1 OT rrrnpo-
KOTO Hapo,ri;Ho ,lJ;BH)!(eHwe, opraHJ13l1paHo oT "KpatiHoTo" Tet.Iemre. IIpe3 asrycT 1878
r. 6l1Bllll1 peBOJIIOl.J;J10Hep11 OT JO)l(Ha DnJirapwR OCHOBaBaT B I1JIOB,ll;l1B TaeH KOMJ1TeT,
HOBA E'bflI'APCKA MCTOPMH (1878-1944)
KOMTO no-K'bCHO ce npespolll,a B UeHTpa11eH KOMHTeT Ha ntMHacTw-IeCKHTe p;py)!(e-

cTBa. "KpatiHHTe': poKOBop;emr OT rroJIK. K. KernKoB, CBelll. TwneB, K. BenwqKoB, K. r.
Xap;)l(HKaJiqeB H p;pyrw yqacTHHQH B Hau;w0Ha11 peBOJIIDQHOHHaTa 6op6a, rrpep;cTaBJIJI-
BaT ce11cKHTe Macw, rpap;cKaTa p;pe6Ha H cpep;Ha 6yp)l(Oa3HJI. Te nop;roTBJIT Hapop;a 3a
Boopn)!(eHa 6op6a cpelll,y B'bBe)l(p;aHe Ha TypcKH BOMCKH B 0611acTTa H 3a eBeHTyanHo
C'bep;HHeHHe C'bC CBOHTe 6paTJI OT KHJI)l(eCTBOTO.
Cne,n; KaTo Pyorn ycrrJIBa ,n;a H3p;et1:cTBa MHpHoTo rrpHJIO)l(eHwe Ha aBTOHOMHJITa
Ha J.13ToqHa PyMeJIHJI, pa311wqmna Me)l(,n;y p;BeTe TeqeHHJI ce 3anwqaBaT. Ilpw TOBa
IIOJIO)l(eHHe ,n;BeTe TeqeHHJI ce 06e,n;11HJIBaT OKOJIO TaKTHKaTa, cpopMynHpaHa OT K. Be-
1nrqKOB TaKa: "~a T'bpilHM, ,n;a ce fOTBMM J1 p;a qaKaMe''.
IlnpBOTO OTKpMTO c6JI'bCKBaHe CTaBa B'bB Bp'b3Ka c H36op!1Te 3a ,n;erryTaTM 3a 06-
nacTHOTO cn6paHHe npe3 Mati 1881 r. Cnrnarno q11. 71 H 74 Ha OpraHw-iecKHR ycrnB
IIOJIOBMHaTa C'bCTaB Ha l136paHHTe H Ha3Haqemue p;erryTaTH TpJI6Ba p;a ce nop;HOBJl-
Ba rrpe3 BCeKM p;Be ro,n;MHH. 3a ,n;a CM ornryp11 Hap;MOUJ,He B 0611aCTHOTO Cn6paHHe,
rpyrrarn Ha yrrpaBJIJIBaUJ,aTa 6yp)l(Oa3MJI B 1111u;ern Ha J.1B. EB. feIIIOB, p;-p 5IHKyJioB, r.
p;-p r. XaKaHOB ce Oill1TBa p;a HaJIO)l(11 CBOR JI11CTa, KaTO J13T'bKBa Heo6xop;11MOCTTa OT
HaQHOHaJIHO ep;MHCTBO. QqeprnBa ce o6aqe 11 BTopa rpyna Ha 6yp)l(oa3HM rrpep;crn-
B11Te1111 - K. Xa,n;)l(HKaJil.JeB, J1B. Cana6aIIIeB, T. KernKOB 11 ,n;p., KOMTO 113,n;11raT CBOM
KaHp;Mp;aTM. J136op11Te TIOKa3BaT, qe Cl1JIJ1Te Ha p;BeTe rpyrr11poBKH ca rroqT11 paBHH,
IIOJiyqaBaT ep;HaK'bB 6po:H MeCTa B TIOCTOJIHHHJI KOM11TeT, a C'blllO 11 B ,n;11peKTOpaTa.
foaBHHJI yrrpaB11TeJI YTB'bp)!(,n;asa KaHp;Hp;aTypaTa Ha r. fpyes, KOHTO He rrp1rnap;Jie)!(l1
K'bM H11KOJI rpyrra, npeHe6perna:HKH J.1B. EB. fernOB, Ha KOHTO p;np)!(11 pycKMJI K0Hcy11
Kpe6en H no T03H Haq11H OTKpHTO cpaBopH3Hpa rrpOTHBHHKoBaTa rpyrra. B T03H rrep11-
op; ce H3B'bpIIIBa rrpou;ec'bT Ha ocpopMRHe Ha p;BeTe IlOJIHTHqeCKH rrapTHH.
IlnpBaTa HOCH Ha3BaHMeTo Hapop;Ha MJIH Cnep;HHHCTKa, KoeTo 03HaqaBa, qe rro-
CTaBR Ha rrpep;eH nnaH Bnnpoca 3a c'bep;11HeHHe Ha o6nacTTa c KHJI)!(eCTBO Eomap11R.
IIo-K'bCHO TR e HapeqeHa OT rrpoT11BHHQ11Te CH "11n:>Kecnep;vIHCTKa" 3apap;H 113ITOJI3Ba-
HeTO Ha Hapop;HMJI Hp;eaJI 3a ,n;o6HpaHe ,n;o BJiaCTTa. Ilo-BH)J;HM Bop;aq11 H qJieHOBe Ha
r.
napTHJITa ca: J1B. EB. feUioB, MB. CT. feIIIoB, p;-p XaKaHoB, M. Ma,n;)!(apos, CTe<PaH
C. Eo6qeB 19, ~- K. Ilonos, ~. IOpyKoB H ,n;p. IloBeqern OT q11eH0BeTe ca 3aMO)!(HJ1 xopa,
19 CTel}>an CaBoB .60611eB e poAeH Ha 20 RHyap11 1853 B Erretta. Toti: e 6bnrapcK1110p11cT, ny6-
Jil11..\11CT, Abp)l(aBHlllK 11 o6ll\eCTBeHlllK, pe,D;oBeH lJJieH Ha EK,[( (1884), ,D;OnlllceH •rneH (1909) Ha IOro-
crraBcKaTa aKa,D;eMJ/lR Ha HayK11Te Ill 113KYCTBaTa B 3arpe6, Ha LJe11IKaTa aKa;I\eM11R Ha HayKlllTe 11 lll3Ky-
CTBaTa B Ilpara (1910) 11 ,D;p., no'leTeH ,D;OKTop no npaBo (1933) Ha yH11BeprnTeTa "RH KoMeHCKlll" B
EpaTlllCJiaBa. E,D;~IH OT ocn:oBaTerr11Te Ha Coqrnti:cKlllR YHlllBeprnTeT 11 Ha IOplll;Lllll'lecKJ/lR cpaKyrrTeT Ha
CY. Ilpe;L1Ce;L1aTeJI (1921-3 7) Ha EAH. OrnoBaTerr, ,D;lllpeKTop Ill rrpeno;I\aBaTerr (1920-37) B Cso6o,D;HlllR
YHlllBe.J;2C:lllTeT 3a rroJIHTlll'lecKJ/l Ill cTonaHCKlll HayKlll, cera YHCC. OrnoBaTeJI Ill rrpe;L1ce;L1aTeJI ( 1901-21)
Ha ,[(py)l(eCTBOTO Ha 6bnrapcKJ/lTe rry6Jillll..\lllCTlll Ill rmcaTeJilll, rrpe,D;ce;L1aTerr (1903-40) Ha CrraB.i!HCKOTO
APY)l(eCTBO B Ebnraplll.i!. MlllH11CTbp Ha rrpaBOCb,D;llleTO (1884-85) B l13TOlJHa PyMen11.i!, MlilHHCTbp
Ha Hapo,D;HOTO rrpocBell\eH11e ( 1911-12), TibJIHOMOll\CH MlllHlllCTbp (1912-13) B IleTporpa,D;. Hapo,D;eH
npe,D;cTaBlllTeJI B VIII, IX, XIII 11 XIV OHC. Pa60Tlil B o6rracTTa Ha lllCTop11RTa Ha 6bnrapcKOTO Ill
cnaBRHCKOTO rrpaso 11 KaHOHlillJecKoTo rrpaBo. OcnoBHli!Te MY Tpy,D;oBe ca: "EbnrapcKo 0611qatiHo
Cb):le6Ho rrpaBo'; "EbrrrapcKo 0611tJatiHo HaKa3aTeJIHO rrpaBo". YM11pa Ha 8 cem. 1940 r. B Cocplil.i!.
Pocw~a AHzenoBa
yqacTHMQM B HaQMOHaJI peBomoQMOHHMTe 6op611 rrpe3 Bo3pa)l{p;aHeTo, c BHCOKO o6-
pa3oBaHMe. IIapTMJITa HMa rro-roJIJIMO BJIHJIHMe cpep; 6orrrapcKaTa o6~ecTBeHOCT B
:VfaToqHa PyMeJIMJI. Her1:HMTe rrpep;CTaBMTeJIM ca He caMo Har1:-o6pa30BaHHTe M M3p;Hr-
HaTM xopa B o6JiaCTTa, HO Te pa3BHBaT M O)l{MBeHa ToproBCKa, 3eMep;eJICKa M p;pyra
p;eMHOCT M 3aTOBa MMaT rro-TeCHM CTOIIaHCKH Bpo3KM c p;pe6Ho6yp)l<Oa3HMTe Marn.
HaTpyrraJIM orrMT B o6~ecTBeHMJI )KJ!IBOT, coep;HHHCTHTe ycrrJIBaT rro-6op3o p;a op-
raHM3MpaT rrapTHJITa CM. Te pa3rronara c p;Ba rreqaTHH opraHa - 8. "Mapuu,a" (1878-
1885) M "Hapop;HHH mac" (1879-1885). Hapop;ttarn rrapnu1 rropBa rrpHCToIIBa K'bM
opraHM3Hpatte. IIpe3 JIJITOTO Ha 1883 r. Te ce KOHCTHTyMpaT rrop; rrpep;cep;aTeJICTBOTo
Ha p;-p Xp. CTaM6oJICKH. KpocTHHK Ha rrapTMJITa CTaBa K. Ben11qKoB, a rreqaTeH opraH
8. "C'beOilHeHue".
,Upyrarn rrapTMJI e JlM6epanHaTa. IIo-KoCHO rn e HapeqeHa OT rrpoTHBHMQHTe c11
"Ka3MOHHa': 3apap;11 rrop;KperraTa, KOJITO rronyqaBa OT rnaBHHJI yrrpaBMTeJI A. Eorop11-
p;H. IIpo3BH~eTo ire p;ap;eHo 3a rrpoB IIoT OT cTapo3aropcKHJ1 ocl>HQep Maiiop II. Crn-
RHOB M rrorrynRpH3MpaHo OT ,U. HayMoB. Cpep; rrpep;cTaBMTeJIM ir HMa 3aMO)l{HH xopa,
nonyqMJIM eBporret°ICKO o6pa30BaHHe, HO HJ!Ma~H fOJIJIM aKTHB BbB Bo3p0)1{,ll;eHCKHTe
6op611. IIo-BHp;HM Bop;aqJ!I H qJieHoBe ca: p;-p r. CTpaHcKw, MB. Cana6arneB, p;-p Cr.
l{oMaKOB, .U. ToHqeB, r. EeHeB, K. Xap;)l{HKaJiqeB, 6parn Jla3ap w IIaBeJI ,UaropOB11.
Jiw6epanHaTa rrapTHJI yKperrBa rnep; rrpeBparn B KHJI)Kecrnoro OT 27 arrpwn 1881 r., KO-
raTO B l13ToqHa PyMeJIHJI ce rrpexBopJIRT Bop;aqHTe Ha nw6epanHTe - II. KapaBeJIOB, TI.
P. CnaBer1:KoB, MB. CnaBeWKOB, 3. CTORHOB, Tp. KwrnHqeB, ,U. K. IIorros - QeHTpanmrn
H p;pyrw eMwrpaHTH. IIJIOB,ll;HB CTaBa CTOJIHQa Ha HeIIpHMHpHMHTe JIM6epanw, KOl1TO
rrpe3 OKTOMBpw 1881 ~· Bo3o6HOBRBaT H3p;aBaHeTo Ha 8. "He3a8ucuMocm".
3a Hapop;HaTa rrapTHJI pa3BHTWeTO w 6op;e~eTo Ha o6JiaCTTa 3aBWCJIT OT p;o6p11-
Te OTHOIIIeHHJI Ji! IIOKpOBWTeJICTBOTO Ha PycwJI. Jiw6epaJIHaTa rrapnrn IIbK cqwTa, qe
caMOCTOJITeJIHOTO co~ecrnyBaHe Ha J13ToqHa PyMeJIWJI H3HCKBa p;o6pw OTHorneHHR c
BcwqKJ!I BeJIHKH CHJIH, 6e3 p;a HarrycKa HaMecaTa Ha HJIKOJI OT TJIX BbB BoTpeIIIHHTe pa-
6oTM. J1 Tott KaTo Hapop;HaTa rrapTWJI ce IIOJI3Ba c BCeCTpaHHaTa rrop;Kperra Ha pyCKara
p;wrrnoMaQHJI, nw6epanwTe TopCRT orropa B cKapaHwR c pycKwTe rrpep;cTaBMTenw An.
Eoropwp;H. C6JIH)KeHweTo HM c Eoropwp;w 3aCHJIBa rro3HQvn:tTe Ha rrapTHJITa. B Ha'!a-
JIOTO Ha 1883 r. 3arroqBa p;a W3JIH3a 8. "JOJ1CHa E'bllzapw:c" - opraH Ha W3ToqHopyMe-
nwJ.1:cKaTa Jiw6epanHa rrapTHJI w rroRBaTa MY rroKa3Ba opraHw3aQWOHHOTo yKperrBaHe
Ha rrapnrnrn. He rnyqaJ.1:Ho Ha 20 arrpwn 1883 r. II. KapaBeJioB e W36paH 3a KMeT Harp.
IInoBp;MB, Ha KOHTO rrocT TOH ocrnBa p;o RHyapw 1884 r.
3acMJIBaHeTo Ha Jiw6epanHaTa rrapTHJI p;aBa oTpa)l{eHwe Bopxy rromITwqecK11R
)l{HBOT B o6nacTTa. IIpw BToporo rrop;HOBRBaHe Ha cocTaBa Ha 06nacTHOTO co6pa-
Hwe rrpe3 arrpwn 1883 r. nw6epan11Te crreqeJIBaT MH03HHCTBO w ycrrJIBaT p;a 3aB3eMar
BnacTTa, Ho TOBa He Tpae p;onro. OT eceHTa Ha 1883 r. 6op6aTa Me)l{p;y p;BeTe rrapT1111
ce KOHQeHTpwpa oKono nwqHocTTa Ha rnaBHHR yrrpaBMTeJI. ToJ.1: KaTo MaHp;aT'bT Ha
An. Eoropwp;w w3Twqa rrpe3 arrpwn 1884 r., rronwrwqecKwTe arwrnQWH ce BOp;RT oKono
HOBHJI w36op. Jiw6epanHarn rrapTHJI ce o6RBJIBa 3a rrpeHa3HaqaBaHeTo Ha EoropH,!111
3a o~e 5 rop;HHH H 3arroqBa rrporraraHp;a B HeroBa rroJI3a. TR opraHW3wpa MWTHHfliI B
cTpaHaTa w W3rrpa~aHe Ha ap;pecw p;o cynTaHa w rrpep;CTaBwTeJiw Ha BeJiwKwTe rnn11 c
HOBA E'"b!IfAPCKA J1CTOPJ1Jl (1878-1944)
rrogo6Ho :wcKaHe. IlocT'bITK:WTe Ha n:w6eparr:wTe He cpe~aT nogKperra cpeg Hapoga :w

ocrnBaT :w3orr:wpaH:w. Komprr:wKT'hT Ha EoropMA:W c pycKMR npegcrnB:wTeJI B o6rracTTa
3Ha<rMTeJIHO rrop;poHBa HeroB:wJI o6~ecrneH npeCTmK.
Hapop;HaTa rrapnrn ce B'h3ITOJI3Ba OT TOBa M OTKpMBa nrnpoKa KaMnaH:wJI rrpoT:WB
KaH):IM)J;aTyparn Ha n'hpBMR rnaBeH ynpaBMTerr. B nopBMTe Meceu;M Ha 1884 r. o6nacTTa
e 3amna OT M:WT:WHrM, Ha KOMTO ce HaCTOJIBa 3a o6e)J;MHeH:we Ha M3TO'!Ha PyMeJI:W.ll C'bC
cso6o)J;HOTO KHR:>KecTBO. BonpeK:w, <re ou;eH.RBaT Me)l(gyHapop;HaTa o6crnHOBKa KaTo
He6narorrp:wRTHa, c'be)J;:WHMCTMTe :W3rrpall.\aT ):\BaMa rno:w npep;CTaB:wTen:w - MB. CT. fe-
IIIOB M Xp. Xp:wcTOB p;a nnep;MpaT Kay3arn npeg eBponeif:cK:WTe A'hp)l(aBM. MMrnRTa
oCTaBa 6e3 pe3ynrnT, Ho HTI pa3nrnpRBa BJIMRHMeTO rn.
PyrnR C'h~O ce HaMerna M ce 06.RB.RBa rrpoT:WB npeHa3Ha<raBaHeTo Ha Eorop:wp;:w.
3arra)J;HI.1Te BeJIMKI.1 CMJII.1 He cnop;eJI.llT pycKOTO MHeHMe, HO HMTO egHa OT T.llX He ce
HaMeCBa B HeroBa ITOJI3a. Iloprnrn oTCT'hITBa rrpM orrpep;eneHM yrnoBMR (o6ell.\amre 3a
pyCKa rrop;Kperra B npep;cTORII.\aTa KoH<flepeHIJ;M.R 3a ErnrreT) M rrp:weMa npep;JIO)l(eHaTa
OT TieTep6ypr KaH)J;:W)J;aTypa Ha fasp:wn KpoCTeBI.1'! 20 • c
:W):\BaHeTO Ha HOBI.1.ll rnaBeH
yrrpaB:WTeJI rro3:wu;:w:wTe Ha HTI yKpenBaT. TiornegBa pa3rrycKaHe Ha 06nacTHOTO C'h-
6paHMe :w Ha IlocTORHH:WR KOM:WTeT. Ha nposegeHMTe Ha 23 cerrTel\rnpM 1884 r. :w36op:w
C'be)J;MH:WCTHTe ne<reJI.llT a6coJIIOTHO MH03HHCTBO. TiocTO.RHH:W.RT KOM:WTeT ce npegce-
):\aTeJICTBa OT MB. CT. feIIIOB. B HOB:W.R L(:wpeKrnpaT Bll:W3aT: M. Mag)l(apoB - )J;MpeKTop
Ha <flMHaHrnTe, K. Ben:w<rKOB - g:wpeKrnp Ha Hapop;HOTO rrporne~eHMe, g-p r. XaKa-
HOB - p;:wpeKTop Ha 3eMep;err:weTo, T'bproBM.RTa :w o6ll.\ecrneHMTe crpap;:w, C. C. Eo6<reB
- AMpeKTOp Ha npaBOC'hp;:weTo, H. Ha<roB - p;:wpeKrnp Ha BoTpeIIIHMTe gerra :w rnaBeH
ceKpernp :w g:wpeKTOP Ha M:WJI:WIJ;:WRTa :w )l(aHgapMep:w.RTa npycK:WR o<fiMu;ep Ha TypcKa
rny)l(6a reH. ,[(p:wrancK:w.
Cnep; KaTo :wp;BaT Ha BJiacT c'he):\:WH:WCT:WTe o6JIB.RBaT, <re B MOMeHTa HRMa 6naro-
rrpMRTH:W ycJIOB:W.ll 3a o6ep;irneHMe c KH.ll)l(eCTBOTO :w :W30CTaB.llT C'be)J;:WH:WCTK:W.ll :wge-
arr. KaTo ynpaBJIRBa~:w Ha TRX ce rraga ponRTa Ha HRM rn:wp;eTeJI Ha coe)J;:WHHCTKOTO
ABM)l(eH:we :w 3a~MTHMK Ha aBTOHOMMRTa. Cneg coe.[\:wHeHMeTo )J;BeTe M3TO<rHopyMe-
m1if:cK:w napTHM npeycTaHOBRBaT C'bll.\eCTByBaHeTo CM. TexHMTe p;eif:u;:w nocTeneHHO ce
BJIMBaT B napTHMTe Ha KHR)l(ecrno EonrapMR cnopep; B'h3rJiep;:wTe CM.
6. KyArypuo cTpouTeAcTBo
Haif:-3a6eJie)l(MTeJIHOTO M Tpaif:Ho .RBJieHMe B KpaTKaTa MCTOpHR Ha M3TO<rHa Py-
MeJIMR e Heif:HM.ll KYJITypeH )l(MBOT.
20 fasp1m Kp1>cTeBH'I (faHAJO Kp'I>cTes Eaes) e poAeH rrpe3 1817 r. B KoTen. 06ll.\eCTBeH 11
A'hp>i<aBeH AeeQ, KHl1)f(OBHl1K; rroqeTeH qneH (1871) Ha EKJl 3aB'hpnrna rrpaBo B Tiap11)f(. 3aeMa Bl1-
cnm C'bAe6H11 AJI'I>A<HOCTl1 B Uap11rpaA. B3eMa AefiHo yqacrne B Q'hpKoBHO-HaQ110Hanm1Te 6opfor.
CneA Orno60)f(AemreTO (1878) e Ha3Ha'lett 3a fnaBeH ceKpeTap (1879-1884) Ha rnraBallIH11H reHe-
pan-ry6epHaTOp Ha J13TO'!Ha PyMen11>1 (AneKo Eoropw,1111) 11 ~wpeKTOp Ha B'hTpellIHMTe pa6orn. OT
14 arrpwn 1884 AO 6 cerrTeMBp11 1885 ro,11HHa, KoraTo ce M3B'hpurna C'he,1111HeH11eTO, r. Kp'hcTeBM'l e
rnaBeH ynpaBMTen Ha J13TO'IHa PyMen11>1. YMwpa Ha 16 1-1oeMBp11 1898 r. B UapHrpa,11.
103
Pocuu,a AH2e110Ba
I1pe3 rnecTro.r1:wrnmui nep:wo.r1 OT c'b~ecTByBaHeTo Ha o6nacTTa yqe6HoTo .r1eno

noCT:wra roneM:w ycnex:w. OpraHwiecK:WJIT ycrnB, Kmho pernaMeHT:wpa :w Ta3a cTpaHa
OT )l(:WBOTa Ha o6nacTTa, 3ana3Ba rnaBH:WTe noJIO)l(eH:WJI B npocBeTHaTa noJI:WT:WKa Ha
pycKoTo yrrpaBJieH:we. Toti: npoB'b3rJiarnBa paBeHcTBo Ha Bc:wqK:w Hapo):IHOCT:W B o6pa-
30BaH:weTo, 3a):l'bJI)l(:WTeJIHO HaqaJIHO o6pa30BaH:we 3a Bc:WqKJ1 ):leQa OT 7 ):10 13 fO,[l.l1IllHa
B'b3pacT. Hapo):IHOTO npoCBe~eH.11e ce nocTaBJI no.r1 p'bKOBO):ICTBOTO Ha e):IHOMMeHHa
.r1.11peKQ.l1JI, KOJITO OC'b~eCTBJIBa KOHTpona qpe3 yq.11m1~H.l1Te J1HcneKTOp.11. 06nacT-
HaTa yq.11JI.l1~Ha C.l1CTeMa ce .l13rpa)l():la Ha np.11HQ.l1na Ha np.11eMCTBeHOCT Me)l():ly OT):leJI-
H.l1Te cTeneH.11 .11 B.11,[IOBe yq.11n.11~a. 3aB'bprn.11n.11Te HaqaJIH.11 yq.11n.11~a MoraT .r1a npo-
):l'bJI)l(aT o6pa30BaH.11eTo c.11 B cpe.r1H.11Te yq.11n.11~a, KO.l1TO ce C'b3):1aBaT B no-roneMine
cen.11~a .11 ce .113.r\'bp)l(aT OT rnx. Cpe.r1H.11Te yq.11JI.11~a ca np.11paBHeH.11 K'bM ):IOJIH.l1JI Kypc
Ha r.11MHa3.11.11Te .11 ce C'bCTOJIT OT 4 KJiaca 3a MoMqeTa .11 3 3a MOM.11qeTa. Cne):IBall\aTa
no-B.11c0Ka cTeneH ca 06nacTH.11Te r.11MHa3.11.11. O~e npe3 1878 r. TYK ca c'b3):1a):leH.l1 ):IBe
M'b)l(K.11 peanH.11 r.11MHa3.11.11 B I1noB):l.l1B .11 Cn.11BeH. OpraH.113.11pa ce .11 r.11MHa3.11anHoTO
o6pa30BaH.11e, qpe3 OTKp.11BaHeTo Ha ):IBe ):leB.11qecK.11 - B I1noB):l.l1B .11 Crnpa 3aropa Ha 2
cenTeMBp.11 1881 r. OcHoBaBaT ce .11 cneQ.11anH.11 (npocpec.110HanH.11) yq.11n.11~a. TaKa Ha
1 cenTeMBp.11 1883 r. B Ka3aHJI'bK e OTKp.11To n'bpBoTo ne.r1aror.111leCKo yq.11n.11~e CJieA
OCB06o)l():leH.11eTo c Tp.11ro.r1.11rneH Kypc Ha 06yqeH.11e. Hatl:-3Ha'I.l1MO Meponp.11JIT11e e
c'b3):1aBaHeTO Ha Ca):IOBCKOTO 3eMe):leJicKo yq.11n.11~e Ha 1Mat!:1883 r. TpJI6Ba .r1a ce OT-
6eJie)l(.11 .11 C'b3):1a):leHOTO B MaHacT.11pa "CB. IleTKa" .r10 AceH0Brpa.r1 .r:IYXOBHO y<I.11JI11Il\e
3a no.r1roTOBKa Ha CBe~eH.l1Q.l1 c qeT.11p.11ro.r1.11rneH Kypc Ha,[\ Ha'IaJIHOTO o6pa30BaH11e.
3a pa3B.l1T.l1eTO Ha o6pa30BaHJ1eTO B o6JiaCTTa Ba)l(Ha pOJIJI .l13.11rpaBa o6cTOJITeJICTBO-
TO, qe TYK ce c'b6.11paT MHoro on.11TH.11 .11 .l13BecTH.l1 6'bnrapcK.11 KYJITYPHH .r1el1Q.11 Karo
ti. fpyeB, K. Ben.11qKoB, Xp. ,ll;aHOB, ,ll;p. MaH'IeB, v1B. Ba30B, ,r:i;. ,ll;yrnaHOB, AT. Mn11es
.11 .r:IP· Ilp.11 opraH.113.11paHe Ha yqe6HoTo .r1eno Te ce yqaT OT np.11Mepa Ha Hanpe.r1Hamm
eBponetl:CK.11 ,[l'bp)l(aB.11, KaTo .l13nOJI3BaT rnaBHO qernK.l1JI .l1 cppeHCK.l1JI on.11T.
I1pe3 QeJIMJI nep.110.r1 Ha C'b~ecrnyBaHe Ha o6nacTTa .l13JI.l13aT 06~0 35 BeCTH11Ka
.11 cn.11caH.11JI. Cnope):I EneHa CTaTeJioBa, Te ca no-MaJIKO Ha 6pot1 OT nep.110.r1.11qH11re
J13,[laHJ1JI Ha KHJI)l(eCTBOTO, HO no Ka'IeCTBO He .l1M OTCT'bnBaT. Hatt-3Ha'I.l1M e OCHOBa-
H.l1JI c pycKO C'b):leMCTB.l1e BeCTH.l1K "Map.11Qa" (25 IOJI.11 1878-6 cenT. 1885) - n'bpB11RT
BeCTH.l1K B E'bnrap.11JI rne.r1 OcB06o)l():leH.11eTo. BecTH.l1K'bT ny6n:wKyBa npaB.11TeJicTBe-
H.l1 .r10KyMeHT.11, HO Hape.r1 c TOBa 6orarn .11 pa3Hoo6pa3Ha .11HcpopMaQ.11JI. Pe.r1aKr11pa
ce norne.r10BaTeJIHO OT fp. Ha1loB.11q, MB. EB. fernoB, r. fpyeB, M. Ma.r1)1(apoB .11 C. C.
Eo61leB, a ce .113,[laBa OT Xp. r. ,ll;aHoB. BTop.11JIT .l13TO'IHopyMen:wtl:cK.11 BecTHMK - "Ha-
po.r1H.11r1 mac" .l13JI.l13a B nep.110.r1a ron.11 1879 - aBrycT 1885 r. B ne'IaTHMQaTa Ha ,[(p.
MaHqoB. B pe.r1aKT.11paHeTo MY oCBeH MaHqoB ce BKJIIO'IBaT MB. Ba30B .11 K. Bem1qKoB.
BecTH.l1K'bT ce ocHOBaBa KaTo opraH Ha r.11MHacT.11qecKo-cTpenKoB.11Te .r1py)l(ecrna B
M3ToqHa PyMeJI.11JI. TyK TpJI6Ba .r1a oT6eJie)l(:WM :w B. "CbeOuHeHue'', ocHoBaH no 11H11-
Q:WaT.11Ba w C'bc cpe):ICTBa Ha 6'bnrapcKoTo npaBwTeJicTBO, 3a .r1a nponaraH.r1:wpa W):leRTa
3a c'be):lwHeHwe Me)l():ly CeBepHa w IO)l(Ha E'bnrap.11JI. Ji13):1aHweTo ce pe.r1aKT.11pa OT MB.
CT. fernoB :w ,[(. IOpyKoB. OT OKTOMBpw 1881r.3ano'IBa .r1a W3JIW3a B. "He3aBucuMocm",
):leJIO Ha rr. KapaBeJIOB, MB. CnaBeMKOB J1 ,[IOillJIWJI MaJIKO no-K'bCHO B o6nacTTa IT. P.
CnaBer1KoB. "He3aB.11c.11MoCT" HaMwpa .r106'bp npweM KaKTO B Ji13TO'IHa PyMemrn, TaKa
104
HOBA E'bflI'APCKA JiICTOPJiIJI (1878-1944)
11 B KHJDKeCTBOTO. Cne,n; crni:paHeTo MY e ornosaH B. "lOJ1CHa E'bn2apwr" (.RH. 1883-asr.

1885), KOWTO CTasa opraH Ha lIM6epanHaTa napnrn B o6nacTTa. HeroB pe,n;aKrnp e
r. EeHeB - B'b3p0)K,ll;eHCKl1 ny6nm~l1CT l1 HaQl10HaJipeBOJIIOQl10Hep. Dpe3 norne,n;HMTe
Mece1:111 OT )Kl1BOTa Ha ll13Toq:irn PyMeJIM.R B Dnos,n;11s Janoqsa ,n;a l13Jil13a KpaTKoTpaeH,
Hoc Ba)KHO 3HaqeH11e secTHMK "Eop6a" (28 Maw - 4 cenT. 1885). Tow ce ornosasa J!l
cn11csa OT 3axap11 Cro.RHOB. Hape,n; c Te3l1 H3,ll;aHl1.R l1371l13a l1 3Haq1nenHo KOJIMqecTBO
secTHl1Ql1 l1 cnMcaHM.R c pa3Hoo6pa3HO co,n;op)KaH11e 11 npe,n;Ha3HaqeH11e. 3a TOBa cno-
Mara HaJI11q11eTo Ha ,n;o6pa neqaTHa 6a3a.
0TKPl1BaHeTo Ha neqaTHl1Ql1 C'b3p;asa OT CBO.R CTpaHa 6naronpM.RTHJ!l yrnoBJ!l.R 3a
pa3QBeT Ha KHJ!lfOM3p;aTeJICKaTa ,n;ettHOCT. Dpe3 pa3fJie)K,n;aHJ!l.R nep110,n; Haft-:in,n;asa-
HaTa KHM)KHJ!lHa B o6nacTTa ca yqe6Hl1QJ!lTe. Te ce 113,n;aBaT Haw-seqe OT Xp. D:aHoB 11
,IJ;p. MaHqes. XapaKTepHo .RBJ1em1e e 113rne,n;saHeTo Ha MJ!lHaJioTo - TYK mop.HT C. C.
Eo6qes, Cs. M11napos 11 He Ha norne,n;Ho M.RCTO 3. Crn.RHOB, KOMTO ny6n11Kysa rno-
Mre "3anMCKH no 6oJirapcKHTe B'bCTaH11.R". B Dnos,n;11s Ba30B 113,n;asa cT11xoc611pK11Te
"Ma11cKa Kl1TKa", 'Tycna", "ll1TaJil1.R" JI( ,n;p., TIOBeCTTa "HeMJ!lJIJ!l-He,n;par11", ,n;paMaTa "Py-
CKa" 11 np. Pe,n;oM c Hero aKTMBHO pa6oTH KoHCTaHTMH BenJ!lqKoB. D:saMaTa no,n;roTB.RT
l1 J!l3,ll;aBaHeTO Ha qy)K,ll;l1 aBTOPJ!l B ,lWYTOMHa xpHCTOMaTJ!l.R.
Dpe3 nep11op;a J!l3o6pa3MTeJIHOTO :VI3Kycrno, apxMTeKTyparn H MY3MKaTa B l/13-
ToqHa PyMeJIJ!lJI ca B CBO.R 3aqaT'bK. E,n;MHCTBeHH.RT )KJ!lBOnHCeQ B o6nacTTa e reopr11
D:attqos - 3orpaqmHa. TyK )Kvrnee C'blQO l/lsaH MopKs11qKa, HO nops11re MY TBop6M ce
no.RB.RBaT e,n;Ba B KpaJI Ha BeKa.
KynrypH11.RT )KHBOT B l/13roqHa PyMeJIM.R crasa no-n'bJIHOQeHeH 6naro,n;apeHJ!le
Ha rosa, qe B cTOJIHQaTa ce C'b3,n;asar rpH Ba)KHH KynrypHH l1HCT11ryTa - Hapo,n;Ha
6116n110TeKa, My3eJ1 11 Tearop. Haqanoro Ha Dnos,n;11scKara Hapo,n;Ha 6116n11oreKa ce
nocraB.R o~e npe3 1879 r. Oc:irnsa Ha c611pKara crasa no,n;apeHaTa Ha o6nacrTa BeHe-
mrnosa 6116JIHOTeKa, KO.RTo e 611na co6cTBeHocT Ha EonrapcKoro yqeH11qecKo p;py)Ke-
crno B Op;eca J!l ce c'bcT011 or 1 848 roMa. Ilpe3 rne,n;BaIQMTe ro,n;:vrn11 ce Ha6aBJIT KHJ1-
r11 H e,n;sa Torasa ce np11cr'hnBa K'bM orKp:vrnaHe Ha 6116n11oreKara. Ocl>111:111anHo rosa
CTaBa Ha 15 cenreMBPJ!l 1882 r. H no TOBa speMe T.R Ha6po.RBa 4 208 TOMa, ,ll;OCT'bTIHJ1
3a 3 700 q11raren11. DoMe~asa ce B LJ:11peKQH.RTa Ha Hapop;Horo nporneIQeH11e - 611B-
1mrn KoHaK Ha lllcMal1JI 6ei1. Ycnope,a;tto C'bC C'b3,n;asaHero Ha Hapo,a;HaTa 6116nMoreKa
ce nonaraT ocHOBJ1Te 11 na My3eJI. OpraH11311paHoro co6:v1paHe Ha crap11H11 3anoqsa
no.a; Be~OTO poKOBO,ll;CTBO Ha ,ll;HpeKTOpa Ha Hapop;HOTO nporneIQeH!1e J/roaKHM fpy-
eB. My3e.RT ce C'b3,n;asa K'bM o6nacrHara 6V16m1oreKa VI ce poKOBO.D;H OT ,a;wpeKTopa :H
AneKcaHp;'bp EarnMaKoB. Tol1 HMa rp11 oT,a;ena - apxeonorwqecK11, HYMM3MaT11qecKw 11
naneorpacl>cKH. 3a o6pa6orKara Ha C'b3p;ap;eHaTa c6:v1pKa noMarar yqwTem1Te qex11 - B.
,I.1;06pycK11 11 X. II1Kopn11n 11 11ran11aHeQa D:. E. TaKena.
C'h3,n;asaHeTo Ha reaT'bp B Dnosp;11B npe3 pa3rne)Kp;aH11.R nepwop; e npo,n;'bJI)Ke-
Hl1e Ha B'b3pO)Kp;eHcKJ1Te rpa,n;111:1w11. Ilpe3 1880 r. e nocrpoena cne1:111aJIHa crpa,n;a, Ha-
peqena "Me)Kp;yHapop;eH TeaT'bp lIIOKCeM6ypr" (np11cnoco6enara 6eescKa K'bIQa Ha
CKJIOHa Ha CaxaT-Tene). Tosa Ha npaKTHKa e n'bpBaTa rearpanHa crpa,n;a B E'bnrapwJI
cnep; Orno6o)Kp;eH11eTo. Dpe3 Matt 1883 r. nop; poKOBO.D;CTBOTO Ha Cro.RH Donos 11
KoHcTaHTJ1H CanyHoB B Dnos,a;11B ce nocraB.R HaqaJIOTO Ha TI'bpBara npocl>ec110HaJI-
Ha 6'hJirapCKa TearpanHa rpyna, HapeqeHa "E'hnrapCKa TearpanHa Tpyna''. D'hpBoTo
105
Pocu4a AHzeJZoBa
H npep;crnsneHHe e Ha 11 IOHH 1883 r. TiocrnBeHa e TIHecarn Ha cppeHCKHH p;paMaTypr

p;bo Jiepa - "Po6crnoTo Ha M'b)l(eTe': npesep;etta oT CanyHoB.
,[('hnro speMe rnep; Ocso6m1<p;eHHeTo qJ-tTaJIH~aTa - Ta3H Ba)l<Ha o6~ecTBeHa
KYJITypHo-npocseTHa HHCTMTY~HH npe3 Bo3pa)l(p;aHeTo, He MO)f(e p;a ce C'bB3eMe. Tio-
cTeneHHO B pa3JIJ-tqH11 rpap;ose H cena ce B'h306ttos.irnaT crnp1ne q11rnn11~a MJIH ce
C'b3,ll;aBaT HOBM.
B nep11op;a 1879-1885 r. B J.faTOqHa PyMeJIMR K1t1n11 O)f(MBeH 11 nnop;oTsopeH KYll·
TypeH )f(MBOT. Torie ce npoRBRBa B'hB sc11qK11 06nacT11 - o6pa3oBaHHe, )f(ypHaJIMCTMKa,
xyp;o)f(eCTBeHO TBopqecTBO, o6~eCTBeHH l1 ,ll;'bp)f(aBHM l1HCTMTY~l1l1.
BonpeKM MHoro6porlctt11Te TPYAHOCTH, Ha KmITO e o6peqetta o~e c'bc C'h3p;asaHe-
TO rn, J.13ToqHa PyMeJIMR ce 113rpa)f(p;a KaTo ep;Ha 6'hnrapCKa Ha~HoHaJIHa 6yp)l(oa3Ho
- n1t16epanHa p;'bp)l(asa. IloJIHTMqecKoTo, MKOHorvrnqecKOTO 11 KYJITYPHOTO pa3Blt1Tl1e
Ha I0)1(H06'bnrapcKOTO HaceJieHHe CJiep; OCB060)f(,ll;em1eTO e Hep;em1Ma qacT OT ~HJIOCT·
HOTO pa3BHTMe Ha 6onrapcKMR Hapop; rnep; Ocso6o)l(p;eHMeTo. Tosa ynecHRBa HeM3·
6e)f(HOTO CJIMBaHe Ha CTpaHaTa.
JU1TEPATYPA
AHApeeB, M. E'DrrrapcKaTa 6yp)!(oa3Ha .z:l'bp)!(aBa 11 npaBo. C., 1975.

EepoB, JI. ArpapHOTO .z:IBl1)!(eH11e B JifaToqHa PyMerrmI no BpeMe Ha OcB060)!(,L1em1e10.
- J1I1p, 1956, KH. 1.
Eo6'1eB, C. C. J13ToqHa PyMeJimI. J1cTop11'1ecK11 nperrre,[\, ycTpoii:cTBO, JaKOHO.z:laTerrcTBo
11 npaBOC'b,[\11e. c., 1924.
B'bJIKOB, r. Y'lacn1e Ha pycK11Te ocpm..~ep11 B H3rpa)!(,LlaHeTo Ha J13TO'IHopyMerrm71CKara
Ml11Il1'-ll1H (1879-1885). - BJ1C, 1975, KH. 2.
Ma,[\)!(apoB, M. J13TO'IHa PyMerr11H (J1crnpw1ecKH nperne.z:1). C., 1925.
MattorroBa, M. Pyc11H 11 KOHCTl1TY'-1110HHOTO ycTpof1cTBo Ha J13Toqtta PyMerr11H. C., 1976.
HereH'-IOB, Xp., J1B. BaHeB. 06pa30Batt11ern B JifaTO'IHa PyMerrm1 1879-1885. C., 1959.
CrnTerroBa, E. J13TO'IHa PyMeJil1H 1879-1885. J1KOHOMl1Ka, norr11T11Ka, KyrrTypa. C., 1983.
CrnTerroBa, E. Pa3Boii: J1 xapaKTep Ha OTHoll!eHMHTa Me)!(.z:IY KttR)!(eCTBO E'Drrrap11H 11 J.fa-
rnqHa PyMeJil1R (1879-1885). - J1I1p, 1978, KH. 5.
CToRHOB, M. J13pa6ornatte Ha OpraHw1ecK11H ycrnB Ha J13Toqtta PyMeJIMR. - J1I1p, 1955,
KH. 2.
CTORHOB, M. KoraTo DnoB,[\HB 6ellle cTorru11a. C., 1973.
V. CbEtlHHEHHETO H HEfOBATA 3AIJ!HTA (1885)
1. IlbTHJ!!,aTa Ha 6b.l\rapcKOTO Cbe~HHeHHe
KoraTo npe3 JIRTOTO Ha 1878 r. Ben11K11Te c11n11 npeKpORBaT KapTarn Ha EanKa·

HMTe, ep;sa JIM HRKOM BRpBa B ,ll;'bJirOTparicHOCTTa Ha non11n1qecKOTO pa3p;eJIHHe Ha
106
HOBA E"bflrAPCKA J.1CTOPJ1Jl (1878-1944)
6orrrapcKMR Hapo.r1. EepnMHCKJART .r1or0Bop TIOCTaHos.irna C'b3,[\aBaHe Ha ManKo Bacan-

HO KHJI:>KeCTBO, B KOeTo ca BKJIID'lem1 CeBepHa EorrrapMR M CocpMMCKM caH,[\)KaK.
IO:>KHa EnmapMR c HaMMeHoBaHMeTo l13TO'!Ha PyMemrn e o6oco6eHa KaTo aBTOHOM-
Ha o6nacT B Tipe.r1eJIMTe Ha OcMaHCKaTa MMTiep:irn TIO,[\ TipRKaTa TIOJIMTH'lecKa M BOeHHa
BJiacT Ha cynrnHa. MaKe):IOHMR M O,L\pHHCKO ca ocTaBeH:it TIO,[\ TypcKoTo BJia):l:it'leCTBO
c TipenopnKaTa ,[\ace BnBe,[\aT pecpopMM H a,[\MHHHCTpaTHBHM TIO,L\06peHMJI. Tio-MaJIKH
Tep:itrnpMM, HaceJieHM c 6nmapM ca Tipe,L\a,[\eHH Ha PyMnHMR (CeBepHa .D:o6py.r1)Ka) M
Ha Cop6MJI (HmIIKO M TIMpOTCKO). no BpeMe Ha KOHrpeca B EepJIMH pycKHJIT ,[\HTIJIO-
MaT lllyBaJioB Hapvrqa l13TO'!Ha PyMeJIMR ,,He,L\OBOJIHa Ennrap:itR" 3a pa3JIMKa OT ,,,[\o-
BOJIHa Ennrapirn", KaKBaTo e KHJI)KeCTBOTO. He e HMaJio o6aqe ,[\OBOJIHH 6nnrap:it,
3a~OTO IlnJIHOTO HaQMOHaJIHO OCB060)K,[\eHMe M o6e,[\HHeHMe Ha 6nmapcKMTe 3eMJA
Tipe,L\CTOH Jt1 CTaBa OCHOBHa HaQMOHaJIHa 3a,[\a'la. Ilo,L\ HefrHaTa Te)l(Ka CRHKa 11\e npoTe-
qe ,[\eceT:itJieTMR Hape.r1 caMOCTOJITeJIHHRT )l(HBOT Ha Tpernrn 6omapcKa ,L\np)l(aBa.
Be,[\Hara rne.r1 Orno6o)l(,[\eHMeTo 3ano'!Ba 6op6arn cpel.l\y ,[\MKTaTa Ha BeJIHKHTe
CMJIM. TiopBH M3pa3JIBaT He,[\OBOJICTBOTO CM 6omap::itTe OT HaM-011\eTemtTe o6JiaCTM
- MaKep;oHHR, O.r1p::itHCKo H l13TO'IHa PyMemrn. Te a.r1pernpaT ,[\O BeJIMKMTe CHJIH J.13-
JIO:>KeHJ.tR, TieTJ.1QJ.1H J.1 MeMoapJ.t c HaCTOJIBaHe ,[\a ce 3ana3H HaQJ.tOHaJIHOTO e,[\J.1HCTBO,
opraHJ.13J.tpaT MJ.tTMHrJ.t J.1 .r1eMOHCTpa1vrn. YrnJIHRTa HM ca TIOAKpeneHH OT 6nmapJ.tTe
OT KHJI)KeCTBOTO. TiocTerreHIIO rrpoTeCTHaTa aKQHJI ce pa3paCTBa J.1 rrpJ.teMa HOBJ.1 cpop-
MH. BnB BCJ.t'IKJ.1 6nnrapcKM Kpa::it~a 3aIIO'IBa rro.r1roTOBKa Ha Boopn)KeHa corrpoTJ.tBa
cpe~y rrp::itnaraHe Ha perneHHRTa Ha Eepnm-ICKHR ,[\oroBop.
c Ta3H 3a,[\a'la ce 3aeMa OCHOBaHHRT B TilIOB,[\JilB Ha 16 aBrycT 1878 r. TaeH KOMJ.1-
TeT. HeroBJ.1 Cn3,[\aTeJIJ.t ca 6J.tBIIIH aKTJ.tBHH yqacnrnQH B Hal~HOHaJIHo-peBOJilOQHOH
HaTa 6op6a. ManKo rrO-K'bCHO, Ha 29 aBrycT 1878 r. B TopHoBo e ornoBaH 6narornopM-
TeJieH KOMJ.1TeT ,,E,[\J.tHCTBo", B KOMTO BJIH3aT H3BeCTHJ.1 peBOlilOQHOHHJ.1 .r1eCIQJ.1, KaTO
CT. CrnM6orroB, r. " H. >KMBKOBH, Xp. 11BaHoB-forreMJ.tR, Xp. KapaMJ.tHKOB " .n:p. Ko-
MHTeTnT CJ.1 IIOCTaBR 3a QeJI .n:a ce 6opM 3a 6omapCKOTO HaQWOHaJIHO ep;v!HCTBO. Tio.n:
HeroBo pnKoBop;cTBO ce opraHJ.t3wpaT KOMMTeTJ.t B Pyce, fa6poBo, fopHa OpRXOBMQa,
JloBe'l, CeBJIJ.teBo, TirreBeH, Btt,[\J.tH, BpaQa, IllyMeH J.1 .n:pyrM rpap;oBe J.1 HRKOJ.1 cerra.
TopHOBCKJ.tRT KOMJ.tTeT BJIW3a B'bB Bp1>3Ka c KOMJ.tTeTa B Tirrowi;wB, KOMTO rrpJ.teMa Ha-
WMeHoBaHJ.teTo ,,Ep;J.tHCTBo''.
KoMMTeTHTe B CeBepHa Enmapm1 HaCO'maT ycvrnJ.tRTa CM rrraBHO K'bM rro,[\IIOMa-
raHe Ha BoOpn)KeHaTa 6op6a Ha 6orrrapJ.tTe B MaKep;OHHR, ocrnBe1-rn ITO,[\ TypcKo
Brrap;M'leCTBO. Te ce cBnp3BaT cnc CocpvrfrcKMR poKOBop;eH QeHTnp Ha ,[\BJ.t)KeHWeTo M
rroeMaT rpM)KaTa 3a co6J.tpaHe Ha .r106poBOJIQJ.1, Ha6aBJIHe Ha opn)KJ.te, 6oerrpJ.trracM "
xpaHa. B CocpMR, KIDcTeH,[\MJI, fopHa .D:)KyMaR (AH. ErraroeBrpa.r1), .D:yrrHMQa, Pa,[\OMMP
J.1 B ,gpyrM ceJIMl.l\a ce OCHOBaBaT KOMJ.1Ten1 ,,E,n;J.tHCTBO", KOHTO Herrocpe,IICTBeHO poKO-
BO,[\.flT cnrrpoTWBMTeJIHOTO ,[\BM)KeHJ.te B MaKe,[\OHM.fl. Ha 5 OKTOMBPM 1878 r. H36yxBa
KpecHecKo-Pa3JIO)KKOTO B'bCTaHMe 3a orno6o)K,I1eHMe Ha MaKe,[\OHJ.1.fl w rrpwcne,[\MHe-
HWeTo ii KnM KHR)l(ecrno Eomapirn. YrropMTaTa w repoM'IHa 6op6a Ha 6nmapwTe B
pa:i1oHMTe Ha Kperna, Pa3Jior M MerrHMK, rrpo,g'bJI)KJ.tJia .n;o cpe.n;arn Ha 1879 r., ce no.r1-
Kperr.fl OT Q.flJiaTa CTpaHa. qeTH OT p;o6poBOJIQJ.1, BOp;eHJ.1 OT KaJieHH B Anpl17ICKOTO
107
Pocui~a AHzenoea
B'bCTaHJ1e BOeBOp;I1, npeMJ1HaBaT rpaHJ1QaTa J1 ce cpa)f(aBaT pep;oM c B'bCTaHaJIOTO
HaceJieH11e. B noMOll\HaTa aKQI1R Ha KOM11TeT11Te ,,Ep;ttHCTBo" Y'"'aCTBaT 11 pa3JI11qm1
06ll\eCTBeH11 opraHtt3aQI1I1, q11TaJittll\a, )l(eHCKI1 APY*ecTBa, 6oJirapcKaTa eM11rpaQ11R
B PyMoHI1R. BonpeK11 qe npeTopnRBa nopa)J(eHtte. KpecHeHcKo-Pa3JIO)f(KOTO B'bCTa-
Htte e HaM-fOJIRMaTa npoRBa Ha 6oJirapcKOTO HaQI10HaJIHOOCB06op;11TeJIHO J1 HaQ110-
HaJIHO-o6ep;I1HI1TeJIHO p;BlDKeH11e rnep; EepJII1HCKI1R p;oroBop.
I1JIOB,Il;J1BCKJ1RT KOMJ1TeT ,,Ep;ttHCTBo" C'blllO nop;KpenR 6op6aTa Ha 60Jirap11Te B
MaKep;oHttR, HO HeroBaTa aKTI1BHOCT e HacoqeHa rnaBHO K'bM 3ana3BaHe Ha CBo6op;aTa
Ha IO*Ha EoJirapttR 11 coep;11HeH11eTo f1 c KHR)J(eCTBOTO. 3a KpaTKO BpeMe o6JiacTTa e
noKpttTa c Mpe)f(a OT KOMJ1TeTJ1. I1pe3 RHyap11 1879 r. B I1JIOB,Il;J1B ce C'b3,D;aBa QeHTpa-
JieH KOMttTeT 3a IO)J(Ha Eomap11R HaqeJio c ,Up. QaHKOB, non r. TttJieB, K. BeJI11qKoB M
All. Jirop;cKaHOB. Tot:I ce CBop3Ba c pycKttTe BOeHHI1 p;eMQI1 c QeJI p;a c11 oc11ryp11 rnx-
HaTa nop;Kpena. ITo BHyrneH11e Ha reH. M. CKo6eJieB nJioBp;ttBCKI1RT KOMttTeT ce 3aeMa
p;a OCHOBe fMMHaCTJ1qecKJ1 p;py)J(eCTBa, qpe3 KOJ1TO p;a ce J13B'bpllII1 opraHJ13I1paHo M
MacoBo BOeHHo 06yqeH11e Ha HaceJieHtteTo. ITo T03I1 Haq11H 60Jirap11Te ce nop;roTBRT
3a BoOpo)J(eH oTnop cpe111y 113npall\aHeTo Ha TypcKI1 rapHI130HI1 B ]ifaToqHa PyMen11R.
foTOBHOCTTa Ha Hapop;a 3a Boopo)f(eHa 6op6a TpR6BaJio p;a y6ep;11 3anap;H11Te p;np-
)J(aBM 11 TypQI1R KaKBa onacHocT KpttRT on11T11Te 3a B'b3CTaHOBRBaHe Ha ocMaHcKaTa
BJiacT B o6JiaCTTa. Ycnopep;Ho c nop;roToBKaTa 3a cnnpoTttBa ce pewaBa p;a ce 113nparu
p;eJieraQJ1R B EBpona. I1pe3 MapT J1 anpttll 1879 r. J1B. EBCTp. fernOB J1 p;-p r. 5IHKYJIOB
nocell\aBaT ITaptt)J(, JioHp;oH, PttM, BtteHa, EepJittH 11 BpoqBaT MeMoap c 11cKaHttRTa Ha
6omap11Te.
BoJIHeHtteTo Ha 6omapcKOTO HaceJieHtte nop;KpenR yc11JII1RTa Ha pycKaTa p;11nno-
MaQJ1R p;a 3ana311 ycTaHoBeHttR pep; B o6JiaCTTa. 3anap;HttTe p;op)f(aBtt 11 BttcoKaTa nop-
Ta ce y6e)f(p;aBaT B Heo6xop;11MocTTa p;a ce 1136epe 6omap11H 3a rnaBeH ynpaBttTen M
p;a He ce BKapBaT TypcKtt BOMCKI1 B J13ToqHa PyMemrn. Bcnll\HOCT ycnernHaTa 3a11111ra
Ha noJI11T11qecKaTa aBTOHOMI1R Ha IO)f(Ha EoJirapttR e nop;roTOBKa 3a HeMHoTo HeM3-
6e)J(HO CJIJ1BaHe c KHR)J(eCTBOTO.
BceHapop;HttRT CTpeMe* 3a 06ep;11HeH11e Ha 60IIrapcK11Te 3eM11 B ep;Ha p;op)f(asa
ce npoRBRBa 11 np11 CBI1KBaHe Ha Yqpep;11TeJIHOTO co6paH11e B TnpHoBo 3a I13pa6oTBa-
He Ha KOHCTI1TYQI1R Ha KHR)J(eCTBO Eomap11R. B crnponpecToJIHI1R rpap; ce co611par
npep;CTaBJ1TeJIJ1 OT BCJ1qKJ1 6oJirapcKJ1 o6JiaCTJ1, KOJ1TO TpR6Ba p;a pewaT KaK p;a ce
p;et:IcTBa cpe111y p;ttKTarn Ha rnJI11Te. B pe3yJirnT Ha pa3ttCKBaHJ1RTa 120 p;yw11 113npa-
ll\aT Heo¢11QttaJieH MeMoap p;o BeJI11K11Te c11JI11 OT ttMeTo Ha QeJioKynHttR 6omapcKM
Hapop;. B Hero OTHOBO ce p;eKJiap11pa 11cKaHeTo 3a ep;ttHCTBo. AKQI1RTa Ha Hapop;m1-
Te p;et:IQtt B TopHoBo He noCT11ra TopceHttR e¢eKT, Ho ttMa 3HaqeH11e 3a 3aKpenBaHe
Ha Bpo3KI1Te Me)f(p;y pa3p;eJieH11Te 6omapcKJ1 qacT11, a B Y'fpep;11TeJIHo co6paH11e ,!\e-
nyrnTttTe rnacyBaT 'fJieH 39 Ha TopHoBcKarn KOHCTI1TYQI1R, KOMTO oc11rypRBa .n;yxos-
HOTO ep;J1HCTBO Ha 60Jirap11Te B JIJ1QeTO Ha eK3apxa, He3aBJ1CJ1MO OT TRXHOTO nOJI11TM-
'feCKO pa3TIOK'bCBaHe.
BonpeK11 'fe e np11Hyp;eH p;a ce nop;'fl1HI1 Ha BOJIRTa Ha BeJI11K11Te c11JI11, 6omap-
CKI1RT Hapop; He ce OTKa3Ba OT 11.n;eRTa 3a ep;ttHCTBO. HaQttOHaJIHo-06ep;11H11TeJittara
nporpaMa BKmoqBa coep;11HeH11eTo Ha KHmKecTBo EomapwR 11 J13Toqtta PyMeJIMJI,
M oCBo6mKAaBaHeTo M rrp11cneAMHRBaHeTo Ha MaKeAOHMR 11 0Apt1HCKO. TaKTMKaTa

no OTHOllieHMe Ha HeMHOTO l13Il'bJIHeHMe e rrpeAMeT Ha 0)f(t1BeHM AMCKYCMM B 6'bJI-
rapcKOTO o6ll\eCTBO - KaK TpR6Ba Aa ce Aeiicrna, Kora, eAHOBpeMeHHO MJIM rroeTarrHo
TpR6Ba Aa ce pernaBaT 3aAat.IMTe. 06c'h)f(AaT ce ABe B'h3MO)f(HOCTM 3a pean113wpaHe Ha
HaI.IHOHaJIHMR MAeaJI. IIo-roJIRMaTa t.IaCT OT 06I11ecrneHocTTa CMRTa, t.Ie rrnpBo TpR6Ba
p;a ce M3Bnpnrn c'beAMHeHweTo Ha CeBepHa M IO)f(Ha EnmapMR KaTo rro-rrecHa 3aAat.Ia.
Cnep; TOBa ll\e AOMAe peA'hT Ha MaKeAOHMR M 0Api-rnCKo. ,Upyra t.IacT, MaKap w rro-MaJI-
Ka, o6MMCJIR MAeRTa rrnpBo p;a ce rrocTMrHe aBTOHOMMR Ha MaKeAOHMR, KOeTo ll\e R
rrpM6rrm1rn AO M3TOt.IHa PYMeJIMR. ,[(BeTe aBTOHOMHM o6nacTw 6Mxa MOrJIM Aa rrocn.ff-
HaT o6eAMHeHweTo CM ITOA BnpxoBHaTa BJiaCT Ha BwcoKaTa rropTa. TaKa Ille ce 3aTB'bp-
p;M TeXHMRT 6nmapcKM xapaKTep M Ille ce ynernw C'beAMHeHMeTO MM IlO-K'bCHO C'bC
rno60AHaTa A'hp)f(aBa. Ta3M TaKTMKa He ce B'h3rrpweMa OT nrnpoKaTa 06I11ecrneHocT.
EomapwTe ca yCTpeMeHw K'bM caHcTecpaHCKMR Mwpa)f( w TnpCRT IT'bTMU\a 3a 6np3oTo
MY peaJIM3ttpaHe.
Ollie rrnpBOTO KHJI)f(eCKO rrpaBwTerrcTBO 3arrot.IBa rrop;roTOBKa 3a IT'bJIHO ep;MHCTBO
t.Ipe3 IlOAAbp)f(aHe Ha 67IM3Kl1 Bp'b3KM c aBTOHOMHaTa o6nacT, MaTepwaJIHO IlOAITOMa-
raHe w p;wrrnoMaTMt.IeCKa 3all\MTa Ha rropo6eHMTe C'bHapop;Hwqvr. Ta311 rronwT11Ka ce
rnep;Ba OT BC11'IK11 Ka611HeT11, He3aB11CMMO OT TeXHMTe rrapT11WHJ,1 pa3JI11'll1R. A rrpe3
1880 r., no 11H11qwaT11Ba Ha M3TOt.IHa PyMemrn, e HarrpaseH nnpBMHT onMT sa c'beAMHe-
HHe. IlOATMK'bT 3a pa3ABM)f(BaHe Ha !Q)f(H06'bJirapcKMTe AeMQJ,1 HABa OT C'b3AallaTa ce
o6CTaHOBKa Ha EarrKaHMTe. fpn11Ko-TypcK11RT M t.IepHoropCKo-TypcK11RT rpaH11t.IH11
crropoBe Bee ca HeperneH11. 0THorneHMRTa Me)f(p;y BwcoKaTa rropTa w fnpllMR 11 lfrp-
Ha ropa ce M30CTPRT 11 3arrrrarnBaT c M36yxBaHe Ha HOBa 6arrKaHCKa Kpw3a. AHrJIMR,
B KORTO rrpe3 rrporreTTa Ha 1880 r. 11ABa Ha BJiaCT JIM6epaJIHOTO rrpaBMTeJICTBO Ha Y.
fJiap;cTOH, B3eMa Kypc Ha ITOAAP'h)f(Ka Ha ABeTe xpwcTMRHCKM Anp)!(aB11. AHrJIMMCKMRT
HaTMCK Bnpxy Typ1111R 11 orracHocTTa OT rpn11Ko-TypcKa BOMHa BA'hXBaT HaAe)!(AM Ha
6orrrapCKaTa o6ll\eCTBeHocT. Ilp11 ToBa B J13TOt.IHa PyMeJIMR e rrocTORHeH CTpaxoT OT
113IIpaI11aHe Ha TypcKM rapH1130HM JI! OT B'b3MO)!(HJ,1 rroceraTerrcTBa Ha BMCOTaTa rroprn.
B Hat.IaJioTo Ha arrpwn 1880 r. IlocTORHHJllRT KOMMTeT Ha o6nacTTa l13npal.Ila B
CocpMR ABaMa CB011 AeJieraTJll - K. Benttt.IKOB M ,[(. HayMoB enc 3aAat.Ia Aa o6cnART
c rrpaBJl!TerrcTBOTO Ha ,Up. UaHKOB 06I11w AeticTBVIR 3a eBeHTyarrHo rrpoB'b3rJiacJIBa-
He Ha c'bep;wHeH11eTo Ha CeBepHa w IO)!(Ha Enmaprrn. B pe3yrrrnT Ha rrpoBeAeHMTe
pa3fOBOpt1 e 113fOTBeHa rrporpaMa, KORTO e OA06peHa OT KHR3a, yrrpaBlIRBal.IlaTa rrap-
nrn w KOHcepBaTopMTe. CrropeA HeR KHJI)f(eCKOTO npamuencrno TpR6Ba Aa ce 3aeMe c
;D;MIIJioMaTJl!t.IeCKaTa rrop;roTOBKa Ha aKllHRTa, a IO)f(H06'bJirapcKMTe Aet1:11w - c opraHM-
3MpaHe Ha HaceJieHJl!eTo B o6rracTTa. B Jll3TI'bJIHeH11e Ha Ha6eJIR3amtTe MepKM B CnwBeH
e cBMKaHo cn6paH11e Ha rrpeAcTaBttTem1 Ha BCJl!t.IKM rpap;oBe w cerra Ha IO)!(Ha Enrrra-
pMR, KOeTo J1136wpa UeHTparreH HapoAeH KOMVITeT, pernaBa p;a ornoBe KOM11TeTJ11 B'bB
BCRKa OKOJIJllH, Aa B'b306HOBJll rJ11MHaCTJ11t.IeCKV1Te APY)f(ecrna VI BOeHHOTO 06yt.IeHV1e.
IIpe3 TOBa BpeMe 3a JloHp;OH rroTerJIR nperroAaBaTelIRT B Po6opT KOJie)f( CT. IlaHape-
TOB, HaTOBapeH c MVICJllR Aa pa36epe OTHOllieHHeTO Ha aHrJIVIMCKOTO rrpaBVITeJICTBO
K'bM eBeHTyarrHo C'bep;J11HeHJ11e Ha p;BeTe 6nmapcKM t.IacTVI w B'bBe)!(p;aHe Ha rrpep;BMp;e-
HMTe OT EepJIMHCKMR AOroBop pecpopMM B MaKep;oHVIR VI Op;pMHCKo.
C0Hga)!(11Te Ha KHJI)!(eCK11R npaTeH11K ca OTKJIOHeH11 KaTo HernoespeMeHH11. Eptt-
TaHcKaTa g11nnoMaQl1R e aHra)!(11paHa c ype)!(gaHe Ha rpnQK11R 11 qepHoropcK11R B'bTI-
poc 11 He )!(eJiae HOB11 ycno)!(HeH11R Ha EanKaH11Te. CnyxoBeTe 3a 6nnrapcKaTa c'beJ1l1-
H11CTKa aKQ11R npeg113B11KBaT oTpwQaTeJIHa peaKQ11R 11 OT CTpaHa Ha gpyr11Te Bem1K11
c11n11. KnM cocpmkK11R Ka611HeT 11 KHR3a ca oTnpaBeHl1 C'bBeT11 3a 6naropa3yMtte.
TBnpge MaJIKO BpeMe e 113TeKJIO OT Eepn11HcK11R KOHrpec, 3a ga l1Ma roToBHOCT 3a pe-
B11311R Ha yCTaHOBeH11Te OT roJieM11Te Abp)!(aB11 ccpep11 Ha BJI11RHHe.
Ilpe3 cnegBaIQHTe rog11H11HaQl10HaJIHo-06eg11H11TeJIHaTa11geR He 3arJI'bXBa, Bon-
peK11 MHOro6potl:H11Te B'bHllIH11 3aTpygHeHl1R l1 BbTpeUIHH CbTpeceH11R, KOl1TO noHaCR
cBo60AHOTO KHJI)!(ecrno. Ha 27 RHyap11 1881 r. 6nnrapcKoTo npaB11TeJicTBo aApernpa
go npegcTaB11Ten11Te Ha Ben11K11Te c11n11 B Coqnrn nnpBaTa c11 HOTa no MaKeµ;oHCKl1R
Bnnpoc. C HeR ce HaCTORBa Aa ce noµ;o6p11 nono)!(eH11eTo Ha 6nnrap11Te B EBponel1-
cKa TypQHR qpe3 np11naraHe Ha pecpopM11. HoTaTa Ha coqrntl:cKoTo npas11TeJicTBo e
nocpeIQHaTa c'bc 3aAOBoncrno B JtfaToqHa PyMemrn. 3a ga nogKpen11 getl:cTB11RTa Ha
KHR)!(eCTBoTo, J.1B. EsCTp. f eUIOB, npegceAaTeJI Ha 06nacTHOTo cn6paH11e, Harn1csa
no gaHHl1 Ha ,IJ)·IM11Tbp P113oB MaTepnana "ETHorpacp11R Ha MaKeµ;oH11R" 11 ro 113npa-
IQa B qy)!(g11Te areHTCTBa. EnnrapcKl1RT AeMapUI oCTaBa 6e3 pe3ynTaT, HO TOM noKa3-
Ba Tpatl:mrn 11HTepec Ha CoqrnR w IlnoBA11B K'bM nopo6eH11Te C'bHapogH11Ql1. KaKTO
KHJI)!(eCK11Te, TaKa l1 H3TOqHopyMeJil1MCKl1Te npaBHTeJICTBa npOA'bJI)!(aBaT Ta(rno ,11a
oTnycKaT MaTep11anHa noMOIQ 3a QbpKOBHOTO 11 nporneTHOTO geno B MaKegomrn 11
0Ap11HCKO.
KnM 6ngeIQoTo c'beµ;11HeH11e ce BbpB11 qpe3 ycneUIHOTO AOKa3BaHe Ha 6nnrapcK11
xapaKTep Ha aBTOHOMHaTa o6nacT, qpe3 noJIHT11qecK0To, l1KOHOM11qecKOTO 11 KYJITyp-
HOTO c6JI11)!(eH11e Ha cso6oµ;HaTa gnp)!(aBa 11 J.13ToqHa PyMemrn, qpe3 yc11n11RTa 3a op-
raH11311paHe Ha com1µ;H11 6nnrapcK11 Bnopb)!(eHH c11n11. B T0311 npoQec KHR)!(ecrno
Ennrap11R e peaJIHaTa onopa Ha 6nnrapcKoTo HaQ1rnHaJIHoocB06og11TeJIHO vi HaI.\!1-
oHaJIHO 06egHH11TeJIHO gB11)!(eH11e. To e RgpoTo, Ha KoeTo e npeµ;ocTaBeHa pnKoBo,11-
HaTa pomf B TOBa µ;B11)!(eH11e 11 rp11)!(aTa 3a B'bHUIHonon11T11qecK0To MY OTCTORBatte.
~bp)!(aBHOTO yKpenBaHe 11 pa3Bl1T11e Ha o6oco6eHaTa JO)!(Ha Ennrap11R He ce rrpas11
3a 3agnn6oqaBaHe Ha cenapaT113Ma, a 3a np116n11)!(aBaHe K'bM KHJI)!(eCTBOTO 11 ynecm1-
BaHe Ha C'begHHeHl1CTO.
Ilpe3 HoeMBp11 1882 r. 3a KHR)!(eCKl1 non11T11qecK11 areHT B J.13TO'IHa PyMeJil1!1 e
Ha3HaqeH IleT'bp EepKOBCKU. Totl: l1Ma 3a 3aµ;a'Ia Aa pa60T11 no c'beg11HeH11eTO rro11
pnKosoµ;cTBOTO Ha pycKoTo areHTCTBO B IInoBA11B. EepK0BcK11 noArOTBR 113gaBaHero
Ha BecTHl1K. TaKa c qmHaHcoBaTa noMOI.Q Ha KHJI)!(eCTBOTO Ha 30 AeKeMsp11 1882 r. B
Ilnosµ;11B l13JI113a 6p. 1 Ha 8. "C'beOUHeHue". Tot:1 ce 113µ;aBa OT l1MeTo Ha II. EepKoBCKl! II
nponaraHgHpa l1geRTa 3a 06eµ;11HeH11e Ha CeBepHa 11 JO)!(Ha Ennrap11R. OcTaBKara Ha
MHH11CTp11Te KOHcepBaTOp11 npe3 cpeBpyap11 1883 r. cneµ;crn11e KOHcpJI11KTa C'bC Co6o-
JieB npeKparnsa Ml1C11RTa Ha EepK0BcK11. CnpRHa e 11 cy6c11Al1RTa 3a 8. "C'beouHeHue".
A cTpeMe)!('bT K'bM 06eg11HeH11e OTHOBO ce acp11UI11pa npe3 1884 r., KoraTO e npo-
BeAeHa BTopaTa cbeµ;uuucTKa aKu;m1. Tntl: KaTo npe3 anp11n c. r. l13THqa MaHJiaT'bT
Ha nnpmrn rnaBeH ynpaBJo!TeJI Ha J.13ToqHa PyMeJI11R AneKo Eorop11g11, Hapo11ttara
napT11R ce o6RBRBa rrponrn npeHa3HaqasaHeTo MY 111 sµ;111ra no3yHra 3a 06eA11Hett11e
110
HOBA E'blII'APCKA JitCTOPJit}J (1878-1944)
c KHmKeCTBOTO. Ji1 cera o6~eCTBeHOCTTa OTKJIMKBa Ha Mp;eRTa 3a cmrnaHe Ha p;BeTe

6omapcKM 'laCTM, a p;BaMa p;eneran1 - Ms. CT. fernos 11 Xp. XpucTOB TporsaT p;a rrne-
gupaT 3a Kay3aTa npep; Espona. BeJIMKMTe CMJIM He ca pa3TIOJIO)!(eHM p;a nop;KperrRT
C'bep;vrneHMeTO J1 J1Hl1IJ;J1aTop11Te Ha )J;BJ1)!(eHMeTO CBvIBaT 3HaMeHaTa, cnep; KaTO 3a ma-
BeH yrrpaBMTeJI Ha o6nacTTa e M36paH r. KpocTeBM'l 11 Hapop;HaTa rrapTMR 11p;sa Ha
BJiacT. HeycnexoT noKa3Ba, 'le p;a ce 3anara Ha 6narosonem1eTo Ha p;op)!(aBMTe nop;rr11-
caJIM EepnMHCKMR p;orosop, e gocrn 6e3Hage)!(p;Ho M o6pu'Ia 6omapCKaTa Hau;110HaJI-
Ha Kay3a Ha nacMBHOCT 11 3aBMCMMOCT. ToBa e OC'b3HaTo OT 'laCT OT o6iu;eCTBeHOCTTa
Ha ceBep M tor OT EanKaHa, KORTO Tporsa rro rnoi1: II'bT K'bM 3aseiu;aHMR OT Bo3pa)!(p;a-
HeTO up;ean.
Coep;MHMCTKOTO ,[\BJ1)!(eH11e rrpe3 80-Te rop;MHM ce pa3BMBa KaTo Hep;eJIMMa 'laCT
OT 6onrapcKoTo Hau;110HaJIHoocso6op;MTeJIHO p;BM)!(eHMe. To 3arroqsa sep;Hara rne,q
Orno60)!(,qeH11eTo 11 noCTeneHHO Ha6upa cKopocT, 3a ,qa ce rrpeBopHe B 06iu;oHau;110Ha-
JieH rropus. PeaJIM3MpaHeTo Ha C'he,[\MHMCTKMR up;ean e ynecHeHo OT ycrrernHaTa p;op-
)!(aBHa opraHM3au;irn M CTOIIaHCKO yKperrBaHe Ha KHR)!(eCTBOTO, OT IIOCTMrHaTaTa Ha-
IJ;MOHaJIHa KOHcon11gau;rrn 11 npeo,qoJIRHaTa po6cKa npMMHpeHOCT. Coep;MHMCTKOTO
,[\BM)!(eHMe ce M3pa3RBa B HRKOJIKO MHMIJ;MaTMBM 3a npoB'b3rJiaornaHe Ha o6e,qMHeHM-
eTO Ha CesepHa M IO)!(Ha Eonrapm1, B rrocTORHHa nporraraH,qa B neqaTa Ha coe,[\M-
HMCTKMR M,[\eaJI M B yCTaHOBRBaHe Ha 6mI3KM M TpattHM Bpo3KM Me)!(p;y KHR)!(eCTBOTO
M aBTOHOMHaTa o6nacT. To ce xapaKTepM3Mpa c pa3p;eJIRHeTo Ha cpyHKIJ;MMTe Me)!(p;y
KHR)!(eCTBOTO 11 o6nacTTa. L{eHTopoT Ha p;BM)!(eHMeTO ce HaMMpa B IO)!(Ha EonrapMR,
ryK ce C'b3,[\aBa M Tpa,[\MIJ;MR B KOMMTeTCKaTa opram13au;MR. MaKap qe aKIJ;HMTe OT 1880
M 1884 r. 3aBopIIIBaT 6e3 ycnex, Te M3MrpaBaT poJIRTa Ha ,[\MIIJIOMaTH'leCKM COH,qa)!( M
rrop;p;op)!(aT Bonpoca Ha BHMMaHMeTO Ha eBponettCKMTe CMJIM. Te IIO,[\I'OTBRT 6omap-
CKMR Hapop; M esponewcKoTo o6iu;ecrneHo MHeHMe 3a 6op;eiu;oTo CJIMBaHe Ha CeBepHa
M IO)!(Ha EonrapMR.
2. IIo,11;roTOBKa M rrpoB'b3rJiac.a:BaHe Ha c'be}J;Jt:HeHMeTo
OT Ha'!aJioTo Ha 1885 r. 3aIIO'IBa HOB eTan B pa3BMTMeTo Ha coep;MHMCTKOTO ,[\BM-

)!(eHMe. Towe 03HaMeHyBaH enc Co3,[\aBaHeTO Ha 10 cpeBpyap11 1885 r. Ha EonrapcKMR
TaeH u;eHTpaneH peBOJifOIJ;MOHeH KOMMTeT (ETUPK) B IlJIOB)J;MB. Me)!(_qy OCHOBaTeJIM-
re MY ca 6MBIIIM Hau;110Han-peBOJIIDIJ;MoHepM M yqacTHMIJ;H B PycKo-TypcKaTa ocso6o-
p;MTeJIHa BOMHa. KoMMTeToT e B cocTaB: rrpep;cep;aTeJI - 3axapH CTORHOB 21 , ceKpernp
21 3axapu CTOJIHOB e po,n;ett ITpe31850 r. B cello Me,n;BeH, CmrnettcKo. Y'll!I B Q'bpKOBHOTO (cllep;
1860 B3al!IMHO (1856-1862). Cllep; TOBa e OB'lap B pa31ll1'1Hl!I
VI Kllaetto) Y'll!lllMll.\e B po,n;HoTo rn cello
Cella. ,UoKaTO 'rnpaKyBa 3a urnBa'! B Pyce (1871-1872) ce BKllIO'!Ba B PyceHCKY!>I peBOllIOQl10HeH KO-
Ml1TeT. ql1HOBHl1K ITO EapottxupwoBaTa )f(elle3Hl1Qa Ha rapa TnpHoBo-CetiMeH (,n;tt. C11MeoH0Brpa,n;,
1873). Tmi y'lacTBa B Crnpo3aropcKOTO B'bCTaHl1e (1875). Toti e e,n;l1H OT pnKOBop;11Tem1Te Ha IV
I11lOB;!ll1BCKl1 peB01l101~11otteH OKpnr ITO BpeMe Ha AITpl11lCKOTo B'bCTaHl1e
(1876). Clle,n; pa3rpoMa
Ha B'bCTaHY!eTo e 3aTBopett B IlllOB)J;Y!B, ITO-K'bCHO rrp11Hy;L111TellHO e Y!3ITpaTeH B Me,n;BeH. Helleran-
Ho OTl1Ba B orno6o,n;ettoTo TnpttoBo (1877). Clle;!I 1878 r. 3. CTO>IHOB e '!lleH Ha oKp'b)f(Hl1>I C'b;!I B
TnpHoBo (1880), ceKpernp Ha AITellaQl10HHl1JI C'b)J; 11 cn;11e6ett Clle;!IOBaTell B oKp'b)f(Hl1JI C'b;!I B Pyce
111
Pocu4a AHzeJZoBa
- J1B. AH,IJ;OHOB, Karnep - T. faTeB I1 'IJieHOBe: rr. 3orpacpCKI1, c. KocTOB, J1B. CTO.RHO·
BM'I, C. TypqeB, nopYtIHK r. ArnHacoB 11 T. KapaHOBOB. ITopBoHa'IaJIHO TOH rn nocra-
BJI 3a QeJI ,n;a opraH11311pa 6op6arn 3a Il'bJIHO HaQMOHaJIHO 06e,n;11HeH11e. Cne,n;oBaTeJJHo,
B cpaBHeH11e c'bc C'bI.QeCTByBar.q11Te B KHJI)KeCTBOTO MaKe,n;oHCKM KOMMTeT11, ETUPK e
pesomoQMOHHa opraHM3aQ11JI c no-MaI.Qa6Ha nporpaMa - pa3perneH11e Ha 6omapCKrrn
HaQ110HaJieH Bonpoc. fnaBHa cpHrypa B KOM11TeTa e 3axapI1 CTOHHOB - y11aCTHl1K B
Anp11ncK0To B'bCTam1e 11 TaJiaHTJIMB ny6n11QMCT. Cne,n; rrpesparn OT 1881 r. TOH ce ye·
TaHOBHBa B ITnoB,IJ;MB 11 OTTYK YtiaCTBa B 6op6aTa 3a B'b3CTaHOBHBaHe Ha TopHoBcKaTa
KOHCTI1TYQ11JI.
3a KpaTKO speMe QRJia IO)KHa o'bnrapvrn e n0Kp11Ta c 11acTHI1 KOMMTeT11, B Ko1110
BJI113aT OIII1THI1 HaQMOHanpesomou;110Hep11, Oil'bJI'IeHu;M, ,n;etiQM Ha r11MHacn111eCKme
,n;py)!(ecrna, 'IMHOBHMQM, YtIMTeJIM I1 p;p. Co3,n;a,n;eH11Te npe3 1878 r. KOMMTeT11 ,,Ep;11H-
CTB0", fl1MHaCTI1'IeCKI1Te p;py)KeCTBa OT 1878 - 1879 r. I1 B'b306HoBeH11Te 3a KpatKO
speMe npe3 1880 r. KOMI1TeTI1 CTaBaT fOTOBaTa I1 c11rypHa 6a3a Ha ,Il;Bl1)KeHI1eTO OT
1885 r. ITpe3 arrp11n c. r. e np11ern nporpaMaTa 11 ycrnB'bT Ha ETUPK, KOMTO Harro,llo·
6JIBaT rrporpaMaTa 11 ycrnBa Ha EPUK B oyKypeI.Q. Pa3611pa ce, Te ca C'bo6pa3em1 c
HOBI1Te YCJIOB11JI VI KOHKpeTHVITe 11CTOpI11IeCKI1 3a,n;a'IVI, KOVITO CTOHT rrpe,n; 6omapcKHJI
Hapop;. qJieH 1 OT rrporpaMarn rnarn: ,,o'bnrapcKMJIT T. UeHTp. PeBOJIJOQMOHeH KOMH·
TeT 11Ma 3a Qerr OKOH'IaTeJIHOTO orno6o)Kp;eH11e Ha 6onrapCKH iI Hapop; 11pe3 pesomo-
IJ;HJI MopanHa 11 c op'b)Ktte''.
ITpweMaHeTo Ha rrporpaMaTa H ycrnsa ,n;aBaT TJiaC'bK Ha opraHH3aIJ;HOHHaTa p;el1-
HOCT Ha KOMHTeTa. Me)!(,n;y BH)J;HMTe ,n;eHu;w Ha p;Bl1)KeHtteTo ca: 6aH J1BaH Apa6ap;)Kl1·
JITa OT c. UapaQOBO - crrop;BH)KHHK Ha B. JleBCKM H Y'IacTHHK B ArrpwncKOTO BDCTa-
HHe. CT. cf>wnwrroB OT qVlpnaH - KypV1ep Ha BoTpernHaTa peBOJIJOIJ;HOHHa opratt113a-
QHJI, Y'IaCTHMK B Crnpo3aropcKOTO B'bcTaHwe OT 1875 r., B Cpo6cKo-TypcKaTa BOMHa
OT 1876 r. 11 B PycKo-TypcKaTa BOHHa OT 1877 - 1878 r., ITpo,n;aH TwrnKoB (qapp;ocpoH
BeJIHKH) - OII'bJI'IeHeu;, OTOH J1BaHOB - p;oBepeHO nwu;e Ha oeHKOBCKH B rro,n;roTOBKaTa
Ha AnpwncKOTO B'bCTaHMe, J1B. CoKOJIOB - YtiaCTHHK B'bB BToparn 6onrapCKa ner11J1,
,n;pyrap Ha JleBCKH w BOHBo,n;a Ha 11ern B AnpwncKoTo B'bCTaHHe VI MHoro ,n;pyrn.
MaKap 11e ce C'b3,IJ;aBa KaTO TaHHa opraHV13aIJ;VIR, ETUPK He ocrnsa Vl30JJI1patt
OT pa3JIVl'IHVITe IIOJIHTVl'IeCKI1 cpe,n;M. ITpe,n;11 BCH'IKO C'b3,IJ;aTeJIHTe Ha KOMHTeTa TI0,11·
p;'bp)KaT TeCHVI Bp'b3KH c HaH-p;eHHHTe poKOBO,Il;MTeJIH Ha MaKep;OHCKHTe ,n;py)!(ecTBa
B KHJI)!(eCTBOTO - LJ:. Ptt30B, Kan. K. fiaHwu;a, U. fieTKOB. Ha TRXHa cTpaHa 3acrasaT 11
BO,IJ;a'IMTe Ha JI116epaJIHaTa rrapTVIJI B J13TO'IHa PyMeJIVIJI - ,n;-p r. CTpaHCKH, u. ToH'!eB,
r. oeHeB, AH. Ka6nernKOB I1 ,n;p. J13TO'IHOpyMeJIHHCKHTe JIV16epan11 113IIOJI3BaT C'b3,lla-
( 1881 ), rny)KttTerr B ~HpeKu;tt.RTa Ha rrpasoc'b):lv1eTO Ha Vl3TO•rna PyMemui ( 1882-1885). Tof1 ornaBJIBa

ETUPK, KOJ1TO opraHtt311pa coe):lttHeHtteTO Ha Vl3TO'IHa PyMerr11i:1 c KHH)KeCTBO EorrrapwH ( 1885). Or
1886 )KHBee B CocpttH, K'b):leTo ce BKJIJO'IBa aKTHBHO B 11ewHOCTTa Ha Hapo11Horr116eparrHaTa rrapnrn.
ToC1 e Hapo):leH rrpe):ICTaBHTerr B Hapo):IHOTO co6pam1e ( 1886), rro11rrpe11ce11aTerr (1887) 11 rrpe11ce11aren
Ha rraprraMeHTa (1888-1889). YMwpa Ha 8 cem. B Tiaptt)K, OT pa3K'bCBaHe Ha 'IepsaTa, B rne11crswe Ha
OTpaBHHe.
112
HOBA E'bHfAPCKA MCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
JiaTa ce 6narorrp!1RTHa KOHIOHKTypa 3a B'b3CTaHOBJIBaHe Ha CBOJI TIOJIMTM'IecKM Kpep;MT

YI BJIYIJIHMe cpep; IO:>KH06onrapcKaTa o6ru;ecTBeHOCT.
B xop;a Ha opraHM3ItipaHe Ha p;BM)!(eHJtieTo ETUPK nocreneHHO HacoqBa p;ei1:HOCT-
Ta Cl1 K'bM pelllaBaHe Ha npo6JieMa 3a C'bep;MHeHMeTO. PoKOBO,ll;MTeJIYITe Ha KOMMTeTa
MHOro p;o6pe pa36ItipaT, qe MaKep;oHCKMRT Borrpoc e CJIO)!(eH YI yrnoBl1RTa 3a ype:>Kp;a-
Hero MY Bee o~e He ca Ha3pem1. Or Hero ca 3aY1HrepecoBaHY1 BcYlqKYI BeJIMKltl Cl1JIM YI
c'bcep;mne 6anKaHCKl1 p;op)!(aBM, a KHJI)!(ecrno Eonrap11R e TB'bpp;e rna6o, 3a p;a MO)!(e
p;a 3a~Y1TM ttau;MoHaJIHMTe cw YIHTepern. Coep;Y1HeHY1eTo Ha CeBepHa M lO:>KHa D'bJI-
rapYIR He 611 C'b3p;ano roJieMYI rpyp;HOCTM, 3a~OTO B aBTOHOMHaTa o6nacT l1Ma l13rpa-
p;eHO 6onrapcKo yrrpaBJieHJtie, 6onrapCKa BoticKa, He ca p;orryrnanr rypcKYI rapHitI30Hl1
YI B'brrpeKM 3aBMC!1MOCTTa OT OcMaHCKaTa JtIMrrepHR vfaroqHa PyMeJIYIJI ce pa3BYIBa
KaTO 6'bnrapCKa CTpaHa. BMeCTO p;a npernep;BaT MaKCMMaJIHYI u:enw, p;etiu;11re Ha KOMYl-
TeTa npoRBJIBaT peaJil13'bM, ocHoBaH Ha p;o6po pa3611paHe Ha B'brpemmrre 6'bnrapcK11
yrnoBHJI M Me)!(p;yHapop;HaTa o6craHOBKa. IIp11 TOBa re YIMaT npep;BYl,ll; 11 ITpaKTlt!KaTa
Ha nocreITeHHOTO pemaBatte Ha HaU:YIOHaJIHYIJI B'bnpoc B PyMoHMJI, C'hpforn M fopU:YIR.
Or c'bep;MHMCTKMTe aKu;vr11 ITpe3 1880 vr 1884 r. H3BJIYlqar IToyKara, qe 6'hnrapCKl1JIT Ha-
pop; rpR6Ba p;a pa3q11ra rnaBHO 11 ITpep;H B01qKo Ha co6crneH11Te 01 01n11. ETUPK ce
3aeMa p;a OC'b~eCTBM C'be,JJ;MHeHMeTO KaTO caMOCTOJITeJIHa 6onrapcKa aKU:l1JI.
3a KpaTKO BpeMe B o6nacTTa e opraHYl3vrpaHo MacoBo p;Bvr:>Kemre. KoMMTeT'bT !13-
p;aBa B'b3BaHMJI, ITpoBe:>Kp;a B U:JIJiaTa crpaHa T'bp)!(eCTBeHM qecTBamrn ITO TIOBO,ll; Ha
9-rop;MllIHli!HaTa OT repowqHaTa CM'bpT Ha Xp. EoTeB, Ha Bp'bX oy3nyp;)!(a ITO rnyqati
17-rop;MWHMHaTa OT r116enra Ha Xap;)!(M ,[(MMHT'bp, 8-rop;HllIHMHaTa or III11rrqeHCKl1Te
6oeBe. T'hp:>KecTBara ce ITpeBp'b~aT B p;eMOHcrpau;MR Ha Hau;vroHaJIHOTO ep;vrHcTBo.
,[(BYl)!(eHvreTo 3a c'bep;vrHeHvre rronyT.JaBa perm.i!TeJieH 11Mrrync, Korarn ETUPK ocHoBaBa
rnoti rreqareH opraH. Ha 28 Mati 1885 r. B IInoBp;lt!B 3arro'IBa p;a l13JIJ13a B. ,,Eop6a'',
pep;aKr11paH OT 3. CToRHOB. YBOJIHeH or rny)!(6a, roneMMJIT rry6mru;wcr B3eMa ITepo-
TO, 3a p;a ITpornac11 M ITpoITaraHp;wpa rrporpaMaTa Ha KOMMTera. BecTHMK'bT craBa rpvr-
6yHa Ha C'hep;MHMCTKaTa wp;eR. ,,HRMa rrpvrMep - mrme CvrMeoH Pap;eB, - ~OTO ep;vrH
BecrnwK p;a e MMaJI B o'bnrapvrR TaK'bB 6op3 vr rpvryMcpvrpa~ ycrrex, Karn ,,Eop6a''. TR
rrop;eticTBa rpoMOTeB11qHo''. ,[(oKaTo "Eop6a" rrop;roTBR Hapop;Hvrre Macw B l/faroqHa
PyMeJIMR, c Ta3!1 3ap;aqa B KHJI:>Kecrnoro ce 3aeMa "MaKep;oHCKMi1: mac''.
Karo vrp;eonor M Bop;aq Ha ETUPK 3. CTOJIHOB rrocraBJI B yrnyra Ha C'bep;vrHMCT-
KOTO ,ll;BM:>KeHvre CBOJI H3YMJtITeJieH TaJiaHT Ha rry6mru;vrcT. Pa3K'bCBaH Me)!(p;y Tpap;vr-
U:YIJITa B peBOJIIOU:MOHHMTe 6op6vr M KOHKpeTHMTe 3ap;aqw M ycJIOBMJI, TOM ITpORBJIBa !13-
KJIIO'IJtITeJieH yceT K'bM ITOBeJIHTe Ha HOBOTO BpeMe. M C'b3HaTeJIHO HaCO'IBa ,ll;BM)!(eHM-
ero no BepHMJI IT'bT Ha C'bo6pa3JIBaHe C'bC C'b~ecrByBaHeTO YI B'b3MO)!(HOCTl1Te Ha CB0-
6op;HaTa ,ll;'bp:>KaBa, Ha peBOJIIOU:MOHHMJI KOMIIpOMYIC ltI Ha Herrpl1MI1p:HMOCTTa CITpRMO
BCM'IKM, KOMTO CMJITaT ITpOB'b3rJiaCJIBaHeTO Ha C'bep;vrHeHYieTO 3a HeCBOeBpeMeHHO.
IIop;o6Ho Ha Hep;aBHalllHOTO MMHano ITOKpirna IO)!(Ha o'bnrapvrR c KOMMTeTCKa Mpe)!(a,
HO CITe'IeJIBa BOMCKaTa, Kpl1Tl1KyBa yITpaBJIJIBa~l1Te, HO 3anara Ha TeXHOTO pop;oJII0-
6Y1e. M He ce !13JI'brBa.
TaKa, ycITopep;Ho c opraHM3l1paHero Ha c'bep;l1Hl1CTKOTO p;Bl1)!(em·re B o6nacrra,
ETUPK orp;eJIJI BHl1MaHMe u Ha BoITpoca 3a IT03JtIU:MJITa Ha nw6epanHoro ITpaBvrrencTBO
113
Pocuiia AHzenoaa
Ha II. KapaBeJioB cnpRMO 3aMit!CJieHoTo p;eJio. 3a ycnexa Ha aKQJtIRTa e OT It!3KJIIO"Ilt!TeJI-
HO 3Ha"IeHJt!e p;a ce cneqeJIJt! C'b,!l;eHCTBit!eTO Ha ynpaBJIJIBa~Jt!Te cpep;It! B KHJI)KeCTBOTO.
AeJioTo e o6~oHapop;Ho, a KHR)KeCKOTO npaBlt!TeJICTBO - ep;It!HCTBeHit!RT oqmQlt!aJieH
npep;cTaBit!TeJI Ha 6nJirapcKit!Te HaQlt!OHaJIHit! It!HTepeclt!. HanpaBeHit!Te B Co¢It!R coH-
p;a)Klt! TIOKa3BaT, qe KapaBeJIOB He op;o6p51Ba aKQJt!JITa, KORTO CMRTa 3a TIOJIJt!Tlt!'IeCKa
aBaHTropa. KaTo oTroBopeH ¢aKTOp B p;np)KaBaTa TOH Mlt!CJIIt! 3a 3aTpyp;HeHoTO qm-
HaHcoBo noJIO)KeHit!e Ha cTpaHaTa, He6naronplt!RTHaTa Me)Kp;yHapop;Ha o6cTaHOBKa
It! BJIOilleHit!Te OTHOilleHit!R Me)Kp;y AneKcaHp;np I It! pycKll!JI It!MnepaTop AJieKcaHp;op
III. AeHQll!Te Ha ETUPK pa36111paT, qe He TpR6Ba p;a 3aMeCBaT 0¢Jt1QlllaJIH111Te BJiacni
B KHR)KeCTBOTO B p;eno, KOeTO no C'b~eCTBO 11\e 6np;e HapyrneHllle Ha Me)Kp;yHapop;eH
p;oroBop. KHR3 AneKcaHp;np I cn~o He p;aBa KaTeroplt!'IHO cnrnacvre c nop;roTBHHaTa
aKQJt!JI, HO o6e~aBa p;a HanpaBlll npep;rra3Jill!Blll ITOCT'bTIKJt! B eEporreHCKit!Te CTOJIV!l\l1.
Ilpe3 JIJITOTO Ha 1885 r. TOH pa3roBapR c p;np)KaBHit! p;eHQit! B JloHp;OH 111 BvreHa, K'bp;ero
IIOJiyqaBa oKypa)KJt!TeJIHH, MaKap It! He MHOfO onpep;eJieHJt! OTfOBopvr. Ilpe3 IOHH B J13-
TO"IHa PyMeJIIt!R rrplt!cTvrra KHJI)l(eCKJtIR ceKpernp An. fonoBit!H. 1.Jpe3 Hero KHR3'bT vrcKa
p;a ce 3aII03Hae OT6JIM30 c pa3BOJI Ha C'bep;WHJt!CTKOTO ,!l;BJt!)KeHJt!e.
Pa3Max'bT Ha ,!l;Blt!)KemreTo rrop;TMKBa ETUPK p;a npvrcT'bITit! K'bM Herrocpep;cTBeHa
rrop;roTOBKa 3a npoB'b3rJiarnBaHe Ha cbep;Jt1HeHJt1eTo. Ha 25 IOJIM 1885 r. B c. AepMeHp;epe
(p;H. IlnpBeHeQ, IlJIOB,!l;Jt!BCKJt! oKpnr) ce rrpoBe)Kp;a TaHHO 3acep;aHJt1e, Ha KOeTO rrplt!C'bCT-
BaT p;ollIJIIt!Te OT KHR)f(eCTBOTO A. Pvr30B It! Karr. K. IlaHWQa. Jtfa6paH e HOB C'bCTaB Ha
UeHTpanmrn KOMHTeT, B KOHTO BJIM3aT 3. CTOHHOB, Ji1B. AHp;OHOB, :V1B. CTORHOBV!'I, )::(.
PM30B It! Kan. K. IlaHMQa. BKJIIO'IBaHeTo Ha nocJiep;HMTe p;BaMa rroKa3Ba, qe MaKep;oH-
CKMTe KOMWTeTM B KHJl)f(eCTBOTO ce rrocTaBHT B ycnyra Ha p;eJIOTO Ha Cbep;MHeHvrero.
AeHQlt!Te OT CeBepHa M IO)KHa EnmapHR TpR6Ba p;a o6ep;It!HRT CV!Jllt!Te rn 3a ycrrernHoro
M3IT'bJIHeHMe Ha rroCTaBeHaTa QeJI. Ha 3acep;aHJt1eTo e B3eTo Ba)f(HOTO peilleHit!e Ha 15
cenTeMBpM p;a ce BAHrHe B'bCTaHMe 3a rnaJIRHe Ha rnaBHMJI ynpaBMTeJI M npaBMTencrno-
TO Ha o6nacTTa M rrpoB'b3rnacJIBaHe Ha cnep;111HeHJt1eTo. Ha6eJIJI3aHit! ca M KOHKpernw
MepKM 3a rrop;roTOBKa Ha aKQHRTa - p;a ce crreqeJIM MWJIMQMJITa, p;a ce ocvrrypu CbBMecr-
HO p;eHCTBMe Ha BOHCKaTa H Hapop;HMTe qenr. KoHKpeTHMJIT rrJiaH Ha B'bCTaHvrero ce
o6c'b)f(,!l;a Ha 3acep;am1e Ha TaHHMR KOMMTeT Ha 23 aBryCT 1885 r. CneQMaJIHM arurnropw
ca H3rrpaTeHM W3 o6JiaCTTa, a A. PM30B M MaHop C. MyTKypoB ca HaToBapeHit! c MMCMH 11a
ysep;OM.HT KHR3 AJieKCaHp;np 3a peilleHMeTO p;a ce npoB'b3rJiaCJt! C'bep;JtJHeHJt!eTO.
Cn6MTMRTa B JifaTO"IHa PyMeJIMR ce pa3BMBaT c rneMeTHa 6np3vr:Ha It! M3rrpesapBaT
peilleHMJITa Ha KOMMTeTa. Ha 2 cerrTeMBpM B IlaHanopu~e CTaBa B'bJIHeHit!e, Koero
rrocTaBR Ha'IaJIOTO Ha B'bCTaHHeTo. Ilo rrplt!Mepa Ha ArrpMJICKOTO B'bCTaHit!e TPMMa MJia-
p;e)KM M3JIM3aT Ha rnaBHaTa yJim. ~a c pa3BJITO 3HaMe M c M3CTpeJiw o6RBJIBaT: ,,,IJ;ony
PyMeJIMR!': ,,Aa )f(Jt!Bee Cnep;MHeHuern!''. BJiaCTMTe ycrrJIBaT p;a Bb3CTaHOBRT pep;a, HO
ETUPK e npvr:Hyp;eH p;a ycKopu npoBb3rJiarnBaHeTO Ha cnep;MHeHMeTO. B paHHara yr-
pMH Ha 6 cerrTeMBpM 1885 r. BJiacTTa B l13TO"IHa PyMeJIMJI e rroMeTeHa caMo 3a HRKOJI-
KO qaca OT B'bCTaHM"IeCKJt!Te "IeTJt! Jt[ 6bJirapCKaTa MJt!JIJt!QJt!JI. fJiaBHJt!JIT yrrpaBMTeJI e
apecTyBaH M Tnp)KecTBeHo e o6RBeHo CJIMBaHeTo Ha o6nacTTa c KHJI)f(eCTBO Eonra-
puR nop; CKMIITnpa Ha KHR3 AneKcaHp;np I. IIpoB'b3rJiaCJIBaHeTo Ha Cnep;vrHeHvrero B
IlJioBp;MB M B p;pyrnTe rpap;oBe Ha IO)f(Ha EoJirap11R crnBa 6e3 oco6eHM Tpyp;Hocni,
114
HOBA E'blII'APCKA MCTOPMJl (1878-1944)
3a~0To HRMa 6orrraprrn, KOMTO .n;a e nponrn TOBa .n;eno. He cny'IaMHO :V1BaH Ba3oB
rrnrne 3a Cnep;r.rneHweTo: ,, ... ep;Ha OT Hai1-necHMTe peBoJI10u;uu B 11cTop11RTa, 3a~0To
oT.n;aBHa rn 6e l13BnprneHa B .n;yrnwTe''.
OpraHM3aTop11Te Ha Cnep;11HeHweTo npoRBRBaT B ep;HaKBa cTeneH .n;op3ocT J.1
TIOJ!Ji1TJ.1'IeCKa Mnp;pocT. Ilo BpeMe Ha rro.n;roTOBKaTa Te He aHra:)!<J.1paT KHR)KeCKOTO
rrpaBJ.1TeJICTBO B peBomou;J.10HHa aKIJ;J.1R, 3a~OTO TOBa 611 ro KOMrrpoMeTMpano rrpe.n;
B'bHIIIHMR cBRT. Ho cnep; KaTo M3BnprnBaT .n;enoTo, rrpe.n;oCTaBRT HeroBaTa 3a~MTa Ha
3aKOHHaTa BnacT - KHR3 AneKcaHp;np IM JIM6epanHMR Ka611HeT B Cocp11R. TaM, K'bp;eTo
3aBoprnBa ponRTa Ha 3. CTORHOB, 3aIIO'IBa .n;ewHOCTTa Ha MMHMcTDp-rrpe.n;ce.n;aTenR.
Cnep; KaTO Cnep;wHeHMeTo e npoB'h3rTiaceHo, TI. KapaBenoB He ce rroKone6aBa .n;a rrpu-
eMe M3BnprneHMR aKT u .n;a ce 3aeMe c HeroBoTO yrnop)K.n;aBaHe. IlpoTMBHOTO 611 03Ha-
'IaBano .n;a rrocTaBM cTpaHaTa npe.n; orrarnocTTa OT Te)l(Ka Kpv13a M KarnCTpocpa. ,,Be.n;-
H'b)K cpaKT'bT cTaHan - 3aRBRBa KapaBenoB, - TpR6Ba .n;a ce 3aeMaT MepKM, 3a .n;a ce crra-
rn rroJio)KeHweTo. " BecTTa 3a Cnep;11HeHMeTo 0611KaJIR EnnrapwR o~e Ha 6 cerrTeMBpl1
l1 HaBCRK'b,ll;C rrpep;l13BJ.1KBa 6ypeH B'b3Topr l1 B'bop;yrneBJieHJ.1e. ll;Rnarn o6~ecTBeHOCT
M3pa3RBa con11p;apHocT c l13BnprneHoTo p;eno. He rrpaBRT l13KJIIO'IeHJ.1e J1 cBaneHMTe OT
BJiaCT Ji!3TO'IHOpyMeJIJ1MCKJ1 yrrpaBHli!IJ;J.1, KOHTO BC'b~HOCT He B3eMaT HJ1KaKBJ1 MepKM
cpe~y p;ei1uocTTa ua ETIJ;PK. Ep;ua e J.1 )KeprnaTa - uenerr KYPIIJYM rroKornBa )l(J.1BOTa
Ha peBHOCTHMR .n;eeu; Ha cnep;mieHMeTo - Mawop Pafrqo H11Konos.
Cne.n; o6RBRBaHeTo Ha Coe.n;m1em1eTo Ha }faTO'IHa PyMemrn c KHR)l(ecrno Enn-
rapvrn rrop; cKMIITopa Ha KHR3 AneKcaH.n;op ETIJ;PK C'bCTaBR BpeMeHHO npamnencrno
J.1 ce caMopa3TypR. B Hero BJIM3aT: npe.n;ce.n;aTeJI .n;-p r. CTpaHCKJ.1, no.n;npep;cep;aTeJI .n;-p
CT. qoMaKoB u 'IneHoBe Mawop.1.ne A. HMKonaes, A. c:DunoB, Casa MyTKypoB 22 M P.
12 CaBa MyTKypoB e pogeH Ha 16 geK. 1852 r. B TopHoso. lifasecTHO speMe yq11 B'bB BoeHHo-
Me11111111HcK0To yq11JIMI1\e B Uap11rpag, a rrpe3 1872 r. 3aBopnrna lOHKepcKoTo rrexoTHo )"111lll111\e B
011eca. I1pe3 rnegBall\11Te rog11H11 rny)!<11 B pyCKaTa apM11R 11 yqacrna, 3ae,l(HO c Apyrn 6onrapcK11 go-
6poson1111, B Cpo6cKo-TypcKaTa BOWHa OT 1876 r. ITo speMe Ha PyCKo-TypcKaTa sot'rna OT 1877-1878
r. KOMaH,l(Ba poTa B 54-Tl1 rrexoTeH Ml1HCKl1 rronK. CneA Orno6m1<AeH11eTo Ha Eonrap11R MyTKypoB e
Ha cny)!(6a B Ml11Il1'-ll1HTa Ha J!faTO'IHa PyMen11R - nopBOHa'laJIHO B 1-Ba rrnosg11BcKa gpy)!rnHa, a rneA
rnsa B rnaBHl1R Il\a6. Tow yqacTBa aKTl1BHO B OC'bll\eCTBRBaHeTo Ha Coeg11HeH11eTo Ha Eonrap11R
npe3 1885 r., KaTO B rrep11oga OT 6 go 8 cerrTeMap11 e 'IJieH Ha apeMeHHOTO rrpaa11Tencrno, 06pa3yaaHo
cneA npeaparn B ITnoB,l(HB. ITo apeMe Ha Cpo6cKo-6onrapCKaTa BOWHa KOMaHgBa ,l(eCHl1R cpnaHr 11
11eHT'bpa np11 HacTDnneH11eTo K'bM I111poT. Cneg aot'rnarn e Ha'lanHl1K Ha I1noag11acK11.R rapH1130H 11
KOMaH,l(Ball\ 5-Ta nexOTHa 6p11raga. Cneg npopycK11R npeapaT rrpe3 1886 r., 11e1I.Rll\ geTpoH11paHeTO
Ha KHR3 AneKcaHADP I, C. MyTKypoa, 3aegHo coc CT. CTaM6onoa, e cpeg OCHOBH11Te opraH113aTop11
Ha KOHTpanpeapaTa. CTaM6onoB ro Ha3Ha'laBa 3a fJiaBHOKOMaHgBall\ Ha JIORJIHl1Te K'bM KH.R3a BOeH-
H11 qacT11. BowH111111 oT I1noag11acK11.R rapH1130H ca rrpexaopneH11BCocp11R11 apeCTyaaT HRKOl1 OT 3a-
roaopH11'-111Te, a ocrnHan11Te 6HraT B qy)!(611Ha. CneA a6A11Ka1111RTa Ha KHR3 AneKcaHA'bP EaTett6epr,
Ha 7 cen. 1886 r. MyTKypoB e 1136paH 3a e,l(11H OT TpHMaTa pereHTl1 Ha KH.R)!(ecrnorn. Tow ocrnaa Ha
T0311 nocT AO 14 aar. 1887 r., KoraTo pereHTCTBOTO e pa3rryrnarn, 3apaAH l136opa Ha HOB 6onrapcK11
KHR3 - <Pep,ql1HaH,l( I. Ha 1 cerrTeMBp11 MyTKypoB CTaBa BOeHeH Ml1Hl1CT'bp B HOB006pa3ysaHl1.R Ka-
6J1HeT Ha CrnM6onoa. Ha 16 cpeapyap111891 r. e orno6oAeH OT noCTa 11 e noB11IlleH B reHepan-Maftop.
Toil e nopBl1R 6onrapcKl1 ocpm~ep, rronyq11n opAett "3a xpa6poCT" I CTeneH l1 nopBl1R 6onrapcKl1
reHepan. YM11pa Ha 15 MapT 1891 r. B Hearron. I1orpe6aH B '-l'hPKBaTa ,,Caern Cnac" B Cocpl1R.
Pocu4a AHzeJ10Ba
HHKOJIOB, III. fpyes, K. ITeeB (KMeT Ha ITJIOB,[\l1B), ,[1-p r. HHKYJIOB (npe,[ICe,[\aTeJI Ha

06JiacrnoT cn6paHHe), 3. CTOJIHOB, ,I(. IOpyKoB, r. ,I(aHqos, A. CaMOKOBeQ 11 r. Ee-
HeB. CncTaBnT Ha npaBMTeJICTBOTO noKa3sa, qe ca BKmoqeHl1 qJieHoBe Ha BTIJ;PK w
Ha ,[\BeTe napTl1l1 B o6JiacTTa. ,I(sa ,[\eHa no-KnCHO Ha MJICTOTO Ha y611T11JI P. H11KonoB,
MaMopMTe ¢11JIOB l1 MyTKypos, KOl1TO 3aMl1HaBaT 3a rpaHMQaTa, ca Ha3HaqeHl1 TI. P.
CJiaeiiKOB, Kan. K. ITaHMQa l1 ,I(. P113os. Maiiop ,I(aHal1JI H11Konaes crnsa rnaBHOKO-
MaHgBall\ pyMeJIJ1MCKaTa BOMCKa.
BpeMeHHOTO npamueJICTBO B3eMa MepKl1 3a 3ana3BaHe Ha pega B CTpaHaTa H e
o6JIBeHO soemm IlOllmKeHJ1e l1 M06HJil13aQMJ:l Ha BCl1qKl1 pe3epBHCTl1 OT 18 ,[\O 40-ro-
):\Hll!Ha Bn3pacT. ITo,[I pnKOBO,[ICTBOTO Ha pycKMJI soeHeH arnrne no,[\n. M. q11qaros e
pa3pa60TeH nJiaH 3a OT6paHaTa Ha CTpaHaTa np11 eseHTyaJIHO Hana,[1em1e OT TypQHR.
KHJI3 AJieKcaH,L\np I noJiyqasa B'hB BapHa TeJierpaMaTa Ha BpeMeHHOTO npasw-
TeJICTBO H se,ri;Hara BJIH3a B'hB Bpn3Ka c IT. Kapasenos, KOMTO ce HaM11pa B TnpHoso.
Cnc cnrnac11eTo Ha MHHHCTnp-npe,[ICe,[\aTeJIJI TOM 113,[\aBa ,[\Ba yKa3a- 3a 0611.\a Mo6w-
llI13aQl1JI 11 3a CBl1KBaHe Ha IV OHC Ha l13BnHpe,ri;Ha ceorn Ha 10 cenTervmpu 1885 r. Ha
8 cenTeMsp11 KHJI3'hT npucTura B TnpHoBo, Kn,[\eTo ro oqaKBaT MI1Hl1CTnp-npe,[1cega-
TeJIJI IT. KapasenoB, npe,[lce):\aTeJIJIT Ha Hapo,L\HOTO cn6pam1e CT. CTaM6onos l1 l13rrpa-
TeHl1Te OT BpeMeHHOTO npaBHTeJICTBO ,[\eJieraTl1 K. Xa,[l)Kl1KaJiqes 11 ,[1-p r. HHKynoB.
TyK TOM 113,[\aBa MaHmpecT K'hM 6nmapcKl1JI Hapo,[1, c KOMTO ocpuQ11amm npl13Hana
cne,[\trnem1eTo. Ha 9 cenTeMspu, npH.L\py)KeH OT KapaseJioB, KHJI3'hT Tnp)KeCTBeHo e
nocpeI.QHaT B ITnos,ri;HB KaTo OJIMQeTsopenue Ha u.ri;eana 3a HaQMOHanno e,[\l1HCTBO.
CJie,[\ np11cT11raHeTo Ha KHJI3a B ITnoB,[\l1B BpeMeHHOTO npaBuTeJICTBO ce pa3rryc-
Ka. HerOBl1Te cj:>ynKQl1l1 ce noe;viaT OT "KOMHcapCTso" B C'bCTaB: ,[1-p reopr11 CTpaHCKI!,
IT. P. CnaseiiKOB H III. f pyes.
Cne,[\11Hem1eTo e Hapyrnem1e Ha e,[\l1H Me)K,[lyHapo,[leH ,[\Orosop 11 TpJI6sa ,[la frwie

npl13HaTo OT Ben11K11Te Cl1JIH. A TOBa ce oKa3sa l13BnHpe.L\HO TPYAHO, 3all\OTO cpe-
11.\Y BnmapuJI ce 113npaBJIT sc11qKl1 - 3acerHaTaTa B rnoeTo c103epeHHO goCTonerrne
11 npasa OcMancKa HMnep11JI, cnce,[\Hl1Te cTpaH11 11 roneM11Te .L\'hp)KaBl1. BnnrapcKoTo
npas11TeJicTBO segHara npegnpueMa cepuJI OT eHeprw-rn11 l1Hl1Ql1aTI1Bl1. Te ca npe11-
rneCTBaH11 OT m1qHo rrocnaH11e Ha KHJI3 AJieKcaH,L\np I ,[\O pycKMJI MMrrepaTop AneK-
caHgnp III OI.Qe Ha 6 cenTeMsp11, B KOeTo 6nmapcKI1JI KHJI3 MOJil1 3a nogKpena Ha 6on-
rapcKoTo ,[\eJio. Ha 9 cenTeMBpH norne,[\Ba ocj:>11Q11aJIHO 06pnll\eH11e. J.13npaTeHa e H
IlnpBaTa HOTa Ha KHJI)KeCKOTO npaBl1TeJICTBO go rrpe,[1CTaBl1TeJII1Te Ha BCI1qKH sem1KH
Cl1Jil1 11 TypQ11JI, IlO,[\Ill1CaHa OT KHJI3a, HO C'bCTaBeHa III ogo6pena OT npaBMTeJICTBOTO.
TeKCT'hT 11 gyxnT Ha Ta3l1 HOTa ca yMeJio 6anaHcI1paHI1 Me)Kgy Mon6arn l1 3anJiaxara.
BMecTo ,[la rrpHBeTcTBaT CneguHeHHeTo KaTo Tnp)KeCTBo Ha cnpaBe,[\JII1Bl1JI crpe-
Me)K 3a HaQMOHaJino o6eguHeHHe B 0611.\a ;n;np)KaBa, Cnp6I1.ir l1 fnpQMJI I13):1l1rar rro-
JII1TJ1qecK11.ir npliIHQI1TI 3a paBHOBeCli1e Ha BaJIKaHuTe 11 3aeMaT spa)Kge6Ha crrp.HMO
EnmapuJI TI03I1Ql1JI. OT BeJirpag 3anJiarnsaT c Bnopn)l{eHa pa3npasa, MaKap qe ITrro-
B,[\l1BCKl1JIT aKT c Hl111.\0 ne 3ac.irra cpn6CKl1Te HaQJ10IIaJIHM I1HTepecM.
116
HOBA E'bflI'APCKA MCTOPJ1Jl (1878-1944)
Hati:-113HeHa,I1Ba1.1w 3a 6onrap11Te, a 11 3a CBeTa e OTHorneH11eTo Ha Pycmi:. Cne.r1

OCB06mK,I1emteTo pycKoTo npaB11Tencrno norne.r10BaTeJIHO np0Be)f(.r1a non11T11Ka Ha
yKpenBaHe Ha caMOCTORTeJIHOTO C'bll\eCTByBaHe Ha Eonrapm1, Ha 6onrapcK11R xapaK-
rep Ha vfaTO'IHa PyMeJIVIJI 11 IlO,I\fOTOBKaTa iI 3a Hero6e)f(HOTO CJIVIBaHe. AB CKJIIO'IeHl1JI
npe3 1881 r. ,,C'bI03 Ha Tp11MaTa 11Mneparnp11" (Me)f(,Ily PyrnR, fepMaH11R 11 ABcTpo-
YHrap11H) TR oc11rypRBa .r111rrnoMaT111IeCKl1 coe,I111Hem1eTo. Cnope.r1 np11Jio)f(eH11R K'bM
}::\OfOBOpa npoTOKOJI ,I\Bye,Ilv!HHaTa MOHapXY!.fl CY! 3ana3Ba npaBOTO B y.r106eH MOMeHT
,qa atteKrnpa EocHa M XepQeroBMHa, a PyrnR rn 113,Ilerkrna .r111nnoMaTM'IeCKa rroMOI.l\
cpell\y HaCTaHRBaHe Ha TypcKvr BOMCKI1 B J13TO'IHa PyMeJIVIR. CrreQMaJieH nyHKT yc-
raHOBJIBa cornacweTo Ha Tp11Te .I\'bp)f(aBVI 3a eBeHTyantto coe,I1V1HeH11e Ha KHJI)f(eCTBO
EonrapuR VI aBTOHOMHaTa o6nacT VI C'bBMeCTHO OTKJIOHJIBaHe Ha 6onrapuTe OT .r1eti:cT-
Bl1J1 K'bM MaKe,IIOHMR.
IIpe3 1885 r. o6aqe pycKOTO npaBVITencrno ce o6RBJIBa npoTVIB Coe,I111HeH11eTo M
ttacroJIBa 3a B'b3CTaHOBRBaHe Ha cTaTyKBOTO. Ta3VI II03VIQVIJI e o6yrnoBetta OT QapcKaTa
rron11TV1Ka Ha EanKaHVITe M eBOJIIOQMJITa B 6onrapo-pycKMTe OTHorneHVIJI. AHra)f(MpaHa
or KottqmwKTa c AHrnMR B AcpraHMCTaH, PyrnR e nponrn yrno)!<HeHMH B EBpona. TR ce
crpaxYBa, qe Coe,I1MHeHV1eTo 6w Morno .r1a JI B'bBJie'Ie B 6anKaHCKl1, a ,Ila)f(e VI B eBporreti:-
CKH KOHcpJIV!KT 11 TO B MOMeHT, KoraTO Il0311Ql1V!Te iI B pafroHa ca OTCJia6eHl1. KoM TOBa
ce npr-r6aBJI HarnoeHaTa Be'Ie Herrpvrn3'hH K'bM KHJI3 AneKcaH,Ilnp I, TpeT11patt B IIeTep-
6ypr KaTO Bpar Ha pycKOTO BJIV!J!Hlile l1 npOTV!BHV!K Ha qy)f(,Il!1Te 11HTepern.
Oll\e Ha 9 cenTeMBpw B CocpuR OT pycKMTe ynpaBJIRBall\M rrpwcT11ra TenerpaMa,
B KOJITO ce Hape)f(,Ila Ha KHJI3 M. KaHTaKY3MH .r1a Hanyrne rrocTa cu Ha 6onrapcKH BO-
etteH MV!HV!CT'bp, a pycKMTe ocpHQepu ,Ila He ce attra)f(11paT no HV!KaK'bB Ha'IVIH B py-
MeJI11t°rCKV!Te pa6oTM. IIo-K'bCHO Te3H ocp11Qepu nony'IaBaT Hape)f(,IlaHe .r1a HarryrnaT
crpaHaTa.
B cTpeMe)!(a c11 .r1a He .r1orrycHe 3aKperrBaHe Ha KHJI3a Ha 6onrapcKMJI TpoH, ocpMQM-
a1rna PyrnR ce o6JIBJIBa npoTMB Coe;c(trneH11ern. ToBa pa3Bop3Ba poQeTe Ha aHrnwti:-
cKaTa ,I\V!ITJIOMaQV!H, KOHTO OT,IlaBHa ce ITO,I\fOTBJI .r1a HaHece y.r1ap Ha pycKOTO BJIMJIHMe
B QeHTopa Ha EanKaHMTe. AHrnMJI B'h3npvreMa Kypc Ha npM3HaBaHe Ha IInoB):(HBCKl1JI
aKT ITO.I\ cpopMaTa Ha JIH'IHa YHMJI, T. e. 6onrapcKMJIT KHJI3 AneKcaH,Ilop I .r1a 60.r1e Ha3Ha-
11eH 3a rnaBeH ynpaB11TeJI Ha I13TO'IHa PyMen11J1.
B Ta3M CJIO)f(Ha M KpMTH'IHa o6cTaHOBKa rrpaBvrTencTBOTO Ha KapaBeJIOB npoRBJI-
Ba M3KJIIO'IMTeJIHa aKTMBHOCT M rroJIMTvrqeCKa 3pRnocT. To TpR6Ba ga rrocTMrHe e,IIHO
Ha npoB rrorne.r1 a6cyp.I\HO pernemre - .r1a ce yrnopgvr 6onrapcKOTO coe,I1V1Hem1e 6e3 ga
ce ttapyrnaBa cpopMaJIHO EepnMHCKMH .r1oroBop. 3all\OTO HapyrneHuern 6vr Morno .r1a
rrpe,Ill13BHKa BepM)f(Ha peaKQV!H, a BCHKa peBH3HJI Ha Me)f(,I\yHapo,IIHV!JI TpaKTaT MO)f(e
,qa 60.r1e B Yll\op6 Ha 6onrapcKvrTe MHTepern. KHR3 AneKcaH,Ilop I u npaBMTencTBOTO
MY 3HaJIT, qe He TpR6Ba .r1a .r1onycHaT B MMeTO Ha CoegviHeHHeTo ga ce )f(eprna u.r1eaJI'bT
Ha QenoKyrrHMJI 6onrapcK11 Hapo.r1. ToBa Hanara .r1a ce .r1eti:crna r'hBKaBo. EonrapCKaTa
,q11nnoMaQMJ1 TBop.r10 OTCTOHBa CoegwHeHuero, HO 6naropa3yMHo orpaHM'IaBa coe.r1u-
HMCTKaTa aKQJ1H M He Il03BOJIJIBa pa3rrpoCTHpaHe Ha ,I\BV!)f(eHV!eTO B MaKe,IIOHHJI, K'bM
KORTO peBHMBO rne.r1aT BenMKMTe CMJIM M cocegHvITe ,Ilop)f(aBM. Ha 11 cerrTeMBpH II.
, , ...,
Pocw.~a AH2eJ10Ba . - - - - - - - - - - - - -
KapaBeJioB Tenerpaqni:pa Ha 3. CTORHOB: ,,3aeMeTe HaI1-CTpor11 MepKH HJ/ITO ep;11H go-

6poBoJieQ .r1a He MJl!He B MaKe,IIOHJllR. "
OT CoqrnR .r1eKnapJ11paT He3aBJllCHMOCT Ha 6'hmapcKoTO .r1eno, HO 3aJiaraT Ha npo-
TJ11BopeqJ11RTa B J11HTepec11Te Ha eBporreI1cKJ11Te ,Il'hp)!(aB11. IIpaBRT ce nocT'bTIKH 3a cMeK-
qaBaHe Ha pycKMR rHRB, HO ce T'bpc11 6anaHc11paHa no.r1Kpena OT Bc11qK11 Ben11K11 Cl1JIH.
Ila perneH11e Ha Hapo,IIHOTO c'b6paH11e .r1eneraQ11R B C'hCTaB: en11cKon Kn11MeHT (B.
,npyMeB) MB. EB. rernoB, MB. fep,Il)!(J1KOB, .n. ToHqes J1 .n. IIana30rJIY IIOTerJIR 3a Ko-
neHxareH, 3a .r1a l13MOJil1 OT pycKMR 11MrrepaTop no.r1Kpena Ha 6'hnrapcKOTO .z:1eno. Ha
21 cerrTeMBpl1 TR ce npe,IICTaBR Ha AneKcaH,Il'hp III, HO He qyBa onpe.r1eneHo oKypa)!<H-
TeJIHl1 .z:IYMl1. MaJIKO TIO-K'bCHO B JlOH,IIOH l1 IIapl1)!( e J13IIpaTeH MB. EB. rernoB c Ml1CHR
.r1a T'hprn rroMo~ 3a C'he,I111HeHJ11eTo. IIo C'h~OTO speMe B Uap11rpa.r1 oT11BaT p;-p Cr.
11oMaKoB 11 MB. Xa,Il)!(J1IIeTpoB .r1a nperoBapRT 3a .r111peKTHO cnopa3yMeH11e B IIopTara.
A B KpaR Ha cenTeMBp11 fp. HaqoBl1'I, 6'hnrapcK11 .r111nnoMaT11qecK11 areHT B EyKypell1,
3aMHHaBa 3a B11eHa, HaToBapeH .r1a rrposep11 HaCTpoeHl1RTa Ha aBCTp11I1cKJ11Te ynpa-
BJIRBa~H cpe.r111.
E'hnrapcKOTO npaB11TeJICTBO Hee,[IHOKpaTHO l13T'bKBa BepHono.r1aH11t.IeCKl1Te c11
qYBcTBa K'hM B11c0Karn nopTa, HO ce no.r1roTBR 3a 3a~11Ta cpe~y B'hOp'b)!(eHa l1Hrep-
BeHQl1R OT IOr. To no.r1aBa p'bKa Ha C'bp611R, 6e3 .r1a npas11 KOMnpoM11c c HaQHOHaJimne
l1HTepec11. B OTfOBOp Ha C'bBeTJ1Te 3a OTCT'bTiqJllBOCT, MHHJllCT'bp'bT Ha B'bHll1Hl1Te pa6o-
Tl1 Mn. UaHoB 3aRBRBa: ,,3a B11.r111H 11 oKp'hra MY 11 3a q11cTo 6'bmapcKH MecTa B MaKe-
.z:IOHHR E'hnrap11R e roToBa .r1a )!(epTBa JI! rrorne,I1Hl1R rpa)!(,IlaHJllH 11 caHTJllM. "
IIon11T11KaTa Ha Pyc11R 3a B'h3CTaHOBRBaHe Ha cTaTyKBOTO ce nperr'bBa B c'bnporH-
Barn Ha JloH,IIOH. Ha CBl1KaHarn Ha 24 OKTOMBp11 1885 r. B Uap11rpa.r1 Me)!(,I1yHapo11-
Ha KoHcpepeHQJllR no 6'hnrapcKoTo c'be,I111HeHJ11e aHrJil1HCKHRT .r1eneraT Y. YaI1T yMerro
ca60TJ11pa B3eMaHeTo Ha perneH11e 11 06pJ11qa eBpone:ikKHR KOHQepT Ha 6e3CJllJIJl!e. B
T03Jll MOMeHT ce HaMeCBa C'hp6J11R, KORTO Ha 2 HOeMBpH, c. r. 3anoqBa c HJll~O Henpe-
,Ill13BJllKaHaTa BOHHa cpe~y 6'hJirapJ11Te. E'hnrap11R e oCTaBeHa caMa cpe~y arpecopa.
Bc11qK11 Ben11K11 c11n11 ca npoT11B HaxJiy13aHe B MaKe.z:IOHl1R, HO Hl1TO e.r1Ha OT rnx He
ce orr11TBa .r1a cnpe cp'b6cKoTo HaBJrn3aHe B E'hnrap11R. IIp11 TOBa Hl1KOH B EBporra He
BRpBa, qe MJia,[laTa 6'hmapCKa BOHCKa, OT KORTO ca l13TerJieHJ1 pycKJllTe ocpHQepH, Il1e
MO)!(e ycnernHo .r1a ce npoT11BonocTaBJ11 Ha qy)!(.r1arn arpeorn, Ha e.r1Ha apMI1R c omrr 11
Tpa,Ill1Ql1l1 B'hB BOeHHOTO ,[leJIO.
3anoqBa BOHHaTa Ha ,,reHepan11Te cpe~y Kan11rnH11Te': KaKTO R Hap11qaT espo-
rreI1cK11Te KopecnoH,IleHTJll. URnaTa HaQl1R ce B,I111ra B 3a~11Ta Ha 3aCTparneHoTo ore-
qecTBO - MJia,[IJllTe 6'bmapCKJll ocp11Qep11, BOHHJllQJ1Te OT KHR)!(eCTBOTO l1 611Brnarn yfa-
TQqHa PyMemrn, .r106poBOJIQl1 OT cTpaHaTa 11 MaKe,IIOHl1R, HaceJieH11eTo, KoeTo c'b611pa
IIOMO~l1, JieKap11, CTy,IleHTJ1 l1 yqeHJ1QJll - BCJ1qKJ1 ce CTJ1qaT K'bM rrpe,I1HaTa JIJl!Hl1R Ha
O)!(eCToqeHJllTe cpa)!(eHJ1R. M TB'bp,Ile CKopo CBeT'bT e CT'bIIJ1CaH OT repOI13Ma, )Kepr-

BOfOTOBHOCTTa l1 ce6eoTp11QaHJ1eTO Ha HaCKopo orno60.r1eHJ1R Hapo,II, KOHTO ycnRBa
.r1a oT6JI'bCHe 11 p;a rrporoH11 HarnecrneH11Ka OT 6'bnrapCKarn Tep11Top11R. IIo-K'hCHO TI.
KapaBeJioB ~e 3aRBl1, qe C'he,I1J11HeH11eTo e 3a~11TeHo OT ,,RK11Te KpaKa Ha BOHHl1l.ll!·
Te, KOl1TO crrac11xa E'hnrap11R''. E'hnrapcKarn no6ep;a e C'hKpyrn11TenHa, HO 3arrnaxara
OT cTpaHa Ha C'hp611R ocrnBa .r1a Teme. E.r1Ba Ha 19 cpeBpyap11 1886 r. B pyM'hHCKara
118
HOBA E'bllfAPCKA MCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
cro1n1Qa e TIOATIIllCaH EyKypeI.QKllUIT MillpeH ):\oroBop, KOMTO ce c'bCTOJ/I or e):\J/IH "!JieH:

,,B'b3CTaHoBHBa ce MillpoT Me)!{AY Cpo6cKoro KpancrBo Ill EonrapcKoro KHH)!{ecrBo,
CM.l!TaHO OT AeHH Ha IIOATillICBaHeTo Ha HaCTOHll\lllH ):\OfOBOp. ,,
Tipill peaJIJ/13I11patte Ha CneAJ11HeHJ11eTO Ha npe):\eH nnaH Ill3Jil!l3aT HaI1-TaJiaHTJIHBJ11Te
JIM'-!HOCTJ/I Ha HaQJ/IHTa - peBOJIIOQJ/IOHep111, ,L\'bp)!{aBHlllQlll, ):\lllTIJIOMaTlll Ill BOeHa"!aJIHJ/IQJ/I.
l1crop111HTa I.Qe coxpaHll! HMeHaTa Ha 3. CTOHHOB - B):\'bXHOBHTeJI Ha ):\eJioTo, TI. Kapa-
BerroB - CTO)!{ep Ha HeroBaTa 3all\HTa 111 np1113HaBaHe, KH.113 AneKcaH,L\op I - npeIDpHaJI
0611\0HapoAHHH l!IAean c p111cK 3a KopoHaTa CM, MB. EB. feIIIoB 111 fp. Ha"!OBlll"I - Tpona-
11\H no eBponeJ1:cK111Te rropT111 c ):\HTIJIOMaT111qecK111 MHCllilll, A-P K. CTOHJIOB - nocT'bTililJI
Karo ):\o6poBoJieQ B apM111HTa, Kan. P. TieTpoB - cTpaTer Ha Bot'rnarn, Mal1:op K. TiaH111Qa
- H3Bnplll111JI IIO):\Bli13111 enc rno.11 ):\06poBonqecK111 oTp.ll.r:\ 111 MHoro ,L\pyr111. EonrapCKaTa
no6e):\a 111 mmcaTa Ha e):\111Ho,L\yIII111e Me)!{AY Ben111K111Te rnn111 npaB.lIT B'b3CTaHOB.lIBaHeTo
Ha CTaTYKBOTO HeB'b3MO)!{H0. ~ap111rpa):\CKaTa KOHcpepeHQH.ll e npHHy):\eHa ):\a npHeMe
p;wpeKTHOTo 6onrapo-TypcKo cnopa3yMeH111e. Ha 24 MapT 1886 r. B TypCKaTa CTOJil!1Qa
nornaH1!1Qli1Te Ha BeJIHKHTe c11n111 IIO):\ITMCBaT 6onrapo-TypcKaTa cnorop;6a, HapeqeHa
TorrxaHeHcK111 aKT.
4. B 3al!!,HTa ua C'hef\HHHCTKOTO AeAo
Cpo6cKo-6onrapCKaTa BOMHa 3arro"!Ba Ha 2 HOeMBp111 1885 r., Koraro Cop611.11,

Hep;oBOJIHa OT oc'bI.QecTBeHOTO Coe):\111HeHHe Ha KH.ll)!{ecrno Eorrrap11I.11 c l13TO"!Ha Py-
Men111.11, 06.11B.11Ba BOMHa Ha Eonrap111.11. EonrapCKaTa rro6e):\a B Ta311 KpaTKa Boi1Ha, Ha-
p111qaHa ,,Kan111TaH111Te no6e)!{):\aBaT reHepan111Te", e rrpe):\rrocTaBKa 3a Me)K,L\yHapo,L\HOTO
np1113HaBaHe Ha Cne):\111HeH111eTo Ha KH.ll)KeCTBOTO c M3TO"!Ha PyMemrn.
BnnpeK111 BClil"IKH Hana):\KH Eonrap111.11 He CKJIOH.lIBa ):\a KOMrreHc111pa rro KaK'bBTO
w p;a e Ha"!lilH coce):\Hll!Te w,L\'bp)!{aB111, a Cop6vrn 3arro"!Ba yc111neHo ):\ace roTBlll 3a Boi1-
Ha. ABcTpo-YHrap111H, KO.lITO ll!Ma TaeH C'bI03Hl!l"!ecK111 p;oroBop enc Copforn, ):\ap.11Ba
orpoMeH rrap111"!eH cpoH):\ 3a Boopo)KeH111e Ha cpo6CKaTa apM111.11, Ho He B'b3HaMepHBa
p;a ce MeCH B KOHcpJilllKTa c Boi1cKa, Karo rrpe):\Bap111TeJIHO rrpe,L\yrrpe)K):\aBa Cop6111.11, "!e
BOt°IHaTa 11\e ce B0):\111 caMO OT He.II III qe OCBeH rrapl!I"!Ha, T.ll H.lIMa ):\a nonyq]/f Hl!IKaKBa
.n;pyra rroMOll\. Ha 27 cerrTeMBpH cpo6CKlll qacrn npeCH"!aT rpaH111QaTa rrp111 TpoH, HO
ca OT6JI'bCHaT111 OT 6onrapCKaTa Boi1cKa. Cne,[\ MeceQ rrorne):\Ba BTopa rpaHJ/l"!Ha npo-
BOKaQl!IH. Eonrap111.11 rrpoTecT111pa npe,L\ Berr111K11ITe c111n111, HO 6e3pe3ynrnTHO. B Kpa.11 Ha
MeceQ OKTOMBp111 cpo6cK111Te BOt°ICKlll 3aBopllIBaT cocpe,L\OTO"!aBaHeTO c111 no rpaHl!l-
1\aTa 111 Ha 2 HOeMBp111 Cop6111.11 06.11B.11Ba Bot'rna Ha Eonrap111.11 no):\ npeTeKcT, "le 60JI-
rapcK111 qacT111 ca Harra):\Han111 norpaHllI"!HllITe pat'10H111. Cnll\H.lIT ):\eH KH.113 ArreKcaH,L\'bp
EaTeH6epr 1113):\aBa MaH111cpecT ):\O Qen111.11 6onrapcK111 Hapo,L\. Eorrrapirn 1113npall\a HOTa
AO BClll"!Klil Ben111K111 c111n111 c 111cKaHe ):\ace HaMeC.lIT KaTo yM111poTBop111TeJI111, HO He rrony-
"laBa oTroBop. E,L\lilHCTBeHo CI03epeH'bT OcMaHcKaTa 111Mnep111.11 ornpnll\a Ha Mon6aTa
3a TIOMOll\, HO 3a.lIBHBa, qe I.Qe npaTl!I CBOl!ITe BOMCKlll B ITO,L\Kpena Ha Eonrapirn, caMO
aKo KH.ll)KeCTBOTO OTXBopmr Coe):\nHeHl!leTo c l13TO"!Ha PyMen111.11.
119
Pocuu,a AH2enoaa
Copfo.rn pa3nonara c MHOro'-r11rneHM M .r106pe o6yqeHM Boopo:>KeHM CVIJIJ.1. Coe

3aKOH OT 1883 r. Te ca peopraHJ.13MpaHM B nocTORHHa pe.r10BHa Boi1cKa. Coce,[\KaTa HI!
M06MJIM3Hpa 42 000 .r1yrnM M 800 KaBanepMCTM 3a cppoHTa cpe~y Cocpirn (HMrnaBCKa
apMMR) M 21 000 .r\YllIJ.1 3a BM,[\MHCKMR cppoHT, KaKTO M 8 800 pe3epB, rna6.r1em1 c 400
apTMJiep:w:i1cKH opo,[\J.1.R, KaTO ce O'IaKBaT o~e OKOJIO 306 ,[\a npHCHirHaT OT ct>paHI.\l1J!.
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Ha CocpMR .r1a ce npeMJ.1He K'bM oT6paHa Ha llfxTMMaHcKaTa nnaHHHa J.1 peaJIM3aQMJ!Ta
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120
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KnM AeMCTBallJ,aTa 6nmapcKa apMMR ca npVIKpeneHJ.1 A06poBOJI'-IeCKJ.1 APPKMHJ.1.
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CKHTe cTyAeHTlil B qy)i(6Ji1Ha HanyCKaT YHMBepc:viTen'!Te J.1 noeMaT K'bM EnmaplilR. B
rrapaXOAa Ha n'bT K'bM pOAJ.1HaTa cTyAeHTlilTe VI A06poBOJIQlilTe 3anRBaT HamrcaHaTa OT
UBHTKO PaAOCJiaBOB neceH 'TopAa Crnpa nnaHJ.1Ha'', KORTO AHec e HaQMOHaJieH XlilMH.
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TO Ha sofrnarn. Kpafr L(paroMaH np11CTV1rall\11Te OT Uap116poACKaTa no3HQMR 6nmapH
ce cJIVIBaT c eAHa APY)!(HHa 11 eAMH noJIK.
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nnaH'bT 3a Hei1HoTo Aer1cTs11e e Aa OBJiaAee nnrn IIupoT - TpoH - Epe3HMK H no-K'bc-
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121
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T03M noT ,n;o Epe3HMK. MaJIKO no Ha ror MopascKarn ,O:MBM3MR BO,O:M 6011: c 6omapcK11J1
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cocpe,o;oTo'leH Ha KonyHMWKarn BMCO'IMHa. Cne,n; 11eno,n;HeBHo cpa)KeHMe J13BopcK11J1T
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OT CJIMBHMQa ca M36paHM 3a MRCTO 3a pewMTeJieH OTnop o~e npe,o;w 3anO'IBaHe Ha
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OT6paHa Ha CTOJIMQaTa.
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BOMCKM, HaMMpa~l1 ce Ha TypcKaTa rpaHMQa. 3anoBe,n;rn Ha 6onrapcKOTO KOMaH,!IBaHe
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122
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ce rrpl!!c'begl!!HRBa Karr. ileT'bp TaHTMJIOB 11 KOMaHgBaHMTe OT Hero 4 TpaK11i1cKa, 2 co-
cjmwcKa 11 1 orr'hJil.JeHcKa gpy:>1rnHa Ii! egHa 6arnpeR. TaKa 6'brrrap:tne seqe gocniraT 20
000, a c'bpforTe Hag 31 000 gyrn11.
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l13Abp)l(aT l1 o6p'bll\aT B 6Rr, OT TYK HaTaT'bK XOA'bT Ha cpa)l(eHJ1eTO e pellleH. no o6Rg
Ha 7 HOeMBpl1 6bJirap11Te MMHaBaT B HaCT'bIIJieHJ1e.
0TpRA'hT Ha Karr11TaH Kocrn naHMQa pa3forna cp'b6cKJ1Te BOMCKH rrpH PorroT l1
KOMII\HQa l1 HaBJIJ13a B C'bp6:trn, Karn c ToBa rrpli!KlIIOt.IBa 611TKaTa rrpH Cn11BHl1Qa.
TipoBarreH e 3aMHC'bJI'bT Ha cp'b6CKOTO KOMaHgBaHe l1 CocpHR e 3all\l1TeHa.
3a pa3Jil!!Ka OT 3arragHl1R cppoHT, K'bgeTO 6'brrrapl1Te MJ1HaBaT B HaCT'bIIJieHJ1e,
Ha CeBepHHR cppoHT ycHJieHMTe 6oeBe rrpog'bJI)l(aBaT, Karn reHeparr flelllaHHH l1 KO-
Pocu11a AH2eJ10Ba
MaHABaHaTa OT Hero cpo6CKa T11MOIIIKa apMHR HarrpeABaT K'bM BHAHH, a 6onrapcKme

rrorpaHJ1'IHI1 "IaCTJ1 CKopo 3aIIO"IBaT Aa OTCT'bIIBaT Ha3aA K'bM BHAHHCKaTa KperrocT.
CooTHOIIIeHMeTo Ha Cl1JIHTe He e paBHOCTOWHO, copfo1Te Ha6poRBaT 22 000, a BCM'!Kll
15 000 6omapCKJ1 3alQHTHJ1QI1 ca OII'bJI"IeHQJ1, 3aIIaCHI1 I1 A06poBOJIQI1, HRMa HHTO
eAMH peAOBeH BOWHMK. Ha 4 HOeMBpl1 KOMaHABaLQMRT CeBepHMRT cppoHT - Kanuratt
ArnHac Y3yHoB - Hape)!(Aa Ha MaJI'bK neTRlQ oTpRA, KoMaHABaH OT rropY"Jl1QJ1Te Ara-
Hac TieTpoB 11 JlHKO .D:paraHoB Aa cT11rne EperoBo, OT TaM AO 3atl"Iap 11 Aa arnKyBa
rnaBHJ1Te CJ1JIJ1 Ha cpo6CKHTe ,,ceBepH11" BOWCKH Ha TRXHa TepHTOpHR c QeJI Aa 06·
JieK'!H 3aLQJ1THHQHTe Ha Kyna, KOMTO MMaT cep1103HH rrpo6neMH. B pe3ynTaT, qen1p11
cpo6CKI1 poTH ca pa36HTI1 I1 OKOJIO 100 6ot'IQl1 IIJieHeHJ1, HO Cop6HTe ca TB'bpAe MHOro
11 6omap11Te B Kyna npeT'bpIIRBaT nopa)!(eHHe. Ha 5 ttoeMBpH cop611Te Harrpe,!IBaT
caMo c 5 KM. CneA 6oeBe, rrpoA'bJI)!(J1JIH OT 6 AO 8 HOeMBpH, 600-Te AYIIIM noA KoMaH11-
BaHeTo Ha CTecpaH 1 fonaKOB 11 TiaHatloT .JJ:BopRHOB ycrrRBaT Aa oT6JI'bCHaT cpo6cKHTe
BOWCKH. no TOBa BpeMe BHAHH Be"Ie ce fOTBH 3a o6caAa, 4 Kopa6a CTOBapBaT xpaHa II
6oerrp11rrac11 3a 3aLQHTHl1QHTe Ha KperrocTTa, np11roTBeH11 ca oKonH 11 ca rrp0Bepem1
yKpenneHMRTa . .6onrapHTe ce CTpaxYBaT Aa l13TernRT BCJ1'!Kl1 OTPRAH OT IO)!(Ha n'bJI-
rapHR, T'btl KaTo OcMaHcKarn 11Mrrep11R OI.Qe rrpeACTaBJIRBa 3annaxa.
D'bllrapcKOTO KOMaHABaHe pernaaa B'bB BTopaTa cpa3a Ha BOt'!HaTa Aa MHHe B Ha-
CT'bTIJieHMe, Aa rro6eAl1 OCHOBHJ1Te CJ1JIH Ha cpo6CKaTa apMl1R l1 ,[(a crreqeJIH BOHHaTa.
Ha 8 HOeMBpH ,[(eCHMRT 6omapcKl1 cprraHr HaCT'bIIBa K'bM .JJ:paroMaH; rne.r1 QRJIO ,!\eHo-
HOLQHe HerrpeK'bcHaTM 6oeBe copfone ce oTTeflIRT Ha 10r OT rpaAa. CoLQJtIR AeH I ne-
xoTeH Cocp11tlcKH TIOJIK ce cpeI.Qa B ceno foJI'b6oBQH c OTPRA OT pa36HTarn MopaBcKa
,[(l1BH3l1R. CKopo l1 .6pe3Hl1K e orno6oAeH, cop6uTe ce OTTeflIRT B TpoH. Cpo6CKara
)J;yHaBcKa Al1Bl13HR OTCT'bIIBa AO KarroTHHa, IllyMaAHWCKarn K'bM fa6ep, a )J;pHHcKara
B JJ:paroMaHCKMR rrpoxoA, cpo6cKarn Bot'!cKa Betie e o6xaaHaTa OT rraHHKa l1 AeMopa-
JIJ13aQHR.
Ha 9 HOeMap11 6oeaeTe ca crrpeHM, KoeTo AaBa B'b3MO)!(HOCT Ha 6omapcKoTO Ko-
MaHABaHe Aa rrperpym1pa aor1cK11Te c11. Crre.r1 np11cT11raHeTO Ha VI rrexoTeH TnpHoB-
CKlil IIOJIK, VIII rrexoTeH Tip11MopcKH IIOJIK l1 TIJIOBAHBCKlil nexoTeH IIOJIK, 6onrapCKara
apMI1R Bel.Je Ha6poRBa 40 000 AYWlil. Copforn Mo611JI1i13l1pa OI.Qe 32 000 AYWH w rn
cocpeAOTO'!aBa Kpat'1 TI11poT. CneA cpa)!(eHMRTa OT 5 AO 8 HoeMap11 otiaKBaHHRra 3a
Botl:HaTa ca KopeHHO rrpoMeHeHM, B rroaeqe eBporrer1cKJ1 aecTHHQM rrwIIIe, qe BeIIHKH-
Te rnrrH TpR6Ba Aa ce npeKJIOHRT 11 Aa Aa,[(aT l13TOl.JHa PyMeJIMR Ha .6onrapHR. KHR3
AneKcaHA'bP I e peIIIeH Aa l13TJiaCKa BCJ1"IKI1 apa)!(eCKI1 BOWCKM OT Tep11Top11Rra Ha
.6onrap11R, Aa HaBJie3e B Cop611R 11 '!aK ToraBa Aa BOAM MttpHI1 nper0Bop11. ToBa MY
,[(aBa OCHOBaHHe Aa OTXB'bpllI1 rrpeAJIO)!(eHJ1eTO 3a rrpHMl1pHe.
Ha 10 HOeMBplil AeCHMRT 6omapcK11 cpnaHr H QeHT'bpoT 3arro"IBaT Harra.r1eH11e
HaA JJ:paroMaHCKHR rrpoXOA, cop6HTe OTHOBO He I13A'bp)!(aT Ha 6ollfapcKaTa arnKa ,,Ha
HO)!(" l1 OTCT'bIIBaT K'bM IJ;apH6poA; cppoHT'bT Bel.Jee rrpeMeCTeH Ha 14 KM OT IJ;apH6po11.
Ha 11 HoeMap11 e o6RBeHo aceo6I.Qo HanaAeH11e cpeI.Qy cpo6cKaTa Bot'!cKa. Kpar1HHRT
JO)!(eH cpnaHr ce Hacoqaa K'bM TpoH. 0TCT'bIIBaLQHTe cpo6CKJ1 BOHCKJ1 (JJ:yttaaCKara,
.[(p11HcKarn, lliyMaA11t'1CKaTa 11 ocTaT'bQJ1Te OT MopaBcKaTa ,[(l1Bl13l1R) coyMRBaT .r1a ce
rrperpyn11paT Ha Jili!Hl1RTa. TinaHHHMQa - IJ;apH6poA - PaAet'!Ha, HO OTHOBO ca rrpHHy-
HOBA E"bflrAPCKA UCTOPUJI (1878-1944)
.n;em1 ,o;a OTCToIIHT 11 Uap116po,n; e orno6o,o;eH OT 6omapcK11Te 6ot11r11. 0TTenmmITe

ce ,llO rpamrn;aTa cpn6cK11 qacTM ce yKperrsaT 11 cncpep;oToqasaT Ha HernKoB spnx,
K'b,D;eTO cne,n; Il.IMKOBa aTaKa Ha 12 HOeMBpM lllyMap;MMCKaTa )J;MBM3HR e M3TJiaCKaHa
3ap; 6nrrrapCKaTa rpaH1111,a. I1perpyrr11panara ce MopasCKa p;MBM3MR cnIIW e rro6ep;eHa
11 OTCTnrrBa 3ap; rpaH1111,a. Ha 13 HOeMBpM ca M3rrpaTeHM cpn6CKM rrapnaMeHTbopw c
Morr6a 3a rrp11MMpv1e, HO 6nmap11Te oTroBapaT, qe MMp Ille MMa caMo rrp11 rrpaKa 3arro-
sep; OT 6nrrrapcKMRT KHR3 AneKcaHp;np I.
Ha 12 HOeMBpM Pycm1, AsCTpo-YttrapwR 11 fepMaHMR 113rrpaI11aT HOTa Ha Enn-
rapMR 3a 3arroqsaHeTo Ha MMpHM rrperosopw Me)l(p;y BOIOBall.IMTe CTpaHM. HoTaTa e
ITO,llKperreHa 11 OT OcMaHcKaTa MMrrepwR, KORTO seqe cep1103HO ce 6e3rrOKOM 3a CJ.1-
rypHOCTTa Ha TepMTopvmTe CM. B MCKaHeTo Ha BemtKMTe CMJIM, He e crroMeHaTo HMll.\O
3a npH3HaHMe Ha Cnep;wHeHMeTo Ha Ennrap11R. EnnrapcKOTO rrpaBHTerrcrno ornara
orrosopa cw c M3BvmeHMeTo, qe AneKcaHp;np I e Ha 6or1HOTO none (KoeTo e BRpHo).
Crre,ll 14 HOeMBpM HOTaTa e OTXBnprreHa, a 6nmapCKMRT KHR3 3arroBRp;Ba Harra,lleHMeTO
,o;a npop;'bJI)!(H. MvipHM nperoBopH Ille MMa caMo npw rrpH3HaBaHe Ha Cnep;HHeHMeTo.
Ha 13 HOeMBpM OTHOBO HRMa 6oeBe M ,o;BeTe apMHM ce rrpHrOTBRT 3a ITO-fOJIRMO
cpa)l(eHMe. Cnp6wTe ce yKpenRT B I1wpoT, Knp;ern BOMCKMTe MM seqe p;ocnrraT 65 000
.n;ynrn. EnnrapcKMTe BOMCKM C'bll.\O ca pa3rroJIO)l(eHM B 6nw3ocT p;o I1upoT 11 Ha6poRBaT
OKOJIO 42 000.
B CoqmR Ha6np3o ca Cn3,n;ap;eHM rneCT 6oJIHHU,M 3a paHeHMTe, KaTo cpep; M3ITOJI3-
BaHMTe crpap;M ca crpap;aTa Ha Hapop;HaTa 6aHKa, Hapop;HoTo cn6paHMe, MMHMCTep-
crnarn M p;oCTa yqMJIMil.la. KaTo MHcrreKrnp Ha EnnrapcKHR qepseH KpncT 3a 6oI1HoTo
none I1eTKO P. CnaBeMKOB opraHM3Hpa npeBnp3oqHM nyHKTOBe B CrrMBHMU,a, ,D;paro-
MaH, Uapw6po.n; M .n;p. B CTpaHaTa rrpwcTHraT oceM MMCHM Ha qepBeHMR KpncT. BoncKM
KapyQH p;eHOHOll.\HO CHOBaT OT CoqmR p;o cppoHTa, 3a p;a MOraT p;a ornrypRT npoBM3MM
Ha 6nmapcKMTe 6oi1QM.
Ha 14 HOeMBpM 6nnrapcKMTe qacTM p;ocTMraT yKperrrreHMRTa npep; I1HpoT. Enn-
rapcKOTO KOMaHp;BaHe npeQeHRBa, qe HaM-Ba)l(HaTa TaKTJ1qeCKa ToqKa B cpa)l(eHMeTO
e UnpHM Bpnx. I1pe3 HOll.\Ta Ha C'bll.\MR p;eH .n;py)l(MHH OT I1pecrraBCKHR M KoHapcKMR
rrexoTeH rroJIK anKyBaT Bnpxa c Il.IMKoBa arnKa M ro npes3eMaT. EoRT e 06I11, no QR-
rrarn I1HpOTCKa JIMHHR. EnnrapcKaTa apTwrrepMR nop;KperrR CHJIHO rrexorara. I111poT e
o6rpap;eH OT 6nnrapcKMTe BOMCKM. Ha 15 HOeMBp11 6nmap1ne npeMMHaBaT B Il.IMKOBa
arnKa, 60.RT ce pa3BMXpR no ynMQHTe Ha rpa,o;a. B cpn6CKMTe pep;MQM HaCT'bITBa xaoc
3apa,o;w HeoqaKBaHo paHHaTa aTaKa M Te M30CTaBRT rpap;a. ITnrnT Ha 6nrrrapnTe p;o
H11rn e rno6op;eH. B 60.R rrpw I111poT OT cpn6CKa CTpaHa MMa rroseqe OT 700 y6wTM M
560 paHeHM. 3ary6wTe Ha 6nnrapCKaTa BOMCKa ca 1 150 y6nTM M paHeHM M 165 6e3-
crrep;Ho w3qe3HaJIM.
Ha CeBepmrn cppoHT 6nnrap11Te OTHOBO M3ITMTBaT 3aTpyp;HeHMR, cpn6cKMTe sor1:-
CKH cnyMRBaT p;a o6Kpn)l(aT Bwp;HH. OT JioM e M3rrpaTeH rropyqwK feoprn To.n;opoB c 3
3arrarnw poTM, ep;MH ecKap;poH M 6 opnp;MR, HO rnfi'i 6np3o e or6rrnCHaT OT cnp6wTe rrpw
OITHTa CM p;a ITOMOfHe Ha cesepHMTe 6nmapCKM BOMCKM. Ha 11 HOeMBpM cpn6cKaTa
BOMcKa 3arroqsa curreH o6cTpen Hap; Bwp;:irn, 6nrrrapHTe M3ITOJI3BaT 30-Te CM opn,ll;MR,
3a p;a crrpaT HaCT'bITJieHMeTo. OcHOBHaTa rnrra Ha 3all.IMTHHll,MTe ca ep;Ha pyceHcKa .n;py-
]')c;
Pocuu,a AH2enoaa
)f(I1Ha, e;r1Ha 3anarna 6;r1wHcKa APY)f(WHa w ;r106poBOJIQW OT lllyMeH - 061.Qo He noBe'le

OT 6 000 AYlllW. Cpb6cKwTe BOMCKW ca C'bCTaBeHw OT oKorro 11 000 6oMQW.
Cpb6cKoTo KoMaH):IBaHe ce onwTBa ;r1a HaKapa Kan. ATaHac Y3yHoB ;r1a ce npe-
;r1a;r1e, KaTo W3nOJI3Ba Jib)f(aTa, 'le CoqmR e na;r1Harra, HO 6brrrapcKHRT KanvrTaH He ce
XBaI.Qa w OTXBbprrR npe):IJIO)f(eHweTo. Ha 13 HOeMBpw TOM Hape)f():la ;r1a ce nyette peKa
L(yHaB B KaHamue Ha rpa;r1a. TaKa HaBOAHRBa OKOJIHOCTWTe MY 11 Bw;r1wH e 06rpa.r1eH
OT BO):la KaTO OCTpOB. Ha 12 w 13 HOeMBpl!I Cbp6iue 3anO'IBaT HOBa aTaKa, KORTO ce
oKa3Ba HeycnelllHa. Ha ;r1pynIR ;r1eH cp'h6cKWR reHeparr JlelllaHwH npe;r1rrara npwM111piie
OT HRKOJIKO qaca, 3a ;r1a ce npvr6epaT paHeHwTe, Y3yHoB npweMa. Cbp6wTe He W3TIOJI3-
BaT BpeMeHHOTO npwMvrpwe 3a cnacJIBaHe Ha paHeHW, a 3a ):la 1!13KOnaRT HOBW OKOTill
11 no;r106pRBaT CTapwTe. Ha 14 HoeMBpM c'hp6MTe OTHOBO aTaKyBaT, HO ca oT6WTM. Ha
15 HoeMBpw 6brrrapMTe M3JIW3aT OT KpenocTTa w no;r1Kpenem1 OT HacerreH111eTo Ha rp.
KarracpaT KOHTpaaTaKyBaT, TaKa cbp6wTe ca w3rnaCKam1. B paHHaTa cyTpwH Ha 15 Ho-
eMBpw 6brrrapcKWRT OTP.RA e B ceno JlarollleBQM.
Ha 16 HoeMBpw EbrrrapMR w CbpfoIR CKJIIO'IBaT npwMwpwe. OI.Qe Cbl.QMR ):leH re-
Heparr JlelllaHWH e yBe):IOMeH, HO BbnpeKW TOBa TOM 3anOBR):IBa ):la 3ano'IHe IQYPM Hag
BMAWH c BCW'IKW HaJIW'IHW cwrrw. Hana;r1ettweTo 6e3ycnell1HO npo):lbJI)f(aBa ;r10 n'hpBHTe
'IacoBe Ha 17 HOeMBpw. B 4 qaca cyTpWHTa Ha 17 HOeMBpw JlelllaHWH ce npe;r1aBa.
Cpb6cKaTa apMM.R e M3npaBeHa npe;r1 nbrreH pa3rpoM, KOMTO e W36erttaT 6naro.z:1a-
peHwe Ha HaMecaTa Ha ABCTpo-YHrapwR. Ha 16 HOeMBpw aBCTpo-yHrapcKliIRT TI'bJIHO-
MOI.QeH MliIHWCTbp B Eerrrpa;r1, rpacp KeBettxrorrep-Me'I, np111cTMra B foaBHaTa KBaprn-
pa Ha 6bnrapCKaTa apMwR B flvrpoT w HacTO.RBa npe;r1 6bnrapcKWR KHR3 ArreKcaH,Llop I
;r1a ce npeKpaTw no-HaTaTblllHO HaCTbTIJieHwe. KeBeHxrorrep 3anrrall1Ba c HaMecaTa Ha
aBCTpo-yHrapcKwTe Boi'rcKw B KOHcpnwKTa w c eBeHTyanHa pyCKa HaMeca. EbnrapCKii-
.RT BJia):leTerr e npvrny;r1eH ;r1a npweMe. Me)f(AY Ebnrapw.R w Cbp6vrn 3ano'IBaT nperoBo-
pw 3a npwMwpwe, KOWTo npwKJIIO'IBaT Ha 9 ;r1eKeMBpw 1885 r. Cnope;r1 rnx npwM11p11ern
I.Qe Tpae ):10 17 cpeBpyapH 1886 r., ):IBeTe BOMCKW ce OTTerJIRT Ha CTapwTe CH rpatt111111,
o6pa3yBa ce BpeMeHHa HeyTpanHa 30Ha, 3ano'IBa B3aWMHa pa3MJIHa Ha nrreHHV!QWTe 11
ce Ha3Ha':!aBaT ;r1erreraTw 3a BO):leHe Ha MwpHw nperoBopvr.
5. MHp'bT npmrnanHe
Heo'IaKBaHW.RT pa3BOM Ha 6oMHV!Te ;r1eMCTBW.R no BpeMe Ha BOMHaTa, B Koiiro

6'brrrapwTe cneqenBaT yBa)f(eHweTo w Bb3Topra Ha EBpona, BHaCJI CbI.QeCTBeH o6par B
caMOTO TpeTwpaHe Ha I13TO'IHOpyMeJIWMCKW.R Bbnpoc. 3ano':!Ba HOBa cpa3a B ):IWIIJIOMa-
TW'IeCKaTa wCTopMR Ha Cbe):IMHeHweTo. TR ce oKa3Ba H3KJIIO':!MTeJIHO TPYAHa.
BbnpeKw TOBa Ha 20 RHyapw 1886 r. Me)f(;r1y Mnw.R L(aHoB w BeJIWKMR Be3Hp e no-
;r1n11caHo cnopa3yMeHMe, pernaMeHTMpaIQO B llleCT TO'IKW Ha':!WHa Ha npeXBbpJIRHe Ha
BJiacTTa Ha):I 6MBlllaTa M3TO'IHa PyMenwJI. YnpaBrreHweTo Ha o6nacTTa ce noBepRBa
nepcoHarrHo Ha KH.R3 ArreKcaH):lbp 3a 5 ro):IWHW, rne;r1 KoeTo c o;r106peHYieTo Ha cyn-
TaHa, TOM MO)f(e ;r1a 6b;r1e npeHa3Ha'IaBaH; npwcbe):IMHeHwTe OT OcMaHcKaTa WMnep1rn
po;r1onCKI1 cena Ha 6brrrap11 c MOXaMe):laHCKO BepOM3TIOBe):laHI1e VI HJIKOJIKO cena B
HOBA E'"bflI'APCKA I1CTOPI15l (1878-1944)
Kbpp;)!(aJil1MCKa OKOJHUI ce noTB'bp)l(,D;aBaT KaTO OCMaHCKa Tep11rnpm1, a np11 onpep;e-

rnrne Ha rpaH11qaTa B Pop;on11Te ce B3eMaT npep;B11p; CTpaTen1qecK11Te oco6eHocT11 Ha
pa:rlioHa, K011TO ca B noJI3a Ha IIoprnTa; B3al1MHa BOeHHa noMOil\ B CJI)"-Ia:rli Ha Hana-
p;eHl1e cpenw Typqmi: 11n11 Eorrrapmi:; npepa3rne>Kp;aHe Ha OpraH11qecKHR ycrnB Ha
:VfaToqHa PyMeJI11R OT KOMMCMR, Ha3HaqeHa OT cyJITaHa VI KHR3a. Cnorop;6arn npeA-
Bl1)!(,ll;a BCV!qK11 p;pyrH nOJIO)l(eH11R Ha EepJI11HCKl1R p;oroBop p;a OCTanaT B n'bJII-Ia oma.
IIpoeKT'bT e He>Brop;eH 3a Eorrrap11R 11 He,l:\OBOJICTBOTO e roJIRMO. B TaK11Ba Tpyp;B11
ycJIOBHR TpR6Ba p;a npop;oJI)l(aT napanenH11Te nper0Bop11 B EyKypell\, KOHTO rnep;Ba Aa
HOpMaJI11311paT 6orrrapo-cpo6CK11Te OTHOilleH11R.
Ilper0Bop11Te ca OTKp11T11 B EyKypell\ H ca CBM,l:\eTeJicTBo 3a HeyTpanHaTa no3J1-
1111R Ha PyMoH11R B KoHcpn11KTa. B nornep;BaJI11Te nperoBop11 3a 113roTBRHe Ha M11peH
p;oroBop B311Ma )"-IaCT11e 11 A6p;ynax Mep;>KHA narna - npep;crnBHTeJI Ha OcMaHCKaTa
!1Mnep11R, KORTO no CJ1JiaTa Ha EepJI11HCK11R p;oroBop OT 1878 e cq11rnHa 3a CI03epeH
Ha KHR>Kecrno Eomap11R. M11pH11RT p;oroBop e nop;m1caH Ha 19 cpeBpyap11 1886 r. B
EyKypell\ 11 rnac11 "Bo3CTaHOBRBa ce MHpoT Me>Kp;y Cp'b6CKOTO Kpancrno 11 E'hnrap-
CKOTO KHR)l(eCTBO, CMRTaHO OT p;eHR Ha nop;n11CBaHeTO Ha HaCTORil\11R p;oroBop''. 3a
Enmap11R no6ep;aTa 11311rpaBa Ba)l(Ha poJIR 3a yKpenBaHe Ha Me)l(,l:\yHapop;HoTo r:1 no-
JIO)!(eHHe, TR e Ba)l(Ha CT'bnKa OT npH3HarrneTO Ha C'be,D;HHeHJ1eTO OT BeJI11KHTe C11JIH.
TaKa ce CTMra p;o nop;n11CBaHeTo Ha 24 MapT 1886 r. Ha ''.AKT 3a cnorop;6arn OTHO-
rnocvnem10 pa6oTMTe Ha J13Tff'IHa PyMeJIHJi". AKT'bT e 113rornen Ha 6a3arn Ha Typ-
cKo-6orrrapcKarn cnorop;6a OT 20 Jrnyap11 c pa3JIMKaTa qe e Bn3np11ern aHrnur1cKaTa
11p;eR 3a nepcoHaJIHa ynuR Me>Kp;y KJ-rn>KecTBOTO H J13ToqHa PyMeJIMR. Bco111nocT Te311
orpaH11q11TeJIH11 yroBopK11 6ene>KaT Haqanorn Ha 6JIM3Karn a6AMKa1111R Ha KHR3 AneK-
caHp;op I. 0Tnap;a 11 TeKCT'bT 3a B3am.ma Boe1rna noMon~ H npaBoTo Ha BucoKaTa nop-
Ta p;a npall\a Bo:rlicKa B 6omapCKa Tep11rnp11R npu oco6eHH rnyqa11. C nop;n11rnaHeTo
Ha aKTa 3aBopnrnaT oceMMeceqnuTe p;e6aT11 no C'bep;11He1-rneTo, Ko11To p;oM11H11paT B
eBpone:rliCKaTa noJIMTHKa 11 p;11rrn0Maq11R. TaKa 6orrrapo-TypcKarn cnorop;6a, Hapel.leHa
TonxaHeHCKH aKT no MRCTOTO Ha 3acep;aH!1RTa Ha KOH<PepeHQ11RTa H Ha nop;TIHCBaHe-
TO Ha p;oroBopa, BJI113a B cuna, 3a p;a pernaMeHT11pa ep;Ho npeMMHaJio npe3 MHoro p;pa-
MaTHqH11 nepHnenrn Ha"'IHHan11e. Ha 13 anp:irn 1886 r. Ha Top>KecrneHa ayp;11eHQHR B
CoqmR lllaKHp narna Bpo"'IBa Ha KHR3 AneKcaHp;np cyJITaHCK11R cpepMaH, c KOMTO My
noBepRBa rnaBHOTO ynpaBne1-rne Ha lO:>KHa EorrrapHR.
Coep;11HeHvreTo rrony"'laBa Me)l(p;yHapo,l:\HO np113HaH11e rne,I:\ 7-MeceqHH yMenvr
rrocT'bnK11 Ha 6onrapcKaTa p;11rrJI0MaQMR, rnep; pelllMTemiaTa no6ep;a Ha 6onrapcKaTa
Bor1cKa Hap; "'IY)!(.l:\HR HarnecrneH11K H rrp11 oce3aTenHarn nop;Kpena Ha AHrn11R. Torrxa-
HeHCKVIRT aKT C'b,ll;'bp)l(a HRKOH orpaHHqHTeJIHH yroBopKH, HO p;aBa B'b3MO)!(HOCT Ha
6'bmapcKoTo npaBvrTencrno p;a oco111ecTB11 cpaKTJtiqecK11 II'bJIHO coep;vrHeH11e Ha CeBep-
Ha H IO)l(Ha Eonrapirn. 06BHHRBaH OT ono3Hl\HRTa B OTCT'bIJqHBOCT, KapaBenoB 3aJI-
BRBa B Hapop;HOTO co6paH11e: ,,Coe,D;MHemfeTo 3RXMe, rocnop;a! J1 Mora p;a Ka)f<a, "'le
6narop;apem1e Ha TMR OTCT'bITKM p;Hec TYK 3acep;aBaMe. A3 3HaR ep;Ho: RMQeTO HMM 113.H-
p;oxMe, a qepynKMTe ocrnHaxa Ha p;pyrnTe. "
127
Coru;ecTsysaHeTo Ha Vl3To•rna PyMemrn crnsa MMHano, ep,MH KpaTbK errM30,I\ or
cnep,orno6o)l(,D,eHcKaTa MCTopiur Ha 6onrap11Te 3arrO'IBa )l(MBOT'bT Ha coep,11HeHa Eon-
rapmr, HaTpyrraJia IlOJie3eH IlOJIMT11'IeCKM, ,D,11IlJIOMaT11'IeCK11 11 BOeHeH OI111T.
Coep,11HemreTo Ha KHR)l(ecrno Eonrap11n 11 M3TO'IHa PyMeJIMR rrpe3 1885 r. e
HaM-3Ha'IHMOTO co6HTHe B'bB B'bHIIIHorronun1qecKaTa 11cTop1rn Ha Eonrap11n 3a ,[\ece-
THJieTHR rnep, Orno6o)K,D,eH11eTo. Toe rrpop,'bJI)KeHHe Ha 6onrapCKaTa HaQMOHa1rna pe-
BOJIIOQ11R M rropBaTa ycrreIIIHa aKQHR 3a peaJI113MpaHe Ha HaQ110HaJIHO-o6ep;11HHTen-
HaTa rrporpaMa. To e rrpop,'bJI)KeHHe Ha 6onrapCKaTa HaQHOHaJIHa peBOJIJOQHR M nop-
BaTa ycrreurna aKQHR 3a pean11311paHe Ha HaQ110HaJIHo-06ep,11H11TeJIHaTa rrporpa~ia.
EonrapcKMRT Hapop; 11Ma caMo 7-rop,uIIIeH caMOCTORTeJieH p;op)l(aBeH )K1'IBOT, Koraro
,o,po3Ba p;a ce rrpoTMBorrocrnsu Ha p;HKTaTa Ha BeJIMKHTe cunu M p,a rrpoMeHH HaJio)!(e-
HOTo OT Eepn11HcK11R p,oroBop H3KYCTBeHo pa3p,eJIRHe Ha CeBepHa H IO)KHa Eonrapirn.
Tofr rroKa3Ba Ha rnern, qe e crroco6eH p,a ce rp11)1(11 3a cop,6HH11Te cu, p,a ce yrrpasmrna
M p,a 3aru;uTaBa HaQHOHaJIHaTa cu Tep11Topun. PeIII11TeJIHO e rrpeMmrnaTo ep,Ho onarno
3a HaQHOHaJIHaTa QRJIOCT OT,D,eJIHO coru;ecTByBaHe.
YcrrexoT Ha p,enoTo e ocr-rrypeH rnaBHO OT ep,11HCTBOTO Ha HaQMRTa - He~o pR,!IKO
B 6onrapcKaTa ucTopr-rn. 3aru;oTo B rrop,roTOBKaTa, rrpoBo3rnacnBaHeTo 11 3a~11Tara Ha
Coep,uHeHMeTo yqaCTBa QeJIHR 6onrapcKu Hap op, - OT KHR3a 11 rrpaBHTeJICTBOTO p;o 11H·
TemrreHQHRTa M BOfIHHQMTe. EonrapcKaTa o6~eCTBeHOCT, a u rropo6eHHTe 6onrapu
OT MaKe,D,OHHR H Op;puHcKo 3acTaBaT rrop, 3HaMeTo Ha HaQHOHaJIHHR Hp,ean. Te 3HaJIT,
'le OT ycrrexa Ha rropBaTa Kpa'IKa 3asuc11 H3IT'bJIHeHMeTo Ha QRJiaTa HaQHOHaJIHo-o6e-
,D,11HHTeJIHa rrporpaMa.
B pe3ynrnT Ha Coep,11Hem1eTo Eonrapr-rn ITO'ITH p;sotl:Ho yroneMRBa CBORTa repu-
Topun. Dr ce rrpOCTMpa Be'Ie Ha 96 345 KB. KM M HMa HaCeJieHMe OT 3 070 988 )!(!1Tem1,
23 oKpora c 84 oKomrn, 70 rpap,a M 4 684 cena. Tosa e roJIRMO rrocTM)Kem1e B yorn11-
RTa 3a KOHCOJIH,D,aQHR Ha 6oJirapcKaTa HaQHR. KHR)KeCTBOTO CTaBa Ha(I-3Ha'fl1MaTa
,D,np)KaBa Ha EanKam1Te, KORTO pa3rronara cnc conup,Ha sotl:cKa, p;eMOHCTpHpana Be~e
CBOMTe Ka'IeCTBa B rrpeMHHaJiaTa Cpn6CKo-6nnrapCKa BOMHa. Co3,D,aBaT ce peanm1
rrpe,a;rroCTaBK11 3a 0)1(11BRBaHe Ha CTOITaHCKHR )!(1'1BOT, 3a ITOJIHTH'IeCKM M KymypeH
rrpocrrepuTeT. :v13,a;11ra ce rrpecTH)!(a Ha CTpaHaTa He caMo B 6anKaHCKM, HO :w B eBpo-
rretl:cKH Maru;a6.
Cnep,:wHeHueTo pa3Kpvrna rnnpp;oTo )KeJiam1e Ha 6nnrap11Te p,a rrocTMrHaT rnoero
HaQHOHaJIHO ep,11HCTBO. EcTeCTBeHo TOBa 3ac11nBa rrop,03pem1eTo Ha cncep,H:wre 6an-
KaHcK:w ,D,op)KaBM 11 He,a;oBep11eTo Ha BemIKMTe c11n11. YroneMeHa Ennrap:wn MO)!{e Aa
rrp:11JI0)!(11 MO,D,ena Ha Cne,D,vIHeH11eTo M crrpnMo MaKe,D,OH11R 11 Op,pMHCKo. A Be,[IH'b)f(
ycnnn, 6onrapcKHRT Hapop, 11Ma caMO'IYBCTBMe 11 Bnpa B co6cTBeHMTe CM cun:w. To~r llle
rrpO,D,'bJI)l(H 6op6arn 3a OCB060)K)J,eH11e Ha OCTaHaJI11Te IlO,D, OCMaHCKa BJiaCT C'bHapoA-
H:WQH. Bn3MO)KHOCTMTe Ha Ennrap11n HapacTBaT, Ho 3aep,Ho c TOBa ce yBeJI11'faBaT H
Tpy,o,Hocn1Te. 3aru;oTo rnep, 1885 r. B'bHll1HorroJI11T11'IecK11Te p,etl:cTBMR Ha KHR)!(ecrno-
TO 11 6nJirapcKOTO HaQMOHaJIHOOCBo6op,vrTeJIHO ,!J,B11)KeHHe CTaBaT o6eKT Ha 0111e rro-
peBHMBO rnep,eHe 11 Ha pell111TeJIHO KOHTpHpaHe oT cTpaHa Ha OcMaHCKaTa :wMnepM.11,
eBporretl:cKvrTe p,np)l(aB11 11 Hep,0B07IH11Te cncep,11. OT pa3B11T11eTo Ha rron11T11'feCKara
o6cTaHOBKa B EBporra M OT 3penocTTa Ha 6nnrapcKMTe p,np)KaBHM p,el1Q11 3as11cVI ,11anH
128
EorrrapvrR 11\e MO:lKe p;a H3IIOJI3Ba HaTpyrraHHJI orrvrT vr rrpep;HMCTBaTa cvr cJiep; Cnep;vr-
Hem1eTo 3a 3aBnpnrnaHe Ha HaQvroHaJIHOTO o6ep;i.rnemre.
JU1TEPATYPA
AH.r1pees, M. E'bnrapCKaTa 6yp)f(oa3Ha )J,'bp)f(aBa 11 npasa. C., 1975.

Eepos, JI. ArpapHOTO )J,Bl1)f(em1e B YfaTO'IHa PyMenm1 no speMe Ha Ocso6o)f()J,em1eTo.
- J1I1p, KH. 1, 1955.
Eo6'IeB, C. C. M3TO'IHa PyMen11.11. McTop11qecK11 rrperne)J,, ycTpoC1cTBO, 3aKOHO)J,aTel!CTBO
11 npasoc'b)J,11e. C., 1924.
B'bllKOB, r. Y'Iacn1e Ha pycKHTe ocpm..1ep11 B H3rpa)f()J,aHeTo Ha M3TO'!HopyMen11C1cKaTa
MVIlll11.\ll.R (1879-1885r.) - BMC, KH. 2, 1975.
fnyIIIKOB, Xp. OcMaHcKaTa 11Mrrep11.R 11 C'be)J,HHeH11eTO Ha Ennrapi.rn (1885-1886) - MTip,
KH. 5, 1985.
,[(aM.RHOB, C. <PpeHCKOTO HKOHOMVI'recKo rrpoHHKBatte B E'bnrapm1 1878-1914. C., 1971.
,[(aMRHOB, C. E'bnrapm1 B'bB cppeHcKaTa rrol!VITHKa 1878-1918. C., 1985.
,[(aMRHOB, C. Esporreil:CKaTa )J,11nlloMaf.\HR 11 EyKypell.IKl1R MVIP OT 19 cpespyap11- 13 MapT
1886 r. - BMC, KH. 4, 1985.
,[(oCrnos, ,[(. KoM11TeT11Te "Ep,11Hcrno". PoJIRTa VI rrpHHOC'bT VIM 3a C'bep,11HeHVIeTo 1885. C.,
1985.
,[(11M11Tpos, Mn. Tipe.1111 100 rop,HHVI. C'be)J,11Hem1eTO. McTOp11qecKVI oqepK. C., 1985.
McTOpHR Ha Cp'b6cKo-6'bnrapCKaTa soCrna 1885. C., 1971.
JlanKoB, M. E'bnrap11R B EanKaHcKaTa rronVITHKa Ha AsCTpo-YHrap11R 1878-1903 r. C.,
1993.
Mattonosa, M. Pyorn 11 KOHCTVITYI.\VIOHHOTO yCTpoC1crno Ha M3TO'!Ha PyMelll1R. C., 1976.
MVITeB, 11. C'be)J,VIHett11eTO. C., 1985.
MVIIIIeB, P. AsCTpo-YHraprrn VI EnnrapVIR 1878-1894 r. Tiomnw1ecKH OTHOIIIeHHR. C.,
1988.
I1aHai1:oToB, JtI. Omn 3a C'bep,HHem1e Ha KHR)f(ecrno Ennrap11R c M3TO'!Ha PyMemrn rrpe3
1880 r. - MEM,[(, KH. 22, 1948.
I1aHTeB, A. AHrmrn cpell.ly PyrnR Ha EanKamne 1879-1894. C., 1972.
I1aHTeB, A. Tipo6neM11 Me)f(p,y roJier-.nITe VI Mal!KVITe )J,'bp)f(aBVI B HOBO BpeMe. - MTip, 1974,
KH. 3.
I1aHTeB, A. E'bnrapcKl1RT B'bnpoc B CAIT( 1876-1903. Bem1Ko T'bpttoso, 1984.
TieTpos, M. E'bIIrapo-pycKH rroJIVIT11'IecKVI OTHOIIIeHVIR B Hase'Iep11eTo Ha C'be)J,HHeHVIeTo
1883-1885. - JtITip, 1983, KH. 2.
Pa)J,eB, C. CTpo11TeJI11 Ha C'bBpeMeHHa E'bnrapVIR. T. I. C., 1990.
Ca3)J,OB, ,[(. Haf.\VIOHaJIHl1RT rrpo6JieM B rrporpaMVITe 11 rrporpaMHHTe )J,OKyMeHTH Ha 6'bJI-
rapcKHTe rroJI11T11'!eCKVI rrapnrn (1879~ 1886 r.). - B: EnnrapHR, EanKamne VI Esporra. C6opH11K
B 'IeCT Ha rrpocp. p,-p C. ,[(aMRHOB. B. T'bpHoBo, 1992.
Cpn6cKo-6'bJirapcKaTa soi"rna 1885 r. C., 1971.
Cp'b6cKo-6'bJirapcKaTa soil:Ha 1885 r. C6opttVIK cTaTl1VI. C., 1985.
Cp'b6CKo-6'bnrapcKaTa soi"rna 1885. C6opttHK OT )J,oKyMeHTl1. C., 1985.
CTaTeJiosa, E. Pa3so:rl! 11 xapaKTep Ha OTHoIIIemrnTa Me)f()J,y KttR)f(ecrno E'bnraprrn H M3-
TO'!Ha PyMemrn (1879-1885 r.). - MTip, KH. 5, 1878.
CrnTeJiosa, E. ,Il;11rrnoMaf.\11RTa Ha KHR)f(ecrno E'bIIrap1rn 1879-1886. C., 1979.
CrnTeJiosa, E. EaJIKaHcK11Te )J,'bp)f(aBVI H 6nnrapcKoTo Cne)J,HHeHVIe. - BMC, KH. 4, 1985.
129
Pocu11a AHienoBa
CTaTeJioBa, E., P. IlonoB, B. TaHKOBa. Mcrnprrn Ha 6'bmapCKaTa ,[\HTIJIOMau;vrn 1878-1913

C., 1994.
CTaTeJioBa, E. A. IlaHTeB, C'he):\1rnem1ern 1885. C., 1985, 1995.
CTORHOB, :V1B. C'hep;~rnem1eTo H cp'b6CK0-6'bnrapcKaTa BOl1Ha B nomtTMKaTa Ha m16epan-
HOTO npaB11Tencrno 1884-1886 r. - Milp, KH. 5, 1985.
Cbep;11HeHtteTo 1885. CnoMeH11. C'bcTaBttTeJIM 11 pep;aKTop11 E. CTaTeJioBa 11 P. Ilonos. C.,
1985.
C'hep;ttHeHttern 1885 r. C6optt11K p;oKyMeHTM 1878-1886. C., 1985.
Cbep;11ttem1eTo Ha CeBepHa 11 IO)l(Ha o'bnraprrn 11 Cpb6CKo-6'brrrapcKaTa Boi'rna. ,JJ;11rrno-
ManP-1ecKM ,[\OKyMeHnt 1885-1886. C., 1989.
TaHKOBa, B. IlomtTw-1ecKHTe napnm B IO)l(Ha D'bJirapH.R 11 C'he,[\ttHem1eTo. - MMIOE. T
XII. 1986.
VI. IibAfAPCKATA KPH3A (1886-1887)
1. D'hArapm1 c.Ae~ C'he~uHeHneTo
TI pe3 1885 r. Man Ka 11 He3as11c11Ma OT Me)!(p;yHapop;mne p;orosopeHOCTM EonrapHR

p;pb3Ba p;a Hapyurn Eepn:t1HCKMR p;orosop, p;a peaJI113Mpa IIbpB11>1 eTarr OT HaQ110Han-
HOTO CM 06ep;11HeH11e - caMa BbrrpeKM CbITpOT11BaTa Ha BeJI11Kl1Te Cl1JIM J1 Cbcep;ine Cl!,
p;OCTOHHO p;a 3al.Ql1TM rrpasaTa Cl1 Ha 6oHHOTO ITOJie. TipeMaxBaT ce J13KYCTBeHO Cb3!1a-
p;eHMTe rpaHMQM no CTapa rrnaHMHa M MMTHl1"IecKMTe 6ap11epM, ysenwrasa ce no'lnt
p;sotlHo BbTpeIIIHMRT rra3ap, rreqeJI11 ce Me)!(p;yHapop;eH rrpecT11)!(. Te311 ycrrex11 tte ca
B CbCTORH11e p;a rrpeMaxHaT pep;MQa CbI.QeCTsysaI.Q11 rrpo6neM11. He1136e)!(Hl1Te rne11-
soeHH11 cTorraHCK11 TPYAHOCT11 ce Cb'IernsaT c ysen11qasaHe Ha p;aHb'IH11Te Te)!(ecn1
rropap;11 rroeMaHeTo Ha pyMen11tlcK11Te 3ap;bJI)!(eH11R; 06ep;11HRBaHeTo Ha p;seTe '-laCTM
Ha CTpaHaTa Cb3p;asa ap;Ml1H11CTpaT11BH11 Heypep;l1Ql1; Tepr1TOp:t1aJIH11Te OTCT'bTIKl1 Ha
TypQ11>1 6yp;RT 113BecTHO Hep;osoncrno. Bc11tIKO Tosa ce rrpH6asR KbM CbI.QecrnyBa111a-
Ta o6CTaHOBKa Ha IIOJI11TJ1'IeCKO rrpoT11BOIIOCTaBRHe, KORTO nocTeneHHO Kp:t1CTaJil131!-
pa OKOJIO JI:t1'IHOCTTa Ha KH>13 AneKcaHp;bp I 11 6011rapo-pycK11Te OTHOIIIeH11R.
YMepeHHTe 11116epa1111 Ha ,lJ;paraH IJ;aHKOB 11 p;et1Q11Te Ha Hapop;HaTa napnrn or
6rrnIIIaTa J13TO'IHa PyMeJI11R, HatieJio c 611sIII11Te p;:t1peKTop11 B pyMen11tlcKOTO rrpamr-
Tencrno K. Be1111tIKOB, C. C. Eo6qes, J1s. CT. f eIIIoB 11 p;p., ocpopMRT rpynan tta T. Hap.
Kpatltt11 pycocpM1111. CKJIOHH11 p;a CBbp3BaT sceK11 Heycnex MJI11 Bb3Hl1KHan rrpo6neM c
JIM'IHOCTTa Ha KHR3a, Te CMRTaT rrpMRTeJICTBOTO c PycMR Ka To Heo6xop;:t1Mo yrnoB11e 3a
caMoTo CbI.QeCTsysaHe Ha p;bp)!(aBaTa M B Heroso MMe ca roTOB:t1 Ha BCRKaKBl1 .z:1el1cr-
Bl1>1, p;op11 OTCTpaHRBaHeTO Ha MOHapxa OT yrrpaBJieH11eTO Ha CTpaHaTa. no3yttrnT Ha
rrpMBbp)!(eH11Q:t1Te Ha IJ;aHKOB :t1 Ha JO)!(H06'h11rapcK:t1Te cbep;MHMCT:t1 e: "Eonrap11J1 He
MO)!(e 6e3 PyrnR''.
130
HOBA E"bflI'APCKA MCTOPJ1Jl (1878-1944)
Ha nponrnononmKH11>I nomoc ce HaMHpaT MHoro OT aKTliIBHMTe p,eRTenM Ha cb-

3ax. CTO>IHOB, ,1J;MM11Tnp PM3oB 23 , )J;HM. TieTKOB, rpyn11paHM
ep,11H11cT1<aTa aKQM>I -
oKono M3p;aBaHH>I OT TRX B. "He3aBucuMocrn'', nocnep;oBaTemue Ha Bacvrn Pap;ocnaBOB
(0Tp,enMn11 ce 1<pat1H1iI HaQ110Han11cTM OT ynpaBJIRBall\aTa napTMR Ha TI. KapaBenoB
rrpe3 1886 r.) 11 Io:>KH06nnrapc1<11Te n116epanu. 3a rnx KHR3bT e c11Mson He caMo Ha
Bn3CTaHoBeHaTa 6nnrapc1<a p;np:>KaBa, HO 11 Ha Hel1HaTa caMocTOHTeJIHOCT Cnopep;
pa3611paHM>ITa MM npo6neMMTe Ha KHH)!(eCTBOTO ce )J,bJI)!(aT npep,11 BCMtIKO Ha pyCKa-
ra ITOJIJ1Tli1Ka Ha BMelliaTeJICTBO 11 HaTMCK. TexH11RT no3yHr HaM11pa MRCTO Ha CTpaH11-
~11re Ha B. "He3aBUCUMocm" Ii! rnacli!: "HHMa EaTeH6epr, HHMa Ennrapli!H".
Me:>Kp;y Te3M p;Be cpopM11poBamrn Ha pycocpwnw w pycocpo611 crn11 npaBHTencrno-
ro Ha TI. KapaBenoB, nop,1<penRHO B T03li! MOMeHT H OT npep;cep,aTenR Ha HC CTecpaH
CraM6onoB. Cnopep; rnx OTHoweHJi!HTa Me)!(p,y Ennrap11R Ii! PyrnR MOraT p;a 6np;aT
ITOIJ,06peHH H 6e3 OTCTpaHHBaHeTo Ha KHR3a. Cnll\HOCTTa Ha TOBa yMepeHo TetieHHe
ce 113pa3HBa B npHHQHna "C KHH3 EaTeH6epr H c PyrnR". YMepeHOTO 1<p11no ce cTpeMH
KnM nop,o6pRBaHe Ha OTHOWeHHHTa c PyrnR KaTo rapaHQliIR 3a 3ana3BaHe caMOCTOR-
renttocTTa Ha CTpaHaTa Iii KaTo ycnos11e 3a ycnenrno pernasaHe Ha 6nnrapcKHR HaQH-
ottaneH Bbnpoc. HHTO ep;Ho OT BCJiltIKHTe TetieHHR He ce 06.f!B.f!Ba nponrn MOHapx11RTa
Karo liIHCTHTYQHH 11 He 113p;11ra peny6mrKattcK11 l1CKamrn. ct>opMynaTa "Ee3 KHR3 Ea-
reH6epr Ii! 6e3 Pycvrn" HHMa npHBbp)!(eH11Ql1, HO HMeHHO rn ce peanw311pa.
3a npbB TibT B cnep;orno6o:>Kp;eHCKaTa HCTop11R Ha KHR)!(ecrno Ennrapirn BnHW-
ttorron11THtiec1<11Te npo6neMH CTORT B OCHOBaTa Ha TIOJIHTHtieCKJiITe 6op611 BnTpe B
crpaHaTa. OcTpoTaTa Ha Te3H 6op611 p,onnntt11rentto ce nop,rnnBa or PyrnR. 3a 11M-
rreparopc1<oro npaB11rencTBO KaKTO KHR3 AneKcaHp,np I, TaKa H nH6epan11Te Ha TI.
KapaBenoB BO)J,RT aHTHpyCKa non11THKa H TpR6Ba p,a 6np,aT OTCTpaHeHH. TaKa PyCJrn
23 ,11),tMMT»p Pu30B e pop,eH 1862 rop,HHa B E11TOJIR, MaKeAOHl1R. IhpsoHa'IaJIHO Y'IH B poAHJIR
rn rpaA, a CJiep, ToBa - B ITnosp,11B. B 1881 roA11Ha ornapR KHl1)f(apH111\a B EnTOJIR, rop,11Ha rro-K'bCHO e
eK3apx11tkKH Y'Ili!Jili!Il\eH 11HcrreKTOp Ha 6nmapcKHTe yq11JIHil\a B MaKep,oHHR. ITpe3 1884 rop,11Ha ce
BKJllO'IBa B JlOJili!Tl1'IeCKHJI )!(11BOT Ha Enmaprrn, peAaKTOp e Ha BeCTHl1Ka Ha JIIT ,,TnpHOBCKa KOHCTli!-
TYllliIR". P1130B e 'IaCT OT BnJIHaTa eMli!rpaHTH B H3rO'IHopyMemrt'iCKara CTOJili!l\a ITJIOBA11B, KnAero
aKrnBHO y'IaCTBa B p,et"rnocrra Ha ETUPK li! B ITOArorosKara 11 H3BnpnrnaHero Ha Cnep,11HeH11ero
Ha o6nacTTa c KHR)Kecrso Enmaprrn. ITpe3 1887 rOAIIHa rrpoAnJI)KaBa o6pa30BaH11eTo rn B Jl1i1e:JK,
EerrmR, Karo cnmeHp,HaHT Ha Esnorn feoprnes. P113os e peAaKTOp Ha secTHHl\HTe ,,CaMo3ar.1111ra"
(1885), ,,MaKep,0HcK11C1 rnac" (1885, 1887), ,,He3aBl1CHMoCT" (1886), ,,MnaAa Ennrap11R" (1895-1896)
11 Apym. Asrnp e Ha HeMaJIKo 6pornyp11 c BnrpernHorron11r11qecK11 xapaKTep. Or 1897 rop,wHa ,[\HMH-
rop P113oB npeMli!Hasa Ha p,11nJI0Man1qecKa CJiy)K6a. Tof1 e 6nrrrapcK11 AHTIJI11MaT11'IeCKH rrpeAcra-
Bl!TeJI B CKorrHe (1897-1899), AHTIJI0Mar11qecKli! areHr B Uer11He (1903-1905), Eenrpap, (1905-1907),
PHM (1908-1915) li! Eepm1H (1915-1918). ITpe3 1917 rop,11Ha, B Eepn11H 3aeAHO c 6par rn HHKOJia P11-
30B rnti 113p,asa arnaca ,,EnnrapHTe B reXHHre 11CTop11qeCK11, eTHorpacp11qecK11 11 rronur11qeCKH rpa-
HH1111'~ CnAnp)i(all\ 40 Kapnr 11 06J1CHI1TeJIHl1 reKCTOBe Ha HeMCKH, aHrJIHt°ICKl1, cppeHCKH 11 6nmapCK11
e311K. 1-IeCTaTa CMJ!Ha Ha TIOJll1TH'IeCKHTe TI03111\lilH Ha P1130B My crreqensa npRKopa .~IoBeK Ha CTore
MHeHHJI". Ilpor!IBHl1K Ha KHJl3 <Dep)J,HHaH)J,, 3apaA11 Koero AOPl1 e OCn)J,eH Ha 3arnop, BITOCJie)J,CTBHe
PH30B, rrpueMa Heros11J1 pe:JKMM 11 non11r11<1eCKara MY m1HHJ1. Ilo orHornemre Ha 6nmapcKHR Hal\11-
0HaJieH Bnnpoc 11 B qacrHocr Ha MaKe)J,OHCKl1JI P1130B e rrocneAOBaTeJieH B OTCTOJIBaHero Ha rrpasarn
Ha 6nrrrap11Te liI3BnH rrpep,eJIHTe Ha EnmapHR. YM11pa npe3 1918 r. B Eepmrn.
Pocu4a AH2eJ10Ba
TJiaCKa gop11 J1 qacT OT CKJIOHHJ1Te Ha eg11Hoger.1:CTBJ1e c HeR noJIJ1TJ1QJ1 K'bM narepa Ha

y6egeH11Te rn npoTHBHHQH.
TipoT11Bope'IHRTa ce 3agon6otfaBaT 11 Hanpe)f{eH11eTo HapacTBa. B TaKHBa yc-
JIOBHR npe3 Mar.1: 1886 r. ce npoBe)f{gaT 1136op11Te 3a HapogH11 npegcrnB11TeJI11, Ko11-
TO TpR6Ba ga ce BKJIIO'faT B 1136paH0To Ollie npe3 1884 r. B KHR)f{ecrno Eomapirn IV
OHC 24 . :Vfa6op11Te B IO)f{Ha Eonrap11R 11 CBHKBaHeTo Ha J13BoHpegHa cernR Ha o6-
IQ06omapcKoTo HapogHo co6paH11e, KoeTo ga pernaBa genaTa Ha coeg11HeHoTO ore-
qecTBO ca HapyrneH11e Ha TonxaHeHCKHR aKT, HO He cpell\aT npoTeCTHTe Ha Bem1K11Te
CHJilil 11 Ha TypQliIR. CTpacnne Ha)f{e)f{aBa TPOHHOTO CJIOBO Ha KHR3 AneKcaHAnp I,
Tbr.1: KaTo B Hero 3a nopB11 noT B rnegorno6o)f{geHCKaTa liICTOpliIR He ce cnoMeHasa
MMeTo Ha Pyc11R. PycocpvrncKaTa ono3HQHR VI3TIOJI3Ba TOBa 3a oCTp11 HanagKlil cpeu1y
npaBHTeJICTBOTO Ha KapaBeJioB, o6BHHRBar.1:Klil ro B npegaTeJICTBO 3apaglil OTCTnnsa-
HeTo Ha Kopg)KaJIMMCKO liI TaMpow Ha TypQHR. TipegcegaTeJIRT Ha HC CT. CrnM6orron
ce cnpaBR C'bC CliITyaQMRTa, HO qpe3 OCTaBKaTa Ha MJ1HJ1CT'bp PagornaBOB Kpvt3aTa B
Ka6vrneTa CTaBa 06ll\eCTBeHO AOCTORHJ1e.
Ha 2 IOHlil 1886 r. MliIHHCTop-npegcegaTeJIRT KapaBeJioB 11 napnaMettTapHvtR me¢
CrnM6onoB nocell\aBaT ynpaBJIRBaIQHR pycKOTO gvinnoMaTVItfeCKO arettTcrno B Co-
<PvtR TI. EorgattoB. QeJITa HM e Rctta 11 KOHKpeTHa - o<PvtQHaJieH onliIT 3a nogo6pRBatte
Ha OTHOWeHHRTa c Pyc11R. OuoBopoT Ha TieTep6ypr e KaTeropM'IeH - PyrnR HRMa
ga npegnplileMe CT'hnKH B TOBa OTHornettlile goKaTo AneKcaHgop I ocTaBa Ha BIIacT B
EonrapvtR. TaKa BonpocnT "3a MJIM npoTvtB" KHR3a noCTenem10 ce npeBpnll\a B "Cbc
11n11 6e3" Hero.
2. 0TcTpamIBaHeTO Ha KIDl.3 AAeKcaHl('bp I OT 6'bArapcKIDI npecroA
Tipe3 KpliITvttfHaTa 1886 r. Ha npegeH nnaH B 6omapcKliIR noJivtTvt'feCKM )!(J1BOT

J13JIVI3a V1 o<P11QepcTBOTO, npvtgo611no orpoMeH aBTOPHTeT c OTHOIIIettvteTO rn K'hM
CoegvtHettlileTo liI 6necTRIQaTa no6ega B Cpo6cKo-6nmapCKaTa BOMHa. PycoqmncKme
HacTpoeHJ1R Ha rOJIRMa qacT OT o<PttQepvtTe ca o6RCHJ1Mlil - K'bM npeCTmKa Ha OCB0-
6ogvtTeJivtTe ce nplil6aBR <PaKT'bT, qe MHoro OT TRX ca 3aBoplllliIJIV1 pycKJ1 BOeHHl1 }"ll1·
JittIQa vtlllil ca 06ytfaBaH11 B EomapliIR OT pycKH npenogaBaTeJilil vt KOMaHgvtp11. Tipe3
JIRTOTO HeroJIRMa rpyna BOeHHH c BA'bXHOBvtTeJivt AHaCTac EettgepeB (3aMeCTHMK-Ml1·
HMCTop Ha Boti:ttarn), Mati:op TieTop fpyeB (ttatfaJIHHK Ha BoeHHOTO Y'flillIHll\e), KOMaH-
AlilpnT Ha CTpyMcKHR nexoTeH noJIK cbc cegaJIMIQe K10cTeHgliIJI Mat1op TI. CroJIHOB,
Kan. PagKo .Il:VIMI1Tp11eB, feopr11 Ba30B 11 AP· nogroTBRT npeBpaT 3a geTpoHMpaHeTO
Ha KHR3a. Cogeti:cTBMe Te HaM11paT B pycKMR BoeHeH aTallle noJIK. B. B. Caxapos. Kan.
EeHgepeB noK ce B'b3nOJI3Ba OT 3a60JIRBatteTo Ha BOeHHliIR MliIHHCTop Mati:op Kon-
CTaHTMH HvtKmpopoB 11 nag pa3Jivt'fHlil npegno311 vt3Be)f{ga BepHMTe Ha KHR3a noApa3-
24
Tio speMe Ha rraprraMeHrnpmne vl36opw rrpe3 Maw 1884 r. ca 1136pam1195 Hapo;o;HH npe11m-
BHTerr11, K'bM KOWTO ce rrpwcoe;o;vimrnaT crre;o; Coe;o;vrnemreTO Oll\e 91 ;o;erryTan1 OT 6wsrnaTa aBTOHOM·
Ha o6rraCT - o6Il\O 286. IV OHC rrpoBe)f(;o;a 3ace;o;aHJ1JITa 01 OT Brnparn VI3BoHpe;o;tta cecmi (28 Mail
- 5 IOHJ11885 r.) B HOBOITOCTpoeHaTa crpa;o;a Ha Hapo;o;HOTO Co6paH11e.
HOBA E"b!ITAPCKA UCTOPUJl (1878-1944)
.r1eneHMH, a OT KroCTeHp;rrn B TiepHMK npeXBnpJIH CTpyMcKMH nonK, c 'IHHTO no.n;Kpena

IIO,[\fOTBH OC'b~eCTBJIBaHeTO Ha )l;eTpoHau;MHTa Ha KHJI3a.
HaMepeHHHTa Ha 3aroBopHHu;MTe ca peaJIM3HpaHJ.1 6e3 peanHa cnnpoTHBa npe3
HOil\Ta Ha 8 cpe~y 9 aBrycT. L(Be .n;ppKHHH OT CTpyMcKHH nonK, 3aep;Ho c IOHKepl!ITe
OT BoeHHOTO Y'IHJIH~e pa3op·b:>KaBaT oxpaHaTa Ha p;Bopeu;a. KHH3 AneKcaHp;np I e
rrp11Hyp;eH p;a no.n;nmne npep;BapHTeJIHo nop;rorneHa npoKJiaMau;MH, qe ce OTKa3Ba OT
rrpecrnna. Cnep; TOBa nop; KOHBOM e M3npaTeH npe3 EyxoBcKMH MaHaCTMP "CB. MH-
xal!ln" H Bpau;a B OpHxoBo H c napaxop;a 'Tony6'11!1K" e ornep;eH B rp. PeHM (Ha pyCKa
TepMTOpHH, 6JIJ130 p;o ycTHeTO Ha p. L(yHaB), OTK'b,[\eTO e J.13npaTeH 3a pop;oBOTO CH
MMeHMe B fepMaHHH.
Haqantt:MRT ycnex e Cb'leTaH c roJIHMa p;o3a Hal!IBHOCT. J1p;eHTa 3a npeBpaT He e
o6XBaHaJia oqmu;epcTBOTO KaTo u;Hno, npep;Bap11reJIHO Hee ornrypeHa nop;Kpenarn Ha
HMTO ep;HO OT TIOJIJ1TJ.1'1eCKJ1Te cl>opMMpOBaHHH. IIpM CBbpllieHHH cpaKT B'b3MO)!(HOCT-
J1Te ca rpH: BOeHHa ,IJ;HKTaTypa, KoanMu;HOHHO npaBHTeJICTBO HJIM npep;aBaHe BJiaCTTa
Ha rrpoTHBHHu;HTe Ha KHH3a. 3aroBopHHu;Mre ce cnMpaT Ha BapHaHTa c 06ll.\OHau;Ho-
HaJieH KoanHu;HoHeH Ka6HHeT, Ha'leno c II. KapaBeJioB M .r1opH o6HBHBaT cncTasa My,
6e3 .r1a ce .n;onHTaT p;o BKJIIO'leHHTe B Hero MMHMCTpM. Ta3a nope.r1Ha npoHBa Ha noJIH-
TM'leCKa He3pHJIOCT ce OilHTBa .r1a o6ep;l!IHJ1 JIH'IHOCTM c KopeHHO rrponrnonoJIO)!(HJ.1
K. BenM'IKOB, M. Ma.r1)!(apoB, T. EypMoB, B. Pa.r1ocnaBoB M
B'h3rnep;H (CT. CrnM6onoB,
K. HMKHcpopoB OTKa3Bar p;a
.r1p.) 6e3 BrnKaKBH rnaHcoBe 3a ycnex. KapaBeJioB H Mattop
yqacrnar B'bB BpeMeHHOTO npaBHTencrno, K. BeJIM'IKOB e B qy)!(6J1Ha, a Cr. CrnM6o-
JIOB e B TnpHoBo H orKa3Ba p;a Tpnrne 3a CocpHH npe,I:IH p;a pa36epe C'b~HOCTTa Ha J.13-
BoprneHMH npespaT. TieTep6ypr C'bll.\O BHarn cMyT - CnBersa .r1a ce cncTaBH BpeMeHHO
rrpaBMTeJICTBO OT JIHu;a, IlOJI3Ball.\M ce c p;osepMeTO Ha Hapo.r1a J1 noCO'IBa 3a rrpMMep
MMTponoJIHT KJIHMeHT.
HHMa TpattHa peaJIH3au;HH H T03M onHT - .r1a ce cncraBH M3u;Hrro pycocpMJICKH
Ka6JrneT, pnKOBo):leH OT MHTponoJIHT KnuMeHT, peaJIH3MpaH seqeprn Ha 9 asrycT
1886 r. TipaBI1TeJICTBOTO e Ha3Ha'leHO c npOKJiaMau;MH "KnM 6nnrapcKHH Hapop;",
o6Hapop;BaHa B :£13BnHpep;Ho H3p;aHHe Ha Ll;np)!(aBeH secTHMK. To HMa cncTaB: MMTp.
Kn11MeHT TnpHoBCKH - MMHHCTnp-npe.n;cep;aTeJI, Mar1op K. HHKmpopoB - BoeHeH MH-
HMcrnp, LJ;p. UaHKOB - M:£1HHCTnp Ha BnTpernmne pa6orM, Xp. CTOHHOB - MHHHCTnp
Ha B'bHlliHMTe p;ena M M3TIOBe):laHMHTa, B. Pa.r1ocnaBoB - MMHMCTnp Ha npasocn):IMeTo,
KoHCTaHT:£1H BenM'IKOB - MMHHCTnp Ha Hapo.!\HOTO npornell.\eHMe HT. EypMoB - MH-
Hucrnp Ha cl>11HaHCHTe. TipH6np3aHHTe .r1er1cTBMH Ha npeBpaTa)l;)KMHTe C'b3):1aBaT ona-
ceH BaKyyM B IlOJIMTH'leCKaTa HH p;er1cTBMTeJIHOCT.
JIHncaTa Ha HHcpopMau;HH H p;e3opraHM3au;MHTa BHacH CMYT H B npoBMHu;MHTa.
Kone6aHHR npoRBHBaT KOMaHp;HpHTe Ha rapHM30HMTe B IInoBp;YJB, BH)l;YJH YI .n;p, KO-
uro He J13II'bJIHHBaT 3an0Bep;Ta 3a nonaraHe Ha KJieTBa 3a BHpHOCT K'bM BpeMeHHOTO
rrpaBMTeJICTBO. Cpe.n; THX ca Kan. B. Ben'leB H Ha'laJIHHK'bT Ha IInoB)l;HBCKMH rapHH-
30H nop;n. CaBa MyTKypoB, aKTMBHO Hacnp'laBaHM OT aHrnYJJ1CKMH KOHcyn B TinoB-
.!\MB Li:)KoHc. TaKa ce ocl>opMHT p;Ba u;eHTnpa Ha Hep;oBoJicTBOTO - TnpHoso, K'b):leTo
ce HaMMpa CTaM60JIOB 11 IInoBp;MBCKM rapHM30H. Cne.r1 KaTo crnBa HCHO, qe noBe'leTo
OT Bor1cKHTe B IO)!(Ha EnnrapHH ca roToBM p;a .r1er/icrnaT 3a Bpnll.\aHeTo Ha KHH3a, Ha
Pocw~a AHie11oea
11 aBrycT 1886 r. CrnM60JIOB 113,[\aBa npoKJiaMa~MR K'bM 6nmapcKHR Hapog 3a 6op6a
npOTMB geTpoHaTop11Te. B He.fl TB'bpgo ce MCKa OTTerJIRHeTO Ha J.1 6e3 TOBa qmKTl1B-
HO C'b~eCTByBa~OTO npaBMTeJICTBO OT KpaflHJ.1 pycoqrnJIM. Tio T03J.1 Hat.fMH 3anO'IBaT
geMCTBMRTa 3a peam1311paHeTO Ha egMH KOHTpanpeBpaT, KOMTO B KpaTKH cpoKOBe e
oc'b~ecrnen B pe.r111~a rpagose (Tnpnoso, Tinow~i.rn, Jloseq H gp.), KaTO B C'bll\OTO
BpeMe c'bc c'bgeC1crn11eTo Ha nognoJIKOBHMK C. MyTKypoB e oc11rypeHa M nogKpenara
Ha fOJIRMa qacT OT lO)f<HOfrhJirapcKvITe BOMCKJ.1. c Ta3H npoKJiaMaqt1R 3a Kay3aTJ Cd
np11BJiet.feH11 BCH'IKH pycocpo6cKM non11Tw-1ecKt1 om11. Me)!(gyBpeMeHHO CTaM6onos
B3ewia MepK11 3a naMHpaHe M Bpn11wue 11a KHR3 AneKcaHgnp I B Ennrap11R.
Ha 12 anrycT 1886 r. e ccpopMHpaHo 7-qneHHOTO npaB11TeJICTBO Ha II. KapaBeJioB,
'.fv!RTO 3agaqa e ga ycnoKoM o6cTaHOBKaTa. Ka6t1HeTnT e 06pa3ysaH OT npegCTaB11Tem1
Ha pa3JIJ.1'1HJ.1 nOJIMTHt.feCKJ.1 CHJIJ.1, 06eg11HeHJ.1 OKOJIO H,[\eRTa 3a npegOTBpaTRBaHe Ha
rpa)!(gaHcKa BOMHa M npeogoJIRBaHe Ha noJI11n1qecKaTa KpJ.13a. YnpaBirnBa B ChCTall:
TI. KapaBeJIOB - MHHMCT'bp-npegcegaTerr, g-p K. CTOMJIOB - MMHMCTnp Ha B'bHWttme
pa6on1 H M3noBegaHMJITa, g-p B. PagocrraBOB - MMHMCT'bp Ha B'bTpernHMTe pa6oni, T.
I1BaH'10B - MHHHCT'bp Ha HapO,[\HOTO npoCBe~eHMe, g-p I1B. fellIOB - MMHMCTop Ha
¢11HaHCMTe, faBpt1rr OpornaKoB - MMIUICTnp Ha npaBocng11eTo, Ont1MTIMM Tiatton 2;
- BOeHeH MJ.1Ht1CT'bp. TipaBMTeJICTBOTO e C'bCTaBeHO no C'bBeTa J.1 C'bC C'bgefICTBHeTO
Ha BeJIHKMTe Ct1JIM, KaTo TI. Kapasenos c HeroBMJI aBTopHTeT e 3anor 3a )!(eJiaH11:ern 11a
ce HaMep11 perneH11e Ha gnrr6oKaTa Kp113a. 3a TI. Kapaserros cng6aTa Ha KH.irna e OKOH-
t.faTemro pernetia H TOBa TpR6Ba ga ce y3aK01111 qpe3 Ha3Hat.faBaHe Ha pereIITcrno 110
H36op Ha HOB KHR3. I1MeHHO no Bnnpoca 3a C'bg6aTa Ha KHR3a ce pa3MJ.1HaBaT TI03ll-
~HHTe Ha Kapasenos M CTaM6onoB B nepHoga Ha 6e3KHJI)!(HeTo. 3a npegcegaTem1 Ha

HapogHOTo cn6paH11e KHR3'bT OTCnCTBa BpeMeHHO H TOBa TpR6Ba ga ce ynKoH11 'lpe3
Ha3Hat.faBaHe Ha HaMeCTHHt.fecTBO. Ha 12 asrycT 1886 r. B Co¢HR e o6JIBeH peremct-11R
c'bBeT B c'bcTaB: TI. KapasenoB, CT. CrnM6orroB H Mai1op K. HHKmpopoB.
HHKOJIKO grrn npog'bJI)f(aBaT CJIO)!(HHTe H Hanperttan1 nperosop11, so11em1 or
CTaM60JIOB c nomrT11~11 M BOeHHl1. Ha 16 aBrycT 1886 r, KoraTo B nogcT'bIUITe KoM
CTOJIH~aTa ca cncpegoTot.feHM BepHM Ha KHR3a MJIM nogt.fHHMJIH ce Ha npegce.r1arem1
25 Om1M1111iiJ IlattoB e por1rn 11pe3 1852 r. B III011 TapaKmrn, Eecapa6m1. 3asopnrna Eorrrpa1pa-
Ta rHi\IHa311R npe3 1867 r. 11 npOl:\'bJDKaBa 06pa3osaH11eTo c11 B TexHw:recKoTo y 1-nm11111e B Eyhype111.
OT 1872 AO 1874 r. e 'IJJeH l1 ceKpernp Ha EPUK B EyKype111. Tipe3 nep110):\a 1875-1876 r. cne11sa
CTpmrTemrn JIH)l(eHepcTBO B IlapH)I(, CJie):\ KOeTO ce Bpo111a B EyKypell\, CTaBa IIO):\IIpe):\Ce):\aTeJI na
EUEO H y'Iacrna B Hafa1paHeTo Ha 6onrapcKH ):\06posom-1H 3a Cpo6cKo-TypcKaTa BoCma. Cne113a-
ITO'!BaJ-1eTO Ha PycKo-TypCKaTa B011Ha rrpe3 1877 r., IlanoB ce 3arrnrna B TiopBa porn Ha EonrapCKoro
orr'bJJ'IeHHe. Toi'1 y'Iacrna B 6oeBeTe rrpH CTapa 3aropa H III11rrKa l1 e rrpoH3Be):\eH B rrparropmlfl!K.
Cne):\ Orno6o)l():\eHHeTO rne):\Ba B CaHKT TieTep6ypr B AKa):\eMHRTa Ha feHepanHHR 111a6 (1880-1883
r.). Cnep; Coep;HHett11ern Ha EnnrapmI npe3 1885 r., rrorne):\BaHo OT H3TenrntteTO Ha pyCKme 0¢11-
I_\ep11 OT EonrapHJI, TiaHOB CTaBa Ha'IammK Ha apTHJJepHRTa B EnnrapcKaTa apM11.fl. no BpeMe na
Cpn6cKo-6nnrapcKaTa Boti:Ha npe3 1885 r. ):\orrpHHarn 3a rro6e):\aTa Ha 6nnrapcKHTe Bol1cK11 B Cmr-
BHHil!KOTO cpa)l(eHHe. Cne):\ Heycrrexa Ha 11peBpaTa 6Rra B PyMoH!l!R. TaM TOH ce BKJJIO<JBa n nos
rrpopycKH 3aroBop, ):\OBeJJ ):\0 oqi11I_\epCKHR 6yHT B Pyce B Ha'!aJJOTO Ha 1887 r. Cnep; 6yHTa OmrMTil1H
TiaHOB e 3aJJOBeH, OC'b):\eH na CM'bpT l1 pa3CTpeJJJIH, 3ae):\HO C'bC Ce):\eM l:\pyr11 Y'JaCTHl1I_\!ll Ha 22 ¢esp.
1887 r. Kpa11 Pyce.
HOBA E'bllI'APCKA Jt!CTOPMJI (1878-1944)
Ha HC 'l!acnr, e pa3rrpoCTpaHetta ttapo'l!Ha "IIpoKJiaMat(MR K'bM 6omapCKirn ttapog".

ITeTKO CrraBei1KoB, g-p feoprn CTpaHCKM 11 CT. CrnM6orroB BJIH3aT B cocTaBa Ha KHR-
)!(ecKoTo HaMeCTHVI'l!eCTBO, KoeTo crropeg 'l!JI. 19 OT TopHoBcKaTa KOHCTHTY~MR 3a-
MecTBa MOHapxa rrplil oTC'bCTBMe OT CTpattaTa. Bacm1 Pap;oCJiaBOB e ttaToBapeH ga
ChcTaBH HOBO npamneJICTBO (16 aer. 1886-28 IOHlf 1887), a rrogrr. Caea MyTKypoB e
Ha3Ha'l!eH 3a rnaBHOKOMaHgBall.\ apMMRTa. KaforneT'bT yrrpaBrr.srna B C'bCTaB: g-p B. Pa-
,[\OCJiaBOB - MMHMCT'bp-rrpegcegaTeJI M MHHJ1CT'bp Ha B'bTpernHMTe gerra, fp. Ha'l!OBlillf
- MHHHCT'bp Ha B'bHlllHHTe gerra l1 H3IIOBegaHMJ!Ta H ynpaBJUIBall.\ MMHJ1CTepcTBOTO
Ha cpHHaHCMTe (rroeTO 3a KpaTKO OT Vfo. [ernoB), IIOJIK. ,[(aHavlJI HMKOJiaeB 26 - BOeHeH
MHHMCTop, ,[(MMHTop ToH'l!eB 27 - MHHMCTop Ha npaBOC'bgMeTO (3aMeHeH OT g-p K.
26 Aamum H11KorraeB e po,!\eH Ha 30 ,[\eKeMspH 1852 B Eonrpa,!\, Pyorn (AHec B YKpafrna) B
6arrrapcKo ceMef1cTBO. Tow 3asbpnrna EorrrpaACKaTa rnMHa3HR, crreA KOeTo crry)l(11 B pyCKaTa apM11R.
I1pe3 1875 3aBbpurna soeHHO Y'IHJIH!l\e B 0Aeca. Ha CJJeABall\aTa TOAHHa e A06posoJiel\ B cpa6CKaTa
apMHR rro speMe Ha Cpb6cKo-TypcKaTa sot'rna. ITo speMe Ha PycKo-TypcKaTa sowHa (1877-1878)
KOMaHABa poTa B DbJirapCKOTO OITbJJ'leHHe Jll ce OTJJH'laBa B 6oeBeTe rrp11 llleWHOBO. Ha 15 HOeM-
BpH 1883 r. e ITpo113se,[\eH B 'lllH Mai71op OT V13TO'IHopyMem1t'1CKaTa MHIIHL\HR. CJieA Ocso60)l(,!\e-
HiteTO HHKorraeB e cpeA BJllClllHTe ocp111\epJ11 B MJllJIVIL\vrnra Ha V13TO'IHa PyMeJIJllR. Karn KOMaHABall\
fOJJRMa 'JaCT OT Ml171Hl\JllRTa ITO speMe Ha BOeHHl1 MaHeBpH, Ha 6 cerrTeMBp11 1885 TOW OTCTpaHRBa
npas11Terrcrn0To, c KOeTo ocHrypRsa OCbll\eCTBHBaHeTO Ha CbeAHHeHJ11eTo Ha KHR)l(ecrno Ebrrrapl!R
J11 L13TD'IHa PyMeJIHR. Ha Cbll\HRT ,[\eH e 113AaAeHa rrpoKrraMal\JllR Ha ETUPK 3a o6RBRBaHe Ha spe-
MeHHOTO rrpaBJ11TeJICTBO Ha ltfaTO'IHa PyMeJIJllR, J11 HHKorraes e noco'leH 3a 'IJieH. Cbc 3arroBeA Ng4 OT 9
cenTeMBpH 1885 r. Mawop H11KoJiaes e Ha3HatJeH 3a Ha'IaJIHI1K Ha TbpHoso-Cei'1MeHcK11R oTpR.!\. ITpe3
Cpa6cKo-6bnrapcKaTa sowHa KOMaHABa V13TD'IHHR oTpRA (Koprryc), a rrp11 KOHTpaHaCTbrrrreHHeTo
Ha 6'hnrapCKaTa apMHR - 3arra,[\HHR Kopnyc. Y'lacrna B 6oeseTe rrp11 Uapu6pop; 11 ITHpOT. CrreA Ae-
TpoH11paHeTo Ha KHR3 AJieKCaH,!\bp I CTaBa BOeHeH MHHHCTbp Jll yqacrna B JJHKBHAHpaHeTO Ha 6yH-
TOBeTe Ha npopycKHTe ocp111\epJ11. CJieA H36opa Ha <!lepAttHaHA I 3a 6brrrapCKH KHR3, HvrKorraes crnsa
Heros BOeHeH CbBeTHHK (1887-1893). ITpe3 1891 e TIOBHllleH B reHepan-rviaCrop. Me)l(AY 1893 11 1897
speMeHHO rrpeMHHaBa B 3aITaca, KaTo npe3 TOBa speMe e rrpeAcep;aTen Ha Bapxosmrn MaKe,[\OHCKJll
Ko~rnTeT ( 1895-1897). Cne,[\ spbll\aHeTo CJ11 B apMHRTa e reHepan-ap;IOTaHT Ha KHR3 <!lepp;vrnaHA I
(1897-1907). ITpe3 1900 e TIOBJ1111IeH B reHeparr-rreti:TeHaHT. OT 1907 AO 1911 reH. HJ11Korraes e soeHeH
MJllHJllCTbp Jll pbKOB0,!\11 IJO,!\fOTOBKaTa Ha apMHHTa 3a rrpeACTOR!l\JllTe sofrnu. ITpe3 1909 CTaBa rrbp-
BJllHT 6orrrapcKJ11 ocpHL\ep, nony'IJllJI 3sam1eTo reHepan OT ITexoTaTa. ITpe3 1911 HaITyCKa apMJllRTa,
Karn CaMO ITO BpeMe Ha EaJIKaHCKaTa BOf!Ha KOMaHABa rapHJll30Ha Ha .lh16orr. KaTO Hafl-Bb3pacTeH
rettepan B EbrrrapCKaTa apMHR, Ha 12 IOJIJll 1937 HJ11Konaes cTasa KpbcTHHK Ha rrpeCToJioHaCJJe,[\HHKa
KHH3 CHMeoH TapHOBCK11.
27
AHMHTbp Ton'leB e po,!\eH e Ha 26 OKT. 1859 r. B Kanocjiep. 3asap1IIBa peanHo Y'IHllJll!l\e B
HJ11Konaes ( 1880) J11 IOpHAH'lecKJllR cjiaKymeT Ha HosopyrnftcKHR ymrnepcJ11TeT B 0,1\eca ( 1883). CJieA
3aspall\aHeTo CH B DbJirapHR e Cb,!\11R B ITnoBAHB, OT 1884 r. e aABOKaT, a crrep; Cbep;J11HeH11eTo ce
npeMeCTBa B Cocp11R. Tip11Bbp)l(eH11K e Ha Jh16epanHaTa rrapTHH J11OT1884 AO 1886 r. e TIOArrpeACe,[\a-
Ten Ha IV OHC. OT 1886 AO 1907 r. 113AaBa secTHHK ,,ITnosp;J11s". CJieA Jll3BbpllleHHR rrpespaT cpell\y
KHR3 AJieKcaH,!\bp I cTaBa tJaCT OT Te'Iem1eTo, ornaseHo OT CT. CrnM6onos, KoeTo 3aIJO'IBa Aa 6b,!\e
HapJ11'IaHo HapoAHOJIH6epaJIHa rrapTHR. Towe npep;ceAaTeJI Ha ITapJiaMeHTa (1887-1888) J11 MHHJllC-
Thp Ha rrpaBOCbAHeTo (1888-1891 ). Tipe3 1891 r. HanycKa npaBJITeJICTBOTO H ce ITPJllCbeAHHJJBa KbM
PaAOCJJaBHCTKaTa ITapTHR. Tipe3 CJie,[\Ball\JllTe HRKOJIKO fOAllHJll, B KOJllTO yqaCTBa B OIJ03Hl\JllRTa, TOW
rmwe HRKOJIKO TPYAa no rpa)l(,!\aHCKO ITpaso. ITpe3 1899-1901 r. ,0:. ToH'IeB yqacrna B rrpaBJllTencrna-
ra Ha m16epa1IHTe. ITpe3 1903 r. e OCb,[\eH Ha 8 MeCel\a 3arnop 3a 3rroyrr0Tpe6H OT ,O:bp)l(aBeH Cb.!\
3aeAHO c APYrH MJllHHcTpH OT Ka6J11HeTa Ha T. VIsaH'IOB. AMHHCTHpaH e OT HapOAHOTO cb6pam1e
135
Pocui{a AHcenoBa
CTOMJIOB) M feoprM )Kvi:BKOB 28 - MMHMCT'bp Ha HapOAHOTO rrpoCBell.\eHMe (3aMeHeH OT

ToAOP J-1BatttmB). UenTa Ha CTaM6onoB e B MOMeHTa Ha BJIM3aHeTo Ha KHR3 AneKcaH-
A'hP I B E'hnrapvi:n BOttCKMTe Aa ca 3aB3eJIM Coqmn vi: TaKa Aa ce AeMoHcTpvi:pa eAt-IH-
CTBO Ha apMM..SITa M CJIJIOTeHOCT Ha JIOJIMTM'IeCKMTe CMJIM.
0C'b3HaJIM rropa)l(eHMeTo CM, 'IaCT OT yqacTBaJU1Te B ):\eTpoHa~MRTa Ha KHR3a 611-

raT K'bM PyM'bHMR vi: Typ~vi:n, KaTo HRKOM OT TRX ca apecTyBaHM. CTpyMcKMRT nonK
ce OTTemn K'bM KmcTeHAMJI, K'bAeTo e pa3cpopMwpoBaH. Pa3cpopMwpoBaH11 ca C'bll\O
BoeHHOTO yq11JI11~e 11 CocpwttcKtrn apTwnep11:i1:cK11 rroJIK.
KaKTo aKTOBeTe Ha ):\eTpoHaTop11Te c Ha3Ha'IaBaHeTo Ha BpeMeHHM rrpaBmen-
CTBa, TaKa 11 ):\ettcTBWRTa Ha KapaBeJioB 11 CTaM6oJioB c Ha3Ha'IaBaHeTo Ha pereHTCKI!
C'bBeT 11 ttaMeCTHM'IeCTBO He ca c'bo6pa3ettw c AettcTBall.\aTa T'bpttoBcKa KOHCTMTYl\1111,
KORTO rrpe):\BJ1)1():\a pereHTCTBO J1 HaMeCTHJ1'IeCTBO caMO rrpw MaJIOJieTeH rrpecTOJIOHa-
rne,[\ rra,[\aHeTo Ha nporpec1KTKOTO npaBJ.tTeJICTBO npe3 MaC! Cbll\aTa ro,[\l1Ha. ITpe3 1904 r. ToH'!eB
cqiopMHpa CBOR IJOJIWTJ.f'IeCKa <l>opMal\l1R, Hape'!eHa Mna,[\OJIJ16epanHa rrapTl1R, JIJ1,l:lep Ha KORTO eAO
HeHHOTO BJil1BaHe B Ha11110Hann116epanHaTa napTHR npe3 1920 r. 3ae,[\HO c B. Pa,l:lornasos v, H. feHa·
,[\Hes, ToH'!eB e JIH,l:lep Ha e,[\Ha OT Tp11Te napTl1l1 B n116epanHaTa KOaJil11\l1R, ynpaBnRsano no spe;;1e Ha
ITopBaTa cseTOBHa soC!Ha. Ha 4 HOeMBpl1 1919 r. e apeCTysaH, cne,[\ KoeTo e OC'b,[\eH OT Tpern.fl /lbp·
)!(aBeH C'b,[\ Ha ,l:IO)!(J1BOTeH 3aTBOp KaTO e,[\l1H OT rnaBHJ1Te Bl1HOBHH1\J.i 3a BKJllO'!BaHeTO Ha Eomap1rn
B'bB soC!HaTa Ha ry6ell\aTa CTpaHa l1 3a nocne,[\sanaTa BTopa Hal\WOHanHa KaTaCTpoqia. B 3arnopa
e AO 1924 r., KOraTO e aMHJ1CTl1paH. ITycHaT Ha cso6o,l:la, rrpaBJ1 0Ill1T ,[\a ce BKJIIO'll1 B ,[\eHHOCTTa Ha
Hal\HOHaJIJIJ.i6epanHaTa napTl1R, HO TOBa He e ,[\OIJYCHaTO OT HeHHJ1Te BO,[\a'IJ1, KOJ.ITO ce OI111TBaT 11a
ce pa3rpaHW'laT OT CTap11Te KOMrrpoMeT11paH11 J1l1,l:lep11 Ha nw6epaJIHl1Te napTl1l1. I1pe3 cne11sall\11Te
f0,[\l1Hl1 ToH'!eB ce OTTerm1 OT aKTJ1BHa IJOJIJ1TJ.i'leCKa ,[\eHHOCT 11 IJJ.illle oceMTOMeH KOMeHTap Ha 3a-
KOHa 3a 3a,[\'bJl)!(eHWRTa l1 ,[\orosop11Te. YM11pa Ha 20 qiespyap11 1937 r. B Co<l>11R.
28 feopn1 )KHBKOB e po,l:leH npe3 1844 r. B TopHoso B ce1v1eC!cTBOTO Ha 3arra,[\Hamu1 Toprose~
ATaHac EacMa,l:l)!(l1RTa. EpaT Ha B11KrnpwR (Bena), conpyraTa Ha ,U11M. Enaroes. Y'll1 B pOAHHJI rn
rpa,l:I w B 11ap11rpa,l:ICKOTO Me,[\Wl\l1HCKO Y'!Wlll111\e, a y'l11TeJICTBa B Pyce, BapHa w Toprosm11e. BKmo'l-
sa ce paHO B OCB060,l:ll1TeJIHJ1Te 6op611 - B TopHOBCKOTO B'bCTaHJ.fe (1862), B IJO,[\fOTOBKaTa Ha '1eT11re
OT 1867-1868 r., a npe3 1876 r. e w3npaTeH c oTrosopHa Ml1Cl1R OT CTaM6onos B Cop611R 3a yrosap!!He
Ha 0611\l1 ,[\eHCTBJ.iR cpell\y rropo6wTenR. )KwBKOB ce cnpaBR 6necTRll\O C'bC 3a,[\a'!aTa, HO l1Hl11\HaTH·
BaTa rrporra,[\a rropa,l:lw rrpe)!(,l:lespeMeHHO w36yxHanoTo Ha 20 arrp. B'bCTaH11e B Korrpl1Bll\l11\a. Ope3
eceHTa Ha C'bll\aTa f0,[\11Ha r. )KJ.fBKOB e ,l:I06posone11 J.i B cpo6CKO·TypcKaTa BOHHa. CJie,[I Ocso6olK·
,[\eHweTo Ha Eonrapl1R y'laCTBa aKTWBHO B rronwTw'!eCKWR :H )!(J1BOT KaTo rropBl1 TopHOBCKW KMeT,
coqmC!cK11 oKpo)!(eH yrrpas11Ten w ,l:IWpeKTop Ha sapHeHcKaTa .i1es11'!eCKa rwMHa3WR. Karn coparn11K
Ha CTaM6onos ce BKJllO'!Ba B pe,l:IOBeTe Ha HapO.L\HO-JIJ16epanHaTa rrapTl1R . .UerryTaT e B rreT rrapna-
MeHTa, npe,l:ICe,[\aTen e Ha Tp11, KaTo OT 1 HOeMBpl1 1886 AO 2 asrycT 1887 r. e l1 pereHT Ha crpaHara.
feoprn )KJ.fBKOB OCTaBR ,l:ll1pR B yrrpasneHJ.feTO Ha HOBa D'bJirapm1 KaTO rrpocBeTeH Ml1Hl1CT'bp (16-26
asr. 1886 r., 20 asr. 1887-19 HOeMspw 1893 r.). foneMl1ca3arnyrnTe MY 3a pa3Bl1TJ.ieTO Ha Kynrypara11
o6pa30BaH11eTo y Hae. Do Herosa (11 Ha CTaM6onos) WHl11\l1aTwsa ce rnacysa 3aKoH Ja Bucuiemo y1w-
nuui,e (8 ,[\eKeMspw 1888 r.), a npe3 1889 r. 3arro'!Ba ,[\a w3nw3a C6opHuK Ja HapooHu pt0mBopeH11K, e
rrops11re Tpw TOM a Ha KOHTO ce rre'!aTa Ba30Bl1R rne,[\bOB'bp "IToA wroTo''. )KwsKoB e aBTop Ha BaJKHllH
3aKOH Ja HapoiJHomo npoCBeui,eHue (10 ,[\eK. 1891 r.), a cpeA rrpwHornTe MY Karo rrapnaMeHTapeH we~
e rnacysaHeTO Ha M36upamenHUH JaKOH Ha 10 ,[\eKeMspw 1893 r. Ha 1 cerrT. 1894 r. corraprnCt11wro1y
pernaBaT .i1a 6o:i1Kor11paT rrpe,l:ICTORll\WTe rne.i1 10 ,[\Hl1 w36op11 3a Hapo,l:IHO co6paHwe, c Koero np11-
KJIIO'!Ba w rroJIWTW'!eCKaTa Kap11epa Ha )KwsKoB. ToC! ce CKapsa enc CT. CTa1v16onoB, a rne.i1 cMbprra
MY e cpe,l:I npeTeH,[\eHTl1Te 3a Jil1,l:lepcKl1R nocT B rrapTWRTa. YMwpa Ha 24 anpwn 1899 r.
136
cnep;HWK. C cpopMvrpaHeTo Ha p;Be npaBwTerrcTBa - B CoqmR w B TopHoBo HaCT'hnBa

pa3QenrreHwe B ynpaBJIRBarn;aTa .n;o 9 aBrycT 1886 r. Jiw6eparrHa napTwR.
B Te311 .n;paMaT11qHvr ,D;HH KHR3 ArreKcaH,n;op I crrep;Ba HaJio)!(eHWRT MY OT 3aroBop-
HWQl1Te MapmpyT - npe3 OpRXOBO 11 no ,[(y1rnB .n;o pycKoTO np11crnH11rn;e PeHH, K'hp;eTo
e npe.n;a,n;eH Ha 11MnepaTopcK11Te BrracT11. Orno6o,n;eH Bep;Hara OT rnx, Tow ce HacoqBa
K'hM fepMaHHR, HO no n'hTR norryqaBa rne.n;emrn 3a pa3BHTl1eTo Ha co6unrnTa B Eorr-
rapwR l1 MOJI6a OT HaMeCTHJ1qecTBOTO .n;a ce 3aBopHe B CTpaHaTa. KHR3'bT Hal1CTJ1Ha
noeMa o6paTHHRT n'hT. Tiocpern;HaT e B f10preBo OT CrnM6orroB, .n;-p B. Pa.n;ocrraBOB
w Herosw no.n;.n;po)!(HHQH. Ha 17 aBrycT 1886 r. KHR3'hT npwcTHra B Pyce, nocpern;HaT
OT qy)!(,D;HTe KoHcyrrw B rpa.n;a. OT TYK H3nparn;a TerrerpaMa .n;o pycKHR HMneparnp c
Morr6a 3a MHeHHe no C'b3p;arraTa ce c11TyaQHR. TerrerpaMaTa e 113npaTeHa 6e3 3HaH11eTo
Ha CrnM6orroB 11 .n;pyrwTe opraHw3aTopu Ha Kompanpesparn. OT Pyce npe3 TopHoBo-
fa6poBo- HoBa 3aropa 11 TinoB,D;HB KHR3'bT H npw.n;py)!(aBarn;11Te ro JIHQa ce oTnpaBRT
K'hM CocpHR. Ha 20 aBrycT 1886 r. B HoBa 3aropa ce norryqaBa oqaKBaHHR OT I1eTep-
6ypr OTroBop. 0TroBopoT e KaTeropwqeH -"I1pep;Bl1)!(,D;aWKl1 CTpa111H11 nocrre.n;crn11R
3a T'bW 3rre H3naTHJiaTa CTpaHa, He Mora .n;a o.n;o6pR BameTo Bporn;aHe B EonrapHR. Ha
Bame Bwcoqecrno ocTaBa .n;a pemwTe, KaKBO .n;a TpR6Ba .n;a HanpaBwTe''. Ta3H TerrerpaMa
e BC'hlll;HOCT noKaHa 3a a6,n;uKaQWR. HaCTowqwmrnT C'bBeT Ha AHrrrHR ''.Anemrpai,\'1 .n;o
BerrHKHTe CHJIH, a He .n;o PycuR" p;oCTwra .n;o EaTeH6epr ep;Ba KOraTo TOW e B CocpHR.
IIo n'hrn OT HoBa 3aropa npe3 TirroBp;WB 3a CocpwR KHR3 ArreKcaH,n;op OKOH'laTerr-
HO pemaBa .n;a a6,n;11Kupa. 3a HRKOJIKO,D;HeBHWR npecrnw B KHR)!(eCTBOTO TOW ce y6e)!(-
AaBa, qe Haw-corn;ecTBeHHR 6errer na norrwTw'lecKWR )!(l1BOT B CTpanaTa e .n;orr6oKHR
pa3KOJI B'bB BOWCKaTa, cpe.n; norrwTuqecKHTe rnrrw w cpe.n; Hapo.n;a. 3aToBa 11 npu cpern;a-
Ta rn c aHrJil1WCKJ1R KOHCYJI ,[()l(OHC KHR3'bT He KpHe cpaKTa, qe e MHOro pa3CTpoen OT
TOBa, qe 3/4 OT ocpHQep11Te ca 3aMeceHl1 B npesparn H 'le HRKOl1 MJ1Hl1CTpl1 ca ,D;OBOJIHl1
OT 3arosopa. TerrerpaMaTa Ha QapR caIVIO yCKopRBa pemeHHeTO MY. EaTeH6epr npucTH-
ra Ha 22 aBrycT 1886 r. B cTomrQaTa 11 Ha cnep;Barn;HR ,n;eH CBWKBa cosern;aH11e c yqacT11e
Ha rroJIHTwqecKH .n;e:WQH H ocpHQepu. Ha 25 aBrycT EaTeH6epr TOW Ha3HaqaBa pereHT-
cKw C'bBeT B C'bCTaB: CT. CTaM6orroB, no.n;n. C. MyTKypoB w II. KapaserroB. YqacTHeTo
Ha II. KapaBerroB B pereHTCTBOTO HMa 3a Qerr .n;a MY ornrypw Me)l(,n;yHapo,n;eH npecTW)!(
H .n;a npe.n;ornpaTH oKoHqaTerrHOTO pa3Qenrrem1e Ha JlH6epanHaTa napTHR.
Ha 26 aBrycT 1886 r. nopBHRT KHR3 Ha Tpernrn 6orrrapCKa .n;op)!(aBa c "MaHwcpecT
K'bM 6orrrapCKJ1R Hapo.n;" ocpHQHaJIHO a6p;HKl1pa.
3. YnpaB.i\euue Ha PereHTCTBOTO (asrycT~uoeMBpn 1886 r.) u

CKbcBaue ua OTHOllleHmITa c Pycm1
A6,n;wKwpawKH oT npecTorra, KHR3 ArreKcan.n;op I, B c'boTBeTCTBHe c KoHcTHTYQH-

RTa Ha3HaqaBa PereHTCTBo B C'bCTaB II. KapasenoB, CT. CrnM6orroB H C. MyTKypoB
- CKJIOHHl1R K'bM KOMTipOMHCJ1 6HB111 MHHJfCT'bp-npe.n;cep;aTeJI l1 p;BaMa OT HaW-aKTHB-
HHTe yqacTHl1QJ1 B KOHTpanpeBpaTa. QqeBl1,D;HO pycocpHJICKOTO Te'leHMe B 6orrrapcKHR
ITOJIHTH'lecKM )l(J1BOT e OTCTpaHeHo OT ynpaBJieHweTo Ha .n;op)!(aBaTa. CooTHomeHHe-
To Ha CHJil1Te Me)l(.n;y "cpurru" J1 "cpo6u" B C'b3,D;aJiaTa ce cwTyaQWR e HepaBHOCTOWHO l1
TOBa e M3IIOJI3BaHO 3a rpy6 HaTMCK M perrpecm1 cpenw IIOJIMTH'leCKMTe rrpoTMBHMl\11
Ha PereHTCTBOTO M rrpaBHTencTBOTO.
Ha 1 cerrTeMspw 1886 r. IV OHC e CBMKaHo Ha rropeAHaTa cw - rreTa M3B0Hpe11-
Ha cernR. 3a HRKOJIKO AHH e o6coAeH w rrpMeT 6IOA)KeT'bT Ha CTpaHaTa. Co6paH11ero
M3pa3R:Ba CBOeTO ysa)KHTeJIHO OTHOilleHwe K'bM 6MBilIJ1R 6onrapcKM KHR3, KaTO MY
oTrrycKa 3Ha'IHTeJIHa 3a ToraBallIHHTe yrnoBHR rrapwt.IHa cyMa. fnacysaH e w rropmrnr
6onrapCKH A'bp)!(aBeH 3aeM B C'bKpOBHll~HH 6oHOBe B pa3Mep Ha 33 320 000 JIB. no
rrpeAJIO)!(eHwe Ha pereHTa CTaM6onos e rnacysaHa TenerpaMa AO pycKHR HMrreparop
c ysepemrn B "mo6os M rrpeAaHOCT" J1 c MOJI6a 3a IIOKpOBHTeJICTBO. 0TrOBOpnT Ha
IleTep6ypr e HeOt.IaKBaH M C Te)!(KJ1 IIOCJieACTBHR. Ilo Hape)KAaHe Ha HMIIepaTOpa Ha
13 asrycT 1886 r. B Cocpm1 rrpMCTMra pycKoTo soeHHO aTallle B'bB BweHa, reHeparr-Ma-
ii:op 6apoH HMKonaii: B. Kayn6apc - cpopMaJIHo Karn yrrpaBJIRBa~ AHIIJIOMaTHt.IeCKoTO
rrpeACTaBHTeJICTBO B HalllaTa CTOJIMQa, a cpaKTH'leCKH KaTO crreQHaJieH HMrreparopCKl1
rrpaTeHMK c QeJI " ... Aa ITOMOrHe C'bC C'bBeTH Ha 6onrapwTe Aa 113JIR3aT OT KpM3aTa''.
O~e B rropBMTe AHH Ha rrpe6MsasaHeTo CH reHepan'bT He caMo OTKPHTO B3eMa
cTpaHa B'bB B'bHilIHOITOJIHTH'leCKHTe 6op6w, HO H ce OITHTBa Aa AHKTysa pellleHMR Ha
PereHTCTBOTO M rrpaBHTeJICTBOTO. J1cKaHHR KaTO TOBa Aa ce OTJIO)KJ1 CBHKBaHeTO Ha
BHC (u36opw 3a KOeTo cnopeA TopHoBcKaTa KOHCTHTYQHR TpH6Ba Aa ce rrpose.r1ar B
cpoK OT eAHH MeCeQ OT a6AHKaQHHTa Ha KHH3a), MJIH Aa ce OCB060ART apeCTysamne
3a yqacTHe B asrycTOBCKHH rrpespaT ocpwQepw, 3a OTMHHa Ha BOeHHOTO ITOJIO)!(eHMe ca
KaTeropM'IHO OTXB'bpJieHH OT 6onrapcKHTe BJiaCTH M KBaJIHcpHQJ1!paHM KaTO "HaMeca
B'bB B'bTpellIHOTO yrrpaBJieHMe''. c IT03HQHRTa Ha rrpaBMTeJICTBOTO ce COJIHAapM3HpaT
AHrnMR H AscTpo-YHrapwR, a repMaHcKaTa M cppeHcKaTa AHITJIOMaQHR 3arra3BaT pe-
3epBwpaHOTO CM OTHOilleHMe.
Tosa He rrpeqw Ha Kayn6apc Aa pa3RCHM rrpeTeHQHMTe cM B AOKyMeHT OT 12 TO'!·
KH H Aa HapeAH pa3rrpoCTpaHeHweTo My. HeAorrycntMo 3a AHITJIOMaT, reH. Kayrr6apc
yqacrna B MMTHHra Ha OIT03HQHRTa B CocpMH, 3aB'bpllIHJI CKaHAaJIHO 3a Hero. ,[(eMOH·
cTpaTI11BHOTO rroBeAeHue Ha reHepana, o6MKOJIKHTe My H3 cTpaHaTa c QeJI "rrpe.r1aBaHe
BOJIRTa Ha HMrrepaTopa" (rroce~asa OpxaHue, BpaQa, KHe)Ka, IlneBeH, CBHII\OB, Pyce,
lliyMeH w BapHa) B HaBeqepMeTo Ha M36opMTe Ha)Ke)!(aBaT noJIHTH'leCKMTe crpacTl1
AO KpaeH npeAeJI.
B o6CTaHOBKa Ha Hanpe)KeHwe, cunosw AeMCTBHR Ha ynpaBJIHBall\I-!Te u AOPH Kop·
sasw HHQMAeHTH, M36opwTe see naK ce rrpoBe)!(AaT Ha 28 cenTeMBpM 1886 r. 11 pe3y11-
TaTMTe CO'laT rropa)!(eHHe Ha pycocpHJIHTe. IlpaBMTeJICTBeHHTe KaHAHAaTH cnetJeJIBaT
no6eAa - 420 OT 06~0 590 AerryTaTCKH MeCTa. O~e B AeHR Ha M36opMTe pycKoTo 1111·
nnoMaTM'leCKo areHTCTBO B Cocpirn yseAOMHBa MMHMCTopa Ha B'bHilIHMTe pa6orn, qe
QapcKoTo rrpaBMTencrno o6RBRBa H36opMTe 3a He3aKOHHH u HRMa~w CTOMHOCT. Te31f
M3RBJieHMR KpacHopequso roBopRT 3a rrpoMeHeHaTa TaKTMKa Ha PycwR - OT cnser1111
onMTM 3a npeAornparnsaHe Ha HenpweMJIHBM 3a IleTep6ypr pellleHMR ce rrpeM11ttasa
K'bM OTKPHTO oTpMQaHMe Ha AeMCTBMRTa Ha pereHTCTBOTO M npaBMTeJICTBOTO.
3aHBJieHMeTo Ha Kayn6apc, qe PyrnR C'IHTa M36opMTe 3a He3aKOHHH, He ca rrpe'!·
Ka Ha 19 OKTOMBPM III BHC Aa 3anoqHe CBORTa pa6oTa. 0T6nocHaTo e M aHrrrwiicKoro
138
HOBA E'bflfAPCKA MCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
BHyrnemi:e 3a npe113fo.1paHe Ha KHR3 AneKcaHAop I, KoeTo 6w lif30CTpwno AOIT'hJIHlif-

TeJIHO KOHcpJIMKTa c PycwR. Jl,eceT AHlif no-K'bCHO TO 1136wpa npwm_\ BaJIAeMap, ClifH Ha
AaTCKlifR Kparr XpwcTlifRH IX lif 6paT Ha pyCKarn QapwQa MapwR, 3a KHR3 Ha Eorrrapw.R,
HO no BHyrneHMe Ha PycwR Tow OTKJIOHRBa npeAJIO)l(eHarn MY KopoHa. CJieA npwe-
MaHe oCTaBKaTa Ha IT. KapaBeJioB w IIOII'bJIBaHe C'bCTaBa Ha PereHTCTBOTO c feoprw
>KMBKOB, napnaMeHT'bT cpaKTJ1qecKlif npeycrnHOBJIBa pa6ornrn rn AO HaMwpaHe Ha
HOB KaHAlifAaT 3a npeCTOJia.
Oll.\e Ha C'blllWR AeH cpeA AlifIIJIOMaT11qecKlifTe KporoBe 3anoqBa Aa ce KOMeHTwpa
npeAJIO)l(eHaTa OT Pyc11.R KaHAMAaTypa Ha rpy311ttcK11J1 KHR3 H11Ko11at1 Jl.aAMaH MwH-
rpenw 3a 6orrrapcKlif KH.R3. KaHAMAaTyparn MY o6aqe e HenpweMJilifBa KaKTO 3a Be1111-
Kl1Te ClifJilif, TaKa l1 3a IlOJilifTlifqecKlifTe ClifJil1 B CTpaHaTa. ITopaAH TOBa CJie):\ HJIKOJIKO-
Mece'IHO lifHQHAeHTHO o6c'b)l():(aHe TR e rnern. B Kpa.R Ha pa6ornrn Ha BHC e 1i136paHa
Tp11qJieHHa ):(eJieraQlif.R B C'bCTaB A-p K. CTOHJIOB, Jl,. fpeKOB lif K. Xa):()l(lifKaJiqoB, KORTO
Aa noceTH CTOJIJ1Ql1Te Ha BeJIMKHTe CHJilif, Aa H3JIO)l(V! C'bIJ..\HOCTTa Ha 6011rapcKaTa Kpl1-
3a lif ):\a IIOlifCKa C'bBeTlif 3a J13JIH3aHe OT He.fl.
110 BpeMe Ha 3ace):(aHMRTa Ha BHC noJilifTlifqecKHTe CTpaCTlif ce M30CTpRT AO Kpa-
eH npe):(err. B I1epy111wQa, Eyprac w CnwBeH H36yxBaT 6yHTOBe npoTlifB noJIMTlifKaTa Ha
pereHTCTBOTO. forr.RM 6pot1 HeHa):\e)l():(Hlif cnopeA pereHTCTBoro ocpwQepw ca yBoJIHeHlif
OT apMMRTa 11 nporoHeHM OT crpaHarn. 110):( npe):\rror, qe HaA pycKw no):(aHMQH B D'bJI-
rapwR ce lif3BopIIIBaT HacMJIMR, no lifCKaHe Ha reH. Kayrr6apc pycKoTo npaBwTeJicTBo
113npall.\a w aKocT11paT B'bB BapHa Knwnepwre "l1aMRT MepKyp11R" c 16 opoAMR w 418
AYilllif eKwna)l( 11"3a6.Rr"c12 opo;r:\l1R lif eKwna)l( or 150 AYIIIlif. B Eyprac pycKlifRT ocjm-
1\ep Ha6oKoB opraHH3Mpa 6yHT cpell.\y pereHrcrnoro. J!.!crwttcKarn QeJI e e):(Ha - ):(a ce
npeAlif3BHKa na):(aHe Ha npaB11TeJICTBOTO w pereHTCTBOTO w ):(ace o6pa3yBa pycocpw11-
CKl1 Ka611tteT, KOWTO ):(a B'b3CTaHOBlif no11wT11qecKoro BJilifJIHHe Ha PycwR B Eorrrap11R.
Me)l():(yBpeMeHHO, OC'b3HaBal1Kw npoBaJia Ha rnoRra MMCMR, Kay116apc B3eMa no-
BOA OT e):\MH J1HQJ1):\eHT c na3aqa Ha pycKOTO KOHCYJICTBO B l1JIOBAlifB 3a IIOCTaB.RHe Ha
HOBlif y11TwMaTl1Bfflif MCKaHMR 11 CJie):( OTXBopJIRHeTo MM HanyCKa EonrapwR. Be):(Hara
CJieA TOBa ):\lifIIJIOMaTlifqecKMTe OTHornemrn Me)l():(y ):\BeTe CTpaHH ca npeK'bCHaTlif. 6 HO-
eMBPlif 1886 r. rnara HaqaJioTo Ha pa3pl1B, npo):('bJI)l(HJI QRJIO AecerwneT11e.
0TcTpaHRBaHeTo Ha KH.R3 AneKcaHA'hP I 03HaqaBa pean113wpatte Ha e):(Ha QeJI Ha
pyCKarn ):(HIIJioMaQMR, HO ycnexor 1) ce oKa3Ba nwpoB. BnacTTa B CocjmR e OBJia):(RHa
OT IIOJilifTlifQl1, KOJ1TO He )l(eJiaRT IIOBeAeHlifeTO MM ):\a ce KOHTp01Ili1pa lif ):\l1KTyBa OT
'IY)!(Aa ;r:\'bp)l(aBa, II'bK 611na TR lif TaKa nony11Rpttarn Orno6o):(wTenKa. CneABa ):(a ce
TIOA'Ieprne, qe npe3 eceHrn Ha 1886 r. PereHTCTBOTO w npaBMTerrcrnorn npaBRT HR-
KOJIKO OIIHTa 3a T'bpceHe Ha KOMIIpOMHC lif no):(o6pRBaHe Ha OTHOIIIeHHJITa, HO Te HR-
MaT ycnex. EpyTaJIHOTO noBe):(eH11e Ha HMnepaTopcKMJI npareHwK 11 lif31ifCKBaHlifRTa 3a
TI'bJIHO IIO):\qJ1HeHJ1e OT CTpaHa Ha l1eTep6ypr ):\OBe)l():\aT ):\0 HeraTMBHlif IIOCJieACTBlifR
l1 3a ABeTe CTpaHM. Pyc11.R ):\'bJirO BpeMe Hee B C'bCTORHlife ,n;a OKa3Ba npRKO BJilifRHHe B
Bnnrapw.R lif B T03l1 CMMC'bJI ry611 qacT OT II03HQlifHTe rn Ha EanKaHMTe; 6011rapcK0To
KHJl)!(eCTBO OCTaBa 6e3 TpaeH cepl103eH IIOKpOBV!TeJI Ha Me)!(,D;yHapO):(HaTa apeHa.
3arra):(Hl1Te ;r:\'bp)l(aBM He ca e):(HHHlif B OQeHRBaHeTO Ha co61i1TlifRTa y Hae. AHrnH.R
11 ABcrpo-YHrap11.R ca ):(OBOJIHM OT KoHcpnwKTa c PyrnR w rpeBorarn OT OTCTpaHRBa-
1 'l()
Pocuu,a AH2eJ10Ba
HeTo Ha KHR3 AneKcaHA'hP I nocTeneHHO e 3aMeHeHa OT 3aAOBOJICTBOTO, qe BJiacTTa B

Cocprrn e OBJiaARHa OT noJil1Tifl. ~l1 c pycocpo6CKa op11e1-ITaq11R. fepMaHl1R liI <:DpaHI_\l1ll
B CJiyqaR OCTaBaT TIO-BCTpaHJ1, HO l1 TJIXHaTa TIOCJieAHa AYMa He e Ka3aHa, T'bt'I KaTo
pa3BliITlileTo Ha 6onrapCKaTa Kp113a npOA'bJI)l(aBa.
4. Hos eran OT ynpaB.l\eH11ero Ha PererCTBOTO. Jlh6op Ha Cllepwiuaim

CaKc Ko6yprrcrrc1G1 :aa 6'hJ\l'apcIG1 KIDl3
OnliIT'bT Ha IleTep6ypr Aa HaJIO)l(l1 KaHAliIAaTypaTa Ha rpy3l1HCKl1R npHHQ H11-

Konai1: ,U. M11Hrpen11 e nocpell\HaT Han'bJIHO 0Tp11qaTeJIHO B cTpaHaTa 11 l13B'bH Hell.
0TKa3'bT Ha npl1HQ BanAeMap 11 CK'bCBaHeTo Ha OTHOlllemrnTa c Pyc11JI nocTaBRT Pe-
reHTCTBOTO 11 npan11TeJICTBOTO B 3aTPYAIIeHo rroJIO)l(eHHe. Heo6xoAl1MOCTTa OT ettep-
rl1'1Hl1 Aei1cTBHR AOBe)l(Aa AO 113npall\aHeTo Ha AeJieraQJrn H3 eBporrei1cK11Te CTOJHil\H.
M11c11J1Ta Ha TpH'IJieHHaTa AeJieraQl1R 3arroqna Ha 20 HoeMBp11 1886. Ha TI'bT 3a BHeHa
AeJieraTJ1Te crrupaT B EenrpaA, 3a Aa 3aCBJ1AeTeJICTBaT 6naroAapHOCT 3a rrp11RTeJicK0To
pa3TIOJIO)l(eHJ1e Ha cpo6CKOTO rrpaBJ1TeJICTBO l1 3aAOBOJICTBO OT B'b3CTaHOBRBaHeTO Ha
OTHOllleHl1RTa Me)l(AY ABeTe CTpaHl1. IloAKperraTa Ha EenrpaA, KaKTo H Ha EyKypell\ e
OT Ba)l(HO 3Ha'lemre 3a pereHTCTBOTO. ,UenyTaq11RTa e nocpen\HaTa A06pe B JloHAOH,
P11M 11 B11eHa, HO AOPl1 TaM O'laKBaHMRTa 3a KOHKpeTHl1 attra)l(l1MeHTJ1 He ce onpas-
AaBaT. KoM TOBa ce rrp116aBR xnaAHOTo rrocpen-1aHe B Eepn11H 11 IlapM)I( J1 OTKa3'bT
Ha IleTep6ypr B'b0611\e Aa rrp11eMe 6onrapcKJ1Te rrpaTemrq11. TaKa HHTO e ornrypeHa
cepl103Ha Al1IIJIOMaTliI'lecKa TIOAKperra 3a yrrpaBJieHJ1eTO Ha pereHTCTBOTO, Hl1TO e IIO)l-
roTBeH OKOH'laTeJieH BaplilaHT 3a J136op Ha 6onrapCKJ1 KHR3.
Ha 1 AeKeMBpl1 1886 r. 611BlllHR ocp11Qep OT aBcTpo-yHrapCKaTa apM11R Maiiop M.
Jiaa6a rnop3Ba 'IJieHoBeTe Ha AerryTaQl1RTa c rrp11HQ <:DepAI-IHaHA CaKc Ko6yprroTCKl1
M TOW CTaBa KaHAVIAaT 3a 6onrapcKVIR rrpecToJI.
EonrapCKaTa AeJieraQMR Topc11 vi Apyrw pellleHMR. Ilpe3 eceHTa Ha 1886 r. no no-
KaHa Ha BeJil1KliIR Be3up KRMVIJI rrallla ,Up. UaHKOB 3aMmrnBa 3a Uap11rpaA, 3a Aa BO)ll1
nperoBop11 np11 nocpeAHH'leCTBOTO Ha TypcKoTo rrpaBttTeJICTBO c rrp11cT11rnanara B
TYPCKaTa cTonuqa 6onrapCKa AeJieraQliIR 11 c yrrpaBJIRBall\MR 6onrapcKOTO ):IVInnoMa-
Tl1'1ecKo areHTCTBo A-P r. BnJIKOBl1'l 3a l13JIJ13aHe OT Kpr-!3aTa. IlperoBopwTe Me>K!IY
UaHKOB 11 TypcKVITe yrrpaBJIRBall\liI ce BOART OT Ha'laJIOTO Ha RHyapu AO cpei:1a1a Ha
cpeBpyap11 1887 r. B rnx Heocp11q11aJIHO yqacrnaT aHrn11wcK11R rrornaHl1K YawT vi py-
CKHR MY Konera Henl1):IOB. IlporpaMaTa Ha UaHKOB e B Ayxa Ha pycK11Te 11cKaI1VIJI 11
e 03arnaneHa "IlpoeKT 3a Ml1pHo pa3pelllaBaHe Ha 6onrapCKaTa Kp113a''. TR C'bAop·
)l(a llleCT TO'IKl1 B cneAHliIR AYX-rrpeMaxBaHe Ha pereHTCTBOTO; C'bCTaBJIHe Ha Koarr11-
I..\HOHHO rrpaBJ1TeJICTBO, B KOeTO B'b3JIOBV!Te MeCTa Aa ce 3aeMaT OT qaHKOBMCTV!Te, a
BOeHHJ1JI MV!Hl1CT'bp ):la e pynraK; B'b3CTaHOBJIBaHe Ha ocpuqep11Te-AeTpoHaTOpV! Ha
cJiy)l(6J1Te 11M; CBl1KBaHe Ha BHC, KOeTo i:1a J136epe pycKMR KaHAVI):laT KHR3 M11mperr11
3a 6onrapcKl1 BJia):leTeJI 11 peBl13VIR Ha KoHCTl1TYQl1RTa. Te3l1 nperoBop11 3aBnpurnar
6e3pe3yJITaTHO. ,[I;eBM3'bT Ha pereHTCTBOTO OCTaBa 3all\l1Ta Ha 6onrapcKaTa HaQVIOHaJI-
HOBA E'bflTAPCKA UCTOPHJI (1878-1944)
Ha He3as11c11MoCT. KaTeropwrno e OTXBopneHo OT rrpaB11TencrnoTo M 11cKaHeTo ,Up.

UaHKOB i:1a 6oi:1e BKJiroqeH B cocTaBa Ha pereHTCTBOTO.
BoHIIIHorron:11T11qecK11Te 3aTPYAHeHMH B Te3H MeceQ11 ce coqeTaBaT c ycnmKHH-
BaHe Ha o6cTaHoBKaTa B CTpaHaTa. ,UaH'bQliITe ce ysenwrnBaT, 3aTPYAHeHo e rna6-
1:vrnaHeTo, rron11T11qecK0To npoT11BorrocTaBHHe ce 3a):lon6oqaBa. IIono)!(eH11eTo ce
p;ecrn611n11311pa OT aKT11BHOCTTa Ha eM11rp11paJIHTe B qy)!(611Ha npOTVIBH11QJ1 Ha yrr-
paBJIHBa~11Te, KOMTO ce TIOJI3BaT c Herrp11Kp1iITaTa TIOAKperra Ha IIeTep6ypr, cT11ra~a
p;o rroi:1roTBHHe Ha Boopo)!(eHM i:1e1krn11H. Esponeil:CKaTa M 6anKaHcKa npeca 3arroqBa
m1rnseHo i:1a KOMeHTMpa i:1elirnocTTa Ha 6onrapCKaTa eM11rpaQ11H B PyMoHMH, cocpe-
p;oTO'!eHa B EyKypeI..Q, fiopreBo M Kanarnap. OT Pynrn, OcMaHcKaTa MMnepMH M Py-
M'DHHH eMMrpaQMHTa ce o6poI.Qa c rrpH3HB 3a 6op6a cpe~y pereHTMTe. IIpe3 HHyap11
1887 r. B Epa:11na 3anoqsa ):la l13JIM3a B. ''J(eaemu aa2ycm", B KOMTO BoeHHMTe eMMrpaH-
rn: rrop;KaHHT oqrnQepMTe B CTpaHaTa ):la CBaJIHT rrpaB11TeJICTBOTO.
B Ha<JaJIOTO Ha 1887 r. ocp:11Qep:11Te eM11rpaHT11 B PyMoHMH C'b3):1aBaT KOMMTeT 3a
IIO):lfOTOBKa Ha BoOpb)!(eHO B'bCTaHMe KaTO HaM-fOJIHMO BHI1Mam1e ce OT):leJIH Ha Kpai1:-
rpaH11'1Hl1Te rapHI130H11 B CmmCTpa M Pyce, Ko):leTo Haqeno Ha 3arosopa 3acTaBaT
cnornerno Karr. Xp11crn KpbcTeB 11 Mail:op ArnHac Y3yttoB. OpraH113arnp11Te rrony-
qasaT IIOAKpena OT CTpaHa Ha pycKMH ,[\MIIJIOMaTH'leCKH npeACTaBHTen B EyKype~ M.
XJ,nposo, KOMTO qeCTo II'DTM Mrpae rro-3Ha<J11TenHa ponH B KocseHOTO rrpMnaraHe Ha
11apCKaTa non11T11Ka KbM Eonrap11H, OTKOJIKOTO rrocnaHMK'DT B Uap11rpai:1 A. Hen11i:1os.
EyHT'DT 1136yxBa npe)!():leBpeMeHHO B CHJIMCTpa Ha 17 cpespyapvr 1887 r. C BOMCKOBH
qacT11 OT Pyce, lllyMeH M BapHa npaB11Tencrnorn 6op3o rrOTyrnaBa BOMHMllIKMH 6yHT,
a Karr. KpbcTeB e y6MT npM orrHT i:1a rrpeMHHe pyMoHCKaTa rpaHMQa. BocTaH11ern B
Pyce M36yxsa Ha 19 cpeBpyapM 1887 r., HO o~e co~HH ):leH e rrOTyrneHo.
B rroTyrnasaHeTo Ha pycoqrnncK11Te 6yHTOBe i:1eil:Ho yqacTMe B3eMaT APY)!(MHK11-
Te "EonrapMH 3a ce6e rn''. Te311 CTPYKTyp11 ce C'b3,[\aBaT B MHoro rpai:1ose 11 cena Ha
CTpaHaTa, 3a i:1a oKa)!(aT IIOAKpena Ha pereHTCTBOTO w HerosoTo rrpas11Tencrno. Ha
rrpaKT11Ka ):leMHOCTTa MM ce I13pa3JIBa B TepopI13MpaHe Ha OII0311Ql15:1Ta, HaTMCK Bopxy
HaceneH11eTo 11 opraH113MpaHe Ha 061..QecrneHa IIO.r\Kperra Ha ynpaBJIHBa~MTe.
EyHTOBeTe C'b3):1aBaT onaceH rrpeQe):leHT B 6onrapcK11H rron11T11qecKH )!(11BOT Ha
CTpaHaTa 11 OTBeTHMTe MepKH ca 113KJIIOql1TeJIHO cypoBH - 113BoprnBaT ce MHO)!(e-
CTBO apecTM, M3II'DJIHeHM ca 9 CMopTH11 rrp11co):IH. IIon11TMqecK11Te CTpacnr B3eMaT
Te)!('bK ):laH'bK - cpei:1 pa3cTpenHH11Te ca JIMqHocT11 Karn Maitop On. IIaHOB MAT. Y3y-
HOB, repmr OT orno6oi:1vrTeJIHOTO ABM)!(eH11e M Cpo6CKo-6onrapcKaTa soil:Ha; Kan. r.
3eneHoropoB, nopyq11K KpbcTeHHKOB, noi:1rropy'IMQWTe Ko)!(yxapcKM, TpoM6ernK11,
EH<JeB, T. Kop):l)!(HeB, An. UBeTKOB, OT paHMTe C11 rro speMe Ha 6yHTa yM11pa no):ln.
):\WM. <f>11JIOB.
IIpas11TeJICTBOTO B3eMa MepKM ):la 3arnyrn11rnaca11 Ha on03MQ11HTa. O~e Ha 19
cpespyap11 B CTOJIHQaTa ca apeCTyBaH11 B11):1H11 IIOJI11T11'!eCKl1 ):leMQ11, li!3BeCTH11 B py-
cocp11JICKI1Te cpei:111 - II. KapaBenos, CT. ,UaHeB,M. Capacpos, AHT. <!>paHrn, l1B. II.
Cnaseil:KOB, l1n. feoproB M AP· Beqeprn B qepHaTa ,U)!(aMMH e ManTpeTMpaH nonMTMKa
w):lop)!(aBHMKa II. KapasenoB. ApecTM ca H3BoprneH11 11 B npoBMHQMHTa. Uenrn Ha
rrpaBMTeJICTBOTO e i:1a cnnarn11 HaceneHLieTo. Cnei:1 apeCTyBaHeTo Ha II. Kapasenos 11
Pocu11a AH2enosa
.r1pyn1Te TIOJIJ1TJ1'1eCKJ1 .r1ei1:QJ1 no TIOBO,[I Ha )l(eCTOKOTO OTHOllieHHe, npo.RBeHO K'hM

rnx, B'b3HHKBa .r111nnoMaTH'IecK11 HHQH,[leHT. BoAa'I'bT Ha JIIT npaBHJIHO 11 .r1ocToJ1:tto He
noTB'bP)l(AaBa, qe My e HaHeceH no6oi1:. ITo T0311 Ha'IHH TOM npe.r10TBpaTRBa HaMecan
Ha 'IY)l(AJ1 CJ1JIH B'bB B'bTpernHHTe pa60TH Ha 6nJirapCKOTO npaB11TeJICTBO, He3aBHCl1-
MO OT TOBa, qe TO e C'bCTaBeHO OT HerOBJ1 TIOJIJ1TH'IeCKH npOTJ1BHHQH.
QqeBH,[IHO HaM11paHeTO Ha H3XOA OT Kp113aTa Ha Bnpxa B ,[l'bp)f(aBHOTO ynpasne-
HJ1e e noBeqe OT Heo6xo,[IHMO. fepMaHHR 11 <PpaHQHR Bee no-BH,[IHMO no,[IKpernrr Py-
c11R, TypQHR ropHAH'IeCKH e B npaBoTo CH .r1a ce HaMecH. Pa3rJie)f(,[laT ce pa3nwrn11
Bap11aHTJ1-.rlBY.rlnp)f(aBHO MOHapXH'IecKo 06eAHHeH11e c PyMnHHR HJIH TypQHR, 3a-
Bpn~aHe Ha npHHQ EaTeH6epr, .r1op11 ce naHc11paT peny6JIHKaHCKH H,[leH. 3a.r1atJara e
e.r1Ha - Aa ce HaMepH KaHAH,[laT, roToB .r1a npHeMe 1136opa 6e3 npe.r1Bap11TeJIHoro n-
rnacHe Ha BeJIHKHTe CHJIH, KaKTO nocTaHoBRBa EepnHHCKHR AOroBop. 3a Ta3lll '-\en Ha
15 MapT 1887 r. MHHHCTnp .r1-p K. CToHJIOB 3aMHHaBa 3a B11eHa c MHCHR Aa pa36epe
.r1am:1 611Brn11.R KHR3 AneKcaH,[lnp I e cnrnaceH Aa 6n.r1e OTHoBo 1136paH np111 Te3H yc-
JIOBHR. I1p11 OTKa3 MlllClllRTa MY e .r1a HaMep11 KaHAHAaT, roToB .r1a H3TI'bJIHH yrnoswern
Ha pereHTCTBOTO. ITo T0311 Bnnpoc o6aqe HMa pa3Hornac11.R B npaB!llTeJICTBOTO. M11-
HJ1CT'bp-npe.r1ce.r1aTeJIRT .r1-p B. Pa.r1ornaBoB H MHHHCTnpnT Ha BOMHaTa noJIK. H11Ko-
naeB ce 06.RBRBaT npoTHB pereHTHTe 111 111cKaT Bpn~aHeTo Ha KHR3 AneKcaH,[lnp I Ha
6nnrapcKHR npecTOJI 11 3annarnBaT c ycrnHOBRBaHe Ha BOeHHa AHKTaTypa. Eop6an
3a BJiacT pa3QenBa npaB11TeJICTBeH11R narep: OT e.r1Ha CTpaHa ca MlllHlllCTpHTe Pa,n;ocna-
BOB, HHKOJiaeB H np11B'bp)l(eH11Q111Te Ha KHR3 AneKcaH,[lnp I cpe.r1 ocp11Qepcrnoro, a
OT Apyra - pereHTHTe H ocrnHaJI11Te MlllHHCTp11, Me)f(.r1y KO!llTO Ha'IOBH'I H CrmrnoB.
Cne.r1 KaTeropH'IHHR OTKa3 Ha 6HBWMR KHR3 Aa ce 3aBnpHe B EnmapHR 6e3 npe11Ba-
p11TeJIHOTO c'brnac11e npo,[l'bJI)f(aBaT pa3roBop11Te c npMHQ Ko6ypr M APYr:MTe esettry-
aJIHH KaHAHAaTH - epQxepQor III. CanBaTOp 11 EMHJI Py.r1oncp cpoH Illh0Hax-Kaponal1.
,[(eJ1:cTBJ1.RTa Ha 6nmapCKaTa ,[IMTIJIOMaQMR ce KOHQeHTpHpaT OKOJIO KaH,[IM,[larypara
Ha npHHQ Ko6ypr, KOeTo He oCTaBa rni1:Ha 3a eBponeJ1:cKMTe Ka6HHeT11. Be.r1Hara AH-
rnMR nap11pa c npe,[IJIO)f(eHMe - JiaHCMpa KaHAH,[laTypaTa Ha BTOpHR CHH Ha rrrne,n;cKl1!1
npMHQ OcKap Kapn ABryCT.
I1eTep6ypr C'b~O npe.r1nara HOBa cpopMyna 3a pa3pernaBaHe Ha Kp113arn - Ha3Ha-
'IaBaHe Ha .[(p. QaHKOB 3a MHHHCT'bp-npe.r1ce.r1aTeJI, Karo cpyHKQMHTe Ha pereHTCTBOTO
6n,[laT noeTH OT reHepan-ry6epHaTOp. Ta3M Kpai1:Ha Mo.r111cp11KaQI.rn Ha pycK111Te npoeK-
TM OTJ1Ba no-,[laJieq .r1op11 OT npe,[IJIO)f(eHMRTa Ha QaHKOB B HeycnellIHHTe rrper0Bop11
c Qap11rpa.r1.
B KpaR Ha Kpa11~aTa rrpe3 JIRTOTO Ha 1887 r. ce nocT11ra .r1oroBopeHocT c cPep1111-
HaH,[I CaKc-Ko6ypr-foTcK11, HeMCKH npHHQ, po.r1crneHHK Ha MHoro eBporreJ1:cKH Bna-
.r1eTeJicK11 cpaM11JI1111, BHYK Ha rrorne,[IHMR cppettcKH Kpan Jiy11 <l>Hn11n. Ha 25 IOH!ll rol1 e
H36paH 3a KHR3 Ha EnmapHR OT III BeJIHKOTO Hapo.r1Ho cn6paHHe. Cnc 3a,[la'Ia ,n;a 6011e
yTBnpAeH OT B11coKaTa nopTa 11 npw3HaT OT BeJIHKHTe c11n11 e HaTOBapeHo HOBOTO
rrpamnerrcTBO, C'bCTaBetto Ha 28 JOHU: 1887 r., tta11erro c ;n;-p K. CTou:rroB. CncraB'hT '
r.
MY e: rp. Hal.JOBM'I - MMHMCT'bp Ha B'bHllIHJ1Te pa60TJ1, CTpaHCKM - MJ1HMCT'bp Ha B'b-
TpellIHJ1Te pa60T11, CT. qoMaKOB - MMHHCTnp Ha HapoAHOTO npocBe~eHHe l1 Maftop
P. ITeTpoB - MHHHCTnp Ha BOWHaTa. YnpaBJieHHeTo Ha MHHMCTepcrnarn Ha rrpasoc'h-
HOBA E'b!II'APCKA UCTOPf!IJI (1878-1944)
AMeTo VI Ha cpvrnaHCVITe ce noeMa OT CTovrnos. HoBVl.lIT Ka6V1HeT e ycnex 3a sop;eHVl.lI OT

pereHTCTBOTO nmrnTV1qeCKV1 Kypc VI p;ecpaKTO oTcTpaH.HBa OT BJiaCTTa B. Pap;ornasos VI
,U. HVIKOJiaeB. J13BoprneHaTa npaBV1TeJicTBeHa npoM.HHa He oKa3Ba HMKaKBO BJIVl.lIHVle
Bnpxy II03VIIJ;Vl.HTa Ha PycV1.H.
CJiep; 6JIVl30 ep;HoMeceqHVI nperosopVI <Depp;V1Hanp; rrpVleMa Vl36opa. B Cocpmi: e
rrpwroTBeHa YHV1cpopMaTa MY Ha rnaBHOKOMaHp;saru; 6onrapCKaTa apMVl.lI vr e yroqHeH
MapmpyTa Ha rroryBaHeTo My. Ha 30 IOJIH HOBJil.lIT srrap;ererr cronsa Ha 6omaprna
3eM.lI B'bB BVlp;VIH, a Ha 2 asrycT 1887 r. rrorrara KJieTsa B TopHoso. Coe crreu;HaJIHa
rrpoKrraMaIJ;H.lI K'bM 6omapcKVl.lI Hapop; ror1 6rrarop;ap113a1136opa 11 o6eru;asa p;a yrrpa-
Bmrna crpaHara B cornacV1e c KoHCTVITYIJ;Vl.HTa. Bep;Hara rnep; rosa III BHC e 3aKpVITO,
Brracrra Ha pereHTVITe e npeKpareHa, a rrpas11reJicrnoro Ha p;-p K. CroVIJIOB rrop;asa
ocrasKa.
<Dep;a;1rnau;a; I, pop;eH Karo <Dep;a;uuau;a; MaKrnMmrnau Kaprr Jleonorr;a; Mapu:
CaKcKo6yprrorcKH (Ha HeMcKM: Ferdinand Maximilian Karl Leopold Maria van Saxe-
Coburg und Gotha), e KH.ll3 Ha Eomap11.H or 7 rorrvr 1887 r. p;o 22 cerrreMBpvr 1908 r., KO-
raro e 06.HBeHa He3aBHC11MOCTTa Ha Eomapvrn, VI u;ap Ha D'bJirap11.H or 22 cenreMBpVI
1908 r. iW a6p;HK11paHero MY Ha 3 OKTOMBp11 1918 r. <DepAHHaHp; (B 3arrap;Hara m'!Te-
parypa 0611KHOBeHO Ferdinand van Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha) e pop;eH Ha 26 cpespyapVI
1861 r. B'bB BVleHa. C11H e Ha rrpvrHu; Ayrycr cpoH CaKc-Ko6ypr-fora (1818-1881) 11 Ha
rrpwttu;eca KJieMeHTMHa Eyp6ott-OpneaHcKa ( 1817-1907), p;oru;ep.H Ha cppeHcKM.lI KpaJI
Jiyw-<D11n11rr. MJiap;vr.HT rrp11Hu; rrpeKapsa p;ercrnoro rn rrp11 CBOVITe pop;Hrem1 B'bB
BweHa. TaM nocell_\aBa yq11n11ru;ero 3a Kap;en1. EonrapCKara V1crop11.H pa3rJie)!(p;a u;ap
<Pepp;11HaHp; Karo rrporV1Bopeq11sa nwrnocr. Or ep;Ha crpana, vI3T'bKBar ce 3arnyrvrre
MY 3a yrsop)!(p;asaHero Ha Tperara 6omapCKa p;op)!(aBa, KaKro 11 3a Het'rnara He3aBVl-
rnMocr. Or p;pyra crpana, Ha <Depp;HHaHp; ce XBopJI.lI BHHara 3a neycrreurnoro riacn1e
Ha EonrapVl.H B Me)!(p;ycoI03H11qeCKara 11 Tiopsara cserosHa sot'rna, Ko11ro KOCTBar Ha
crpattara cror11u;vi XVIJIRp;M )Keprs11 11 p;ose)!(p;ar p;o 2 ttau;V10HaJIHH Karacrpocp11. Cnep;
rrpoBo3rnarnsaHe Ha He3as11c11Mocrra Ha Eonrap11.H B u;opKsara "Cservr ller11pV1p;ecer
M'btieHVIIJ;H" rrpe3 1908 <Depp;1rnaHp; I e 06.HBeH 3a u;ap. Ilpe3 1912 ce crpeM11 p;a 61,p;e
B p;o6pV1 orHorneH11R c pyCKo-cppeHCKH.lI coro3; 'Topm p;o6po)!(eJiareJicTBoro VI Ha Be-
m1Ko6p11raH11R, Ascrpo-Ynrap11R, J1ran11.H. Tipe3 1913-1915 rrop; BJIH.HH11e Ha <DepA11-
HaHp; I 6omapCKara B'bHllIHa rroJI11T11Ka ce opV1eHn1pa K'bM ascrpo-repMaHCKVl.lI 6noK,
K'bM Kor1ro Eomap11R ce np11cneA11H.HBa (1915). Ilo speMe Ha u;apysaHero MY Eoma-
p11.H rrperoprr.HBa 2 Hau;110HaJIH11 KaracrpocpVI - rnep; Me)!(p;ycoI03H11qeCKara BOttHa
1913 VI OTHOBO cJiep; KpaR Ha Tiopsara rnerosHa sor1Ha npe3 1918. A6p;11K11pa Ha 3
OKT0Mps11 1918 B noJI3a Ha rnHa rn Eop11c III. ~o CMoprra rn )!(VIBee B rpap; Ko6ypr,
fepMaH11.lI, H rronyqasa neHC11.H OT repMaHCKOTO rrpaBVITeJICTBO. <Depp;VIHaHp; YMVlpa Ha
10 cenreMBpw 1948 r.
<Depp;wHaHp; e 11 n11careJI, 6oraH11K 11 cpwrraren11cr. Tott ce )!(eH11 p;sa II'bT11. Ilop-
BM.lIT MY 6paK Ha 8 anp11JI 1893 r. B TI1rnHope, J1ramrn e c VITaJIMaHcKara nprrnu;eca
Map11.H Jly113a Eyp6oH-TiapMcKa. Mapu:H-Jlyu3a Eyp6ou-IIapMCKa e HrarrwaHcKa
rrpwm~eca, nopBaTa conpyra Ha KHR3 <Depp;wHaHp; I. Pop;eHa e Ha 17 .HHyapVI 1870 r. B
Pocu4a AH2e110Ba
J1Tam1R c HMeTO Mapwr !Iyu3a llua Tepe3a AHHa <PepouHaHoa <PpaHttecKa AHmoaHe·
ma Mapwpuma )J{03e<fiuHa KaponuHa EuaHKa !Iy•1wc AnoJZOHWl oe Eyp6oH, llpuH4eca
Ha llapMa. TR e Hat1:-roJIRMaTa A'hll\epR Ha rrapMCKHR AYK Po6epTo lif Ha rrpHH1\eca
MapHR I1HR 13yp6ott Ha ,UBeTe Cm~HJIHH. CeMewcrnoTo HMa Oll\e 11 Ae11a. Mai1KaTa
Ha Mapmi:-Jiy3a rroqHBa rrpH pa)l(AaHeTo Ha rrorneAHOTO rn AeTe, a 6all\a ii, npttHJ1
Po6epT, cKmoqBa BTOPH 6paK H HMa Oll\e 12 Ae11a. MapHR-JlYH3a cKmoqBa 6paK c Kl1Jl3
cPepAHHaHA I Ha 8 arrpHJI 1893 r. B I1lifattope, li1TanHR. Tot1 KaTo ceMet1cTBOTO ii e or
peBHOCTHH KaTOJIHl\H, Te IIOCTaBRT yrnoBHe rrpeA cPepAHaHA HaCJieAHHl\HTe HM Aa ca
KaTOJIHl\lif, a TOBa HaJIO)l(lifJIO rrpoMRHa Ha TopHoBcKaTa KOHCTlifTYl\lifR. OT 6paKa Cit
c KHR3 cPepAt<IHaHA MapHR-JlyH3a HMa 4 Ae11a: KHR3 Eopttc TopHoBCKH (1894-1943)
(6nAell.\HRT 11ap EoplifcIII), KHR3 KuplifJI I1pernaBCKlif (1895-1945), KHRrlifHR EBAOKMJl
(1898-1985) lif KHRrlifHR HaAe)l(Aa (1899-1958) - xep11ornHR BIOpTeM6epr. Km1rttHJl
MapHR-lIYH3a He ce 3aHlifMaBa c rroJilifTHqecKa AeiiHocT. TR He rrplifeMa H TPYAHO npe-
)l(lifBRBa rrpeMJifHaBaHeTO Ha II'bpBopOAHHR Yl CYIH OT KaTOJIHqecKO B lif3TOqHonpaBO·
CllaBHO BepOlif3IIOBeAaHJife OT 2 <PespyapH 1896 r., KOeTO e ycJIOBlife Ha pycKOTO npa-
BHTeJICTBO 3a rro,[lo6pRBaHe OTHornemrnTa Me)l(AY KHR)l(eCTBO EnnrapHR H PyCKara
lifMrrepHR. B Csi-naTa 11 BJilif3aT: fpa<PttHR AhO fpeHo, Atta AneKcaHApoBa ,I(ho Cett
Kp11crnqi, (CTanqosa) - o6ep xo<P-Mat1cTepHna (1896), MapHR I1eTposa-"lloMaKona
- rroqeTHa rocrro)l(Hl\a; Po3a I1arra,1wrrosa - rroqeTHa rocrro)l(lifl\a, Eapotteca Tiaymrna
13oKc6epr - EBKrnttorpaA (1890), fpacp AbO Kena - ceKpeTap, ,Uo6pH fanqeB - rrp11·
ABopeH yqMTeJI no 6onrapcKlif e3lifK. KHRrlifHRTa YMMpa Ha 30 RnyapH 1899 r. B Co¢ttR,
MaJIKO CJieA pa)l(AaHeTO Ha Hai\'r-MaJIKaTa Clif A'bll\epR, H e rrorpe6ana B KaTOJIH'leCKaTa
KaTeApana ,,CB. JlyABlifr" B I1JIOBAHB.
BrnpHRT 6paK Ha cPepAvIHaHA Ha 28 cpeBpyaplif 1908 r. B rp. Ko6ypr, fepMaHtt!l ec
repMattcKaTa rrpi-rn11eca Eneottopa <Pott Pot1c- KbocTpm~ ( 1860-1917), OT KORTO HJJMa
Ae11a. TR e poAeHa KaTo Eneonopa Kapomrna facrrapHHa Jiy113a, I1p:wtt11eca cpoi1 Pofrc
u;y IIInet1u;-KbocTpH1\, M3BeCTHa Karn ITplifttu;eca Eneottopa Pot1c-KbocTpm~ . .UnlJ\e·
pR Ha HeMCKHR rrpvIHl\ Xat1ttpuxIV :w I1pvrnu;eca Jiy:w3a. ITopBMRT :w 6paK e c Tipvrnu
KboCTp:wu;, KOMTO e cpeA crrpRraHlifTe lifMeHa 3a rropBlif 6onrapcKlif KHR3. CneA oBAOBJl·
BaHeTO CH yqacrna KaTO MMJIOC'bPAHa ceCTpa OT "llepBeHHR Kp'bCT B peAHl\a KaMnarrnW
Ha pycKaTa apMlifR, 3a KoeTo e HarpaAeHa. KoraTo cPepAMHaHA I OBAOBRBa, Tot! Monw
BenHKaTa K1rnrHHR MapHR ITaBJIOBHa, KORTO rrocell\aBa o'bJirapHR 3a OTKpirnaHero
Ha rraMeTHMKa Ha Uap Orno6oAvrTen, Aa MY HaMepw corrpyra, KORTO Aa He O'!aKsa
BHHMaHHe H Aa ce 3aHHMaBa c Hal\HOHannaTa 6naroTsop11TeJIHOCT. BenviKaTa KHJJ·
rMHR rrpeAnara CBORTa rropBa 6paToBqeAKa - BAOBMl\aTa Eneottopa Pot1c -Kbocrp!!J1.
EpaK'bT e cKJIIOqeH rrpe3 1908 r. 3a 11enTa BaTHKaH'bT BpeMeHHO OTMe1rn OTJI'b'!BaHero,
HaJIO)l(eHo na cPepAHHaHA cneA Kpnll\eHHeTo Ha Eoprc B rrpaBornaBHeTo. Ho Eneotto·
pa e rrpoTeCTaHTKa. CneA A'hJirM rrperoBopH, BanrKaH'bT ce cornarnBa cPepArrnau,1111a
yqacrna lif B rrpoTeCTaHTCKa 11epeMOHHR, HO rrpw yrnoBHe, qe 6nAe ,,narr'bJIHO 6e3yqac·
Ten''. CneABaT rrperoBopH c JIIOTepancKlifTe rraCToplif. HaKpaR e HaMepeno KOMrrpo~mc·
HO pernenvre, BMeCTO Aa IIlifTaT BCeKH OT C'bIIPY3HTe IIOOTAeJIHO, AaJIH e C'brnaceH, 11a
rlif rrorrHTaT 3aeAHO, a Aa oTrosopw Eneonopa. TaKa TR cTasa D'bJirapcKa KnRm:HR. HR·
144
HOBA E'bflTAPCKA MCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
KonKo MeceQa 110-KocHo Cf>epp;r-rnattp; ofornRsa He3aBVICir!MOCTTa Ha Ennrapm1 VI Eneo-

Hopa CTaBa IJ;apV1Qa. TR 6op3o cne11ensa mo6osTa Ha 3asapeHV1Te p;eQa Ha Cf>epp;VIHaHp;
11 Ha 6nnrapcKVIR Hapop;. ITo speMe Ha BOHHVITe yqacrna Karn MV1nocnp1wa ceCTpa
Ha cppoHTa. ITop;apRsa rnaBHOTO 3HaMe Ha MaKep;oHo-op;pVIHCKOTO 011nn11e1rne - Ha
Hero e Vl36pop;V1paH BeH3eJlbT VI. Ep;Ha OT OCHOBaTeJIKVITe Ha qepseHVIR KpncT, 3aep;Ho
c KHRrlifHR KneMeHTVIHa. IT pe3 1912 r. e o6RBeHa 3a weep Ha 24-TVI qepHoMopcKVI 11onK.
YM11pa npe3 1917 r. I1orpe6aHa e p;o EoRHCKaTa QnpKBa.
J,fa6opoT Ha npVIHQ Ko6ypr ce npVleMa pa3ITVl'IHO OT nom1TV111ecKV1Te 11apTV1VI VI
rpyrrn B CTpaHaTa. 3a ynpasrrRBa~VITe Kpnrose Vl36opnT rapaHTVlpa 3a11a3BaHe Ha
ITOCTOBeTe VIM B ynpasneHVleTO Ha p;bp)l(aBaTa, 3a qacT OT pycocpVlrrCKaTa OTI03VIQVIR,
rnaBHO 3a cnep;VIHVICTvtTe B eMV1rpaQV1R e Bn3MO)l(HOCT p;a ce 3aBnpHaT B KHR)l(eCTBOTO
l1 3a B'b3CTaHOBRBaHe Ha HOpMaJIHVIR TIOITHTVl'IeCKVI )l(VIBOT, HO 3a npVIB'bp)l(eHVIQvtTe
Ha ~aHKOB VI KapaBeJioB 6op6aTa npop;nn)l(aBa.
EnnrapcKaTa Kpr-rna He p;oBe)J(p;a p;o npoMeHVI BnB B3avtMOOTHorneHVIRTa Ha Eon-
rap11R c 6anKaHCKVITe H cbcep;VI. TR 011epTaBa pa3rpaHvt'IttTerrHa JIVIHttR B npoTV1Bope-
qm1ra Me)J(p;y BerrVIKVITe CVIJIVI l1 p;onpttHarn 3a Cn3p;asaHeTo Ha HOBVI cnI03HVl'IecKVI
ornorneHVIR. EnnrapcKaTa KpV13a noKa3Ba nnnHaTa V1CTOpV111eCKa o6pe'IeHocT Ha Koa-
IHl'-\VIRTa Me)J(p;y PycvtR, ABCTpo-YHrapVIR VI fepMamrn. Kptt3aTa Cn3p;asa Bn3MO)l(HOCT
3a rrepcneKTVIBHO c6JlVl)J(aBaHe Me)J(p;y PyrnR VI <PpaHQVIR, OC'b3HaITVI TIOOTp;errHO CBO-
Rra p;11nnoMaTV1'IecKaTa tt3orraQVIR. TR noTBnp)l(p;asa CVlnaTa Ha aHrno-pycKVIR aHTaro-
Hl13'bM B patioHa Ha ITpoJIVIBvtTe. B HeHHVITe yrnoBVIR AHrnttR npoRBRBa HOB nop;xop; B
CBORTa Vl3TO'l:Ha TIOJIV1Tl1Ka - nop;Kpena Ha 6anKaHCKVITe p;np)l(aBVI c aHTVlpycKVI pe)f(Vl-
Ml1 Karo nperpap;a cpell\y pycKOTO Hanpep;BaHe B nocoKa IJ;ap1upap;.
<PopMaJIHO KpM3aTa Ha Bnpxa HaMHpa CBOeTO pa3perneHVle, HO p;o ocpVIQVlaJIHOTO
rrp113HaBaHe Ha KHR3 Cf>epp;VIHaHp; I npep;cTORT o~e MHoro p;V1nrroMaTV1'IecKV1 ycV1nvtR.
3asopurna nepttop;a Ha ynpaBJieHVle Ha pereHTCTBOTO, Ha nonVITVl'IeCKaTa KpV13a VI Ha
rrnpBVIR VI Hati-ocTop eTan OT KpV13aTa Ha MOHapxVl'IeCKaTa VIHCTVITY'-\MR. Mnap;aTa
6onrapCKa p;bp)f(aBa M3)f(VIBRBa CJIO)f(eH nepV1op; OT csoern cn~ecrnysaHe, 6errR3aH
c rrpoTV1Bope11V1R VI )f(epTBM. MHoro OT npo6rreMV1Te ocTaBaT VI npeop;onRBaHeTo MM
l13l1CKBa peillVITeJIHOCT VI p;bp)f(aBHVl'IeCKa Mbp;poCT.
JU1TEPATYPA
Knodt, Josef. Ferdinand der Bulgare. Bielefeld, 1947.

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,[\aaqeaa, ,[(. JlMcttQaTa l1 JI'bB'bT. ct>ep,1111HaH,11 I Ha cpoHa Ha 6nnrapcKaTa nrnxorrornqeCKa
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KbOHHrcnhOB, J1 cf>epp;HHaHp; n'hnrapcKH. C., 1998.
JianKoB, M. n'hnrapHR B 6anKaHcKaTa nonwTwKa Ha ABcTpo-YHrapwR 1878-1903. C.,
1993.
Map;on,X. cf>epp;wHaHp;. I..J;ap Ha 6'hnrapwTe. C., 1932, 1992
MwweB, P. ABCTpo-YHrap1rn w n'bnrapw.H 1878-1894 r. TionwTwiecKw OTHornemrn. C.,
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TiaHattoTOB, !1. n'hnrapcKaTa KpH3a B Eapona (1885-1889). C., 1924.
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TiaHTeB, A. AHrmrn w B'bHWHOTIOJIHTW·IecKHTe npo6neMw Ha n'hnrapwR 1879-1914. -B
D'bnrap1rn B caeTa OT p;peBHOCTTa p;o HarnH p;Hw. T. 2. C., 1979.
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VI. fOA.HMOTO IlPOTHBOPE411BO BPEME

HA CTECIJAH CTAMEOAOB (1887-1894)
1. CIJopMupaHe Ha npaBHTeACTBOTO
Ha 20 aBrycT 1887 r. HOBM.RT 6nmapcK11 KH.R3 B'b3Jiara Ha ,n;ocKopoIIImu1 pereHT
CTec}>au CTaM6mrnB 29 C'bCTaB.RHeTo Ha rrpaBJnerrcTBO, KOeTo e YTBnp,n;eHo Ha crre~-
29 CTecf>au CTaM6onoB e pop;eH Ha 31 JIHyapH 1854 r. B'bB Bem1Ko TopHoBo. IToreKJIOTO MY

no MaJ:1qwua H 6aJ.l.\HHa JIHHHJI e OT TpRBHa. 06pa30BaHweTo CV! 3anoqaa B pop;HHJI rpap;, TIO-K'bCHO
yqVI B Op;ecKaTa ceMVIHapwR ( 1870-1872 ), KORTO He 3aa'bprnaa. Ball.laTa e C'b3aKJIJITHHK OT Berr<Joeara
JaBepa (1835) w C'bMwwneHHK Ha KarrHTaH ,[(Jip;o HwKona <t>wnwrroscKVI (1853). CaMHJIT CraM6o-
noa pacre B o6Kp'b)l(eHweTo Ha peBOJIIOl\HOHepw KaTo XpwcTo Ji1BaHOB - KmffOBe3el\a, OreQ Marni
146
HOBA E'b!IIAPCKA MCTOPJ1JI (1878-1944)
Ba~vUl AeH. 3arro'!Ba eAHH 7 rOAHIIIeH rrepHOA OT 6nrrrapCKaTa HCTOpHR, KOMTO ce

OKa3Ba B MHoro OTHOIIIeHHJI OCHOBOIIOJiaraJll 3a IIO-HaTaT'hlllHOTO pa3BHTJ1e Ha Anp-
)KaBaTa HH. BnrrpeKU HJIKOJIKOTO peKOHCTPYKI.J;l1M Ha Ka6:wHeTa :£1 BKJIIO'lBaHeTO B Hero
Ha JIHtJHOCTH OT .z:IPY™ fiOJIHTH'leCKH cpopMau;:wvi HJIH 6e3rrapn1ti:HH, TOBa e BpeMeTO
Ha yrrpaBJieHue Ha ocpopMRll\aTa ce HapOAHOJIH6epanHa rrapTuJI, HJIH OJlle rro-TO'!HO
- Ha HeMHHJI JIHAep.
OcTaHaJIHTe Mtrn:vrCTp:w B KaforneTa ca: A-P r. CTpaHcKH - Ha B'hHIIIHHTe pa60TH,
r. HatJOBH'l - Ha qrnHaHCHTe, A-p K. CTOHJIOB - Ha rrpasocnAHeTO, r. >KwBKOB - Ha
rrporneI11em1eTo, u rroJIK. C. MyTKypoB - Ha BOMHaTa, a MWHHCTnp-rrpeACeAaTeJIJI e
H MHHHCTnp Ha BnTperiIHVITe pa60TH. IIpaBH BIIetJaTJieHHe, qe C'bCTaB'bT H pa3rrpeAe-
JieHHeTO Ha MHHHCTepcKHTe IIOCTOBe OCHrypRBa IJ'bJIHO fOCIIOACTBO Ha CTaM60JIOB
B Abp)!(aBHHTe AeJia. IloJIK MyTKypoB, >KHBKOB H A-p CTpaHCKH ca JIHtJHOCTH 6e3
ITOJIHTHtJeCKH OIJHT H 3arro'!BaT Anp)!(aBHH"leCKa AetiHOCT no BpeMe Ha pereHTCTBOTO
He 6e3 IIOAKperraTa Ha CTaM6oJioB. C MyTKypoB Ha"leJio Ha BoeHHOTO MHHwcTepcTBO
CraM60JIOB IIOCTHra II'hJieH HaA30p HaA BOeHHWTe. MyTKypoB o6a"Je He ce rroJI3Ba c
oco6rna rrorrynRpHocT cpeA ocpm.~eptrTe, a IIOJIHTwu;:wTe OT Kpnra Ha CTaM6onoB ce
OTHaCJIT K'hM Hero c rrpeHe6pe)KeHHe. BoeHHWJIT MHHHCTnp He MO)Ke Aa Haca)l(Aa
'!Hero CTaM6onoBHCTKO BJIHJIHHe B apMHJITa. 3arnBa CTaM6onoB rrpwBJIH"la Ha cBoJI
CTpaHa Ha"JaJIHHKa Ha feHepaJIHHJI I11a6 P. I1eTpOB, 3Ha"JHTeJIHO IJO-IIOABH)KeH H rro-
aM6vtu;Ho3eH OT MyTKypoB. CTOHJIOB H Ha"IOBW"I HMaT orrwT H aBTop11TeT H rrpttAaBaT
CTa611JIHOCT H AOBepue Ha Ka6HHeTa. IO)KH06nrrrapcKHTe n116epam1 ca npeACTaBeHH
OT r. CTpaHCKH, oCBeH TOBa 3a APYr TexeH BOAa"I - ,n. ToH"leB ce roTBH rrocTa rrpeAce-
AaTeJI Ha rrpeACTOJII.u;OTO IleTO HapOAHO Cb6paHHe. J13BbH rrpaBHTeJICTBOTO OCTaBaT
A-p PaAOCJiaBoB H rrpttB'bp)KeHHu;HTe My, KaKTo u BCH"IKH pycocpHJICKH IIOJIHTH"leCKH
cpopMau;HH.
foAHHHTe, B KOHTO CTaM60JIOB e MHHHCTnp-rrpeACeAaTeJI, ca xapaKTepHH c OCTpa

o6~ecTBeHO-IIOJIHTH'leCKa KOHcppoHTau;HR . .nBa ca cpaKTOPHTe, KOHTO BJIHJIJIT Bnp-
I1peo6pa)l(eHcK11, Xp11cTo KapaMHHKOB - EyHeTO u yqacrnyaa B rroqrn BCl1'IKH rrpoJIBl1 Ha 6op6arn

3a ITOJJJfTl1'IeCKa He3aBl101MOCT rrpe3 70-Te f0,!ll1Hl1 - 'IJieH e Ha EPIJ;K B EyKyperu;, B nopreBo, l13IT'bJI-
HJIBa Ba)!<Ha ponJI B rro.r1roTOBKaTa Ha Crnpo3aropcKoTO (1875) 11 Ha AnpuncKoTO B'bCTaHHe (1876).
I1pe3 1875 r. C'bBMecTHO c'bc Xp. EoTeB 113,!laBa cnrxocforpKaTa 'TJern1111 crnxoTaopeHHJI". CrnM60-
11os e cpe.r1 Hai1-3aCJiy)f(YIJHITe :w rronym1pmr "CTpOJ1Temr Ha cnspeMeHHa Ennrap1rn''. Oco6eHo .r1eeH e
Bpa3rrpHTe Me)f(,!ly n116epam1 :w KOHcepaarnp11 oru;e OT apeMeTO Ha Yqpe.r111TeJIHOTO cn6pamre (1879).
Cne11 l 880 r. crnaa no.r1npe.r1ce.r1aTeJI, a H npe.r1ce.r1aTen Ha Hapo,!IHOTO cn6paHHe. CpaBHHTeJIHO ,!l'bJiro
BpeMe e MHHHCT'bp-npe.r1ce,[laTen (1887-1894). J1Ma ,!IHJI B OC'bll\eCTBHBaHeTO Ha Cne,[111HeH11eTO Ha
KHmKecrno EnnrapHH H J13TO'IHa PyMemrn, B KOHTparrpesparn rrpe3 1886 r. ITpoae)f(,!la HpKo 113pa3e-
Ha Hau;110HaJJJ1CTl1'-JHa nomrTl1Ka, cnoco6CTBYBa 3a yKperrBaHe Ha ,!ll1TIJIOMau;11HTa, Ha l1KOHOMHKaTa
'1 Ha ,!1'bp)l(aBHJ1'IeCKaTa MOID; Ha 0Te'IeCTBOTO. B1IH3'bJI B KOHcpJJJ!KT c u;apcKa PyrnH H KHH3 <t>ep,!IH-
HaH,[1, CrnM6onoa yM~rpa B CoqHrn Ha 6 IOJIH 1895 r.
Pocuu,a AH2ellOBa
xy cpopM11paHeTO l1 npoBe)l(AaHeTO Ha B'bTpernHaTa Il0lll1Tl1Ka Ha npaBMTeJICTBOTO

- nopBO, CTpeMe)I( 3a C'b3AaBaHe Ha ycrrOBl1.lI 3a CTOilaHCKO pa3Bl1T11e l1 3ana3BaHe Ha
o6IQeCTBeH11.lI peA 11 BTopo - CMa3BaHe Ha HeAOBOJICTBOTO OT Kypca Ha npaB11TeJICTBO-
TO He3aB11c11Mo Aarr11 conpoT11BaTa e eA11Hwrna 11rr11 opraH11311paHa. BToparn 3a,!1aqa
npeAonpeAeJI.lI IlOCTO.lIHHl1.lI HaT11CK Bopxy npOT11BH11Q11Te Ha ynpaBJieH11eTO J1 orpa-
HJ1qaBaHeTO Ha AdtHOCTTa Ha norr:wT11qecKJ1Te napTHJ1.
IloJH1TJ1KaTa Ha npaBv1Te1ICTBOTO e npeACTaBeHa Ha CTpaH11QJ1Te Ha ocpl1QJ103Hll~
BeCTHMK "CBo6oAa" KaTo 3aw;ttrn Ha poA«HaTa, KopoHaTa l1 KOHCT11TYQH.lITa. B KOH-
KpeTHaTa CI1TyaQl1.lI Ta3l1 naTp110TJ1qHa nrraTcpopMa l1Ma onpeAeJieH TIOATeKCT - He-
AOTIYCKaHe Ha qy)l(AO, no-cneQMaJIHO pycKo, BMernaTencrno B'bB BoTpernHMTe pa6orM
Ha CTpaHaTa, KO.lITO ce paABa Ha KOHCT11TYQJ10HeH peA. IlrraTcpopMaTa OTKPMTO e Ha-
coqeHa K'bM A11CKpeA11TttpaHe Ha pycKaTa norr111T11Ka. TR ce npoT11BonocTaB.lI npe11M
Bc111qKo Ha npoeKTMTe Ha QapcKaTa A11n110MaQ11.lI 3a 113MeHeH11e Ha KOHCT111Ty~1rnn,
KaKTO 11 Ha npoeKT11Te Ha np11Bop)l(eH11Q11Te Ha ;:J:p. UaHKOB 3a TaKoBa 113MetteH11e.

IlpaB11TeJICTBeHaTa nporpaMa QeJIM 11 cneqeJIBaHe Ha MH0311HCTBOTO OT 6omapcKOTO
Hace11eH11e, 3aw;oTo 3a Hero TopHoBcKaTa KOHCT11TYQl1.lI e rapaHQ11.lI 3a AeMoKpaTtttlHM
npaBa 11 CB060A11, KaKTO 11 orr11QeTBopeH11e Ha Anp)l(aBH11.lI cyBepeH11TeT.
IlpaB11Te11cTBOTO H.lIMa co6crneHa napT11.lI, a ce TIOAAnp)l(a OT qacT OT yrrpaBJrn-
Baw;arn AO npeBpaTa OT 9 aBrycT 1886 r. Jfa6epa11Ha napT11.lI, OT lO)l(H06omapCKme
rr116eparr11, OT KpaIIIH11Te HaQ110HaJI11CT11 OKOJIO rpyrraTa Ha 3ax. CTO.lIHOB 11 ;:J:VIM. Ile-
TKOB. Ha noMoIQ B 113TI'bJIHeH11e Ha npaB11TeJICTBeH11Te 3aAaq11 e BKmoqeHo Hacenem1-
eTo qpe3 APY)l(11HK11Te "Eo11rap11.lI 3a ce6e c11': C'h3AaAemr 3a nopB11 TI'bT B nep110,!1a Ha
pereHTCTBOTO 11 yqacTBa1111 B noTyrnaBaHeTo Ha 6yttTa B Pyce npe3 cpeBpyapu 1887
r. c T.lIXHOTO C'b3AaBaHe ce QeJ111 Aa ce ynpa)l(H.lIBa HaA30p Bopxy Qell11.lI JTOJIMTHqe-
CKM )1(11BOT B CTpaHaTa 113B'bH Anp)l(aBHaTa aAM11H11CTpaQ11.lI. Cn3AaBaHeTO 11M e orrn
OT MHoronapTvtIIIHaTa c11cTeMa, a 113A11rHaT11.lIT np11HQ11rr e, qe H.lIMa napnrn, a wMa
6011rap11, K011TO 11MaT 3a 3aAaqa Aa 6paH.lIT poA11HaTa, KH.lI3a 11 KOHCT11TYQ11RTa. Ilo-
cTerreHHO qrreHCK11.lI C'bCTaB Ha cpopM11paH11Te APY)l(11HK11 cTaBa RAPO Ha C'b3Aa,!1eHaTa
npe3 nep110Aa 1890-1892 r. HapoAHorr1116epa11Ha napTvt.lI, 113BeCTHa OIQe Karn cnM6o-
rroBl1CTKa napT11.lI.
MaKap ocpttQ11a11Ho Aa OTMeH.lI BOeHHOTO norro)l(eHMe OT nep110Aa Ha PereHrcrno-
TO, npaB11TeJICTBOTO AeilicTBa cpeuw npOT11BH11Q11Te C11 Ha rpaH11QaTa Ha 113B0Hpe11-
Hl1Te MepK11. Ow;e OT caMoTo Haqa110 ce oqeprnBaT ABe ono311Q110HH11 TeqeHvtR, Ha3o·
BaH11 " 11era11Ho,, 11 " Herrera11Ho ,,.
IlopBoTo, BOAeHo OT AOBqeparnH11.lI C'bl03H11K Ha CTaM60110B B. PaAocnaaoB,
CM.lITa np11c'bCTB11eTo Ha KH.lI3 <DepA11HaHA I 3a 3aKOHHo, HO aTaKyBa rrpaB111en-
CTBOTO. ;:J:BaTa 6po.lI Ha paAOCJiaB11CTK11.lI BeCTHMK "HapOAHa BOll.lI': K011TO M3Jlll3aT
CJieA BA11faHeTO Ha o6caAHOTO IlOJIO)l(eH11e, He noKa3BaT np11HQ11IlH11 pa3JI11"IM.fl C'bC
CrnM60110BaTa norr111T11Ka. IloCJieAHaTa e HanaAaHa B AeTaIIJ11111, a He B reHeparrHara1!
1111H11.lI. C noBeAeH11eTo c111 np111Bop)l(eH11Q11Te Ha A-p B. PaAOCJiaBoB ce CTpeMRT 11a
cneqeJI.lIT 6rraroBOJieHl1eTO Ha KH.lI3a 11 Aa ce npeACTaB.lIT KaTO eAMHCTBeHaTa j,f TO no-
A06pa (3aIQoTo o6eIQaBaT cepB11llHOCT K'bM KHR3a) a11TepHaT11Ba Ha ynpaBrrem1ero
Ha CTaM60110B.
148
"Heneranmne': BC'biu;HOCT pycocl>11n11Te Ha ,I(p. UaHKOB 11 rr. KapaBeJIOB, ca Ha

MHeH11e, qe M KHR3'bT, M npaBMTeJICTBOTO ca He3aKOHHJtl Jtl TpH6Ba p;a ce npoBep;ar f13-
6opM 3a BeJIMKO Hapop;Ho c'h6paHMe. MaKap M p;a ce pa3M11HaBaT B HHKOM nyttKTOBe,
):(BaMaTa 6MBllIM MJt!HJt!CT'bp-npep;cep;aTeJIM ca eAHHOAYIIIHJtl, qe peIIIaBa~o yrnoBMe
3a HOpMaJIM3MpaHe Ha o6CTaHOBKaTa e B'b3CTaHOBHBaHeTO Ha A06p11Te OTHOIIIeHJtIR c
PycMH. KaTO 3a rr. KapaBeJIOB J.1 npMB'bp)f(eH11u;11Te MY IIOA,ll;'bp)f(aHeTO Ha HOpMaJIHJtl
M ucKpeHM oTHOIIIeH11H c Pycm1 e Heo6XOA11MO KaKTO 3a co~ecrnyBaHeTO Ha Eonra-
pirn, TaKa M 3a oc'bru;ecTBHBaHe Ha 6onrapcKOTO 06ep;11HeH11e. Ta311 no311u;11H 03Ha'JaBa
rrpOTMBOIIOCTaBRHe Ha <PepAMHaHp;, HOBH 1136opJtI 3a HapoAHO C'b6paH11e, KOeTO p;a 113-
6epe KHH3 M TopceHe Ha II'bT11~a 3a cnopa3yMeH11e c Pyc11H.
,I(p. UaHKOB M Kp'bra MY C'b~O ca npor11B np11cocTB11ern Ha KHH3 <PepA11HaHp;
B Eonrap11H, HO ca 3a 113fOHBaHeTo MY c pyCKa rroMo~, rnep; Koern p;a ce yCTaHoB11
rr'bJIHo pyCKo BJIMRHMe B KHH)f(ecrnoTo. Toi1: e B eMMrpau;11H 11 pa60TM B Uap11rpap; M
I1eTep6ypr 3a HaMMpaHe Ha qy)f(p;a IIOMO~. Me)f(AY OKTOMBpM 1887 M cl>eBpyapM 1888
r. pycK11RT A11IIJIOMaT XaprnMr e 113npaTeH c M11CMH B UapurpaA, EenrpaA 11 EyKyperu;,
3a Aa Koopp;MHMpa p;ei1:cTB11RTa Ha 6onrapCKaTa eM11rpau;HR 3a rnaJIHHe Ha pe)f(1t1MCJ.
B Eonrapua. IO)f(H06'bnrapcKMTe c'bep;11Hl1CTM, 1111i1To BOAa1111 co~o ca B eMMrpaqMR
rroCTerreHHO ce pa3rpaHM'JaBaT OT rrnaHa Ha UaHKOB 3a 113JIJ.13aHe OT KpM3ara M ce qpH-
BJIBaT npoTMB B'bOp'b)f(eHaTa 6op6a 3a rnaJIHHe Ha rrpaBMTeJICTBOTO Ha CraM60JIQB tt
l13fOHBaHeTO Ha KHR3a.
IlpoTMB KHR3a J.1 npaB11TeJICTBOTO e 11 p;yxoBeHCTBOTO, KOeTO CB'bp3Ba Mp;BaHe-
TO Ha MOHapxa c pycocl>o6cKMR 113XO,ll; OT KpI13aTa. EomapCKaTa u;opKBa He IIpI13Ha-
Ba KHH3a 11 11MeTO MY He ce CIIOMeHaBa B u;opKOBH11Te rny)f(611. 3a ynpaBJIHBaru;wTe
IT'bK poKOBop;cTBOTo Ha EonrapcKaTa rrpaBornasHa u;opKBa e 11aCT OT rron11TJt111ecK0To
pycoqiuncTBO l1 ce OTHarn c Hero KaTo c orro3uu;uoHHa cuna. Pa3HOrJiaCMRTa Me)f(p;y
rrpaBMTeJICTBOTO M poKOBO,ll;CTBOTO Ha 6omapCKaTa rrpaBOCJiaBHa u;opKBa ,ll;OCTMra
ITOHHKOra p;o KpMTI11JHaTa TO'IKa.
EomapCKaTa apMJtIR c'bru;o He e HaII'bJIHO npep;aHa Ha KHR3 <Pepp;MHaHp; M rrpa-
Bl1TeJICTBOTO. HRKOM ocl>wu;epu rra3RT crroMeHa 3a KHR3 AneKcaHp;op I, p;pyru II'bK
He,ll;OBOJICTBaT OT pycoclio6CKaTa IIOJIJ.1TMKa Ha rrpaBJ.1TeJICTBOTO, KORTO ~e e npe11Ka
3a Hau;woHaJIHOTO o6ep;wHeHwe. Ilo Ta3l1 npw11uHa rroJIJtITMKara Ha CraM6onoB cperu;a
Hep;osoncTBOTO M Ha p'bKOBO,ll;MTeJIMTe Ha peBonrou;uoHHOTo p;B11)f(eHJ.1e B MaKep;ot111JJ
l1 Op;p11HCKO.
EomapcKaTa eMurpau;wa c'bru;o He e ep;MHHa. Me:>Kp;y rpa)f(p;aHCKaTa eMMrpau;wa
l1 oqiuu;ep11Te eMwrpaHTJ.1 He coru;ecrnyBar KOHKpeTH11 Bp'b3K11 3a C'bBMeCTHJ.1 p;ei1:cT-
Bl1H, HMTO II'bK onpe,n;eneHw nnaHoBe 3a rnanRHe Ha npaBMTeJicTBoTo. Bpa)f(,n;e6HocT-
Ta K'bM IIOJIMTMKaTa Ha pe)f(MMa no OTHOIIIeHJ.1e Ha peBOlIIOU:110HHOTO ,ll;Bl1)f(eHJ.1e Ha
MaKe,ll;OHCK11Te 6'bnrapu M Ha 'JaCT OT oqiwu;epcTBOTO ce B'bIIJiarnBa B JIJ.11JHOCTTa Ha

Mai1:op Kocra I1aHuu;a. Ilpe3 cenTeMBpM 1887 r. Toi1: BJIM3a B'bB Bp'b3Ka c pyCKara
,lll1IIJIOMau;wa w npe,n;nara B cpoK OT p;se cep;Muu;11 p;a l13fOHJ.1 <Pepp;wHaHp;. IlaHuu;a
11311ara nop;po6eH nnaH B Koi1:To wMa rryHKT 3a B'bCTaHue B MaKep;oH11R M np11c'bep;w-
HJIBaHeTo iI K'bM E'bnrapMR. CornarnBa ce cnep; npespara p;a 6'bp;e ycraHoBeHo Bpe-
MeHHO npaBwTeJicTBO, npweMa B E'hnrapMR p;a p;oi1:p;e MMrrepaTopCKM KOM11cap (Ho
Pocw~a AH2eJZ0Ba
He Kayn6apc) 11 pyc11 .n;a 60.n;aT Ha'Ieno Ha BoeHHOTO MMHMCTepcTBO J1 KOMaH;n;Hp11

Ha 6pMra.n;11. Ilo.n; poKOBO,D;CTBOTO Ha pycKMR KOMMcap e;n;Ho HOBOH36paHo BenMKo
Hapo;n;Ho Co6paHJ1e TpR6Ba .n;a J136epe KHR3, noco'IeH OT pycKMR HMnepaTOp, KaTo
He ce M3KJII0'-1Ba 11 EaTeH6epr. Ha ocpm..~epMTe eMMrpaHTM ce o6el.l\aBa 3aBpo~atte B
CTpaHaTa. PyCKaTa .n;unnoMaIJ;MR OTKJIOHRBa npe;n;no)l(eHMeTo Ha ITam1u;a J1 npeK'bCBa
nper0Bop11Te c Hero, KaTo npe;n;no'IMTa ;n;a .n;a.n;e npep;MMCTBO Ha 'IeTHM'IeCKMTe .n;eucr-
BHR Ha Ha6oKOB M EoRHOB.
Cne;n; Heycnexa Ha 6yHTOBeTe B CunMCTpa M Pyce npe3 cpeBpyapw 1887 r. M rne11
noJIHMR pa3rpoM Ha HaxnynwTe B KpaR Ha 1887 r. 'IeTM OT Typu;wR Ha Kan. IT. EoJIHOB
w Kan. IT. Ha6oKoB ocpuu;epwTe eMMrpaHTM nocTeneHHO ce OTTernRT B PycwR M ronJIMa
qacT OT TRX noCT'bnBaT Ha cny:>K6a B pyCKaTa apMMR, a .n;pyrH 3ano<rnaT ;n;a ynpa)K-
HRBaT rno6op;Hl1 npocpecMw. OcpMu;MaJIHOTO coo6I.l\eHMe Ha pycKoTo npamuencrno
OT cpespyap11 1888 r., qe Pyc11R noBe'Ie He ce MHTepecyBa OT co6MTHRTa B Enrrrap11a
OKOH'IaTeJIHO norpe6Ba Hap;e:>Kg11Te Ha eM11rpau;wRTa.
He3aBMCMMO OT 1111ncaTa Ha ep;MHHa ono3MIJ;MR npaBMTeJICTBOTO B3eMa MepKH
npoTMB BrnKo HegoBOJICTBO M Henop;'-IMHeHwe. ITopBWRT c6JI'bC'bK ca in6opMTe 3a V
OHC. lifa6opMTe 3a V 06MKHOBeHo Hapo;n;Ho co6paHMe, Hacpo'IeH11 3a 28 cerneMBp11
1887 r., ca ConpoBop;eHM c HaTMCK H MHIJ;Mp;eHTH no MeCTa 11 )l;OHarnT y6eg11TeJieH yc-
nex 3a npMB'bp)l(eHMIJ;HTe Ha MMHWCT'bp-npe;n;cegaTeJIR. 3a TOBa ;n;onpwHarnT HRKOJJKO
cpaKTa - BOeHHOTO noJIO)l(eHMe e B;D;MfHaTO e;n;sa Ha 30 aBrycT 1887 r. H cnwpaHeTO Ha B.
"HapooHa aomr" - opraH Ha pa;n;ocnaBMCTMTe H B. "TapHoBcKa KOHcmumy4u;r"Ha np11-
B'bp)l(eHHIJ;MTe Ha KapaBenoB. ToBa aKTMBwpa JIMOepanMTe Ha Pa;n;ocnaBOB H cpaKnr'!e-
CKOTO pa3pacTBaHe Ha ;n;er1:CTBeHaTa on03l1Ql1R TJiaCKa CTaM60JIOB K'bM 3a3gpaBJIBaHe
no3:vru;vrvrTe Ha ynpaBJIRBal.l\HTe.
O~e Ha nopBaTa ceorn Ha V OHC e npMeT 3aKoH 3a M3Tpe6neH11e Ha pa360Crn11-
qecTBOTO. To3:vr 3aKOH e Haco'IeH KaKTO npoTvrB pa36or1HH'IecTBOTO, TaKa M rrponrn
nOJIMTM'IeCKMTe npoTMBHMIJ;M Ha pe:>KHMa. ,Uer1:CTBl1RTa Ha pa3JII1'-1Hl1 6aHp;l1, yforfr-
CTBaTa no noTMI.l\aTa 11 noXMI.l\eHMRTa 3a OTKyn pa3CTpor1BaT HopMaJIHMR )!(l1BOT B
CTpaHaTa J1 R 3JienocTaBRT npe;n; B'bHWHMR CBRT. qJI, 13 Ha 3aKOHa rnacM, qe Ha BOeH-
Ho-noneBM C'b;D;MJIIill.l\a ca no;n;cn;n;m1 l1 1111u;a, Bp;MrHa1111 6yHT npoTJi!B ;n;op)l(aBaTa, T. e
npoTMB BJiaCTTa. qJieH 12 TI'bK npep;Bl1)1(;D;a eK3eKyIJ;HJi! ITO peweHMe Ha MMHMCTepcKllH
C'bBeT Ha cena, yKpMBal.l\M pa36or1HMQM MJIM IT'bK oKa3Bal.l\H MM cn;n;eiicTBMe. Ha npaK-
TMKa TOBa 03Ha'IaBa, qe B npos11Hemue cena ce HacTaHRBa Bor1cKoBa qaCT 3a onpe11e-
JieH nep11o;n; OT BpeMe Ha TI'bJIHa l13;D;p'b)l(Ka Ha ceJIRHJi!Te. ITo CBORTa C'b~HOCT 3aKOH'bT
3a Ji!3Tpe6JieHJi!e Ha pa36or1HM'IeCTBOTO 03Ha'IaBa 3ana3BaHe Ha BOeHHOTO TIOJIO)!(eHl!e
B CTpaHaTa. 3aKOH'bT e npii!JIO:>KeH Bep;Hara no OTHOWeHJi!e Ha nOJIJi!TM'IeCKMTe npo-
Tl1BHl1IJ;l1 l1 ceJIR'IeCTBOTO, HO ecpeKTa OT ;n;er1CTBHeTO no OTHOWeHJi!e Ha pa360Crn11-
qecTBOTO ce 3a6aBR. B npecne;n;BaHe Ha pa3JIM'IHI1 war1K11 ca BKJIIO'IeHJi! roneMJ.1 tJac111
BOMCKa l1 noJIMQJi!R, HO pa36ol1HM'IeCTBOTO e npeMaxHaTO 'IaK npe3 1889 r.
Ha 13 geKeMBp11 1887 r. e npii!eT 3aKoH 3a neqarn, 'IHMTO asTop e MMHMCThpoTHa
npaBoc'bp;MeTo ;n;-p K. CToMJIOB. B ocHOBHM JIIi!HMM Tor1 noBTapR "HaKa3aTeJieH 3aKott 3a
npecTnnJieHMRTa no ne'IaTa" OT geKeMBpii! 1883 r., cocTaBeH naK OT CTOii!JIOB MOTMetteH
OT npaBMTeJICTBOTO Ha KapaBenoB npe3 1885 r. To311 3aKoH 03Ha'IaBa u;ett3ypa Me cpe11-
150
HOBA E'bJJTAPCKA J1CTOPJ1Jl (1878-1944)
CTBO 3a Hep;onycKaHe Ha IIOffll!Tll!'-IeCKJ1 npo.RBI1 Ha OII03I11\I10HHI1Te CI1JII1 qpe3 ne'-IaTa.

Tiop; yp;apuTe MY nonap;aT·BCM'-IKl1 neqaTHM M3p;aHM.R, KOMTO HapyrnaBaT BnTpeurnaTa
MJII1 B'bHillHaTa 6e30IIaCHOCT Ha p;op)f(aBaTa, I1JII1 JII1'-IHaTa 6e30IIaCHOCT Ha KH.R3a, KOMTO
rrop;CTpeKaBaT Hel13IInJIHeHue Ha pa3nope)f(p;aHM.RTa Ha BJiacTTa. MHoro cKopo BCM'-I-
KM orro3Ml\MOHHM BeCTHl11\l1 ca npuHyp;eHM p;a rrpeKparnT Cnll\ecrnyBaHeTo CM. OcTaBa
e):\MHCTBeHo neqaTHM.R opraH Ha npMBop)f(eHML\MTe Ha p;-p B. Pap;ornaBOB "Hapop;HM
rrpaBa': KOMTO 3aIIo'-!Ba p;a I13JIM3a OT 5 cpeBpyapu 1888 r. OmeqarnaHeTO My CIIll!pa rnep;
y6uwcrnorn Ha cp11HaHCOBM.R MMH11c10p Xp. EerrqeB rrpe3 nporreTTa Ha 1891 r.
,[(BaTa 3aKOHa ca orpaHM'-II1TeJIHI1 l1 MMaT aHTMKOHCTMTYL\MOHeH xapaKTep, IIOHe-
)!(e rrpoTMBopeqaT Ha npoKJiaMupamne B TnpHoBcKaTa KOHCTMTYL\M.R npaBa I1 rno6o-
p;u Ha rpa)f(p;aHMTe. Te o6Bnp3BaT cnp;MIIll!Il\aTa c I13IInJIHMTeJIHaTa BrracT M no TaKnB
Ha'-Il1H Jil1KBM,ll;11paT caMOCTO.RTeJIHOCTTa Ha Cnp;e6HaTa BJiaCT, KOeTO e B pa3pe3 c KOH-
CTMTYL\11.RTa. Ocp1111uaJIHOTO onpaBp;aHMe 3a Te3M MepKM e CMrypHOCTTa Ha p;op)f(aBaTa
M KH.R3a, HO cpaKTl1'-IeCKaTa npI1'-Il1Ha e aKTMBHOCTTa Ha OII03Ml\l10Hep11Te, C'bBCeM OT-
KpoBeHO nop;Kpemrn11 OT Pyc11.R.
Ycnopep;Ho c pa3npaBaTa c OII03I11\M.RTa CrnM6onoB ce CTpeMM p;a em1MMHMpa
BJIM.RTeJIHM l1 aBTOpI1TeTHl1 JII1'-IHOCTM B CTpaHaTa, K011TO B'b3IIp!r!eMa KaTO IIOTeHL\M-
amrn KOHKypeHT!r!. :>KepTBa Ha Ta3M norr!r!T!r!Ka crnsa Ma11op Xp!r!cTO r. ITonoB - repo11
OT Cpn6cKo-6nmapCKaTa BOI1Ha. 30 Ma11opnT e 6JI!r!3nK Ha KH.R3 <Pepp;MHaHp; M TOBa
rropa)f(p;a onacemrn y CTaM6orroB M BOeHH!r!.R M!r!HMCTnp rrorrK. MyTKypoB, qe Ma11op
TiorroB ce KaH11 p;a ornaB11 BoeHHOTO M~IH!r!CTepcrno. I1pe3 rrporreTTa Ha 1888 r. Ma11op
TiorrOB e 06B11HeH B 3rroyn0Tpe611, ocnp;eH 11 yBoJIHeH OT apMM.RTa. I1po11ecnT cpe-
Il1Y Hero ,ll;OII'bJIH!r!TeJIHO OT'-IY)f(,ll;aBa OT Mll!HMCTnp-npep;cep;aTeJI.R qaCT OT ocp!r!l\ep11Te.
Tow CTaBa M noBop; H.RKOM BI1p;H11 np11Bnp)f(eHML\!rl Ha CrnM6onoB p;a ce OTTern.RT OT
Hero. Cpep; T.RX ca MHH11cTp11Te Ha'-IOBM'-I 11 CToMJIOB, KOMTo npe3 p;eKeMBpH 1888 r.
HarryCKaT Ka611HeTa 11 ca 3aMecTeH11 cnOTBeTHO OT J1. Carra6allleB KaTo M!r!HMCTnp Ha
qmHaHCMTe 11 ,lJ;. ToH'-IeB KaTo Ml1HI1CTnp Ha npaBocnp;MeTO.
30 Xp11cTo IlonoB e poi:1eH Ha 30 ):leK. 1858 r. B illyMeH. I1pe3 1875-1876 r. e Y'U!TeJI B po):IHl1JI c11
rpa):I, a ITO BpeMe Ha PycKo-TypcKaTa BOMHa C'hTPYAH11'll1 Ha pyCKme BOMCKl1. I1pe3 1879 r. 3aBbpll!Ba
c llbpB11R B~myCK BoeHHOTO Y'!Hn!Ill\e B Cocp11JI, a rne):I TOBa 11 HHKOJiaeBcKaTa BOeHHa aKa):leM11R B
CaHKT I1eTep6ypr. Ha 11 cerrTeMBp11 1885 r. TiorroB e rrpeHa3Ha'leH 3a KOMaHAl1P Ha l-B11 nexoTeH
cocjmti:cK11 rroJIK. ITpe3 Cpb6CKo-6bmapcKaTa BOti:Ha (1885) e KOMaH):l11p Ha l-Bl1 rrexoTeH cocp11ti:cK11
TIOJIK, c KOti:To )"laCTBa B 6oeBeTe Ha CJil1BHHIIIKaTa IT03Hl.\11JI. Ha 7 HOeMBp11 e Ha3Ha'leH 3a KOMaHA-
Ball\ Ha OTPRA Ha Kpat!HHJI JIJIB cpnaHr 11 rrp11 fbJib60BO Bb3ITperrRTCTBa MopaBcKaTa 11 illyMa):l11ti:cKa-
ra Al1Bl1311H rrp11 06xoi:1a HM Ha JieB11R cpnaHr. 3ae):IHO c OTpJI,n;a rn yqacrna B 6oR rrp11 fyprynJIT. IT pe3
1886 r. ITorroB yqacrna B nOTyrnaBaHeTo Ha rrpopycK11R MerelK, l.\el!Rll\ orCTpaHJrnaHeTO Ha KHR3
AneKcaH,D;bp I. ITpe3 1889 r. ce yBoJIHRBa oT apMHJITa Karn Mati:op. CJie):I Karn HarrycKa apMHJITa, Xp.
f1orroB 3aBbp1IIBa npaBo B )KeHeBa. Cnei:13aBpbll\aHeTO rn B obnrap11JI e aKT11BeH yqacTHl1K B J1H6e-
panHaTa (pai:1ornaB11cTKa) rrapT11R, KaTO OT 1899 AO 1901 e KMeT Ha Cocp11JI. Y'lacrna B EaJIKaHcKaTa
Boti:Ha, a rne,n; Heti:H11JI Kpatl: e npe,n;ce,n;aTeJI Ha napnaMeHrapHaTa aHKeTHa KOM11Cl1JI, pa3rnei:1BaJia
I1p11'!11H11Te 3a ITbpBaTa Ha11110HaJIHa KaTacTpocpa. OT 1915 ,n;o 1916 e BbTperneH M11Hl1CTbp B !1paB11-
rerrcTBOTO Ha Bacmr Pai:1ornaBOB. 3a yqacT11ern rn B Hero rrpe3 1923 e OCb):leH Ha 10 ro):IJ1HJ1 3arnop
or TpeT11JI Abp)KaBeH Cb/:\, HO e aMHl1CTHpaH rrpe3 1924. YM11pa Ha 28 OKTOMBp11 1951 B Cocp11JI.
151
Pocu11a AHzenoaa
He ca B c11HxpoH B3a11MOOTHOllieH11RTa Ha 113ffbJ1H11Te1rnaTa BnacT 11 c I..\'bpKBara.

DpaB11TencrnoTo ce cnpaBR 6e3KOMnpoM11CHO c BHCllieTo AyxoBeHcrno. Co6pamrn B
Coql11R Ha 3ace,[\aH11e CBeTH C11Ho,[\ Ha EonrapCKaTa npasocnaBHa u;opKBa e pa3roHeH, a
qneHoBeTe MY Hac11na ca B'b,[\BopeHH B enapx1n1Te c11. EK3apx11I1cK11RT HaMeCTH11K MJH·
ponon11T Kn11MeHT e cMeHeH OT M11Tponon11T fp11rop11I1: ,IJ;opocrnnoqepBeHcK11. DpaBH·
TeJICTBOTO He pa3pernaBa pe,[\OBHOTO CBHKBaHe Ha CBeT11R CHHO,[\ TIO,[\ npe,[\JIOr, qe ce
3aH11MaBa c non11T11qecK11, a He c u;opKOBHH B'bnpoc11. B TOH peA Ha M11CJ111 ca 3annax11re
11 K'bM eK3apx Mocmp, qe ru;e 60,[\e cnpRHa cy6rn,[\HRTa 3a EonrapCKaTa eK3apXHH.
Bc11qK11 Te311 ,[\ewcrn11R Ha npaB11TencTBOTO BJI11RRT 11 Ha 6onrapcKoTo oqrttL\ep·
CTBO. ApM.HRTa e onopa Ha ynpaBJ1eH11eTo Ha npaBHTencTBOTO, HO 11 Haw-ronHMara
onacHOCT. DocTORHH11Te no,[\o3peH11H 3a 3ar0Bop11 ce noTB'bp)f(,[laBaT. Dpe3 Httyap11
1890 r. e pa3Kp11rn KOHcnwpau;irn B qacTHTe Ha Coql11ttCKH.R rapHH30H, KaTo rnaBHH·
31
RT w opraH113aTop, Mawop Kocrn DaHwu;a , e OC'b,[\eH Ha CM'bpT. ,IJ;enoTo ce BO,[\li1 rroA
npRKOTO poKOBO,[\CTBO Ha CrnM6onoB, HO rnwpoKH pa3cne,[\BaHH.R w apecT.11 He ca 113-
B'bpllieHH, 3a ,[\a He ce KoMnpoMeTwpa BowcKaTa. HanpaBeHo e BCH'IKO no,[\C'b,[\HM Aa e
caMo poKOBO,[\HTen.R Ha 3ar0Bopa 11 TO KaTo ce aKu;eHTyBa Ha Bp'b3KHTe MY c pyCKara
,[\.HTIJIOMau;.11.R 11 6onrapcK11Te eM11rpaHTCK11 KporoBe. TaKa npou;ec'bT MHoro yMerro e
113TIOJl3BaH 3a ,[\.HCKpe,[\HTHpaHeTO Ha Te3H qrnKTOpH npe,[\ eBponewcKOTO 06II..J;ecrne110
MHeHwe. CoII..J;H.R e¢eKT ce u;enw 11 np11 ny6nwKyBaHeTo Ha npo,[1a,[\eH11 OT 'fl1HOBHH-
Ka B pyCKaTa nerau;11.R B EyKypeII..J; M. 5IKo6coH 0¢wu;wanH11 ,[\OKyMeHTI1 Ha u;apCKa-
Ta ,[\HnnoMau;wR. Haw-HanpeA Te3H ,[\OKyMeHTH ce ny6n11KyBaT B npaBvrTencTBettwa
0¢wu;w03 "CBo6o,[la': a npe3 1893 r. 113JIH3aT 11 B caMocTO.RTeJIHO H3,[\aHwe. PycKoro
npaBHTeJICTBO ce OTI11TBa ,[\a onpoBeprae ,[\OCTOBepHOCTTa HM, HO Te CTaBaT o6~ecr
BeHO ,[\OCTO.RHHe H B npeBO,[\ Ha HeMCK11 H ¢peHCKH e3HI..J;l1, ny6nwKyBaHH C'bOTBeTHO
B fepMaHH.R H B'bB C!>paHI..J;11.R.
Mawop DaHwu;a e oc'bgeH Ha CM'bpT w pa3CTpen.RH npe3 JI.RTOTO Ha 1890 r. 3a tte110-
BoncTBaII..J;11Te - qaCT OT o¢wu;epcTBOTO H JIHI..J;a, CB'bp3aHJ1 c MaKe,[\OHCKJi1Te gpy:>Kecrna
H KOMHTeTH, CTaBa .RCHO, qe e Heo6xo,[\HMO ,[\a ce B'b3npweMe TaKTHKaTa Ha 3arosop-
HJ1'feCKH ,[\eMCTBH.R. Ha 15 MapT 1891 r. e TIO,[\fOTBeH aTeHTaT cpeII..J;y MHHHCTop-npeg-
Ce,[\aTeJI.R, :>KepTBa Ha KofrTo cTaBa MHHHCT'bp'bT Ha ¢wHaHCHTe XpwcTo EentJeB 32 . ToBa
31 KoCTaHTHH (KoCTa) IlattHu;a e po,lleH rrpe3 1855 r. B TopHoBo. EonrapCKw ,[leeu; Ha MaKe110-
HO-O,llplilHCKOTO peBOJIIOI.J;lilOHHO ,[\BJil)KeHJile, pesomou;woHep Iii BOeHeH ,[\eeu;, Matiop. E,lllilH OT crpow·
Te1rnre Ha MJia,[laTa 6onrapCKara apMlilH. B3t1Ma yqacrlile B Cpo6cKo-TypCKaTa sofrna (1876), PycKo·
rypcKaTa BOWHa (1877-1878), Coe,llli!HeHJileTO Iii Cpo6cKo-6onrapCKaTa sot!Ha (1885). ITpHB'bpJKettHK
Ha CT. CraM6onos rro speMe Ha Kpw3aTa OT 1886-1887, KoCTa ITa1-rnu;a BJit13a B KOHcplllilKT c Hero,
3apaglil yMepeHaTa MY rronlilTWKa rro MaKe,[\OHCKlil.H Borrpoc. ITpe3 1890 ITamru;a opraHt13lilpa 3ar0Bop
cpenw rrpaBt1TeJICTBOTO, KOWTO e pa3Kpt1T, Iii TOW e pa3CTpenaH Ha 26 IOHJil 1890 r.
32 Xpwcro lien11es e po,lleH npe3 1857 f0,llt1Ha B TopHOBO. 3asopurna TopHOBCKOTO Knarno yqu·
nmu;e (1869) Iii rnMHa3JilH B 3arpe6 (1872-1876), K'b,llero ny6nlilKyBa cTwxose Ha xopBaTCKJil e3MK. Yqw
OKOJIO f0,llt1Ha B 3arpe6CKt1.H YHt1BepC1i!TeT, HO npeK'bCBa cne,[\BaHeTO Clil Iii pa60TJil Karo '!Ji!HOBHHK B
Ces1rneso, TopHOBO w CocpwH (1878-1881 ), rne,ll Koern 3aBopwsa JilKOHOMJi!Ka B ITaplil)K (1881-1884).
OT 1885 ,!IO 1890 ro,[IWHa e 'lli!HOBHWK B Mw1-rncrepcrsoro Ha cpwHaHCJi!Te, a npe3 1890 ro,llwHa crasa
MWHHCT'bp Ha cp1i11-iaHrnre B npaBJi!Tencrsoro Ha Cr. CraM6onos. ITpe3 1891 ro,[lvIHa e y61i!r. .>Kettell
3a noerecara Mapa EentJeBa.
152
HOBA E'bflTAPCKA /llCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
yfonkrno, l13BbprneHo KoraTo p;BaMarn MI1HaBaT Kpati: fpap;CKaTa rpap;11Ha B Co¢m1, e

J13110fl3BaHO 3a pa3npaBa c OTI03l1QI1RTa. ApecTyBaHI1 ca rr. KapaBeJIOB, K. ApceHI1eB,
Tpal1Ko K11TaHqeB, ToMa feoprneB, J1JI. feoproB M p;p. EKaTep11Ha KapaBeJioBa pa3Bl1Ba
i:1ettHOCT npep; qy)l(,Lll1Te p;11nnoMaT11qecK11 rrpep;crnBHTeJIH B Co¢wR c QeJI p;a ce 3all.\M-
TJIT o6BHHReMl1Te, HO ce CTHra p;o a6cypp;a p;op)l(aBHl1R npoKypop p;a HCKa CMopTHa
rrpJtcop;a 3a )l(eHaTa Ha KapaBeJioB. B nocnep;Ha cMeTKa Hap;p;eJIRBa o6eKTl1BHOCTTa w
E. KapaBeJioBa e onpaB,L\aHa coc CBOHTe cnop;Bl1)1(Hl1'.JKH. He TaKa crnBa coc 3arnope-
HMTe rroJIHTl1Ql1. Cpell.\y 3ap;bp)l(aHl1Te He ca oTKpHTYI p;oKa3aTeJicTBa 3a 3aroBopHl1-
t.feCKa p;eMHOCT. Ha 18 IOHM 1892 r. Ha nop;cop;HMaTa CKaMeMKa ca nocrnBeHM 18 p;yrnYI.
KapaseJIOB e OCo,L\eH Ha 5 rop;l1HVI 3arnop, Tp. KwrnH'IeB - Ha TpVI, J1B. Eo6eKoB - Ha 9
rop;vrHH, r. BeJIVIKOB - Ha 15 rop;MHH 3aTBop, a qeTwpwMa p;ynrn - CB. MvrnapoB, T. fe-
oprnes, K. ITonoB, A. KaparroJieB 6e3 p;ocTaToqHo p;oKa3aTeJicTBa nonyqaBaT CMopTHM
rrpvrcop;VI. B ,L1eceTMJienrnTa p;o EanKaHcKvrTe BOMHVI HRMa npvrMep 3a nop;o6tta pa3-
rrpasa c TIOJIVITVlqecKYITe npoTHBHHQVI.
Y6V1T e l1 6onrapcKVIRT p;11nnoMaTvrqeCK11 areHT B TypcKaTa CTOJil1Qa, p;-p feop-
rn BnJIKOBHq. 0TrosopoT Ha BJiacnt:Te e 3arnJIBaHe Ha penpernwTe cpell.\y noJIHTH-
qecKwTe VIM npOTl1BHVIQl1. J1MeHHO B TaKaBa o6CTaHOBKa ce npORBRBaT HaM-CHJIHO
AMKTarnpcKHTe yBneqeHMR Ha MHHHCTop-npep;cep;aTeJIR. TwnwqHa B TOBa OTHorneHwe
e Herosa peq, npoH3HeceHa Ha 17 HoeMBpH 1893 r., BoB spo3Ka c T. Hap. "BoTpenmo
y6e)J(p;eHYie''. "KoraTo BVl,L\R Hell.\O no Moe BoTpeIIIHO y6e)J(p;emre, qe TO TpR6Ba p;a ce
HarrpaBVI 3a crraceHYieTo Ha oTeqecTBOTO, ll.\e ro HanpasR - 3aRBRBa CTaM6onos, - Ma-
Kap p;a e 3arrpeTeHO OT 3aKOHl1Te".
Kpynne MepKH Ha BJiaCTl1Te nponrn HHaKOMHCJiell_\VITe BO)J;RT p;o TIOCTeneHHa
epo3HH B npaBV1TeJICTBeHV1R narep. 3tta'1HTeJIHa qacT OT nop;p;po)J(HVIQHTe Ha CrnM-
6oJIOB HanyCKaT Ka6wHeTa. Cnep; 1888 r., KOfaTO HanyCKaT o-p CmoUJZ06 (3aMeHeH OT
~MM. ToHqes) YI Ha'!06U'-t (3aMeHeH OT J1s. Cana6aIIIeB, r. .>K11BKOB, Xp. Een'IeB, fp.
Ha'IOBJ.1q, J1B. Cana6arnes) OT Ka6YIHeTa OTnap;aT o-p Cmpa1-tCKU (3aMeHeH OT CrnM6o-
JIOB, .!l fpeKoB), rrpe3 cemeMBpw 1891 r. Jf To1-t'-te6 (3aMeHeH OT Jl fpeKoB, J1s. Cana-
6aIIIeB, l1aHaHOT CJiaBKOB, ,Ll-p KoHCTaHTHH l1oMRHOB), npe3 1893 r. r >Ku6K06 (3aMe-
HeH OT CT. CrnM6onos). Te ca 3aMeHeHVI c JIHQa 6e3 Heo6xop;vrMMH asTopwTeT l1 onMT.
l1pe3 eceHTa Ha 1892 r. ttanpe)J(eHHeTO B CTpaHaTa ce 3arnJIBa OT HaMepeHVleTo Ha
CrnM6oJioB p;a Vl3MeHH KOHCTMTYQHRTa. Te3VI npoMeHw npoH3THqaT OT )J(eJiaHVleTo Ha
MVIHHCTop npep;cep;aTeJIR p;a crn6HJil13Hpa TIOJIO)J(eHHeTO Ha p;op)J(aBaTa qpe3 )l(eHl1T-
6aTa Ha KHR3a 11 Cb3p;asatteTo Ha p;wHaCTHR. Cnep; cep1103HVI npoyqBaHHR tt36opa ce
crrvrpa Ha KHRrMHR Map11R-Jiyw3a ITapMcKa, )J;oll.\epH Ha ITapMCKVIH p;yK Po6epT. EoJI-
rapcKWRT BJiap;eTeJI rronyqasa op;o6peHtteTo Ha MaMKa cw KHHrHHH KneMeHTHHa w Ha
HHKOVI 3anap;Hl1 p;op)l(aBHl1Ql1. 3a p;a ce ynecHH CKJIIO'IBaHeTO Ha 6paKa e HaJIO)l(l1TeJIHa
rrpoMHHarn Ha HRKOM 'IJieHose Ha KOHCTHTYQHHTa. Krrroqos e 'IJI. 38, cnopep; KO:ti:To
rrpecTorroHacnep;HHK'hT TpR6Ba p;a H3TIOBRp;Ba H3TO'IHonpaBocrraBHarn BRpa. Tosa e
HenpweMJIHBo 3a napMcKHR xepQor w nanarn, KOHTO p;bp)l(aT p;eQaTa OT 6paKa p;a MMaT
KaTOJIH'IeCKO sepOl13IIOBe):\aHl1e.
3aMwcrreHarn KopottaQVIR cpell_\a conpoTVIBa VI B CTpaHarn. EK3apx Morn¢ I CMR-
Ta, qe )l(eHV1T6aTa ll.\e OT,L\aJieqw B'b3MO)l(HOCTWTe 3a noMYipeHvre c Pycm1. C HaTVICK 11
Pocu4a AHzenosa
perrpec1111 rrpaB11TeJICTBOTO He ,a;onyCKa Heo,a;o6peH11eTO Ha QopKBaTa 11 on03111\l1RTa

,a;a ce npeBopHe B conpoT11Ba. I1 po11ec e MOHT11paH 11 cperu;y M11Tponon11T Kn11MeHr no
noBo,a; QopKOBHarn MY nporroBe,a; 3a He,a;emna Ha rrpaBocnaB11eTo. I1pe3 ron11 1893 r.
TOM e 3aTo'IeH B fno)f(eHCK11R MaHacnt:p.
BorrpeK11 pa3JI11'IHOTO OTHorneH11e 3aKoHonpoeKT'bT e BHeceH Ha eceHHaTa cec1rn
Ha VI OHC. Ha 7 ,a;eKeMBp11 1892 r. e rrpHeT 3aKoH 3a l13MeHeH11e Ha KOHCTl1TY1\Ml!-
Ta, KOMTO TpR6Ba ,a;a 60,a;e o,a;o6peH OT BHC. Ha 8 anp11n 1893 r. KHR3 ct>epp;HHaHA ce
BeHtiaBa 3a Map11R-Jly113a B I111attope (J.1Tan11R), a Ha 30 anp11n B11coKonocrnBettara
KHJI)f(eCKa ,ll;BOMKa CT'bnBa Ha 6onrapcKa 3eMR.
Ha 3 MaM 1893 r. KHR3 ct>ep,a;11ttaH,a; OTKp11Ba 3ace,a;aH11RTa Ha lfrrnopToTO BenMKo
Hapo,a;Ho co6paH11e. Pa6ornrn Ha BHC rrpoT11qa cnoKot°mo 11 TO yrnop)l(,a;aBa npeAno-
)f(eH11Te l13MeHeH11R B :KottcT11TyQ11RTa. Pa3rne,a;att11 no xapaKTep 11 no rrpep;Iia3Ha'!e-
I-rne rrpoMem1Te B KOHCT11TYQ11.RTa ycnoBHO MoraT ,a;a ce pa3p;ellRT Ha ,a;Be rpymr. 1-ln.
6, 38, 58, 59, 125,126, 141 ce OTHarnT ,a;o npeporaT11B11Te 11 np11BHnermne Ha ,a;np:ll<aB-
Hl1.R nraBa. Te Bl1311paT: 6onrapcK11.R KHR3 11 rrpecTolloHacne,a;H11K'bT MY HOCRT T11rnara
11apCKO Bl1CO'IeCTBO ('Ill. 6); 6onrapCK11.R KHR3 He MO)f(e ,a;a l13IIOBRp;Ba Hl1KaKBa Apyra
B.Rpa, oCBeH ITpaBocnaBHaTa, caMo KHR3'bT, KOMTO no H36op e cTDn11n Ha 6nnrapcK11J!
npecToll, aKo np11Ha,a;ne)f(11 K'bM mmoe ,a;pyro xp.HCTl1.RHCKO Bepo113noBep;aH11e, KaKro
TOM, TaKa JI[ nopB11.RT npecTOJIOHacnep;HHK MO)f(e ,a;a CH OCTaHaT B Hero ('Ill. 38); TMTnll
3a 6llaropo,a;cTBO M ,a;pyr11 OTJil1'Il1R He MOraT ,a;a coru;ecTBYBaT ('In. 58); KHR3'bT MMa
npaBo ,a;a pa3p;aBa op,a;eHH ('Ill. 59), KHR3'bT MO)f(e ,a;a pa3pern11 3aeM11 B l13BnHpeAHH
cnyqa11, a nopBoTo CBMKaHo cnep; TOBa OHC MO)f(e ,a;a m o,a;o6p11 ('In. 125, 126), go-
nycKa ce rnacYBaHeTO Ha 3aKOHOrrpoeKT11Te ,a;a CTaBa B npHC'bCTBJlfe Ha MJlfHI1MYM eAHa
Tpern OT ,a;erryrnTttTe ('Ill. 141).
OCTananHTe qneHoBe 86, 114, 139, 144, 161 Kaea.RT C'bCTaBa, rrpaBaTa M 3a,a;nm1<e-
HJlf.RTa Ha Hapo,a;HoTo npep;crnB11TencTBO. Crrope,a; n1x o6ttKHOBeHoTo Hapop;Ho CD6pa-
Htte ce C'bCTOl1 OT npe,a;CTaB11Ten11, tt36patttt nanpaBo OT napop;a - no e,a;ttH rrpeAcra-
BHTen Ha 20 000 ,a;yrn11 OT ,a;Barn nona 3a rreT ro,a;ttHH ('In. 86); BCl1'IK11 npe,a;craB11rem1
nonyqaBaT ,a;HeBHI1, a Il'bTHI1 caMO Te3I1, KOJlfTO He )f(JlfBeRT B C'blli;OTO MeCTO K'bAeTO
3ace,a;aBa HC (qn, 139); BHC ce cncTOI1 OT npe,a;crnB11Tell11, I136paHI1 HarrpaBo or 11a-
po,a;a, KaTo 'IHCllOTO HM e paBHO Ha ABOMHOTO q11cno Ha qnenoBeTe Ha OHC, Karo ce
B3eMaT no p;BaMa npe,a;cTaB11Ten11 OT BCeKtt ,a;Ba,a;eceT x11nR,a;11 )f(I1TellI1 OT p;Bara rrona
('In. 144) 11 MHHttcrepcTBaTa crnBaT oceM ('!JI. 161 ). C rrocnep;H11.R tilleH ce yqpe)!(,a;aBaT
p;Be HOBH MI1Hl1CTepcTBa - M11n11cTepcTBO Ha ToproB11.RTa 11 3eMep;elltteTO (B Koero
Blltt3a 11 npoMttrnlleHoCTTa) 11 M11H11cTepcTBo Ha o6ru;HTe crpap;w, noTl111\aTa 11 cno6-
11\eHI1RTa (B KOeTo BJII13aT )f(eJie3HI11\I1Te, noru;11Te 11 TellerpaqmTe). Ha 17 Mau 1893 r.
npep;JIO)KeHMTe I13MeHeHHR ca rrpHeni. Te311 rrpoMeH11, MaKap 11 ocnopBam1, ocraBaT
TpaMHO B KOHCTI1TYQ11RTa c MaJIKI1 H3KJIIO'IeH11.R.
Hec'bMI-IeHo B T0311 nep11op; 113rrnyBan11Te Ha noBopXHOCTTa 11 np11ell11 rpy6M 11
HaCI1JIHI1'IeCKI1 cpopM11 np11cTpaCTI1.R ,ll;OBe)Kp;aT o6ru;ecTBOTO HI1 p;o po6a Ha rpa)!(AaH-
CKaTa BOMHa. AttlleMaTa "3a 11 rrpoTHB Pyc11R" ce oKa3Ba HepernHMa c HOpManHM rro-
JII1TI1tiecKM cpep;crna, noHe 3a ToraBaUIHI1.R MOMeHT. ToBa e neqaneH cpaKT, 3all\OTO B
154
HORA E'bflI'APCKA HCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
re3J1 rop;HHH Ha Te:>KKH KOHcpJIHKTH w B'brrpeKYI rnx E'hnrapmi: rrpaBw yBepeHw KpatrKH
B cronaHCKOTO CH pa3BJ1TJ1e l1 J13rpa:>Kp;aHeTO Ha Mop;epHa p;'bp:>KaBa.
3. MoAepHH.3HpaHe H o6ig HanpeA'bK Ha KmnKecTBOTo
YnpaBJieHHeTo Ha CTecpaH CTaM6onoB e xapaKTepHo c aKTHBHaTa 3aKoHop;aTemrn

M npaKTMtrecKa ,n;ewHoCT 3a oc11rypRBaHe Ha MKOHOMMtreCKa He3aBMCMMOCT Ha E'hnra-
pMR l1 rrpeop;OTIRBaHe Ha o6iu;aTa J1 MHOfOilOCO'IHa l130CTaHaTIOCT Ha CTpaHaTa.
Pa3TIM'IHM no 3HatrMMOCT 11 p;'bnroTpaiiHOCT cpaKTopw BTIMRRT B'bpxy CTorraHCKOTO
HM pa3BHTMe B 11'bpB11Te ,n;eceT11neTHR CJiep; OCB06o)!(p;en11ern. Pa3611pa ce, E'hnrap11R
rrpop;'bTI)!(aBa ,n;a e arpapHa CTpaHa, B KORTO Hap; 3/4 OT Hacenem1eTo ce rrperr11TaBa c'bc
cencKocTorraHCKH Tpy,n;. Oiu;e rrpe,n;11 OCB060)!(,n;e1rnern MH03MHCTBOTO OT 6'hnrapHTe
ca ,n;pe6Hl1 3eMep;eJICKJ1 co6cTBeHMIJ;H. 03eMJIRBaHeTO Ha ceJIRHMTe CJiep; l13TerTIRHeTO
Ha TypcKMTe BJiap;eTeJI11 Ha MMOTM yKpenBa ,n;pe6HaTa co6crneHocT. B'hrrpeK11 Han11-
1IJ1eTO l1 Ha ,n;pyr11 rrpou;ecw (pa30pRBaHeTO Ha HRKOM 11 HaCO'IBaHeTO MM K'bM HaeMeH
rpy,n; l1TIH C'b3)l;aBaHeTO Ha cpep;HH l1 rro-e,n;pw CTOTiaHCTBa), T03l1 xapaKTep Ha ceTIOTO
ce 3arra3Ba 3a p;'hnro BpeMe. fpap;cKoTo CTorrancTBO, HaMYipaiu;o ce Bee oiu;e B CBOR 3a-
HaRPrnf1cKO-MaH11cpaKTypeH cTap;11w Ha pa3Bl1Twe, rrpop;'bTI)!(aBa ,n;a e rro,n; y,n;ap11Te Ha
pa3opRBaiu;aTa KOHKypeHu;irn Ha try:>K,n;orn cpa6pwmo rrpo113Bop;crno. ToBa ce oTpa-
3RBa l1 Ha T'bproBMRTa, ,!l;Oll'blIHJ1TeJIHO rrpwTeCHeHa OT 3ary6aTa Ha orpoMHMR TypcKM
rrasap, pa3TIOK'bCBaHeTo Ha 6'hnrapcK11Te repwrnpwv1 rrpe3 1878 r. w rrpop;'bJI)!(aBaiu;11Te
,11a ,11erircrnaT B CTpaHaTa HM Ka1111Tynau;11w - HepaBHorrpaBHM ,n;oroBop11 Ha OcMaHCKaTa
l1Mrrep11R c HRKOM 3arrap;Hl1 p;'bp:>KaBM, KOHTO rrop;KorraBaT co6cTBeHOTO rrpol13BO)l;CTBO
J1 ToproBMRTa rrpep;M BCM'IKO c HMCKMTe BHOCHM MMTa. C'bep;11HeHMeTO ,n;eMCTBa CTM-
Mynwpaiu;o, HO Heo6xop;MMOCTTa OT MKOI!OMM'IeCKa He3aBMCHMOCT l1 MOp;epn113Hpane
Ha cronaHCTBOTO e IlOBetre OT O'IeBMp;Ha. cDaKTOpoT "co6cTBeHa ,!l;'bp)!(aBa" TpR6Ba ,n;a
3apa6on1 Il'bJrnou;eHHO.
Tio 11Hwu;11anrna Ha rrpaBMTeJICTBOTO Hapop;nOTo c'b6panwe C'b3p;aBa mwpoKa 3a-
KOHOBa OCHOBa Ha HY:>KHMTe rrpoMcHM. Tlo T03H Ha'IMH OCBeH BCM'IKO ,n;pyro ce rrpoR-
BRBa CMeTIOCT M pernwTeJIHOCT, T'bM KaTO qacT OT B3eTMTe MCpKM ca rrpRKO HapymeHMe
He caMO Ha TypcKMTe J1Hrepecw, HO M Ha pe,n;11u;a KJiay311 OT EeplIMHCKMR ,n;oroBop.
AeflHOCTTa e opweHTwpaHa B p;Be rrocOKM - K'bM Hac'bp'IaBaHe Ha MeCTHOTO rrpOH3BOp;-
crBo J1 K'bM rrpMBJIM'IaHe Ha qy)!(,!1;11 KarrvtTaTIM M perynMpane Ha T'bproBCKO-l1KOHOMJ1-
tfeCKHTe OTHOIIIeHMR c ,n;pyrw CTpaHM.
B rr'hpBwTe rop;MHM rrpaBMTeJICTBOTO HRMa vt3pa6oTeHa rroCTiep;oBaTeJIHa MKOHO-
MMtfeCKa rrporpaMa 3a HaC'bptraBaHe M IlOKpOBMTeTICTBO Ha Hau;woHaJIHOTO npOYI3BO,!l;-
CTBO. To M rrapnaMeHTbT OTrrycKaT 6e3JIMXBeHM 3aeMM Ha oT,n;emrn co6cTBeHwu;w Ha
J1Hp;yCTpvtaJIHJ1 rrpe,n;rrpMRTMR, KOMTO treCTO ca CTaM60JIOBM npMB'bp)!(etrnu;w. l!pe3
Hapop;HOTO c'b6pattwe Ka6wneT'bT ,n;aBa w KoHu;ernw Ha pe,n;wu;a cpa6p11KaHTM, KOMTO
ce OCBo6o:>Kp;aBaT 3a orrpe,n;eneH cpoK OT p;'bp)!(aBHM TaKCM M ,n;aH'bIJ;J1. Te He rrnaiu;aT
,11aH'bIJ;M npw BHOC Ha Heo6xop;MMJ1Te MM MaillMI-IM, C'bOp'b)!(emrn, TIOTI3BaT HaMaJieHMR
OT ycTaHOBeHMTe Tapwqm rrp11 rrpeHarnHeTO MM no p;'bp)!(aBHJ1Te )!(eJie3Hl1IJ;M. TipaBM-
TeJICTBOTO OT CBOR CTpaHa TI'bK ce 3aA'bJI)l(aBa ga KynyBa OT KOHQeC.l10Hep.11Te qacr OT
npoH3BegeHOTO KaTo ro npegnoq.11Ta npeg BHoca np.11 e):IHaKBO Ka'!eCTBO .11 Qemr. Ha
np.11HQ:vma Ha oTgaBaHe Ha KOHQec:vrn ca .11 npHeT.11Te 3aKOH 3a PYAH.11Q.11Te, KaMeHO·
JIOMH.11Te .11 M.11HepaJIOr.11'!H.11Te 3aBegeH.11R (1891), 3aKOH 3a Kap11ep.11Te (1891) .11 3aKO-
Ha 3a Tonn.11Te 11 cTygeH.11Te MMHepanH:vr .113Bop.11 (1891 r.). KoHQeCMOHHaTa c:wcTeMa
He gaBa urnpoK.11 B'b3MO)l(HOCTJ.1 3a pa3Bl1T.11e Ha HaQMOHaJIHaTa npoMHUIJieHOCT, T'b!'i
KaTo npeMaxBa KOHKypeHQHRTa Me)!(gy npo113BOAHTeJI11Te 11 cT11Myn11Te 3a yC1:iBop·
rneHCTBaHe t1 MogepH.113t1paHe Ha npot13BOACTBeHt1Te npoQeCM.
3a ga 113pa60T11 CBOR nporpaMa npaBHTeJICTBOTO Ha CT. CTaM6onoB npe3 1888
r. C'b3):1aBa K'bM M11H11cTepcTBOTO Ha HapogHoTo nporneI.QeHHe cneQ11anHa Mtt11yc·
Tp:v1anHa KOMHCHR. Cnei:1 3aA'hJI6o'leHa npoyqBaTeJICKa i:1eCrnocT npe3 1889 r. KOMl1·
cMRTa ny6n11KyBa l13JIO)l(em1e 3a 3eMei:1en11eTo 11 3aHaRTMTe B o'bJirap:wR. ,[(Be ro1111Htt
TIO-K'bCHO, TO e ny6n11KyBaHO KaTO ,[(oKJia):I AO Mt1Ht1CT'bpa Ha npoCBe1.Qem1eTO. L\Ba·
Ta goKyMeHTa KOHCTanrpaT, qe 3eMegeJit1eTO 11 3aHaRTMTe B CTpaHaTa ca B nna'leB-
HO c'bCTORHHe. Te311 MHHQHaTHBM C'bBTia):laT c H):leHTWIHH B napnaMeHTa. B KpaR Ha
1887 r. i:1enyTaT'bT Xp:wcTo ,[(rorMe):l)l(l1eB 33 BHarn B nopBaTa pe):IOBHa cec11R Ha V OHC
"TipegJIO)l(eHHe 3a TIOB):IMraHe Ha MeCTHaTa HapO):IHa npoMHUIJieHoCT". Tipe):IJIO)!(eH11e·
TO e TIO):ITIHCaHO OT 169 i:1enyTaTM t1 npei:1nara HRKOH KaTerop1111 A'bp)l(aBHJ.1 cnp1rnrem1
i:1a ce 06n11qaT 11 o6yBaT c npo113Be):leHHR Ha MeCTHaTa npoMHUIJieHocT, a Ha 6onrap·
CKVITe npOt13BO):IVITeJit1 ):la ce npaBRT pei:111Qa OTCT'bilKH. 3aKOHonpoeKT'bT He e rrp11er
nopai:111 HeTI'bJIHOTa VI Heonpei:1eneHocT. Tipo):l'bJI)l(aBa i:1a ce pean11311pa KOHQecvtoHHl1·
RT np11HQ11n. E):IBa npe3 1891 r. e np11eT cneQHaJieH 3aKoH 3a cHa6gRBaHe Ha apMH!!Ta
c MaTep11an11 3a BoOp'b)l(aBaHe, o6JieKJIO, xpaHa VI /:Ip., KaTo ce ):laBa npe):IHMCTBO Ha
po):IHOTO npot13BO):ICTBO.
TiocTH)l(eHHRTa B VIKOHOMH'!eCKOTO pa3Bt1Tt1e Ha CTpaHaTa ce J.1JIIOCTp11par Ha
npoBe):leHoTo TIJIOBJ:IHBCKO l13JIO)l(eH11e. li1HHQHaTop 3a npoBe)l():laHeTo MY e cp~rnaH·
coBMR MHHHCT'bp Ha'!OBH'l, a H):leRTa - Ha fernoB. HaqanoTo e noCTaBeHo tta 15 as·
rycT 1892 r., KoraTO ce OTKpt1Ba TiopBOTO 6'bJirapcKO 3eMe):leJICKo-npOMVIIIIJieHo 113·
JIO)l(eH11e. Tipe3 ):laJie'!HaTa 1892 ro):IHHa, KoraTo B TIJIOBAHB ce rrpoBe)l():la Ihpsoro
l13JIO)l(eHVle, HeroBa KOHKypeHQMR ca e):IHHCTBeHO JiaiirrQHrCKHRT naHat1p (KOHTO K'bM
):IHernHa gaTa e c Ha):I 800-roi:111rnHa 11cTopV1R) :vi CBeTOBHOTO M3JIO)l(emre B IIapl1lK
npe3 1889 r. li1cTop11qeCKaTa cnpaBKa rroKa3Ba, qe naHa11poT B ConyH e OTKPMT e11sa
npe3 1925 r. IJ;eJITa Ha TI'hpBoTo 6'bJirapcKo 3eMegencKo-npoMHUIJieHo t13JIO)!(em1e ega
cT11Myn11pa npoxo:>K):laI.QaTa 6onrapcKa HHAYCTpHR 11 cencKo cTonaHCTBO, ga C'b3,!1age
Me)l(gyHapO):IHH KOHTaKTH Ha 6'bJirapcKMTe np0113BOAMTeJit1, ga IIOKa)l(e Ha ttaceneHl1-
eTO K'bM KaKBO TpR6Ba ):lace CTpeM:w. TI'bpBoTo 6omapcKo t13JIO)l(eH11e ce P(l)!(Aa Karo
TIJIOA Ha pa3BV!TMeTO Ha CTonaHCTBOTO VI t1KOHOMt1KaTa Ha D'bJirap:viR Ha OH3l1 eran II
33 XpHcTo ,[J;IOKMe)VK.HeB e ,n;ee~ Ha Ha~JA0HaJIHOOCB060,n;JATeJIHOTO ,n;am1<eH11e, 06Il.leCTBeH11K,

KMer Ha IInos,n;11a (1887-1890 r.). Po,n;eH npe3 1847 r. B ,[(ynH11~a. Y'Iacrsa B Cpo6CKo-rypCKara
(1876 r.), PycKo-rypCKara aoJ.fHa (1877 r.) .11 B no,n;rornaKara .11 npoB'b3rJiarnaaHero Ha Coe,[IHHe·
H11ero (1885 r.). Karo KMeT npoKapaa ao,n;onpoao,n; Ha IInoa,n;11a. Hornren Ha cpe6'bpeH Me,[lan Ha
l13JIQ)l(fHJ1eTO B AHBepc (1894 r.). rr.o'IJ1Ba npe3 1905 r. B CaMOKOB.
156
HOBA E'bflfAPCKA MCTOPMH (1878-1944)
HMa 3a 3a):\aqa ):\a pa3Kpue HOBMTe cpopMM Ha ITPOM3BOACTBO B CTpaHaTa, ):\a ITpu6Jiu:>KM
6nnrapcKwTe ITPOM3BO):(MTenu w TnproBQM K'bM EBpoITa u cBeTa. Ilo):(rOTBRHO c ronRM
eHTycua3'bM J1 c ITOMOru;Ta Ha MHOfO CITe141,IaJIMCTM, TO ycnRBa ):\a pa3BJ1e Maru;a6w J1 ):\a
Cn6epe y':IaCTMe, KOMTO BITe':IaTJIRBaT: J13JIO)l(eHMeTO AOCTJ1ra 06ll.\a IIJIOll.\ Ha):\ 90 000
KB. M., 06Il.\MRT 6poi1CTpaHu-yqacTHJII':IKJ.1e24, a 3a ):\Ba Mece14a M ITOJIOBJrna (TOJIKOBa
e speMeTpaeHeTo My) ITaBMJIMOHMTe MY ca IToceTemt OT 162 000 AYIIIM. EnnrapcKMTe
H3J10)1(11TeJIM ITOKa3BaT ycITex11Te Cl1 B KOITp11HapcTBOTO, Bl1HapcTBOTO, TIOTIOHOITpo-
H3BO):\CTBOTO, TeKCTJIIJIHaTa ITpOMMIIIJieHOCT, ITPOJ.-13BO):\CTBOTO Ha eTepM':IHM Macna,
Ko)l(yxapcTBOTO, pacTeH11eB'b):(CTBOTO. B ':IY)l(AeCTpaHHHTe ITaBMJIHOHM cMJIHO BITe-
qarneHMe ITpaBRT TeXHM':IeCKMTe HOBOCT11 - eneKTp11':IeCK11 KPYIIIKM, cpoHorpacpnT Ha
Eg11coH, opn)l(MeTo Ha HeMcKaTa cpupMa "KpyIT".
EAHOBpeMeHHO c M3JIO)l(eHMeTo B IlnoBA11B e cswKaH IlnpBMR 6nnrapcKM 3eMe-
gen'IeCKo-npoMurnneH cn6op. B pa6ornrn MY y':IacrnaT 3Ha':IMTeJieH 6poi1 MHAYCTpM-
am~u, TnproB~M, ITpe):(ITpMeMa':IM M CTOITaHCKJ1 ):\eMQl1 - 06ll.\O 81 OT OT):\eJIHMTe 0Kpn311.
Toti e oTKpttT Ha 25 ceITTeMBpM 1892 r. IlpoBe)l():(aHeTO MY ce pnKOBOAM OT 5-':IJieHHa
KOM11Ct1R ITOA ITpe):(Ce):(aTencTBOTO Ha MB. EBcTp. feIIIoB. 3ace):(amrnrn ce BOART B ):(Be
ceK1\l1H - 3eMe):(eJicKa M ITpoMMillJieHa. Cn6opnT M3pa6orna 11 ITp11eMa 3aKOHOITpoeKTM
3a Hacnp':IaBaHe J1 ITOKpOBMTeJICTBO Ha HaQHOHal!HaTa J1HAYCTp11R, 3a ycnBnpIIIeHCT-
BaHe Ha ):\aH'bqHaTa CMCTeMa, 3a BeTepuHapHOTO ):\eJIO, 3a OTKp11BaHe Ha 3aHaRT':IJ1M-
CKH Y':Il1lll1ru;a, 3a C'h3):(aBaHe Ha TnproBCKO-HHAYCTpviaJIHJ.1 KaMap11. B pe3ynrnT ca
113pa6oTeHJ1 "IloCTaHOBJieHMR Ha ITnpBMR 6nnrapCKl1 3eMe):\eJICKo-npoMl1IIIJieH C'b-
6op". 11Hl1QMaTJ1BvtTe Ha C'h6opa ca ITnpBM OIIMT B CJie):\OCB060)l():(eHCKOTO pa3BJ1Tl1e
Ha KHR)l(ecrno EnnrapuR ):la ce cpopMynupa QRJIOCTHaTa HKOHOMM':IeCKa ITOJIMTMKa Ha
Anp)l(aBaTa. IlporpaMaTa e ITO):\':IMHeHa Ha ):\Ba OCHOBHJ.1 npHHQHITa - rno6o):(a Ha ':IaCT-
HaTa MHMQManrna vi aKTvtBeH Anp)l(aBeH npoTeKQHOHH3'bM.
Ilpe):(JIO)l(eHMRT OT C'h6opa 3aKOHOITpoeKT 3a Hacnp':IaBaHe Ha MeCTHaTa ITPOMHIII-
rreHOCT e BHeceH B Hapo):(HOTO cn6pam1e OT npaBHTeJicTBOTO npe3 1892 r. Towe ITpweT
no npHHQHII, HO o6C'h)l():(aHeTo MY Ha BTopo ':IeTeHe e OTJIO)l(eHo 3a HeoITpe):(eJieHo
BpeMe no npuqJ1HH OT B'hHillHOITOJIMTH':IeCKM xapaKTep. IlpueMaHeTO Ha 3aKOHa CTaBa
or OcMoTo o6vtKHOBeHo cn6paHvte npe3 eceHTa Ha 1894 r. ITPH ynpaBJieHweTo Ha npa-
B11teJICTBOTO Ha Hapo):(HaTa napnrn, Ha':IeJio c A-p K. CToHJIOB. ,[(OToraBa B cTpaHaTa
OCtaBa B CHJia HeII'bJIHHR npoTeKQMOHVICTH':IeCKl1 3aKOH 3a TIO):\IIOMaraHe Ha MeCTHaTa
l1HAYCTPHR OT 1883 r., ):\OII'bJIHeH C'bC 3aKOHa OT 1891 r. 3a rna6):(RBaHeTO Ha BOMCKaTa
c MeCTHH MaTeprrnJIH VI rrpOH3BO):\CTBa.
TipaBvtTeJICTBOTO Ha CTaM6onoB npaBM OITHT Aa 3all.\HTH MeCTHOTO npovt3BOA-
crso 11 npvt CKJilO':!BaHeTo Ha rrnpBMTe TnproBCKJ.1 cnoro):(6w, rne):( J13TH':IaHe Ha HepaB-
HorrpaBHMTe TnproBCKJ.1 ;n;oroBopH, HaJIO)l(ettw Ha TypQ11R npe3 1860-1861 r. w ocrn-
Hantt B cwna u 3a KttR)l(ecrno EnnrapHR ITO Eepn11HCKMR AOroBop. IlaK npe3 1887 r.
CtaM6onoB BHarn 3aKoHonpoeKT 3a cKJIIO':!BaHe Ha TnproBcKH ):(OroBopw c Apyru Anp-
lKaBl1, KOMTO e rrpweT OT rrapnaMeHTa. IlnpBaTa caMOCTORTeJIHa TnproBcKa crroro):(6a
e ITOAIIMCaHa Ha 14 HoeMBpu 1889 r. Me)l(AY Ennrap11R w BenvtKo6pwrnHMR. CITopeA
He.11 BHaCRHMTe B EnnrapvtR CTOKM ce o6naraT c 10,5% MHTO Bnpxy CTOMHOCTTa. CITo-
ro):(6arn e BpeMeHHa M ;n;o 1894 r. e IIOAHOBRBaHa e)l(efOAHO. Bnw3a B CMJia OT 1 RHyapw
Pocuu,a AHze1zoBa
1890 r. AHaJIOn1'lHl1 crroro,n;6M ce rro,n;rrMcBaT c J1TaJIMJI, fepMaHHJI, ABcTpo-Yttrapwa,
<PpaH~J.rn, EemMJI 11 ll1Bei1~ap11JI B cJie,n;Bar.q11Te ro,n;MHM. C rnx ce Hac'bp'laBa 6'Dnrap·
CKMJI l13HOC 'Ipe3 3ap;'bJI:>KaBaHe Ha rrpaBttTeJicTBOTO ,n;a rrp11eMe BCH'lKH HY:>KHM MepK11
B Ta3J1 HaCOKa.
3a ,n;a 06e3ne'lM KaTIMTaJIM 3a pa3BMTMeTO Ha HaQHOHaJIHara l1H,!l;YCTPl1JI Kafome·
T'bT Ha CTaM6oJioB rrpM6Jima ,n;o CKJIIO'lBaHeTo Ha B'bHIIIHH 3aeMM, e,n;Ha IIIttpoKo npw·
JiaraHa npaKTMKa OT no-rna6o pa3Bl1TMTe CTpaHM B EBporra B KpaJI Ha XIX 11 Ha'!aJJ010
HaXXBeK.
Il'bpBMJIT B'bHIIIeH 3aeM e CKJIIO'leH B JIOH,!l;OH Ha 5 OKTOMBpM 1888 r. J1 e CB'Dp3aH
c'bc cnopa3yMeHMeTo 3a OTKyrryBaHe Ha :>Kn JIMHMJITa Pyce- BapHa. ToBa e rr'DpBlm
B'bHIIIeH 3aeM Ha E'hJirapMJI e B pa3Mep Ha 46 777 500 JIB. HOMHHaJIHM rrp11 6% ro,I111w·
Ha JIJ1XBa, rroraCMM 3a 33 ro,n;MHM. Cpe,n;CTBaTa OTMBaT 3a rroracJIBaHe Ha BHOCK!1 OT
l13TO'lHopyMeJimkKHJI p;'bm, 3a l13IIJiar.qaHe Ha JIMHHJITa Pyce-BapHa, Ha pa3xogwre no
cTpo11TeJicTB0To Ha JIHHHJITa UapM6po,n;-BaKapeJI 11 3a 3aKynyBaHe Ha BOeHHW npw·
rracM.
Ilpe3 1889 r. rrpaBMTeJICTBOTO CKJIIO'lBa OT Bl1eHCKaTa JleH,n;ep6aHK BTopw B'bH·
IIIeH 3aeM OT 30 000 000 JIB. HOMHHaJIHJ1, a 22 460 550 JIB. ecpeKTMBHl1 npM 6% JJI1XBa.
3aeM'bT e rrpe,n;Ha3Ha'leH 3a c'be,n;HHMTeJIHaTa JIHHMJI Uap116po,n; - Cocp:irn - BaKapen I!
3a l13TIJiar.qaHe Ha ,n;'bJiroBeTe B JloH,n;oH ( o6r.qo 10 200 000 JIB.). OcrnHaJiaTa no-roJJJIMa
'laCT OT 3aeMa ce M3TIOJI3Ba 3a B'bOp'b:>KaBaHe Ha apMMJITa.
TpeTHJIT 3aeM e CKJIIO'leH rrpe3 1890 r. H e B pa3Mep Ha 5 000 000 JIB. 3aeM'bT e
CKJIIO'leH OT repMaHCKaTa .[(ot°I'le6aHK rrpM 7% JIMXBa J1 e npe,n;Ha3Ha'leH 3a reKYill"
nJiaI.qaHMJI Ha Kpe,n;MTOPMTe J1 no ,!l;'bp:>KaBHl1Te ,!l;'bJirOBe.
Haif-roJieMMJIT B'bHIIIeH 3aeM Ha rrpaBMTeJICTBOTO e B pa3Mep Ha 142 780 000 JIB. u
CKJIIO'leH rrpe3 1892 r. OT BMeHcKaTa JleH,n;ep6aHK rrpM 6% JIMXBa. EaHKaTa rroeMa ca~IO
12 500 000 JIB. HOMl1HaJIHM, a OCTaHaJiaTa cyMa r.qe ce IlOJIY'iaBa Ha 6 0Il~MJ1 B rrpO,I\'bJJ-
)!{eH:We Ha 5 ro,n;11HM. E'hJirapcKoTo rrpaBttTeJicTBO pa3'!MTa Ha 125 000 000 JieBa e~eK
Tl1BHl1 3a cTpoe:>K Ha UeHTpanHaTa :>1<eJie30II'bTHa JIMHMJI KacrrM'laH-lllyMeH-I1JJeBeH-
Cocp11JI, Jil1Hl1JITa Cocp:wJI-KIOCTeH,n;MJI l1 3a peKOHCTPYK~l1JI Ha rrpMCTaHMr.qara Bapttaw
Eyprac. OT Te3l1 cyM11 rrpM yrrpaBJieHMeTo Ha CTaM6oJioB ca 113xap'leHM 41 000 000 JIB.
3a B'bOp'b:>KaBaHe Ha apMMJITa M 16 800 000 3a CTpoe:>1<11 M TeKylQM TIJiar.qaHMR.
CoJIM,n;Ha uHaecmuiiwc 3a 6'b,n;er.qoTo pa3Bl1TMe e :w3rpa:>1<,n;aHeTo Ha Tpattcrroprno-
KOMYHMKa~:woHHaTa Mpe:>1<a. ,[(HM cJie,n; Ha3Ha'laBaHeTo CM 3a Ml1Hl1CT'bp-npegce,I1aren
CTaM6oJioB 1-rn,n;aBa Hape:>1<,n;atte 3a rrpoKapBaHe Ha II'bTMI.qa oT ceJiaTa K'bM oKonui'lcKlf-
Te QeHTpoBe, a Ha rne,n;Bar.qaTa ro,n;11Ha BHarn rrpoeKT 3a l13rpa)KgaHe Ha ,n;'Dp)!(aBHll
IIIocera. Ila rrpe,n;no:>1<eH11e Ha Ka6MHeTa e rrp11er 3aKoH 3a II'bT11r.qaTa - ,Ll'Dp)!(aBHll,
OKp'b:>KHM J1 Me:>1<,n;yceJICKM. 3aKOH'bT KJiarn:cp11~11pa ,!l;'bp:>KaBHMTe J1 OKp'b:>KHMTe TI'bTlf·
r.qa Ha Karerop1111 l1 3ap;'bJI:>KaBa 6'bJirapCKJ1Te rpa:>1<,n;aHM OT M'b:>KKJ1 TIOJI OT 21 ,I\O 55
ro,n;11H11 ,n;a l13TI'bJIHJIBaT onpe,n;eJieHa noBMHHOCT 3a HanpaBaTa, nonpaBKaTa 11 IIO,I\,Ilop-
:>KaHeTo Ha TI'bTHI.qaTa.
foJieMM ca ycrrexuTe Ha :>1<eJie30II'bTHOTo CTpo11TeJICTBO. 0TKp11Ta e oTce'!Kara Ua-
p116po,n;-CocpuJI-EeJioso, CB'bp3Bar.qa CTpaHaTa HM c UeHTpaJIHa 11 3arra,n;Ha Espana; B
KpaTKJ1 cpoKOBe e IlOCTpoeHa JIJ1HJ1JITa 5.IM60JI-Eyprac, KOJITO OC'bI.qeCTBJIBa rpattc-
rroprnaTa Bpo3Ka Me)KAY 3arraAHMTe u M3TO':IHMTe par1oHw Ha CTpaHaTa u Ha Cocpm:1

c qepHoMopcKOTO Kpailr6pe)Kue; CTOJIMQaTa ce CBnp3Ba c PaAOMVIp, c TeHAeHQMR Ha-
rrpasneHVIeTo .z:1a ce rrpo,ll'bJI)KM K'bM KrocTeHAMJI; rrpVIeT e rrpornKoJI 3a rroAroTOBKa 3a
i13rpa>K,[laHe Ha TpaceTa OT CocpwR AO BapHa VI Pyce u 3arro':lsa pa6oTaTa B HaW-TPYA-
HV!R HM y':laCT'bK - J1cKnpcKMR rrponoM. CTpeMe)K'bT .r1a ce pa60T11 B rrepcrreKTHBa ce
rrornop)K,llaBa u OT APYrH cpaKTVI - OTKyrreHaTa npe3 1886 r. OT aHTJIMWCKMTe VI aKQMO-
ttepvi: mrnwR BapHa-Pyce rrpeMvrnasa B 6onrapcKVI pnQe; HaQVIOHaJIM3VIpa ce oTce':IKaTa
Eenoso-BaKapen, BorrpeK:vi npoTecTwTe Ha Typl.IHR 11 AsCTpo-YttrapwR; rrpeABH)K,[laT
ce 143 MVIJI. nesa 3a CTpowTeJICTBO Ha rrpwcTaHVII.Qe B Eyprac. )K.e11e3orr'bTHHTe JIVIHMVI
ce CTpORT no CTOITaHCKM VIJIVI KOHJJ;eCVIOHeH Ha':IHH VI ce eKCilJIOaTVlpaT OT A'bp)KaBaTa.
CrnrraHCKMRT HanpeA'bK Ha CTpaHaT_a VIMa VI Apyru vI3MepettHR. EonrapVIR se':le e B
CbCTOJIHVle Aa l13ITJiaTVI HJIKOM CBOM 3a,[l'bJI)KeHMJI VI Ha II'bpBo MJICTO AeMOHCTpaTVIBHO-
TO VICKaHe Ha Pyorn 3a 9 MVIJI. nesa OT cyMaTa no 0Kyrrau;110HHVIR ,[l'bJIT. PocT 6eJie)KH
Kpe,llHTHOTO u aKQMOHepHOTO Aeno. B pe3yJITaT Ha CKJifO'!eH 3aeM EnnrapcKa HapoAHa
6attKa ysenw':laBa Hau;V10HaJIHHR CH KamrTaJI VI rrpe3 1893 r. pa3rronara c 5 KJIOHa VI 3
areHJJ;VIM B cTpaHaTa. 06pa3ysaT ce roJIRM 6pot'r 3aCTpaxosaTeTIHVI 11 aKu;V10HepH11 APY-
)!(ecrna, ':IMeTo C'b3.z:laBaHe u cpyHKJJ;VIOH11paHe ce no.z:1rr0Mara OT rrpas11TencTBOTO. TaKa
cbc crreu;11aneH 3aKoH ce .z:1asaT np11s1111er1111 Ha rrnpBOTO EnnrapCKo 3acTpaxosaTeJIHO
,11py)!(eCTBo "Ennraptrn" B Pyce (1891 ).
KoHu;ecwoHHaTa c11CTeMa ce rrpVInara vi B TnproBVIRTa. Ilpe3 1891 r. e rnacysaH
3aKoH 3a .r1asaHe Ha KoHu;ecVIR Ha II. Xp. Tnrr'!11rreI.QOB 3a BHOC Ha xpaH11TenH11 npo.r1y-
Krn rrpe3 EypracKoTo rrp11CTaH11I.Qe. Ilpe3 1893 r. ce ornosasa EnnrapCKo TnproscKo
rrapaxoAHO APY)Kecrno c ocHoBeH KarrVITaJI 2 MJIH. JIB. ,Upy)Kecrnorn e orno60.z:1eHo
or pe,llVIJJ;a 3a,[l'bJI)KeHVIR u ce ocvrrypRBaT yrrectteHHR 3a ycrreurno OC'bI.QeCTBRBaHe Ha
~envi:re My - 3aKyrrysaHe Ha rrapaxo.r111 VI oCHrypRBaHe Ha peAOBHa MopCKa spn3Ka c
1(ap11rpaA. HapOAHOTO co6paH11e rrpvreMa 3aKoH 3a MOttorrona Bnpxy coma; 3aKOH 3a

MepKHTe l1 TeTJIV!JIKMTe (1893), crropeA KOWTO B CTpattaTa ce 3aMeHJIT CTapv!Te MepHM
e,11wttw1.111 c HOB11 OT esporreJ/i:CKaTa MepHa cvicTeMa; 3aKoH 3a ToproscKwTe 11 11HAYC-
rpwaJIHVITe KaMapw c QeJI Aa ce rrpece':le HeJIORJIHaTa KOHKypeHJJ;MR B'bB BnTpenrnaTa
TbproBHR vLAP· He e 3a6paseHo vr cencKoTo crnrraHctBo - VI OHC npweMa 3aKOH 3a
Hacop'!aBaHe Ha pa3B'b)KAaHeTo Ha osu;e c Ao6poKa':lecrneHa B'bJIHa, 3aKoH 3a CKJia-
,11ose 3a )Kpe6u;:vi u KOHe3aBOAM, 3aKoH 3a 6y6eHoTO ceMe. EnaroyCTpoRBaT ce CocpvrR,
Tinos.r111s u HRKOM APYTM rpaAOBe. Cn3AaBaT ce 06I.Q11HcK11 3.z:1pasm1 rny)K6w; nonara
ce Ha':laJIOTO Ha rreHCMOHHOTO ocwrypRBaHe.
fp11)KHTe Ha rrpaswTencTBOTO ce pa3rrpoCTwpaT B rrporneTHaTa H KYJITypHaTa
c¢epa. Ilpe3 1888 r. e rnacysaH 3aKOH 3a oTsapRHe Ha Bvrcrne y':lvIJI11I.Qe VI B CocpVIR
ce cnara Ha':laJioTo Ha 6nAe~wR yHwseprnTeT. Ycrrope.z:1tto c TOBa rrpo,ll'bJI)KaBaT Aa ce
orrrycKaT CTMITeHAVIH VI BpeMeHHM ITOMO~VI Ha cty,[leHTH, KOVITO ce o6y':laBaT B ':IY)K-
6vitta. OT 14 AeKeMspw 1891 r. BJIM3a B cvina 3aKOH 3a HapoAHOto rrporneI.QeHV1e, KOWTO
3arra3sa o6~oo6pa3oBateJIHaTa TeHAeHQVIR B o6pa30BaHV1eTO, AaBa CVICTeMHa VI IT'bJI-
Ha opraHVl3au;wR Ha ocHOBHVITe u cpeAHMTe Y':IVIJIMI.Qa, 3aCHJIBa u;eHTpanVI3aJJ;VIRTa B
TRXHOTO pnKOBOACTBO u B'bBe)KAa BMCOK u;ett3 3a Y':IV1TeJIV1Te. Ilpe3 AeKeMBpu 1889 r.
e rrpVleT 3aKOH 3a l13AHpBaHe CTapHHl1 l1 3a CITOMaraHe Ha HayqHVI l1 KH11)KOBHl1 rrpeA-
159
Pocuu,a AH2en0Ba
np11nnrn, KOMTO c'bp;e11cTBa 3a ona3BaHe Ha HaQ110HarrH0To Ky1nypHo 6oraTCTBO 11 3a

noo~pRBaHe Ha KH11)l(OBHaTa p;e11HOCT. M11H11CTepcTBOTO Ha Hapop;HoTo npoCBell\e·
H11e 113,JJ;aBa Il'bpB11R TOM Ha "C6opH11K 3a Hapop;H11 YMOTBopeH11R, HayKa 11 KH11)!(Hll·
Ha''. Ilpe3 1891 r. My3eRT e oTp;erreH oT Hapop;HaTa 6116rr110TeKa 11 crnBa caMOCTORTerreH
Hapop;eH My3eti.
oe3CTIOpeH e cpaKT'bT, 'le 11MeHHO B f0,ll;11H11Te 1887-1894 e IlOCTaBeHa OCHOBaTa
Ha oHe311 np0Qec11, K011TO npeBpo~aT Eonrap11n B Hati-p;11HaM11'IHO pa3B11Ball.\aTa ce
6arrKaHcKa p;op)l(aBa B Kpan Ha XIX 11 Ha'IaJioTo Ha XX BeK.
4. t('hp~aBeH HagHoHaAH.3'bM B 6'hArapcKOTO npHC'bCTBHe Ha

Me~AyHapoAHaTa cgeua
Pa3p11B'bT c Pyc11n e 113pa3 Ha TBopp;a BOJIR 3a nocT11raHe Ha p;op)l(aBHa caMocro·

RTeJIHOCT, HO B C'b~OTO BpeMe H3npaBR D'bJirap11R npep; QRJia nopep;11Qa OT CJIO)KHH
npo6neM11. Ha:Cr-HaJie)l(a~o e perrrnBaHeTo Ha Bonpoca c ocp11Q11arrH0To np113HaBaHe
Ha HOB11R KHR3, HO HMeHHO Ta311 3ap;aqa ce OKa3Ba oco6eHO Tpyp;Ha 3a peaJI113HpaHe.
HarroJIHO 06ncH11Mo e, qe 11MrrepaTopcK0To npaB11TencTBo B IleTep6ypr B3eMa
Bo1qK11 Heo6xop;11M11 MepK11 p;a He p;orrycHe nop;o6eH ycrrex Ha 6onrapcKaTa p;11rrn0Ma·
Q11R. To no Ha'Iano He op;o6pnBa ct>epp;11HaHp; KaTo KaHp;11p;aT 3a cocp1111:cK11R rrpecron
11 B11)1(,ll;a B Hero B'b3MO)f{eH rrpoBO,ll;H11K Ha 'IY)l(,ll;O BJI11RH11e, a 11 p;o6pe C'b3HaBa, qe
YTB'bp)l(,ll;aBaHeTO Ha HOB MOHapx ~e 03HaqaBa no6ep;a 3a OHe311 IIOJI11T11qecK11 01Jlll B
Eonrap11n (11 Ha rropBo MRCTO Ha CTecpaH CrnM6onoB), K011TO enwM11H11paxa B'b3MOJK·
HOCTTa 3a rrpRKO pycKo rrpwcoCTBwe B Hel1H11Te p;ena. O~e B p;eHR Ha npHcT.wraHe tta
KHR3 ct>epp;wHaHp; B CocpHR Ha 10 aBrycT 1887 r. pycKoTo rrpaB11TeJicTBo ro 06B1rn1rnas
y3yprraTopcTBO 11 ro o6RBRBa B'bH OT 3aKoH11Te. PycKOTO npaBwTeJICTBO p;eticrna '1pe3
cro3epeHa TypQ11R 11 HaCTORBa rrpep; BwcoKaTa rropTa 3a 113rrpa~aHe Ha reH. Ka3MMHP
EpHpoT B o'bnrap11n B KaqecTBOTO Ha pereHT c rrpeporaT11B11 Ha KHR3, KOMTO .z:1a cocra·
BM rrpaBMTeJicTBO 11 p;a rrpoBep;e w36op11 3a HOBO Ben11Ko Hapop;Ho co6paHwe 6e3 riac-
T11eTo Ha IO)l(H06'bnrapcKoTo HaceneHwe. li1Tamrn, AHrnMR 11 ABcTpo-YHrapwn ce rrpo-
T11BorrocTaBRT Ha Ta3w l1Hl1Ql1aT11Ba, fepMaH11R H Cn'IYBCTBa, nop;Kperrn R caMo <PpaH-
QMR. B Knay311Te Ha Eepn11HcK11R p;oroBop IleTep6ypr 11Ma cep1103Hl1 rrorrwT11tJecK11 ll
rop11p;wqecK11 ocH0BaH11R 3a CBoeTo HeraT11BHO 11 HaCTorraTerrHo rroBep;eHwe. Typl\HH
He OTXBoplIR pycKMR IIJiaH 11113Ilpa~a HOTa Ha 20 aBrycT 1887 r. p;o 6onrapCKOTO rrpa-
BMTeJICTBO. HoTaTa o6aqe npaKT11'IeCK11 HRMa cTo:CrHocT, 3a~oTo npep;11 TOBa cyrrraH
A6,n;yrrxaM11p; II 113p;11ra rrpwHQ11rra, 'le ~e 113II'bJIH11 BrnKa rrporpaMa, w3pa60TeHa or
BeJI11K11Te Cl11Il1 11 op;o6peHa OT TRX.
C Bep6arrHa HOTa OT 13 cpeBpyap11 1888 r. p;o BerrwK11R Be311p pycK11R rrornaHMK B
IJ;apwrpap; A. Herr11p;oB HaCTORBa TypQ11R p;a o6RB11 ocpwQ11arrHo Ha 6'brrrapcKoTo rrpa-
B11TeJICTBO 11 p;a C'b06~11 Ha BeJil1Kl1Te C11JI11, 'le np11C'bCTB11eTO Ha ct>epp;wHaHp; B fon-
rap11R npoT11Bope'I11 Ha Eeprr:vcHCKMR p;oroBop 11 cnep;oBaTeJIHO e He3aKOHHO. Bep;Hara.
repMaHCKMRT KaHQrrep cpoH EwcMapK roBop11 B naprraMeHTa 3a oco6eHwTe rrpasa Ha
Pyrnn B o'bnrap11n, ct>paHQ11R rrop;Kperrn nocT'bTIKaTa, HO cpe~y HeR ce o6RBRBar 11ra-
160
HOBA E'D!II'APCKA UCTOPUJI (1878-1944)
mm, ABCTpo-YttrapllIR H AHrJIHR. He cne.r1 ,[\'bJiro - Ha 22 cpeBpyapn 1888 r., BMcoKaTa

rropTa, Bo3IlOJI3BaMKM ce OT IlOJIO)l(eHMeTO CM Ha CI03epeH, 06.RBRBa H36opa Ha KHR3
C!JepgnHaH,[\ 3a He3aKoHeH. C TOBa ce u;errM cpopMarrHo ygoBJieTBopeHMe Ha Pyc:i:rn, 6e3
,[\ace npe.r1rrpMeMaT KOHKpeTHM MepKM 3a OTCTpaHRBaHe Ha KHR3a.
CoBoprneHo RCHO e, qe e,n;Ha MarrKa u ocpuu;uarrHo 3aBHCHMa ,n;np:>KaBa He MO:>Ke
.r1a peaJIH3ttpa ycrrernHo u;enwTe cu B OTC'bCTBHe Ha ceptto3HH rroKpoBMTerru. CTecpaH
CTaM6orroB Topcu ,n;MnJioMaTM'ieCKa orropa B ABcTpo-Ymapvrn u AHrJIMR u go roJIRMa
cTeneH ycnRBa. BliieHa H JloH,n;oH He MoraT ,n;a CH no3BOJIRT ,n;a rrp113HaRT KHR3a npe,n;11
TOBa ga e M3BoprneHO OT cynTaHCKOTO rrpaBHTeJICTBO, HO gaBaT RCHM ,[\OKa3aTeJICTBa 3a
craHOBMil\eTo CM, qe 6orrrapcKMRT Bonpoc TpR6Ba ga ce TpeTMpa Karo BoTperneH.
AHrrrMR ll1 ABCTpo-YHrapMR Bo3npli1el\rnT gpyr rro,n;xog B pa3rrre:>K,n;aHero Ha 6orr-
rapcKMR KH.R)l(eCKliI Bnrrpoc - Te KOHTaKryBaT c KHR3a KaTo qacTHO lIHQe rrocpe,n;CTBOM
rno11 npe,n;cTaBMTeJIM B EnmapliIR. AttrnMMCKaTa .r111nrroMaQMR M3ToKBa oco6eHa cpop-
MYJia B TpeTMpaHeTO Ha c:Dep,n;11ttaH,n; B CMMC'bll, qe J136opoT e 3aKOHeH, HO KH.fI3oT He e
o.r106peH OT IlopTaTa. ToBa cTaHOBMil\e e Bo3np11ero or I1TaJIMJI M ABcrpo-YHrapMR.
IIo OTHorneH11e Ha PycllIR CTaM6onoB gorrycKa B He,n;arre'iHO 60,[lell\e Bo3CTaHo-
BRBaHe Ha pycKo-6nmapcKoTo rrorrliITM'iecKo np11RrerrcTBO. Ho cnope,n; ttero 3aBMCH-
MOCTTa Ha Eomap11R or PycMR e 3annaxa 3a 6omapcKMR ttau;110HaJiett :>KHBOT. CBORTa
K0Hu;enu;11R roJ.1 rpa,n;11 Ha ,n;Be rrpe,n;rrocraBKH - tteonpe.r1erreHOCTTa Ha attrno-pycKMTe
rrpoTMBope'iliIR M rrpeBpo~aHero Ha KottcprrttKTMTe Me:>Kgy PyrnR H ABcTpo-Ymap11R
B rrocTORHeH 11cTOp1i1'iecKM cpaKrop B 6arrKaHCKaTa rrorr11T11qecKa o6crattOBKa. CTaM-
6onos o6aqe He rrpe.[IBM)l(,[la ,n;MHaMMKaTa B npeycTporkTBoTo Ha coI03HM'iecKll1Te
ornoIIIemrn B EBporra 11 rrpliIT'bIIRBaHero Ha cTeneHTa Ha oHe3M rrpoT11sopeq11R, Ha
KOl1TO pa3'iHTa.
TaKa npaBMTeJICTBoro He ce B'b3TIOJI3Ba OT on11r11Te Ha Pyorn .r1a ycTaHOBH He-
oqml.\MaJIHM KOHTaKTliI c 6omapcKMR Ka6HHeT. B KpaR Ha HOeMBpM 1887 r. pycKoro
rrpaBiueJICTBO ll13rrpall\a B CocpMR Karo cBol1 npaTemIK ToproBeu;a HoBM<JeB. Ilpe.r111
rosa noCJie,[\HMR ce 3aHHMaBa c rrogroroBKa Ha B'bCTaHMe B Pyce. ToBa e pa3Kp11To 11
Ml1Cl1RTa MY ce rrpliieMa cnc C'bMHett11e. C Heo.r106peH11e ca rrpMeTM M noCJ1e,[\Ba1rnre
Ml1Cl1M Ha pycKliI ,n;HrrJioMaTH B Eonrap11R, Hal1-3Ha'i11Ma or KOMTO e Ta3H Ha C. TarM-
111es. Bcoll\HOCT Te ce oKa3BaT M nocnegHara B'b3MO:>KHOCT 3a TI03MTMBHO pernaBaHe Ha
6bllrapo-pycKJ1Te OTHOWeHMR.
TopceHeTO Ha B'bHWHa IIO,[\Kpena CoBCeM He 03Ha'iaBa OTCToTIBaHe OT B'b3I1pMe-
Tl1Te np11Hu;11nu 3a caMOCTORTeJIHOCT Ha 6orrrapcKara BoHIIIHa norrMTMKa. CTaM6orroB
He )!(eJiae ,[\a 60,[le CTaTMCT HMTO Ha 6arrKattcKaTa, HMTO Ha eBponel1cKaTa TIOJIMTH'ieCKa
Cl\eHa. IlpaBHJIHO OT'ieJI, qe rrpM3HaBatteTo Ha KHR3 <Pep.r1~rnaH,[\ MO:>Ke .r1a 60.r1e rapaH-
T11paHo OT .r106pottaMepeHOTO OTHOWeHMe Ha Typu;1rn, TOlf OTKJIOH.RBa npe,n;rro:>KeHM-
Rra Ha Eerrrpa,n; M ATMHa 3a C'bI03 c aHrurypcKa ornoBa, Karo Coll\eBpeMeHHO .r1aBa .r1a
ce pa36epe, qe He CMRTa ,n;a npaBM orcT'bIIKM B MaKe,[\OHMR. EorrrapcKMRT npeMuep He
B'b3pa3RBa cpe~y rrop;o6peHMe Ha OTHOWeHHRTa c PyrnR, HO OTKa3Ba QeHaTa Ha TOBa
,[\a 6oge OTCTpaHRBaHeTO Ha HOBMR KHR3. 1..JyBCTBa ce 3a,[\oJI)KeH Ha ABcrpo-YHrapttR
3a 6rrarOCKJIOHHaTa J1 TI03MQMR, HO npep;ynpe:>K,[\aBa CB01'ITe ,[\MTIJIOMaTM, qe Ha Ta3M
cTpaHa He MO)l(e .r1a ce pa3'iMTa.
161
Pocu4a AH2en0Ba
B CBORTa B'bHIIrna non11T11Ka CTaM6onoB T'bpc11 TIOAKpenaTa He caMo Ha npmmn-

CKM pa3TIOJIO)KeHJ1Te BeJIJ1~J1 CJ1JIJ1, HO t1 Ha 6arrKaHCKJilTe A'bp)KaBJil Iii npe,[\M BCH'IKO
Ha cro3epeHa TypQMR. C nocTORHHOTO nowrepTaBaHe Ha sepHOCTTa K'bM cro3epetta ce
Qerrw KaKTO cneqerrBaHe Ha TIOAKpenaTa MY 3a norrwTwKaTa Ha npaBMTeJICTBOTO, TaKau
6naropa3norro)KeHMeTo Ha cynratta Iii BMcoKaTa noprn 3a no.r:106pRBaHe Ha noJio)!(eH11-
ero Ha 6'hJirapcKoTo HaceneHwe B MaKe,[\OH!ilR 11 0ApMHCKa TpaKMR.
ITpo6rreM'bT 3a ocTaHarrwTe DOA qy)l(Aa BJiaCT TepwTopww c 6'bnrapcKo Hacenem1e
e OCHOBeH KaKTO 3a HalllaTa 0611\eCTBeHOCT, TaKa H 3a ocpHQHaJIHaTa nomtTHKa Oll\f
OT n'hpBwTe ro,[\HHH rne.r:1 Orno60)1(,[leHHeTo. Cne.r:1 ycnexa Ha C'be,[\HHeHHeTo Bonpo-
C'bT 3a MaKe,[\OHMR cTaBa e,[\MH OT QeHTpaJIHJilTe B noJIMTuqecKaTa AOKTpMHa Ha CraM-
6onoBoTo npaswTencTBO. )l{enaHMeTo 3a paAWKaJIHH .r:1et1cTBHR o6aqe HeMMHyeMo ce
c6n'hCKBa c npenRTCTBMR OT nom1TuqecK11 Iii Me)l(AyHapo.r:1HonpaseH xapaKTep. B KpaJJ
Ha 80-Te Iii HaqaJioTo Ha 90-Te ro,[\JilHM npaKTMqecK11 HRMa Ben11Ka CMJia MJilil 6anKaHcKa
,L\'bp)KaBa, KORTO 6w rl1 IlOAKpen11Jia. 06cTaHOBKaTa HaJiara !i13pa6oTBaHe Ha nO-):\'bn·
roTpat1Ha nporpaMa, B KORTO .r:1a 3aJierttaT yc11Jili!RTa 3a no.r:106pnsaHe yqacTTa Ha 6nn-
rapcKoTo HaceneHlile DOA TypcKa srracT Ha 6a3aTa Ha qJI, 23 OT Eeprrli!HCKli!R .r1orosop.
KynrypHo-npocseTHOTO pa3Bli!Tlile Iii ona3BaHeTo Ha HaQJilOHaJIHli!R .r1yx ce pa3rne)f(/:\JT
KaTo Heo6xo,[\li!Mlil yrnoBli!R 3a e,[\HO no-HaTaT'blllHO o6e,[lli!HRBaHe.
CrnM6onoB He 6'hp3a .r:1a nos.r:1wra B'bnpoca 3a 6'bnrapwTe B MaKeAOHMR YI OA·
pt1HCKO 3apa.r:111 KOMilJili!QMpaHaTa CMTyaQMR - MHO)KeCTBO cnopHlil B'bnporn MelKAY
KHR)KeCTBOTO 11 TypQlilR, npo!i13TJilqa~lil OT B3ali!MHO Jil3KJiroqsa~11 ce T'bJIKysamrn Ha
EepJIMHCK!ilR .r1orosop lil TonxaHeHCKMR aKT 3a cTaTyTa lil ynpasneHJileTo Ha 6YIBIIJara
aBTOHOMHa o6nacT l13ToqHa PyMerr11n. 3aToBa TI'bK Ka611HeT'bT .r:1et1CTBa eHeprnqHo 3a
pa3pelllaBaHeTo li!M B non3a Ha KHR)l(eCTBOTO. Ilpe3 1888 r. BlilcoKaTa nopTa 3a nope·
):leH Il'bT ,[\OKa3Ba, qe He npt13HaBa BJia,[\eTeJICKli!Te npasa Ha KHR3a B'bpxy repMTOpHJJTa
Ha IO)l(Ha E'hnrapli!R 11 noBO,[\'bT 3a TOBa e )KeJie30TI'bTH!ilR yqacT'bK BaKapen-Eenoso,
noCTpoeH OT APY)KeCTBOTO Ha )I{, B11Tan11c KaTo qacT OT Me)l(AyHapoAHMR nor B11·
eHa-Ey.r:1ane~a-Eenrpa.r:1-CocpJrn-Uapwrpa.r1. C'bo6pa3HO 6'bnrapcKoTO 3aKoHo):lam·
crno sc11qKlil )l(Il JI!ilH!illil Ha Tepli!Topwnrn Ha KHR)KeCTBOTO ca A'bp)KaBHa co6crnettocT.
Crre.r:1 OTKa3a Ha B11coKaTa nopTa .r:1a ce C'brnaclil Ha oTKynyBaHe MJIM OT):laBaHe noA
HaeM, Ha 3 ronlil 1888 r. no Hape)K):laHe Ha CrnM6onoB 6'hnrapCKaTa a,[\MlilHMcrpa11wR
3aB3eMa HaCJilJICTBeHo JI!ilH!ilRTa BaKapen-Eerroso 11 Ha 31 ron11 c. r. T'bp)Kecrnetto e OT·
Kpt1T Me)l(,[lyHapo,[\Hli!R TpacplilK.
Cne.r:1 T03lil ycnex npaBMTencrnoTo 3anoqsa ny6rr11qHo .r:1a nocTaBR npo6neMHTe
Ha 6'hnrapcKoTo HaceneHwe B Esponet1CKa TypQHR. Ilpe3 1888 r. TO 3anoqsa Ma~a6Ha
aKQMR. MHlilQ!ilaTop Ha aKQli!RTa e .r:1wnnoMaTlilqecKMR areHT B Uap11rpa.r:1.r:1-p BoJIKOBH1.f,
KOWTO nonyqasa ysepeH!ilR OT MTaJililaHcKli!R nornaH!ilK 6apoH A. BnaHK 3a no,l:IKpena·
Ta Ha MTaJIMR (no-K'bCHO cTaBa RCHO, qe QeJITa Ha MTaJili!R e .r:1a TJiacHe KHR)!(ecrsoTo
B aBaHTK>pMCTlilqHlil ,[\eWCTBJilR lil TaKa ,[\a ce OTKJIOHl1 Me)l(,[lyttapO,L\HOTO BHY!MaHHe OT
li!TaJIMaHcKaTa KOJIOH!ilaJIHa eKcnaH3MR B 113ToqHa Acppli!Ka). Ha Mli!Hli!CTpMTe .11-p K.
Crn11nos lil fp. Haqoswq ca B'b3JIO)KeHlil Ali!TIJIOMaTlilqecKlil COH,[\a)Klil B Espana u L(ap11·
rpaA OTHOcHo B'b3MO)l(Hli!Te peaKQ!ilM Ha MTaJIMR, AHrnli!R M ABcTpo-YttrapuR B cny·
qaJ.1, 'le E'hnrapwn npe.r:1npweMe .r:1et1cTBMR B MaKe,[\OHli!R. EK3apx J/1orncp ce Harosapsa
162
HOBA E'bflI'APCKA MCTOPMJl (1878-1944)
):la ornryp11 nop;aBaHeTo Ha npornemrn p;o B11coKaTa nopTa OT 6oJirapcKOTO HaceneH11e

BbB B11naeT11Te. Ha 2 anp11n TOH npep;cTaB51 Ha Ben11K11R Be311p npoCTpaHHO 113JIO)l(e-
Hl1e c 11cKaHe 3a Ha3Ha'laBaHe Ha 6omapcK11 Bnap;m_\11 B MaKep;oHHR, q11t1:To MeCTa
ca BaKaHTH11 OT BpeMeTo Ha Orno6op;11TeJIHaTa Bol1Ha. AKQ1151Ta OT aBryCT-OKTOMBp11
1888 r. 3aBopnrna c noJieH Heycnex. H11KOR OT BeJI11K11Te C11JI11 He npenopo'IBa noBp;11-
raHeTo Ha MaKe,[\OHCK1151 Bnnpoc 11 C'bBeTBaT 3a 6naropa3yM11e 11 T'bpTI11MOCT.
OcoIQeCTBeH1151T npo611B B ycTaHOBeH115I OT Eepn11HCK1151 p;oroBop BacaJI11TeT Ha
KHR)l(ecrnoTo c nop;n11rnaHeTo Ha ToproBCK11Te cnorop;611 npe3 1889-1890 r. p;aBa HOB
IIOATMK 3a aKT11BH11 ycirnmr B Ta311 HacoKa npe3 1890 r. Yrnn11RTa BKJIIO'IBaT KaKTO
CTpeMe)I( K'bM nop;o6p51BaHe Ha OTHOllieH1151Ta c Typl.\1151, TaKa 11 HaT11CK, CT11raIQ Ha
MoMeHTH p;o OTKpoBeH11 3anJiax11 - npep;11 BCM'IKO 3a o6RB51BaHe Ha 6omapCKaTa He-
3aBl1C11MOCT. TaKT11KaTa ce oKa3Ba ycneurna. Ilpe3 cpeBpyap11 1890 r. M11H11CT'bp-npep;-
ce):laTeJIR HaToBapBa p;11nJI0Man1'IeCK1151 areHT B Uap11rpap; ,n;-p BbJIKOB11'I ,n;a 3aRB11
TBbpl:\O npe,n; cyJITaHa, B11coKaTa nopTa 11 nocnaH11Q11Te Ha ABCTpo-YHrap1151, :V1TaJI1151
11 AHrJI1151, tJe 6e3 OTCT'bilK11 OT CTpaHa Ha TypQ11R 6bmap11Te MoraT p;a o651BRT He-
3aB11C11MOCTTa c11. B .11HCTPYKQ.1111Te Ha npep;eH nnaH ce 113T'bKBa np.113HaBaHeTo Ha
KHR3a, HO HanpaBeH11Te COH,ll;a)l(11 OT ,ll;.11TIJIOMaT11'IeCK1151 areHT TIOKa3BaT 'le TOBa e He-
OCbJl\eCTB11MO. B.11coKaTa nopTa o6aqe 113Ka3Ba C'brJiac11e p;a HanpaB.11 HRK011 OTCT'bTI-
Kl1 Ha 6onrap11Te B'bB B.11JiaeT.11Te 11 npaB11TencrnoTo B Cocp1151 6op3a p;a cpopMyn11pa
KOHKpern11 11cKaH.115I - TypQ.1151 ,n;a BJie3e B ocp11Q11aJIHM p;11nnoMaT11'IecK11 rnorneHM51
c rrpaB11TeJICTBOTO 11 'IaCTH.11 c KH513 <l>epp;11HaHp;, ):\a 113,n;ap;e 6epaT11 3a eK3apx111kK11
Ml1Tponon11T11 B CKoncKa 11 Oxp11,n;CKa enapx111111 no3BOJiem1e Ha Op;p11HcK115I MMTpo-
rron11T p;a CJIY)l<11 B enapx11RTa.
Te3M MCKaH.1151 ca KaTerop11'IHO OTXBopneH11 OT B11coKaTa nopTa c MOTMB ,n;a He ce
3acernaT 11HTepec11Te Ha fnpQ1151 11 Cop6115I. B oTroBop Ha 7 IOH11 1890 r. 6bmapcKoTo
rrpaBHTeJICTBO Bp'b'IBa HOTa Ha cyJITaHa c KOTI11e ,n;o Ben11K11Te Cl1JI11, B KORTO ce MCKa
rrp113HaBaHe Ha KH513a, ,n;aBaHe Ha 6epaT11 B MaKe,n;oHM51 11 3aq11TaHe npaBaTa Ha 60JI-
rap11Te B 11Mnep.1151Ta. ITp11 OTKa3 Eomap11R IQe cnpe 113nna1.QaHeTO Ha M3TO'IHo-pyMe-
JI11ifcK11R ,[\'bJif 11 Ha rop;MllIHMTe BHOCKM no 113TIJiaIQaHeTO Ha )l(eJie30il'bTHaTa JI11Hl151
Pyce-BapHa. Cnep; He.113Il'bJIHeHMeTo Ha 6omapcK11Te 11cKaH115I, CTaM6onoB np11Be)l(p;a
B ):\ewcTB1151 3annax11Te c11. Be,n;Hara aHrJIHHCKOTO npaBMTencrno Hape)l(p;a Ha nocna-
Hl1Ka CV! B Uap11rpap; p;a nop;Kpen11 6omapcK11Te 11cKaH11R. Ilocnep;Ba cymaHcKo 11pap;e
c ):\am 5 10n11 1890 r. 3a p;Ba M11Tponon11TcK11 6epaT11 3a CKoncKa 11 Oxp11p;cKa enapx1111.
OrneH TOBa 113JIM3a cpepMaH 3a nocTp051BaHe Ha 6omapCKa QopKBa B KBapTaJI <l>eHep
B Qap11rpap;,3a TI03BOJieH11e Ha MMTponoJIMT Cr.rnernt1: ,n;a noceIQaBa cBo6op;Ho 60JI-
rapcK11Te o6ll.\11H11 B Op;p11HCK1151 BMJiaeT, a C'bl.QO 11 pa3perneH11e 3a 113,[\aBaHe Ha eK3ap-
XMWCK11 BecTHMK Ha 6omapcK11 e3MK. Bep;Hara cne,n; onoBecrnBaHeTO Ha TOBa perneH11e
6bnrapcKoTo npaB11TeJicTBo 113pa351Ba 6Jiaro,n;apHocT Ha AHrJIM51, ABcTpo-YHrap1151,
fepMaH11R 11 J1rnJIMR 3a oKa3aHaTa nop;Kpena.
:VfaBOIOBaHeTo Ha 6epaT11 3a eK3apx11I1cK11 Ml1Tponon11T11 B MaKe,n;ott115I e 6e3cno-
peH ycnex 3a 6omapCKaTa p;11nJI0MaQ11R. Te ca 113p;ap;eH11 Ha MMeTO tta 6omapcKoTo
rrpaBMTencrno, a He Ha EorrrapCKaTa EK3apx1151, c KOeTo ce yrnop)l(p;aBa npMHQ11n'bT,
'ie 11MeHHO 6omapCKaTa p;'bp)l(aBa e 11HCT11TYQl151Ta, K051TO Tp516Ba p;a OC'bIQeCTB51Ba
Pocu4a AHzenoBa
HaQHOHarrHaTa rrorrl1Tl1Ka. YcrrexJtne ce AOII'brrBaT OT rrpHeMaHeTo Ha KHR3 cPepAI1HaHA

Ha qacrna ayAHeHQl1R OT l1Mrreparnp cPpaHQ J/Iorncp Ha 5 l0Hl1 1891 r. ToBa cofom1ee
II'bpBOTO no poAa Cl1 l1 ce OQeHRBa OT eBporret°ICKJ1R rretfaT KaTO paBHO Ha rrpl13HaBaHe
Ha 6onrapcKMR BrraAeTerr. I1pe3 lOHM c. r. aHrrrMJ1:cKaTa KparrMQa Bl1KTopl1R npweMa
KHR3a BorrpeKJ1 rrpoTecnne Ha pycKOTO TIOCOJICTBO B JlOHAOH. I1pe3 JIRTOTO Ha 1891 f,
6onrapcKl1R cpHHaHcoB MMHMCTop noceJ.l\aBa UapMrpaA c m1tfHO rrocnattMe Ha CraM·
6orroB l1 e rrpHeT OT cyrrTaHa. ToBa e npeQeAeHT B AMIIrroMaTMtfeCKaTa MCTopirn Ha
KHmKecTBo EorrrapHR. To3M rrpeQeAeHT e rrocrreABaH rrpe3 aBrycT 1891 r. OT np11eMaHe
Ha Ml1HHCTopa Ha B'bHllIHl1Te pa6oTM M Ha M3IIOBeAaHHRTa ,1J;l1M. fpeKoB. A Ha 31 JOm1
1892 r. CTaM6orroB rroceJ.l\aBa UapwrpaA Me npweT rrwrno OT cymaH A6AyrrxaMw11ll.
EonrapMR rrorryqaBa HOBl1 OTCT'bIIKM - 6onrapcKaTa EK3apxtrn rrpeMeCTBa ceAamm1e·
TO Cl1 B rrpeCTJ1)KHJ1R paJ1:oH ITepa Ha TypcKaTa CTOJIJ1Qa l1 3aIIOtfBa Aa H3AaBa CBOH
BeCTHl1K, a yqHrrm~aTa HH B MaKeAOHJiIR rrorryqaBaT aBTOHOMeH cTaTyT.
MarrKO rrpeAM Aa OTCT'bIIJil yrrpaBJieHMeTO Ha CTpaHaTa, MMHMCT'bp-rrpeAce11are·
rrRT AOocpopMR ycrrellIHaTa cw rrorrl1TJilKa - BJiICOKaTa rropTa rrpHpaBHRBa npasara Ha
6onrapcKMTe Ji! rpoQKMTe yqwm1J.l\a B MaKeAOHJilR M ce c'brrracRBa Aa AaAe pa3peruem1e
3a Ha3HatfaBaHe Ha OJ.l\e ABaMa 6onrapcKl1 BrraAHQM B HeBpoKorr M Berrec, rrpH3Ha·
Ba 6onrapCKaTa ttaQMOHarrHOCT Ha HOBM 40 o6J.l\liIHJil Jil II03BOJIRBa Ha EK3apxm1ra Aa
rrpMTe)KaBa CBOW MMOT B CTOJIMQaTa tta cyrrTatta. ToBa CTaBa C'bC cyrrTaHCKO 11pa11e tta
12 arrpMrr 1894 r.
To3Jil ycrrex e rrocrreABaH OT HOB. Ha 29 RHyapM 1894 r. 6onrapcKoTo rrpaBHTen·
CTBO ttacwrrcTBeHo 3aB3eMa )Kerre30II'bTHaTa cTaHQMR CapaH6eJ1: (AH. rp. CenTeMBp11)
M c TOBa BrracTMTe yrnoRBaT OTCe'IKaTa EerroBo-Capatt6eJ1:, co6cTBeHocT Ha ,[(pyJKe·
CTBOTO 3a eKCIIJIOaTaQJilR Ha l13TOtfHJilTe )KeJie3HMQM. BC'bJ.l\HOCT e IIOBTopeH CIT)"laJI (
)KIT JIMHMRTa BaKaperr-EerroBo. ITpaBMTerrcTBOTO BeAttara AeKrrapwpa roTOBHocr 11a 3a·
IIOtfHe rrperoBopM 3a CKJilO'IBaHe Ha KOHBeHQMM 3a ABeTe OTCe'IKM. c rrocpe,n;HW!eCT·
BOTO Ha ABcTpo-YttrapwR B UapMrpaA 3arrotfBa pa6ora cMecetta KOMMCJ1R, B KOJ!TO
EonrapMR e rrpeACTaBeHa c ABaMa AerreraTl1 - AMIIrrOMaTM'leCKJilR areHT IT. ,[(wMwrpos
M M. MowrnrroB OT MMHMCTepcTBOTO Ha o6J.l\eCTBe.HMTe crpaAlil, II'bTMJ.l\aTa 11 cb06·
J.l\eHMRTa. I1pe3 arrpwrr 1894 r. ce ype)J(Aa OKOHtfaTerrHo Borrpoc'bT 3a eKcnrroara1111J1Ta
OT 6onrapCKaTa aAMMHMCTpaQMR Ha HaCMJICTBeHo oKyrrMpaHJilR )KIT yqacT'bK EenoBo·
CapaH6e:Ct. YpeAeH e 6rrM3o ceAeMrOAMllleH crrop 3a eKcrrrroaTaQMRTa Ha coe,n;11H11TeJI·
Hara )KIT JIMHMR BaKaperr-EerroBo-CapaH6ew B rrorr3a Ha EorrrapHR.
Pe3yrrTaTMTe He 3aK'bCHRBaT, aKTMBHaTa M QerreHaco'leHa rrorrMTl1Ka ,n;aBa rrno110·
Be. I1pe3 1890 r. tfY)KAMTe AMTIJIOMaTMtfecKJil rrpeACTaBMTerrM B CocpwR o6RBJIBar, qe
J.l\e IIOAAop)KaT Ocpli1QJilaJIHJil KOHTaKTJil c rrpaBJilTeJICTBOTO, a B HatfaJIOTO Ha cne11Ba·
J.l\aTa rOAMHa TypCKMRT KOMJiicap, ynorrHOMOJ.l\eH OT UapMrpaA, MCKa 3a nnpB11 nor
ayAMeHQMR OT 6onrapCKJilR BJiaAeTerr. I1pe3 1891-1892 r. KHR3 cPepAliIHaH,n; e rrp11eT
Karo tfaCTHO JIJilQe OT aBCTpo-yHrapCKMR MMrreparop Ji1 OT a.HrJIMWCKaTa Kpanw11a, a
MMHMCTop-rrpeACeAaTerrRT - oT TypcKMR cyrrTaH. CBar6ara Ha KHR3a c Map11R Jly113a,
6yp6oHcKa M napMcKa npMHQeca, C'bJ.l\O cnoMara 3a yCKopRBaHe rrpoQeca Ha 0¢m111·
arrHo npM3HaBaHe.
HOBA En!II'APCKA f!ICTOPUJJ (1878-1944)
5. na~aHe Ha Ka6UHeTa
Cper.u;aTa Ha CTecpaH CTaM6onoB c A6p;yn XaMMp; II npe3 1892 r. npep;M3BJ1KBa

ocTpa peaKQJ1R OT CTpaHa Ha Pyc11R, KORTO BJ1)1(,ll;a B HeR CT'bIIKa K'bM y3aKOHRBaHe
TI07IO)l(eHJ1eTO Ha 6onrapcKJ1R Bnap;eTell. QqeBJ1,ll;HO B IleTep6ypr ce IIpMMHpRBaT c
Hel136e)l(HOTO Beqe IIpI13HaBaHe Ha KHR3 <t>epp;MHaHp;, HO KOM6MHaQJ1RTa Me)l(p;y Hero
M CnM6onoB M3rJJe)l(p;a a6comoTHO Henp11eMJIMBa. IIocTeneHHO HaMepeHMRTa Ha py-
CKaTa IIOJIJ1TJ1Ka 3anoqBaT p;a C'bBIIap;aT c HRKOH BJ1)1()l;aHMR Ha 6oJJrapcKMR KHR3. B

I1'bpB11Te rop;MHM Ha CBOeTO BJJaCTBaHe TOM e HaII'bJIHO HaJICHO, qe He MO)l(e 6e3 eHep-
rwrnaTa nop;Kpena Ha CBOR MMHMCT'bp-npep;cep;aTeJJ HMTO B'bB B'bTperneH, HMTO B Me)l(-
A}'l-Iapop;eH nnaH. Cnep; 1892 r. KHR3 <t>epp;11HaHp; Be'!e MCKa p;a ynpaBJIJIBa. CTaM6onoB
He ycnHBa p;a OT'!eTe, qe npoTMBonocTaBHHeTO AHrnMH-Pyorn 11 ABCTpo-YHrap11R-
PyrnH Ha EanKaHcKMR nonyoCTpoB ry611 OT oCTpoTaTa CM, Koern He1136e)l(HO, MaKap
M speMeHHO, yBem1qaBa poJJRTa Ha IleTep6ypr B pati:oHa. MoHapxoT pa3611pa, qe ep;Ho
crropa3yMem1e c pycKoTo npaBMTencrno 11 Heros11R MMneparnp 611 peurnno co6crne-
HMJI MY B'bnpoc, Ml1Hl1CT'bp-npep;cep;aTe7IJI CTaBa npe'!Ka 3a TOBa KaKTO B CTpaHaTa,
TaKa l1 l13B'bH HeR.
CrnM6onoB MMa p;ocTaT'b'IHO non11T11qecK11 npoT11BH11u;11 B EonrapJ,rn. Hep;oson-
crnorn OT pe)l(MMa My, npeMMHaJI oTp;amia rpamru;an Ha "rnopp;aTa poKa': 06ep;11HRBa
rrpaKTM'!eCKM BCJ1qKlt1 npoC7IOWKJ1. foJIJIMa 'laCT OT 3aMornar.u;vrTe ce J1Hp;ycTp11anu;11,
T'bprosu;11, npep;npHeMa'IM 11 p;pyru 3aTIO'!BaT p;a npoHBJIBaT He)l;OBOJICTBO OT K07Ie6n11-
BOCTTa Ha Ka6uHeTa no COQHaJJHOTO 3aKOHOp;aTe7ICTBO l1 He npHeMaHeTO Ha o6r.u; npo-
TeKLJ;MOHJ1CTH'!eH 3aKOH 3a MecnIOTO npovr3BO,ll;CTBO. HanyCKa ro MHTen11reHLJ;MJITa.
c M3KJIIO'leHHe Ha 3. CTORHOB BCJ1'1KH roneMH qmrypu B 6onrapCKaTa KynTypa npe3
CTaM6onoBMR pe)l(MM KaTo MB. Ba30B, K. BemI'IKOB, CT. M11xati:noBCKM, A. MHTOB,
An. KoHCTaHTMHOB 11 p;pyru ca B ono3uu;11JI Ha pe)l(HMa. J1HTen11reHLJ;HHTa He MO)l(e
;r\a rrpvreMe, qe HRMa B'b3MO)l(HOCT p;a pa3BMBa c11n11Te 11 IIOTeHu;11ana c11. HanycKaT ro
6MBIIIH C'bMJ1lIIJJeHMQH 11 npMRTeJJM KaTO MMHHCT'bpa Ha npocser.u;eHMeTO r. .>KMBKOB.
I1pe3 7IRTOTO Ha 1893 r. 6e3 rop11p;11qecK11 ornoBaHMJI e ocop;eH MMTponoJIMT Kn11MeHT.
B 3ar.u;11rn Ha MHTponoJJHTa ca 6yp)l(oa3HaTa OII03MLJ;MJI, cou;uanp;eMoKpaTMTe, EK3ap-
XMJITa, KHJI3'bT, p;op11 qacT OT cTaM6onos11cT11Te. Tosa HOCH ,ll;OII'bJIHvrTeJIHO HeraTMBM
3a ynpaBnJisar.u;11Te.
Hapep; c pycocp11ncKaTa OII0311Ql1JI, KOJITO e TIO'ITM pa3rpoMeHa, ce C'b3p;aBa HOBa.
IloCTeneHHO K'bM p;-p B. Pap;ornasoB ce npuc'bep;HHJIBaT p;pyrn BH,ll;HH noJJHTJiI'lecK11
nwrnocTH, Me)l(p;y KOMTO p;-p K. Crn11nos, p;-p r. CTpaHCKM, fp. Ha'!OBM'l M .D;. ToHqeB,
Bee 611swu np11B'bp)l(eH11QH Ha npeM11epa. TaKa npe3 eceHTa Ha 1892 r. ce ocpopMH
"Coep;uHeHaTa neranHa ono3HQl1R''. Ha 13 HHyapu 1893 r. J137IM3a 6poti: II'bpB11 Ha 6.
"Cao6ooHo cJ1oao'',opraH Ha c'bep;11HeHaTa ono3uu;11JI. B KpaH Ha cenTeMspu 1893 r.
l\aHKOBMCTKHJI opraH " 1-lepHo Mope" 113pa3JIBa Hap;e)l()l;J1Te CM, qe KHJI3'bT r.u;e ynpa)l(HJ1
KOHCTHTyu;110HHOTo cu npaBo p;a oTCTpaHH CrnM6onos OT snaCTTa. Ilo TaK'bB Ha'!HH
l\aHKOBHCTHTe B n'hnrapuR CK'bCBaT c TaKTHKaTa Ha 3ap;rpaHM'!HaTa ono3MLJ;HJI u ce
rrpuc'bep;MHRBaT K'bM "c'bep;HHeHaTa OII0311LJ;l1JI''.
Pocm{a AH2enoaa
IT01urn111ecKMTe npoT1t1BH111.v1 Ha pe)KMMa 3acmrna p;eJ.1HocTTa CM. B cTpaHara 3a-

no•rnaT p;a Itl3JIM3aT ono3MQ110HHM BecrHMQM. Ono3MQM.Hra C'bBeTBa HaceJieH11ero ga
npep;cTaBR onnaKBaHit!RTa CM cpeI.Qy CTaM6onoBaTa ap;M11HMcrpaQMR HanpaBo rrpeg
KHR3a M OT Hero p;a MCKa CBaJIRHeTO Ha npaBJ1TeJICTBOTO. ,UBopeQ'bT e 3aTpynaH c )KaJJ-
6M OT np0113BOJIJt!Te Ha CTaM60JIOBMCTMTe. qacr OT ,Il;'bp)f(aBHaTa ap;MMHMcrpaQlil.fI ce
opMeHrMpa nocreneHHO K'bM KHR3a, OC'b3HaBaMKM qe TOM e rpaJ.1Ha nOJIMTM'IeCKa ¢11-
rypa. <Pepp;MHaHp; npaBM HeMaJIKO p;a np11BJieqe oqm1.1epcTBOTO, ,Il;'bp)KaBHMTe '"IVIHOB-
HMQM M ono3MQit!OHHMTe cpep;M. TaKa KpaJ.1Hocr1t1re B noJIIt!TMKaTa Ha HJIIT rrpe,11113-
BMKBar Hep;OBOJICTBOTO Ha no-roJIRMa qacT OT HaceJieH1t1ero.
ITpe3 1894 r. 'Ipe3 yMeno 11MnpoBM3MpaH cKaHp;aJI Me)f(,IW Cr. CraM6onoB vi so-
eHHMR Ml1Hl1CT'bp M. CaBoB KHR3'bT nonyqaBa B'b3MO)f(HOcr p;a KOHTponMpa apMM.fITa.
HoBoHa3Ha'IeH11RT Ha 15 anpMn 1894 r. MMH11CT'bp Ha BOMHaTa reH. Pa'"lo ITeTpoB e or
KHJI)f(eCKOTO 06Kp'b)KeH11e. CTaM6onoB K'bCHO pa3611pa qe e )f(eprsa Ha MHTp11ra.
ITpe3 nponeTTa Ha 1894 r. <Pepp;11HaHp; ce cpeI.Qa c pycKMR nornaH11K B'bB B11etta
KHR3 Jio6aHOB-PocTOBCKM, no nosop; Ha KOeTO 6'bJirapCK11R Ml1HJtlCT'bp-npep;ce,11aren
npoRBRBa ocTpo Hep;osoncrno. ITp11 3aBp'bI.QaHeTo c11 OT Espana Ha 17 MaJ.1 1894 r.
OI.Qe Ha rapaTa B Uap116pop; <Pepp;1t1HaHp; nony'IaBa ocTaBKara Ha CTaM6onos. ITorneg-
HMRT rpenur, Karo ce Ha,IJ;RBa, 'le KaKTo M np11 p;pyrM rnyqaM, KHR3'bT I.Qe ro n0Mo1rn ga
R oTTern11. ITopep;HaTa 15 3annanurrenHa ocTaBKa Ha CTecpaH CTaM6onos e np11era Ha
18 MaJ.1 1894 r.
3as'bpnrna ep;11H nepMop; B 6'bnrapCKaTa 11crop11R, xapaKTepeH c Tpyp;H11re npo-
QeCM Ha yTs'bp)Kp;asaHe Ha HOBaTa p;eM0Kpar11'-!Ha napnaMeHTapHa c11creMa. 7-ro-
p;11wH0To ynpasneH11e Ha Hapop;HOJIM6epanHaTa napT11R 11 HeMH11R JIMp;ep e forno 11
npop;'bJI)KaBa p;a 6'bp;e o6eKT Ha pa3JI11'"1Hltl, qecro npoT11sopeq11s11 11 KpaJ.1H11 OQeHKIL
Ee3cnopeH e cpaKT'bT, qe p;'bp)KaBHMK'bT CTecpaH CTaM6onos nocraBR He3aBMC11Mocrra
11 npocnep11TeTa Ha E'hnrap11R Hap; BCM'"IKO.
JU1TEPATYPA
EMMaH, A. CTaM6onos. EMorpacpMR. C., 1990. (cPoTOTHnHo l13p;aH11e).

feUieBa, JI:!. JfaMeHeHwe Ha K0Hcrury1.1ru1Ta npe3 1893. - J1IIp, 1991, KH. 7.
fpnH'IapoB, Cr. IIom1ruqecKwre rnn11 11 MOHapx11qecKHRT MHCTHTYT B Ennrapm1 (1886-
1894). C., 1984.
,[(aMRHOB, C. Ennrap11R BnB cppeHcKara non11r11Ka 1878-1918. C., 1985.
,[(aMRHOB, C. <DpeHcKoro HKOHOM1<P1ecKo npoHHKBaHe B Ennrapirn 1878-1914. C., 1971.
J1cropHR Ha EnnrapHR. T. VII. EAH. C., 1991.
J1cropwR Ha o6pa3oBaHHero 11 ne~aromqeCKara MMCnJI B EnrrrapHR. T. II. C., 1982.
KorreB, JI:!. EnnrapcKara HHrerrHreHQHR 1878-1912. C., 1912.
JianKoB, M. Ennrap11R B 6anKaHcKara noJIMTHKa Ha ABcrpo-YHrapwR 1878-1903. C.,
1993.
MaHonosa, M. IIaprraMeHrapH3MnT B EnnrapHR (1879-1894). C., 1989, 152-223.
MapwHoB, ,[(. CrecpaH CraM6onoB H HOBei1Uiara HM HcropHR. JieronwcHM cnoMeHH Ho~
ep1.111. T. 111 2. C., 1992.
MareeBa, M., Xp. TenaBwiapoB. ,[(wnnoMarwqecK11 OTHOUieHHR Ha EonrapHR 1878-1988.
C., 1989.
HOBA E'b!II'APCKA UCTOPUJl (1878-1944)
MMqes, ,U. Pa3BV1TV1eTo Ha Kam1TaJIV13Ma B EomapV!.ll (1885-1894) JI JIKOHOMJiqeCKara no-

nHTV!Ka Ha CTaM6onoBJIJI pe)f(JIM. - B: J.facnep;saHJIJI no 6omapcKa VICTOPJI.ll. T. 5. BoTpenrnaTa
rronHTVIKa Ha EonrapJI.ll npe3 KanMram13Ma 1878-1944. C., 1980.
Mmnes, P. AscTpo-YmapH.ll VI EonrapJI.ll 1879-1894. IToJIVITHqecKJI ornorneHJIJI. C. 1988.
HaraH, )K., JI. Eepos, CT. l(oHeB, K. fopos. J.1crop1rn Ha VIKOHOMJiqecKara MHC'bll B D'bll-
rapH.ll. T. I. C., 1971; T. II. C., 1973.
HVIKOllOBa, B. Coep;HHeHara neranHa ono3Hl\11.ll B EonrapH.ll (1893-1894) - MITp, KH. 6,
1981.
IlaHaTiroToB, IT. PycJIJI, BemtKJITe CHJIH VI 6omapcKJIJI Bonpoc cnep; JI36opa Ha KHJl3 <Dep-
11HHaHp; 1888-1896. C., 1991.
IlaHTeB, A. AHrmrn JI B'bHillHonoJIHTJiqecKHre npo6neMV1 Ha EonrapH.ll 1879-1914. - B:
Eonrap11J1 B cseTa OT p;peBHOCTTa p;o ttarnH p;HJI. T. 2. C., 1979.
IlaHTeB, A. AHrJIJIJI cpell\y Pyrn.H Ha EanKaHHre 1879-1894. C., 1972.
IlaHTeB, A. ITpoTHBopeqJIBOTO Harnep;cTBo Ha CTecpaH CTaM6onos. BeKose, KH. 5, 1981.
IleTKOB, II. CT. YnpasJieHJieTO Ha CTecpaH CraM6onos JI IIpasornasHara l\'bpKBa B KH.ll-
JKecrno Eonrapm1 1887-1894. - EnoxH, KH. 1.
Pap;esa, M. KyJITypHaTa noJIHTHKa Ha 6onrapcKara 6yp)!(Oa3Ha p;op)f(aBa 1885-1908. C.,
2002.
Ca3p;os, ,U. JlJI6epanJITe-KapaseJIJICTH rrpe3 CraM6oJIOBHJI pe)!(VIM. BeKose, KH. 2, 1986.
CTaTenosa, E., P. ITorros, B. TaHKOsa: J.1crnpV1.ll Ha 6onrapcKara p;HrrnoMal\JI.ll 1878-1913.
C., 1994.
CTecpaH CraM6onos B cnoMeHI1Te Ha C'bBpei\IeHHVIl\H Ilop; pep;aKl\H.llTa Ha rrpocp. p;-p A.
ITaHres. C., 1992.
CrecpaH CTaM6onos H Herosoro speMe. Herry6mIKysaH11 crroMeH11. CocraBJITeJIJI En.
Crarenosa 11 P. IIorros. C., 1993.
TaHKOBa, B. ITpo6neMJI Ha opraHJI3al\HOHHOTO ycrpoJ/rcrno JI pa3BJITHe Ha Hapop;HO-llH-
6epanHara naprJIJI (1886-1894). - BeKose, KH. 5, 1988.
TaHKOBa, B. IO)f(HO 6onrapcKJITe coep;HHHCTVI B yrnos1rnra Ha CTaM6onos11J1 pe)!(JIM
(1887-1894). - MITp, 1992, KH. 11-12.
Top;oposa, l(s. ,UJIIIllOMaT11qecKara JicropV1.ll Ha B'bHillHHTe 3aeM11 Ha EonrapH.ll 1888-
1913. C., 1971.
VIII. YnPABJ\EHHE HA HAPOtp--IATA nAPTH.H

(1894-1899)
1. 06pa3yBaHe H KOHCOAHAagm1 Ha npaBHTeACTBOTO
Ha A·P KouCTaHTHH CToHAOB
Ha 17 Maw 1894 r. CT. CTaM6onoB rrop;aBa ocTaBKa. To3w TI'bT o6aqe rn e np11eTa,
3a~OTO e )J;'bnrooqaKBaHa H o6MHCJieHa OT KHJI3a. KHR3 <Pepp;t1HaHp; 3aIIO'!Ba KOHcyn-
ra~t1V1 VI nopBo ce o6po~a K'bM npep;cep;aTeJIR Ha VII OHC r. :>KV!BKOB, KOMTO oTKa3-
Ba, orrpaBp;aBaWKH ce c p;oManrnw rrpwrnHM. Cna3Bat1Kw napnaMeHTapHaTa npaKTMKa
Pocu4a AH2e110Ba
KHR3'bT BO,l.l;M pa3rOBOpM c ep;MH OT 1rnp;ep11Te Ha HJIII, KORTO MMa MH03MHCTBO B rrap-
JiaMeHTa - ,[{MMHT'bp fpeKOB. IloKaHeHM p;a BJIR3aT B Ka611HeTa ca o~e M3BeCTHHTe
IIOJIMTM'IeCKM p;et1:QM K. CTOMJIOB, fp. HaqoB11q, MB. EBcTp. fernoB M HRKOM qJieHoBe Ha
npep;MIIIHOTO npaBMTeJICTBo. IloKaHemne KaTerop11qHo onrn'bpJIRT npep;rrmKemtero.
TaKa rnep; HRKOJIKo Heyp;a'IHM KoM6MHaQMM <t.>epp;11HaHp; ce o6p'b~a K'bM K. CTOmIOB.
E11orpaqmRTa Ha CTOMJIOB noKa3Ba, qe tn6op'bT He e rnyqaeH. Toti MMa BMCOKO
o6pa30BaHMe, M3BeCTeH IIOJIMTMK, c p;op)f(aBHYfqecKM OIIMT M aBTOPMTeT KaKTO B crpa-
HaTa, TaKa M B qy)l(6MHa. Cnopep; H31t1CKBa1-1111RTa Ha naprraMe1-nap1-iaTa npaKTMKa Mii·
HMCT'bp-npep;cep;aTeJICKMR IIOCT ce p;aBa Ha lIYl,l.l;epa Ha MH03t1HCTBOTO. ToBa MO)l(e 11a
6o;ri;e ep;Ha napTMR MJIM KOaJIMQYIR OT napTYIM, KOMTO MMaT TIO-fOJIRMaTa qacT OT p;eny-
TaTCKMTe MecTa B HC. Toti 113611pa M3Me)l(p;y Hapop;HMTe npep;cTaBY1Ten111 CBOMTe KOJJe·
rM B Ka611HeTa. EBponet1:cKaTa npaKTMKa o6aqe np11p;o611Ba CBOR 6'brrrapcKM BapitaHT.
KHR3'bT ce p;oroBapR c ep;YIH OT JIMp;epuTe Ha 6yp)f(Oa3HMTe napT111111, cnopa3yMRBa ce
3a MMHMCTepcKaTa lIMCTa M 'IaK ToraBa ce npoBe)f(p;aT M36opMTe, B KOMTO ynpasmrna-
~aTa napTMR np11 Bc11qK11 cJiyqa11 cw ocurypRBa napJiaMeHTapHo MH03HHCTBO. TaKa
Ka6vmeTHTe BC'b~HOCT ce Ha3Ha'IaBaT "oTrope''.
T'bt1: KaTo K. CTOMJIOB HRMa CBOR napTMR Toti npaBM co1-1p;a:>I<H c p;et1:QMTe Ha Coe·
p;:wHeHaTa neraJIHa ono3HQMR B. Pap;ornaBOB, fp. HaqoB:11q :11 ,n. ToHqeB, KOHTO flaBaT
CBOeTo c'brJiacvre. OCTaHamne non:11T:11qecK:11 napTHH - KapaBeJIHCTH :11 QaHKOBHcrn,
ca C'bB'bprneHo pa3CTpoem1 :11 MoraT p;a 6bp;aT npeHe6pernaTH. TaKa Ha 19 Mat1: 1894 r. e
ccpopMttpaH KOaJIMQHOHeH Ka6111HeT B C'bCTaB: K. CrounoB 34 - MHHHCT'bp-npep;ceflaTeJI
t1 MHHHCT'bp Ha B'bTpeIIIHHTe pa6or:11, fp. HaqoB:11q - MMHYICT'bp Ha B'bHlllHHTe pa·
6orH :11 H3IIOBep;aHHRTa :11 ynpaBJIRBa~ M:11H:11crepcrB0To Ha o6~ecrBeHHTe crpa1111,
II'bTYlllJ;aTa M C'b06~emrn:ra, EB. EB. rernoB - MHHHCT'bp Ha cpHHaHCHTe, B. Pap;ocnaBOB
- MHHHCT'bp Ha npaBOC'b,IJ;HeTO t1 ynpaBJIRBa~ MHHHCTepcTBOTO Ha npoCBe~eHHeTO,
34
KoHcTaHTUH CTou110B KoHcTaHTUHOB e 6011rapcKu rronurnK, e.z,v.rn OT poKOBO,lllilTemne Ha
KoHcepBaTUBHaTa rrapTUR, a rro-K'bCHO Ha ocHoBaHaTa OT Hero Hapo,11Ha rrapTUR. CTolilnoB e )Ula
IT'bTJ,f MUHUCT'bp-rrpe,11ce,11aTell Ha EonrapuR. fhpBURT IT'bT ITO BpeMe Ha ITOJIUTW·leCKaTa Kp113a cnen
a6,11uKaQURTa Ha KHR3 AneKcaH,ll'bp I (10 IOlllil 1887 - 1cerrTeMBpu1887), a BTopuRT- cne,11 na11aHeTO
Ha CTecpaH CrnM60lloB (31 Maw 1894 - 30 RHyapu 1899). CTounoB JaBopurna rrpaBo B Xai7wn6epr
rrpe3 1877. Cne,ll 3aBp'bll\aHeTO cu B EonrapuR e C'b,llUR B TilIOB,llUB J,f cocpuR (1878-1879) Iii poKOBOAH
Kami;enapuRTa (1879-1880) tt TionurnqecKlilR Ka61i1HeT (1880-1883) Ha KHR3 AneKcaH,11op I. Ilpe31884
cTaBa pe,110BeH qneH Ha EK,[{. AKTttBeH ,11eRTen Ha KTI, TOM rro,11KperrR Pe.>Kli!Ma Ha IT'bJIHOMOl.QHJITa w
Ja KpaTK"1 rrepUO,llli 3aellla M"1HUCTepCKJ,f ITOCTOBe B rrpaBUTelJCTBOTO 6e3 M"1H"1CT'bp-rrpe,11ce11aren, B
TOBa Ha JI. Co6oneB H B'bB BTOpUR Ka6uHeT Ha ,[{p. UaHKOB. no BpeMe Ha KpU3aTa cne,11 a6,1111Ka111-rnra
Ha KHR3 AneKCaH,ll'bp I CTottnoB rro,11KperrR yrnnlilRTa Ha CrnM6onoB Ja CTa6ttn:lil3ttpaHe Ha crpaHara.
Toti' yqacrna B .r1eneraQ1rnTa, BO,llttna rrperoBopttTe Ja JaeMaHe Ha 6onrapcKUR TpoH OT <Pep1111HaHn
CaKc-Ko6ypr-foTa. Tipe3 T03U nepuo.r1 (1886-1888) CTOttJIOB yqacrna B'bB BpeMeHHOTO npaB11Ten·
CTBO Harr. KapaBelJOB, B TOBa Ha B. Pa.r1ocnaBOB CaM"1RT TOM ornaBRBa 3a KpaTKO MC, a cne11 TOBa e
MUHttcT'bp Ha npaBOC'b,lllilero B rrpaBttTencTBOTO Ha CTaM6onoB. Tipe3 1888 CTounoB npeMMHaBa B
ono31i!Qli!R cpell\y Ka6ttHeTa Ha CTaM6onoB u cne,11 HeroBOTO rra,llaHe npe3 1894 ornaBRBa BpeMeHHO·
TO rrpaBttTencTBO, HaToBapeHo c rrpoBe)l(,llaHe Ha tt36optt. Toti' ornaBRBa HOBOC'bJ,lla,lleHaTa Hapo11Ha
napTttR, KORTO rreqem1 MH031i!HCTBO. YMttpa Ha 5 anpliln 1901 r. B CocplilR.
168
HOBA E'DflI'APCKA UCTOPUJI (1878-1944)
!l ToH'-!eB - Ha TnproB11RTa 11 3eMep;em1eTo, P. TieTpoB - BOeHeH M11H11CTnp. KaKTO ce

BJ.DKp;a, CT011JIOB noeMa ynpaBJJeH11eTo 11 Ha MwmrCTepcrnoTo Ha BnTpernm'!Te pa6o-
rn, KOeTO e rapaHQ11JI, qe HOBOTO npaBHTeJJCTBO 111e Bo3CTaHOB11pep;a11 3aKOHHOCTTa
CTpaHaTa.
IlpaB11TeJicTBOTO ce KOHCOJIMp;Hpa oKoJJo TPM npHHI_\Mna: 3aKOHHOCT, npaBoco-
AMe M MKOHOMMM. 3aToBa JtI CTOHJIOB 6op3a p;a onpaBp;ae O'-laKBaHMRTa Ha 06111ecTBO-
To. 0111e Ha 19 Mau Be'-lepTa TOM Hape)Kp;a p;a 6op;aT OCBo6op;eHM BCM'-IKH l1HTepm1paHM
M ne)l(a111w B npep;BapwTeJJeH 3aTBop rpa)K):\a1m. Cpep; orno6op;eHHTe ca MMTponoJJMT
KnHMeHT, Tp. KJ.1TaH'-leB, CT. TieTpoB. Ho B 3arnopuTe ocrnBaT MHoro cop;eHM no no-
JIHTM'-!ecKM rrpM'-111HM, a B eMvrrpaQMR ca npoKy,l\eHHTe pycoqrnn11 vr oqrnQepH. B Ha'-!a-
rroTo Ha aBrycT ca orno6op;em1 M ocnp;eHHTe no npoQernTe npoT11B Mal1op IlaHHQa M
3a y6uJ1:crnoTo Ha MMHHCTnp BenqeB, KaTo vr A. ErraroeB M H. fa6poBCKH, KOHTO HMaT
rrpucnp;H 3a aHTMMOHapx11qeCKa p;ei1HocT. TI. KapaBenoB ocrnBa B LJ:epHaTa p;)KaM11R,
TbM Karn He np113HaBa 1136opa Ha <Pepp;wHaHp; w OTKa3Ba p;a nop;ap;e MOJI6a p;o KHJI3a.
Hapep; c TOBa 3ano'-1Ba npo'-IMCTBaHe Ha ap;MHHHCTpaTHBHWJI anapaT OT cTaM6o-
rromne npvrBnp)KeHJtIQW - cMeHRT ce oKpo)KH11 ynpaBHTenw, orno6o)Kp;aBaT ce non11-
11eC1cKH Ha'-laJIHMQM, pa3TypBaT ce 06111wHCKM CoBeTH. Ep;HoBpeMeHHO c TOBa nopBHTe
MeCel\H OT ynpaBJieH11eTo Ha CTovmoB ce xapaKTepI13Hpa c HCTI1HCKI1 6yM B rreqarn - B
cpep;aTa Ha 1894 r. I137I113aT 77 BeCTHHKa c pa3JIM'-1Ha TIOJJMTI1'-!eCKa OKpaCKa - aHTMC-
TaM60JIOBMCTKH, npoCTaM60JJOBMCTKM, pap;oCJJaBHCTKI1 H rrp.
Ha 1 aBrycT I13JII13a yKa3 3a pa3TYPHHe Ha VII OHC. I1MeHHO rrpep;cTORillHTe 06-
~HHCKM M 3aKOHOp;aTeJIHM M36opI1 H3Ba)Kp;aT HaRBe p;e(ICTBHTflIHMJI JJI1K Ha rrpaBI1-
TeJICTBeHaTa KOaJII1QI1JI. TioJIHTM'-leCKaTa pa3Hopop;HOCT Ha Ka6!1HeTa CKopo TIOKa3Ba
CBORTa tteyp;a'-IHOCT. Pa3HornacHRTa Me)Kp;y npI1Bop)KeHMI.\I1Te Ha CTOVIJIOB 11 Pap;orna-
BOB J.13JJI13aT Ha CBeTJIO. Pap;ocJiaBOB Hee yp;oBJJeTBopeH OT pa3rrpep;eJieHI1eTO Ha Ml1-
HJ.1CTepcKHTe Kperna 11 113TIOJI3Ba 1136opuTe 3a yKpenBaHe Ha rroJIO)KeHHeTO rn B HC :w
OTTaM no3HQI1M B Ka6:wHeTa. Cnep; rrpoBep;eHHTe Ha 11 cenTeMBpI1 1894 r. JaKOHop;a-
TeJIHH Jn6op11 ce oqepTaBa TBnpp;e TioCTpa KaMapa M HRMa napTHR HJIM rpyrrttpoBKa,
KORTO HMa napnaMeHTapHo MH0311HCTBO. Crropep; CrnunoB :w Ha'IoBH'-1 p;enyrnTCKHTe
MaHp;aTH ca pa3npep;eneH:w KaKTO rnep;Ba: 53 rrpHBnp)KeHHQH OT fornrnaTa KOHcepBa-
TMBHa rrapnrn, 20 pap;ocJiaB11CTI1, 31 I0)KH06onrapcKH Coep;MHI1CTH, 9 QaHKOBI1CTH, 3
KapaBeJJHCTI1 M 21 c Heonpep;eneHa non11TM'-lecKa npHHap;JJe)KHOCT. Bup;tto e, qe coep;tt-
HJ.1CTI1Te !1MaT CHJIHM Il03MQHI1, 3aTOBa KaTO TexeH npep;cTaBMTeJJ B Ka6HHeTa BJJI13a
J.13BeCTHMR 06111ecTBem1K, nwcaTeJI :w ny6nvrQHCT KottcTaHTMH BenH'-IKOB 35 . 3a rrpep;-
ce):laTeJI Ha VIII OHC e v!36paH Teop;op Teop;opoB.
35 KoHcTaHTHH BeJIH'IKOB e pop;eH B I1a3app;)f<HK rrpe3 1855 r. B 3aHaRT'IMWCKO ceMei1cTBO. 06-

pa3osam1e rronyqasa B KnarnoTo yqttnMil\e B po,n;HMR rn rpa,!1 M B fanarncapat1cKMR nm..iei1 B Qa-
pwrpa.n; (1868-1874). Cnep; TOBa e yq1Hen no 6onrapcK11 11 cppeHCKM e311K, 11crnp11R 11 reorpacp11R B
TaTap Tia3ap,!1)f(l1K (1874-1876), npe.n;ce,n;aTen e Ha 'Il1Talll1ll\e ,,Bo3pa)f(,[laHe" B rpa.n;a. Towe qneH Ha
peBOJllO~l10HHl1R KOMl1TeT 11 yqacrna B no.n;roTOBKaTa Ha Arrp11nCKOTO B'bCTaHl1e rrpe3 1876 ro,n;11Ha.
ApecTysaH 11 OC'b,[\eH Ha CMopT, TOM e ocso6o,n;eH rne.n; HaMecarn Ha esporrei1cKaTa KOM11c11R, pa3-
169
Pocuu,a AH2eJ10Ba
ToBa y6e)K.J:laBa CTOHJIOB 3a rrope.r1ett ffbT, 'le MY e tteo6xo.r111Ma crn6wrrHa 06-

rn;ecrnetta orropa, 3a .r1a MO)Ke .r1a oc'brn;ecTBRBa cpyttKQHHTe CH. TaKa Ha 3 lOHH 1894 r.
B Cocp11R ce rrocTaBR Ha':larroTo Ha HOBa rrorrHTH':leCKa cpopMaQHR, ttape'Ietta Hapo.r1tta
rrapTHR. l1HHQHaT11BaTa rrp11tta.r1rre)K11 tta .r1-p M11tt':IO Ua':leB, ':IJieH Ha 611Biuarn Kott·
cepBaTHBHa rrapTHR. J136patto e p'bKOBO.J:ICTBO, B KoeTo BJIH3aT .r1- M. UatJeB, ,n;-p Cr.
,D;atteB, MoB T11TOpoB, rett. ,D;. H11KorraeB, .r1-p ,D;. MorrrroB, .r1- p r. CTpattcKH w HwKona
MattoB. C'bcTaB'bT MY REHO .r1eKrrap11pa, 'le C'b3.J:la,[\eHaTa rrapTHR e omn .r1a ce npeMaxtte
c'brn;ecTByBa~aTa AO MoMeHTa norrwTw'IecKa pa3IIOK'bcattocT. BpeMeHHOTO o6e,!IHHI!·
Batte He 3arrw:raBa w.r1ei1H11Te pa3JII1'IHR Me)K.J:IY OT.J:lerrmne rpyn11poBKH. B 1136yx1ran11·
Te 6op6w no BpeMe Ha 06rn;rrncK11Te 11 3aKoHO.J:laTeJIHH w36opH npe3 eceHTa Ha 1894 r.
OT 06e.r111ttett11eTo ce oTTenrnT pa,n;ocnaBHCTHTe, QaHKOBWCT11Te 11 Ka3HOHHWTe. B Ha-
po.r1ttaTa rrapTHR OCTaBaT 611BIIIJ11Te KOHcepBaTOpH, lO)KH06'brrrapcKHTe C'be,[\WHHCTII,
HRKOH QaHKOBHCTH 11 tte3aBI1CHMM .r1ei\'1Q:W. Ha 22 cerrTeMBp:w 1894 r. B CocjrnR H3flH3a
6p. 1 Ha B. "Mup" - opratt Ha rrapnrnrn :w npaB11TerrcTBOTO. 3a IIIecp Ha rrapTmna e
H36patt ,n;-p K. CToHJIOB. ITapTMRTa np:wBm1qa 3a6oraTerrw erreMeHTH OT rro'ITW BCW'!Kl1
rrapT:wH :w TOBa iI rrp:w.r1aBa IIIHpoKa cor.vrnrrtta 6a3a. CKopo TR crnBa :w3pa3:WTerr Ha HH·
Tepeet1Te Ha 3Ha'IHTeJIHa 'IaCT OT e.r1paTa 6'brrrapCKa 6yp)l<Oa3HR.
I1pe3 1894-1895 r. ce H36wCTpRT H rrporpaMHHTe rrpwttQ11rr11 Ha Hapo,n;HaTa nap·
THR. B o6rracTTa Ha B'bTpeIIIHaTa rronwTHKa napTwRTa ce o6RBRBa 3a rrpwBop)KemrK
Ha KOHCTHTYQHOHHaTa MOHapxwR. KaTo e.r1tta OT rnaBHHTe 3a.J:la'Iw ce rrptteMa "w11e·
RTa .r1a ce C'b.J:lewcTBa 3a 3aKpenBatteTo Ha npecTona Ha .J:IHHacnrnTa Ha KHR3 <Pep·
.r11rnaH.r1''. Do B'brrpoc11Te Ha cTorraHCKOTO pa3Bti1Twe HIT ,[\eKnapHpa, 'le ~e pa6orn
3a"ttKOHOMl1'IeCKOTO IIOB,ll;l1raHe Ha CTpaHaTa qpe3 IIOKpomueJICTBO Ha MecrnaTa
T'bproBwR, rrpoM11IIIrreHocT H 3eMe.r1en11e". KaTo B'bHIIIHorronHTM'IecKw rrpwHL\WTI ce
rrpoKJiaM11pa ":wcKpeHa rrptt3HaTeJIHOCT K'bM HaIIIaTa OCB060.J:IHTeJIKa l1 yKpennatte Ha
Bp'b3KJ1Te l1 :WHTepec:wTe, KOHTO HM CB'bp3BaT c HeR''.
CJieABa!lla HaCl1JIJlleTO npH IlOTylliaBaHe Ha B'bCTaHJlfeTO. vfaBeCTHO BpeMe e IlHCap B D'bJirapCKaTa

eK3apxmI B L(apHrpaA (1876-1877). no BpeMe Ha PycKo-TypcKaTa BOi1Ha OT 1877-1878 fO,[IHHa Be·
JIJll'IKOB c'bTPYAHlll'IJll Karn npeBOAa'l Ha pycKJllTe BOMCKJll. CneA BOMHaTa ce 3aBp'bllla B ITa3apglKHK,
K'bAeTO e npeACeAaTen Ha 0Kp'b)KHJllJI aAMJ11H11CTpaTJ11BeH C'bA (1879-1880). OT 1879 AO 1885 rog11ttae
HapoAeH npe.r1cTaBJ11TeJ1 B 06nacTHOTO co6paHJ11e Ha li:13TO'!Ha PyMemrn OT HapOAHaTa rrapnrn. IJpe3
1880-1881 roA~rna yqllf npaBo B ITapvt)K, Ho He ce AI1IlJIOMvtpa. ITpe3 1884-1885 fOAWHa e ,!IHpeKrop
Ha HapOAHOTO npocBeII1eHJ11e. OT 1884 rDAMHa e AeMCTBvtTeneH '!JieH Ha EKD;. CneA Coe,[lwttemmo
npe3 1885 rOAvtHa K. BenwIKOB ce npeMecTBa B Co¢wJI. OpraHvt3aTOpvtTe Ha npopycKW!l npeBpar
npe3 1886 r. ro Ha3Ha'laBaT 3a MJllHJllCT'bp Ha HapOAHOTO npoCBell.\eHJ.1e, HO TOM OTKa3Ba ,[la 3m1e
noCTa. CJieABaII1vtTe rDAMHw, CB'bp3aHvt c npecJieABaHvtJI Ha npopycKw noJivtTVIL\Vl, TOM npeKapBa B
'ly)K6!1Ha. OT 1887 AO 1889 r. )KJllBee B'bB <Dnopettl\llfJI, K'bAeTO Y'!lll )KJ.1Bonwc. Cne.r1 TOBa e yqwre11 rro
¢peHCKV1 e3l1K B EonrapCKaTa fl1MHa3WJI B ConyH (1890-1891) vi OTHOBO CJIY)KllfTeJI Ha EK3apxw1rae
L(apwrpa.r1 (1891-1894). Cne,[I na,[laHeTO Ha npaB1.1TeJ1CTBOTO Ha CTaM6onoB npe3 1894 r. Benw'!KOBce
Bpn!lla B EonrapvtJI Jlf CTaBa e,[IJllH OT BO,lla'!JllTe Ha Hapo,!IHaTa napTlllJI. ToM e MVIHVICTop Ha o6lljecree·
HWTe crpa.r111, TI'bTvt!llaTa w co06II1eH1.1J1Ta B'bB BTOpoTo npaB1.1rencrBo Ha CrownoB (1894). B rpenrn
Ka6J11HeT Ha CTOJllJIOB e MJllHJllCT'bp Ha HapOAHOTO rrpoCBeII1eH11e (1894-1897) l1 Ml1HHCT'bp Ha npro·
BJllJITa 11 3eMeAeJivteTo ( 1897-1898). ITpe3 1898 r. HanyCKa rrpaBJllTencTBOTO Jlf ce rrp11c'be,[IJ11H!lBa K'bM
ITporpeCJ11BHOJivt6epa11Hara rrapTlllJI. ITpe3 1902-1904 r. e A~IITJIOMaTJll'IeCKJll rrpe.r1craBJ11Te11 B EierrrpaA.
ITpe3 1907 ro.r111Ha BeJIJll'IKOB 3aMWHaBa 3a <DpaHL\l1JI Jlf Ha 16 HOeMB. c. r. yMvtpa B fpeHo6orr.
170
HOBA E'b!II'APCKA /!ICTOP/!IJI (1878-1944)
Ycnope)::(HO C'bc C'b3)::\aBaHeTo Ha HapoAHaTa rrapnu1 Te'-!e rrpou;ec Ha C'b)l(l1BRBa-

He 11 yKperrBaHe Ha CTap.11Te rrapT1111. IlpeA]![MCTBO 11Ma Jll16epanHaTa napT11R, '-IV!MTO
pnKOBOAH]i[ Aei'1u;11 y'-lacTBaT B "c'beA11HeHaTa nera1rna orro311u;11R" 11 Aa)l(e B rrpaBvtTeJI-
CTBOTO. Ilpe3 RHyap11 1895 r. TR rry6m1KyBa CBOR nporpaMa 11 ycTaB, a npe3 nep110Aa
rrpoBe)l(Aa )::\Ba cB011 KOHrpeca (1895, 1897). fl116epanHaTa napT11R CTaBa 113pa311Ten Ha
irnTepeC11Te Ha '-!aCT OT cpeAHaTa 6yp)l(Oa311R. B HeR '-IJieHyBaT T'bproBu;11, npeArrp11-
eMatJ11, 3eMeBJiaAenu;11,Kp'b'-!Map11 11 6aKan11 B cenaTa. Bn113aT 11 MHoro AeKnac11paH11
erreMeHTM OT poAa Ha nponaAHan11 3aHaRT'-11111, TnproBu;11, l13XB'bpnem1 OT Anp)l(aBHM
crry)K611 '-IHHOBH11u;11, npowetton11cu;11, aABOKaT11. J1MeHHO Te311 eneMeHT11 A'hJirO Bpe-
Me OKa3BaT Blll1RH11e B'bpxy HeiiHl1R 06n11K, xapaKTep 11 Aei1HOCT.
Enp3o ce B'b3CTaHOBRBa 11 fl116epanHaTa rrapnrn Ha II. KapaBenoB, B'bnpeK11 '-le n11-
.11epa ir 01u;e e B 3arnopa. J136paHo e p'bKOBOACTBO, 3arrotJBa Aa l13lll13a B. "3HaMe" KaTo
rrapT11eH opraH, a rrpe3 1896 r. rrp11eMa l1MeTO AeM0KpaT11'-!eCKa. IlapT11RTa OTCTORBa
1rnTepeC11Te Ha Ape6HaTa 11 OT'-!acT11 Ha cpeAHaTa rpaACKa 6yp)Koa311JI. Ilpe3 rrep110Aa,
a 1'1 ITO-K'bCHO 3Ha'-!11TeJIHa poJIR B HeJI 11rpae HHTen11reHJJ;l1RTa, KORTO e rrp11BJie'-leHa
OT l13Al1rHaTaTa 11AeR 3a AeM0KpaT113au;11R Ha yrrpaBnettHeTO. IlapT11RTa 11Ma pe3epn11-
paHo OTHOllieH11e K'bM MOHapx11'-!eCKHR 11HCT11TYT VI oco6eHO K'bM KHR3 <PepA11HaHA.
PaTyBa 3a B'b3CTaHoBRBaHe 11 yKpenBaHe Ha rrp11RTencK11Te oTHorneH11R c Pyc11JI.
Hai1-TPYAHO ce B'b3CTaHOBRBa rrapT11RTa Ha Ap. QaHKOB. Hei1Hl1RT JI11Aep A'hJirl1
fOA11HJ1 OTC'bCTBa OT CTpaHaTa, eAHa '-!aCT OT rrp11B'bp)l(eHJ1JJ;J1Te JI rrpeMJ1HaBaT B pe-
):\OBeTe Ha HapoAHaTa rrapT11R. OT 1897 r. rrapnrnTa ce ornaBRBa OT A-P CTORH AatteB,
a OT KpaR Ha 1899 r. rn ce Hap11'-!a IlporpeC11BHon116epanHa. TR 11Ma rrpHB'bp)l(eH11u;11
B cpeAHTe Ha cpeAHOTO ceJIJI'-!eCTBO, cpeAHaTa TnproBCKa 11 JIHXBapCKa 6yp)l(Oa311R.
3a tfl1CJieHOTO if HapacTBaHe crroMara rrp11c'beAl1HRBaHeTo K'bM HeR Ha Kp'bra oKono
K. BenwIKOB 11 Ben'-!o T. Ben'-!eB, KOMTO B KpaR Ha 1898 r. ce oTu;errsa OT HapoAHaTa
rrapT11R. IlapT11RTa e 3a Hai1-rnctto C'bTPYAH11tJecrno c PyC11R. B T0311 acneKT pycocp:vm-
crnoTo ir B cpaBHett11e c TOBa Ha AeM0KpaT11'-!eCKaTa rrapnrn HMa KpaeH xapaKTep.
HapOAHOJI116epannaTa rrapT11R 11Ma peA11u;a 3aTPYAHeH11R. IlaAaHeTo OT BnacT, ro-
HeHl1RTa Ha Bl1AH11Te CTaM6onoB11cT11, CMnpTTa Ha rrapT11i1H11R JI11Aep CTaM6onoB ce
oTpa3JIBaT ua JJ;RJIOCTH11R iI opran113au;110HeH )KHBOT. <f>aKT11'-!ecK11 xapn1eu JI11Aep e
L(11M. IleTKOB, HO no pa3JIJ1lfHM rrpH'-111HH TOM rrpeAnara Ha eA11H HJI11 Apyr rron11TH'-!e-
cKH .11eeu; BOAa'-!eCTBOTO Ha napT11JITa. 3a H3BeCTHO BpeMe napT11eH weep e n. fpeKOB.
I1apT11JITa rrpOA'bJI)l(aBa Aa OTCTOJIBa 11HTepeC11Te Ha eApaTa T'bproBCKO-l1HAYCTP11aJI-
Ha 11 npeAnp11eMa'-!eCKa 6yp)I(Oa3MR, KORTO e 3a C'bTPYAH11'-!eCTBO C'bC 3anaAHOeBpo-
rreiicKHTe CTpaH11, 11 Hai1-Be'-!e c ABcTpo-Yttrap11R 11 AHrn11R.
c Hai1-rna6o BlIMRHl1e, HO cpaKT B napT11i'IHOTO MHOroo6pa3Me e C'b3AaAeHaTa
rrpe3 1891 r. E'hnrapCKa cou;11anAeM0KpaT11'-!eCKa rrapnrn.
2. KbM noMnpeuue c Pycu.R
HaqanoTo Ha AeKeMBpM 1894 r. 3arro'-!Ba c Ka6iiHeTHa npoMRHa. CT011noB IIOAaBa

OCTaBKa c MOT11B MH03MHCTBOTO B rrapnaMeHTa Aa 113JI'btfl1 npaBMTeJICTBO C'bo6pa3HO
H311CKBamrnTa Ha KOHCT11TY1(11JITa. J.1CT11HCKaTa np11'-1HHa ca T'bpKaHl1RTa c paAOCJia-
BMCTil!Te, KOMTO He ca yp;oBJieTBOpeHIIJ OT npep;oCTaBeHil!Te MM p;Be MillHMCTepCK11 Kpe-
rna vi: oqeprnBa~oTo ce c6JII1J)l(eH11e c Pyc11.11. Ha 9 p;eKeMBpM 1894 r. e Ha3HaqeHo HOBO
XOMoreHHO npaBMTeJICTBO, B KOeTO BJIM3aT K. CTOMJIOB - MMHJ1CT'bp-npep;ce.r1aTe1111
MillHHCT'bp Ha B'bTpeIIIHMTe pa60TM, rp. HaqoB11q - MMHillCT'bp Ha B'bHllIHMTe pa6o-
TM, 11B. EB. f eIIIOB - MMHMCT'bp Ha qmHaHCHTe vi: ynpaBJIRBa~ MillHillCTepcTBOTO Ha
ToproBil!RTa vi: 3eMep;en11eTo, ,[(. Mvi:HqoB11q - M11HHCT'bp Ha npasoc'bp;MeTo, M. Ma-
p;)l(apos36 - MMHMCT'bp Ha 06ll.\eCTBeHMTe crpap;Ill, TI'bTill~aTa M C'b06~eH11RTa, TIOJJK.
Paqo ITeTpoB- BoeHeH MMHillCT'bp. Ka611HeT'bT e C'bCTaBeH OT 6vi:BIIIM K0Hcepsarnp1111
C'bep;Il!HMCTH, a B. Pap;oCJiaBOB J1 rr. ITeIIIeB ca OTCTpaHeHH.
C nop;qepTaHo MH03HHCTBO B napnaMeHTa xoMoreHHHRT Ka6vi:HeT Ha HTI rnara
aKQeHT B'bB B'bHIIIHaTa CH TIOJIHTHKa B'bpxy npH3HaBaHeTO Ha KH.113 <t>epp;11HaH,ll. Ihp-
Bil!Te CT'bTIKH ca HanpaBeHH Oll.\e B KpaR Ha 1894 r. Ha 20 OKTOMBPill c. r yM11pa WMne-
paTop AneKcaHp;op III vi: ce oTKp11Ba B'b3MO)l(HOCT p;a ce yCTaHOBRT Bpo3KH c pyCKme
ynpaBJIRBa~vi: cpep;vi:. OT CoqrnR ca 113npaTeH11 cn6one3HOBaTeJIH11 TenerpaMw .110 Ho-
BillR pycKM HMnepaTOp HHKOJiaH II 11 p;o B'bHIIIHHR MHHMCT'bp f11pc, a CKopo cne,ll TOBa
ca nonyqeHH vi: 6narop;apcTBeHM 0Tr0Bop11. HanpaBeHHTe nocTDnKM npep; ITeTep6ypr
3a np11eMaHe Ha 6onrapCKa p;eneraQHR 3a norpe6eH11eTo Ha HMn. AneKcaHp;op III, 3a-
B'bpIIIBaT 6e3ycneIIIHO. PycKHRT nornaHMK Hen11p;oB nop;CKa3Ba QeHaTa o6a'-!e - no-
KpocTBaHe Ha npeCTOJIOHarnep;HHKa Eop11c OT KaTOJIIl!'IeCKo B npaBoCJiaBHO sepo113-
noBep;aH11e.
Ben11K11Te c11n11 cnep;RT 6onrapcK11Te on11T11 3a c6JII1J)l(eH11e c Pyc11R. Haif-ocrpo
pear11pa ABCTpo-YHrap11.11, KORTO B3eMa KOHKpeTeH noBop; rnacyBaHeTo Ha 3aKomne
3a aKQIIJ3a J1 3a p;aH'bKa Bnpxy 3aHaRTMTe, KOIIJTO KOCBeHO yBeJI11qaBaT Mil!TaTa Bbp-
xy HRKOill CTOKill Ill ca B pa3pe3 c ycTaHOBeHIIJR OT EepJIIllHCKHR p;oroBop pe)KMM Ha
Kan11TynaQI11MTe, 11 3aoiraT Henp11KocH0BeHOCTTa Ha qy)l(p;Il!Te nop;aHil!Qill. Crn11noB
nocell.\aBa B11eHa 11 rnep; npop;'bJI)l(MTeJIHill nper0Bop11 ce cT11ra p;o nop;nHcBaHeTo Ha
ToproBCKill p;oroBop, KOHTO p;a OTMeHill BpeMeHHaTa ToproBcKa cnorop;6a. ITpe3 arrp1rn
36
MmrnHrr Ma):Vl<apoB e po,n;eH Ha 12 cpeBp. 1854 B KonpttBIIIHL\a. Tot'i e nneMeHHMK Har. EeH-
KOBCKl1. Yqtt B KonpttBIIIMlla u IlnoB,n;HB 11 npe3 1877 3aBopurna Po6opT KOJJe)f( B Uapurpa,11. 3a Kpar-
KO e yqJ.tTeJJ B Ila3ap,l'.l)l(l1K (1877-1879), rne,n; KoeTO ce 3aeMa c nom1TJ1qecKa ,n;efrnocT. M. Ma11lKapoB
cTaBa e,n;HH OT Bo,n;aqJ1Te Ha Hapo,n;HaTa napTm1 B lif3ToqHa PyMenm1. Tot'r e ,n;enyraT B 06rracrnoro
C'b6paHJ1e (1880-1885) 11 ,n;HpeKrnp Ha cp11HaHrnTe (1882-1885) Ha aBTOHOMHara o6nacT. Crre11 npe-
BpaTa OT 1886, KaKTO MHOro ,n;pyrn npopycKJ1 opHeHTl1paHJ1 06I11eCTBeHJ1'-\l1, Ma,n;)l(apoB eMwrpHpa B
PycHR. Tot'i npeKapBa HRKOJJKO ro,n;HHM B O,n;eca, a npe3 1889 ce 3aBp'bllla B EonrapHR M pa6orn Karo
a,n;BoKaT l1 ny6IIM1\MCT. Ilpe3 T0311 nepuo,n; TOM npaaw II'bpB11R rrpeBO,l'.I Ha 6onrapCKM e3MK Ha poMaHa
,,Baima u Mup" Ha JleB ToncTot'r. Cne,n; na,n;aHeTO Ha npaBMTeJICTBOTO Ha CT. CTaM6onoa Ma11lKapoe
cTaBa e,n;MH OT BO,n;aqMTe Ha HOBoo6pa3yBaHaTa Hapo,n;Ha napTMR M 3aeMa IIOCTa MMHl1CT'bp Ha 06-
llleCTBeHMTe crpa,n;u, TI'bTMlllaTa 11 C'b06I11eHMRTa B npaBMTeJICTBOTO Ha CTOMJIOB ( 1894-1899). IIpe3
1913-1914 Ma,n;:>i<apoB e nocnaHMK Ha EonrapMR B'bB BeIIMK06p11TaHMR M no,n;rrHcBa OT 6nrrrapCKa
cTpaHa JloH,n;oHcKMR ,n;oroBop npe3 1913. Cne,n; TOBa 3a KpaTKO e nornaHMK B PyCJrn (1914-1915).
KaTo aKTWBeH ,n;eell Ha ono311lll10HHl1R KoHCTMTYI.IMOHeH 6noK, npe3 1922 Ma,n;)l(apoB e l13rrpareH B
3aTBopa OT npaBMTeJJCTBOTO Ha Arr. CTaM6onut'rcKM. YMttpa Ha 23 RH. 1944 no BpeMe Ha 6oM6ap~w
poBKJ1Te Ha Cocp11R.
172
HOBA En!II'APCKA f!!CTOPf!!H (1878-1944)
1895 r. ABCTpo-YHrapmI 11 Ebnrapm:i ce p;oroBapJIT p;o KpaJI Ha 1896 r. p;a ce nop;nmne

oqmu;1-1arreH TbproBCKJ.1 p;oroBop, KaTO BHOCHJ.1Te MJ.1Ta ce YBeJIWiaT Ha 14%. ,[(o ToraBa
B Cl1Jia OCTaBa BpeMeHHaTa TbproBCKa cnorop;6a J.1 BHOCHOTO MJ.1TO ce onpep;emr Ha
10,5%. TaKa 3aKOHbT 3a aKQM3a e np1-1eT, KaTo e HaMarreH caMo aKQJ.13bT Ha KacpeTo,
K116p1-1Ta 1-1 napcp10M11paH11Te canyH11.
Me)l(p;yBpeMeHHO npop;bJI)KaBaT on1-1T11Te Ha 6brrrapCKaTa p;1-1nJI0Mau;11JI p;a ycTa-
HOBJ.1 KOHTaKT c I1eTep6ypr. KHJI3 ¢epp;11HaHp; Cbll\O npaBH COH,D;a)l(J.1 Ha pa3JIH'IHJ.1
H11Ba no BpeMe Ha TibTyBaHeTo c11 B 3arrap;Ha Espona npe3 npoJieTTa Ha 1895 r. C
rroMOil\Ta Ha cppeHcKaTa p;11nJI0Mau;11JI e 113p;ewcrnatto cornarnern B PyrnJI p;a 6bp;e
rrp11eTa 6bnrapCKa p;enyTau;HJI, KOJITO p;a TIOJIO)l(H Betteu; Ha rpo6a Ha IlOKOWHHJI py-
CKHJI J.1MnepaTop AJieKcaHp;bp III. B C'bCTaBa H BJIH3aT p;enyTaTHTe T. Teop;opoB, MB.
Ba30B, p;-p MoJIJIOB, IT. Ha6op;KoB, MB. CT. feIIIoB, KaKTO 11 MHTponoJIHT KJIHMeHT 11
apx1-1MaHp;p11T Bac11JI11ti:.
L(enyTaIJ;J.1JITa TIOTerJIJI Ha 15 IOHJ.1 1895 r. c MHCHJI p;a pa6oTJ.1 3a TIOMHpeHHe 11
Karo OTCTbTIKa OT 6bnrapCKa CTpaHa p;a npe,D;JIO)l<H TIOKpocTBaHeTO Ha npeCTOJIOHa-
crrep;HHKa B H3TO'IHonpaBocJiaBHa BJipa. TaKa TibTJIT K'bM Bb3CTaHOBJIBaHeTo Ha 6bJI-
rapo-pycKJ.1Te OTHOIIIeHHJI e ornopeH. EbrrrapcKHTe rocTJ.1 ca nocpell\HaTH OT pycKJ.1
Bli!ClllM p;bp)KaBHJ.1, noJI11T11qecK1111 0611\eCTBeHH JIMu;a. ToqHo B T03H MOMeHT B Ebrr-
rapHJI e noce'IeH CT. CTaM6orroB 11 TOBa .n;onbJIHHTerrHo 3aOIJIBa Bpa)l(p;e6HoTo OT-
HOllleHHe KbM 6blirapcKoTo npaBJ.1Terrcrno Ha B11etta, P11M 11 JloHp;oH. l.J:aK Ha 19 OK-
TOMBpM 1895 r. KHJI3 ¢epp;11HaH,D; p;aBa CbrnameTO, HO HCKa TPHMeceqeH cpoK, 3a p;a
y6e):IJ.1 pop;HHHHTe CM J.1 nanaTa p;a npHeMaT MMpOTIOMa3BaHeTO Ha rrpecTOJIOHacnep;-
Hl1Ka. KHJI3bT ce onacJIBa, qe Pyc11JI MO)Ke p;a He cna311 yrosopKaTa. 3aToBa 113npall\a
Hatt):leH fepOB np11 pycKJ.1JI nocnaHJ.1K B Uap11rpap; c MHCHJI p;a pa36epe npaKT11qe-
cKoro OC'bll\eCTBJIBaHe Ha np113HaBaHeTo My. CTaBa JICHO, qe KHJI3bT ocp11u;11arrHo 11\e
rroMonw KpbCTHJ.1K Ha Eop11c p;a 6bp;e HMneparnp H11Korraw II, KOWTO 11\e ce corrrarn
1111\e H3npaTH Ha o6Jip;a rnoi1 npep;cTaBHTeJI. Ha 2 JIHyap11 1896 r. ¢epp;11HaHp; OTTib-
rysa 3a TiapJ.1)!{ c Hap;e)Kp;a p;a H3TIOJI3Ba nocpep;H11qecrnorn Ha cfJpaHIJ;HJI npep; BaTH-
KaHa. To3H on11T 3aBbpIIIBa c Heycnex 11 6bnrapcKHJI KHJI3 JIHqHo pa3roBapJI c nana
Jhs III, HO Cbll\O HJIMa pe3yJITaT
Ocp11u;11arrH0To M11porroMa3BaHe Ha npecrnrroHacnep;HHKa CTaBa Ha 2 cpeBpyap11
1896 r. B np11c'bcTBHeTo Ha rrpep;cTaBJ.1Terr11 Ha PyrnJI, Typu;11JI, cfJpaHD;HJI, Cbp611JI 11
f opu;11JI. TioKpncTBaHeTo ce J.13BnpIIIBa OT eK3apx Il!orncp I B Tbp)l(ecrneHa o6CTaHOB-
Ka. AKT'bT e rrocrrep;BaH OT rrp113HaBaHeTo Ha KHJI3 ¢epp;11HaHp; 3a 3aKotteH Brrap;eTeJI
Ha Eonrap11JI OT Pyc11JI, Typu;11JI 11 p;pyr11Te BerrHKH rnrr11. Cbrrrarno H3HCKBaHHJITa Ha
TorrxaHeHCKHJI aKT OT 1886 r. cbc crreu;11aJieH cpepMaH KHJI3bT e Ha3HaqeH 3a reHeparr-
ry6epHarnp Ha M3rnqHa PyMeJIJ.1JI. Me)Kp;yHapop;ttoTo npw3HaBatte Ha KHJI3 ¢epp;11-
HaH):I crrara Kpati: Ha rrpop;'bJI)KHJiaTa p;eceT rop;11H11 6orrrapCKa KpH3a. B Cocp11JI np1-1c-
r11ra HwKorraw l.J:apHKOB KaTo pycKJ.1 p;11rrrroMaT11qecK11 areHT 11 reHeparreH KOHcyrr, a B
Ilerep6ypr e OTKPMTO 6nnrapcKo areHTCTBO.
Bo3CTaHOBJIBaHeTo Ha ocp11u;11arrH11Te 6nnrapo-pycK11 ornoIIIeHMJI nocTaBJI rrpep;
rrpaswTerrcTBOTo HOB npo6JieM - norro)KeH11ern Ha ocp11u;ep11Te eM11rpaHTH. B KpaJI Ha
1896 r. MHHHCT'bp-rrpep;cep;aTeJIJI CTOHJIOB J.1 BOeHHJ.1JI MHHHCTbp TIOJIK. MBaHOB :t13fOT-
Pocw,~a AH2enoaa
BRT npoeKT 3a peillaBaHe Ha npo6neMa, KOMTO e op;o6peH OT <l>epp;i:rnaHp;. Tot'! rrpe11-
BvD1<p;a Il'bJIHa l1 QRJIOCTHa aMHl1CTl1R; np113HaBaHe Ha npeKapaHHTe Ha pycKa cny)f(6a
rop;l1Hl1 KaTO cny)l(6a B 6nnrapCKaTa BOMCKa; ocp11u;ep11Te, KOJ1TO )l(eJiaRT p;a IlOCT'h!IJIT
B 6onrapCKaTa Bol1cKa, TpR6Ba p;a nop;ap;aT Mon6a p;o KHR3a; cny)l(611Te B 6onrapCKara
BOMCKa 11\e 3aBJ1CRT OT BaKaHTHJ1Te MeCTa; B CJI)":!aM qe HRMa MeCTa, eM11rpaHT.l1Te !11e
6op;aT neHCJ10HV1paHV1 p;o OTKPVIBaHeTO Ha rno6op;HVI. 3a p;a yneCHVI peillaBaHeTO Ha
Bnnpoca CT011noB BHarn 3aKoHonpoeKT 3a Bceo6~a aMHVICTVIR. Tot'! c'bp;op)l(a ca~10
ep;VIH-ep;VIHCTBeH 'IJieH: ''AMHVICTVIRTa, p;ap;eHa C'bC 3aKOHa OT 20 p;eKeMBpVI 1894 r., ce
pa3npoCTpamrna Bnpxy BCVl'IKJ1 IlOJIVITVl'IeCKVI npeCT'bTIJieHJ1R, l13BnpII1eHVI OT 24 11e-
KeMBpV1 1883 p;o 15 p;eKeMBp11 1894 r. ''. Ha 21 p;eKeMBp11 1896 re rnacyBaH 3aKoH 3a
aMHVICTVIRTa, a 3aep;HO c Hero 3aKOH 3a ,!l;Oil'bJIHeH11e 3aKOHa 3a neHCVIVITe no BOeHHOTO
Bep;oMCTBO. Cnopep; Hero BCVl'IKVI nomITV1'IecK11 eMHrpaHTVI MoraT p;a ce 3aBopttar B
CTpaHaTa, BKmO'IVITeJIHO VI ocpmi;epV1Te, Ha KOVITO ce npV13HaBa cny)l(6aTa B pyCKara
apMI1R.
Ilper0Bop11Te Me)l(p;y BOeHHVITe MVIHVICTepCTBa Ha p;BeTe p;op)l(aBJ1 ca 6asm1 11
npop;'bJI)l(aBaT QRJia rop;V1Ha. Cnep; l1HTeH3VIBHa pa6orn Ha 22 RHyapVI 1898 r. B Co-
cp11R e nop;nV1caH npoTOKOJI Me)l(p;y pycKvlR BOeHeH arnille B Uap11rpap; noJIK TiernKOB
11 6onrapcKHR BOeHeH MvIHl1CT'bp nonK. H. :V1BaHoB 3a pernaBaHe Ha ocpV1u;epcKo-e~rn
rpaHTCKVIR Bnnpoc. Cnopep; cnopa3yMeHV1eTo Ha p;eJ1:cTBHTeJIHa cny)l(6a B 6onrapCKa-
Ta apMVIR nop;Jie)l(aT 43 ocpV1u;epV1 eMVlrpaHTVI, Ha KOI1TO ce 3a'IVITa cny)l(6arn B pyCKara
apMVIR cnep; 1886 r. c npaBo Ha cny)l(e6Ho noB11rneHV1e VI neHrnoHupaHe. B cpoK or 11e-
BeT Meceu;a OT p;aTaTa Ha IlO,!l;IlMCBaHe Ha C'bfJiailleHJ1eTO ocpVlu;epttTe, KOVITO )KeJiaRT 11a
nocT'bTIRT Ha p;e-t'1cTB11TeJIHa BoeHHa cny)l(6a, TpR6Ba p;a nop;ap;aT Mon6a 3a yBorrttett11e
OT pyCKaTa Bol1cKa VI 3a 3a'Il1CJIRBaHe B 6onrapCKaTa 11n11 B 3anaca. OcpVlu;epHTe, KOl1TO
nponyrnaT T03l1 cpoK, ry6RT TOBa npaBo. Ype)l(p;aHeTo Ha ocp11u;epCKo-eMurpattrcK11R
Bnnpoc npeMaxBa BCVl'IKVI npe'IKH 3a HopMaJil13MpaHe Ha 6nnrapo-pycKV1Te ornowe-
HVIR 11 BHarn ycnoKoeHMe B 6nrrrapcKOTO o6~ecTBO. TIpe3 JIRTOTO VI eceHTa Ha 1898 r.
no-ronRMaTa 'IaCT OT ocp11u;epV1Te eMurpaHTVI ce 3aBpo~a B Eonrap11R.
Ilpe3 nnpBVITe p;Be rop;VIHH OT rnoeTo ynpaBneH11e npaBV1TencTBOTo Ha Hapo,rittan

napTMR He Vl3nycKa OT nornep;a cu npo6neMHTe Ha EBporreJ1:cKa TypD;VIR. Tiopa,111111e-
ypep;eHOTO Me)l(p;yttapop;HO IlOJIO)l(eH11e Ha KHR)l(eCTBOTO TO npaBVI ,!l;I1IlJIOManrqecKl1
nocT'bTIKl1 3a np11rraraHe Ha EK3apxVIMCKMR cpepMaH. HVITO ep;Ha BeJIVIKa rnna He rro11-
KpenR o6aqe 6onrapcKV1Te HcKaHHR, a Cnp6:trn 11 fnpu;11R aKTl1Bl1311paT nponaratt11ara
rn B MaKep;omrn KaTo oTroBop Ha C'b3p;ap;eHaTa npe3 1893 r. BnTpellIHa MaKe110110-
op;puHcKa peBOJIIOD;VIOHHa opraHH3au;i:rn. B CTpaHaTa ce npoBe)l(p;aT MHoro MVIntHrn B
nop;Kpena Ha nopo6eHV1Te HVI C'bHapop;HMD;VI VI ce HaCTORBa 3a npV1rraraHe Ha 'IJI. 2311a
Eepn11HCKVIR p;oroBop. B Ha'IaJioTo Ha 1895 r. ce C'b3p;aBa BnpxoBeH MaKep;oHcK.11 Ko-
MVITeT c npep;cep;aTerr Tpat1Ko KV1TaH'IeB, Kol1To o6ep;VIHRBa MaKep;oHCKVITe p;py)f(ema
B EorrrapVIR 11 PyMnHVIR. OpraHV13aD;HRTa c11 nocrnBR 3a u;err p;a ce 6opV1 3a l13BOJOBaHe
Ha IIOJIVITVl'IeCKa aBTOHOMl1R .3a Hacerrei-rneTo B MaKep;oHl1R 11 Op;p11HcKo, npV!noJKetta
HOBA E'"b!II'APCKA MCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
H rapattnrpaHa OT Bemrn:11Te CMl!H. CKopo Clle,[\ TOBa Te IIO,L\fOTBRT :11 H3rrpall.\aT qeTH B
MaKe,[\OHHR, KOeTo C'b3,[\aBa cepH03HM 3aTPYAHeHHR Ha rrpaBHTel!cTBOTO.
ITpe3 nponeTTa Ha 1896 r. KHR3 <Pep,L\MHaH,[\ npe):lnpueMa ocpm~HallHHTe c:11 B:t1-
31i!Tt1 B CTOllHQHTe Ha HRKOH Bel!MKM CMlIM. IlopBaTa CIIHpKa B o6vIKOl!KaTa Ha KHR3a
e OcMaHcKaTa MMnepirn. Hape,[\ c KHR3a, TI'bTYBaT MHHHCTop-rrpe):ICe,[\aTel!R CTOHl!OB
H soeHHHJI MHHHCTop P. IleTpos. Ha 14 MapT 1896 r. Te rrp:11cT:11raT B IJ;ap:11rpa,L\. Ha
ocjim~HaJJHMTe np:11eMH :t1 IlOCell.\eHHR c TypcKHTe ynpaBJJRBall.\H ce pa3HCKBaT Bonpo-
rnre 3a pecpopMH B MaKeAomrn H 0ApHHCKO, CKJllOqBaHe Ha MHTHHqecKa H TeJJerpa-
cjiorroll.\eHCKa KOHBeHQMR Me)l(AY ABeTe CTpaHH, Ha3HaqasaHe Ha HOB:t1 eK3apxmkK:t1
MHrponoJJMTH B MaKeAOHCKMTe errapXMH, OTKpHBaHe Ha 6omapcKH ToproBCKH areHT-
CTBa B HRKOM rpaAOBe Ha EBporreil:CKa TypQHR H np. HaHCTHHa cyJJTaH'bT BoBe)l(Aa
pecjiopMH 3a 0Ap:t1HCKM, KocoBCKH, ConyHcKH H E:11TOllCK:t1 BHJJaeTH, HO Te ce orpaHH-
'!aBaT c He3Haq:11TeJIH:t1 OTCT'bIIK:t1 :t1 Ha3HaqaBaHHR Ha HHCIIeKTOp:t1 3a npaBOC'bAHeTO,
a,[\Mli!HHCTpaQMRTa :t1 cp:11HaHC:t1Te.
Cne,[\ IJ;ap:11rpaA KHR3 <PepAHHaHA H npHAPY)l(aBall.\1'ITe ro llHQa rrocell.\aBaT Ile-
rep6ypr, IlapH)l( :11 EepnHH. Ha Bpoll.\aHe Te crrHpaT B EempaA :11 pa3rosapRT coc cpo6-
CKHR Kpan AneKcaHAop 06peHoB:11q H c MHHHCTop-rrpe):lce,[\aTeJJR CTORH HoBaKos:11q.
YrosopeHo e ABeTe CTpaHH Aa IlO,[\IIHIIIaT ToproBCKH ):lorosop :11 e o6co,[\eHa rro3:11-
l.\HRTa Ha ,[\BeTe ,L\op)l(aBH cnpRMO MaKe,[\OHHR. Cpo6CKHTe yrrpaBJJRBall.\H OTCTORBaT
crapara cw Te3a 3a IlOARJI6aTa Ha MaKe,[\OHHR Ha ccpepH Ha BJJHRHMe. EomapcKoTo
rrpaBHTeJJCTBO e 3a cnopa3yMeHHe C'bC C'bCe,[\HHTe ,L\op)!{aBM Iii 3a C'bBMeCTHM ,[\eWCTBHR
rrpe.r1 BHcoKaTa nopTa 3a no):lo6pRBaHe Ha noJJO)!{eHwern Ha xpHCTMRHCKOTO Hacene-
Hli!e B Esporre11cKa Typu;:11R.
OT cpe):laTa Ha 1896 r. o6cTaHOBKaTa Ha EaJJKaHHTe ce yrno)!{HRBa, Koern C'b3,[\aBa
rpy.r1Hocrn npeA 6oJirapcKaTa AMIIllOMau;:11R. Me)l():lyspeMeHHO ca H3BopIIIeHH npoMe-
HH B npaBMTel!CTBOTO. Cne,[\ B'b3CTaHOBRBaHeTO Ha 6omapo-pycKMTe OTHOIIIemrn fp.
Ha'!os1i1q HanyCKa noCTa BoHrneH M1'IHHCTop, a npe3 IOJJM 1896 r. H306ll.\O H3JJM3a OT
Kafornern. CTOMllOB noeMa :11 B'bHIIIHOTO MHHMCTepcrno. B KpaR Ha C'bll.\aTa rOAMHa ce
orrernR :11 nonK. P. I1eTpoB u 3a BOeHeH MMHHCTop e Ha3HaqeH Ha'!al!HHK'bT Ha f eHe-
panHHR ll.\a6 rrol!K. H:11Kona JIIBaHoB. J/13m13aHeTo Ha ,[\BaMaTa e B 3HaK Ha Hecornacwe
c HOBHR B'bHIIIHOTIOllMTMqecKH Kypc rne,[\ noM:11peH:11ern c PymR.
Crn:11JJ0B noeMa BeAHara Kypc Ha c6JJH)!{eH:11e C'bC coce,[\HHTe ,L\1>p)!{aB:11. Ilpe3
,[leKeMspw 1896 r. e OTKPMTO 6onrapcKo areHTCTBO B ATHHa, a B HaqaJJoTo Ha 1897
r. B UeTHI-Ie. B KpaR Ha 1896 r. cocp:11-CrcK0To rrpaBHTeJJcTBo rrpaBH rrpe,L\JIO)l(eHwe Ha
Cop6:11R w f'hpu;u.R Aa ce pa6oTH 3a npeBp'bll.\aHe Ha MaKe,[\OHHR B npHBHJJernpoBaHa
rrpoBvIHQHR. EonrapcKMJIT npoeKT e OTXB'hplleH KaTerop:11qHo. Me)!{):lyspeMeHHO no-
JIO)!(eHHeTo Ha EanKaHwTe CTaBa B3pwBoonarno nopa,L\M Ha3pRBall.\1'IR KoI-IcpllHKT Me)l(-
AY fopQHR :11 Typu;:11JI. Ha 17 cpeBpyapu 1897 r. B CocpHR np:11crnra Kpan AneKcaH,L\op,
np1i1gpy)!{eH OT MMHHCT'bp-npe,[\Ce,[\aTeJJR 11 B'bHIIIeH MMHHCT'bp .u)!{. CHMHq H cpHI-IaH-
COBli!R MHHHCT'bp M. Bywq. ,l.J;BeTe CTpaHH OCTaBaT Ha CTapHTe CH Il03HQMH OTHOCHO
cog6arn Ha MaKeAOHMJI, o6eAMHJIBaT ce e,[\wHcTBeI-Io OKOJJO 3a,[\aqaTa ):la pa6ornT 3a
3arra3saHe Ha M11pa Ha EanKaH:11Te.
Ha 19 cpeBpyapH 1897 r. B Cocpm1 e no,rvrncaHa 6nnrapo-cpn6cKa cnorop;6a OT '!e-
THpM TO'IKM. TR M3KJIIO'IBa nop;.~rn6aTa Ha MaKep;oHMR Ha ccpepH Ha BJIMRHMe M aKTWB-
HMTe p;eMCTBMR Ha p;oroBapRI.QMTe ce CTpaHJ.1, B CJIY'iai1: Ha yrnmI<HeHMR B EBponettcKa
TypQHR, 3ap;'bJI)KaBaT ce p;BeTe npamuerrcTBa p;a He CM npe'IaT, a B3aMMHO p;a ce nog-
noMaraT no HaQMOHarrHo, penMrM03HM M Y'IMJIJ.11.QHM BnnpocM B EBponei1:CKa Typl.\WR.
PyCKaTa p;MnrroMaQMR op;o6pRBa nocnrrnaToTo cnopa3yMeHMe M nop; Hei1:Ho Bmrnmre
KnM crrorop;6aTa ce npHcnep;MHRBa M l-J:epHa ropa.
ITpaBMTerrcTBOTO HeOTMeHHO HaCTOHBa npep; ITopTaTa 3a p;aBaHe Ha 5 6epara Ja
6nrrrapcKM MHTponorrMTM B EMTOJICKa, CTpyMMllIKa, MerrHMrnKa, KyKyrnKa IA ,Ue6op-
cKa enapxHM. Ha 6 anpHJI 1897 r. Me)Kp;y TypQHH M fnpQMR M36yxsa soi1:Ha IA Kp11ma
Ha EarrKaHMTe HaBm13a B Ha:f1-oCTpaTa CM cpa3a. EnnrapHR 3ana3Ba HeyTpanlATeT wro
M3nOJI3Ba 3a p;a M3p;e"C!:cTBa OT ITopTaTa M3BeCTHM OTCT'bnKM. TaKTMKaTa MMa ycnex w
BMcOKaTa nopTa o6eI.QaBa rnep; npHKJIIO'IBaHe Ha BOMHaTa c f npQHR p;a p;ap;e wCKa-
HMTe 6epaTM M ce cnrnarnBa p;a ce OTKpHRT TnproBCKM areHTCTBa B CorryH, fo11orrR w
CKonMe. OrneH TOBa enc cyrrTaHCKO Hpap;e ce pa3pernaBa noCTpoRBaHe Ha QnpKBW ll
Y'IMJIMI.Qa M OTKpirnaHe Ha 3aTBopeHM QnpKBM B pa3JIWIHM ceJia B MaKep;omrn w OA-
pHHCKO. 3a C'b)KaJieHMe CTOHJIOB He npoRBRBa TBnpp;ocT no OTHorneHHe rnep;Battara
TaKTHKa. 3a Ta3H no3MQHR p;onpHHarn M He6rraronpHRTHaTa Me)Kp;yHapop;Ha o6cra-
HOBKa.
B KpaR Ha 1897 r. BoeHHMTe p;e11:cTBHH Me)Kp;y fnpQHH M TypQHH npHKJIIO'!BaTC
nopa)Kem1e Ha rpnQKaTa apMHR. ToBa HaMaJIRBa rnaHCOBeTe 3a ycnex Ha 6nnrapCKara
p;MnJioMaQMR. Me)Kp;yBpeMeHHO Cnp6HR cM M3p;e11:cTBa cyJITaHCKo Hpap;e 3a 01Kp11Ba-
He Ha cpn6CKM Y'IMJIHI.Qa B CorryHcK11, fa1TorrcK11 M CKoncKM BMJiaeTH H HacTORBa 3a
Ha3Ha'1aBaHe Ha cpn6cKM M11Tponon11T B CKonMe.
ITpep;BHp; npoMeHeHaTa o6cTaHOBKa Ha EarrKaHMTe, 6nnrapcKoTo npaBrnerrcTBo
113p;11ra cTapaTa wp;eR 3a CKJIIO'IBaHe Ha non11T11'1ecK11 cnI03 Me)Kp;y Ennraprrn wTyp-
QMR np11 rnep;H11Te yrnoB11R: cneQ11arrHH pecpopMH B MaKep;oHMR, 6epaTH, cne,!111ttemre
Ha 6nnrapCK11Te J.1 TypcKHTe )KeJie3HHQ11, 6e3M11TeH BHOC 3a p;BeTe CTpaH11 VI cnrrrac11e
Ha cyrrTaHa p;a ce o6RBH He3aBHCHMOCTTa Ha KHH)KeCTBOTO. ITpoeKT'bT o6aqe e Heoc'b-
I.Qecrn11M 6e3 nop;KpenaTa Ha HRKOR OT BeJIJ1KHTe CJ.1JI11. I1pe3 JIRTOTO Ha 1897 r. KHR3
<Depp;11HaHp;, MMHHCTnp-npep;cep;aTenH CTOMJIOB M BoeHHHR MMH11CTnp H. J1BaHOB
noceIQaBaT JloHp;oH, PMM, EyKypeI.Q 11 Uap11rpap;. OT npoBep;eH11Te pa3roBopu craBa
RCHO, qe B'bB BMcoKaTa nopTa He rnep;aT cep1103HO Ha npoeKTHpaHoTo cnopa3yMem1e,
H11TO Ha J!ICKaHeTO 3a pecpopMH J.1 3a npOB'b3rJiaCHBaHe Ha He3aB11C11MOCTTa Ha KH!DKe-
CTBOTO.
Ep;HoBpeMeHHO c TOBa e Ha3Ha'1eH cpn6cK11R apx11MaHp;p11T <D11pM11n1AHH 3a Ja-
MeCTHMK Ha rpnQKMR M11TponoJIHT B CKonMe. Cnep; KaTo 'IaCTM'IHO 3ap;osonHBa cpo6-
CKHTe 11CKaHJ.1R c Ha3Ha'1aBaHeTO Ha <DHpMHJIJ!IRH, nopTaTa TpH6Ba p;a yp;osneTBopw 11
6nnrapcK11Te )KeJiaH11R. Ha 26 OKTOMBp11 1897 r. BeJIMKMR Be311p Bpn'IBa Ha eK3apx rilo-
rncp I 6epaT11 3a E11TorrcKa, ~e6npcKa M CTpyM11rnKa enapxrrn. ITopraTa p;aBa cnrrrac11e
p;a ce OTKprrnr qeTHp11 HOBM 6nnrapcKH TnproBcKM areHTCTBa B CRp, ~paMa-KaBarra,
Pop;ocTo 11 Uap11rpap;. TaKa Tp11rop;HrnH11re yc11JIMR Ha 6nnrapCKaTa p;11nn0Mal.\HR ce
yBeH'IaBar c ycnex.
176
HOBA E"b!IFAPCKA MCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
4. B II03HaToTo HKOHOMH'lec1m pycAo
VIII OHC pa3Bl1Ba aKTl1BHa 3aKOHop;aTeJIHa p;eV!HoCT. 06C1,p;e1-rn: ca 64 3aKoHa OT

gBa m1p;a: non11T11qecK11 11 CTonaHCKl1. C nopBaTa ce i~eJIJll p;a ce HaKa.IKaT 6e33aKOH:vrn-
ra w ce B'b3CTaHOBJll napnaMeHTapHaTa p;eMoKpaquJI, a BTopaTa rpyrra 3arnraT pa3BJll-
rwero Ha JllKOHOMl1KaTa. IIo J111IHQJ11aTJ11Ba Ha 65 p;enyTaTJll e C'b3p;ap;eHa napnaMeHTapHa
KOMHCVIJI 3a pa3cnep;BaHe .r1enaTa Ha 6:vtBll1JllJI Ka6m1eT. Pa3rne.r1BaHJ11JITa npo,I10JI.1KaBaT
110 cpep;aTa Ha 1895 r., KaTo Me.1K,I1yBpeMeHHO Ha 5 IOJIJll 1895 r. CT. CTaM6onoB e Hanap;-
nar 11 C'bceqeJI B qeHTnpa Ha CTOJIJllQaTa. B ,ll;OKJiap;a Ha KOMJllCJllJITa ce KOHCTaTJ11paT Ha-
pyweHJllJI Ha KOHCTHTYQJllOHHHTe rno60.r1w, pa3XJ111QeHJ11JI Ha p;op.IKaBHH cpe.r1crna JI! .r1p.
Tipep;nara ce p;a 6n,IlaT C'b,[leHH cTaM6onoBJ111 e MHHJllCTPH ,D,. ToHqeB, :V1B. Cana6arneB,
,!.(. fpeKOB, r. }l{MBKOB, r. CTpaHcKM JI! ,D,. IIeTKOB. Brn<rKo OCTaBa caMo Ha Kmira.
I1pe3 HoeMBpM c. r. II. IIerneB BHarn 3aKoHonpoeKT 3a OTMJIHa Ha orpaHJ11qJ11Ten-
H11Te pa3nopep;6M no neqaTa, J113p;ap;em1 OT CTaM6onoBoTo npamnencTBO, c KOVITO ce
L1err11 p;a ce B'h3CTaHOBM npoKnaM:vtpaHaTa OT KOHCTMTYQJllJITa rno6op;a Ha ne<raTa. B
KpaiiHa CMeTKa C'bll~eCTByBalQMRT 3aKOH 3a ne<raTa ce 3aIIa3Ba, KaTO ca HanpaBeHM
npoMeHJll B HRKOM qJieIIOBe B p;eMOKpaTJllqeH p;yx.
Ha 20 p;eKervrnpM 1894 r. e npMeT 3aKoH 3a aMHJllCTJllJI Ha nonJ11nrqecKJ11Te npec-
nrrrreHJllJI. Totr He onpaB):laBa Hap;e.1Kp;J11Te Ha ono3:v1qJ11JITa 3a nonHa JI! Bceo6IQa aM-
HHCTMJI. 3aKOH'bT Jll3KJIIOqBa OT aMHHCTJllJITa MHI-rn:CTPJl!Te, H3Bbpll1JllJI:vl npecT'bnHJll
11em1m:1, p;oKaTo ca 6J11JIM Ha BnacT, Bop;aqJ11Te, Henocpep;cTBeHo y<racTBaJIJll B 3ar0Bopa
Ha 9 aBrycT 1886 r. M 06:vtKHOBeHJ11Te npecT'hmrn1~J11. IIpaBJ11TencrBeHara no3HQJllJI ce
ofo1rnJIBa c cpaKTa, qe Bee oIQe TeKaT pa3rne1waHJ11JI no p;enaTa na cTaM6onom1Te MJ11-
H11crpJ11, a JI! onrorneHHJITa c Pyc:vrn He ca B'b3CTaHoBeHJll. Cnep; npJ11eMaHeTo na 3aKoHa
TI. KapaBenoB e orno60.r1eH OT 3aTBopa, a )J;p. ~aHKOB ce 3aBpoIQa OT qy.1Kfoma. )J;Ba-
Mara sop;aqJll ca Tnp.IKeCTBeHo nocpeIQHan1 OT npJ11Bbp)!(eHJ11QHTe cJll.
I1aK npe3 p;eKeMBPJll 1894 r. HC rnacyBa 3aKoH 3a cnp;eHe Ha He3aKOHHO 3a6ora-
rerr11re <rMHOBHMQl1. C Hero ce qeJIJll KaKTO nnnHo pa3crrep;BaHe Ha 6e33aKOIIMJITa Ha
rrpep;MlUHOTO npaBMTeJICTBO, TaKa JI! p;a ce nonpeqJll Ha He3aKOHHJllTe pa3XMIQeHJllR Ha
11op:>1<aBHJ11 JI! o6IQMHCKH cpe.r1crna 3aHanpep;.
3aKOHJllTe C'hC CTonaHCKM xapaKTep ca TIOBeqe Ha 6pofr JI! c Ba.IKHO 3HaqeHMe 3a
611p;ell\OTO HKOHOMJllqecKo pa3BHTHe Ha CTpaHaTa. fnamra 3arnyra 3a TOBa MMa cpH-
HaHCOBHJI MJllHJllCTbp v1B. EB. femoB, KOMTO OT 2 OKTOMBpH 1894 r. e HaTOBapeH p;a
ynpaBJIJIBa M M::vrnMcTepcrnoTo Ha TnproBMJITa l1 3eMep;emrern. ITnpBaTa 3ap;aqa Ha
fernoB e p;a J113pa6onr MKOHOMMqecKa nporpaMa npep;BMA KOHcTaTJ11pamne npM npe-
11xop;11orn npaBMTencTBO HapacHaJI 6rop;)!(eT l1 pa3xop;J11, npeBHlllaBaIQM npwxop;:vtTe.
Crrep; 1888 r. CTaBa npaKTMKa p;a ce M3TIOJI3BaT rnp'bxcMenrn: Kpep;HTH, a 6rop;)!(eTHJ11Te
CMeTKH p;a 3aBnpurnaT c .r1ecp11q11T. VlKoHoM:vrqeCKaTa nporpaMa, np:vreTa OT npaB::vrTen-
crnoro BKJII-O<rBa 14 nyHKTa. Bc:vrqK:vr Te ca KOHKpenrn: MepK:vr, pa3pa6oTeH:vr KaTo 3a-
KottonpoeKTM. C TRX ce qenu p;a He ce p;onycKaT rnpnxcMeTHM Kpep;MTH, .r1a ce npaBJIT
MKOH0Ml1l1 B MaTep11aJIHJ1Te pa3XO,D;H, BHOCKMTe OT 3aeMJ11Te p;a ce p;aBaT 3a 3ano<rHaTl1
crpoe:>1rn, ):\a ce BKJIJ-OqBaT B 610.z:1.1KeTa pa3xop;:vrre 3a norarnBaHe M na JIMXBMTe no 3a-
eMMTe, p;a ce pecpopMMpa ,[laH'hqHaTa CMCTeMa J1 BHOCHMTe MHTa.
177
ITopBaTa CT'bnKa B Ta3M HacoKa e M3BopnrnaHe Ha CoKpa~eHMR Ha OT,n;emt H Ha
CllpKMTeJIM B'bB BCMqKM MMHMCTepCTBa c orne,n; noCTMraHe Ha MKOHOMMM. JfaKITIO'le-
HMe e HanpaseHO 3a BOeHHOTO MMHMCTepcTBO. PecpopMMpaHa e ,n;aH'bqHaTa CMCTeMa.
Ha 20 ,n;eKeMBpM 1894 r. e npMeT 3aKoH 3a no3eMJieHMR ,n;aH'bK, KOMTO npe,n;BvDK/lac
,n;aH'bK ,n;a ce o6nara 3eMaTa - 3eMMTe M3o6~o, JI03RTa M ropMTe, a He npovt3se,n;emrnra,
KOMTO ce nonyqasaT OT Hea. Hatt-HMC'bK e npoQeHT'bT Ha o6naraHe Ha nycreeuvm
3eMM. ,[(aH'bK'bT eMJIRK (Bopxy HenoKpHTVITe VIMOTM) ce npeMaxBa M cpaKTWieCKll ce
CJIMBa c no3eMJieHvIR KaTO vt,n;eHTvtqeH c Hero.
3a CMeTKa Ha TOBa ca B'bBe,n;eHM KOCBeHM ,n;aH'bQVI, KOeTO e esponettCKa npaKntKa
(s o6~vta ,n;aH'bqeH npMxo,n; ,n;eJI'bT Ha KOCBeHMTe ,n;a npeo6na,n;asa). Te ce npe11etta-
BaT He caMO KaTO noJie3Ha MRpKa, HO M KaTO e,n;Ha Heo6xo,n;vtMOCT. KocBeHHTe ,[\aHli~H
ce C'b6MpaT no-JieCHO OT ,n;aH'bKOTIJiaTQHTe, ocMrypRBaT no-pe,n;oBHM nocnnneHHR B
,n;op)f(aBHOTO CoKpOBM~e npM no-MaJIKO pa3XO,D;H 3a TRXHOTO C'b6MpaHe, npvt TOBa oc-
HOBHaTa MM Te)f(eCT na,n;a Bopxy MaCOBHR noTpe6vtTeJI. fnacysaHM ca 3aKOH 3a 11attoK
Bopxy 3aHaRTMTe, KOHTO OTMeHR OCTapeJIMR 3aKOH 3a naTeHTMTe H JIMKBVI,D;lilpa CTa-
PMTe ,n;aH'bQVI M,D;)f(ap (Bopxy HaeMMTe OT He,n;BM)f(HMMTe MMOTM, KOMTO He IIO,[\/JeJKaT
Ha o6naraHe c n03eMJieH ,n;aH'bK) M cepqMM (Bopxy CBMHeTe) M 3aKOH 3a ,n;aH'bK B'hpxy
crpa,n;MTe, B KOi°ITO e npoKapaH npMHQMn'bT Ha nporpecHBHOTO o6naraHe (B 3aBl!CH-
MOCT OT nonyqasaHMTe ,n;oxo,n;M). Coe 3aKOH 3a aKQM3a c aKQM3 B TIOJI3a Ha ,n;op)KaBHO-
TO CoKposmQe ce o6naraT 3axapTa M 3axapmne H3,n;emrn, KacpeTo, 1110KoJia,[l'bT, crrnp-
T'bT M cmrpTHMTe nMTHeTa, Kvt6pvIT'bT M ,n;p. PecpopMMpaHeTo Ha ,n;aH'bqHaTa rncreMa
e CB'bp3aHO c M3BeCTHM npoMeHM B HaqMHa Ha C'b6HpaHe Ha ,n;aH'bQMTe. ,Il;aH'bl\HTe ce
C'b6Mpar OT 6MpHHQVI M ce npe,n;BM)f(,n;a M3nJia~aHeTO HM ,n;a CTaBa Ha TPM n'bTl1 rrpe3
ro,n;MHaTa, c KOeTO C'b3,D;aBa ynecHeHMR 3a ceJICKVITe CTOTiaHM.
I1pMeMaT ce M 3aKOHH, 3acara~M pa3BMTMeTo Ha MH,n;ycTpMaTa. Ynpasmrnall1l!Te
CH ,n;asaT peanHa cMeTKa, qe 6e3 pa3BMTHeTo Ha npoMMlllJieHocTTa EonrapHR He MolKe
,n;a BopBM HopMaJIHO no noTR Ha KanMTaJIM3Ma. Bco~HOCT o~e npe3 80-Te ro,[IHHH Ha
XIX seK ca npHeTM nopBMTe 3aKOHM 3a HacopqeHHe Ha HRKOM KJIOHOBe Ha npoM11lll-
JieHocTTa VI 3aHa.HTqMHCKOTO npoM3BO,D;CTBO. I1pe3 1887 r. Hapo,n;HMR npe,n;cTaBHTen
XpHcro ,[(roKMe,n;)f(MeB BHarn B V OHC "ITpe,n;Jio)f(eHMe 3a nos,n;MraHe Ha 6nmapcKaTa
MH,n;ycTpMR M npoMMlllJieHOCT", KOHTO no pe,n;MQa npMqMHM He CTaBa 3aKOH. TiporraAa
M npoeKTa Ha fp. HaqosMq OT 1892 r. 3a HacopqeHMe Ha MeCTHaTa npoMHmnettocr.
ITpaBHTeJicTBOTO Ha CTaM6onos ce onMTBa ,n;a noMorHe Co3,n;asaHeTo Ha li!H,[lycrpn-
aJIHM npe,n;npMRTHR rnaBHO no TI'bTR Ha ,n;asaHe Ha KOHQeCMM, KOeTO e He,n;oCTaT'b'IHO.
Te3M qacTMqHM CT'bTIKM He ce npespo~aT B QRJIOCTHa ,n;op)f(aBHa noJIMTMKa. Ero 3a1110
npaBHTeJICTBOTO Ha CTOMJIOB ce Hacoqsa HaM-Hanpe,n; K'bM 3a~MTa Ha MH,[lycrp~rnra
C'bC CMCTeMa OT noKpOBHTeJICTBeHM 3aKOHH.
TIops am M Har1-Ba)f(Ha CT'bnKa e 3aKOH'bT 3a HacopqasaHe Ha MeCTHaTa npoMHlll-
JieHocT OT 20 ,n;eKeMBpH 1894 r., KOMTo YTBop)f(,n;asa noJIMTMKaTa Ha nporeK11HOHH3Ma
B o6JiaCTTa Ha CTonaHCKMR )f(MBOT. 3aKOH'bT npe,n;BM)f(,n;a npMBMJienrn 3a BCeKl!I, KOMTO
,n;o ,n;eceT ro,n;MHH nocTpOM cpa6pMKa 3a TeKCTMJI, npOM3BO,Il;CTBO Ha cpaRHCOBl!I C'h/IOBe,
orHeynopHH TYXJIM, CT'bKJia, 3axap, xapnra, npoM3Be,n;eHMR Ha XMMMtiecKara, Ml1Htta·
Ta, MernnyprntIHaTa npoMMlllJieHocT M ,n;p. Te3M npe,n;npMRTMR ~e ce non3Bar 3a cpoK
178
OT 15 rop;irnw OT npaBO Ha 6e3M11TeH BHOC Ha MaIIH1Hl1 l1 cypoBI1Hl1, Ha HaMaJieHI1

rap1i1qrn rrpw rrpeBo3 no E,Il)K, Ha 6e3rrJiarnw MeCTa 3a cTpoe:>K Ha ¢a6ptttIHI1 3p;aHHR.
Te ce orno6o:>Kp;aBaT OT p;aH'bK eMJIRK 11 rraTeHTOB HaJior, co11.w OT rep6oB HaJior, a
rrpOM3Bep;eHI1RTa HM ce npep;TIO'Il1TaT npe.r1 tIY:>K.r\HTe 3a ,I:l'bp)!(aBHH H o6IIJ;v!HCKH Hy)!(-
p;M. ,Unp:>KaBaTa ce 3a):l'bJI)!(aBa .r1a HM oTrrycHe 6e3nJiaTHO 3eMR 3a rexHHTe npep;npw-
11rn11 B'bH or HacenemITe MeCTa. I1pe¢epemi;wwTe ce OTHarnT .r10 npe.r1npwRTHR c Ha):I
25 000 JIB. KanwTaJI H noHe 20 pa60THHIJ;11 H no T0311 Ha'-n1H 3aKOH'bT HacoptiaBa caMO
rro-ep;porn npoH3BO):ICTBO. I1pe3 MapT 1897 r. 3aKOH'bT e p;on'bJIHeH, KaTO e pa3IIrnpeH
KpnrDT Ha noKpOBJ11TeJICTBaH11Te npe.r1npl1RT11R c ¢a6p11K11Te 3a 6J.1pa, cnMpT, Me6en11
M )!(eJie3apcK11 113):1eJI11R. C TaKaBa ri;eJI e rrracyBaH 11 3aKoH 3a 3a):l'bJI:>Kl1TeJIHO HoceHe
Ha MeCTHM .r1pexw H o6yIIJ;a, KOMTO ce OTHarn p;o BOMCKaTa 11 tIHHOBHttIJ;MTe.
IIpas11reJICTBOTO nonara yrnJI11R p;a cnarn 3aHaRTtI11t'rcKOTO npoH3BO):ICTBO. B
Kpa.11 Ha 1897 r. IX OHC rJiacyBa 3aKOH 3a ypep;6a Ha erna¢cKHTe cp;py)!(eHHR, Kotl:-
ro 3ap;oJI:>Kasa BCWIKH 3aHaRT'IMH p;a 06pa3ysaT p;py:>KecTBa, KOHTpom1pam1 OT Mw-
H11crepcTBOTO Ha 3eMe):leJI11eTo 11 OT ¢11HaHcoB11Te BJiaCT11. Orrpe):leJIRT ce npaBaTa Ha
Mati:crnp11Te, KaJI¢wTe M 'IHpari;11Te. TiaK B noMOlll; Ha 3aHa.11T11Te e npweT 3aKoH 3a 3a-
Ha.11rq1i1f1cKHTe KOHKypcH, B C'brnac11e c KOHTO ce opraHH3MpaT J13JIO)!(eH11.11 B pa3JI11'I-
Hl1 rpa.r10Be l1 3aKOH 3a peopraHH3aIJ;HR Ha p;op)!(aBHOTO 3aHa.llT'I11HCKO J'Il1JIHIIJ;e B c.
KHR)!(eBo, Co¢11i'1cKo.
HacT'bnHJIOTO npe3 1895 r. CTonaHcKo O)!(HBJieH11e rroKa3Ba, qe noJIHTHKaTa Ha
rrpaBvITeJICTBOTO oTroBapR Ha 06eKTI1BH11re HY:>K.r\M Ha CTpaHaTa. Co3):1aBaT ce HH):lyc-
rpuarrHw npep;npttRTHR c 6orrrapcKH H qy)!():IJI KanwTaJIW, oTKpHTa e )!(II JIHHHRTa IIIy-
MeH-Kacntt'IaH, CTpOHTeJICTBOTO Ha BapHeHCKOTO npttcTaHHIIJ;e e .r1a.r1eHo c Topr Ha
6nnrapCKaTa ¢11pMa "Mvixai1:noBcKw-Xat'rpa6e.r1u.11H''. Or KpaR Ha 1894 r. EorrrapcKOTO
rnproscKo napaxo):IHO .r1py)!(eCTBO OTKpwBa nopBaTa CH JIMHMR BapHa-Eyprac-IJ;apM-
rpag, o6crry)!(BaHa c nopo'IaHHTe OT AHrnwR p;Ba napaxop;a.
Ba)!(Ha poJIR B Kpe):IHTHaTa Cl1CTeMa Ha CTpaHaTa J13HrpaBaT C'b3p;ap;em1Te npe3
1896 r. nolll;eHCKH cnecTOBH11 KaCH, KaKTO l1 J'Ipep;eHWTe npe3 T03H nepv!O):I qacTHH
Kpegvrrno-cnecToBHH .r1py)!(ecTBa. Me)!(p;y rnx ce OTKpORBaT EorrrapCKa ToproBCKa
6aHKa B Pyce c rnaBHM aKri;110Heptt T. Teoi:i;opOB 11 TI. fy6vrp;eJIHI1KOB, EorrrapcKa Top-
roBcKo-11Hp;yCTp11anHa 6aHKa B I1noBp;I1B, 6aHKa "Eop;allJ;HOCT" B ,lJ,06p1i1q 11 IllyMeH.
IIpe3 IOJI11 1895 r. ce J'Ipe,I:IRBa 3aCTpaxoBaTeJIHO .r1py:>KecTBo "EaJIKatt" Ha aKri;110HepHH
HaqaJia c OCHOBeH Kan11TaJI 1 500 000 JIB.
C Ba:>KHO 3Ha'IeH11e e 3aKOHa npoTwB JIHXBOHMCTBOTO. I1p11eMaHeTo MY e MOTWBH-
paHo OT fOJIRMaTa 3a):IJI'b)!(HJIJIOCT Ha 6orrrapCK11Te ceJIRHM K'bM 3eMep;eJICKHTe Karn J1
K'bM qacTHHTe JI11XBapH, KOHTO p;aBaT nap11 B Kpep;HT c JIHXBa CTHrallJ;a p;o 150-200%. B
3aKOHa ce npep;Bl1)!(p;aT Te)!(Kl1 HaKa3aHJll.11 3a Te3l1, KOHTO p;aBaT naptt B Kpep;11T c JIHX-
Ba, IIO-roJIRMa OT 12% HJI11 n'bK KynyBaT 3eMep;eJICKJ1 rrpmI3Bep;eHMR Ha 3eJieHO c ri;eHa,
rro-HMCKa OT 10% OT Ta311 no BpeMe Ha pep;oBHaTa pa3npop;a)!(6a. HaKa3BaT ce M oHe3H
mni;a, KOHTO npttKpHBaT JIMXBapCTBOTO, cneKyJiwpar c Hy:>Kp;MTe J1 HeOn11THOCTTa Ha
cerr.11HMTe. 3aKOH'bT ri;enw p;a npep;na311 cerrcKoTo HaceJieH11e OT Macoso pa3opeH11e, OT
Koero 611 nocTpa.r1an OCHOBH11R noMMH'bK B p;op:>KaBaTa.
Pocut{a AHzenoBa
E,n;HoBpeMeHHO c TOBa rrapnaMeHTa rrpweMa HOBO HaMaJieHwe Ha rro3eMJiem11111a-

H'bK l1 Ba)f(Hl1R 3aKOH 3a rpa,n;o6MTHI1HaTa, B'bBe)f(,D;all.\ 3a,D;'bJI)f(l1TeJIHO 3aCTpa.'{OBatte
Ha Bcwrnw 3eMe,n;eJICKH rrpoI13Be,n;emrn. Co3p;aBa ce cpoH,n; 'Tpa,n;o6MTHI1Ha" OT BHoc-
KMTe Ha BCeKM 3eMe,n;eneu; B pa3Mep Ha 5% Bp'bXHI1Ha Bopxy II03eMJieHI1R ,n;aH'bK HOT
ro,n;wrrrnaTa IIOMO~, OTIIyCKaHa OT ,n;op)f(aBaTa.
CeJICKOTO CTOIIaHCTBO C'b~O e npe,n;MeT Ha BHI1MaHI1e. 3a no,n;o6pRBaHe Ha MeCT·
HaTa paca Ha e,n;pMR poraT ,n;o6wTnK ce pa3pewaBa BHoc Ha TaK'bB OT qy)f(forna 6eJ
Ml1TO. DpweT e 3aKOH 3a caHI1TapHO-BeTep1rnapHaTa IIOJII1ll;HR. M1rnHCT'bp rewos BHa·
CR 3aKOHorrpoeKT 3a opraHI13HpaHe Ha 3eMep;eJICKI1 KOHKypcw, rro,n;roTBeH B'b3 OCHOBa
Ha cppeHCKMR onwT. E)f(ero,n;HwTe KOHKypcw TpR6Ba ,n;a rronynRpI13MpaT BnBe)!(Aattero

Ha HOBa TeXHHKa B 3eMe,n;enweTO, ,n;a CTMMYlIHpaT OTrJie)f(,n;aHeTO Ha HOBI1 3eMe,n;eJJCKW
KYJITypw w Ha HOBH rropo,n;w ,n;o6ttT'bK. qpe3 3aKoHa 3a 3eMep;eJicKHTe Kacw ce l13Bnpw-
Ba OCHOBHO rrpeycTpOMCTBO Ha Kpe,n;ttTHOTO yqpe)f(p;eHtte l1 TO MO)f(e ,n;a rrpMeMa BIIO·
roBe, ,n;a ,n;aBa KpaTKocpot:IHM l1 ,n;nnrocpot:IHH 3aeMtt, KaTo ce KOHTponMpa OT EHD.
DpaBlnencTBOTO Ha Hapo,n;HaTa rrapTMR aKTHBHO rro,n;noMara ceJicKoTo cTonaHcTBo w
TOBa He e rnyqattHO. CeJICKOTO CTOIIaHCTBO ocwrypRBa He caMO IIOMl1H'bKa Ha 4/5 OT
HaceJieHMeTO, HO ceJICKOCTOIIaHCKMTe rrpOI13Be,n;eHHR ca rnaBHHTe rrepa Ha 6nnrapcKHR
l13HOC. ,Il.op)f(aBHaTa HaMeca e MHOro Heo6xo,n;1;1Ma, 3a~0To B KpaR Ha BeKa Enmap1rn
e 3acerHaTa OT arpapHaTa KpH3a B eBponeticKOTO cencKo CTorraHCTBO. Koraro Kp113ara
OTWYMRBa EomapwR e crroneTRHa OT npHpo,n;Hw 6e,n;cTBHR - rrpoJieTTa Ha 1897 r. 1111sa
c rropoCrnw ,Il;'b)f(,Il;OBe H HaBO,D;HeHMR, rne,n; TOBa HMa cyrna J;I rpa,n;yrnKH, K0l1TO ymn110-
)f(aBaT roJIRMaTa qacT OT peKOJITaTa. Herrno,n;opo,n;MeTo 3arnra w )f(HBOTHOBnp;cTBOTO,
a 11 ll;RJIOCTHOTO cpwHaHCOBO C'bCTORHMe Ha CTpaHaTa. BorrpeKw TOBa rrpe3 1897 r. e
rrpweT 3aKOH 3a 3eMe,n;encKOTO yqeHwe,c KOMTO ce u;enw Mo,n;epHtt31!IpaHe Ha 3eMei:iemr-
eTo, a rrpe3 1898 r. 3aKOH 3a IIOB,D;HraHe Ha OBOll.\apCTBOTO.
DpaBineJICTBOTO e HaRcHo, qe pa3Bl1TtteTo BoTpernHaTa l1 B'bHllIHaTa TnproBHR e
B npRKa 3aBl!!CHMOCT OT C'b06ll.\eHHRTa l1 paBHOIIOCTaBeHOCTTa Ha CTpaHara crrp,q~ro
C'bcep;Hl1Te ,n;op)f(aBH H BeJIMKHTe CHJIH. 3a TOBa Ha rrpe,n;eH IIJiaH CTOH Bonpoca 3a np-
fOBCKMTe crropa3yMeHMR, c KOHTO EnnrapwR ce CTpeMM ,n;a ce orno6o,n;M OT HaJioJKeHo-
TO OT EepJII1HCKJ;IR KOHrpec IIO,Il;'Il1HeHI1e Ha BCH'IKH ,n;orosopw, cnorop;6l1 11 KOHBeH-
ll;l11!1, CKJIIDt:IeHw Me)f(,n;y OcMaHcKaTa ttMrrepl!IR w 3ana,n;HwTe ,n;op)!(aB11. IlnpBHJIT 110·
roBop e rrop;rrl!IcaH c ABcTpo-YHrapl!IR B KpaR Ha 1896 r. rne,n; M'b'IMTenmr nper0Bop1r.
ToC1 BoBe)f(,n;a MMTO Hap; 14% 3a CTOKH, rrpoI13Be)!(,n;aHM w B EomapwR, cne1111¢11'!H1!
MttTa 3a roTOBMTe ,n;pexw, o6yBKMTe l!I rrp. ,IJ.o cpe,n;aTa Ha 1897 r. ce rro,n;n11rnaT AOroso·
pw c PycwR, AHrn11R, <f>paHu;wR, J1TaJII1R, Cnp6wR w BpeMeHHM ToproBCK!tl crroro116u
coc CAru;, fepMaHMR w EenrMR. J13xo)!(,n;at1KI1 OT rroJIMTMt:IecKH coo6pa)f(eHHJI, KaK-
TO H OT cpaKTa, qe TnproBCKttTe ii Bpo3Kl1 c EonrapwR ca cpaBHMTeJIHO rna6M, Pyc1rn
ocpwu;waJIHo ,n;eKnapwpa, qe ce OTKa3Ba OT pe)f(MMa Ha KarrwTynau;wwTe. 3a ornoBa tta
CKJIIDt:IeHHTe ,n;oroBopw ce B3eMa a,n;BaJIOpHOTO Ml!ITO. 3a HRKOI1 CTOKI1 3a nnpBH ffbT
Enmap!tIR ycrrRBa ,n;a rrpoKapa cwcTeMaTa Ha crreu;wcpwt:IHMTe MMTa - Bnpxy TIOTIOHa,
o6y~aTa, roTOBMTe ,L\pexw w COJITa. Dpw TRX MMTOTO, rrpwpaBHeHo KnM a,L(Banopttoro,
ce paBHRBa cpe,n;Ho Ha 27% 3a roTOBMTe ,L\pexw, 30-60% 3a o6yBKMTe w T. H. Ilo T03H Ha-
'IMH CKJIIDt:IeHMTe ToproBCKI1 p;oroBopw rrpe,L(CTaBJIRBaT Ba)!(Ha CT'bIIKa K'bM yKpenBaHe
180
HOBA E'b!II'APCKA J1CTOPUJI (1878-1944)
HKOHOMM'!eCKaTa He3aB11Cl1MOCT Ha CTpaHaTa. BoBe)K)~a ce OKOH'!aTeJIHO npoTeK:Ql10-

HH3MoT l1 B M11THl1'1eCKaTa IlOJI11T11Ka.
Tip11 ynpaBJieHMeTo Ha Hapo)J.HaTa napT11R ce rnara Ha'!aJioTo Ha HRK011 npocpe-
rnoHaJIHM opraH113au;1111 Ha 6oJirapCKaTa 6yp)!(oa3l1R. O~e Ha nopBaTa cernR Ha VIII
OHC e rnacyBaH 3aKoH 3a Co3)J,aBaHe Ha ToproBcKo-MHAYCTpHaJIHl1 KaMap11, KOHTO
11asa Bo3MO:>KHOCT 3a npocpec110HaJIHa 3a~MTa Ha HHTepec11Te Ha ToprOB:Q11, l1HAYC-
rpvram~M w 3aHaRT'rnM 11 ynecHRBa )J,eHHOCTTa Ha MwHMCTepcTBOTO Ha ToproBHRTa
H 3eMe)J,em1eTo cbc CBe):\eH11R, npe;r\JIO)!(eHHR 11 CTaTl1CTMKl1. B CTpaHaTa ce Co3;r\aBaT
4 KaMapM - CocpMi1:cKa, I1JIOB;r\11BCKa, PyceHcKa 11 BapHeHCKa. Te pa3B11BaT rrrnpoKa
11e1'rnocT. M3AaBaT rno11 ne'laTH11 opraH11, ny6mrKyBaT ro;r\11IllHMTe CM OT'!eT11, B3eMaT
OTHOllieH11e l1 KoM npocpec110HaJIHOTO o6pa30BaHMe, KaTO HaCTORBaT 3a OTKp11BaHe Ha
ToproBCKl1 yqwJIH~a.
Ha 14 Maw 1895 r. e ocHoBaHo EomapcKOTO WKOHOMM'lecKo APY)!(ecrno. To W3pa-

6orna l1 np11eMa CBOH yCTaB, C'b3)J,aBa KJIOHOBe B :QRJiaTa CTpatta. I1pe3 1896 r. 3aTIO'!Ba
11a M3;r\aBa rnoe cnwcatt11e, opraH113Hpa AMCKyrnw w np. Tio no):\0611e Ha HRK011 espo-
rret'1cK1t1 CTpaH11 c yKa3 OT 24 Mat'l 1898 r. B CocpwR e yqpe;r\eH ToproBcKo-npoMHillJieH
My3ei1. C'!HTa ce, qe TOH ~e 11rpae onpe;r\eJieHa noJIO)!(HTeJIHa poJIR 3a no):\noMaratte
pa3BMTMeTo Ha npoMHWJieHOCTTa, ToproBWRTa w 3aHaRTVITe. B pe3yJITaT Ha :QRJIOCT-
Hara ,llet'!HOCT Ha npaBv!TeJICTBOTO B KpaR Ha BeKa ce OT6eJIR3Ba rnoeo6pa3eH IlO)J,eM B
HH/1YCTPMaJIHOTO pa3BHTWe Ha CTpaHaTa.
,I(eti:HOCTTa Ha KaforneTa Ha Hapo;r\HaTa napTwR 3a CTMMynwpaHe Ha l1H]J.yCTp11an-
HOTO pa3BWTJ1e Ha CTpaHaTa He ce orpaHM'laBa caMO c Hacop'IMTeJIHJ1 3aKOHJ1 Ii! Ml1T-
HWieCKa npoTeK:QWR. ITpo]J,oJI)!(eHo e ycwneHoTo o6~ecrneHo CTpo11TeJICTBO, '!WeTo
Haqano e nocTaBeHo npw ynpaBJieH11eTo Ha CT. CrnM6onos. Hat'l-co~ecrneHa CTonKa
B ra3a HacoKa e 3aKOHoT 3a npoeKTMpaHe l1 noCTpORBaHe Ha )!(eJie3onoTHaTa Mpe)!(a
B Eonrapvrn OT )J.eKeMBp11 1894 r., Kor1To pa3urnpRBa JanoqHaJioTO yrnneHo CTpoHTerr-
crBo Ha )!(Il Jil1Hl111. 3aKOHoT e rnoeo6pa3HO npo]J,oJI)!(eHwe Ha T03W OT 18 ):\eKeMsp11
1888 r., c KOHTO ce Ha6errR3Ba CTpowTeJICTBOTO Ha T. Hap. :qeHTparrHa JIMHMR: KrocTeH-
11urr-CocpwR-I1JieBeH-JloBe'l-CeBmreBo-TopH0Bo-lllyMeH. Cera ca npoeKTwpatt11 He
CaMO rnaBH11Te :>Kn HanpaBJieH11R, HO 11 OTKJIOHeHHRTa OT TRX. Jhrn1111Te ca KJiacwcpw-
1\HpaHM Ha rnaBHV! w BTopoCTeneHHW, KaTO BTOpoCTeneHmJTe TpR6Ba ):\a 6o]J,aT TeCHO-
JIHHei1Hl1. HanpaBeHa e KopeK:QWR Ha TpaceTo Ha :qeHTparrHaTa JIMHWR. foasHaTa '!aCT
Ha :qeHTpanHaTa JIWHWR, KORTO npeMMHaBa npe3 Ceseptta EorrrapwR, e W3MeCTeHa OT
rrpe,!16arrKaHcKMTe cerr:w~a CeBJIMeBo w JloBe'I KoM paBHMHHaTa 'laCT Ha ,I(yttaBcKaTa
paBmrna npe3 ITneseH :w ITorrwKpa:w~e.
Tipe3 1897 w 1898 r. ca HanpaseHw ;r\OnoJIHeHwR KoM 3aKoHa 3a :>KeJie3onoTHaTa
Mpe:>!<a, c KOWTO ce ):\aBaT Bo3MO)!(HOCTW 3a pa3rpo~aHe Ha '!aCTHaTa WHW:QWaTWBa.
Co6cTBeHwu;11Te Ha npeAnpwRTWR, JIWHWH, KapwepH l1 AP· l1MaT npaso ):\a 113rpa)!():\aT
Ha CBOM pa3HOCK11 )!(IT KJIOHOBe w )J,a rw CBop3BaT c Har1-6JI113KMR )!(Il Bo3eJI, KaTO rrorry-
'laBaT pe;r\wu;a OTCT'bITK11. TaKa MaJIK11Te mrmrn ce BKJIIO'IBaT B :QRJIOCTHaTa Mpe)!(a Ha
crpaHaTa. ITpe]J,BM)l(]J,aT ce cpe]J,CTBa 3a ornoseH peMOHT Ha )!(Il mrn11RTa Pyce-BapHa,
KOHTO ce npasw B rrpop;oJI)l(eH11e Ha Tpw ro;r\MH11 - OT 1896 p;o 1898 r. I1pe3 1897 r. ca
OTKpl1BaT ):\Be HOBW JIMHJ.111 - IJepHWK-Pa;r\OMl1p H CocpMR-PoMaH, npe3 1898 r. - fe-
6e,r:pKe (EeJiornaB)-)J;eBHR, npe3 1899 r. Tpw JIHHHW - PoMaH-IlJieBeH, 5IceH-CaMOBl1T
11 IlJieBeH-lIIyMeH. Ycnope,I:IHO c )f(eJie30ffbTHaTa Mpe)f(a ce tt3rpa)f():la w rnocei'.1ttara.
E)f(ero,[IHO B 6ro.r1)f(eT11Te ce npe,I:IBM)f(,[laT cpe.z:ICTBa 3a nonpaBKa 11 HanpaBa Ha ffbntll1a
Itl MOCTOBe.
Haw-roJieMM TPY.z:IHOCTH Cb3,[laBa BnnpocbT 3a CTpoe)f( Ha )f(Il JIHHHR Capatt6el'i
-IlJIOB.z:IMB-qwpnaH-HoBa 3aropa, BKJIIO"!eHa B )f(eJie3onbTHaTa nporpaMa Ha npaBi1-
TeJicTBOTO OT Kpa,q Ha 1894 r. Ta3M JIMHHR ce RBRBa napaJieJIHa Ha JIMHMRTa IlnoB,1111s-
5IM60JI, eKcnJioaT11paHa OT KoMnamrnrn Ha Ji13TO"IHMTe )f(eJie3HHQM. TR TpR6Ba ,11a
ce CB'bp)f(e c OTCe"!KaTa 5IM60JI-Eyprac VI .r1a OTKJIOHM lO)f(H06orrrapcKMR TpaqntK OT
)J;e.z:1eara"! KbM np:wCTaHw~e Eyprac. CTpoe)f('bT Ha JIMHHRTa cpe~a CMJIHa ono3HQl1R
He caMO B CTpaHaTa, HO Jt{ HaB'bH. B Ha"!aJIOTO Ha 1897 r. ,[IOfOBOpnT 3a OT,[laBaHe Ha
npe.r1np11eMa"! CTpoe)f(a Ha )f(n JIHHMRTa CapaH6ef1-IIJioB):IHB-q11pnaH-Hosa 3aropae
BHeceH B HC. CJie):I pa3rope~eHH .z:IHCKYCHW .r1orosopnT e yrnnp,I:leH, Ho Ha C'bll10TO
3ace.r1am1e e BHeceH 3aKoHonpoeKT 3a Topra Ha npe36aJIKaHCKaTa JIHHHR Pyce-Tnp-
H0Bo-Xa11H6oa3-HoBa 3aropa. TaKa .z:lop)f(aBaTa ce HaTOBapsa .r1a CTpow e):IHOBpeMeH-
HO ):IBe roneMw JIMHMJ.1, npM noJIO)f(eH:we "le He pa3nonara enc cpe,I:ICTBa ):la)f(e 3a e,11Hara
OT TRX.
IlpH HeB'b3MO)f(HOCTTa ):la ocHrypH qmHaHCOBM cpe,I:ICTBa npaBMTeJICTBOTO pewa-
Ba .r1a H3rna):IH OTHorneHMRTa c KoMnaHMRTa Ha Ji13TO"IHHTe )f(eJie3HMQM cpeuw OTKa3
OT 3ano"!Hanrn CTpoe)f(. Ha 16 HOeMBpH 1898 r. Me)f(.z:IY KoMnaHMRTa M 6omapcKoro
npaBWTeJICTBO ce CKJIIO"!Ba KOHBeHQMR 3a OTKynyBaHe npaBOTO Ha eKcnJioaTal\H!I Ha
"!aCTTa OT l13TO"IHMTe )f(eJie3HHQM, HaMMpa~a ce Ha 6nJirapcKa TepHTopMR. B Kpa!! Ha
Mece~a e no.r1n11caH ,[IOfOBOp c rneCT roJieMH 6aHKJ.1 3a ,I:l'bp)f(aBeH 3aeM OT
29 MJJH. JIB.
npM JIHXBa 5% M 88 Yi eMMCMR, nJiaTMM 3a 59 fO,[IWHl-'I. c T03M 3aeM ce KOHBepnipar
cTapMTe 3aeMM OT 1889 M 1892 r., OTKynyBa ce npaBOTO 3a eKcnJioaTa~HR OT J13TOlf-
HMTe )f(eJie3HHQM, npaBOTO Ha 1/3 OT HaeMa Ha qacTTa EeJioso- BaKapen, npaBOTO Ha
co6CTBeHOCT Bnpxy ,[IBM)f(WMOTO MMy~eCTBO, MHBeHTapa, MaillMHHTe B CTaHQHHTe
no Te3M JIMHMM, BCM':IKO Ha o6~aTa CTOWHOCT 24 850 630 JIB. KoMnaHMRTa TpR6Ba ga
y.r1op)f(M Ta3M cyMa OT 3aeMa, KaTo OT CBOR cTpaHa ce 3a):lbJI)f(aBa .r1a 3anJian1 Ha rrpeg-
npMeMa"IWTe Ha TpaceTo CapaH6ew-IIJioB):IMB 400 000 JIB. 06e3~eTeHMe 3a M3Bnpwe-
HMTe pa60TJ.1. 3aeM'bT ce rapaHTMpa c o6~MTe npMXO,[IM Ha ,I:l'bp)f(aBaTa M c npMXO,l11!Te
OT )f(eJie3onnTHJ.1Te JIMHMM H np:wcTaHM~a. Cnoro.r16aTa TpR6Ba .r1a ce rnacysa or Ha-
po,I:IHOTO cn6paH:we M .r1a BJie3e B rnna Ha 1 cpeBpyapw 1899 r.
li1HTeH3HBHMRT cTonaHCKJ.1 )f(WBOT e B yttMCOH c KYJITYPHMR. Cnope.r1 MMHttcnpa
Ha nporne~eHMeTo K. BeJIM"IKOB M HaCJie):IMJIMR ro OT 1897 r. li1B. Ba30B yqHJJH111aTa
TpR6Ba ):la ):laBaT 06~0 o6pa30Bam1e, M3BeCTHJ.1 npaKTM"!eCKM n03HaHMR, Kymypmr
HaBMQH :w CTpeMe)f( K'bM caMoycnBnprneHcTBaHe. 3aToBa ce pa6oTw 3a no.r106pRBaHe
Ha o6pa30BaTeJIHaTa CJ.1CTeMa qpe3 npMpaBHRBaHe Ha ):leBH':IeCKHTe c M'b)l<KHTe fl1M·
Ha3HH, noBMillaBaHe Ha paBHM~eTO Ha o6yqeHMeTO B ne.r1aron1qecKJ.1Te J"IHlll1111a,
pa3IllHpRBaHe Ha npocpecHOHaJIHOTO o6pa30BaHJ.1e, noCTpORBaHe Ha HOBM yqHJl11111Hll
crpa.r111, C'b3,[laBaHe Ha yqeH11qecK11 6116m10TeKM. 3a no-onepaTMBHO 11 KoMnereHTHO
poKOBO.z:ICTBO Ha Y"'e6Ho-Bn3nMTaTeJIHOTO ):leJio no MHMQMaTMBa Ha K. BenuqKoB e
B'b3CTaHoBeH B11crn11,q Y"'e6eH cnBeT. Tow ce oKa3Ba noJie3eH MHCTHTyT, Kowro 11311-
182
HOBA E"bflI'APCKA HCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
rpasa Ba)!(Ha pom1 sa rro-HaTaTnIIIHOTO ycnBnprneHcTBaHe Ha o6pasosaTeJIHaTa rnc-

reMa. OT RHyap11 1896 r. sarroqBa ):\a 11sn11sa cn11cam1e "YqrrnH~eH rrperne,r\': KOeTo e
Ba)J(eH 113TOqHHK Ha CBeAeHHR 3a pa3BOR Ha yqe6HOTO .r1eno.
YcnopeAHO c rpH)!(HTe 3a ycnBnprneHcTBaHe Ha o6~oTo o6pa30BaH11e BnpBRT 11
OIUfTHTe 3a pa3III11pRBaHe Ha rrpocpecvroHaJIHOTO. 3a 3eMe):leJICK11Te yqHJIH~a rrpH c.
Ca.r1oso H Kpati Pyce e 113pa60TeH H rrpHeT HOB rrpaBHJIHHK, a enc 3aKoHa 3a 3eMeAeJI-
CKOTO yqem1e OT 1897 r. 3eMe):leJICKOTO o6pa30BaHHe ce pa3,[leJUI Ha HI13Ille, cpeAHO H
Bl1CIIJe.
Cpe.r1 rronsoTBopmne 11H11QHanrnH Ha rrpamtTencrnoTo e rrpHeTHR Ha 20 .r1eKeM-
Bp11 1894 r. 3aKoH sa BHcrneTo yqHJIH~e. Toti BHarn co~ecrneHH KopeKQHJ.1 B .r1eticT-
Ba~11R AO ToraBa 3aKOH OT 1888 r. C Hero ce ornrypRBa rro-.r106paTa MY aBTOHOMMR,
BbBe)!(,[la ce H36opHOTO HaqaJIO rrpH rro.r16opa Ha poKOBO,[ICTBOTO My, yBeJIMqaBaT ce
3arrnaT11Te Ha rrpocpecopM J.1 rrperro.r1aBaTeJIM c QeJI .r1a ce C'b3,[la):laT rro-.r106pH yrnoBHR
3a noB11IllaBaHe HMBOTO Ha rreAaror11qecKaTa pa6oTa 11 HayqHHTe Topcemrn. CornacHo
3aKoHa poKOBOACTBOTO Ha BHcrneTo yq11m1~e ce oc'b~ecTBRBa OT peKrnpa H aKaAe-
~111qH11R C'bCTaB. Cn1QeCTByBaIQ11Te TpM OT):\eJia: J.1cTop11Ko-cp11nonornqecKJ.1, cD113J.1KO-
MaTeMaT11qecK11 J.1 I0pM,[1J.1qecKH, CTaBaT cpaKyJITeT11. HaqeJIO Ha BCeKH OT TRX 3aCTaBa
AeKaH 11 cpaKynTeTeH CnBeT. Tiperro.r1asaTeJI11Te ce Hap11qaT rrpocpecop11 J.1 AOQeHTH. Te
611saT pe.r10BH11 H H3BnHpe.r1H11. Tipe):IBJ.1)1(,[la ce OTKp11BaHeTO Ha MeAMQMHCKH H Eoro-
CJIOBCK11 cpaKyJITeTJ.1.
ITpaB11TeJICTBOTO CTHMynnpa )KeJiae~11Te ):la rronyqaT s11crne o6pa3oBaHJ.1e B
crpaHaTa 11 qy)!(6J.1Ha, KaTO OTITyCKa CTMITeH,[11111. Iloo~pi:rnaT ce 113CJie,[IOBaTeJICK11 A11-
peHl1H, KaTo ce OTrrycKaT cpe,r\CTBa sa KOMaHA11POBK11, 3a crreQ11amnaQ1111 B EBporra, 3a
l13AaBaHe Ha "TiepHOAJ.1qecKo crrHcaH11e Ha EnmapcKoTO KHH)KOBHO APY)Kecrno".
EnaroAapem1e Ha JIJ.1qHaTa HHHQl/IaT11Ba 11 aM611QllIR Ha K. Ben11qKOB Ha 14 OKTOM-
Bp111896 r. BpaT11 ornapR ,lJ;np)!(aBHOTO pHcysanHo yqi-rnM~e. 3a .r111peKTop e Ha3HaqeH
'leIIJKMR XYAO)!(HJ.1K J.1BaH MnpKBJ.1qKa, a 3a rrperro.r1asaTeJIH AHTOH MMTOB H CKYJIITTO-
pa E. IllaQ. Ha rne.r1Ba1QaTa 1897 r. e Ha3HaqeH 3a rrpocpecop 5IpornaB BernMH. BrnqKJ.1
re l13HrpaBaT Ba)!(Ha ponR sa YTBnp)K):laBaHe asTopMTeTa Ha PMcyBaJIHOTo yqunM~e .
.lhp)!(aBaTa rronara rp11)!(J.1 sa fo16JIHOTeKHTe B CoqrnR J.1 IlnoBAHB J.1 Hapo):IHMR
My3et\: B CTOJI11QaTa. B HaqaJIOTO Ha 1897 r. e rrpHeT 3aKOH, KOtl:TO 3a,[l'bJI)KaBa BCJ.1qK11
113AaTeJil1 .r1a .r1err0311paT ITO ABa eK3eMITJIRpa OT BCRKO rreqaTHO 113AaH11e B ,[IBeTe Ha-
l.\110HaJIHH 6116JIMOTeKM. U:enTa e Aa ce co6epe BcHqKo OTrreqaTaHO 11 .r1a ce coxpaH11
3a TIOKOJieH11RTa, TbH KaTO TO Beqe CTaBa Ba)KeH AOKyMeHTaJieH MaTep11aJI 3a 11CTOp11-
JITa Ha 6omapCKaTa Anp)KaBa. Pa3BOH 11Ma 11 6onrapcKaTa )!(ypHan11cT11Ka. Cn3AaBaT
ce Tpatl:HH rrapTMt°IHH opraHH, 113JIH3aT pa3Hoo6pa3HH no xapaKTep cmrcamrn. Ilpes
1898 r. ce ornoBaBa EnnrapCKaTa TenerpacpHa areHQMR, KORTo e HaToBapeHa .r1a rro;r1-
Abp)J(a MHcpopMaQvIOHHaTa BpnsKa Ha EnmapHR c B'bHillHHR CBRT.
ITpaBMTeJICTBOTO Ha HapoAHaTa rrapT11R BorrpeKH TPYAHOCTMTe oc'b~ecTBRBa
Ba)J(H11 pecpopMM, KOMTO ocTaBRT TpatiHa AHPR B KymypHMR )KHBOT Ha cTpaHaTa. To
He caMO CJie):(Ba TpaAMQHRTa, HO ycrrRBa ;r1a rrpO,[l'bJI)KH H pa3rnMpH rnopqeCK11 ITOJIO-
)!(eHOTO HaqaJIO.
183
Pocuu,a AH2enosa
ITpaBMTeJICTBOTO ce 3aA'bp)l(a Ha BJiacT rreT fOAMHM - rrpOA'bJI)l(VITeJieH rrep11og

3a 6nnrapcKVITe ycnoBVIR. ToBa ce A'bJI)KVI rnaBHO Ha Ba)l{HVITe 3aAa•rn, KOVITO vIMa ga
pernaBa, Ha COJIVIAHaTa rIOAKperra OT rrapJiaMeHTa ltf A'bp)l(aBH!tfqecKVITe KaqecTBa Ha
yrrpaBJIJIBall.\VIR eKwrr. OT cpeAaTa Ha 1897 r. o6aqe rro3M1'VIVITe Ha Ka6wHeTa oTcna6-
BaT. CneA ocpVI1'VIaJIHOTo cw rrpVI3HaBaHe KHR3 Cf>epAVIHaHA ce qyBcrna rro-cTafornett
VI 3acmrna HaMecaTa cw B yrrpaBJieHVIeTo Ha Anp)l(aBaTa. fOAVIHa rro-K'bCHO CT011rroB
)l(eJiae Aa HarrycHe BJiaCTTa, Oll\e rroBeqe qe He rronyqaBa cTa6wnHa rroMOll\ or rno-
HTe rrpwB'bp)l{eHVI1'VI. B HapoAHaTa napTVIR rrocTORHHO VIMa pa3HornacwR, a Me)[(gy
MVIHVIcTpwTe nwrrcBa eAMHOMHCJIVIe, BOAell\O AO qecTM MVIHMCTepcKVI rrpoMeH11. Hail-
roneMwTe TPYAHOCTVI Ha Ka6w11eTa C'b3AaBa crroroA6aTa 3a K011Bepc110HeH 3aeM H 3a
OTKyrryBaHe Ha eKCrIJIOaTa1'ltfJITa Ha JrfaToqHVJTe )l(eJie3Hltf1'11. 06ll\eCTBeHOCTTa e He-
AOBOJIHa OT OTKa3a Ha rrpaBVITeJICTBOTO Aa cTpow rrapanerrHaTa JIVIHVIR. CTpaHaTa e 3a-
JIJITa OT MltfTMHfVI rrpoTMB CKJIIOqBaHeTO Ha 3aeMa, 6ypHV1 ca J,1 Ae6aTVITe B rrapJiaMeHTa.
B Kpar1Ha CMeTKa KOHBeHqvrn:Ta e npHeTa, HO AO OKoHqaTeJIHOTO iI BJIVI3aHe B CHiia
e Heo6xOAVIMO cnrnacxeTo Ha BwcoKaTa rropTa. B C'bll.\OTO BpeMe <DepAVIHaHA npaBH
KOHCYJITaqVIH 3aA rnp6a Ha CBOVITe MHHVICTpVI.
B caMOTO Haqarro Ha 1899 r. cpwHaHCOBVITe 3aTPYAHeHVIR, rrpoTVIBopeqVJRTa c orro-
3HqHRTa H T'bpKaHHRTa c KHR3 Cf>epAHJiaHA AOBe)l(AaT AO TB'bPAO pemeHHe 3a OCTaBKa
Ha Ka611HeTa. Ha 14 RHyapw 1899 r. MHHHCT'bp-rrpeACeAaTeilR rIOAaBa ocTaBKara Ha
npaBHTeJICTBOTO c MOTHBa, qe ce npeAOCTaBR B'b3MO)l{HOCT Ha KWI3a Aa IlOT'bpC11 gpy-
rw cpeACTBa 3a pernaBaHe Ha cp11HaHCOBl1Te 3aTPYAHeHHR J,1 Ha )l(eJie30rI'bTHl1R Borrpoc.
OCTaBKaTa e np11eTa l1 Oll.\e Ha Chll.\HR AeH ABopel\'bT 3arroqBa KOHCYTITal\I<HI 3a CDcra-
BRHe Ha HOBO rrpaBHTeJICTBO . .IJ:ocTOMHOTO OTTerJIRHe OT BJiaCTTa AOrI'bJIBa 011eHKaTa,
qe HapoAHaTa rraprHR ocraBR B HacJieACTBO rrp:uMep 3a cTpeMe)l{ K'bM K0Hcnny11Holl-
HO yrrpaBJieHVIe Ha crpaHaTa l1 6aJiaHCHpaHO rrpVICbCTBHe B Me)l{AyHapOAHHR )!G!BOT.
Jll1TEPATYPA
Amerrosa, P. PaJBMTWe u ,n;et'!HocT Ha Hapo,n;HaTa napTMR (1899-1911). BT, 2003.

Em1<1<0B, C., B. BarnrreB, B. TiaCKarresa, ll;B. To,n;opoBa. J1cTopuR Ha EomapCKara aKa11e-
MJ1IR Ha HayKMTe 1869-1969. c., 1971.
,Il;aMRHOB, C. EomapMR B'bB cppeHcKaTa noJIMTMKa 1878-1918. C., 1985.
,Il;aMRHOB, C. <!>peHcKoTO HKOHOMTII'IecKo npoHHKBaHe B EonrapHR 1878-1914. C., 1971.
J13 11cTopmITa Ha 6omapcKOTO 11Jo6pa3HTeJIHO l13KYCTBO. Tio,n; pe,n;aKl\11RTa Ha H. 06pe-
TeHoB. C., 1976.
V!cTOpMR Ha Eonrap11R. T. VII. EAH. C., 1991.
J1crnpMR Ha 6omapCKaTa JIMTeparypa. T. III. C., 1970.
J1CTopirn Ha o6pa3oBaHMeTo H ne,n;arorw1eCKaTa MMC'bJI B EomapMR. T. II. C., 1982.
Jlan1<0B, M. EomapuR B 6arrKaHcKaTa nonMTMKa Ha ABcrpo-YHrapMR 1878-1903. C.,
1993.
MapThIHeHKO, A. K. PycKo-6orrrapc1<Me OTHOIIIeHHR B 1894-1902. KMeB, 1967.
HaTaH, )K., JI. EepoB, CT. ll;oHeB, K. fopoB. J1cropuR Ha HKOHOMM'IecKaTa MMC'hn B Ebn-
rapMR. T. I. C., 1971; T. II. C., 1973.
184
HOBA E'b!II'APCKA MCTOPMH (1878-1944)
H11Kon0Ba, B. B'b3rne,[\J111 CTOIIaHcKa nonMTl1Ka Ha Hapo,[\HaTa napT11R 1894-1912 r. - B:

J..hcne,[\BaHl1JI IIO 6'bnrapCKa J1CTOpl1R. T. 10. c., 1990.
H11Kon0Ba, B. Me:>K.J:\Y KOHcepBaTH3Ma H nH6epanH3Ma. HapO,[(HaTa napTMR 1894-1920. C.,
2004.
HwKonoBa, B. Hapo,L\HaTa napT11R J1 6yp)l(oa3HaTa ,[\eMOKpal\11R. Ka6MHeT'bT Ha ,[1-p K.
Crmmos 1894-1899 r. C., 1986.
HwKonoBa, B. 06pa3yBaHe Ha npaBHTencTBOTO Ha K. Crn11nos. - BeKoBe, 1981, KH. 5.
Tianornrn, E. E'bnrapcKMRT B'bnpoc 11 ABCTpo-YHrapCKaTa ,[111IInoMal\MR npe3 1894-1896 r.
- Bns: B 'leCT Ha aKa,[\eMMK ,I(MMMT'bp KoceB. C., 1974.
TiaHaimTOB, TI. PycMJI, BenMKMTe c11n11 l1 6'bnrapcKJ1R B'bnpoc cne,[\ M36opa Ha KHR3 <l>ep-
A~IHaHA 1888-1896. C., 1991.
TiaHTeB, A. AHrnMR 11 B'bHrnHononMTM'leCKl1Te npo6neMJ1 Ha E'bnrapMR 1879-1914. - B:
EnnrapHR B CBeTa OT ,L\peBHOCTTa ,[\O HarnH ,[\HH. T. 2. C., 1979.
TiaHTeB, A. AHrnMR H pycKo-6'bnrapcKoTO noMMpeHMe 1894-1896. - B: E'bnrapMR J1 eBpo-
rreifcK11Te cTpaHM npe3 XIX-XX BeK. C., 1975.
TiaHTeB, A. E'bnrapcKM.RT B'bnpoc B CAlll 1876-1903. Bem1Ko TbpHoBo, 1984.
TionoB, P. ABcTpo-YHrapM.R l1 E'bnrapHR cne,(I na,(laHeTO Ha CrnM6onoBJ1R pe)l(HM 1894-
1896 r. - B'bB: B'bHII1HaTa IIOnHTJ1Ka Ha E'bnrapMR 1878-1944. vfacne,[\BaHHR IIO 6'bnrapcKa J1C-
ropirn. T. 3. C., 1978.
TionoB, P. EanKaHcKaTa nonMTMKa Ha E'bnrapH.R 1894-1898. C., 1979
TionoB, P. E'bnrapMR J1 PycM.R. TionHTM'leCKM ornowem1a. 1894-1898. C., 1985.
Pa,(leBa, M. KynTypHaTa nonMTMKa Ha 6'bnrapCKaTa 6yp)Koa3Ha ,L\'bp)l(aBa 1885-1908. C.,
2002.
Ca3,[IOB, ,I(. Eyp:>Koa3HaR ono3Ml\MR J1 BOCTOHOBneH11e OTHorneHMi'I Me:>K.J:\Y EonrapMei'I J1
Pocrne(1 B 1896 ro,[\. - BHR, 1984, KH. 4.
Ca3,[IOB, ,I(. ,I(eM0KpaT11'1eCKaTa napTMR B EonrapMR 1887-1908 r. C., 2001.
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c., 1994.
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C., 1971.
TonanoB, Bn. CrnnaHcKaTa Kp1.13a B E'bnrapMR 1879-1900. - J1J1J1. T. 12, 1963.
IX. 6b.7\fAPH.H HA IlPAfA HA XX BEK (1899-1903)
1. .3acHABaHe nmmg1111Te Ha MOHapxa
CrreA rrpOA'bJDKt1TeJIHMTe yrrpaBJieHMR Ha HapOAHOJ1Jt16epanttaTa H HapoAHaTa

rrapnirn HaCTbITBa rrepHOA Ha 'IeCTH rrpast1TencTBeHH npoMeHH. B 6onrapcKaTa rronw-
Tl1'1ecKa AeHCTBHTeJIHOCT no TOBa BpeMe C'bIIJ;eCTB)'BaT HeMaJIKO napTHH, HO Te HRMaT
llCHa cpt13HOHOMHR H KJiacwqecKOTO ocpopMRHe Ha ITOJIHTH'IeCKHR crreKTop "nRB0-
11eHT'bp-ARCHo" He e H36MCTpeHo. BoHIIIHorronwTH'IecKaTa opweHTaQHR rrpoA'bJI)l(aBa
1 QC:
Pocw~a AH2e110Ba
i:1a 6o):le Hatt-BaJKHaTa xapaKTep11cT11Ka Ha ocHOBHMTe rrapT1111. Co3):1aBaHeTo Ha Co-

Ql1a71):1eMoKpaTWiecKa rrapT11R rrpe3 1891 r. 11 Ha 3eMeAe71CKl1R C'bID3 rrpe3 1899 r. He
rrpoMeHRT o6cTaHOBKaTa, T'btt KaTo AO BOWHMTe Te311 ):\Be cpopMaQ1111 HRMaT cep1103Ho
rrp11C'bCTBJ1e B II071J1TJ1qecKJ1R )KJ1BOT Ha CTpaHaTa.
Ta311 rrapT11i1:Ha pa3IIOK'bCaHocT 11 CTpeMe)K'bT Aa ce AOWAe 117111 ocTaHe Ha Bnacr see
IIOBeqe IIOBJ1lliaBa po71RTa Ha MOHapxuqecKJ1JI J1HCTJ1TyT. 06cTaHOBKaTa B CTpaHaTa
rrpe):IOCTaBR Ha KHR3 <Depi:111HaH):I pe):ll1Qa B'b3MO)KHOCTJ1, KaTO K'bM TJIX ce rrp116aBi!T 11
7111qH11 KaqecTBa - aM6l1Ql1RTa i:1a yrrpaBnRBa, crroco6HocTTa Aa ce op11eHT11pa 11,[\a113-
II0713Ba Aai:1eHocT11Te Ha MOMeHTa. MoHapX'bT He rrornra K'bM ycT011Te Ha rrap71aMeHTap-
HaTa AeMOKpaQJ1R - KOHCT11TYQl1.RTa 11 rrap71aMeHTa, HO r11113IIOJI3Ba paQ110HaJIHO, 3a/(a
B7111.Re aKTJ1BHO Bopxy B'b3710BJ1Te MeCTa B Marn11HaTa Ha B71aCTTa - rrpaB11Te7ICTBeH11Te
rrpoMeH11, BowcKaTa 11 B'bHllIHOII07IJ1T11qecKaTa 11H11Q11aT11Ba. YIMeHHO Te311 nyttKrose
oqepTaBaT KOHTyp11Te Ha T. Hap. "7111qeH pe)Kl1M': ocpopMeH B II'bpBOTO i:1ecernneTHe
Ha HOB11R BeK. Tow ce pa37111qaBa OT Ha11BHaTa 11 HeIIOAfOTBeHa aTaKa Ha AneKcaHAop I
cpenw TopHoBcKaTa KoHcT11TyQ11R 11 TB'bp/:111.R 3axBaT Ha CTecpaH CTaM6o71oB 11 ThKMo
no Ta311 rrp11q11Ha e rro-ycrrerneH OT TeXHMTe orr11T11 ei:1Ho7111qHo ):la pernaBaT coi:1611tt111e
Ha ):l'bp)KaBaTa. B crrbMeHaT11R Beqe Tp11'bf'b71H11K Ha B71aCTTa B KpaR Ha XIX 11 Hatianoro
Ha xx BeK KHR3 <Depi:111HaHA B3eMa Bee IIO-fOJIJIMO Ha):IMOIQJ1e.
Ha 19 1rnyapH 1899 r. KHR3 <DepA11HaHA Ha3HaqaBa rrpaB11TeJicTBo Haqeno c 113-
37
BeCTH11R 6yp)l(Oa3eH IIOJIJ1TJ1K J1 A'bp)l(aBH11K ,lJ;HMHTnp fpeKoB . Yl):leRTa Ha MOHapxa
e Aa ce o6pa3yBa KOa7111Q110HHO rrpaB11Te7ICTBO OT pycoqrn71CK11Te rrapT11l1, KOeTO MOJKe
i:1a crreqen11 C'b):lettcTBMeTo Ha Pyc11.R rrpeA cppeHcK11Te 6aHK11 3a oTrrycKaHe Ha raKa
HY)KH11R 3aeM. )J;eM0KpaT11Te 11 rrporpec11BHO 7l116epan11Te o6aqe OTKa3BaT ,[\a Bllil3aT
B Ka611HeT, ornaBeH OT fpeKOB. 3aTOBa B Hero B71113aT 71J16epa7111Te pai:1ocnaB.WCT.l1, B'b-
rrpeK11 rrpeHe6pe)KeH11eTo K'bM 7111/:lepa MM A-P B. PaAornaBoB, KOWTO Bee naK .QoplKH
Hatt-Ba)l(H11R IIOCT - M11H11CT'bp Ha B'bTpellIH11Te pa60T11. fpeKOB He )Ke71ae B npaBH-
Te71CTBOTO ):la ):IOM11H11pa JIIT J1 rrp11B71J1qa qeT11p11Ma He3aBJ1C11Ml1 Ml1H11CTp11 - fp.
HaqoB11q 11 rrpe):l7IO)KeH11Te OT <Depi:111HaHA M11xa1171 TeHeB, Toi:1op Ji1BaHqoB 11 rroJJK.
CTecpaH I1arrp11KoB. TaKa Ha3HaqeHoTo rrpaB11Te7ICTBO e B c'bcTaB: )J;. fpeKoB - M11H11c-
37
,UnMHT'hP fpeKoB e pogeH B Eecapa6m1. 3aBnpurna ~eHTpanHOTO y<nrnu~e B Eonrpa,1.11868
r. u rrpaso B AKageMHHTa Ha EKc aH ITposaHc rrpe3 1875 r. ITonara BTopu H3ITHT 3a goKTopattrypa
- cepniqrnKaT OT AKageMHHTa Ha EKc, IOpwguqecKuH <f>aKymeT rro B'h3gyxorrnasaHe oT 31Mat!1876
r. ITpe3 rnegsa~wTe rog:uHu e agsoKaT B Epawna :u yqacTBa B gettHOCTTa Ha E~EO. Cne,1.1 Oceo-
6m1<gem1eTO e rrpegcegaTen Ha BnpxoBHHH C'hA B Co<f>ua (1879 r.). ITpuC"begwHHBa ce K'bM KIT~
yqacTBa B rrpaBnTeJicTBOTO Ha T. EypMOB :u rropBOTO rrpaBuTeJicTBO Ha Kn. TopttoBcKw (1879-1880).
Cneg rrpespaTa OT 1881 crnsa rrogrrpegcegaTeJI Ha ,D;opJKaBHWH CoBeT (1881-1882) u MWHHCThp B
rrpaBJ.1TeJICTBOTO Ha JI. Co6oneB (1882-1883). ITpe3 1884 CTaBa pegoBeH qJieH Ha EK):\. no BpeMe Ha
Kpu3aTa cneg a6g:uKal_\HHTa Ha KHH3 AneKcaHgop I rrpe3 1886 ,[!;. fpeKoB ce rrpwcoegwHHBa K'bM Ha-
pogHonu6epanHaTa rrapTHH. Tott yqacTBa B general_\WHTa, sog:una rrperoaopwTe 3a JaeMaHe Ha 6on-
rapcKHH TpOH OT <t>epg:uHaHg CaKc-Ko6ypr-forn. OT 1890 r. go 1894 r. yqacTBa B rrpaBwrencrsoro
Ha CT. CTaM6onos, a rneg tterosorn y6:uttcTBO rrpe3 1895 r. ornasasa Hapogttonw6epanttaTa naprnR.
YMwpa Ha 7 Matt 1901 r. B Co<f>ua.
186
HOBA E'bflI'APCKA Ji1CTOPMJl (1878-1944)
rop-npep;cep;aTen 11 MMHMCT'bp Ha B'bHllIHHTe pa60T11, B. Pap;ornasoB - Ml1Hl1CT'bp Ha

B'brpeIIIHJ1Te pa60TJ1, T. vfBaHqOB - MJ1HI1CT'bp Ha Hapop;HOTO npornern;eHJ1e, M. TeHeB
- Ml1H11CTop Ha cp11HaHc1ue, TI. IlellleB - Ml1Hl1CTop Ha npaBocop;weTo, CT. IlanpI1KOB
- M1'1Hl1CTop Ha BofrnaTa, fp. HaqoB11q - MJ1HJ1CT'bp Ha ToproBJ.rnTa l1 3eMep;eJII1eTo, 11
Jl ToHqeB - Ml1Hl1CTop Ha o6rn;ecTBeHI1Te crpap;l1, norl1rn;ara l1 coo6rn;eH11Hra.
C yKa3 NQ 7 OT 5 MapT 1899 r. 3a 25 anpI1n 11 2 MaM c. r. ca HacpoqeH11 3aKoHop;aTeJI-
HM l1360pI1, c KOJ1TO ce QeJII1 C'b3,D;aBaHero Ha npaBJ1TeJICTBeHO MH03l1HCTBO B HOBaTa
KaMapa. Tiop;eraTa OT npaB11TencrnoTo npep;l136opHa KaMnaH11H rpH6Ba p;a orpaHJ1ql1
B'b3MO)!(HOCT11Te Ha pycocp11JJCKI1Te napTI1l1 J1 p;a rnep;e p;o Ml1Hl1MYM lllaHCOBeTe 11M p;a
M3nparnr B KaMapaTa cB011 C'bM11IIIJieHI1Ql1. Pap;ornasos o6a'fe 6op3o o6ce6Ba QHJiara
BJiaCT, Karo IIO,D;MeHH ap;Ml1H11CTpaT11BHI1H anapar no Mecra, pa3rypH 06rn;11HCKl1 C'b-
BeTl1 l1 c cpanlll11cp11KaQ111111 HaCI1JII1e ycnHBa p;a ornrypI1 3a CBOHTa napTMH HaM-MHoro
AenyrarcK11 MecTa - 68 Ha 6po:t1. CTaM6onoBMCTI1Te rne'fenBaT ep;sa 25, a ocTaHan11re
napnm - 66. Ilp11 TOBa rroJIO)!(eHtte rrpaBI1TencrBoTo MO)!(e p;a cow;ecrnyBa caMo c
TIOAKpenara Ha Jll16epanHara 11 Hapop;Hon116epanHaTa rraprn11.
Hai1-Ba)!(HJ1HT rrpo6neM rrpe,n; rrpaBttTencrnoro e CKJIIO'fBaHero Ha HOB 3aeM. Ha
15 Mapr 1899 r. e rro,n;n11caHa HOBa KOHBeHQMH c KoMrraHI1HTa Ha l13TO'fHI1Te )!(eJie3-
Hl11\l1, cnopep; KOHTO Eonrap11H ce 3ap;'bJI)!(aBa p;a He crpo11 rrapanenHa JIMHI1H, p;a oT-
AaAe Ha KOMilaHMHTa eKCI1JJOaTaQJ1HTa Ha roroBaTa Jll1Hl1H IlJIOB,ll;l1B-l.J11prraH-HoBa
3aropa l1 npop;'bJJ)!(eHtteTo ,n;o Eyprac rnep; ,D;OBoprrrnaHero MY 3a cpoK OT 25 rop;l1Hl1.
TipaBJ1TeJICTBOTO ce OTKa3Ba OT rrpaBOTO Cl1 p;a crpoI1 l1JII1 p;a TI03BOJI11 p;a ce crpoHT B
npOA'bJI)!(eHI1e Ha 20 rop;l1Hl1 rrapaneJIH11 I1Jll1 KOHKypeHTH11 Jll1Hl1l1 Ha eKCI1JIOaTI1pa-
HMTe or ,Upy)!(eCTBOTO 3a eKcrrnoaTaQMH Ha l13ToqH11Te )!(eJie3Hl1Ql1. B 3aMHHa Ha TOBa
ro npaBI1 MaJIK11 OTCT'bTIKM Ha EoJJrapI1H. Cera Beqe npaB11rencrB0To Ha fpeKOB MO)l(e
Aa TIOJIY'fl1 TaKa Heo6xop;MM11H 3aeM. Ha 21 MapT 1899 r. e CKJIIOqeH HOB KOHBeprno-
HeH 3aeM OT 260 MJIH JIB. c 5% JIMXBa l1 89,5% eM11CI1H. 3aeM'bT ce rapaHTI1pa c 06w;11re
npMX0,!1;11 Ha KHH)l(eCTBOTO, c 06w;11Te rrp11xop;11 OT )!(II lll1Hl111Te 11 rrp11cTaH11w;ara, c
11noreKa Bopxy JJMHMMTe, KOMTO rn;e ce crpoHT. TaKa B xa3HaTa He BJI113aT cpep;crsa,
a ce ornrypHBaT caMo BHOCK11Te Ha 3aeMop;aBQ11Te. ToBa pernett11e Ha )!(eJJe30TI'bTH11H
Bonpoc 11 Ha cpI1HaHCOBaTa Kp113a e IlO-JIOllIO B cpaBHeH11e c IIOCT11rHaTOTO OT Hapop;-
HR1\l1Te, scnep;cTBMe Ha KOeTo rrpecTtt)!(a Ha n116epan11re cnap;a 3Ha'f11renHo.
Ep;rrncrneH11HT ycrrex 3a Ka611HeTa e yqacr11ero Ha Eonrap11H Ha Tiopsarn rneTOB-
Ha KottcpepeHQ11H 3a Mttp B Xara, rrpoBep;eHa or 6 Maii p;o 17 IOH11 1899 r. Cs11KaHa no
l1Hl11\Harnsa Ha Pyc11H TH TpH6Ba p;a 06cop;11 Ba)!(Hl1 Bonpoc11, cpep; K011To orpaH11'fa-
BaHero Ha B'bOpo)l(eH11HTa B CBeTOBeH Maw;a6, HOpM11 3a peryn11paHe Ha BOf!Hl1Te 11 p;p.
TiopBOHa'faJIHO Eomap11H Hee rroKaHeHa p;a B3eMe y'facrne B KoHcpepeHQMHTa nopap;11
craryra H Ha sacanHa p;op)!(aBa. IlpaBMTeJJCTBara Ha K. Crol1JJOB 11 ,[(. fpeKOB HacTOH-
BaT npep; pycKMH B'bHllleH Ml1Hl1CTop MypasboB p;a ce 113npar11noKaHa11 Ha Eonrap11H.
I1pe3 anp11n 1899 r. TypcK11H KOMMcap B Cocp11H ysep;oMHBa fpeKoB, qe 6onrapcKOTO
npaB11TeJICTBO MO)!(e ):la Ha3Haq11 He3a6aBHO CB011Te p;eneraT11 3a KOHcpepeHQ11HTa B
Xara. Ep;11HcTBeH0To yrnoBMe or cynraHa e, qe aKo p;enerar11re Ha KOHcpepeHQMHTa
3aeMaT Mecrnra CM B 3aJJaTa no a36)"IeH pep; Ha MMeHara Ha npep;craBJIHBaHMTe or
TRX ,Ll;'bp)!(aB11, rrpe):ICTaBMTeJIMTe Ha KHH)!(eCTBOTO TpH6Ba p;a cep;HaT Henocpep;crBeHo
Pocu4a AH2ell0Ba
cne;:1 Te3w Ha OcMaHcKaTa wMnepm:r. ITpaBwTeJICTBOTO Ha3HaqaBa .ll CTaHqoB w Mai1op

XpwcTocpop XecanqweB c HHCTpyKLi;wa ;:1a He ce cbo6pa3JIBaT c ycnoBwern Ha cymaHa.
TaKa w cTaBa. Cnc cn;:1ewcTBweTo Ha cTpaHaTa ):IOMaKHH 6nmapCKwTe ;:1eneraTw 3aeMaT
MeCTa KaTo npe;:1cTaBwTeJiw Ha He3aBwcwMa Anp)l(aBa.
ITpaBwTeJicTBOTO nonara cwcTeMHw rpw)l(Ill ;:1a y6e;:1w Pycwa B CBORTa JIORJIHOCT.
Oco6eHa pona B TOBa OTHOllleHwe Ill3IllrpaBa MwCil!JITa Ha noJIKOBHwK H. Enawrntt.
I1;:1eaTa B'b3HMKBa npe3 Maw 1899 r., KoraTo ITanpwKoB w3Ka3Ba )l(eJiamre pycKoro
npaBHTeJICTBO ;:1a Ha3Haqw cBow BOeHeH areHT B Cocpwa, Ha KOroTo ui;e 6np;e OKa3aH
Haw-;:106np npweM, KaTo MY ce ;:1a;:1e B'b3MO)l(HOCT ;:1a ce 3ano3Hae c BcwqKo, Koero
npe;:1cTaBJIJIBa UHTepec 3a pycKoTo BoeHHo MHHwcTepcTBO. IToJIKOBHMK'bT no pycKo
ycMoTpeHUe e KOMaH):lwpoBaH BpeMeHHO J1 npecTOJIBa B CTpaHaTa OT 8 aaryCT 1::\0 15
OKTOMBpu 1899 r. Tow noceni;aBa 20 BOeHHH rapHI1130Ha, 3aIT03HaBa ce C'bC CTOTHI.\lf
6nnrapCKw ocpm.i;epu w Ha6n10;:1aBa ro;:1wl11HI11Te MaHeapw Ha 6nmapcKaTa Boi1cKa. M11·
cwaTa Ha noJIK. EnaHqwH ce npeBpnui;a B ):IOKa3aTeJICTBO 3a JIOJIJittocT K'bM PyrnR or
CTpaHa Ha KHJI3 <Pep;:1wHaH;:1, fpeKoB u ITanpwKoB.
3aeM'bT He yperynupa cpuHaHCUTe Ha ):l'bp)l(aBaTa Ill npaBwTeJICTBOTO OTHOBO
Thpcu aBaHcw. BnB cppettcKo-repMaHCKillJI 3aeMeH cwH):lwKaT CTil!raT ;:10 W3Bo,ri;a .r1a ce
npwcT'bITill K'bM B'bBe)l():latte Ha cpwHaHcoB KOHTpon B ynpaBJieHweTo Ha ):l'bp)!(aBHIIR
610;:1)1(eT Ha KHJI)l(eCTBOTO. Tpy;:1HocTwTe Ha Ka6wHeTa HapacTBaT Ill OT Ill30cTpnttero tta
OTHOllleHUJITa Me)l(AY pa;:1ornaBwcTw Ill cTaM60JIOBil!CTI.f. CTaHaJiaTa Ha 6e3npitHQHI1Ha
OCHOBa KOaJIJ.f'-'J.fJ{ e):IJ.fHCTBeHO B wMeTO Ha BJiaCTTa CKopo ):laBa CBOil!Te norne):IHI.\11.
He;:10BoJieH OT KOJierwTe cw B. Pa;:1ornaBoB, ,[(. ToHqeB w IT. ITellleB, MWHI11CT'bp-npe.r1ce-
AaTeJIJIT e roTOB ;:1a cw no;:1a;:1e ocTaBKaTa. E;:1wHCTBeHo HaMecaTa Ha KHR3 <Pep,ri;uttaHll
ocyeTJIBa w36yxBaHeTo Ha HOBa MillttwcTepCKa Kpw3a. ITponrnopeqwaTa Me)!(,ri;y yn-
paBJIJIBan.i;wTe napTwill npOJIIl!qaBaT ttaw-RpKo CJie):I HacpoqBaHeTO Ha ):IOTI'bllHMTeJIHll
Ill36opw 3a X OHC Ha 19 u 26 cemeMBpw 1899 r. Ha rnx ca w36paHw 39 Hapo11tt11
npe;:1cTaBwTeJiw - 31 pa;:1ornaBI11CTw, 6 CTaM6oJIOBil!CTw w 2 ;:1eM0KpaTw. Jiw6epanHara
napTwJI 3aTB'bp)l():laBa MH03Il!HCTBOTO cu B HC w ,[(. fpeKoB no;:1aBa ocTaBKaTa Ha Ka-
6wtteTa cu.
Ha I OKTOMBPH 1899 r. e Ha3HaqeHo HOBO npaBwTeJICTBO Haqeno c Toµ;op MBaH-
'IOB38 (1 OKT. 1899-27 HOeMBpH 1900). B Hero OTHOBO Il!Ma qeTil!pwMa pa;:1ornaBHCTlf
- B. Pa;:1ocJiaBOB (MUHMCT'bp Ha BnTpelllttwTe pa60Tw), ,[(wMwTnp Baqoa (MHHHcnp
Ha Hapo):IHOTO npoCBen.i;eHwe), IT. ITellleB (MJtIHil!CT'bp Ha rrpaBOC'b):IJtieTo) w ,[(. Tow1eB
(MwHJtICT'bp Ha o6ui;ecTBeHwTe crpa;:1JtI, TI'bTwn.i;aTa w cno6n.i;eHwJITa), Ill qeTWp~rMa 6eJ-
napTwWHill - T. I1BaHqoB (MuHwCT'bp-npe;:1ce;:1aTeJI w Mil!HMCT'bp Ha B'bHIIIHMTe pa6o-
38 Toµ;op lifBaH'IOB e poµ;eH B npe3 1858 r. Topttoao. Y'l11 Tp11 rog11H11 Meg111111Ha BMom1em1e.
Cneg Ocao6o)!(geH11eTO ce 3aapo111a B Eonrap11R 11 crnaa )"111Ten B )J;pRHOBO (1878-1879 r.), /IHpeK-
TOp Ha ITeµ;arorn'leCKOTO y'l11n11111e B K10cTeHg11n (1880-1883 r.), a cneg TOBa - g11peKTOp Ha Cra-
Tl1CTw1ecK0To 610po B CoqmR. AKTl1BeH geRTen Ha Jll16epanHaTa napT11JI, Togop MaaHqoa yqama
a nopaorn npaa11TencTBo Ha B. Pagocnaaoa (1886-1887 r.) 11 a npaa11TencTBOTO Ha,[(. fpeKoB (1899
r.). ITpe3 1903 r. MaaH'IOB e ocogeH 3a qrnttaHcOBl1 3noyn0Tpe611, HO e noMl1JIBaH HJIKOJIKO Mece11a
no-Komo. YM11pa npe3 1905 r. B Ilap11)!(, <l>patt1111JI.
188
TM 11 M3IIOBep;aHMJITa), M. TeHeB (MMHMCT'bp Ha qrnHaHrnTe), CT. IIarrpwKoB (BoeHeH

Ml1HMCT'bp) M rp. Ha'IOBWI (MI1HMCTbp Ha T'bpfOBMJITa M 3eMep;em1eTO, 3aMeHeH c MoB
Turnpos). IIpamneJICTBOTO He M3,!l;aBa CBOJI nporpaMa, ace conu,o;apM3Hpa c nporpa-
MaTa Ha fpeKOBOTO npaBMTeJICTBO.
Co111ecTByBarn;aTa qmHaHcoBa KpM3a, orpa6BaHeTO M pa3XMilleHMeTO Ha ,o;op)l(aB-
HH cpep,crna OT pa,o;ocJiaBMCTKaTa ap;MMHMCTpaQMR BJIOIIIaBa M3KJIIO'IMTeJIHO MHOfO
¢uttaHCOBOTO IIOJIO)l(eHMe Ha p;bp)l(aBaTa. 3a .n;a CTa6YlJIM3Mpa qrnHaHCJ1Te M 3a ,o;a ce
rnpe M3TM'laHeTo Ha 3JiaTo, KaforneT'bT pa3peIIIaBa Ha EHE ,o;a o6MeHR 6aHKHOTM cpe-
lllY cpe6po. ,Upyr 3aKOH pa3peIIIaBa Ha MMHMCTopa Ha qrnHaHrnTe ,o;a M3,o;aBa CbKpo-
BH!l\HM 6oHOBe .n;o 40 MJIH. 3JI. JIB, KOeTO 03Ha'IaBa cpaKTM'leCKM CKJIIO'lBaHe Ha HOB
BoTpeIIIeH .n;op)f(aBeH 3aeM. ITpHeT e 3aKoH 3a speMeHHMTe y,o;po)l(KM Ha 'IHHOBHHQM-
re, CJiy)J(a~MTe M neHCHOHepMTe, KOHTO IIOCTaHOBRBa, ,o;a MM ce npaBRT y,o;p'b)l(KM OT
3annaT11Te 11 neHCHHTe B pa3Mep Ha 15 ,o;o 30 npoQeHTa, KOMTO nop;Jie)l(aT Ha Bpo~aHe
c n11XBa 8%. QenTa OTHOBO e Ha6MpaHe Ha Heo6xop;MMMTe cpe,o;crna.
I1pe3 JIJITOTO Ha 1899 r. pa,o;ornaBCTMTe orroBeCTJIBaT HaMepeHMeTO CM ,o;a 3aMe-
HRT rro3eMJieHHJI p;aH'bK c HaTypaneH ,o;ernT'bK. IIpe3 OKTOMBpH c. r. M. TeHeB BHacJI B
X OHC 3aKoHorrpoeKT 3a .n;aH'hKa Ha 3eMHMTe rrpoM3Be,o;eHHR 3a 1900-1905 r., KO:ti:TO
npep,BM)f(p;a C'b6HpaHeTO Ha p;eCRT'bKa B HaTypa OT rnaBHMTe 3'bpHeHM xpamr I1 Ha rra-
p111·1eH ,o;ecRT'bK OT rro'ITM BCM'IKM ocTaHaJIM KYJITypM. BHacRHeTO Ha 3aKoHorrpoeKTa B
HC p,asa rnac'bK Ha ,!l;BJ1)f(eH11e rrpoTMB HaTypanmrn p;eCRT'bK.
BnrrpeKH rrpoTecnne, Ha 15 ~rnyapM 1900 r. e rnacyBaH 3aKoH 3a 3aMJIHa Ha rro-
3eMJieHMR ,o;aH'bK c HaTypaJieH p;eCRT'bK. 3aKOH'bT ce nocpe~a c Hep;OBOJICTBO OT Ha-
ceneHMeTO J1 orro3MQHJITa opraHM3vrpa Hap; 150 rrpoTeCTHM MMTMHra B CTpaHaTa. B c.
TpocTeHMK, PyceHcKo ( 17-19 anpMn) M ,UypaHKynaK, EaJI'lMIIIKO (22 Ma:ti:) Hep;oBoJI-
crnorn rrpepacTBa B'hB Bnopb)f(eHMe 6yHTOBe. Bos BapHeHCKM, IIlyMeHCKM, PyceHCKH
u TopHOBCKVI oKpor e oforneHo BOeHHO rroJio)!(eHwe. IIpM noTyIIIaBaHeTo MM ca ,o;a,o;e-
HH )!(epTBI1 J1 OT p;BeTe CTpaHJ1. BnnpeKM TOBa pa,o;ornaBMCTJ1Te He OTMeHRT p;aH'bKa.
Te)KKOTO IIOJIO)f(eHMe Ha ceJIJIHJ1Te no.n;noMara KOHCOJIM,!l;MpaHeTO MM B IIOJIMTM'leCKa
opramrnaQMJI - .EnnrapcKM 3eMep;eJICKM C'hI03 (30 p;eK. 1899).
Ha 2 RHyapu 1900 r. npaBMTeJicTBoTO CKJIIO'lBa cep;MMR ,o;op)f(aBeH 3aeM OT 30
MJIH. JIB, KO:ti:To e ynoTpe6eH 3a VI3IIJia~aHe Ha 3ap;'bJI)!(emrnTa no B'bHIIIHMR p;om. Yc-
JIOBHRTa Ha ,o;oroBopa ca MHOfO He6naronpMRTHM, 3a~OTO 3aeM'bT e rapaHTMpaH C'bC
3anaraHe rrpMxop;MTe Ha KHJI)f(eCTBOTO OT TIOTIOHeBMTe 6aH,o;eponu. IIocTaBJI ce Ha'la-
rroro Ha B'bBe)f(.n;aHe Ha qy)f(.n; cpMHaHCOB KOHTpoJI B CTpaHaTa. Oco6eHa J13BeCTHOCT
1
nonyqasa acpepaTa c ,,fHMJIMTe BaroHM KORTO ce C'bCTOI1 B TOBa, qe MI1HI1CTepcKMJI
:
C'bBeT B'b3Jiara ,!l;OCTaBKaTa Ha 5 JIOKOMOTI1Ba M 250 CTapI1 BafOHI1 Ha BJIMRTeJIHJ1 pa-

,l\OCJiaBMCTJ1, BonpeKH qe .n;pyra qmpMa npe,o;nara ,o;a .n;ocTaBM BaroHMTe enc 140 625 3JI.
JIB no-eBTJ1HO.
BnTpeIIIHOIIOJIMTM'leCKHTe H cpr.rnaHcOBM 3aTpy,o;HeHHR B Ha'laJioTO Ha XX BeK ce
CoTI'bTCTBaT J1 OT B'hHllIHOIIOJIMTH'leCKH. EanKaHCKaTa noJIHTMKa Ha PyrnJI w ABcTpo-
YttrapwR 3a 3ana3BaHe Ha cTaTyKBOTO He y.n;osnernopRBa 6omapcKaTa ,o;op)J(aBa. B
C'bll\OTO speMe BnpxoBHHJI MaKep;oHCKH KOMHTeT etta6p;RBa BMOPO coc cpe,o;crna
u opo)!(Me, no,o;roTBJI I1 M3rrparn;a B MaKe,o;oHMJI 'leT11, KOWTO ,o;a pa6oTRT 3a 60,o;e11w
Pocuiia AHwnoBa
B'bCTaH11e. Ha 22 IOHM 1900 r. B EyKype~ e y611T CTecpaH M11xatfrreaHy, rrpocpecop

B 6yKype~KMJI MY3e1'1 ,,CB. CaBa" 11 rrp11Te:>1<aTerr Ha B. "IIeHUHcyna BanKaHUKa'', 3a-
pa1::v1 rrpe.r1aTerrcrna K'hM BoTpenrnaTa peBOJIIOQMOHHa opraH113aQMJI. II0Kylllett11e10 e
H3BopllleHo OT qrreH Ha MaKe,I10Ho-o.r1p11HcK0To ,IIBJ1)1(eH11e. ToBa 06n1ra OTHOlllemrn-
Ta Me)l(.r1y Eorrrap11R 11 PyMoHMJI, MMa orracHocT OT 1136yxBaHe Ha BOeHeH KoHcpm!KT.
Crre.r1 HaMecaTa Ha .r111rrrroMaQl1JITa Ha Berr11K11Te c11rr11 ce BHacJI ycrroKoeH11e, Ho o6cra-
HOBKaTa Ha EanKaH11Te npO,Il'bJI)l(aBa .r1a e Harrpernarn. Cop611JI 11 fopQI1JI 3arnnsar
.r1et1HOCTTa Ha CBOMTe HaQMOHaJil1CTJ1'feCKJ1 nporraraH,IIM B OTroBop Ha pa3pacTBaHeTO
Ha 6orrrapcKOTO HaQJ10HaJIHOOCB060.r111TeJIHO ,IIBJ1)1(eH11e.
B o6~ecTBOTO HapacTBa He,IIOBOJICTBOTO 11 KHJI3'bT ce on11TBa .r1a 1136erne npasw-
TeJICTBeHaTa Kp113a. TaKa Ha 27HoeMBpu: 1900 r. ToAOP J1BaH'IOB crre.r1 peKOHCTPYKl\HR
Ha Ka611HeTa OTHOBO OCTaBa MJ1HJ1CT'bp-npe.r1ce.r1aTeJI, KaTO noeMa J1 Ml1Hl1CTepcTBOTO
Ha cp11HaHrnTe (27 HOeMBp11 1900-12 JIHyap11 1901). feH. P. IleTpoB 3aMecrna Paflocna-
BOB Ha KJIIO'f0Bl1Jl IIOCT - MMHMCTepcTBOTO Ha BoTpelllHMTe pa60TJ1. 0cTaHaJil1Te Ml1-
Hl1CTepcKJ1 rrocTOBe ca pa3npep,erreHH KaKTO cne.r1Ba: MoB TiITopoB - Ml1Hl1Crop Ha
ToproBHJITa 11 3eMe.r1en11eTo, p,-p II. ,[(aH'fOB - MMHMCTop Ha npaBOC'bp,11ern, .ll ToH'm
- MMHMCT'bp Ha B'bHlllHMTe pa60TJ1 J1 Bepol13IlOBep,aHMJITa, J/1B. IIeeB - Ml1Hl1CT'bp Ha
nporne~emreTo, reH. CTecpaH IIanp11KoB - BOeHeH Ml1HMCTop 11 BpeMeHHO ynpasnR-
Ba~ M11H11cTepcTBOTO Ha 06~ecTBeH11Te crpap,11. ToBa rrpaBMTerrcTBO e crry)l(e6tto 11
MMa Me)l()J,MHeH xapaKTep. To TpR6Ba p,a np0Be.r1e 1136op11 3a XI OHC, OT KOeTO Aa 6011e
M3JI'b'feHo e.r1Ho no-crn611rrHo npaBMTerrcTBO. Me)l()J.yBpeMeHHO cI:>epp,11HaHp, TpeCKaBo,
HO 6e3ycnelllHO c0Hp,11pa nonMTMQM OT pa3JIM'fHM napT1111 3a C'h3,IlaBaHe Ha YA06tta
HeMy npaB11TencrneHa KOM611HaQMJI. Crrep, KOHcpJII1KT Ha MMHMCTop-npep,cef1arem1 c
reHeparr11Te CT. IIanp11KoB 39 11 P. IIeTpoB 11 Herrop,KperreH OT KHJI3a T. J/1BaH'fOB no11asa
39
CTe<jiau IlanpHKOB e poAeH Ha 24 anp. 1858 r. B ffo:pAOII. ITpe3 1875-1876 r. e y'l11Te11 B Tia·
Hanop11Il\e, K"bAeTO ce BKJIJO'IBa B Crnpo3aropcKoTo B"bCTam1e rrpe3 1875 r. 11 Arrp11ncKOTO Bocra1rne
rrpe3 1876 r. CJieA Orno6mKAeH1>1eTO IIOCT"bIJBa B KOMaHAaTa Ha BOJIHOOrrpeAeJIRIOil\li!Te ce, a IIO-K"bC-
HO B"bB BoeHHOTO Y'llillll1ll\e B CoqmR 11 3aB1>purna B rr"bpBlilR BlilrrycK rrpe3 HOeMBp111879 r.
no BpeMe Ha Cp"b6CK0-6"bmapcKaTa BOt'!Ha rrpe3 1885 r. ITarrp11KOB e Ha'1aJIHl1K-I11a6 Ha 3anaA·
HHR Koprryc 11 11Ma 3arnym 3a ycrreJIIHl1Te Aet'!cTBl1R Ha 6"bmapcKli!Te BOJ.1:cK11 rrp11 CnlilBH11Qa (5-7
HOeMsp11) H p1>KOBOAlil orrepa111111Te cpell\y IT11poT, B"brrpeK11 '1e, rr"bpBoHa'laJIHO IIOAKperrn crparern·
J!Ta Ha KHR3 All. EaTeH6epr 3a OTCT"bIIJieH11e. CJieA BOJ.1:HaTa e IIOMOll\HlilK Ha'laJIHl1K-llja6 11 yqacrna
B rroTyJIIaBaHeTo Ha rrpopycKlilR O¢lilllepcK11 6yHT OT 1887 r. Ha 1 arrpli!II 1887 r. e rrpo1i13BegeH B'IHH
Mai:.1:op, a Ha 18 anryCT c. r. e Ha3Ha'leH 3a Ha'laJIHl1K Ha feHepaIIHl1R Il\a6, cJieA KOeTo e Ha'iaJIHWK Ha
BoeHHOTO yq11n11llje (1887-1891). Ha 2 aBrycT 1891 r. e rrpoH3BeAeH B 'lli!H IIOAIIDnKOBHlilK 11 tta3tta·
'leH 3a Ha'laJIH11K Ha AAMli!HlilCTpaTl1BHl1JI OTAeJI B ma6a Ha BOMCKaTa ( 1891-1895). Ha 2 asrycr 1895
r. e rrp0113BeAeH B 'lli!H IIOJIKOBHHK. ITpe3 1896-1899 r. OTHOBO e Ha'laJIHl1K Ha feHepamurn ll\a6, acneA
TOBa e BOeHeH MHHlilCThp B rrpaB11TeJICTBaTa Ha n. fpeKOB, T. 11BaH'IOB, P. ITeTpOB, IT. KapaseJIOB"
CT. L(aHeB (1899-1903). Ha 15 HoeMBp11 1900 r. e rrpm13BeAeH B '111H reHepan-Mai:.1:op.
CneA HarrycKaHeTo Ha rrpaswTeJICTBOTO ITarrp11KoB 3a W3BeCTHO BpeMe e wHcrreKrnp Ha rrexora-
Ta (1904-1905), CJieA KOeTO e W3rrpaTeH KaTo AWIIJIOMaTw'leCKW rrpeACTaBHTeJI Ha o"bmapm1 B Pyc1rn
(1906-1908). Ha 17 arrpwn 1908 r. e rrpow3BeAeH B '111H reHepan-nei:.1:TeHaHT 11 C"bll\aTa ro11wtta ceyson-
H.11Ba OT apM11RTa 11 CTaBa Ml1H11CThp Ha B"bHJIIHHTe pa60Tl1 H 113IIOBeAaHl1JITa B rrpaBWTeJICTBOTO Ha
An. MaJIJ1HOB. Toti e Ha Ta311 AJI"b)l(HOCT ITO BpeMe Ha o6RBRBaHeTO Ha He3aBl1Cl1MOCTTa Ha o'bllrapl!H
190
HOBA E'b!II'APCKA MCTOPMJ/ (1878-1944)
ocTaBKa Ha 10 RHyap:w 1901 r. 3aep;Ho c Hero OT npaBMTeJicTBOTo l13JIM3a MoB T:wTo-

poB. 3a nap;aHeTO Ha Ka6:wHeTa p;onp:wHaCRT pa3KpMTIUITa OKOJIO cp;eJIKaTa Ha 6MBilleTO
rrpaBMTeJICTBO 3a 3aKynyBaHe Ha CTapM BarOHM OT fepMaHMH, OT KOHTO ce o6narop;e-
TeJICTBaT HHKOM Ml1Hl1CTpl1.
Crry)Ke6HoTo npamneJICTBO Ha reH. Paqo IleTpoB40 (12 RHyap:w 1901 - 20 <l>eB-

pyapu 1901) MMa ep;Ha ep;MHCTBeHa 3ap;aqa, KaKTO TOBa Ha T. v1BaH':IOB - TIO,!J;fOTOBKa-
Ta 11 npoBe)l(p;aHeTO Ha HOBVI napJiaMeHTapHVi VI36opM.
:V'l36op11Te B Eonrap11H no ToBa BpeMe o6viKHOBeHo ce rre1:1e11HT OT napTVIRTa, Ko-
!ITO e Ha BJiaCT. feH. IleTpOB o6aqe He pa3IIOJiara C'bC co6crneHa TIOJIVITVl'feCKa CVIJia.
1111rpae Ba)lrna pom1 3a A~IIIJIOMaT11qeCKaTa 113all\11Ta. CJieA ITa,llaHeTO Ha ITpaa11re1ICTBOTO Ha MaJIH-

HOB CrecjiaH ITaITp11KOB cTaBa IT"blIHOMOll\eH MHH11cn.p Ha Eomapm1 B Pycm1 (1910-1912). ITo apeMe
Ha DaJIKaHcKaTa aot'rna ( 1912-1913) e ITpe,llcTaB11re1I Ha EomapHll ITpH fJiaBHara KBapT11pa Ha cpo6-
CKara apMHll. Tot'1 yqacTBa 11 B 6oJirapCKaTa .r1eneral\Hll 3a CKJIJO'lBaHero Ha JioH,llOHCKHJI )l;oroaop
rrpe3 1913 r. ITaITpHKOB e Hapo)l;eH rrpe.r1cTaBJ1JTe1I B XVII OHC (1914-1919). ITo apeMe Ha ITopaara
cseroBHa aot'rna e ITpe)l;ce.r1are1I Ha KoMHCl1JI 3a IIO,llITOMaraHe Ha BOMHl1UIK11re ceMeiicrna. B ITep110.r1a
1915-1918 rog11Ha e rrpegcegaTeJI Ha KoMHCHl!Ta 3a rrogIToMaraHe Ha aot'rn11rnKHre ceMet'1cTBa. YM11pa
Ha 30 Maii 1920 ro.r1Jrna B CocpuJI.
40 Pa'IO
IleTpOB e pogeH Ha 19 cpeap. 1861 r. B IllyMeH. 3asoprnaa BoeHHOTO yq11JIHl1\e B Cocji1rn
c nnpBHll a11rrycK ITpe3 1879 r. ITpe3 1883 r. 3aBopll\Ba HMKOJiaeBCKara soeHHa aKageMMJI B CaHKT
ITerep6ypr. Ha3HatJeH e 3a poTeH KOMaHg11p B 5-ra ITexorHa rereaeHcKa APY)l(I-!Ha, rneg KOeTo rnp1<11
s 11-ra rrexorHa opxam1t'1CKa gpp1rnHa B IllyMett. Ha 24 MapT 1885 r. e ITpo113aegeH B 'll1H KaIT11-
raH, np11q11rneH e K'bM feHepa1IHl1JI ll\a6 11 Ha3HatJeH 3a 6p11rageH a,llJOTaHr B ll\a6a Ha 1-aa ITexoTHa
6pirra,lla B Cocji11J1. CJie,ll Coeg11HeHueTo (1885), c YKa3 Ng 2 Ha KHll3 AJieKcaHgop I H3gageH Ha 9
ceIITeMBpH e Ha3HaqeH 3a BpeMeHHO 113II'blIHJIBall\ ,l\II'b)l(HOCTTa HatJaJIHHK Ha ma6a Ha 6omapCKara
soiiCKa. CJieg Kpall Ha Cpo6cKo-6omapCKaTa BOJ1Ha (1985) e Ha3Ha'leH 3a rnryJIJipeH HatJaJIHHK-ll\a6
Ha soJ1cKara. Ha I J1Hyap111886 r. e ITp0113Be,lleH B 'll1H Mafwp. ITpe3 1887 r. e Ha'laJIHHK Ha BoeHHOTO
)"IHJIHI.l.\e, a or cpeapyap11 c. r. PereHTCTBOTO ro Ha3Ha'laBa 3a Ha'laJIHHK Ha apeMeHHO ccpopMHpaH11J1
Y13TO'leH OTPJIA B Pyce. IIeTpoB yqacTBa aKTHBHO B IToryrnaBaHeTO Ha aoettmrre 6yHrnBe B Pyce
npe3 1887 r. Ha 24 arrp11n 1887 r. e Ha3HaqeH 3a aoeHeH Ml1H11crop B ITpaawreJicTBoTo Ha_CTaM6o-
rros 11 ocraaa Ha ITOCTa B'bB BTop11J1 11 TpeTHll Ka611HeT Ha K. Crmmoa (1894-1896). Ha 17 HOeMBp11
1896 r. e ITOBHUieH B qJIH reHepaJI-Maiiop, a Ha 29 HOeMBpH C'bll\aTa fO,l\HHa ce YBOIIHJ!Ba OT apMl1JITa
11 HanycKa M11Hl1CTepcKJ1JI IIOCT. IIpe3 CJiegBall\HTe f0,l\l1Hl1 P. ITerpoB ce 3aHJ1MaBa c IIOIIIITl1'lecKa
11eCrnocr, Karo e 6JIH3'bK c HJIII. Y'laCTBa B'bB BTopoTo rrpaa11re1Icrao Ha T. MaaHqoa, a B HatJaJIOTO
Ha 1901 r. ornaBJIBa apeMeHHo rrpaaineJICTBO, HarnaapeHo c ITpoae)l(gaHeTO Ha i136opw. ITpe3 1903-
1906 r. orHoBo ornaBl!Ba rrpaa11TeJICTBo Ha HJIIT. Pa'lo ITerpoa e Hapo,lleH ITpegcraa11Te1I B XI ( 1901 r.)
11XIII (1903-1908 r.) OHCITpe3 EaJIKaHcKaTa aoi'!Ha (1912-1913) e Ha3HatJeH 3a KoMeH,llaHT Ha yK-
peneHl1ll ITYHKT TopHoBo-Cei'IMeH, a ITO-K'bCHO e rrpuqi1rneH K'bM fJiaaHara KBapr11pa. Ha 2 aarycT
1913 e ITOBJ1illeH B 'll1H reHepaJI-Jiei'!TeHaHT. fio BpeMe Ha Me)l(,llYC'b!03HJ1'leCKaTa BOt°IHa KOMaH,llBa
3-ra apM11JI (OT 12 IOHl1 1913), KOJITO BOJOBa C'bC cpo6CKara apMlfll ITO ITOCOKa Ha IT11poT. CJie,ll Kpa!!
Ha so:t1Hara, Ha 2 aarycT 1913 e IIOBl1IlleH B quH reHepaJI-JieiirettaHT. ITpe3 Ilopaarn caeToBHa aoiiHa
(1915-1918) e Ha3Ha'leH 3a reHepaJI-ry6epHarop Ha MaKe,llOHCKaTa aoeHHOHHcrreKL\HOHHa o6JiacT.
ITpe3 l916 r. e 3aq11c1IeH K'bM ll\a6a Ha .r1e11cTBall\aTa apMHJI. I1pe3 1917 r. H31Il13a B 3aITac ITO co6crae-
Ho lKeJiaHHe. ITpH ITpaa11TeJicTBOTO Ha All. CTaM6on11iicK11 (1920) TOM e cogeH Ha 75 ro.r111H11 3arnop.
ITpeKapaa 4 ro,l\HHH B 3aTBopa, rneg Koern rra.r1a rrpaaureJICTBOTO Ha CrnM601I11iicK1111 e aJ\IHHcrnpaH
npe3 !924 r. Ha 6 Mai'! 1936 r. JIJ1qHo l\ap Eop11c III ro YAOCTOJIBa c Haii-BHCOKOTO 3aam1e reHepaJI OT
nexorara. YM11pa Ha 22 HHyapu 1942 r. B rapa EeJIOBO, IJa3ap)l(HlllKO.
Pocuu,a AHeenoBa
3aToBa 11 TOH Haco•IBa c11rr11Te cw B Ta3J1 nocoKa. fpynaTa oKorro Hero e peKpyrnpatta
OT BTopocTeneHH11 rrwrnocTw OT napT11.R:Ta Ha CT. CTaM6orroB. J1p;eorror Ha npoeKTll·
paHaTa napTwi1Ha qiopMaQJ.1.R: cTaBa )J;wKo MoBeB41 , KOHTO pa3B11Ba 11p;e11Te rn Ha crpa·
H11Ql1Te Ha B. "CBHm '', Koi1:To cKopo cTaBa opraH Ha P. IIeTpoB. HoBaTa non11nt"!ecKa
rpyn11poBKa ce o6ep;11H.R:Ba OKOJIO Jio3yHra "KHR3, 3aKOH, OTe"ieCTBo". "Pe<PopMarop·
cKaTa" napT11.R: Ha reHeparra He MO:>Ke p;a nop;roTB11 caMoCTOHTerrHa n11cTa 3a yqacnie s
naprraMeHTapH11Te 1136op11.
IIpe3 Meceq <PeBpyapw 1901 r. 3a TibpB11 11 nocrrep;eH TibT B ynpaBnem1ero Ha
KH.R:3 <Pepp;11HaHp; e J136paH naprraMeHT, B KOHTO np11Bbp:>KeHJ1Q11Te Ha npaB11Te1ICTBO·
TO HJIMaT npeBb3XO,ll;CTBo. IIop;roTOBKaTa Ha 1136op11Te 3a XI 0611KH0BeHo ttapo11tto
Cb6paHJ1e MJ1HaBa 6e3 rpy6 HaTJ1CK OT CTpatta Ha BJiaCTJ1Te, a pe3yrrTan1Te He 6y1V1T
Bb3pa:>KeHHR.
41 ,Il,HKO MoBeB (1867-1902 r.). CnapeMeHIHfl\Jl{Te MY ro HapJl{'!aT "pa360J71HJl{K'bT Ha neporo''.
Toti: 3anoqaa KapJl{eparn rn KaTO pe,llaKTop Ha BeCTHJl{K "Hanpe,!1" ( 1886-1887), 11{3,llaBa CTIJl{cam1e "YM
JI{ 3,llpaae" (1887-1889) JI{ "CTeHorpacpCKJI{ BeCTHJl{K" (1887-1893), Ha KOUTO e OTrOBOpeH pe11aKTOp
OT 4 ,!IO 7 6potl:. OT TOBa 11{3,llaHJl{e aM6J/{l\Jl{03HJl{HT Moaea npaaJI{ cKoK B nonJl{TJl{KaTa JI{ Jl{3nomBaf1K11
ceMeti:HOTO CJI{ nono)l(eHJl{e (6a,ll)l(aHaK Ha .[{11M11TDp ITeTKOB JI{ 3eT Ha ,[{Jl{MJl{T'bp PJl{30B), nona11aB
pe,!111{1\Jl{Te Ha Hap0,!1HO-nJl{6epanJI{. KaTO "apxJl{CTaM6onoBJl{CT" Toti: ornaBHBa cTeHorpacjicKoro 6mpo
Ha 7 OHC, OTK'b,lleTo rpy6o e yaonHeH OT napTJl{3aHJl{Te Ha K. CTOJl{ROB. HeroBOTo npe611saBa11e e
Toraaanrnm1 ocp111\Jl{03 "Cao6o,lla" ce 3anoMHH c ,!IBa rpnMKW cKaH,llana. KonKOTO JI{ ,!la e HesepoRTHO,
Jl{MeHHO Toti: Jl{306nJl{qaaa, npe3 1890 r., Jl{3BeCTHJl{H a,!IBOKaT JI{ nonJl{TJl{K ,!1-p HJl{Kona feHa,!IWeB, 'lee
B3en 6000 nB. TIO,!IKyn OT npaBl1TenCTBOTO, 3a ,!la Til1IIJe xaane6cTBeHJI{ CTaTl1JI{ 3a CTaM6onos B CBOH
BCeKl1,!1HeBHJl{K "BanKaHCKa 30pa", a 4 r0,!111HJI{ TIO-K'bCHO HanpaBO B3pJl{BHBa 06mecTBeH11Te HpaBllY
Hae, o6BJl{HHBati:KJI{ BJl{,!IHJl{H HJI{ KOHcepaaTJl{BeH nomrTl1K fpJl{rop Ha'IOBJl{'I, qe e 6ny,llcTBan c A'bll\epH
rn To,llopKa. Cne,ll na,llaHeTO Ha CrnM6onoa OT anaCT (19 Mati: 1894 r.), ,[{Jl{KO Moaea npeABWAmrno
6Hra B lllaetl:l\apJl{H, OTK'b,lleTo ce 3aapnma cne,ll ro,!IJl{Ha, HaKwieH c T11TnaTa ",!IOKTop", '11111TO rrern-
TJl{MHOCT e ocnopaaHa B ne,raTa. IToCTeneHHO Toti: ce a,llanT11pa K'bM CT011noa0To ynpasnettwe, cra-
BaCrKJI{ KaHl\nep B 6nnrapcKOTO ,!IJl{TIROMaTJl{'!ecKo areHTCTBO B UapJl{rpa,!1 npe3 1897 rDA11Ha. Acne~
Toaa ,!IOpJI{ crnaa CTORJl{'leH KMeT! ITpe3 1900 r. e aeqe B 06Kpn)l(eH11eTo Ha reH. P. ITeTpoa JI{ rp. Ha'!o-
BJl{'I npjl{ pe,llaKTJl{paHeTO 11 J/{3,llaBaHeTo Ha BeCTHl1K "CBHT" (1900-1902 r.), opraH Ha 6e3naprwi'!HOTO
npaBJl{TenCTBO Ha reHepana. BeCTH11K'bT ce 6opjl{ 3a C'b3,llaBaHeTo Ha HOBa napTJl{Jl OT Mna,llW, '!eCTHH
JI{ ,!I06po)l(enaTeJIHJI{ CJl{RJI{, KOJl{TO ,!la C'bCTaBHT npaB11TelICTBO 3a pecpopMJl{paHe Ha BCJl{'IKW 1rncrnry-
l\J/{J/{, nocrnBem-1 He Bnpxy ITl1'1HJI{, a Bnpxy np11Hl\l1TIHJI{ ornoB11. ,[{Jl{KO MoBeB caMoyBepeHo mrwe 3a
MHoro6pot!HJl{Jl ner110H OKORO "CBHT" 11 3a nporpaMaTa My, B KOHTO "neK'bT 3a MopaJJHaTa attapx1rn
e KOHCepBaTJl{BHOTO Ha,rano". MoaeB ycJl{neHo ce CTpeMJI{ ,!la pa3npoCTpaHJI{ 11,lle11Te c11, ,!IOKaro rett. P.
ITeTpOB e Ha enacT (09. 01.-19. 02. 1901 r.). B npecrnpaBaHeTO rn 3a nnarnpaHe Ha BecTHWKa crwra
;a;oTaM, ,!la l13Tipama TIJl{CMa ,!10 OKOflJl{UCKJl{Te Ha'!anHl11\J/{ c yKa3aHJl{e ,!la C'b6Jl{paT a6oHaMeHTW OT 06-
mJl{HJl{Te, KaTo ;a;opJI{ HaTpanea Ha,!ITIJl{CaHJI{ a6oHaMeHTHJI{ KBt>!TaHl\J/{J/{ 3a BCHKa 06m11Ha. Harrara ce
HOBJl{HT B'bTp. MJl{Hl1CTnp M. Capacpoa c oKp'b)l(HO Ng 2783 ,!la npJl{TIOMHJI{ Ha OKOnJl{ti:CKHTe Ha'!anHll-
1\J/{, qe He e THXHa pa6oTa ;a;a ce 3aHJl{MaBaT c a6oHaMeHTa Ha BeCTHJl{l\J/{ JI{ cn11caH1rn B KHl!)l(eCTBOTO.
Hatl:-roneMJl{HT cKaH,llan, B Kot!To e 3aMeceH ,[{Jl{KO i1oBeB, e c cjianIII11cjJJl{l\J/{PaHJl{Te rep6os11 MapK11.
T03JI{ cKaH,llan Jl{36yxaa B caMOTO Ha'lano Ha 1902 r. Moaea 3aM11cnH XJl{T'bp 11 ,llnp3'bK mraH 3a 6op3o
3a6orarnBaHe. 3ae,!IHO c 'IJl{HOBHJl{l\Jl{Te oT Hapo;a;Ha 6aHKa Xp. fapJl{6oa, K. KanaHoB, Xp. Illaxna30B,
HaXMJl{ac JI{ KarrnrnH By,lleBCKl1 Toti: opraHl13Jl{pa OTTie'!aTBaHeTO Ha rep6oBJI{ MapKJI{ c roTOBl1 Kmrwe-
Ta Ha Hapo;a;Ha 6aHKa B rnpa)I( 10 MnH. rreaa. J13,lla;a;eH, Toti: e 3a,ll'bp)l(aH Ha 6 HHyap111902 r. B apecra
Ha 8 HHyapJI{ Toti ce oTpaBH c l\J/{aHKanJl{t\:, 3aIIJJl{T B'bB apnxHaTa MY ,llpexa.
192
J136opmITe pe3ynTaT11 p;oBe:>Kp;aT p;o ep;11H ITbCTop cocTaB B Hapop;HoTo c'b6pa-

m1e, KOHTO p;o rOJIRMa CTerreH C'bOTBeTCTBa Ha C'bCTOJ!HMeTO VI' Ha pa3I10JIO)!(eHMeTO Ha
rrorrMTM'IeCKMTe c11n11 B cTpaHaTa. C'bcTaB'bT Ha KaMapaTa JICHo noKa3Ba, qe Hl1TO ep;Ha
rrapTMJ! He e B C'bCTORHJ1e p;a ornaBM caMOCTOJ!TeJIHO npaBMTeJICTBO. I1p11 TOBa IlOJIO-
)!(em1e B'b3MO)!(HOCTJ1Te ca p;Be - p;a ce pa3Typ11 HC MITH p;a ce C'bCTaBH KOaJIMQMOHHo
rrpaB1'!TeJICTBO OT Tp11 11n11 p;Be rrapTMH, HO np11 3a)l;'bJI)!(J1TerrHaTa nop;Kpena Ha Tpern
rraprraMeHTapHa c11na.
2. KoaAHgHoHeH Ka6HHeT Ha t{eMoKpaTH'leCKaTa H IlporpecHBw

HOAH6epaAHaTa napTHH
Crrep; npop;'bll:>Kl1TeJIHl1 KOHcymaQMH H p;oroBapHHl1R Ha 19 IJ?enpyapn 1901 r. e

C'bCTaBeHo KOaJIJ1QJ10HHO rrpamneJICTBO OT L(eMOKpaTM'IeCKaTa VI' I1porpecMBHOJIJ16e-
parrHaTa napT11J1, Ha'Ieno c I1eTKO KapaBerroB. Crrep; OTKa3a Ha HIT p;a B3eMe Y'tJaCTMe B
Ka6HHeT, KOMTO He ce rrpep;cep;aTeJICTBa OT JIMp;epa Ha napTMJITa p;. K. CTOMJIOB, p'bKOBop;-
crnoro o6e~aBa p;a p;ap;e rraprraMeHTapHa nop;Kperra Ha HOBMJI Ka6MHeT. MoHapx'bT He
Kp!1e rrpep;rrO'IJ1TaHJ1RTa CM K'bM CTaM60JIOBrfCTMTe, HO rro-yp;o6HM B KOHKpeTIIaTa c11Ty-
al_\l1J! ce oKa3BaT TPMTe pycoqmncK11 napTMH. lfpe3 rnx ce O'IaKBa eBeHTyarrHa qrnHaH-
coBa ITOAKperra OT Pyorn. Tow He caMo e np11Hyp;eH p;a rrpMeMe yrrpaBJieHHeTO Ha p;BeTe
pycoqmrrcKM rrapTMH, npoTecT11parr11 rop;MHM rrpep;M TOBa cpe~y M36opa MY 3a MOHapx,
HO l1 He ycrrRBa p;a HaJIO)!(J1 CBORTa KaHp;Mp;aTypa 3a BOeHeH M1'!HVl'CT'bp. ITaprraMeHTap-
Hara geMOKpaQJ1R yp;'bp:>Ka no6ep;a, MaKap H BpeMeHHa, Hap; KHJ!)!(eCKHTe aM6MQVl'J1.
IlpaBMTeJICTBOTO e B C'bCTaB: rr. KapaBeJIOB - MVl'HHCT'bp-rrpei:1cep;aTeJI H MM-
Hl1CT'bp Ha qrnHaHCMTe, CT. L(aHeB - MMHMCT'bp Ha B'bHIIIHHTe pa6oTH, M. CapacpoB
- Ml1HMCT'bp Ha B'bTpernH11Te pa60T11, An. Pap;eB - MMHMCTop Ha npaBoc'bp;MeTo, An.
JlJOgCKaHOB - Ml1Hl1CT'bp Ha T'bproBMRTa 11 3eMep;enMeTO, I1B. CnaBeMKOB - Ml1Hl1CT'bp
Ha rrporne~eH11eTo, J1B. EenMHOB - MMHHCT'bp Ha o6~ecTBeHHTe crpap;M, rr'bTM~aTa
11 c'ho6~eHMJCTa 11 CT. I1arrp11KoB - BoeHeH MMHMCT'bp. KoaJIHQMOHHOTO npaBHTeJI-
crno Ha II. KapaBeJioB noeMa yrrpaBJieHHeTo Ha CTpaHaTa B l13KJIIO'Il1TeJIHO Tpyp;eH
rrep11og. ToBa Hanara 3ap;a'IMTe Ha Ka611HeTa p;a ce coo6pa3JIT c B'bTpernHaTa 11 Me)!(p;y-
HapogttaTa o6cTaHOBKa - B'b3CTaHOBJ!BaHe Ha 6yp)!(Oa3HaTa p;eMOKpaQJ1J!, l13JIM3aHe
OT Te)l(Kara cpMHaHCOBa KpH3a M yKpenBaHe Ha yrnm1<HeHHTe OTHOIIIeHHJ! c PyCHR M c
ocrattamcTe 6anKaHCKl1 p;'bp)!(aB11.
IlopBaTa l13B'bHpep;Ha cernR Ha XI OHC e OTKpHTa Ha 22 cpeBpyapH 1901 r. H C'b-
rnarno rrpep;Bap11TeJIHaTa p;oroBopeHOCT J1B. EBCTp. feIIIOB e M36paH 3a npep;cep;aTeJI
HaKaMapaTa. I1pMeT e HOB I1paBHJIHMK 3a B'bTpernHHJI pep; Ha Hapop;HoTO co6paHHe, B
OCHOBaTa Ha KOMTO 3aJIRra o6c'b:>Kp;aHl1R OT IX OHC npe3 1898 r. HoBMRT npaBJ1JIHl1K
i:1aBa IIO-fOJIJIMa B'b3MO:>KHOCT 3a l13Ka3BaHe Ha BCH'IKJ1 p;erryTaTJ1, npep;Bl1)!(p;a TaMHO
rnacyBaHe np11 M36op Ha npep;cep;aTeJI 11 nop;npep;cep;aTerr11 Ha KaMaparn, 3ap;'bJI)!(J1TeJI-
HO IIOl1MeHHO rnacyBaHe rrp11 OKOH'IaTeJIJ-IO npHeMaHe Ha 3aKOHJ1Te u p;pyrn npep;JIO-
)!(eHl1JI OT 3aKoHop;aTeJieH xapaKTep. Tow 3arnnBa pomITa Ha npep;cep;aTeJIJI Ha HC- p;a
crre):\!1 3a crra3BaHeTO Ha KOHCTl1TYQl1RTa u pep;a B C'b6paHJ1eTO, p;a p'bKOBOp;l1 p;e6aTl1-
re, ga 6gH 3a KBopyMa B rrapnaMeHTa 11 p;p.
Pocui.ia AH2eJ10Ba
E,n;Ha OT rropBJ,1Te cnrrKw Ha rrpaBJ1TeJicTBoTo e rrpweTJ1RT Ha 16 Matt 1901r.3aKOH

3a a,n;MJ1Hl1CTpaTJ1BHOTO ,n;eJieHJ1e Tepl1TOpl1RTa Ha .n;op)l(aBaTa, B'b3 OCHOBa Ha KOWTO
OKpo3J1Te ca HaMaJieHw ,n;o 12. Ha 24 arrpwn 1901 r. e rnacysaH HOB 3aKoH 3a rro3eM-
JieHJ1R Hanor, c KottTo ce rrpeMaxBa B'bBe,n;emrnT OT Pa,n;ornaBOBJ1R pe)l(J1M HaTypaneH
,n;ernToK. Tott yrnop)l(,n;aBa pa3XBopJIRHeTo Ha e,n;Ha rno6anHa cyMa rro roneMuHara Ha
np11Te)l(aBaH11Te napQeJIJ1 11 crrope,n; KaTerop113aQl1RTa Ha 3eMRTa rro Kal.fecrna. Tipe3
Matt e BHeCeH 3aKOHorrpoeKT'bT 3a OTMRHa Ha l.JJI. 13 (,n;aBa~ B'b3MO)l(HOCT 3a CBOeBo-
mrn Ha BJiaCTJ1Te) OT 3aKOHa 3a l13Tpe6neHJ1e Ha pa36ottHl1l.JeCTBOTO, aMHJ1CTMpam1
ca Jil1QaTa B3eJil1 yqacT11e B cencKMTe 6yHTOBe B IIIa6na J1 ,D;ypaHKyJiaK rrpe3 1900 r.,
npoKapaH e HOB 3aKOH 3a rrel.JaTa, KOttTO OTMeHR peal(QJ10HHJ1Te J1 KOHcepBaTMBHll
orpaH11l.feH11.11, B'bBep;eHw OT pa,n;ornaBJ1CTJ1Te. BHeceH e 3a o6co)l(,n;aHe J1 3aKoHonpo-
eKT 3a BoBe)l(,n;aHe Ha rrporropQHOHaJIHaTa cwcTeMa 3a o6~l1HCKJ1Te 1136opu, 3a no-
roJIRMa CBo6o,n;a Ha 113611paTeJI11Te 11 J13KJIIOl.JBa~ rrpaBoi_:o Ha mac Ha cTpa)l(apure, Ha
QJ1raHJ1Te-MIOCIOJIMaHJ1 11 Ha QMraHwTe 6e3 ycTaHoBeHo MeCTO)l(l1TeJicTBO. Crre):IBaT 11
.n;pyrw 3aKOHJ1 - 3a ype)l(,n;aHe Ha op113oceeHeTo, 3a HacwqaHe Ha e,n;wH MJ1JIJ10H 6poH-
30BJ1 MOHeTw, 3a J13MeHeH11e J1 ,n;ononHeH11e Ha 3aKoHa 3a rro~wTe 11 Tenerpacjmre, Ja
6naroycTpottcTBO Ha Hacenemne MecTa, 3a B'b3CTaHOBRBaHe Ha OTMeHeHw.11 or m16e-
pan11Te pa,n;ocJiaBJ1CTJ1 B fOJIRMaTa CJ1 qacT 3aKOH 3a C'bp;orrpol13BO,ll;CTBOTO, rrpuer OT
Ka611HeTa CTOJ1JIOB, KottTo Ha npaKTirIKa BoBe)l(p;a rrp11HQ11rra Ha HecMeHReMocrra Ha
C'b)l;l1J1Te l1 T. H.
Ha 22 Matt 1901 r. Hattqo l.J,aHoB42 OT l1MeTo Ha 45 ,n;enyTaTl1 BHarn npe,L1JIO)f(eH11e
3a co,n;ette Ha MJ1HJ1CTpwTe OT Ka611HeTa T. Ji1BaHl.JOB - B. Pap;ornaBoB (1899-1900 r.),
42
Hai'1'10 UauoB e po,11eH npe3 1857 B'bB B11,11HH. Toi'1 e no-MaJI'bK 6paT ua nom!THKa Mmrn
UaHoB. Y'IH B'bB B11,1111H H B Cocpmr. Cne,11 Ocso6m1<,11eH11ern cTaBa ,11ee11 Ha JIIT. 06Jrn51Bfl ce rrpo·
T11B 113BnprneHmI npe3 1881 OT KHR3 AneKcaH,llnp EaTeH6epr ,llnp)!<aBeH npespaT H ycraHoBemrn
"pe)l<11M Ha nnnHoM011~11J1Ta''. Cne,11 npeMaxBaHeTo Ha pe)l<HMa npe3 1883, B npo,ll'bm1<eH11e Ha oKono
ro,1111Ha H3,llaBa secTHHK "Cso60,11a". Y'lacTBa KaTo ,1106posone11 B Cpn6cKo-6onrapcKaTa BOftHa rrpeJ
1885. :VfaRBeH nponrnH11K Ha pe)l<J1Ma Ha CTaM6onoB. ITpe3 1891 ce KaH,lll1,llaT11pa B e,11Ha m1cra c n.
Enaroes B'bB B11,1111H 1>1 e 1136paH 3a Hapo,11eH npe,llcTaBHTen, HO BnacTTa aHym1pa H36op11re. CneA
na,11aHeTo Ha CrnM6onos npe3 1894, cTaBa aKTWBeH ,11ee11 Ha Kpwnorn B Jlw6epanHaTa napnrn, Ha·
'leno c IT. KapaBenoB. ITpe3 1894-1898 UaHoB 113,llaBa BecTHHK "Hapo,11eH m1cT". B Ha'-lanoro Ha XX
seK ornaBJIBa JIRBOTO Kpwno B npe1>1MeHysanaTa ce B ~eM0KpaTw1ecKa napT11R npe3 1896 rpyrra Ha
1<apasen11cn1Te. To cTaBa II3BecTHO KaTo "Mna,11H ,11eM0KpaTw". ITpe3 1903 Te ce OTAeJI51T or 11e~10-
KpaTwTe, a npe3 1905 OCHOBaBaT OT,llfJIHa napTHJI - Pa,1111Kan,11eMOKpaT11'1eCKaTa, Ha'-leno Ha KORTO
3aCTaBa UaHOB. Hai'l'-IO UaHOB ce npoTHBonocTaBR Ha JIW'-IHHR pe)l<HM Ha <Pep,1111HaH,11. Ocjm1111amm
ce o6JIBRBa cpe!'-ly yqacT11eTo Ha EnnrapwR B ITnpBaTa cBeTOBHa soi'rna, HO no-cKopo )f(enae H<L\leca
Ha CTpaHarn Ha AHTaHTaTa. ITpoTHBH11K Ha ynpasneHHeTo Ha E3HC H An. CTaM6onwt'1cKH - orKaJBa
Aa 3aeMe npe,11ce,11aTencKWJ1 nocT B Hapo,!IHOTO cn6paHwe, 3a!'-IOTO e H36paH c rnacoBeTe Ha 3eMegen-
CKOTO MH0311HCTBO. CnI11eBpeMeHHO ce rrpoT11BOilOCTaBJI 11 Ha 6yp)l<Oa3HY!Te naprHH, Karo rn Bl!Hlf
3a Ha11110HanHHTe KaTaCTpocp11. B Kpa:MHa CMfTKa ce op11eHT1>1pa K'bM KoHcTHTY'-11'!0HHY151 6rroK, rrpeJ
1922 noMara 3a opraH113HpaHeTo Ha cn6opa MY B TnpHoBo. Cne,11 pa3roHBaHeTO Ha cn6opa or E3HC
UaHOB e apecTysaH OT IIOllH'-IHRTa, HO nopa,1111 Hanpe,11HanaTa MY Bn3pacT e nocTaBeH caMo rro11110-
MaIUeH apecT. YM11pa Ha 2810m1 1923 r. B CocpHR. B on11T ,11a np11sneqe K'bM ce6e rn rrpHB'bp)[(eHIH\llre
Ha P~IT, npas11TencTBOTO Ha Crosopa rrorpe6sa UaHOB c ,ll'bp)l<aBHH rro'leCTH.
194
HOBA E"b!II'APCKA VfCTOPJ1JI (1878-1944)
yrrw1em1 B He3aKOHH11 p;eJ.1:cTBvUI, npmt3BOJIM Hag rpa)l(gaHM M Kopym~MR. Cpep; nop;-

KperrnJIMTe npep;JIO)f(eHMeTO ca ,[(p. IJ;aHKOB, T. BnaMKOB, 5I. 3a6yHoB, r. KMpKOB M AP·
CrreA w3rnynrnaHe Ha p;oKnaga Ha AHKeTHarn KOMMCMR 3a pa3cnegBaHeTo MM e rnacy-
BaHo npegJIO)f(eHMe 3a gaBaHe Ha BMHOBHM[\MTe IIO,[\ C'b,[\.
IIpaBMTeJICTBOTo KapaBenoB-,[(aHrn noeMa ynpaBJieHMeTo B M3KJI:EO'IYITeJIHO He-
6rrarorrpttRTHH ycnoB11.R B Ha'laJioTo Ha XX BeK. BoHlllHMRT MHHHCTop g-p CT. ,[(aHeB e
rrp11sop)l(eHMK Ha cxBa~aHeTo, qe MaJIKMTe gop)l(aBM KaTO EonrapYIR TpR6Ba ga rrpa-
BHT "rronMTYIKa c OTBopeH11 KapTYI''. Cpeg rropBocTeneHHYITe 3ap;a'IH ca nogo6pRBaHe
Ha ornorueHMRTa c PyMoHHR 11 3acYIJIBaHe KOHTaKnne c PyrnR. Bonpoc'bT 3a ype)l(ga-
He Ha KoHcpJIMKTa c PyMoHMR BJIYI3a B o6~arn npaBMTencrneHa nporpaMa 3a B'bBe)l(-
11aHe Ha pecpopMM B EBponeJ.1:cKa Typr.:t;YIR. BeJI11KMTe CMJIM He 3aK'bCHRBaT M oKa3BaT
HarwcK Bopxy npam.uencTBOTO ga orpaHM'IM get'!cTBWRTa Ha BopxoBHMR KOMMTeT.
IIo roBa BpeMe Me)f(p;y BMOK YI BMOPO co~ecrnyBa HaJ.1:-6JIM3KO cnTPYAHMtJecT-
BO. TopKaHMR MMa caMo OTHOCHO CKJIOHHOCTTa Ha CapacpoB K'hM aBaHTropttcTM'IHM
)\ettCTBHR M K'bM He,[\OCTaT'b'IHO go6pe ofo..n1rneHO rrpMJIO)l(eHMe Ha TepopMCTH'IHMTe
cpe,!icrsa. Hep;oBoJieH OT E. CapacpoB e YI KHR3'hT. Ha 23 cpeuw 24 MapT 1901 r. ca
apecrysaHM poKOBO)J;YITeJIYITe Ha KOMMTern - E. CapacpoB, T. ,[(aBM,[\OB, B. KoBa'IeB,
r. ITerpos, a MaJIKO IIO-K'hCHO M 3ap;rpaHM'IHM.fl npep;crnBMTeJI Ha BMOPO - fbopqe
IIerpos. IJ;enrn Ha npamneJICTBOTO e p;BORKa - p;a ce p;ap;e yg0Bnernopem1e Ha Py-
M'bHHH w Cop6YIR, T'hi1 KaTo KOMYITeTCKMre Boga'IM ca apeCTyBaHM no nogo3peHMe
3a coyqaCTMe B y611J.1:CTBOTO Ha MYIXaVJJIRHY M <DMTOBCKM, KaKTO M 3a p;a ce OTCTpaHM
or poKOBO,[\CTBOTO Ha KOMMTeTa E. CapacpoB, npegBHA npegcTOR~MR IX MaKegoHo-
011pVIHCKM KoHrpec. Yp;apoT cpe~y KOMYITern C'hBrrap;a c HaCT'hIIJieHMeTO Ha rypcKMTe
BJiacrw rrpoTMB 6onrapCKarn opraHM3ar.:t;MR B MaKep;oHWR. B ConyH ca apeCTyBaHM
•rneHoBe Ha UK Ha BMOPO. B 3aTBopMTe nonagaT MHoro 6onrapM, o6BYIHeHM B peBo-
III01\l10HHa gei1HOCT. QqaKBaHYIRTa, qe Bem1KMTe CMJIM ~e ce 3aeMaT c npMnaraHeTo Ha
'Ill. 23 OT EepnYIHCKMR goroBop ocTaBaT Harrpa3HM.
3a rrnpBM TI'hT cnep; Orno6o)KgeHMeTo CTpaHarn HM e noceTeHa OT npegcrnBMTeJI
Ha pyCKaTa u;apCKa cpaM11JIHR, CBop3aHa c Orno6ogMTeJIHarn BOMHa. Ha 27 :EOHM 1901
r. c 6poHeHoceu;a "PoCTHCJiaB" Ha BapHeHCKOTO npwcTaHH~e npMCTMra BeJIMKMR KHR3
ArreKcaHgop MMxai1JIOBH'I, c11tt Ha 6parn Ha YIMneparnp AneKcaHp;op IL Ha opraHM-
311paHwre T'bp)KeCTBa CTaBa M3BeCTHa HOBMHaTa 3a OTnyrnaTM.fl OT pycKOTO npaBM-
TeJICTBO 3aeM OT 4 MJIH. cppaHKa, Heo6xop;HMM 3a TeKy~HTe nJia~aHMR no ,r:\'bp)l(aBHHR
l\'hllr.
AxwnecoBaTa neTa Ha npaBMTeJICTBOTO ce OKa3Ba CKJI:EO'IeHHRT npe3 cenTeMBpH
1901 r. 3aeMeH p;oroBop c TiapYI)l(KO-XOJiaH,[\CKaTa 6aHKa npM MHOfO HeM3fO)J;HH yrno-
Bl1H - 3a 120 MJIH cpp. c 5% JI11XBa 11 C'bC 3aJIOf Ha TFOT:EOHeBMR MOHOTIOJI KaTO rapaHr.:t;HR.
B)\eifcrBMTeJIHOCT 3aeM'bT e OT 113KJI:EO'l11TeJIHa Ba)l(HOCT npegBMA Te)l(Karn cpMHaHcoBa
Kpw3a, B KORTO e YI3nap;HaJia cTpaHaTa. YcnoBMRTa Ha goroBopa o6aqe ca YHM3MTeJIHH
11 crpaHaTa e 3aJIRTa OT MMT11HfM M npoTeCTM, ,[\O HapogHOTO Co6paHwe ce M3npa~aT
MHoro6poJ.1:HM TenerpaMYI. Ha 11 p;eKeMBPM 1901 r. rnep; p;onrM M O)l(MBeHH o6co)l(p;a-
Hl1H B rrapnaMeHTa p;oroBopoT e OTXBopneH enc 76 rnaca "3a" M enc 79 rnaca "npoTMB"
Mrrpam1TeJICTBOTO rrop;aBa OCTaBKa.
Pocu11a AHzeJ10Ba
3. XoMoreHHO npaBUTe.l\CTBO Ha nporpecnBHO.l\u6epa.l\uTe, ua11e·

J\o c A-P CTosH ,llaueB
Ha21 p;eKeMBpH 1901 r p;-p CToHH ,D;aHeB 43 ornaBJIBa xoMoreHeH Ka6Jrner Ha

TIJUI (21 p;eKeMsp:w 1901-6 Mai1 1903). Ha11wrnern Ha pa3Hopop;Ha KaMapa MY ,l\aBa
B'b3MO)!(HOCT p;a onMTa p;a C'bCTaBJ1 OTHOBO KOaJil1Ql10HeH Ka611HeT. Hai1-Bl1):\HY!Te 11e·
MOKpan1, 6mt3Kl1 copaTHl1QH 11 np:wJITen:w Ha TI. KapaBeJioB, OTKa3BaT no 11l1'UIY! npw·
'IJ1HJ1. mo ce OTHaCJI p;o HTI, no AYMHTe Ha caMV!JI ,[{aHeB, TJI MY OTKa3Ba "Haorpd'
BCJIKO cnrpyp;HHl.JeCTBO. TaKa cncTaB'bT Ha Ka611Hera e rnep;HHJI: Cr. ,[{aHeB - MMHHC·
Tnp-npep;cep;aTeJI 11 MHHHCTop Ha B'bHllIHHTe pa60T11, M. Capacpos - MWHVICTop Ha

BnTpernHHTe pa6oTH 11 ynpaB11JIBa~ cp:wHaHCOBOTO MHHHCTepcrno, B. KntttIOB - MW·
HHCTnp Ha nporne~eH:weTo, reH. Cr. IlanpHKOB - soeHeH MVIHVICTnp An. Jlrop;CKattoB
- MMHMCTnp Ha ToproBHJITa VI 3eMep;en:wero 11 ynpaBJrnBa~ MVlmtCTepcrnorn Ha 06·
~ecrseHJtITe crpap;:w, nnr:w~aTa 11 cno6~emrnra. Ilo :wCKaHe Ha MHHHCTop-npeAce11a·
remi XI OHC e pa3rryrnarn.
Ha nposep;eHwTe Ha 17 cpeBpyap:w 1902 r. 3aK0Hop;are11m1 1136op11 3a XII OHC
ynpas11JIBa~ara napr:wJI ycmrna p;a c:w oc:wrypw MH03HHCTBO. 3a npep;cep;aren e Y!36patt
Up. UaHKOB. Te3:w 1136opw ca ep;H:w OT Hai1-cB06op;H11Te npe3 <Pepp;:wHaHp;oBoro yn·
pas11eH11e. Enarop;apettHe Ha rosa ono3HQJ1JITa e llIHpoKo npep;craBeHa VI c Vl3Becrnu
yroBopKH, TJI C'b~o npV13HaBa rno6op;ara Ha 1136op1ne.
Bep;Hara rnep; napnaMeHrapH:wre 1136op11 TIJITI Tnpc:w c6JI11)!(emre c HTI. Cnope~
HJIKOJ1 aBTop:w fellIOB OT67I'bCKBa npep;JIO)!(eH:weTO Ha QaHKOBJ1CTJtITe 3a C'brJiawem1e.
Tot'i He np:weMa no1111n1Kara Ha npas11re11cTBOTO Ha p;-p UatteB no pep; Bnnpocw, KaKTO
VI JIH'IHHTe Kal.JeCTBa 11 p;ei1cTBVIJI Ha HJIKOH qJieHoBe Ha TIJITI. Ha npaKTitIKa 3a c6mDKe·
H:wero Me)!(p;y HTI H TIJITI cn~ecrsyBaT l13BeCTHJ1 npep;nocTaBKVI ,[{Bere napnm: ttMar
43 CTOHH Jl:aues e po.r1eu ua 28 RHyap:11 1858 r. B IllyMeH. Y'lw B IllyMeH w IIpara. ITpe3 1876
yqacTBa KaTo .r106p0Bone11 B 'leTara Ha <!>wnm1 ToThO no speMe Ha Cpo6CKo-TypcKaTa sofrna. Yq11
npaBo B U10p:11x :11 Jlal1n11wr w 3asopurna B XaC1.r1en6epr npe3 1881. IIpe3 1883 3aBopurna rromrrnqe·
CKW ttayKw B IIapwJK. Cne.r1 3aBp'bll.\aHeTo c:11 B EonrapHR e 'IIIHOBHWK B Ml1HWCTepcTsoro Ha qnrnaH·
CHTe, a OT 1884 e a,!IBOKaT B CocjmR. OT 1894 ,!IO 1898 npeno.r1asa MeJK,llyHapo,!IHO npaso B'bB Bvrcwero
yqwnwll.\e. AKTWBeH .r1eRTen Ha IIJIII, Tot'! crasa He:11H BO,lla'I rne.r1 OTTernRHeTo Ha ,IJ;p. UattKOB npe3
1899. IIpe3 rro-ronRMarn 'laCT OT yrrpasneHwern Ha Koanmvrnrn Ha IIJIII w HIT rrapnrn (1911-1913)
CT. .IJ:attes e rrpe.r1ce.r1aTeJI Ha Hapo,!IHOTO co6pauwe w W3TI'bJIHRBa HRK0!1 .r1:11rrnoMarn'!ecKH MllCllM.
Tot'! e .r1eneraT rrp:11 no.r1nwcsaHeTO Ha rrpwM:11pweTo rrpH lfaTaJI,!IJKa npe3 1912 :11 poKOBOAH 6'bnrap·
CKaTa .r1enera11wR, rro.r1rrucana JloH,!IOHCKHR MwpeH .r1orosop (1913). B HaBe'Iepwero Ha MeJKAYCblO·
3HW'lecKaTa BOtiHa Toti OTHOBO ornaBRBa 3a KpaTKO rrpaswTeJicTBOTO. IIpe3 rne.r1Ball.\ttTe roAHHH ~a
HeB rrperro.r1asa flWIIJIOMarn'leCKa wcTOpHR B Cso60,I1Hl1R yH:11seprnTeT (1916-1934). Crreg ITnpsara
csernsua Bot'rna yqacTBa s KOaJIWQHOHHWTe npaswTeJicTBa Ha T. Teo.r1opos w Arr. CraM601rniicK11
(1918-1920). IIpe3 1922, KaKTO "',llpyrw BO,lla'IW Ha on031!1Ql1RTa, e apecTyBaH OT 3eMe,lleJICKOTO npa·
BWTeJICTBO, KaTo e ocso60.r1eH 'laK cne.r1 ,[(eseTOJOHCKWR rrpeBpaT. OT 1924 .r10 1939 e rrpeAcegaren Ha
E-Y:K. CTORH ,[(aHeB e w 'IJieH Ha Ap6wTpaJKHWR C'bfl B Xara. )KeHeH 3a Pa.r1a EypMoBa (1868-1952),
wMaT Tp:11Ma cwHa w e.r1Ha fl'bll.\epR: 11Bal1no (l 890-l 979),To.r1op (1890-1894), Bna.r1wMwp (1893-1969),
Onra (1897-1993). YMwpa Ha 3010n.w 1949 r. B Cocjmx.
196
CXOAHO OTHOillem1e 3a H3Mepemuna Ha 6yp)KOa3HaTa ):\eMoKpaQHR, H3pa3RBaT HHTe-

peo1Te Ha no-3aMO)l(HJ1Te CJIOeBe Ha o6IQeCTBOTO, HMaT pycocpurrcKa B'bHlllHOnOJJHTH-
'!eCKa optteHTaQHR, rpynaTa Ha OTQenwrrHTe ce OT HIT B Kpa11 Ha XIX B. e B peAHl\HTe
Ha rrnn H AP· Ho B KOHKpeTHaTa Cl•tTyaQHR ,IJ;BeTe cpopMaQHH CTORT Ha pa3JIH'IHH no-
3111\1111. HapoAHaTa napTHR ce o6RBRBa 3a rn11BaHeTo Ha ):(BeTe napTHH, KaTo npo11ec
Ha C'b3AaBaHe Ha CHJJHa napTHR, KORTO ):\a ce npeBnpHe B MOrDIQ cpaKTOP B 6nrrrap-
CKara o6IQecrneHo-norrwTHqeCKa Ael1crn11TeJIHOCT. ,U-p CT. ,UaHeB (peen. ITJIIT) TnpCH
rrpaB11TencrBeHa H/HJJH naprraMeHTapHa no):(Kpena. TaKa nperoBop11re ca npeKnCHaTH
cneA KaTO nup;ep11Te Ha p;BeTe napTHH pa3611par, qe HaMepeHHRTa HM ce pa3JIHqaBaT.
KaforneTnT ce 3aeMa c qrnttaHCOBHR Bnnpoc rneA npoBegem1Te 3aKoHop;aTerrHH
1136opH. Tow ycrnma Aa H3p;e:iiCTBa OT pycKOTO npaBr1Terrcrno ornaraHeTo Ha aBaHca
KbM PycKaTa Anp)l(aBHa 6aHKa, KaKTO H OTAaBHa He norarnBaH11Te 3agnJJ)KeHHR no
oKyrrnqHOHHHR p;nrrr H cTapttTe p;nrrroBe no gocraBKHTe Ha pycK11 nylllKH. EgH0Bpe-
Mem10 c TOBa npaB11TeJICTBOTO noJiyqaBa yBepeHHJITa Ha pyCKaTa p;11nJI0MaQHR, qe
11\e cnge11crna npep; cppeHCKOTO npaBHTeJicrno 3a Bn306HoBJIBaHe Ha nperoBoprHe no
3aeMa. Cn6HTHRTa ce pa3BHBaT 6rraronpttRTHO H Ha 20 IOHH 1902 r. p;oroBopnT 3a 3aeM
or ITaptt)KKO-XOJiaHACKaTa 6aHKa H PyCKaTa gnp)KaBHa 6aHKa e nognucaH B ITapH)K.
B ornoBaTa cu TOM Bn3npott3Be)l(Aa cpurrar-rcoBvrTe yrnoBHR Ha nponagr-ramrn 3aeM OT
1901 r. - B'b3lll13a Ha 106 MlIH. HOMHHamrn c 5% fO):\HlllHa lJHXBa H QeCHOHeH Kypc
81,12%. Ha 25 IDHM 1902 r. 3aeMnT e rnacyBaH H nptteT B XII OHC. B ge:tfcTBMTeJIHOCT
3aeMbT e KOHCOmlp;Hpall\. EAHa qacT OT r-rero e OT):\eJJeHa 3a HOBH BOeHHH nopnqKJ1
BbB <DpaHQHR. qpe3 yrnoBMeTO nnK B EnrrrapHR ga ce BnBege cppeHCKH ):\eJieraT OT
cny)!(6aTa no KOHTpona ce p;onycKa nOJJHTHqeCKa caHKQHR Ha cppeHCKHR cpm-IaHCOB
KoHTporr B cTpaHaTa. IIpe3 aBrycT y Hae npttcTttra cppeHCKHR geJierar )K. EycKe, KOMTO
rrocraBR nop; KOHTPOJI Cn611paHeTo Ha AaHnKa OT TIDTIOHeBHTe 6aHp;eporr11.
XII OHC nptteMa w pep;1111a ITOJI30TBOpH11 3aKoHonpoeKT11- ygnJI)KaBa ce cpoKa
Ha ge:tfcrn11e Ha 3aKoHa 3a 3aMRHa Ha TypcKHTe goKyMeHTH Ha co6crneHocT c 6nrrrap-
CKH KpenocTHM aKTOBe, 113MeHeH e 3aKOHa 3a no3eMJJeH11R ):\aH'bK, Karo norrpaBKHTe
ce OTl-IaCRT AO HaqJIHa Ha orrpeAeJJRHe H pa3XBnpJIRHe Ha gaHnKa, 3aKOHa 3a OTMRHa
Ha TIOKpOBHTeJICTBeHOTO MMTO Ha BHaCRHHTe KO)KH, 3aKOH 3a pa3p;errRHe Ha OKOJIHHTe
Ha 1n6:11parerrHM ceKQMH, 3a H3MeHeH11e Ha 3aKOHa 3a ceJICKHTe M rpaACKMTe o6IQHHH,
3a C'b):(e6H:11Te rrpMcTaBM, 3a HaMaJieHHe QeHHTe Ha JieKapcTBaTa, 3a CTa6HJIJ13aQHR Ha
rroJio)!(eHHeTo Ha quHOBHHQHTe 11 AP·
flpe3 QeJIHR nepHOA Ha CBOeTO ynpaBJieHHe npaBHTeJJCTBOTO He e CTa6HJIHO Ha-
'leJIO Ha BrracTTa. I1pwmr-r11Te 3a TOBa ce KopeHRT npeg11 Bc:viqKo BnB BnHll1Honorr11ru-
'!ecK11re TPYAHOCTH npep; Hero. IIporpecHBHOJJH6eparrHaTa napTHR noeMa BJiaCTTa c
aM61111:1111ra ga npeMaxHe pa3HorrracHRTa Me)Kgy Enrrrap:viR 11 Pyc11R u Aa Bn3Bnpr-re r-ra-
llbJIHO pycKoTo p;0Bep11e K'bM EnnrapuR. Ka6HHeTnT Be):\Hara nnpBH crnnK11 3a Koop-
/:ll1H11paHe Ha p;eHCTBHJITa CJ.1 c pycKOTO npaBHTeJJCTBO no Ba)l(HH HaJie)l(a)_QH BnrrpoCH.
CpeA rnx Ha:ii-cneilleH ca ycnoBMRTa Ha 3aeMa OT <DpaHQYIR. TaKa oCBeH KJI10q0Ba rro-
3111\IUI Ha nocpep;HHK B 6nrrrapo-cppeHCKWTe 3aeMHH nper0Bop11 npe3 1902 r. pyCKaTa
Pocu4a AHzenoBa
,n;MrrnoMaQMR ,n;np)1<J1 OI.Qe e,n;MH Ba)f(eH nocT 3a rronMTJ1'ieCKJ1 HaTMCK Ha,n; Enrrraptt!!
- c.l>MpMMJIJ1RHOBJ1R B'brrpoc.
OT KpaR Ha XIX B. <l>MpMMJIJ1RHOBJ1RT Bnrrpoc 3aHJ1MaBa 6nnrapcKMTe rrpaB11Ten-
cTBa, o6I.QecTBeHocTTa J1 EK3apxtrnrn. ToJ1: BO,ll;H HatJanoTo rn OT 1897 r., KoraTO cpell\y
6nnrapcKHR HeyTpamneT B fpnQKO-TypcKaTa BOMHa e H3,n;eJ1:cTBaHO H3,ll;aBaHeTO Ha
HOBH 6epaTH 3a Bna,n;HQH B oHTOJICKa, ,Ue6npCKa H CTpyMHIIIKa errapxHR, OTKp1rna-
HeTo Ha TnproBCKH areHTCTBa B O,n;pHH, ,Ue,n;eara'I, CRp, ConyH, EwTOJIR H CKorrne, a
3aTotJeHHQHTe Ha ocTpoB Po,n;oc ca aMHHCTHpaHH. OT csoR cTpaHa, Cnp6m1 Begttara
rrpaBH rrocT'brIKH rrpe,n; I1aTpHapwMRTa B UapHrpa,n; H BHcoKaTa rroprn Ha MRCTOro Ha
rrotJHHaJIMR rpoQKHR MHTporromn MeTo,n;HJ1: B CKorrue ,n;a 60,n;e Ha3Ha'IeH cpo6m1
rro,n;aHHK. Cne,n; ,n;onrH rrperoBopH e H3,n;a,n;eH 6epaT, c KOMTO 3a cKorrcKH MHTpononur e
Ha3HatJeH rpoQKHR Bna,n;uKa AMBpocuJ1:. 3a rnoJ1: 3aMeCTHJ1K M yrrpaBJIRBaI.Q CKorrcKa
errapxMR TOM orrpe,n;enR cpo6cKHR apxuMaH,n;pHT <l>MpMMJIMRH. ToBa ,n;aBa rrosog Ha
Cop6HR ,n;a ,n;eJ1:cTBa 3a Ha3Ha'!aBaHeTo MY 3a CKOrICKJ1 MMTporronHT, c KOeTo ce rro-
CTaBR HatJaJIOTO Ha T. Hap. <l>HpMMJIHRHOB Borrpoc, '!MeTO pa3peIIIaBaHe 3aBHCJ1 Hai1-
MHOfO OT TypQHR.
B HatJanoTo Ha BeKa cpo6cKoTo npaBHTeJICTBO 3ac11nBa rrocT'brIKMTe cu rro ct>11p-
MMJIJ1RHOBMR Borrpoc. 3a TOBa CilOMaraT KaKTO peIIIMTeJIHMTe ,n;eJ1:cTBHR Ha cpo6CKllJI
nocnaHHK B UapHrpa,n; CT. HosaKOBM'I, TaKa H orrpe,n;eneHo rroKpOBHTencTBeHaTa rro-
JIMTHKa Ha PyrnR B noll3a Ha Cop6uR. ITpamnencTBOTO Ha ITJIIT B HMeTo Ha HaJie)!{a-
1.QMTe qmHaHCOBH HY)f(,ll;M Ha ,n;op)f(aBaTa )f(epTBa ,n;onrocpo'IHHTe H HHTepern. 3a ga
TIOJIY'IM pycKaTa IlOMOll\ 3a TaKa Heo6xo,n;MMHR cppeHCKM 3aeM, p;-p ,[(aHeB p;asa C'bfJia-
CMeTO Ha 6onrapcKOTO npaBMTeJICTBO ,n;a He C'b3)J;aBa 3aTpyp;HeHHR OKOJIO pnKOIIOJia-
raHeTO Ha <l>HpMHJIHRH. Ha 13 MapT 1902 r., TO'IHO B p;eHR, KoraTO MHHHCT'bp-rrpeg-
ce,n;aTeJIR ,n;-p CT. ,UaHeB 3aMHHaBa 3a I1eTep6ypr, no HaCTORBaHe Ha cpo6cKt1R Kpan,
pycKMRT B'bHIIIeH MMHMCTop rpacp JlaMc,n;opcp Hape)f(,n;a Ha nocnaHHKa B UapHrpag Ms.
3MHOBJ1eB ,n;a HarrpaBM BCJ1'iKO B'b3MO)f(H0 TypcKMR cynTaH ,n;a J13p;a,n;e Heo6xogl1Ml!J!
6epaT Ha apXMMaH,n;pHT <l>HpMMJIMRH.
KHR3 <l>epp;MHaH,n; npaBH COH,ll;a)l(M 3a ornaraHe TIOCBeI.QeHMeTO Ha cpo6CKl1JI Ml!T-
ponOJIMT. PeaKQMRTa Ha pyCKaTa ,n;unnoMaQHR e He,n;BycMMCJieHa - 6onrapcKara c'b-
npoTHBa MO)f(e ,n;a MMa He6narorrpMRTHM nocnep;HQM Bopxy cpuHaHCOBMTe rrperosop11
B ITapM)f( M rrpe,n;cTORI.QOTO noTyBaHe Ha KHR3a B PycuR. ToBa rrpe,n;onpep;enR OKOH'!a-
TeJIHO KarruTynaQHRTa Ha rrpaBMTencTBOTO Ha ,n;-p CT. ,UaHeB, He3aBHCMMO or Hego-
BOJICTBOTO Ha EK3apxHRTa M npoTeCTMTe Ha o6I.QeCTBeHocTTa B cTpaHaTa. C 1136:wpa-
HeTo Ha <l>HpMMJIHRH 3a MMTporronMT Ha CKorrHe ce 3aCHJIBaT OI.Qe rroBetJe IT03Hl\MHTe
Ha cpo6cKaTa HaQMOHaJIMCTM'IeCKa nporraraH,n;a B MaKe,n;oHMR M ce KOMnpoMernpar
,n;onroro,n;MIIIHMTe ycMJIMR Ha EonrapCKaTa rrpaBocnaBHa QopKBa ,n;a yKperru tta11110-
HaJIHOTO caMOC'b3HaHJ1e Ha rropo6eHMTe 6onrapu. PerneHMeTo Ha <l>upMHJit1RHOBHJI
Borrpoc IIOKa3Ba 3a II'bpBM II'bT HapyIIIeHaTa xapMOHHR B ,n;eJ1:CTBMRTa Ha Tpt1Te ¢aK-
Topa Ha HaQHOHanHoocB060,n;uTenH0To ,n;eno - ,n;np)f(aBHaTa BnacT, EK3apXt1HTa :w pe-
BOJIIOQMOHHOTO )J;BM)l(eHMe. E,n;HoBpeMeHHO c TOBa CTaBa RCHO, KOJIKO e 6e3rrepcrreK-
THBHa TaKTMKaTa ,n;a ce 3anara caMo Ha no,n;KperraTa Ha e,n;Ha senuKa cumi rrpu rronHo
IIO,ll;'IHHeHHe Ha HeMHMTe J1CKaHJ1R.
198
HOBA E'b!IfAPCKA UCTOPUJ! (1878-1944)
BnnpeK11 TOBa OT cpep;aTa Ha Maw ,LIO HaLJaJIOTO Ha IOH11 1902 r. KHJI3 <l>ep,I:111HaH):I,
rrpM.z:IPY)l(eH OT M11Hl1CTnp-ITpe.z:1ce.z:1aTeJIJI .r1-p CT. .[(aHeB 11 OT BOeHmrn M11H11CTnp reH.
Cr. IIanp11KoB ITpaB11 o<Pm..r11aJIHO cno611\eH11e Ha pycK11H 11MneparnpcK11 p;Bop B I1e-
rep6ypr. Cpep; pe3yJITaT11Te OT ITocell\eH11ern Ha <l>ep.z:111HaH.z:1 e ITOp;IT11caHaTa Ha 31
Mal1: B I1eTepxoBCK11JI p;Bopeu; TaWHa 6nmapo-pyCKa BOeHHa KOHBeHD;11H. KoHBeHu;11-
J1Ta 11Ma 3a u;en p;a ITpoT11Bop;ewcrna Ha BoeHHaTa KOHBeHu;11H Ha ABcTpo-YHrap11R 11
PyMnHHH 1t1 He e ttacoLJeHa ITpoTMB Typu;11JI 11n11 .r1pyra 6anKaHcKa .z:l'bp)l(aBa. PyrnJI ce
3a}:l'bJI)l(aBa Aa C'b):lettcTBa 3a 3ana3BaHe u;enocTTa 11 Henp11KOCHOBeHoCTTa Ha 6nnrap-
cKaTa Tepinopirn. KoHBeHD;VIJITa TOLJHO onpe.r1enH p;ewcrnrrnrn Ha CTpaH11Te B pa3JIVl'I-
mne B'h3MO)l(HJA CJIYLf aM Ha eBeHTyaneH K0Hcpn11KT c ABCTpo-Yttrap11H, PyMnHVIH VIJI11
Tpol1:H11H C'hI03. B CJIY'rnw Ha Bofrna 6nmapcK11Te Bnopn)l(eH11 rnn11, cpnoT'bT VI ITpV1c-
raHHI11aTa ce ITOCTaBJIT ITO.z:I pnKOBO)J;CTBOTO Ha pycK11JI rnaBHOKOMaHp;Ball\ VI C'bOTBeT-
HO Ha HaLJaJIH11Ka Ha pycKMJI cpnoT. Cnep;oBaTeJIHO rn VIMa or6paH11TeJieH xapaKTep 11
He C'bp;'bp)l(a TepVITOpVlaJIHVI KJiay3H. B T0311 CH B11p; KOHBeHD;11JITa e ycITex 3a pyCKaTa
}:IMITJIOMau;irn. 3a 6nmapcKaTa CTpaHa rn Kp11e He)::(OCTaT'hD;H - He ornrypRBa Ha D'hJI-
rapl1H pyCKa ITOp;Kpena, B rnyLJatf Ha yrno)l(HeHHJI c Typu;rrn, K011TO ca Hatt-B'h3MO)l(H11
B 6JIH3KO 6np;eI.Qe M y3aKOHHBa npeKaJieHo roJIHMa HaMeca Ha Pyc11H B pa60T11Te Ha
6nnrapCK11Te BOeHH11 C11JIH, KOeTo orpaHMLJaBa 6e3KOHTpOJIHaTa BJiaCT Ha KHH3 <l>ep-
}:\MHaH,n; Hap; 6nmapCKaTa apM11H. He rnyLJattHO npe3 rnep;Ball\11Te rop;11HM KOHBeHu;M-
Jna e M'bJI'IaJIMBO o6e3CJAJieHa H OT ):IBeTe CTpaHH.
L(oKaTo B ITapJiaMeHTa 11 B ITeLJaTa ce BO,[IHT O)l(eCTOLJeH11 )J;HCKYC11H ITO <l>HpMV1-
/Il1JIHOB11H B'hITpoc, ITpe3 IOJIM 1902 r. B Cocprrn ce npoBe)l():la KOHrpec Ha BMOK. Ho-
BOTO pnKOBop;cTBO 3aIToqBa no.z:1roTOBKa Ha B'hCTaH11e B MaKe):IOH11H. feH. UoHLJeB VI
06Kpo)!(eH11eTo MY ce Hap;HBaT B 60.z:1ell\OTO B'hCTaH11e p;a ce BKJIIOLJaT 11 X11JIH.z:111 pycK11
Berepatt11 OT Orno60.r1wTeJIHaTa BOWHa, K011TO ce oLJaKBaT p;a npHCTMrttaT B Eomap11H
3a }:IBap;eceT 11 ITeTrop;11UIHMHaTa OT llfanqeHcK11Te 6oeBe. Bnpx0Bwcr11Te pa3LJVITaT ITO
T0311 Ha'IVIH p;a aHra)!<11paT PycHH Ha CTpaHaTa Ha B'bCTaH11eTO. Ilpe3 JIJITOTO Ha c. r.
HHKOJIKO BopxoB11CTK11 LJenr npeM11HaBaT B MaKep;oHMH. Boi1Bop;11 Ha Te311 q~T11 ca
npe}:IMMHO 6omapCK11 oip11u;epV1, K011TO ITOJIBHBafIK11 ce cpe.z:1 MeCTHOTO HaceJieH11e B
CBOl1Te ocpwu;epCK11YHMopM11,11M B)J;bXBaT .z:IOTI'bJIH11TeJIHa yBepeHOCT B CKOpOUIHaTa
HaMeca Ha EnJirapMR.
Y3HaBal1:K11 3a rorneHoTo B'hcTaH11e, BMOPO ce om1TBa p;a ro npep;ornparn:. Ha
MHoro MecTa p;ei1u;uTe Ha opraH113aD;HHTa ycnHBaT .z:1a y6e):IHT .z:IOI1IJI11Te OT Eonrap11H
BnpxoB11CTK11 qer11 p;a ce 3aBnpHaT o6parHo. B .ri;pyrn rnyLJa11 BnpxoB11CTK11Te LJeT11
ca pa3opo)l(eH11 enc crrna. BocTam,reTo 1136yXBa caMo B fopHO,[l)l(yMai1CKo. HaLJaJioTo
MY e rrocraBeHo Ha 23 cenTeMBpM 1902 r. B c. :>Kene3H11u;a. Eop6ara e KpaTKa 11 npe3
HOeMBpM B'bCTaHvreTO e ITOTyureHO.
OrrarnocTTa OT p;paManrqH11 yrno)l(HeHMJI Ha EanKaH11Te npaB11 Bee ITO-Heo6xo-
11l1Ma 6np3aTa HaMeca Ha BeJIJAKMTe CMJI11. J1HTepernTe Ha 6aJIKaHCKMTe Hapop;11 OTHO C-
HO cn.n;6arn Ha eBpoITei1cK11Te Tep11Top1111 Ha OcMaHcKaTa 11MITep11R ca pa3HOITOCOLJH11.
IlporMBonoJio)l(H11 ca M cTaHOBHI.QaTa Ha BeJI11K11Te orn11 - AHrni-rn 11 <l>paHD;MJI ca 3a
rrpe11rrpMeMaHe Ha o6I.Qa aKu;11JI 3a nop;o6pRBaHe noJio)l(eH11ern Ha HaceneHMeTO BbB
BMJiaeTMTe Ha 11Mnep11RTa, f epMaH11JI BH11MaTeJIHO Ha6n10.r1aBa HaMecaTa Ha Pyc11JI 11
Pocu~a AHzeJZoBa
ABcTpo-YHrapV1.11. TaKa ce pa:>KAaT pa3JIVl"rnVI npoeKTW, KOeTo nOATVIKBa cynTaHa caM

Aa 06.R:BVI peqiopMeH npoeKT, V13pa6oTeH OT KOMVlevtR npVI BenVIKOTo se3Vlpcrno. Bem1-
KV1Te CVIJIVI o6aqe He pearVlpaT.
Ha 25 AeKeMspH 1902 r. rpaqi JlaMCAopcp C'bBMeCTHo c aBCTpVIWCKVIR cw KoJiera
3an03HaBaT nornamu~VITe B UapwrpaA vfo. 3wHOBVleB VI 6apoH KaJIV1'le c npe,!1Bap11-
TeJIHVIR TeKCT Ha aBCTpo-pyCKaTa (BueHCKa) pecpopMeHa nporpaMa, BnoCJie,!\CTBl!e
01w6peHa OT ABaMaTa MMnepaTOpM M OT BVlcoKaTa noprn Ha 23 cpespyapu 1903 r.
ITo C'b~ecrno T03M npoeKT He ce pa3nuqasa OT cynrnHCKVIR AeKpeT OT 12 AeKeMBp11
1902 r. Tow npeABVl:>KAa peopraHM3aQVIR Ha nom1QMRTa 11 :>KaHAapMep11.11rn, C'b3,!\aBatte
Ha OTAeJieH 6IOA:>KeT 3a ConyHcKVI, EuToncK1111 CKoncK11 s11naeT11, 3aMRHa Ha ,[\ernn-
Ka c no3eMJieH AaH'bK, nOAMRHa Ha n'bAapV1Te MIOCIOJIMaHl1 B xp11CTl1JIHCKV1Te pai!OHll
VI Ha3Ha'lasaHe Ha reHepaneH :i-rncneKTop Ha pecpopMVITe. OcseH, qe VIMaT nonOBWH"'lar
xapaKTep, npeAB11AeHl1Te pecpopMVI ocrnsaT He np11no:>KeH11 11 HapoA'bT no,[\wrpasa-
TenHo r11 Hapuqa "noAapcK11':
EonrapCKaTa o6~ecTBeHocT nocpe~a c HeAOBep11e npV1eTV1Te peqiopMw. Bnrrpe-
KVI o6B1'IHeHMRTa VI 3ac11neH11Te aTaKVI Ha on03MQVIOHHVITe napT1111, npaB11TeJICTBOTO
Ha A-p CT. ,Il;aHeB npoA'hJI:>Kasa Aa ce coo6pa3RBa c pycK11Te C'bBeTVI 3a Topnem1e 11
yMepeHOCT, HaARBa-f1K11 ce Ha noAKpena Ha Pyc11.11 no MaKeAOHCKWR Bonpoc. B ,!\yxa tta
Te3VI O'laKBaHVIR Ha 31 RHyap11 1903 r. npaBJ-fTeJICTBOTO pa3Typsa C'b~ecrnyBall\WTe
ABa BopXOBHH KOMVITeTa 11 TeXHMTe APY:>KeCTBa B CTpaHaTa, a Ha CJieABa~HR AeH apec-
TyBa TeXHl1Te poKOBOAl1TeJIVI.
Tosa e cV1rHaJI 3a <t>epAMHaHA, qe pycKaTa nonHTVIKa He e B C'bCT0Rm1e ,!\a 6oge
Vl3nOJI3BaHa B HeroBaTa co6cTBeHa noJIHTl1Ka no MaKeAOHCKl1R B'bnpoc. TioCTeIJeHHO
nporpecV1BHOJIV16epanHV1RT Ka611HeT CTaBa see no-roJIRMa npe'IKa 3a V13n'bJIHem1e tta
KHR:>KeCKVITe 3aMVICJIVI VI nocTaBR Ha AHeBeH peA npeA KHR3a B'bnpoca 3a HeroBOTO CBa-
JIRHe. OcseH KHR:>KecKaTa ono3MQHR, npaBVITeJICTBeHMTe MeponpVIRTl1R ce ca6ornpar
VI OT 'IVIHOBHVIQVITe B'bB BCVl'IKVI BeAOMCTBa, no-roJIRMaTa qacT OT KOVITO ca CBnp3aHl1
c MaKeAOHO-OAPWHCKl1Te APY:>Kecrna. OT Apyra cTpaHa AeWCTBVIRTa Ha reH. TianpwKoB,
KOVITO ca B pa3pe3 c npaBVITeJICTBeHaTa noJIHTMKa, CTaBaT AOCTORHMe H Ha qy)l<):\me
AMnnoMaTM'leCKVI npeAcTaBMTen11. Ha 18 cpespyapu 1903 r. e l13BopUieH roJIRM 0611p
Ha nyUIKl1 OT BOeHeH cKJiaA B c. KHR:>KeBo. PenyTaQMRTa Ha KHR:>KeCKMR soeHeH Mll-
Hl1CT'bp reH CT. TianpuKoB cTaBa He3a~MTMMa u TOM noAaBa ocTaBKa. Cne,!\ ,!\'hJirn
nperosopu Me:>KAY ,Il;aHeB u KHR3 <t>epAMHaHA TOM e 3aMeHeH OT Muxawn CaBoB, KaTO
nocJieAHMR 3anoqsa Aa npurnarn Ha KHR:>KeCKMTe HHTp11rM cpe~y npaBMTeJICTBOTO If
Aa nOAfOTBR no'IBaTa 3a CBaJIJIHeTO My.
B Ha'laJioTo Ha 1903 r. B'bHUIHaTa noJIHTHKa Ha npaBMTeJicTBOTO, M3pa3JIBall\a ce
B'bB B'b3A'bp:>KaHe OT caMOCTOJITeJIHM MHWQMaTVIBM VI OTCT'bnKVI npeA 'IY:>KAMR HaTWCK,
· npeTopn.11sa noneH Kpax. Ha 2 Maw 1903 r. KHR3 <t>epAMHaHA Hanara npaBMTencTBeHa
CMRHa. Ha npueM B ABOpeQa no rnyqaM npa3HVIKa Cs. Eopuc TOM npeAM3BMKBa cKaH-
AaJI VI ny6nVl'IHO M3roHBa npocBeTHMR MMHMCT'bp AneKcaHA'hP PaAeB. TionoB~IH 'lac
CJieA TOBa KHR3'bT nonyqaBa M npHeMa OCTaBKaTa Ha KaforneTa.
3asopUIBa eAMH TPYAeH 3a 6onrapcKaTa MCTopu.11 nepHOA. HaM-TO'IHa 011ettKa 3a
Hero AaBa npocp. E. CraTenosa: "I1eTTe Kp113MCHM roAMHVI - OT 1899 AO 1903 r. - ~!MaT
200
HOBA 5'b!IfAPCKA UCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
xapaKTep Ha npenoMeH MOMeHT B 6nnrapcKaTa HOBa HCTop:~rn. Te ca pa3AeJIHTeJIHa

rpam1~a Me)KAY ABa nepuo;n;a: gBeTe AeCeTHJienrn rne;n; Orno6o)KgeHHeTo, KoraTo
ce IIOJiaraT OCHOBHTe Ha 6yp)KOa3HaTa ;n;eMoKpa~HR, C'h3;D;aBaT ce npe;n;IIOCTaBKH 3a
KamnaJIHCTuqecKo pa3BHTHe H 3a cTa6HJIHa napTHMHO-IIOJIHTWiecKa cTpyKTypa, H
IIbpBOTO AeCeTHJien1e Ha xx BeK, KoraTO ce IIOCTHra 3a6eJie)!(HTerreH no;n;eM B TIOJJH-
niqecKHR, HKOHOMWiecKHR H KYJITYPHHR )KHBOT B Enmap1rn''.
JU1TEPATYPA
oe)KKOB, JI. CeJICKI1Te B'bJIHeHI1JI l1 6yHT'bT Ha .r106py,I:l)KaHCK11Te ceJIJIHI1 np11 ,ll;ypaHKyrraK

1900 r. C., 1970.
oy)KallIKI1, E. BoHllIHaTa TIOJII1TlfKa Ha D'brrrap11J1 l1 ono3l1Ql10HHI1Te napnrn (1900-1914
r.). - J1J1J1, 23, 1974.
Be'leB, ,[I;. Pe¢opM11Te B EaponettcKa TypQ11J1111 pycKo-6onrapcK11Te OTHorneH111J1 (Ha•iano-
TO tta XX BeK). - BeKoae, 1980, KH. 2.
Brraxoa, T. Kp113a B 6onrapo-TypcK11Te oTHorneHJrn 1895-1908. C., 1977.
fpoH'lapoB, CT. EonrapHJI Ha npara Ha ,[IBaAeceToro CTOJieT111e. I1on111Tw1ecK11 acneKTH.
C., 1986.
fpoH'lapoB, CT. Pa3Hornac11J1Ta Me)l(AY <t>ep.r111HaHA 111 npaBHTeJICTBOTO Ha I1porpec11BH0-
11116eparrttarn napT111JI ( 190-1903) no BbnpOCI1Te Ha B'bHllIHaTa nOJIJ,1THKa - J1I1p, 1972, KH. 5.
,UaMJIHOB, C. EonrapmI B'bB ¢peHCKaTa norr111rnKa 1878-1918. C., 1985.
):\aMJIHOB, C. <t>peHcKOTO 111KOHOMI1'lecKo npoHHKBaHe B Eonrap11J11878-1914. C., 1971.
J1KOHOMll1KaTa Ha Eonrap111J1 AO coQ111an111cTH'!ecKaTa peBOJIIOQll1JI. C., 1969.
J1cropnJ1 Ha Eonrapvrn. T. VII. EAH. C., 1991.
KoneB, 11. EonrapcKaTa HHTenureHQHJI 1878-1912. C., 1912.
JlaJIKOB, M. Eonrap111J1 B 6anKaHcKaTa non111rnKa Ha AaCTpo-YHrapHJI 18 78-1903. C.,
1993.
MapTbIHeHKO, A. K. PycKo-6onrapcK111e OTHOllleHll1JI B 1894-1902. K111ea, 1967.
TiaHTeB, A. AHrmrn 11 B'bHlllHOTIOJill1Tll1'leCKvITe npo6neM111 Ha EonrapHJI 1879-1914. - B:
EnrrrapHJI B csern OT ApeBHOCTTa AO Harnu AHll1. T. 2. C., 1979.
TiaHTeB, A. AHrn111J1111 pyCKo-6onrapcKoTO noM111peH111e 1894-1896. - B: Eonrap11J1111 eapo-
neilcKHTe crpamr npe3 XIX-XX BeK. C., 1975.
TiattTeB, A. AHrn111J1 cpeIQy PyrnJ1 Ha EanKaH111Te 1879-1894. C., 1972.
TiaHTeB, A. EonrapcKll1JIT Bonpoc B CAUJ; 1876-1903. Bem1Ko TopHoso, 1984.
TionoB, P. AacTpo-YHrap11J1 H Eonrap111J1 cJieA naAaHeTo Ha CTaM6onoB111J1 pe)l(J1M 1894-
1896 r. - Boa: BoHrnHaTa nom1T111Ka Ha Eonrap111J1 1878-1944. J13cne.r1aaHHJ1 no 6onrapcKa 111c-
roptt!!. T. 3. C., 1978.
Tionos, P. EanKaHCKaTa nomtrnKa Ha Eonrap111R 1894-1898. C., 1979
Tiorroa, P. EonrapHJI H PyrnJI. TionHTWieCKH oTHorneH111J1. 1894-1898. C., 1985.
Ca3AOB, ,[I;. ,ll;eMoKpaTH'lecKaTa napTHJI B Eonrap111J1 1887-1908 r. C., 2001.
Ca3AOB, ,[I;. ,ll;eMoKpaTH'lecKaTa napTHJI H cencKOTO ABJ1)1(eH111e B EonrapHJI or KpaJI Ha XIX B.
- B: CencKWJIT Borrpoc H cencKHTe ABll1)1(eHWJI B EorrrapwR 111 fepMaHHJI (1830-1945). B. Top-
HOBO, 1983.
Crarenosa, E., P. TiorroB, B. TaHKOBa. J1crnp111J1 Ha 6orrrapCKaTa .r1111nn0Mawrn 1878-1913.
C., 1994.
ToAopoaa, u;a. ,ll;vrrrnoMan1qecKa 11cTop11J1 Ha B'bHllIHll1Te 3aeM111 Ha EorrrapHR 1888-1912.
C., 1971.
Pocui~a AH2e11oaa
TonanoB, B. B'bHmHaTa nom1T11Ka Ha E'bnrapm1 no BpeMe Ha Pap;ocnaB11CTK11JI peJK11M.

- J1Tip, 1984, KH. 2.
TonanoB, Bn. K'bM :wcrnp:wRTa Ha pap;ocnaB:wcTKHR pe)f(11M (19. I - 27. XI. 1900 r.). - J111p,
KH. 6, 1961.
TonanoB, Bn. CrnnaHcKaTa Kp113a B E'bnrap11R 1879-1900. - J1J1J1. T. 12, 1963.
Xp11cTOB, Xp. CencKMTe B'bJIHeH11JI 11 6yHrnBe 1899-1900. C., 1962.
IIIapoBa, Kp. CencK:wTe B'bJIHeH11JI npoT11B p;ecJIT'bKa B PyceHCKO npe3 1900 r. - J1ITp, KH.
4, 1957.
X. YilPABAEHHE HA HAPOlU-IOAHEEPAAHATA
IlAPTH.H 1903-1908 r.
1. 0c'b3HaTOTO 6e3CHJ\He
CJiep; ocrnBKaTa Ha Kafornern Ha p;-p CT. ,[(aHeB, <t>epp;MHaHp; rrpoBe)l(p;a KOHcyn-

rnrvm c Bop;aqMTe Ha Tp11Te rrapT1111 - Hapop;Ho1rn6epaJ1HaTa, Hapop;Harn 11 ~eM0Kpa
T11qecKaTa. Ycnm1rneHaTa o6cTaHOBKa Ha EanKaHMTe ro ttacoqBa K'bM Koamn-111otteH
KaforneT, KOHTO p;a c'bqeTaBa perrnneJIHMTe p;ei1CTBMJ:I Ha CTaM60JIOBl1CTl1Te c pyco-
qmJICKaTa op11eHTa1-111J:I Ha Hapop;HRI.\11 M p;eMoKpaTM. 0TKa3'bT Ha HIT M ~IT ,11asa1
B'b3MO:lKHOCT KHJ:I3'bT p;a OC'bll.\eCTBI1 11p;eJ:ITa CJ1, KaTO B rrpaBJ1TeJICTBOTO OCBeH rrpe11-
CTaBJ1TeJIJ1 Ha Hapop;HoJI116epaJ1HaTa rrapTMJ:I BKJiffiqJ1 M 6e3rrapTMHHM p;ei11-1w, B KOil-
TO MMa p;0Bep11e. Ha 5 Mai1 1903 r. e Ha3HaqeH Ka611HeT B C'bCTaB: reH. Pa'Io ITerpos
- Ml1Hl1CT'bp-rrpep;cep;aTeJI l1 Ml1Hl1CT'bp Ha B'bHlllHMTe pa60TJ1, ,[(. I1eTKOB - Ml1Hl1CTbp
Ha BorpelllHMTe pa6oTM, AHTOH MaHyllleB - MMHMCTop Ha cp11HaHcwTe (3aMetteH cne11
CMopTrn MY rrpe3 aBryCT c. r. c Jla3ap I1aHKOB), H. feHap;11eB - MMHMCTDP Ha rrpaso-
cop;weTo, ,[(MMMTDP K. ITorroB - MMHMCT'bp Ha o6rn;eCTBeHwTe crpap;11 M yrrpaBmrnal!I
M.11HwcTepcTBOTO Ha ToproBMJ:ITa 11 3eMep;en11eTo, IIOJIK. M. CaBOB - BOeHeH MttHllC-
TDP .11 rrpocp. J1BaH llI.11lllMaHoB44 - M.11HMCTop Ha Hapop;HoTO rrpoCBell.\eHwe. TaKa
caMo Tp11Ma OT MMHMCTp.11Te ca CTaM6onoB11cT11 - I1eTKOB, feHap;.11eB 11 MaHymes.
44 J1BaH )J;HMHTpoB IIIu:mMaHOB e pop;ett e B CBm:l\OB Ha 22 IOHH 1862 r. H e Harne,a;tt11K Ha B1>3-

po)f(p;eHcKaTa ¢aM11JI11JI lllwllIMaHOB11. Y•rn B Tiep;arom'leCKOTO )"IJllII1111\e B'bB Bwetta (1876-1882).
Cnep;Ba ¢11noco¢11R 11 nwTepaTypa B Metta (1884) 11 >KeHeBa (1885-86). Tipe3 1888 r. 3a1I111rasa110K-
TOpar B nat1nqwr. VlMeTO Ha llifllllIMaHOB KaTO MJllH11CT'bp Ha HapO,D;HOTO npoCBell\eHJ!le (1903-1907)
ce CB'bp3Ba c OCHOBaBaHeTO 11 pa3BJllTI1ero Ha pep;11qa KynrypH11 JllHCTJllTYTJll. Toti e ep;JllH OT OCHOBaTe-
JIJllTe Ha BwcllleTO y'IMJI1111\e B CoqmR (p;Hec Co¢wJ.1cK11 yttwBepcwrer, 1888). IIpo¢ecop no sceo6!I1a
m1Teparyptta 1'I Kynryptta 11cTop11R, KaKTO 11 no cpaBH11renHa n11reparypHa 11cTopm1. Octtosaren 11
pep;aKTOp (1889-1902) Ha ,,C6opHUK 3a HapoOHU yNLomaopeHUJ!, HayKa u KHWICHUHa", pe,a;aKTOp B
cnMcatt11e ,,E'bllzapcKu npe211eo" (1893-1900). VlBaH III11mMaHoB e 6all\a Ha .[(11MJ11TDP lllmnMattOB,
n11caren w non11rwK. YMMpa B Orno Ha 23 IOH11 1928 r.
202
HOBA En!II'APCKA UCTOPUJI (1878-1944)
Hapo.n;Hon11:6epanHaTa napnui: e npe.n;craBi1TeJJ Ha Mna.n;ara npoM11IIIJJeHa 11 T'bp-

roscKa 6yp)Koa311R 11 BKmoqBa B pe.n;11u;11Te c11 rnaBHO npe.n;np11eMaq11, T'bprosu;11, 11H-
11ycTp11anu;11 11 .n;pyr11 KaTerop1111 npe.n;cTaB11Ten11 Ha 6'bnrapcKara 6yp)Koa311R, CB'bp-
3aHa 11pe.n;11 BCJ.1qKo c peaJJ113a:Q11RTa Ha roJJeMH ):l'bp)!(aBH11 o6eKT11 - nocTpORBaHe
Ha )!(11 JI11H1111 11 Il'bT111u;a, np11cTaHmu;a, roneM11 06ru;ecTBeH11 crpa.n;11. Ta311 qacT OT
6yp)f(Oa311RTa e HaH-TRCHO CB'bp3aHa c Kan11TaJIHCT11qecKOTO pa3Bl1T11e Ha CTpaHara B
Kpa.s1 Ha XIX B, KoraTo ce 113B'bpIIIBa roJJRMO no Maru;a611 )KeJie3on'bTHO CTpo11Tencrno,
CKJIIQqBaT ce n'bpBHTe B'bHIIIH11 3aeM11 11 CTpaHaTa Tp'brna ysepeHO no TI'bTR Ha Kan11-
rnm1CT11qecKOTO pa3Bl1T11e.
MoHapx'bT 11 e.n;paTa 6yp)f(Oa311R pa3q11raT Ha craM6onos11cT11Te .n;a 11poBe)K,n;aT
rro-aKT11BHa B'bHIIIHa noJJ11T11Ka 3a pa3peIIIaBaHeTO Ha Hau;110HaJIHli!R B'b11poc 11 3a 113-
1111raHeTO Ha Me)K.n;yHapo.n;HHR aBTOPHTeT Ha 6'bnrapCKOTO KHR)KeCTBO. OcseH TOBa OT
Hapo.n;Hon116epan11Te, KaTo npe.n;CTaB11Ten11 Ha e.n;para nproscKo-11poM11IIrneHa 6yp-
)l(Oa311R ce oqaKBa .n;a CT11Myn11paT pa3B11T11eTO Ha npoMHIIIJJeHOCTTa 11 T'bproBHRTa,
11a yKpe11RT qrnHaHCHTe 11 a.n;M11H11CTpaT11BHO-ynpaBJieHCK11R anapaT 11 .n;a 113):\HrHaT
pOIIRTa Ha MOHapxwieCK11R 11HCT11TyT.
KaKTO sc11qK11 npaB11TeJICTBa, 11 Hapo.n;Hon116epaJIHOTO, rne.n; KaTo noeMa y11pa-
snem1eTo Ha cTpaHaTa, 3ano'IBa .n;a no.n;MeHR a,n;Ml1HHCTpaT11BHHR a11apaT. C'hc c'hrna-
rnern Ha <l>ep.n;11HaH.n; CTaM60JJOB11CT11Te H3MeHRT HaM-Ba)KH11Te qJieHOBe OT 3aKOHa
3a 'Il1HOBH11:QI1Te no rpa)K,n;aHCKOTO Bep;OMCTBO, 11p11eT 11pe3 MapT 1903 r. IlpoMeHeHH
ca OHHR qneHoBe, KOHTO npe,n;BH)K,ll;aT 3a ysonHemre Ha sceK11 q11HOBHl1K ,n;a ce npo-
!13HaCR ,n;11cu;11nn11HapeH C'bBeT. ToBa HM ,n;asa B'b3MO)!(HOCT ,n;a Ha3HaqasaT B a,n;M11H11-
cTpantBHo-non11u;etfcK11R arrapaT cso11 np11B'bp)KeH11u;11 KaKTO B u;eHTpanH11Te se,n;oM-
crsa, TaKa 11 B MeCTHHTe opraH11 Ha yrrpasnem1e. YsoJIHeHH ca 11 OT 12 -Te oKp'b)KH11
yrrpaB!1TeJJH, 47 OKOJJ11HCK11 HaqaJJH11:Q11, Hap; 200 ceJICK11 KMeTOBe, ,n;a)Ke CJJY)K11TeJI11
or 11poKypaTypaTa 11: C'b,I\HJJHill;aTa. B pa3pe3 c'bc 3aKoHa 3a 06ru;11H11Te, KOMTO orpa-
H!1'IaBa M11HI1CT'bpa Ha B'bTpeIIIHHTe pa60T11 ,n;a pa3TYPJI 110 CBOe )!(eJiaHHe o6w;HHCK11
C'bBeTH, ca rro.n;MeHeHM 6JJ1130 200, KaTO Ha p'bKOBO,ll;HHTe IlOCTOBe ca IIOCTaBeHH 11p11-
B'bp)f(eHH:Q11 Ha Hapo,n;Hon116epanHaTa napnrn 11 TaKa npaBHTeJJCTBOTO C11 ornrypRsa
IIOAKpe11aTa Ha e,n;H11 OT Hatf-Ba)KHHTe 06ru;11H11 B cTpaHaTa. ManKo no-K'bCHO, 3a .n;a
m1III11 01103m:-'11RTa OT B'b3MO)KHOCTHTe ii: 3a opraH11311paHa 6op6a e pa311yrnaTo 11 XII
OHC.
B xo,n;a Ha rrpe,n;1136opHaTa KaMnaHHR 11pas11TeJICTBOTO e nocraseHo B Tpy.n;Ho
rrono)f(eH11e. Ha 2 asrycT 1903 r. B MaKe,n;oH11JI 11 Op;p11HCKO 1136yxsa J1n11H.n;eHCKO-
I1peo6pa)!(eHCKOTO B'bCTaH11e. AK:QHJITa ce p'bKOBo,n;11 OT BMOPO. Ha J1n11Hp;eH 6'bJJ-
rap11Te OT E11ToJJcKo ce B,n;wraT Ha 6op6a. B'bcTaH11qeCKaTa B'bJIHa 3an11sa JiepHHCKO,
KocTypcKo, Oxp11p;cKo, KHqescKo. TypcKoTo KOMaH,n;BaHe c'bcpep;oTOqasa 3Haq:t'1TeJJ-
Hl1 BOHCKOBH C11JJH. B'bcTaHH:QHTe ce OTTernJIT B 11JJaH11HHTe H npop;'bJJ)KaBaT 6oeBeTe
110 oKTOMBp11. B npoKJJaM11paHaTa KpyIIIeBCKa peny6n11Ka B 11po,n;'bJI)KeHHe Ha ,n;eceT
)1Hl1 11pe,n;cTaBHTeJJ11: Ha BCHqKH Hau;110HaJJHOCTH 113)!(I1BRBaT pa,n;OCTTa 11 Oil11RHeH11-
ero or cso6o,n;aTa. OcTaHarr11Te pesonrou;110HH11 oKp'b3J1 B MaKep;oHHR pearnpaT Ha
B'bCTaH11qecK11Te rrp11311B11 c qeTHJ1qecK11 .n;etfcTBHJI, B KOJ1TO B3J1Ma yqacTHe 11 BMOK.
Haw-aKT11BHH ca qeT11re B CepcKHJI pesonrou;110HeH KOM11rer. TaM cpa)KeHJ1JITa nnaM-
Pocu4a AH2eJ10Ba
BaT B KpaR Ha cenTeMBp11 11 npoA'bJDKaBaT 6n1130 MeceQ. AKTl1Bl1311pa ce napnnaH-

cKaTa AeWHOCT B ConyHcK11, CKoncK11 11 CTPYMl1IllKl1 pesomOQHOHeH oKpnr, Kn,l\eTo
ca l13BopllieH11 aTeHTaT11, HaIJaAeH11R Ha Typc1<11 •rncT11 11 Ml1HHOTIOAPl1BHl1 aKQJm. B
noMOLQ Ha B'bCTaHl1Ql1Te OT Eonrap11R np11cT11raT qeT11, opraH11311paH11 11 Boopn)l(eH11
OT B'bpXOBl1CTl1Te.
Ha 19 asrycT (IIpeo6pa)l(eH11e) 1903 r. ce s.r111raT Ha B'bCTaH11e 11 6onrap1m s
O.z:1p11HcKa Tpa1<11R. Bo.z:1a'111Te M11xa11JI f ep,[1)1(l1KOB, CTaMaT VlKOHOMOB 11 fla3ap Ma-
.z:l:>Kapos nnaH11paT c 06e.r111HeH11Te c11n11 Ha B'bCTaHaJI11Te cTpaHA)l(aHCKl1 cena ):(a ara-
KysaT rp. ManKo TopHoso. Cne.r1 orno60:>1<.z:1asaHeTo Ha cenaTa na.r1aT qepH0MopcK~1re
rpa.z:1qeTa Barnn111<0 (AH. U:apeso) 11 Axrnnon. HRKOJIKO rno60.z:1H11 06LQ11H11 06pa3y-
BaT 113secTHaTa CTpaHA:>KaHcKa peny6n11Ka. MaJIKO TopHoso o6aqe ocTaBa B pnJ.\eTe
Ha Henp11RTeJIR. En1130 40-x11JIR,[1Ha apM11R cMa3Ba B'bCTaHHeTo B O.z:1p11HcKa TpaK11J1 .
.[(paMaTH'IHaTa cTaT11cT11Ka 6op3o ce pa3Harn OT TenerpacpH11Te areHQl1!1: ono-
:>1<apeH11 201 cena, ocTaHan11 6e3 no1<p11B 70 xwn. AYilll1, 30 000 noeMaT TI'bTeK11re Ha
eM11rpaQl1RTa, TIOBel.Je OT 5 XJ1JI. OCTaBRT KOCTl1 no 6paHHl1Te TIOJieTa 3a TPl1Te Meceqa
Ha HepaBHl1 cpa:>1<eH11R. fepo11l.JHOTO cpa:>1<eH11e yracsa KaTo Knpsasa .r1paMa - Heno11-
KpeneHo soeHHO 11 non11r11qec1<11 OT noCTaBeHaTa B TPY.z:IHO noJI0:>1<eH11e Ennrapw!!,
HeHaBpeMeHHO l136yxHaJIO l1 Tparl1l.JHO pa3Bl1JIO ce TIO,[\ Henp11R3Hem1Te norne,l\H Ha
roneM11Te esponewc1<11 CTOJil1Ql1.
Cne.r1 .H36yxsaHeTo Ha B'bCTaH.weTo B Eonrap11R ce C'b3.z:laBa Illt-rpoKo 06I11ecrneHo
):\BJ1)1(eHHe B TIO.z:IKpena Ha nopo6eH11Te C'bHapO,I1Hl1Ql1. 0CHOBaBaT ce KOM!1Tern, op-
raHl1311paT ce 6naroTBOpHTeJIHl1 aKQJ/IliI, oTnpaBRT ce npu311s11 K'bM Espana .z:1a cnpe
TypcK.HTe J/I3CT'bTIJieHJ/IR. CoLQeBpeMeHHO K'bM CTpaHaTa HJ/I ca oTnpaBRT npeAynpelK-
,I1eH11R, qe HRMa ):\a nonyq11 TIOAKpena, aKO ce HaMec11 B TIOMOLQ Ha B'bCTaHaJIOTO Ha-
ceneHJ/Ie 11 npeAl13BliIKa soeHeH KOHcpJI11KT c TypQ11R. TaKa nopo6eH11Te 6nnrapH ca
OCTaBeHl1 Ha po6cKaTa J/IM yqacT, a KHR)l(eCTBOTO ce OKa3Ba B ,[llHIJIOMaTWieCKa 1130-
JiaQHR.
Coo6pa3RBaw1<11 ce c KOHKpeTHaTa Me)f(.z:1yHapo.r1Ha o6CTaHOBKa, cTaM6onoBmrw-
Te BO,[IRT norne,[IOBaTeJIHa ,[ll1TIJIOMaTl1l.JeCKa 6op6a c BeJIJ/IKl1Te Cl1Jll1 3a .r1el1CTB!1TeJIHO
no.z:106pRBaHe noJio)l(eH11eTo Ha nopo6eHuTe 6onrap11. OI.Qe B xo.r1a Ha B'bCTaH11ero ce
npaBRT nocT'bTIKM 3a npRK .z:111anor c B11co1<aTa nopTa. Ha3Hal.JeHJ/IRT Ha 1 OKTOMspw
1903 r. ,[ll1TIJIOMaTJ1l.JeCKJ/I areHT B TypcKaTa CTOJIJ1Qa rp. Hal.JOBl1l.J e J/IHCTpyKntpaH 11a
pa6oTJ/I 3a c6JIJiI)l(eH11eTo Me)l():ly ABeTe Anp)l(aB11 c QeJI ):la HaKapa TypQHR .z:1a ):(eM06w-
JI11311pa BOMCKJ/ITe B Espone:WCKa TypQHR 11 ):la B'bBe.z:1e pe.r1 11 cno1<mkrn11e BnB BHrrae-
THTe CJie,[I B'bCTaHMeTO.
CTaM6onosucT11Te He):IOBOJicTBaT OT npe):IJIO)l(eHJ1Te OT AscTpo-Yttrapmi: M PycwR
orpaHM'IeHJ/I pecpopMliI npe3 cpespyapu 1903 r. Cne.r1 1136yxsaHeTO Ha I1nMHAeHcKo-
IIpeo6pa)l(eHcKoTo B'bCTattue npaBJ/ITeJICTBOTO u3npa1..Qa no.r1po6eH MeMoap AO Berrw-
KMTe cwnu. B Hero TO o6BHHRBa Qap11rpa.r1c1<0To npas11TeJicTBO, qe He e HanpaB11rro
HMIIIO 3a np11naraHeTo .r1op11 Ha orpaHul.JeH11Te cpespyapc1<11 pecpopM11. Eop611re Ha
6onrap11Te B MaKe.z:IOHMR Ii'! 0,IlpliIHcKa TpaKuR 11 .r111nJI0MaT11l.JecK11R HaTMCK Ha 6orr-
rapcKoTo npaBMTeJICTBO nputty)l():laBaT ABcTpo-YHrap11R u Pyorn Ha 2 OKTOMBpll
1903 r. Aa npueMaT B MropQru;er HoBa pecpopMeHa nporpaMa. TR npe.z:IBM)l(,[la peopra-
204
Hl13aQiur Ha a.n;Mli!Hli!CTpaTli!BHli!Te Iii cn.n;e6mne )"Ipe)!()l;eHli!R Iii Ha )!(aH.n;apMepli!RTa,

pecpopMu B .n;aHn•rnarn cMcTeMa, oTnycKaHe Ha noMom;w Ha noCTpa.n;anoTo HaceneHwe,
y11ecmrnaHe Ha 3aBpnLI\aHeTo Ha 6e)!(aHQMTe, pa3nyCKaHe Ha Hepe.n;oBHWTe TypcKu
BOHCKM. Ilpu rnaBeH MHCileKTOP Xli!JIMM nama TpR6Ba .n;a ce Ha3Hal.faT 3a cpoK OT )l;Be
ro):IMHM cne11wanHu QMBMJIHM areHTW Ha ABCTpo-YttrapwR w Pyorn, KOWTO .n;a rne,n;RT
3a rrpirnaraHeTo Ha pecpopMwTe. PecpopMeHarn o6nacT e pa3.n;eneHa Ha neT )!(aH.n;apMe-
p11wcKM ceKTopa Hal.feno c ocpw11epu OT BenuKMTe rnnw. O.n;pwHcKo e M3KJIIDl.feHo OT
pecpopMeHWR naKeT.
B Ta3H rnmrrna B'bHIDHononwTMl.fecKa o6cTaHOBKa ce pa3rpnm;a mupoKa npe-
g1136opHa 6op6a. Bcwl.fKW ycwmrn Ha T. Hap. cne.n;wHeHa ono3WQWR (o6pa3yBaHa npe3
1903 r. OT Hapo,n;HRQW, nporpecHBHonw6epanw, .n;eMoKpaTM w pa.n;wKanw) .n;a crrel.fenw
1136op11Te 3aBnpmBaT c Heycnex. B npoBe,n;eHwTe w36opw 3a XIII OHC c Tepop w Hacw-
/ll1JI crnM6onoBwcTwTe CM ocMrypRBaT Heo6xo,n;HMOTO MH03WHCTBO B KaMaparn. B XIII
OHC yrrpaBJIRBaL[\aTa napTMR HMa 132 npe.n;crnBWTe11u, Hapo.n;HaTa - 25, Jiw6epanHa-
Ta- 9, ,[(eMoKpaTWl.fecKaTa - 7, TiporpernBHOJIW6epanHaTa - 6 w T. H. Ilo npe.n;Jio)[(emre
Ha,[(. IIeTKOB cn6paHMeTo OTMeHR npwenrn npe3 1901 r. BnTperueH npaBMJIHl1K 3a
pa6orn Ha napnaMeHTa M Bn3CTaHOBRBa npaB11JIH11Ka Ha VII OHC, c Koern ce orpaHw-
'!aBaT ):le6aT11Te w B'b3MO)[(HOCTTa Ha ono3WQWRTa 3a 113Ka3BaHe. B 3HaK Ha npoTeCT Ha
12 ):leKeMBp11 1903 r. IlOl.fTM BCJ1l.fKl1 npe.n;crnB11TeJI11 Ha Oil0311[\J1RTa HanyCKaT Cn6pa-
Hl1eTO 3a e.n;11H MeceQ.
IIpaB11TeJICTBOTO npe.n;npMeMa .n;ewcrnwR Ha nnpBo BpeMe 3a orpaHHl.faBaHe no-

HaraT'blllHaTa .n;ei1:HOCT Ha ono3HQJ1RTa. Om;e Ha 22 HOeMBpH 1903 r. e npweT 3aKOH 3a
aMHl1CTl1RTa Ha ocn.n;eHHTe Ha 8-Mecel.feH 3arnop 6vrnmw MvIHWCTpw ,[(wM. ToH'-leB, B.
PagoCJiaBOB w T. :VIBaHl.fOB. ToBa e Ba)[(Ha CT'bnKa Ha Ka611HeTa 3a J13JIH3aHe OT J130Jia-
Ql1JITa. Be.n;Hara JIM6epaJIHli!Te napTMl1 Ha Pa.n;ocJiaBoB 11 ToHl.feB oTKa3BaT .n;a yl.facTBaT
B06ll111Te .n;eifcTBMH Ha ocrnHaJiwTe ono3WQWOHHJ1 6yp)!(oa3HH napTWl1 - Hapo.n;HaTa,
)leM0KpaT11l.fecKaTa M TiporpecMBHOJIJ16epanHarn. 3a 3am;wrn Ha KHR)!(eCKaTa oco6a
OT Harra,n;KWTe Ha 0Il03lil~MOHHMH nel.faT npe3 HHyapw 1904 r. e npoKapaH 3aKOH 3a
npecTunJieHHRTa, W3BnprneHM '-Ipe3 nel.faTa nponrn .n;np)!(aBHWR rnaBa 11 l.fJieHoBeTe Ha
tteroBoTo ceMeifcTBO. CpoKnT Ha npwcn,n;MTe ce noBwmaBa .n;o 10 ro):IWHl1 3arnop H 10
000 rno6a. C TOBa ce npaBHT orpaHH'-leHWR Ha nel.farn, Koern e Hapylllemre Ha l.fJI. 79
or TnpHoBcKaTa KOHCTHTYI\lilH.
YKpenwnw ce Hal.feJio Ha BJiacTTa, Hapo.n;Hon116epanwTe 3anol.fBaT .n;a ocnm;eCT-
B11BaT CBORTa CTOilaHCKa nporpaMa, KORTO YCKOpRBa pa3Bl1TWeTO Ha 6nnrapcKaTa
l1KOHOMl1Ka. l13XO)[()l;aMKM OT Il03W[\J1J1Te Ha Hai1:-Hanpe.n;HaJiaTa e.n;pa ToprOBCKO-
llH/jycrp11aJIHa 6yp)[(oa31i!H, npamnencTBOTO B Haw-roJIRMa cTeneH ce cno6pa3JIBa u
113yqaBa TeH,n;eH~Hli!Te B pa3BJ1TJ1eTo Ha eBpone:ii:cKoro cronaHcTBo. To ce crpeMH .n;a
KOH[\eHTp11pa J1 TeXHMl.feCKM .n;a ycnBnpmeHCTBa MH,n;ycTpHaJIHOTO J1 3aHaRTl.fJ1MCKOTO
npo113BO):ICTBO. Crre~MaJIHO BHWMaHwe ce oT.n;enR Ha noBwrnaBaHe onwrn w no.n;roTOB-
Pocul{a AHzeJZoBa
KaTa Ha T'bproBii;t1Te, l1H/WCTPMam.~l1Te l1 pa6oTHJ1Ql1Te, KaKTO l1 Ha pa3BVITVleTO Ha

ceJICKOCTOIIaHCKaTa rrpoMMIIIJieHOCT.
IlpaBMTeJICTBOTO ce 3aeMa Aa ornryp11 IIOBe'Ie KaIIJ1TaJIJ1. 11pe3 rrpoMeHVI B ibp-
roBCKJ1Jl 3aKoH ca rrpeMaxHaTVI orpaHM'IeHMRTa 3a AeMHOCTTa Ha qy)KA11 qrnpMw. B
CTpaHaTa ca OTKPMTM HRKOJIKO qy)l<AecTpaHHM 6aHKl1 c qy)KAM Karr11TaJil1. Ilpe3 1905 r.
ce OTKpVIBa KpeAMTHa 6aHKa c ocHoBeH Karr11TaJI 3 MJIH. JIB. CpeA aKQVIOHepV1Te H 'lJie-
HOBeTe Ha YrrpaBMTeJIHVIR H. C'bBeT ca Vl3BeCTHl1 6'bJirapcKM IIOJIVITVl'IeCKH 11 CTOIIaHCKll
Aet'rQl1 - v1B. EB. f eIIIOB, n. IleIIIeB, CT. ,[(aHeB, B. PaAOCJiaBOB, n. fyAeB, ,[( . .H6JiaHCK~l ll
AP· Ilpe3 C'bll\aTa rOAMHa c repMaHCKM KaIIV1TaJI11 ce ocHoBaBa o'bJirapCKa JIOTapHi1Ha
6aHKa c KaIIVITaJI 850 000 JIB. Ilpe3 1905 r. <PpeHCKaTa "EaHK AbO IlapVI e Ae IIew Ea"
oTKyrryBa C'bll\ecTByBall\aTa YttrapCKa T'bproBCKa 6aHKa Ha cPMJIVIII Bawc VI ocHoBaBa
feHepaJIHa 6aHKa c HOMMHaJieH KaIIVITaJI 6 MJIH JIB. BHeHcKaTa BV1Hep EattKcpepat'rn
CT'bIIBa B o'bJirapMR rrpe3 1906 r. C'bc C'b3AaBaHeTo Ha EaJIKaHcKa 6aHKa c aBcTpHMCKJI,
cppeHCKM 11 6eJir11t1cK11 Karr11TaJI11. EaHKaTa rrp11Te)KaBa Karr11TaJI 3 MJIH. JIB., OT KOHTO
rroJIOBMHaTa e Ha 6'bnrapcK11 aKQHOHep11 11 cp11pM11. "Y:y)KAMTe 6aHKVI oTrrycKaT 3aeMw c
IIO-Bl1COKa JIJ1XBa OT 6'bJirapCKl1Te l1 TaKa 3aeMaT Ba)l(HO MJICTO B KpeAMTHaTa CMCTeMa
Ha o'bJirap11R.
CKJIIO'IeHM ca ABa 3aeMa. IlbpBHRT e OAo6peH OT rrapJiaMeHTa Ha 12 HOeMsp11
1904 r. 3aeM'bT e Ha CTOMHOCT 100 MJIH. JIB rrp11 82% eMMCMR 11 5,5 roAMIIIHa JIHXBa. Toi'!
e rapaHTVlpaH c rrpMXOAMTe OT rep60BJ1Jl HaJior l1 l13JIJ1lll'bKa OT IIpl1XOAl1Te OT 6att11e-
poJia 11 AaH'bKa Bbpxy TIOTIOHa (Mypyp11e). 0TrrycHaT e OT cppeHcKaTa "EaHK ,!lbO ITap11
e Ae IleH Ea" l1 e rrpeAHa3Ha'IeH 3a IIOKpMBaHe Ha AbJirOBeTe OT CTapV1Te l1 3a HOBH BO-
eHHl1 AOCTaBKM, a C'bll\O 11 3a cTpoe)l(a Ha )KeJie30II'bTHMTe JIHHMM T'bpHoBo-TpJrnHa If
PaAOM11p-K10CTeHAMJI. Cpell\y TOBa 6'bnrapcKOTO rrpaBHTeJICTBO IIOAIIVICBa KOHrpaKT
3a KpyrrHa IIOp'b'IKa Ha CKopoCTpeJIHJ1 op'bAHR B'bB cppeHCKJ1Te 3aBOAVI "E. llIHai111ep II
me". BrnpMRT e CKJIIO'IeH Ha 13 cpeBpyap11 1907 r. c EaHK AbO rrap11 e Ae IleH Ea we 3a
145 000 000 JIB. JI11xBaTa e 4,5% VI e rrpMAPY)l(eH c AOfOBOp 3a HOBVI BOeHHH rropb'IKlf
rrp11 lIIHai1Aep-Kpbo3o. K'bM rapaHQMMTe 3a 3aeMa OT 1904 r. cera ce rrpV16aBRT H np11-
XOAMTe OT rep60BJ1Jl c6op.
Ilp11eTl1 ca 3aKOHJ1, OTHaCRil\l1 ce AO cpl1HaHCl1Te l1 QeJI.Rll\l1 Aa yBeJIVl'laT ,!lbp)!(aB-
HJ1Te rrpVIXOAVI. C'bc 3aKoHa 3a l13MeHeHV1e 11 AOII'bJIHeHMe Ha 3aKOHa 3a TJOTIOHa ce
yBeJIM'IaBa l13HOCHOTO MMTO Ha Ta3l1 KYJITypa. 3aKOH'bT 3a aKQl13a B'bpxy paKHHTe,
Apyr BMA crr11pTHl1 IIMTMR 11 crr11pT B'bBe)l(Aa HOB AaH'bK, KOMTO 3arnra oBo~ap:wre 11
JI03ap11Te. fnacyBaH e 11 3aKOH 3a T'bproBCKMTe 11 HHAYCTpMaJIHMTe MapKH, HacoqeH
rrpOTJ1B HeJIOJlJIHaTa KOHKypeHQJ1Jl.
HapoAH011116epaJIHOTO rrpaBMTeJICTBO Hanara A'bp)l(aBeH rrpoTeKQVIOHH3bM Ha
MHAYCTpMRTa 11 T'bproBMRTa. Ha 29 RHyap11 1905 r. e rrp11eT HOB 3aKoH 3a Hacbp'laBatte
Ha MeCTHaTa MHAYCTpMR 11 T'bproBMR. l·fapa6oTBaHeTo MY ce HaJiara rropaAH H3TH'latte
Ha cpoKa Ha rrp11eT11R OT Ka6Jrnern Ha A-p CToMJIOB rrpe3 1894 r. 3aKOH 11 ocb3Harara
Heo6XOAJ1MOCT Aa ce rrpl1CT'bIIJ1 K'bM IIO-Bceo6XBaTHO IIOKpOBJ1TeJICTBO Ha 6bmapCKa-
Ta l1HAYCTpl1R.
3aKOH'bT C'bA'bp)l(a 59 qJieHa VI rrpeABM)l(Aa 0611\11 M crreQvrcp11'IHl1 o6Jiarn:. 06uvne
06Jiar11, OT KOJ1TO ce IIOJ13BaT BCJ1'IKJ1 l1HAYCTpl1aJIHJ1 rrpeAIIPMJIT11Jl, ca: 6e3ITJiaTHO
206
HOBA ED!IfAPCKA MCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
JIOfl3BaHe Ha BO,n;Ha orna, 6e3MJtfTeH BHOC Ha cypoBJtfHJtf 3a np01t13BO,ll;CTBO, CTpou-

renHM MaTepuaJrn, MallIJtfHJtf M JtfHCTpyMeHTJtf, OTCT'bIIBaHe 6e3TIJiaTHO Ha p;'bp)J(aBHJtf
11 o6ll\MHCKM 3eMM, HaManeH npeBo3 no p;'bp)J(aBHMTe )J(eJie3HMQM. Cneu;uaJJHMTe 06-
rrarn ca npep;Bwp;ettu sa 23 Bltfp;a MH,n;yCTpuu: 3a Jaxap M 3axapH1t1 M3p;enuR, npep;a"l!e-
CTBO M T'bKa"l!eCTBO, KltfnltfMapCTBO, tjlaRHCOBH J13p;emrn, BaroHocrpoureJJCTBO, MJtfHHa
rrpoMIAUIJieHocr, KOHcepBwpaHe, 6panIHeHa MHp;ycrpmi M np. Cpep; o6narnre ca o~e
orno6o)J(p;aBatte or MMTO u oKrpoa norpe6H1t1Te cypoBu vrnu nonyo6pa6oreH1t1 Mare-
p11am1, orno6mK,n;aBaHe Ha ¢a6pwrnure nocrpowKM or p;aH'bK crpap;vr, C'b~o HH,n;yc-
rpHaJIHMTe npep;npMRTMR OT p;aH'bK 3aHJITMe, npeB03 Ha KaMeHHJtf B'brJIM~a M ,n;pyru
Marepuarru c 35 HaMaJieHue Ha p;'bp)J(aBHMTe )J(eJJe3HMQM M np. BCM"l!KM Te3M MepKM
roBopRT 3a CBp'bxnporeKQMOHJtf3'bM, KOWTO p;aBa MO~eH TJiaC'bK 3a CTonaHCKOTO pa3-
Bl1Tl1e Ha crpaHara. Pesynrarure He 3aK'bCHHBaT. O~e npe3 1905 r. 3ano"l!BaT ,n;a ce or-
KpvrnaT HOBM npe,n;np1t1RTMR, a 3a -qerupu rop;MHM 6poRT Ha ¢a6pHKJtfTe, Hac'bp"l!aBaHJtf
or p;'bp)J(aBara Hapacrna OT 166 Ha 266. TaKa npe3 1905 r. ce oTKp1t1BaT rpu npe,n;a"l!HM
11 reKCTMJJHM ¢a6pvrKM B fa6poBo, a npe3 1906 r. - 2 KO)l(apcKM B CocpwH, norroHeBa
~a6pl1Ka "Open" B IInoBp;MB, ep;Ha ManrnHoCTpowreJIHa, ep;Ha 6apyrna 11 TH.
3a crwMyn11patte Ha T'bproBMRTa npe3 1906 r. XIII OHC rnacyBa HOB 3aKoH 3a
roproBCK0-11H,n;ycrpuaJIH11Te KaMapu, cnopep; KOWTO KaMap11re ce npeBp'b~aT B C'b-
BelllaTeJIHM rena Ha MMHl1CTepcTBOTO Ha T'bproB11HTa VI 3eMep;emrero. ITpvreMa ce 11
3aKoH 3a ocHoBaBaHe Ha o'bJirapcK11 T'bproBcKo-npoMHUIJJeH My3ew, KOWTO TpH6Ba
)\a C'bXpaHM VI nonynRpl'13Mpa IlOCTM)l(eHl1HTa B pa3Bl1TJ1eTO Ha Hau;110HaJIHOTO CTO-
naHCTBO.
c pa3UIMpRBaHe Ha ,n;ewHOCTTa Ha Te3H HOBl1 11HCTMTYTM ce pa3pacrna 11 6'bnrap-
CKara ThproBMR. E,n;Ho OT roJieM11re p;erra Ha craM6onoB11cr11re e np11eMaHeTO Ha 27
HOeMBpM 1904 r. Ha HOBa o6~a MJtfTHJtf"l!eCKa rap11cpa 3a BHOCHJ1Te CTOKM. c HeR ce
B'bBe)Kp;a cneu;11cplt1t.IHO o6naraHe Ha CTOKMTe c ornep; VIHrepecure Ha crpaHara: Haw-
s11c0Ko - p;o 15%, ce o6Mlt1TJIBaT BHOCHl1Te 3eMep;eJJCKl1 np01t13Bep;eHl1R, HaW-HMCKO-
l1H,!IJCTp11anHlt1Te, OT KOltITO o'bnrap11R HMa Hy)J(p;a. IJpep;BM)J(p;a Ce 6e3MJ1TeH BHOC
Ha oco6eHo HpKHMTe 3a npoMsBop;cTBoro Marepuan11 u croKM. Cnep; np11eMaHeTo Ha
06I1.1aTa MJtfTHMt.IeCKa rapucpa npaBJtfTeJICTBOTO 3aTIO"l!Ba nperoBOpH 3a CKJIIO"l!BaHe Ha
HOBH T'bproBCKM ,n;orosopu, Ha 6a3ara Ha ra311 rapHcpa. CpoK'bT Ha crap11Te p;oroBopu,
no,11n:Hcam1 npe3 1897 r., e M3TeK'bn npe3 1903 r. 11 re ca npop;'bJJ)l(eH11 sa o~e ep;Ha
rD)l,11Ha.
IhpBMRT :vr Haw-11sro,n;eH ,n;oroBop e no,n;n:HcaH c PyrnR. Toti craBa ornoBa sa p;py-
rnre ,11oroBop11, c KOMTO npaBMTenCTBOTO 113BOIOBa Ba)J(Hl1 11KOHOMM"l!eCKl1 M IlOJil1-
Tl1'IeCKJtf npn,n;o61t1BKM. Ha 23 cpeBpyapH 1905 r. Me)J(p;y p;Bere ,n;'bp)J(aB11 e no,n;nHcaH
11oroBop 3a Kopa6onJiaBaHe M T'bproBMR. B Hero 3anHra npMHQMTI'bT Ha aBTOHOMHara
M11rnwreCKa rap11cpa, KaTo o'bJirapuR e nocraBeHa Ha paBHM Ha"l!aJia c p;pyrnre p;'bp)J(a-
B11 B T'bproBcKo M npoMMIIIneHo OTHOllleH11e. o'bJirapcKoro npaB1t1TeJJCTBO nony-qaBa
n11cMeHo yBepeHue 3a HeBMelllareJICTBO Ha KOHcyn11Te B C'bp;e6Hwre p;ena 3a ThproBMR
11 rrpoMl1UIJieHOCT J1 B pa6oTlt1Te Ha MltITHH"l!eCKaTa IlOJIMQMR.
ITpes 1905-1907 r. npaBMTeJICTBOTO no,n;nurna HOBM T'bproBCKM p;oroBopu c fep-
MaH11H (1aBrycr1905), AHrJIMR (26 HOeMBpM 1905), <PpaHQMR (31p;eKeMBpM1905) M
Pocu4a AHzenoBa
Ji1Ta1nrn (31 ;n;eKeMBp11 1905). Toe np11Hy,n;eHo ;n;a HanpaB11 HJIKOJ1 OTCT'bnK11 3a rrpo-
Ml1llIJieH11Te npo113Be,n;eH11J1 Ha Te311 CTpaHM no c11naTa Ha Knay3aTa 3a Ha:i1:-06naro11e-
TeJicTBaHa HaQ11J1. IIo;n;rrncaH11Te ;n;or0Bop11 ca 6e3cnopeH ycnex 3a cTaM6onoB11CTKoro
npaBJ1TeJICTBO, 3aJ1'0TO qpe3 TJIX ce JIJ1KBJ1,D;I1paT npl1Bl1Jier1111Te Ha 'IpK,D;J1Te Topro-
BQJ.1 M 11H;n;ycTp11aJIQJ.1 c'brnacHo Kan11TynaQ110HHJ1J1 pe)!(J.1M, Hano:>KeH OT Eepn11HCKWR
;n;oroBop. E,n;MHCTBeno c ABCTpo-YHrapMR He e nocTMrHaTo c'brnacue, T'bH Karn 6011-
rapcKoTo npaBJ.1TeJICTBO He OTCT'bnBa OT JIJ.1HJ1J!Ta Ha 3all.\l1Ta Ha HaQJ.10HaJIHOTO rrpo-
J13BO,D;CTBO.
B11eHa cKopo HaKa3Ba 6'hnrapcKaTa caMOCTOJITeJIHOCT. Ha 3 IOJIJ.1 1905 r. Me)KAY
n'bnrap11J1 11 C'hp6MJI ce no;n;nMCBa MMTHM'IeCKJ.1 C'bl03, Koti:To ce na311 B rnti:na ,n;o 0110-
6peHMeTo MY OT napnaMeHTMTe Ha ,n;BeTe CTpanM. Cnope,n; Hero n'bnrapMR J.1 Cop6wR
o6pa3yBaT "o6J1'a T'bproBCKa o6nacT': B KOJITO J1'e pa3MeHJIT co6cTBeHJ.1Te rn CTOKl1
6e3 MJ1TO J1 ,n;pyrM TaKCJ.1, omen C'bJ1'eCTBYBaJ1'J.1Te B CTpaHMTe 3a MeCTHJ.1Te npmt3Be-
,n;eHJ1JI. ToBa e ,n;o6pa npe,n;nocrnBKa 3a O)!(J.1BJieH11e Ha B3aJ.1MHaTa T'bproBMJI. Ascrpo-
YHrapMR He caMo npoBaJIJI ;n;oroBopa, HO J.1 Bnorne;n;cTBMe 3aTIO'IBa MMTHM'IeCKa soi'!Ha
cpeJ1'y C'bp6MJI.
EnnrapcKoTo npaBMTeJICTBO BnnpeKJ.1 Tpy,n;HocTMTe Tnpc11 HOBJ.1 n'hTMll.\a 3a y11ec-
HJ1BaHe Ha 6'bnrapcK11J1 J.13Hoc. n'hnrapcKoTo napaxo;n;Ho ,n;py)!(eCTBO e c orpaHwJeH11
B'b3MO)!(HOCTJ1 11 He MO)l(e ,n;a noeMe QeJIMR eKcnopT no Mope. 3aToBa ce no,n;rn1csar
;n;oroBop11 c repMaHcKoTo napaxo;n;Ho ;n;py:>KeCTBo Deutsche Levant Linie J.1 c cppeHcKo-
To ;n;py:>Kecrno La Compagnie arsilaise du Navigation a 'vapeur fraissiment, KOHTO no-
nyqaBaT cy6c11,n;MM, 3a ;n;a no;n;;n;np)!(aT pe;n;oBHJ1 MopcKM JIMHMJ.1 Me:>K;n;y 6nnrapCKme
'IepH0MopcK11 np11cTaHit1J1'a 11 3ana;n;HoeBponeti:cK11J1 na3ap.
B pe3ynTaT Ha yBeJIM'IeHOTO npo113BO,!l;CTBO H rp11:>KJ.1Te Ha ;n;np)!(aBaTa B'bTpeurno-
TnproBCKMJIT 11 B'bHllIHOT'bproBcK11J1T o6MeH Ha Ennrap11J1 6ene:>KJ.1 HenpeK'bCHar pac-
Te)!(. ToproBCKMTe Mara3J1Hl1 B CTpaHaTa l13MeCTBaT ce,n;Ml1'IHJ1Te na3ap11 11 naHawp11.
B nepMo;n;a 1905-1907 r T'bproBCKMJIT 6anaHc e aKTMBeH. Il'hpBo MJICTO B 6onrapCK1rn
BHoc 3aeMa ABcTpo-YHrap11J1, a B 6nnrapcK11J1 J.13Hoc - TypQMJI. C QJIJiocTnarn rn gei!-
HOCT rrpe3 1903-1908 r. 3a CT11Myn11patte Ha npoMit!llIJieHOCTTa J1 ToprOBJ1JITa CTaM6o-
JIOBJ.1CTJ.1Te C'b3,D;aBaT yrnoBJ1JI 3a no-6np3I1 TeMnoBe Ha J.1KOHOMJ.1'IeCKO pa3BHTHe Ha
CTpaHaTa.
Hati:-MHoro ca 3aKOHMTe, OTHaCRJ1'J.1 ce ;n;o cencKoTo cTonaHcTBo. Cnopeg 3aKo-
na 3a pa3pa60TBane Ha Mep11Te qacT OT nocne;n;H11Te MoraT ;n;a ce pa3npe;n;enJIT Me)!(AY
Hy)!(;n;aeJ1'11Te ce OT o6pa6oTBaeMa 3eMJI Ha Hl1CKa QeHa, a ;n;np)!(aBHMTe 3eMH tt cosa-
Tl1 J1'e ce pa3npo;n;aBaT Ha TnproBe. 3a ;n;a ce Hac'bp'I11 ceeHeTo Ha cpypa:>KHH Kynryp11
TaKa Heo6xo;n;11MJ1 3a )l(J1BOTHOB'b,!l;CTBOTO, Te3J1 HJ.1BJ1 ce OCB060)l(,D;aBaT OT p;aH'bK 12
ro;n;11n11. MepMTe 06npHaT11 B Hl1Bl1 ce ocBo6o)!(;n;aBaT OT ;n;aH'bK 3a 4 ro;n;11nvi, a re311 B
JI03JI - 8.
Ha 23 ;n;eKeMBp11 1903 r. e np11eT 3aKOH, c KOWTO 3eMe;n;encKJ.1Te Karn ce TpaHc~op
M11paT B D'hJirapcKa 3eMe;n;enCKa 6anKa c ocHoBeH KanMTaJI 35 MJIH. JIB. J.1 85 KnoHa, 11
c npaBo Ha 6aHKepcK11 onepaQ1111. BaHKaTa cTaBa na:i1:-Ba)J(HJ.1R Kpe;n;11Top Ha cenCKoro
cTonaHCTBO - qacTHMTe JIMQa It! TIO'IHaJI11Te ;n;a ce ocHoBaBaT OT KpaR Ha XIX B. 3eMe-
;n;encK11 KoonepaQit!l1. OT 1904. r. E3B ce 3aeMa c nponaran;n;11paHe, opraHH3ttpaHe 11
208
HOBA EnflI'APCKA J1CTOPMJI (1878-1944)
KOHrpon Ha Koonepanrnmue p;py)l(ecrna B CTpaHara, KOMTo non~aBaT Hai1:-ronHM

Kpep;MT.
011\e cepirn 3aKOHJ1 ycKopJIBaT npoQeCa Ha l1HTeH311cpV!KaQJ:rn Ha ceJICKOTO CTO-
naHCTBO. Ha 14 HOeMspw 1905 r. e npweT 3aKoH 3a p;att'bqH11 o6neKqeHMH Ha JI03ap-
crsoro, p;on'bJIHeH npe3 1907 r. Hos 3aKoH 3a Konp11ttapcrnoro OT 1906 r. ocso6o)l(p;a-
Ba OT p;aH'bK qepHWieBMTe rpap;MHV! 3a 15 f0,D;J1HJ1 J1 pa3IIH!pHBa npeMMV!Te 3a 3aCa)l(p;a-
He Ha raK11Ba c QeJI p;a ce cT11Myn11pa p;oxop;ottornoro 6y6apcTBO. 3a p;a He ce p;onyrne
pa3IIOK'bCBaHe Ha 3eMJITa Ha p;pe6Hw napQem:1, ca ttanpaseHM npoMeHM B 3aKoHa 3a
Harnep;CTBOTO (1906). Cnopep; rnx p;eQaTa OT :>KettcKvr non, Hacnep;HMQM Ha cencKocTo-
naHcK11 V!MOTJ1, nonyqasaT TIOJIOBMHaTa OT TOBa, KOeTO ce nap;a Ha p;eQaTa OT M'b)l(KV!
non.
ArpapHaTa noJIMTMKa Ha npasvrTencrnoTo p;onpvrHaCH 3a Mop;epHvr3aQMJira Ha
cenCKoro cTonaHCTBO. 0TKp11saT ce 17 HOBM pa3cap;HMQM, JIM'-IHO OT MMHMCT'bp H.
feHa,1111es; opraHM3MpaT ce l13JIO)K6V! 3a 3aTI03HaBaHe c Hai1:-p;o6pvrTe nocTJ1)KeHMH B
crpaHaTa; npe3 1905 r. B 06pa3QOB •rncpnvrK npvr Pyce ce oTKpvrna sropaTa B cTpaHaTa
ornrrna cTaHQMH, KOJITO pa6oTM 3a BHep;pHBaHe Ha 3eMep;enCKaTa HayKa B npaKTMKa-
ra. OmycKaT ce CTMneHp;MM 3a nop;roTOBKa B qy:>K6vrHa Ha cneQwanvrcTM no osorn;ap-
crso, JI03apcTBO M BeTep11HapHa Mep;MQMHa; nop;p;op:>KaT ce 3eMep;encKw Y'IMJIMIQa B
crpaHara, cy6c11p;upaT ce qacTHM cronattvr vi 3eMep;encKvr Koonepaqww. Ilpe3 1905 r.
B MwmrcrepcTBOTO Ha T'bproBMHTa 11 3eMep;en11ero e C'b3,ljap;eHa cny:>K6a 3a 6op6a c
epo3!1HTa, KOeTo cnara Ha'-!aJioTo Ha M3KYCTBeHOTO 3aJieCHBatte Ha crpaHara.
Bcw'IKO TOBa p;onpvrHarn npe3 1905 r. EonrapwH p;a 3aeMa nopso MHCTO B Espona
no rrpo113sep;eHa mueHVt:Qa Ha rnasa or ttacenett11ero. IIomnuettaTa npo113sop;vrTeJI-
Hocr, 113noJI3BaHero Ha rexHvrKa, pa3npocTpattettvreTo Ha cpypa:>KHW vi 11ttp;ycTp11anH11
pacreHJ1H npeBp'bIQaT nocreneHHO 6onrapCKOTO ceJICKO cronaHCTBO B V!HTeH3J1BHO.
,[(pyro HanpasJieHue Ha B'DTpenrnara non11r11Ka e cTpovrTeJIHaTa p;ei1:Hocr. fnas-
Ha HacoKa B cTpo11Tencrnoro e pa3nrnpHBaHeTo Ha TpaHcnopTa. IlocTpOHBaT ce HOBM
)!(ene30TI'bTHJ1 JIMHMM, nrocera, np11craHmQa. Ilpe3 1903 r. e OTKpwro npucTaHMll\eTo
B Eyprac, npe3 1906 r. - B'bB BapHa 11 ce pa6orvr 3a npeycTpoi1:crnoro Ha p;y1rnscK11-
re rrp11craH11IQa. IIpop;'bJI)l(aBa crpo11Tencrnoro Ha 3ano'IHaT11Te oTnpep;u )l(Il JIMHMM
tt Ha n11H1111re Pap;oM11p-KrocreHp;11n 11 TopH0Bo-TpHBHa-Eop~11qa. Ilop;o6pHBa ce
rnoceti:ttara Mpe)Ka 11 HenpeK'bCHaTo ce yseJIM'IaBaT npep;s11p;ett11Te 3a cTpoe:>K Ha TI'b-
rw111a cpep;cTBa B p;'bp)KaBHMJI 6rop;:>Ker. Pa3nrvrpHBattero Ha TpaHcnoprHaTa Mpe)Ka
ynern.srsa cronaHcK11re Bp'b3Kl1 Me:lKp;y oTp;enHwTe pawott11 J1 cop;ewcrna 3a pa3Bl1TJ1e-
ro Ha BorpenrHaTa T'bproB11H.
Ilpasurencrsoro nonara yc11nuH 11 3a 6naroycTpoHBaHe npep;11MHO Ha rpap;cK11Te
QeHrpose. CneQ11aneH 3aKoH 3a 6naroycTpoi1:crnoro Ha HaceneHJ1Te Mecra B Eonrap11.sr
OT 1905 r. C'b3,D;aBa ynecHeHJ1.fl 3a 'IaCTHJ1 CTpOe)I<M J13a0611\J1HCKJ1Te C'bBeTM, KOJ1TO ce
aHra)irnpaT c rrpeKapsaHe Ha HOBM yn11Q11, KaHaJI113aQ11H, x11rnett11311paHe Ha cenwIQa
tt llP· EonrapcKMHT napnaMeHT rnacysa MHO:>Kecrno 3aeMvr Ha o6IQVIHCKM 11 oKp'b)KHJ1
Cbserw 3a 6naroycrpoHBaHe. Ilpe3 ro311 nep11op; ce cTpORT 6aH11 npvr MvrHepanHMTe
tt3Bopw B X11cap, EaHKJI, B'hpnreQ 11 Mep11q11ep11.
Pocu11a AH2eJ10Ba
Hapop;Ho1m6epamne pa3B1rnaT eHepnttrna p;e:t:1:HocT M 3a pecpopM11paHe Ha ~11-

HaHCOBaTa c11cTeMa. TexHMTe pecpopMM o6narop;eTeJicTBaT npep;11 BCWIKO 6yp)1<0a-
3MRTa. Ila np11Mepa Ha Mop;epHMTe 6yp)f(Oa3HM p;op)f(aBM ce YBeJIM'!aBaT KOCBemm
p;aH'bQM, KOMTO 3acRraT IlOBe'le MaCOBlilR IlOTpe611TeJI. BoBep;eH e p;op)f(aBeH MOHOIIOJI
Bopxy HRKOM nrnpoKo ynoTpe6RBaHM BHOCHM CTOKM, c KOeTO p;op)f(aBaTa rn 3a!la3-
Ba npaBoTo p;a onpep;eJIR QeHMTe npo113BOJIHO. ToBa npep;M3BMKBa Hep;oBOJICTBoro Ha
3acerHaTMTe p;aH'bKOTIJiaTQM M urnpoKaTa Maca KOHCyMaTopM, KaKTO M KpMTJ1Kara Ha
neBMTe M QeHTp11cTKMTe napTMM - EPC,[(II (T. c.), E3HC, EPC,[(II (w. c.), Pai:v!Kan-
p;eMoKpaTM'!eCKaTa napT11R. YcoBopweHCTBa ce co611paHeTo Ha npeKMTe p;aHbl\H 11
3aTIO'!Ba pa3npop;a)f(6a Ha p;'bp)f(aBHlilTe MMOTM, c KOeTO ce yBeJIM'!aBaT OI.Qe noBeqe
np11xop;11Te B p;op)f(aBHMR 6IOp;)f(eT. Cpep;Horop;11rnHHRT MY np11pacT e 6,11 %.
YKpenBaHeTo Ha cp11HaHcoBaTa c11cTeMa OT cTaM6oJIOBMCTJ1Te e C'bTI'bTCTBatto c
rpy611 3noyn0Tpe611 Ha p;'bp)f(aBHlil cpep;cTsa. BMp;HM qneHose Ha napnrnTa 11 MHHMCT-
p11 nonyqasaT nop;KynH np11 nop;n11csaHeTo Ha p;op)f(aBHM p;orosop11, np11csoRBar ro-
JieMM cyMM i-rpw CTpo11TencTB0To Ha )f(Il JIHHM11 11 OT 6e30T':leTHMTe cpoHp;ose Ha MBP,.
OTKJIOHRBaT cpep;cTBa 3a HeQeJiecoo6pa3HM HY)f(AM M T. H. 061.Qo 3noyn0Tpe611re 11oc-
TMraT p;o HRKOJIKO MMJIMOHa JIB. Tosa npep;M3BHKBa Hep;oBOJICTBOTO Ha p;eMOKparwrno
HacTpoeHaTa 061.QeCTBeHOCT M Ha Oil03MQHOHHHTe napTMM.
3aep;Ho c pa3Bl1THeTo Ha KanMTaJIH3Ma yKpensa M pa6oTHM':leCKaTa KJiaca. Tipa-
BHTeJicTBOTo e npwHyp;eHO p;a M3pa60TH M npMeMe pa6oTHM':leCKa 3aKOHOp;aTeJIHa !lpo-
rpaMa. C Ba)f(HO 3Ha':leHHe e rnacysaHHR Ha 22 RHyap11 1905 r. 3aKoH 3a 3all\HTa Ha
)f(eHCKHR Iii p;eTCKMR TPYA B MHp;ycTpMaJIHMTe 3asep;eHMR, KOMTO nocTaBH Haqanoro
Ha pa6oTHH'!ecKoTo 3aK0Hop;aTeJICTBO s EomapHR. 3aKOH'bT e nop;roTBeH OT M11tt11c-
T'bp feHap;HeB rnep; KOHCYJITHpaHe c qy)f(p;lil o6pa3QM. To:t:1: 3a6paHHBa p;eTCKl1H rpy11110
12-rop;MrnHa B'b3pacT M HOIQHMR TPYA 3a p;eQa p;o 15-rop;mrrna Bo3pacT, a 3a :>Kemm
B'b06IQe He ce p;onyCKa HOIQeH Tpyp;. 3a p;eQaTa OT 12 p;o 15 rop;11HM ce onpe11en!! 8
qacos pa6oTeH p;eH, 3a )f(eHMTe - 10 qacos. 0Tp;eJIHM qJieHose 3arnraT nop;o6p!!Batte
Ha xwrHeHHMTe yrnoBMR, ep;HoMece'!eH HennaTeH oTnycK 3a )f(eHH np11 6peMeHttocr 11
p;p. IlpMeTM ca OI.Qe 3aKoH 3a nop;noMaraHe Ha p;'bp)f(aBHMTe pa6oTHMQM B cnyqaw Ha
3JIOTIOJiyKa, cepHR 3aKOHlil, npep;Blil)f()J;aIQH TIOBlillllaBaHe Ha pa6oTHH'!eCKJ1Te nporpa-
MH, B'bBe)f(p;aHeTO Ha pa6oTHH'!eCKH MHCileKTopaT Ha Tpyp;a H np. Ba)f(Ha poJIR 3a TOBa
H3HrpasaT COQJ1aJip;eMOKpaTJ1':1eCKlilTe napTMH.
3arnyra Ha npaBMTeJICTBOTO e nop;rOTOBKaTa Iii npoKapsaHeTO Ha 3aKOH 3a O!la3-
BaHe Ha 061.QecTBeHoTo 3p;pase, M3pa6oTeH OT p;-p MapMH Pyces. HosMRT ttopManrneH
aKT oTpa3RBa cTpeMe)f(a 3a B'bBe)f(p;aHe s EomapMR Ha C'bBpeMeHHO 3p;paseona3BaHe.
YseJIM':lasa ce 6poRT Ha p;op)f(aBHMTe JieKap11, nop;o6pRBa ce Mep;11QMHCKOTO o6cnylK-
saHe, B'bBe)f(p;a ce 3ap;'bJI)f(MTeJIHa BaKCHHaQJ1H Ha p;eQa npoTMB ep;pa rnapKa, ornoBaBa
ce Mep;lilQMHCKlil lilHCTlilTYT 3a npOM3BO)J;CTBO Ha cepyM11. IlooIQpHBa ce OTKp11BaHe-
TO Ha qacTHM anTeKM. CaHMTapHMTe cJiy)f(6M B CTpaHaTa ce nosepHBaT Ha cne11tt11re
yqpe)f(p;ettMH Iii )J;JI'b)f(HOCT: p;MpeKQlilR 3a ona3BaHe Ha Hapop;ttoTo 3p;pase, BbpxoBeH
Mep;MQlilHCKlil C'bBeT, OKpb)f(Hlil JieKaplil, OKOJIHMCKlil JieKapM, cso6op;HO npaKTMKyBall.\11
JieKapM, 3b6oneKapM, Mep;MQHHCKM cpenp;UiepM, caHMTapttlil areHTM, aKyrnepKli, Me1111-
QMHCKM ceCTpM, oKpb)f(Hlil Mep;.MQMHCKM C'bBeTM 11 x11rMeHHH C'bBeTH. OpraH113a1\H!!ra
210
HOBA E'"b!II'APCKA I1CTOPMJI (1878-1944)
Ha Me,n;MQJtfHCKaTa rny:>K6a ce IlO.n;"!JtfHJIBa Ha a,n;MMHYICTpaTMBHOTO .n;eJieHJtfe. 3aKOH'bT

3a ona3BaHe Ha 061.QeCTBenoTo 3,n;paBe 3a,D;'bJI)l(aBa BCRKa o6~m-ia c HaceJieHue Ha.n;
4000 ,a;yum .n;a UMa 061.QMHCKJtf JieKap, camnapHu areHTVI (Me,a;uu;uHCKH cpen.n;rnepw) H
aKyrnepKM. ToBa He ce OC'bI.QeCTBJIBa, 3a~oTO K'bM 1907 r. B cTpaHaTa HMa caMo OKOJIO
200 rreKapw Ha .n;op:>KaBHa cJiy)l(6a.
E,a;Ha 'l!acT OT npueTMTe 3aKOHM ca Haco'l!eHH K'bM u;eHTpaJIH3wpaHe Ha .n;op)l(aB-
Hara BJiaCT, KOeTO OTroBapR Ha HY:>KAMTe Ha CTpaHaTa B Ha'l!aJIOTO Ha xx BeK. Ilpe3
HOeMBptt 1904 r. ca Jtf3MeHeHH ,n;BaTa 3aKOHa 3a rpa,n;cKMTe M ceJicKttTe o6~MHH. Cno-
pe.11 rronpaBKHTe ce 3a6pamrna pa3TYPRHeTO Ha o6~HHCKMTe C'bBeTH OT a,n;MHHHCTpa-
rvmmne BJiacTM, KaTo TOBa npaBo ce .n;asa caMo Ha co,n;e6mue opraHM rrpw ,n;oKa3aHH
3aKoHoHapyrneHMR. Ha C'bBeTMTe ce npe.n;ocTaBR no-roJIRMa rno6o,a;a B 6JiaroycTpoi1:-
cTBoTO; OTHeMa ce npaBOTO Ha KMeTOBeTe ,n;a )'BOJIHRBaT ceKpernp-6wpHttu;ttTe, 'l!pe3
Koern ce OC'bI.QeCTBRBa ,n;op:>KaBeH KOHTpoJI Ha.n; o6~MHCKMTe cpwHaHmTe. IIpe3 1905 r.
B HC e npoKapaH 3aKon 3a noJIHu;MRTa B ceJICKHTe o6~HHM. Cnope,n; nero OT c'b-
I11ecrnysa~11Te K'bM 061.QMHMTe CTpa:>Kapu, no,n;ap11 u na3aq11 u ropcKJtf CTpa)l(apw ce
06pa3ysa cneu;11am1a nonwu;et°rCKa rny:>K6a. CeJICKHTe noJiwu;aw ce rpM)l(aT 3a pe.n;a w
06111ecTBeHaTa 6e3onacHOCT, IlOJICKHTe MMOTM H o6~eCTBeHaTa XvtrMeHa. 0Kp'b:>KHM-
re yrrpaBHTeJiu noJiy'l!aBaT npaBOTO .n;a yBomrnBaT cencKvrTe rrom1u;aw. TaKa ceJICKaTa
llOJIMl\MR ce ocpopMR KaTO pe3epB Ha .n;op:>KaBHaTa IlOlIMl\MR H HMa IlO,ll;'l!vrneHa p01IR
crrpRMO HeR.
ITpaBJtfTeJICTBOTO Ha CTaM60JIOBHCTHTe OTpe)l(,a;a 3Ha'l!HTeJIHO MRCTO B CBORTa no-
llJl!TMKa Ha nporneTHOTO u KYJITYPHOTO ,n;eno. PecpopMMTe B Ta3M o6JiacT ce ou;eHR-
Bar KaTO Ba)l(HJtf cpaKTopu 3a KanuTamICTH'l!eCKOTO pa3BJtfTMe M 3a yKperrnBaHeTO Ha
6yp)!(oa3Ho,n;eMoKpaTM'l!HMTe M nw6epaIIHH np11m~vmw. Ba)I<Ha 3arnyra 3a TOBa uMa
MMHMCT'bp'bT Ha nporneI.QeHMeTo npocp. MBaH lllmIIMaHOB - su.n;eH yqeH w no3HaBaq
Ha KYIITypHo-npornenune npo6JieMu. Tot'r He e 'l!Y)l(A Ha ,a;ei'rnocTTa Ha MHII. Toi1:
pa6oTM 3a Hero OI.Qe npe3 1884 r. Cne,n; 3aBoprnsatte Ha BMcrnern m o6pa3oBaHue e
rrp11sneqen Ha pa6oTa KaTo Ha'l!aJIHMK Ha oT,n;eJiettwern 3a cpe,n;HuTe yqwJIM~a (1888-
1892). Karn cno,n;BM)l(HJtfK Har. )KuBKOB, MJia,a;MRT lllurnMaHoB e e,n;MH OT nai1:-u;eHHH-
re MY rroMOIQHMu;u. Do Bceo6I.Qo npu3HaHue TOM e ,a;ei1cTBuTeJIHMR aBrnp Ha 3aKoHa
3a Hapo,a;HOTO npoCBeI.QeHMe OT 1891 r. ITpocp. lIIMrnMaHOB 3aeMa MHHMCTepcKMR ITOCT
CHCHM B'b3rne,n;M 3a KynTypHo-nporneTHOTO pa3BMTMe Ha CTpaHaTa - He~o noseqe: c
fOTOB rnraH 3a KyrITypHa TIOJIMTMKa Ha ,[\'bp)l(aBaTa B T03M MOMeHT.
I1p11opMTeTHO MRCTO B .n;ei1:HOCTTa Ha MMHMCTepcTBOTO Ha Hapo,n;HOTO nporne-
li(eHMe 3aeMa y'l!e6norn .n;eno. OI.Qe npe3 1903/1904 r. e B'bBe,n;eHa HOBa, no-npeu;M3Ha
rrporpaMa 3a M'b:>KKMTe fJtfMHa3]!fJtf, f'l!pe,[(eH e HHCTMTYT'bT Ha IIOMO~HHu;MTe Ha ,ll;M-
peKTOpMTe no B'b3TIMTaTerrnaTa 'l!acT, 3a6paHRBaT ce TeJieCHMTe HaKa3aHMR B yq11JIM-
!I(ara ]ii .n;p. HarrpaBem1 ca npoMeHJtf B 3aKOHa 3a JtfHCIIeKu;HR Ha KJiaCHMTe H OCHOBHMTe
Y'!Mrrnru;a, KaTo e rroBMrneH u;ett3'bT Ha OKOJIMMCKMTe M OKp'b)[(HMTe MHCIIeKTopM. Coe
crrel{MaJieH 3aKoH ca HaMaJieHu TaKcuTe B rHMHa3HMTe, a B ne,[(arorM'l!ecKMTe Y'l!MJIM~a
re ce rrpeMaxsaT. ,Il;eu;aTa OT 6e,n;HM ceMei1crna ce orno6o)l(,n;aBaT OT J'l!MIIM~Ha TaKca
no perneHMe Ha J'l!YfTeJicKMR C'bBeT 11 npM noKa3aH .n;o6op ycnex. IlpweT e M 3aKoH 3a
Pocuu,a AHze11oaa
y 1u .1m·Ul.\HI1Te cTorraHCTBa, KOMTO rrpe;n;B11)1(;n;a rrp11 cencK11Te, a rrp11 B'b3MO)l(HOCT u np11
rpa;n;CK11Te OCHOBH11 )'lJ11JJJ1~a ;n;a ce ype;n;HT CTOIIaHCTBa, KOJ1TO ;n;a CJJ)')l(aT 3a o6pa3e!.\
Ha HaceJJeHJ1eTO. c Ba)l(HO 3HalJeHJ1e e 3aKOH'bT 3a ;n;eB11lJeCKOTO o6pa30BaHJ1e, c KOl!-
TO ;n;eB11lJecK11Te r11MHa31111 ce np11paBHHBaT no rrporpaMa c M'b)l(KJ1Te. IIpeMaxHaTa e
'Ipe3 3aKOH 11 3a6paHaTa 3a )'lJ11TeJJCTBaHe Ha OM'b)l(eHJ1Te )"111TeJJK11.
Ha crreJ..\11aJJHO BH11MaH11e ce pa;n;Ba 11 Bl1CllieTo o6pa30BaH11e. Ha 19 ;n;eKeMBp11
1904 r. ca rrp11eT11 ;n;Ba 3aKoHa, CB'bp3aHJ1 c 113II'bJJHeH11eTo Ha BOJJJITa Ha EBnorul1 fe-
oprneB, ;n;ap11n rrp11)1(11Be rrap11 11 MJICTO 3a crpa;n;a Ha B11c1lieTo yq11n11~e B Cocji11R 11
OCTaBl1JJ B 3aBe~aHl1eTO Cl1 6 MJJH. JIB. 3a OTKpHBaHe Ha TeXHJ1lJeCKO )7lJ11lIIHI.\e c Tex-
H11lJecKa HaCOlJeHOCT. IlnpBHJIT e 3a C'b3):\aBaHeTO Ha ecpopwH Ha )'H11BeprnTeTa 6parn
EBJJOf11H 11 XpwcTO reopr11eB11, KOMTO IIOCTaHOBJIBa C'b3):\aBaHeTO Ha ecpop11J1 no CW·
JJaTa Ha lJJJ. 13 OT 3aBe~aH11eTO Ha EBJJ. reopnreB. Ecpop11RTa ce C'bCT011 OT Ml1Hl1C·
Tnpa Ha Hapo;n;HoTo rrpoCBe~eH11e, ;n;BaMa lJJJeHoBe, 1136paH11 OT rrapnaMeHTa, ;n;BaMa
- OT yH11BepcaJJHHJ1 Hacne;n;H11K, 11 ce;n;eMTe 113TI'bJJH11TeJJ11 Ha 3aBe~aH11eTo. EcpopttRTa
rne;n;Ba ;n;a rroCTpo11 Heo6xo;n;11M11Te crpa;n;11 3a yH11Bepc1ueTa 11 ;n;a MY ornryp11 3ae11tto
c ;n;op)l(aBHarn rroMo~ 11 ;n;apeH11J1Ta cp11HaHcoBa 113;n;po)l(Ka. BTop11RT 3aKoH 3a }'HI!·
Bepc11Tern rrpe11MeHyBa B11cllieTo yq1rn11~e B yH11Bepc11TeT, KOMTO ce Hapwrn "Enn-
rapcK11 )'H11BeprnTeT 6parn EBJJOfl1M 11 XpwcTO reoprneB11 OT KapJJoBo". Toil: ypel!Qja
11 pa3JJ11lJH11 CTpaH11 oT opraHl13aJ..\11RTa Ha yqe6HoTo 3aBe;n;eH11e. YH11BeprnTeTbr 11Ma
Tp11cpaKynTeTa:11cTop11Ko-cp1rnonor11qecK11, cpw3HKO-MaTeMaT11lJecK11 c Ha)"IeH IA rex-
H11lJecK11 OT):\eJJ, IOpH,[111lJeCK11 - BCl1lJK11 C'bC C'bOTBeTHliITe KaTe;n;pH. 3aKOH'bT yrnnplK·
;n;aBa aBTOHOMl1HTa Ha )'Hl1Bepc11TeTa, rrpnpaBHJIBa ro c B11Clll11Te yqe6H11 3aBe;n;emrn B
lJ)')l(611Ha H 113;n;1ua Me)l(;n;yHapo;n;H11H MY aBTop1ueT.
Ilpocp. llI11IllMaHOB MeT0,[111lJHO rrpo;n;'bJJ)l(aBa pecpopM11paHeTo Ha o6pa3oBaren-
HaTa c11cTeMa. Ilpe3 1904 r. e rrp11ern nporpaMa 3a ocHOBHOTO )'lJli!JJ11~e 11 npaBJAnmtK
3a yrrpaBJJeH11e Ha cpe;n;H11Te yq11n11~a, KOMTO pa3u111pHBa rrpaBarn Ha )"111TenCKme
C'bBeT11, ype;n;eH e 11HCTl1T)'T'bT Ha yq11n11~HHH JJeKap. IIp11eT e 11 3aKoH 3a JA3nnall\a·
He II'bJJH11Te 3arrnaT11 Ha ytJ11TeJJ11Te B ocHOBHHTe yq11n11~a OT ;n;op)l(aBaTa. XIII OHC
rrp11eMa 11,[\'bJJfOOlJaKBaH11Te113MeHeHl1H H ,[IOII'bJJHeH11JI Ha TpH;n;eceT lJJJeHa OT 3aKoHa
3a Hapo;n;HOTO rrpocBe~eH11e OT 1891 r. Ilo-Ba)l(H11Te 113MeHeH11JI B )"111ll11ll.\HOTO 11eno,
rrpe;n;B11;n;eH11 B Hero ca cne;n;H11Te. Co3;n;aBa ce ropeH Kypc Ha ocHOBHOTO yqun11ll\e,
KOMTO pa3llI11pHBa OCHOBHOTO o6pa30BaHl1e c Tp11 f0,[\11H11. c OTKp11BaHeTO Ha npo·
cpec110HaJJHI1 KypcoBe 3a yqeH11J..\11Te OT ;n;BaTa IIOJJa ce pelliaBaT Ba)l(H11 COI.\HanHJA B'b·
rrpoc11. B r11MHa31111Te ce B'bBe)K;n;a TnproBcK11 oT;n;en, a B r11MHa311aJJHHTe nporpaM11 ce
BKJJIOlJBaT HOB11 rrpe;n;MeT11- IIOJJ11T11lJeCKa 11KOHOMl1H, 3aMJJHa (no )KeJJaH11e) Ha e1111H
OT KJJac11qecK11Te e311J..\11 c HHK011 OT HOB11Te e311J..\11. Ype;n;eH e Bnrrpoc'bT 11 3a BpeMeH·
H11Te yq11TeJJ11: rrpe;n;B11)1(;n;a ce TeopeT11"lJH11H 113TIHT ;n;a ce ;n;op)l(11 B yH11Bepcwrera, a
npaKT111:1ecK11HT - cne;n; e;n;Horo;n;11IllHO xocn11T11paHe. 3aBapeHMTe y1:111Ten11 rne;n;Ba 11a
M3,[l'bp)l(aT 113IIMTa HaM-K'bCHO 5 ro;n;11H11 rne;n; o6Hapo;n;BaHeTO Ha 3aKOHa. IloBIA!IJaBa
ce 3aTIJJaTaTa M Ha BOJJHOHaeMHMTe )"111TeJJ11.
I13MeHeHlirnTa B 3aKoHa ce np11eMa c no;n;1:1epTaH MHTepec, 3a~oTo e cno6pa3ettl1
c y1:1Mn11~HaTa npaKTMKa M H)')l(,[111Te Ha Hapo;n;HoTo o6pa3oBaHMe. M11H11cTnpor ;n;asa
B'b3MO)l(HOCT Ha nperro;n;aBaTeJl11Te ;n;a TIOB11IllaBaT CBOHTa KBaJJ11cpMKaJ..\11JI. Ha BCJf'!Kll
212
HOBA E'bflI'APCKA MCTOPUJI (1878-1944)
lKenaell\M p;a ycbBopweHCTBaT <!JpeHCKM 11 HeMCKM e3MK To:r.1 pa3pewaBa p;a rrpeKapaT
JIJITHaTa BaKaHI:.(MJI B f epMamrn u cf>pam:.(MJI. ToBa p;aBa B'b3MO)l(HOCT Hap; 250 y'rnTeJIM
Aa cneQMaJIM3MpaT B qy)f(forna. BcuqKo TOBa ce pean11311pa 6narop;apeH11e Ha rro-rone-
Ml1JI 610p;)l(eT, c KOHTO pa3rronara rrpocBeTHOTO Ml1HMCTepcTBo.
MMHMCT'bp lliHllIMaHOB IIOJiara rpl1)1(J1 M 3a KymypHI1Te l1HCTl1TYTl1, HayKaTa l1
113KYCTBOTO. Ilpe3 1903 r 3a BpeMeHeH yrrpaBMTeJI Ha p;paMaTH'leCKaTa Tpyrra "Coma
11 CMRX" e Ha3Ha'leH J1n:w>I M11napoB. IlpweT e HOB BoTperneH rrpaBl1JIHl1K 3a yrrpaBJie-
m1e Ha TeaTopa, on1yCHaTa e l13BoHpep;Ha cy6rnp;MJI, npoBep;eH e KOHKypc 3a np11e-
MaHe Ha HOBM aKTp11cu. I1pe3 1904 r. 3anoqBa u CTpoe)l(a Ha crpap;aTa no npoeKT Ha
aBcrpu:r.1cK11R apx11TeKT XenMep. MHTI o6RBJIBa JittTepaTypHu npeMuu 3a Han11csaHe
Ha Ha:r.1-p;o6pa Tparep;M5I M KOMe)J;l15I, KaKTO l1 3a l1CTOpl1R Ha 6oJirapCKJ15I TeaT'bp. Ila
TOBa BpeMe p;paMaTJ1'1eCKaTa Tpyrra HernaCHo ce rrpettMettyBa B EonrapCKu Hapop;eH
reaThp. 3a pe)f(MCbOp rrpI1BJieqeH e 'lellIKMR apTHCT H pe)l(MCbOp J103e¢ lIIMaxa.
Cpep;cTBa ce oTrrycKaT 11 3a HY)l(AttTe Ha p;op)l(aBHHR My3e:i1: B Co<!J115I. Te ca npep;-
Ha3Ha'leHM rrpep;l1MHO 3a rrorroJIBaHe Ha eTHorpa<!JcKaTa c6wpKa u 3a opraHtt311paHe Ha
apxeonornqeCKM pa3KOIIKI1. AwpeKTopoT Ha My3eR B. ,[(06pycK11 qeprru orrwT 3a opra-
Hl13aQl1JITa Ha apxeonor11qecKHTe rrpoyqsaHMJI B IO)l(Ha :V1TanuJI 11 fnpQttR. Ha 18 Ma:il:
1905 r. Top)l(eCTBeHo e OTKpl1T Hapop;Hl1R My3e:i1: c apxeonornqecKH, HYMH3Mant'IHI1
11 eTHorpacpCKJ1 eKCIIOHaTM. Ila l1HHQI1anrna Ha MHHHCTepcTBOTO e IIO)J;HOBeHa p;e:il:-
HOCTTa Ha apxeorpa<!JcKaTa KOMJ1CHR, HaTOBapeHa p;a .H3)J;aBa HCTopuqecKJ1 KH.H)l(OBHJ1
rraMeTHHQl1 OT 6onrapcKOTO MJ1HaJIO B nopep;11Qa "EoJirapcK.H CTapHHl1".
CrnMyJI rronyqasa H .H3o6pa311TeJIHOTO H3KYCTBO. IIpe3 1903 r. p;op)l(aBHOTO p11-
cyBaJIHO yq11JIHII:.(e e cHa6p;eHo c HOB npaBHJIHl1K. He ca 3a6paBeHw 11 MY3HKaJIHHTe
Ae~Il\H - npe3 1905 r. B Co<!JHR ce OTKp11sa rropBOTO MY3HKaJIHO yq11Jittll\e, KOeTO e
'lacrno, HO rronytiaBa p;op)f(aBHa cy6cHp;l1R. Ha MJiap;ttTe 6onrapcKM yqeHw ce oTnyc-
Kar cpep;cTBa 3a KOMaHp;I1pOBKJ1 B 'Iy)l(6MHa 3a yqaCTwe B Me)l(p;yHapop;Hl1 rrpoRBVI,
3a crreQttaJIM3aQl1l1 .H HaytIHl1 MMCI1M. 3anotIBa p;a ce 113p;aBa nopep;11Qa ":VfasecTl1R 3a
KOMaHp;I1pOBKMTe Ha Ml1Hl1CTepcTBOTO Ha npoCBell\emi:eTo", B KOJITO ce OTIIetiaTBaT
AOKrrap;wTe Ha II0TyBaJI11Te 3a pe3yJITaTl1Te OT ttay'IHJ1Te HM MHCJ1l1. Ha 6onrapcK11-
re m1caTeJIM J1s. Ba30B .H K. BeJil1'IKOB ca OTrryrnaTM rop;MillHH rreHrni-1 OT 4800 JIB.
3apap;u MHororop;11rnHaTa l1M TBOp'leCKa p;e:il:ttocT. IIpe3 1905 r. En11H IIemrn 11 TI. K.
5!Bopos ca KOMaHp;11posaHM Ha pa6oTa B Hapop;HaTa 6u6mrnTeKa, a Ha rnep;Ball\aTa
fOAHHa ca ~rnnpaTeH11 B'bB paHQl15I 3a 113yqasaHe Ha e3l1Ka 11 KYJITypaTa. CJio)l(eHo e
Ha'JaJIOTO Ha MHOfO Heo6xop;MMJ1 3a CTpaHaTa MHCTl1TYTl1 - rrpe3 1904 r. ce oTKpI1Ba
llopBaTa JIJITHa p;eTCKa KOJIOHJ15I, rrpe3 1904/1905 ce ornrypRBa IIOMOil\ 3a tiaCTHOTO
Y'll1JIMil\e 3a rnyxoHeM11, rrpe3 1905 r. ce C'b3p;asa p;op)l(aBeH l1HCTI1TYT 3a rnen11 p;eQa,
rrpe3 1906 r. ce oTrrycKa cy6c11p;11JI 3a OTKpi-rnaHe Ha 6onrapcK11 ceMMHap B Jia:i1:nQMr-
cK11J1 ytt11sepCJ1TeT rrop; poKOBO)J;CTBOTO Ha rrpocp. fycTaB Ba:r.1raHp;.
Enarop;apeH11e Ha yc11Jil1>ITa Ha BH,!l;Hl15I yqeH 11 06Il\eCTBeH11K npo<!J. J1BaH
llimIIMaHOB, KO:il:To e Ml1Hl1CTop Ha Hapop;HaTa rrpocBeTa, e npep;rrp11eTa peam13aQl1JI-
Ta Ha mupoKa rrpocBeTHa 11 KYJITypHa rrporpaMa. ITpvr Hei1HOTO OC'bll\eCTBRBaHe npo-
rpec11BHMRT 6esrrapTvreH MMHHCT'bp ce c6JioCKBa c pep;wQa TPYAHOCTH, C'b3,!l;aBaHM OT
Hapop;ttonu6epanvrTe. Oco6eHo CMJIHO CTaM60JIOBMCTHTe HapywaBaT 6yp)l(Oa3Hop;e-
MoKpaTJifqm1Te cso6op;lil B ccpeparn Ha Kymyparn, nopap;lif Koern npocp. MB. llh!UIMa-
HOB HanyCKa Ka6JifHeTa npe3 JIHyaplil 1907 r. B'bB Bp'b3Ka C'bC cTyp;eHTCKJifTe B'bJIHemlJI
nplil OTKplilBaHeTo Ha Hapop;HlilJI TeaTop B Cocpirn. KaTo 3aCJiflIBaT 610poKpaTJif3a1vrnra
lif u;eHTpaJIJif3au;i.-rnrn Ha KYJITYPHlilJI lif o6ll.\eCTBeHlifJI )f(lifBOT B CTpaHaTa, Hapo,IJ,Hon11-
6epanlifTe ce CTpeMJIT p;a npOTJifBOp;e:rit:CTBaT Ha 3aCJifJIBall(OTO ce BJIJifJIHJife Ha pa,IJ,VIKa/1-
HlifTe lif cou;lifaJilifCTJifqecKJifTe lif,[\elif B cpep;JifTe Ha 6onrapCKaTa lifHTeJilifreHD;YIJI YI cpe~
yqall.\aTa ce Mnap;e:>K.
Hapep; c Y1KOHOMY1qecK0To YI KYJITypHoTo pa3BYITlife HJIIl npaBJifTeJicTBo ,IJ,ewcrna
aKTYIBHO 3a pa3pernaBaHeTO Ha OCHOBHJifJI B'bHllIHOTIOJilifTYlqecKlif npo6neM Ha crpa-
HaTa-HaD;JifOHaJIHOTO o6ep;lilHeHJife Ha 6onrapcKlifJI Hapop;. 3a neplilop;a 1903-1908 r.
YCYIJIJifJITa Ha npaBJifTeJICTBOTO B TOBa OTHOllieHYle ca HaCO'leHJif rnaBHO B TPYI HanpaB-
JieHJifJI - Jif3BOIOBaHe He3aBlifClifMOCTTa Ha CB06op;HOTO KHJI:>KeCTBO, OC'bll(eCTBJIBaHeTO
Ha ecpeKTlifBHlif pecpopMlil B MaKep;oHYIJI YI Op;plilHCKa TpaKlifJI YI nop;roTOBKa Ha 6nnrap-
cKaTa apMlilJI 3a eBeHTyaneH 6op;ell.\ BOeHeH KOHcpJIHKT.
TypcKoTo npaBlifTencTBO ca6oTlilpa npmrnraHeTo Ha nplilenne OT BeJIYIKYITe rnn11
pecpopMlil, a Cop6lilJI w fnpD;lilJI 3aClifJIBaT Boopo:>KeHaTa rn nponaraHp;a. Eomap11re
He OCTaBaT 6e3yqacTHlif, HO 6onrapcKOTO HaD;YIOHaJIHOOCBo6op;JifTeJIHO }J;Blif)!(emre eB
KpH3a Jif TIOMOI.I.\Ta He e ecpeKTJifBHa.
,lJ;o KpaR Ha CBOeTo ynpaBJieHJife CTaM60JIOBJifCTKOTO npaBHTeJICTBO npe,IJ,np11eMa
pep;Y1u;a xop;oBe 3a cne'leJIBaHe Ha 6naropa3nono:>KeHweTo Ha roneMHTe p;op)!(aB11 3a
npi.-rnaraHeTo Ha qn. 23 OT EepnvrHCKYIJI p;oroBop. B Ta3lif HacoKa CTaM6onoBYICTVITe ce
CTpeMJIT p;a Jif3TIOJI3BaT npoTJifBOpe'IYIJITa Me:>Kp;y BeJIJifKYITe Cliflllif VI p;a JiaBYlpaT MelK-
AY rnx. MlilHYICTepcTBOTO Ha B'bHllIHMTe pa6oTlif Koopp;lilHlilpa p;wnnoMaTlif'lecKwre rn
nocTDTIKM B Uapwrpap; c EonrapCKaTa eK3apxlilR w 6onrapcKJifTe o6ll.\MHM B MaKe~o
HMR, KOMTO OTnpaBJIT nporneHJifJI ,[\O TypcKJifTe BJiaCTJif Jif rnaBHMJI JifHCIIeKTOp X10ce1rn
XlifnMlif narna 3a 3all.\lifTa OT cpo6CKMTe lif rpou;KwTe 'leTw. Oco6eHo aKTHBHM ca 6on-
rapcKMTe ToproBCKJif areHTlif, HaCTOJIBall.\lif npep; MeCTHaTa ap;MlilHMCTpau;MJI 3a ornry-
pRBaHe Ha HOpMaJIHJif ycJIOBMJI 3a :>KHBOT 3a HaceneHJifeTO.
IlpaBJifTeJICTBOTO npop;'bJI:>KaBa p;a OTCTOJIBa OTHOCMTeJIHaTa caMOCTOJITeJIHOCT
Ha CTpaHaTa lif p;a naBlilpa cpep; 3ap;on6o'laBall.\HTe ce npoTMBope'IMJI Me)l()W Ben11K11-
Te ClifJilif. Ilpe3 1904 r. ce CKJIIOqBa aHrno-cppeHcKo cornarneHvte, 3ano'IBa c6m1n1<ett11e
Me:>Kp;y AHrnMR lif PycvtJI, 3aBoprnwno c nop;nvtrnaHeTo Ha cnopa3yMeHwe npe3 JIRTOTO
Ha 1907 r. J1TaJilifJI c nop;o3peHwe rnep;w p;e:rit:cTBMJITa Ha ABCTpo-YHrapwn, a fepMaHllJ!
He Kplile lifHTepecHTe Clif Ha IOrolif3TOK.
B neplilop;a 1903-1904 r. MvtHHCTepcTBOTO Ha B'bHIIIHlifTe pa6oTlif OTKpvtBa ,IJ,VIrrno-
MaTJifqecKlif areHTCTBa B PlifM, JloHp;OH w EepnlilH. KHR3'bT, MlifHMCTplilTe w rrom1Tl1!.\ll
OT pa3JIHqHM napnm pep;OBHO noCell.\aBaT 3ana,[\HOeBponei\l:cKHTe CTOJIMD;YI YI npaBJ!T
BI-iyrneHMJI 3a HaMeca Ha BeJIMKMTe ClifJIH 3a p;a cnpaT lil3p;eBaTeJICTBaTa Ha,[\ 6nnrap11re.
Cy6cwp;vtpa ce M3p;aBaHeTo Ha p;Ba BeCTHlifKa - B'bB <DpaHD;lifJI lif B J1TaJIMJI, c Koero ce
u;enH p;a ce cne'leJilif o6ll.\eCTBeHa nop;Kpena 3a 6onrapCKaTa Kay3a.
,lJ;oKaTo BeJilifKlifTe clifJIM C'bBeTBaT EonrapHR p;a npoRBlif TopneHwe YI 6naropa3y-
MMe, Cop6lilJI lif fopD;MJI aKTMBM3Y1paT Boopo:>KeHaTa Clif nponaraH,[\a. Ilpe3 cpeBpyap11
1905 r. rpoD;KM qeTlif lif3BopIIIBaT KJiaHe B 6onrapcKOTO ceno 3aroplil'laHYI (Kocryp-
214
HOBA En!II'APCKA I1CTOPI1Jl (1878-1944)
CKO). B CTpaHaTa ce npoBe)fq:~aT MJ1TJ1Hrvl, Ha KOJ1TO ce l13pa3.srna HeroAyBaHJ1eTO Ha

6nnrapCKaTa 061.QeCTBeHocT u ce HaCTORBa npaBwTeJICTBOTO Aa oTroBopw c penpecww
cnpHMO )f(J1Bee.LQMTe B EnmapwR rnpu;w. CaMo roAMHa no-KnCHO npe3 IOHJ1 u ronu
1906 r. B'bB BapHa, ITJIOBAMB, CrnHwMaKa, AHxVlaJio u Ha APYfVI MecTa ce npose)f(p;aT
aHrnrpnu;Kw MMTMHrM, OTHeMaT ce rpnu;Kw u;npKBW VI yquJIMU\a. L(np)f{aBaTa B3eMa
KPYTVI MepKw 3a B'b3CTaHOBJIBaHe Ha pep;a VI HaKa3BaHe Ha BJ1HOBHJ1Te. Te3J1 MepKw ce
nocpell\aT c OAo6peHwe OT BeJIMKJ1Te rnmf.
Ba)!{Ha p;wnnoMaTwqeCKa p;erltHocT pa3rpnll\a npaBVITeJicrnorn Ha HflTI u 3a ype)f{-
11aHe Ha OTHornemrnTa enc cncep;HwTe 6anKaHCKVI p;np)!{aBM. TaKa OT RHyapw 1904 r.
6nnrapCKaTa aKT:WBHOCT ce pa3npoCTwpa ep;HospeMeHHO Bnpxy Tpw 6anKaHCKJ1 crn-
rr111111 - QapwrpaA, EempaA l1 QeTMHe. B TypcKaTa cTOJiuu;a npop;'bJI)f{aBaT 3anoqHa-
rr11Te Oll\e npe3 eceHTa Ha 1903 r. nperoBopVI 3a cnopa3yMeHJ1e. EnmapCKaTa CTpaHa e
npeACTaBeHa OT BJ1)J;HJ1JI B 6JIJ13KOTO MJ1HaJio noJIVITJ1K u p;HnJioMaT f pwrop HaqoBuq.
Crrocpep;HwqecrnoTo Ha repMaHcKaTa p;:i-rnnoMau;uJI ce CTV!fa p;o KOMnpoMuceH Bapw-
aHr 3a cnrnarneHMe. KaTo pe3ynrnT Ha 26 MapT 1904 r. ce nop;nwrna 6nmapo-TypcKo
cnopa3yMeHwe. Cnopep; Hero BwcoKaTa noprn ce 3ap;'bJI)!{aBa p;a orno6op;w yqacTHJ1-
1111re B Hau;woHaJIHoorno6op;wTeJIHOTO p;BJ1)f{eHV1e ( 6e3 aTeHTaTOpwTe) J1 p;a pa3peurn
Ha 6e)!{aHu;J1Te OT MaKep;oHJ1JI 11 Op;p:i-rncKo p;a ce 3aBnpHaT no pop;HMTe rn OfHMU\a.
Tiocrwra ce cnopa3yMeHwe 3a HRKOJ1 o6JieKqeHJ1R OT V1KOHOMV1qecKJ1 xapaKTep. Cpe-
ll1Y TOBa 6nJirapCKOTO npaBJ1TeJICTBO ce 3ap;'bJI)f(aBa p;a He TI03BOJIJ!Ba Tepl1TOPJ1l1Te Ha
KHH)({eCTBOTo p;a ce J13TIOJI3BaT 3a Bnopn)f(eHu VI pesonrou;HoHHH p;e:ikTBMR B wMnepw-
Hra. Cnopa3yMeHJ1eTO e ep;J1HCTBeHVIJIT B'b3MO)f(eH J13XOA OT OCTpaTa Kpl13a B OTHOille-
mrnra Me)!{p;y OcMaHcKaTa MMnepwR u KHR)f{eCTBOTO u Hap;e)f(p;a 3a orno6o)f(p;asaHe-
ro Ha OKOJIO 4 000 3aTBOpHl1Q1'I J1 3aToqeHJ1QJ1 J1 3aBpnll\aHeTO Ha XJ1JIR)J;J1 6e)KaHu;J1
no pop;HVITe MM MeCTa. BnocneACTBJ1e Typu;1'rn caMo qacn1qHo J13TI'bJIHRBa HJIKOJ1 OT
noenne 3ap;'bJI)f{eHwR.
Ep;HoBpeMeHHO c nperoBopwTe c TypQMR npaBHTeJICTBOTO Ha reH. P. TieTpos 3a-
no1rna coHp;a)f{M 3a pa36upaTeJicTBO c Eempap;. MoMeHT'bT e oco6eHo nop;xop;Rll.\. Cnep;
npespaTa OT 1903 r. cpn6CKJ1JIT B'bTpeUIHOTIOJIVITVlqecKH )f(J1BOT Hee HOpMaJIJ13l1paH,
aHOBJ1RT Kpan TieTnp KapareopmeBwq He e npH3HaT OT BeJIVIKJ1Te CJ1JIJ1. B HaqaJioTo
Ha qiespyapw 1904 r. HOBOHa3HaqeHJ1JI 3a ynpaBJIJIBall\ 6nmapCKOTO )J;J1TIJIOMaTJ1qecKO
npeACTaBVITeJicTBo B Eempap; Xp11cTocpop Xecanques 45 e MHCTPYKTwpaH p;a pa6oTJ1 3a
45
Xpttcrnqiop Xecan'lneB e po.r1eH Ha 6 cpeBpyapH 1858 r. B Epycam1M, K'b,llero po.r1ttremne MY
6onrapH ra6p0Bu;11 ca Ha rroKJIOHeHwe Ha Eo)l(H rpo6. v13pacTBa B fa6poBo l1B1877 ro.[IHHa 3aBbpw-
Ba AnplilrroBcKaTa rnMHa31'!H, a rrpe3 1879 r. 3aB'bplllBa B rnpBirn BwrrycK Ha BoeHHOTo )"ll11ll1Ille B
Co~~rn(. ITpe3 1880 r. 3aBbpuIBa crreu;irnneH Kypc Ha KottcraHrlilHOJlCKOTO rrexorHo Y'H1lllil!lle, rrpe3
1883 r. HuKorraeBcKaTa aKa,J:1eM11J1 Ha feHeparrmrn 111a6 B CaHKT I1erep6ypr. I1pe3 1885 r. 3aBbpw-
Ba 11 BHcwara ocpHu;epcKa KaBanepwCrcKa wKona B Cb!llHR rpa,11. ITpe3 Cpb6cKo-6omapcKara BOWHa
(1885) e !JOMO!llHHK Ha Ha'laJIHl1K-r.u;a6a Ha BOi°ICKara. JifarrpareH e Ha CJIHBHH!llKara IT03Hl.IH.H ,11a
.R pa3yqlil Iii e tteroBa 3acnyrara 3a 1136opa Ha rro311u;11Rra. Y'lacrna B 6oeBere rrp11 cenara An,110MH-
poBI.1lil Iii PMHOBI.111 (5 HOeMBpH 1885 r.). ABrop e Ha ,J:IOKJia,11a 3a pa3BHTHero Ha 6owH11re ,11et'rcTBH.H
go HaqanHHK-111a6a Ha BowcKara. 3a 3arnyrnre rn rrpe3 BOiiHa e Harpa,11ett c Op.r1eH ,,3a xpa6pocr"
IV crerreH. Crre1:t; BOWHara B rrep110.r1a 28 aBrycr 1886 - 28 Jrnyap11 1887 r. e Ha'!arrmrK Ha BoeHHoro
Pocu4a AHzenoBa
CKJIIO':IBaHe Ha oT6pamneneH BOeHHo-noJIWTl1':IeCKl1 CbI03 Me:>Kp,y Eonrapiu1 l1 C'bp-

6m1. IIoMara MY AwMWTop Pw30B. AseTe p,op:>Kas11113roTBJIT npoeKTl1 l1 cnep, TPYAHlf 11
npop,'bJI:>Kl1TeJIHl1 nperosopw ce cTwra p,o nop,m1csaHeTo Ha 30 MapT 1904 r. Ha C'bI03eH
p,orosop. Tori! e TaeH w npe,n;sw:>K,n;a C'bBMeCTHW yrnn11JI 3a npl1naraHe Ha Mrop11111er-
CKaTa pecpopMeHa nporpaMa 11 3a pa3urnpRBaHe Ha pecpopMeHoTo p;eno H Bopxy re-
p11Top11RTa Ha O,n;p11HCKH swnaeT; 06~11 ,n;erllcTBHJI 3a 3a~HTa Tep11Top1111Te Ha ABere
,n;op:>KaBH, 3ail_\l1Ta WHTepecHTe Ha qepHa ropa, KOraTo ce nocTasw an6aHCKl1JI B'bnpoc;
ap611Tpa:>K Ha pycKMJI WMnepaTop npw B'b3Hl1KHaJiw He,n;opa3yMeHWJI. Aorosop'bT lfMa
cpoK neT ro,n;11H11.
BTopwRT ,n;orosop e ,n;py:>KeCTseH w e JIBeH. Tori! BKJIIO'IBa o6JieK':IeHl1.fl 3a B3alfM-
Ha T'bprOBHJI, MepKt1 3a ye,n;HaKBJIBaHe Ha Ml1THJ1'1eCKaTa Il0Jll1TJ1Ka J1 CKJI'fOtIBaHe Ha
Ml1THJ1'1eCKH C'bI03, HaMaJIJIBaHe Ha TpaHcnopTHHTe TaKCl1, 113paBHJIBaHe Ha renerpa-
cpo-no~eHCKJ1Te TaKCl1 Me)[{,n;y P,BeTe CTpaHJ1, c B'bTpelllHJ1Te; MOHeTHa KOHBeHI_\Mi! ll
np. IIocTl1rHaTOTO 6omapo-cpo6cKo c6nl1:>KeH11e e ,n;eMOHCTp.HpaHo c HRKOJIKO cpell.\11
Me)K,n;y sna,n;eTeJIMTe Ha ,n;seTe CTpaHJ.1 c ocpt1QlilaJIHo noce~eH.He Ha Kpan IIeT'bp B 6nn-
rapCKaTa cTOJIMQa Ha 17 OKTOMBpw 1904 r. Cpo6CKJ.1Te ynpaBJIJIBa~J.1 o6aqe He 6'bp3ar
J.1 He ce CTJ.1ra ,n;o IlO,!l;IlJ.1CBaHeTO Ha BOeHHa KOHBeHQHJI. Hanpa3Hl1 OCTaBaT yrnl!Mi!Ta
,[(a 60,l(e npwBJie':IeHa 11 qeptta ropa.
Ha cneQMaJIHO BHl1MaH11e e nocTaBeHa 6onrapCKaTa apM:r.1.fl. Hy)[{,n;arn OT npey-
CTporilcTBOTO w Boopo:>KaBaHeTo if e o':IeBwp,Ha. PeKOHCTPYKQl1JITa if e CB'bp3aHa u c
Kypca Ha Hapop,Honw6epanHoTo npaB11TeJICTBO 3a no,n;roTOBKa Ha CTpaHaTa 3a ecpvrKac-
HO pa3pelllaBaHe Ha HaQWOHaJIHl1.fl Bonpoc c eseHTyanHa ynoTpe6a Ha BoettHa rnna.
3a HeMHOTO l13rpa)[{p,aHe npaBJ1TeJICTBOTO IlOJiara MHOro yc11JIJ1Jl J.1 OT,n;em1 3Ha'!MTen-
HJ.1 cpe,n;cTBa, 3apa,n;11 KoeTo ono3J.1QJ.1JITa HenpeK'bCHaTo ro KpMTMKyBa. IIpe3 1903 r.
e npweT cneQHaneH 3aKoH 3a yCTpo:rkTBOTO Ha Boopo)[{eH11Te CHJIH Ha EonrapcKoro
rrnmm-1e B CocpMR, c11e;11 KOeTO e HatiaJIHMK Ha Y'l'.e6HO-MHcpopMaQMOHHOTO foopo np11 Il\a6a Ha BOii·
CKaTa M BTOpM pe;11aKTop Ha BoeHHMTe M3;!1aHMR. OT 1898 e ;11ei'1cTBMTeJieH 'IJieH Ha BAH. Or soeHttara
c11y)f(6a ce npeXB'bpJIR B ;11~m110MaTM'leCKaTa MB neptto;11a 1899 - 1904 r. e BOeHHO ararne B EenrpaA.
Ha 14 cpeBpyaptt 1904 r. e npo11JBe;11eH B 'IMH noJIKOBHMK 11 B neptto;11a 1904 - 1905 r. e 6onrapcK11
;11ttn110MaT11'leCKM areHT B Bempa;11. Ilpe3 C'bll.\aTa ro;11MHa e TI'bJIHOMOll.\eH npaTeHMK Ha Iiomapirn tta
IhpBaTa KOHcpepeHQMR 3a MMpa B Xara. Ilo-K'bCHO OT 7 OKTOMBpM 1905 ;!10 19 IOJIM 1909r.e111111no-
MaTJ1'1'.eCKM areHT B ByKypell.\, rne;11 Koero ;110 7 RHyaptt 1911 r. e n'hJIHOMOll.\eH MMHMCT'bp Ha EMra-
pttR B ByKypell.\. Ha 11OKTOMBpM1910 r. e npmt3Be;!leH B n'hpBMR reHepa11cKM 'IMH reHepan-Maiiop.
Ilpe3 Ea11KaHcKaTa BO:C!Ha (1912-1913) e npe;11crnBMTe11Ha6'hnrapCKaTa Bot'IcKa nptt fpo11Kara rnaetta
KBapTttpa. Ilpe3 Il'hpBaTa CBeTOBHa BO:C!Ha (1915-1918) e reHepa11 3a nop'b'IKM. Ilocseniasa ce tta
Hay'IHa M ny6mtQMCTM'l'.Ha ;11et'!HOCT. AB TOP e Ha TPY/:IOBe M yqe6Hl1QM no TaKTMKa M BOeHHa rorrorpa-
cpttR. IIpe3 norne;11HMTe ro;!IMHM OT )f(YfBoTa CM (rne.r1 1929 r.), Xecan'IMeB pa6oTM B'bpxy MeMoapl!Te
CM, o6XBall.\all.\M nepMO,!I OT 15 TO,!IMHM (1899-1914 r.), HaCMTeHM C'bC 3Ha'IMMM C'b6MTMR OT 11crop1rnra
Ha IOroM3TO'l'.Ha Espana. Q3arnaBeHMRT ",[(ttnJioMaTM'leCKO-BOeHHM cnoMeHM (1899-1914 r.)" poKO·
nttc ce na311 B apxttBa Ha BAH M e ny6nttKyBaH e):IHa npe3 1993 r. )KeHeH 3a AHHa IiypMosa. HRMa
;11eQa M 3aBell.\aBa QRJIOTO CM MMyll.\eCTBO Ha cpoH):laQMR, KORTO HaC'bp'IaBa TaJiaHTJIMBl1 yqettl!!jll II
cTy,!leHTM OT fa6poBo. YMttpa Ha 15.Mat'! 1938 r. B CocpMR.
216
HOBA E'"b!II'APCKA J1CTOPJ1JI (1878-1944)
KHJDKecTBO. IIocTORHHLUIT C'bCTaB Ha apMMHTa e yBenw-reH OT 25 000 Ha 60 000 p;yurn.

TaKa B Ha'laJioTo Ha 1904 r. EonrapMR pa3nonara c 24 6oi1HM noJIKa OT no 2 p;ppKMHM
B C'bCTaB OT no 779 AYIIIM. Pe3epBHMTe 12 non1<a OT no ep;Ha p;py)l<MHa B CbCTaB 633
11ynrn C'bIIW ca npeBnpnan1 B 6owm1 noJIKOBe. IIo T03M Ha'lMH 6poRT Ha p;MBM3MMTe
ttapacrna OT 6 Ha 9.
IIpeyCTpowcTBOTO Ha apMMRTa CTaBa c ornep; B'bBe)l(p;aHeTO Ha HOBa opram13a-
I.1KR, 6a3Mpa~a ce Ha apMewcKMTe Kopnyrn. IIpe3 1907 r. ca cpopMMpaHM TPM BoeH-
HmmrneKQMOHHl1 o6ITaCTl1, BCJIKa OT KOMTO BKJIIO'lBa no 3 neXOTHM ,[\l1Bl13J1l1 l1 p;pyr11
'!aCTJ.f. lUa6oBeTe Ha BOeHHmrncneKQJ10HHJ1Te o6ITaCTJ1 B'bB BOeHHO BpeMe TpR6Ba p;a
06pa3ysaT ~a6oBe Ha oTp;eJIHH apM1111.
HenpeK'bCHaTO HapacTBa npoQeHT'bT, oTp;eJIRH OT 6rop;)l(eTa 3a Bnopo)l(eHHTe
rn11M. IIpe3 1907 r. BOeHHMRT 610p;)l(eT p;ocT11ra orpoMHaTa cyMa OT 51 MITH. JIB. Brn1<a
ro.riirna ce oTnycKaT orpoMHl1 CBpnxcMeTHVI 1<pep;11T11 11 BoeHHVI MaTep11an11. 3a nop-
Bttre p;Be rop;l1Hl1 OT CBOeTO ynpaBJieHMe npaBVITeITCTBOTO XB'bplIR 3a B'bOp'b)l(aBaHe
orpOMHaTa cyMa OT OKOJIO 120 MITH. ITB. BoeHHHRT 6rop;)l(eT Hap;xsopmI MHOfOKpaTHO
610p;)l(era Ha .n;pynne Bep;oMcrna. AoCTaBKVITe Ha cospeMeHHO Mo,n;epHo opo)l(He ce
rrpaB.RT npe,n;11MHO OT ABcTpo-YnrapMR (nyw1<11 "MaHITMxep"), OT <l>paHQVIR (opo.n;irn
"lliuairp;ep) 11 OT fepMamrn ( opop;rrn "Kpyn").
B pe3yITTaT Ha l13BnpIIIeHoTo npeyCTpowcrno 11 Ha l1HTeH3l1BHOTO Bnopo)l(aBaHe
K'bM 1908 r. 6onrapcKaTa apM11H pa3IlOJiara c ,n;eBeT nexoTHJ.f ,ll;!llBH3J1l1, BCHKa OT KOVITO
ce cocroH OT no 4 nexoTHl1 n e.n;nn apT11ITepHL1:c1<11 noJIK. Bce1<11 apTHITep11L1:CKM noITK
ce C'bCTOJ.f OT no 3 6aTape11, a BCJIKa OT TRX pa3TIOITara c no 4 opn,ll;l1R - IIO'lTJ.f BCl1'lKJ1
rncreMa ,,KaHe", rnpa60TeH11 B ,,lIIHawp;ep" B KpI>o3o. ApM11Rra pa3nOITara Oll\e c 3
rpyrrn IIJiaHJ.fHCKa apTl1Jiep11R, C'bCTORil\11 ce OT no 4 6aTapeH, B'bOp'b)l(eHM c no 4 op'b-
/IHII, u c 3 KpenocTHH 6aTaITI>oHa o6ca.n;na apTMITep11R. KaBanep11RTa ce C'bCTOJ.f OT 11
nonKa, pa3p;eITeH11 B Tp11 6pr-rra.n;11. Csop30'lHl1Ql1Te ca 3 6aTaJiboHa. <l>ITOT'bT ce C'bCTOJ.f
OT ep;MH 1<pa:C11-1ep, 7 MHHOHOCeQa J1 ep;Ha KatIOHepKa no Ll;yHaB.
Bnopn)l(aBaHeTo Ha apMHRTa e MOT11B11paHo OT npas11TeJICTBOTO c neo6xo.n;11-
MocrTa OT no.n;p;op)l(aHe Ha "BnTpelllHJ1H MHp" J1 OT H3KITIO'lJ1TeITHOTO IlOITO)l(em1e Ha
Ennrap!ll.R Ha EaITKaHCKHR noITyoCTpos. C noITMTHKaTa rn cnpRMO apMVIRTa napop;-
Hon116epamITe yp;oBITeTBOpRBaT 11 CTpeMe)l(a Ha KHR3a .n;a npine)l(ana cvrnHa apMHR
u .ria urpae Ba)l(Ha ponR Ha EaITKaHCKVIR noITyoCTpoB. He no-MaJIOBa)l(HO e 11 TOBa,
'le B'bOpn)l(aBaHeTO Ha apM11RTa npaBJ.f Heo6xop;l1MH IIOCTORHHH p;op)l(aBHJ.f IIOKYIIKH,
rrptt peaJIJ.1311paHeTO Ha KOJ1TO ce B'b3nOIT3BaT MHOfO xopa OT ynpaBITRBall\MTe cpe,n;H.
IIpIIKO yqaCT11e B l13BnpIIIBaH11Te rpa6e)l(J1, cneKyITaQMM 11 3IToynoTpe6H B3eMaT Haw-
BttCIIrnTe p;op)l(aBHM l1 BoeHHH p;ei1QH KaTo MMI-TMCT'bp-npep;cep;aTeITR Pa"lo IIeTpos l1
BOeHH!ll.R MMHMcT'bp M. CaBoB. IIpe3 1906 r. ono3MQMOHHl1Te secTHMQM "M11p': "IIpR-
noper.( Mp;p. M3HaCRT c1<aHp;anH11 cpaKTVI 3a 3IToynoTpe611 c p;op)l(aBHVI cpep;crna B TaKa
Hape'IeHara acpepa "lllapn-)KaH''. Pa3Kp11Tl1RTa ,n;oBe)l(p;aT p;o np0Mem1 B cncTaBa Ha
Pocuu,a AH2enoea
rrpaBHTeJICTBOTO. P. IleTpOB rro,n;aBa OCTaBKa J1 Ha 22 OKTOMBpH 3a MHHHCT'bp-rrpegce-
46
,n;aTeJI e Ha3Ha'!eH .[(vtMHTnp IleTKOB . BnHllIHOTO MHHHCTepcTBO ce rroeMa OT gl1n110-
MaTvt'!ecKHR areHT B PycttR .[(vtMHT'bp CrnH'IOB 47 . B cpe,n;aTa Ha cne,n;Ba~aTa rogwHa

reH. M. CasoB C'b~o e rrpttHy,n;eH ,n;a ce oTTemu vt rrocT'bT BOeHeH Ml1HHCTnp e rroBepett
Ha reH. )J;aHaHJI HMKOJiaeB.
QRJIOCTHaTa noJIHTH'!eCKa ,n;eMHOCT Ha Hapo,n;Honu6epaJIHOTO rrpam1TeJicTBo C'b-
,n;np)i(a l1 HRKOH KpaMHO peaKQl10HHH MepKI.1. Pa3BHTHeTo Ha KanttTaJil.13Ma cTaBa npe-
,n;vt BCl1'1KO 3a cMeTKa Ha Hapo,n;a. OcHOBHaTa Te)!(eCT Ha ,n;'bp)!(aBmrn 6JO,n;)!(eT e npex-
BnpJieHa Bnpxy nne~1.1Te Ha ceJIJ.1H1.1Te, 3a1-1aJ.1T'IHl.1Te 1.1 pa6onrnQHTe. Te pa6ornr npw
HeXl1fJ1eHJ1'1Hl1 l1 yfo1MCTBeHH ycJIOBJ.1J.I, c HeorpaHvt'IeHa npop;'bJI)!(J.1TeJIHOCT Ha pa-
6oTHl1J.I ,n;eH. IlpoTeCT'bT HM cpe~y 6e3ome,n;HaTa eKcnnoaTaQl.1R Ha 6yp)!(Oa3l1JHa ce
3aCHJIBa, B'bnpeKJ.1 orpaHl1'1l1TeJIHl1Te 3aKOHH (npaBJ.1TeJICTBOTO npl1eMa 3aKOH, crropeA
KOMTO c,n;py)!(aBaHl1RTa Ha Tpy,n;e~l1Te ce MoraT ,n;a ce 3aKpirnT, aKo Texmr rny)!rnrenw
yqacTBaT B CTa'IKH; B C'b~l1J.I ,n;yx ca HanpaBeHl1 H npoMeHH B 3aKOHHTe 3a neqara, 3a
Hapo,n;1-10To npoCBe~eHvte l1 ,n;p.). Cn3p;a,n;eHa e TaMHa noJIHQl.1R 3a KOHTpon Bnpxy no-
JIHTl.1'1ecK1.1J.1 )!(J.1BOT. Hape,n; c Te31.1 MepKvt ce npaBRT l1 onvtTl1 ,n;a ce C'b3p;agaT 1-1eyrpan-
Hl1 pa6oTHJil'IeCKl1 CHH,D;HKaTH J1 ,D;'bp)!(aBHH 3aHaJ.IT'IHMCKH c,n;py)!(aBaHvtR, ~eJI.RlqVI Aa
pa3IIOK'bCaT pa6oTHH'IeCKOTO ,ll;Bl1)!(eHHe J1 ,n;a ro IIOCTaBJ.IT no,n; oneKaTa Ha ,D;np)f(aBaTa.
46
,[J;HMHT'bp IleTKOB e po,qeH Ha 2 HoeMBpH 1858 r. B cerro EalllKhoi1, Tyw1aHcKo. I1pe3 187i
3aMHHaBa 3a PyMbHl1.R H yqacTBa B Cpo6CKo-TypcKaTa Bofrna (1876) B 'IeTaTa Ha TI. XMroB. TipeJ
PycKo-TypcKaTa Boi1Ha (1877-1878) e orr'hrr'IeHel.\ H yqacTBa B 6oeBeTe 3a Crnpa 3aropa 11 lllvmKa.
Te)!(KO paHeH, Toi1 ry6H rr.RBaTa CH poKa. Crre;1:1 BOi1HaTa Jl IleTKOB e 'IHHOBHHK B MHHMcrepcrnorn Ha
B'bTpe!llHHTe pa6on1. ITpHB'bpJKeHHK Ha Jll16eparrHaTa rrapTH.R, rni1 ce npoTHBorrocTaB.R Ha PeJKl!Ma
Ha II'blIHOMOII.\H.RTa, 3a KOeTO e OC'b,qeH H OCTaBa B 3aTBopa OT 1882 ):10 1884. Crre;1:1 ocso60)!(11asaHeTO
CH CTaBa 6JIH3'bK C'bTPYAHHK Ha CT. CTaM60JIOB H ce rrpHC'be):IHH.RBa K'bM C'b3,qa;1:1eHaTa OT Hero npe3
1886 Hapo;1:1HorrH6eparrHa rraprn.R. ITpH HerOBOTO yrrpaBrreH11e rni1 e KMeT Ha Coqm>I (1888-1893),
rrpe;1:1ce;1:1arerr Ha rraprraMeHTa (1892-1893) H qrreH Ha rrpaB11TerrcTB0To (1893-1894). Cne11 CMbpm
Ha.[(. fpeKoB rrpe3 1901 ITeTKOB orrraB.RBa Hapo;1:1HorrH6eparrHaTa rrapT11.R He B'bTpemeH MMHllCTbpB
rrpaBHTerrcTBOTO Ha P. ITeTpoB (1903-1906). B Kpa.R Ha 1906 caMH.RT rni1 orrraB>IBa rrpaBMTeJJCTBOTO,
HO H.RKOJIKO MeCel.\a IIO-K'bCHO e y6HT OT TIOJIHTH'IeCKH rrpOTHBHHI.\H Ha 6yrr. "L(ap Ocso6011men"
B Coqm>I. Toi1 e rrorpe6aH ;1:10 rpo6a Ha CrnM6onoB, y6HT rrpH rro;1:106HH o6cTO>ITencrna . .[111M11Thp
IleTKOB e 6all.\a Ha 3eMe;1:1errcKHTe norrHTHI.\H HHKorra ITeTKOB H ITeTKo IleTKOB.
47
,[J;11MHT'bp CTaH'IOB e po,qeH Ha 21 Mai1 1863 r. B CBHII.\OB H Y'IH B'bB BHeHa. C11H e Ha J!HH
CTaH'Ioorrry H EcppornHa IlaHHI.\a. Crre;1:1 H361ApaHeTO Ha <l>ep;I:11AHaH,q CaKc-Ko6ypr-fora 3a KH!l3 T01i
e HeroB JIH'IeH ceKpernp (1887-1889) IA Ha'IaJIHHK Ha HeroBH>I TaeH Ka61AHeT (1889-1894). Toii ce
OJKeHBa 3a rpacp1AH>I AHHa ):lbO fpeHo, ):l'bll.\epR Ha xocpMap!llarra Ha KH>I3 <l>ep;I:IHHaH,q rpa<ji l\hO fpetto
H npw,qBopHa ,qaMa Ha KH.RrHH.R Map1rn-Jiy1.rna. CTaH'IOB e ,q11nrroMaTH'IeCKH areHT Ha Eorrrap11» B
PyMoHHR (1894-1895), ABcrpo-YHrapH.R (1895-1897) IA Pyrn>I (1896-1906). OT 1906110 1908 eBbH·
rueH MHHHCT'bp B npaBHTerrcTBaTa Ha .[(. ITeTKOB H ITeT'bp fy,qeB, a crre;1:1 y6HifcTBOTO Ha .[111M11np
ITeTKOB 3a H>IKOJIKO ):IHH orrraB.RBa rrpaBHTerrcTBOTO. I1pe3 crre;1:1Ball.\HTe ro,qHHH e nocrraHMK BbB Be-
JIHKo6pwraHH>I (1908), <l>paHI.\H.R (1908-1915), EerrrH.R (1910-1915) H J1rnmrn (1915). Toti ce npo-
THBonocraB.R Ha BKJIIO'IBaHeTO Ha D'brrrapH.R B ITopBaTa CBeTOBHa BOi1Ha H e OTCTpaHeH OT rnyJK6a.
Crre,q ITopBaTa cBeTOBHa Boi1Ha CraH'IOB e rrraBeH ceKperap Ha ,qeneral.\H.RTa, CKJIIO'IMJla Hbol'icKHH
,qoroBop (1919). Crre,q TOBa e rrocrraHHK B'bB Bem1Ko6p1ATaHH.R (1920-1921), Eerrrn>I (1921-1922)H
XorraH,qH.R (1922-1924). I1pe3 1924 no,qaBa OCTaBKa, HeC'brrraceH c IIOJIHTHKaTa Ha rrpaBMTeJICTBOTO
Ha ArreKcaH,qop l(aHKOB. YMHpa Ha 23 Mai1 1940 r. B CocpH.R.
218
HOBA E'bllI'APCKA HCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
Tio rrp11Mepa Ha eBpone:C!:cKaTa 6yp)l<Oa3I1Jl CTaM60JIOBI1CTKOTO npaBMTeJICTBO 3a np'hB

ffbT B E'hmap11R npaBw onwT p;a perynwpa B3aI1MOOTH011IemrnTa c pa6oTHWiecKaTa
Knaca. ToBa ce Hanara OT CTpeMe)l(a MY p;a pa3'!I1CTI1 TI'hTR 3a WHTeH3I1BHO I1KOHOMI1-
qecKo pa3BWTl1e w p;a OTKlIOHW Tpyp;e~l1Te ce OT KJiacoBaTa 6op6a. B3eTl1Te MepK11 He
MoraT ,11a orpaHWiaT pa3Maxa Ha cTaqHoTo 11 npoTeCTHOTo p;Bl1)1(eH11e B KHJI)l(eCTBOTO.
I1pe3 1906 r. p;'bp)l(aBHl1Te CJIY)l(1'1TeJil1 l1 pa60THI11\l1Te HaCTOJIBaT 3a yBeJIJ1qeHl1e Ha
3arrnaT11Te. Te o6RBJIBaT cTaqKJ1 B CoqrnR, Eyprac, BapHa, Pyce, IIepHI1K, foptta OpR-
xos1111a 11 np. IIpaBMTeJICTBOTO yp;oBJiernopRBa qacT OT I1CKaH1'1JITa Ha cTaqKyBa~1'1Te,
HO 3ae,11Ho c TOBa B3eMa MepKl1 3a orpaHl1'!aBaHe Ha CTa'!HOTO ,llBI1)1(eH11e. c npoMe-
Hl1 B HaKa3aTeJIH1'1JI 3aKOH npe3 HOeMBpl1 1906 r. ce npe,llBI1)1(,llaT CTporn caHK1\l1l1 3a
opraH113aTOPl1Te l1 yqacTHl1Ql1Te B cTaqKJ1, BI1,ll;OI13MeHeH e 3aKOH'bT 3a ,ll'bp)l(aBHI1Te
crrpK11TeJil1 npe3 p;eKeMBpl1 c. r.
3. IlpaBHTeJ\CTBOTO If 000.311.Q.UJITa npe.3 1907 r.
Ha 20 p;eKeMBpl1 1906 r. )KeJie30TI'hTHI1Te rny)l(11Ten11 c'b~O o6JIBRBaT cTaqKa, KO-

l!TO rrpo,llnJI)l(aBa 42 p;HM. B TJIXHa no,11Kpena ce B,1111raT cTy,11eHTI1Te, KOI1TO opraHI13I1-
par M11TI1Hfl1 l1 p;eMoHcTpaQ1'1l1 B CoqmR. Te31'1 cn611T11JI CnBnap;aT c peBOJII01\1'IOHHMTe
cn611T11R B PyrnR.
Karn OT,ll;YIIIHl1K l136yxBa CKaHp;aJI'hT npw OTKpl1BaHe crpap;aTa Ha Hapop;Hl1JI Te-
arnp Ha 3 RHyapw 1907 r. BMecTo ,n;eHJIT ,n;a cTaHe npa3H11K 3a 6onrapCKaTa o6~eCT
BeHOCT, cTy,n;eHTCKaTa MJia,n;e)I( OCBl1pKBa KHR3 <Pep,n;J,rnaH,n;. IloBO,D;'bT - npe,11Bap11-
TenHOTO onpe,n;eJIJIHe Ha TIOKaHeHl1Te, KOeTO e l13T1iJIKyBaHO KaTO He,11eM0KpaTl1'!HO
11ei!crn11e Ha ynpaBJIRBa~wTe.
B pe3yJITaT Ml1Hl1cTepcKl1JI C'hBeT B OTC'hCTBl1eTo Ha npoCBeTHI1R Ml1Hl1CT'hp
IllttUIMaHOB B3eMa peIIIeHJ,1e ,n;a 3aTBopw yH11BeprnTeTa 3a 11IeCT MeceQa 11 ,n;a YBOJIHl1
BCl1'!K11 npeno,n;aBaTeJIM. ,Upyrw ca B'hp;BopeH11 no po,n;H11Te MeCTa, a TpeTM 3aM11HaBaT
11a ce yqaT B qy)K6l1Ha. Cpe~y Te3l1 TIOJil1QeJ1cKl1 MepK11 npoTeCT11paT npocpecopwTe
or CoqmflcKMR yttwBeprnTeT, a nporneTHMRT Ml1Hl1CTop Ha 5 RHyapw 1907 r. nop;aBa
ocraBKa. B oTroBop Ha 8 RHyap11 npaB11TeJICTBOTO 3aTBapR yHwBeprnTeTa l1 yBoJIHJIBa
rrpoqiecopcKoTo rnno. fom1Ma qacT OT CTyp;eHTWTe ca apeCTyBaHw w 113npaTeH11 B ap-
Ml1Rra. TaKa 1136yxBa yttwBeprnTeTcKaTa Kpw3a, KORTO npaBM 1907 r. Hafl-Tpy,11HaTa 3a
CTaM60JIOBI1CTKOTO npaBl1TeJICTBO J,1 p;onprrnaCR 3a ,D;I1CKpe,n;MTI1paHeTO My.
BonpeK11 npoTecTwTe Ha 6omapCKaTa o6~ecTBeHOCT HC npvieMa Ha 16 RHyap1'1
l13MeHemrn B 3aKoHa 3a npecT'bTIJieHm:ITa, M3Bop11IeH11 qpe3 neqaTa npoTMB ,11op)l(aB-
Hl1R rnaBa u '!JieHoBeTe Ha HeroBoTo ceMe:C!:crno. Ha 25 ca rnacyBaHw npoMeH11 B 3aKo-
Ha 3a yH11seprnTeTa - npeMaxBa ce aBTOHOMl1RTa Ha BI1CllieTO yq11n11~e, 3a6paHRBa ce
yqacr11e Ha cTyp;eHTl1 B TIOJI1'1T1'1qecK1'1 opraHI13aQ1'1l1 l1 ,n;p. B C'b~MR p;eH e np11eT 3aKOH
3a CAPY)!(aBaHMRTa Ha qwHOBH1'1Ql1Te l1 rny)Ka~MTe, KOMTO npe,l1Bl1)1(,D;a pa3TYPRHe Ha
OHHR opraHtt3aQl1l1, KOMTO B3eMaT yqacTMe B cTaqKJ1 MJIM ru nop;noMaraT. C M3MeHe-
mrnra Ha 3aKOHa 3a OCHOBHOTO l1 cpep;HOTO o6pa30Bairne ce orpaHMqaBa IlOJIMTMqe-
CKaTa :r1ewHocT Ha yq11Tem1Te. Ha Jil1KBM,n;11paHe no,11Jie)l(11 HaJi-ronRMaTa yq11TenCKa
Pocu11a AH2e11oaa
opraHM3aQMJJ - EonrapcKMR Y'IMTencKM C'bI03. Ha npoTeCTMTe npaBMTencTBOTO oTro-

BapR c MacoBM yBonHeHMR Ha Y'IMTenMTe.
Ha 1 <jleBpyapM 1907 r. TpaHcnopTHaTa crn'!Ka 3aBopnrna c nnneH ycnex 3a cra'!-
HMQMTe, HO o6cTaHOBKaTa B CTpaHaTa npo,n;on)f(aBa ,n;a e l130CTpeHa.
Cne,n; ocBMpKBaHeTo Ha KHR3a OT cTy,n;eHn1Te ce C'b3,D;aBaT 6naronpMRTHM yrnos11J1
3a C'bBMeCTHM ,n;ettCTBMR Ha OIT03l1Ql1.R:Ta npoTMB nonMTMKaTa Ha npaBMTencTBOTO Ha
HJII1. AKTMBM3MpaHeTo Ha 06111ecrn0To B'bB Bpn3Ka c npMeMaHeTo Ha peaKQHOHmne
3aKOHM 3a ne'IaTa, 3a npocBeTaTa, 3a 3aTBapRHeTo Ha Yi-rnBepcMTeTa M yBonmrnaHeTO
Ha npo<jlecopMTe M T. H ca conM,[\Ha npe,[IIlOCTaBKa 3a TOBa.
J13pa3 Ha opraHM3MpaHMTe aHTMnpaBMTencTBeHM ,[\eMCTBMR CTaBa C'b3,[\a.QeHllJIT
B cpe,[laTa Ha RHyapM 1907 r. "I1aTpMOTM'!eH 6noK". l1HMQMaTMBaTa 3a c<jlopMMpattero
MY M3nM3a OT Hapo,[IHaTa napTMR. Ha 16 RHyapM B ,[\OMa Ha T. Teo,[lopoB ce cofo1par
poKOBO,[IMTenMTe Ha ono3MQMOHHM napTMM: T. Teo,[lopoB M A. 5I6naHCKM - OT Hapog-
Harn, ,n;-p CT. AaHeB M An. Pa,[leB - OT I1JII1, An. ManMHOB MA. JIRn'IeB - OT ):\IT, H.
11,aHOB M T. BnaMKOB - OT PAIT M 51. CaK'b30B M rr. A)f(H,[lpOB - OT EPCAI1 (Ill. c.). Ha
yqpe,[IMTenHaTa c6MpKa ce YTB'bp)f(,[laBa pnKOBO,[\CTBOTO Ha 6noKoBaTa rpynMpOBKa -
25 qneHHO nocTORHHO npMC'bCTBMe c npe,[lce,[laTen A-P CT. AaHeB. I1poeKT'bT 3a rrnar-
<jlopMa e M3pa6oTeH OT 061.Qo,n;encKoTo pnKOBo,n;crno M e npMeT cnope,n; 5IHKO CaK'b30B
C'bC 3Ha'IMTenHM l13MeHeHMR.
I1naT<jlopMaTa ce C'bCTOM OT rnecT OCHOBHM npHHQMila - KoanMpa1rnTe ce nap-
TMM CT'bITBaT Ha ITO'IBaTa Ha KOHCTMTYQMOHHo-napnaMeHTapHOTO ynpaBnemre; rroem1
BnacTTa, 3ae,n;Ho MJIM nooT,n;enHo, Te npM3HaBaT Hy)f(,n;aTa ,[la ce B'bBe,n;aT KopeHHH pe-
<jlopMM B M36MpaTeJIHMR 3aKOH, OT norne,n;oBaTeJIHO ,n;eMOKpaTM3MpaHe Ha yqpe)f(ge-
HM.R:Ta Ha CTpaHaTa, HaMaJIRBaHe pa3XO,D;MTe 3a apMMRTa, OT C'bKpaI.QaBaHe Ha a.QMHHll-
CTpaTMBHMR anapaT; l13Ka3BaT ce B IlOJI3a Ha ,n;aH'b'IHM pe<jlopMM, 3a no-cnpaBe.QJH!BO
pa3npe,n;eneHMe Ha ,n;aH'b'IHJ.rn TOBap, 3a ,[l'bp)f(aBHa 3aKpMna Ha pa6oTHM'!ecrnoTo. B
MMeTO Ha TMR npHHQMITH napTMHTe B 6noKa npe,n;npMeMaT 061.Qa 6op6a nponrn 1\JIJJa-
Ta nonMTMKa Ha npaBMTencTBOTo na AMM. I1eTKOB.
Ha 18 <jleBpyapM 1907 r. B CTOJIMQaTa ce CBMKBa MHOfOXMJIR,D;eH MMTMHr, Ha KOWTO
roBopRT CT. AaHeB, An. ManMHOB, H. 11,aHoB, 51. CaK'b30B M T. Teo,n;opoB. C npaso roil
e onpe,n;eneH KaTO Bp'bXHa TO'IKa B 6op6aTa Ha C'bI03eHMTe napTMM npoTMB pe)!(J.fMa Ha
CTaM60JIOBMCTMTe.
Ha 26 <jleBpyapM c. r. B CTOJIHQaTa yBonHeH 'IHHOBHMK 3acTpenBa MMHMCTop-npeg-
ce,n;aTeJIR A. I1eTKOB. BpeMeHHO Ka6viHeTa ce ornaBRBa OT MJ1IHHCT'bpa H B'bHIIJHMre
pa6on1 A. CrnH'IOB, a OT 3 MapT
3a MMHMCT'bp-npe,n;ce,[\aTen e Ha3Ha'IeH npe,11ce):\are-
48
JIR Ha Hapo,n;HoTO co6paHMe ,n;-p I1eTop fy,n;eB . OCTaHanviTe MMHMCTPM ce 3ana3sar,
KaTO ca npMBJie'IeHM 01.Qe H11Kona AnocTonoB - 3a MviHMCTepcTBOTO Ha Hapo.riHoro
48
IleT'bp fy;a;eB e po;a;eH Ha 13 rom1 1862 r. B fpa;a;e1:1. Y'IJ.1 npaso B IIapJ.1)1( J.1 3aB'bpnrna B EproK·
cen. Cne;a; 3aBpo~aHeTo CJ.1 B o'bnrapJ.fR e 'UIHOBHJ.fK B MJ.1HJ.1CTepcTBO Ha npasoc'b;a;HeTO, a or 1893
r. a MJ.1HJ.1CTepcTBO Ha o6~eCTBeHJ.1Te crpa;a;M, II'bTM~aTa 11 coopo)l(eHJ.fRTa. AKr11seH ;a;ee11 Ha Ha·
pop,HOJIJ.16epanHaTa napTMR, no speMe Ha Hei1HoTo ynpasneH11e Toi1 e npe;a;ce;a;aTen Ha naprra.'>!eHTa
(1905-1907), a cne;a; y611i1CTBOTO Han. IIeTKOB ornaBRBa npam1TeJICTBOTO. Cne;a; Ihpsara CBeTOBHa
Boi1Ha ce oTTernR OT nonHTH'IeCKHR )l(J.fBOT. YMHpa Ha 8 Mai11932 r. B CoqmR.
220
HOBA E'b!IrAPCKA MCTOPMJ! (1878-1944)
rrpoCBell\eH11e 11 :V1BaH XanaqoB - 3a M11H11cTepcrnorn Ha o6lllecrnem1Te crpa,n;11, no-

m111ara 11 coo6~eHl1RTa. ITpaB11TeJicTBOTO Ha IT. fy,n;eB 3arnJIBa rroJI11Qel1cK11R Tepop
Mrrpo,n;oJI)f(aBa np11eMaHeTo Ha peaKQl10HHl1 3aKoH11, cpe,n; KOl1To 11 3aKOHa 3a neqarn,
c KOHTO ce orpamrqaBa He3aB11c11MaTa )f(ypHan11cT11Ka.
Tpy,n;HocT11Te Ha rrpaBMTeJICTBOTO BopBRT ycnope,n;Ho c nponrnopeq11RTa Me)f(,n;y
C'bI03eHl1Te napTI1l1 OTHOCHO co,n;6arn Ha 6noKa l1 xapaKTepa Ha 60.n;eI.I.111R Ka611HeT.
llfapoKl1Te COQJ.1aJIJ1CTl1 l1 pa,n;11KaJI,n;eMOKpaT11Te ca KaTerop11qH11, qe HRMaT fOTOB-
HOCT ,n;a yqacTBaT caMOCTORTeJIHO B ynpaBJieH11eTo. IIporpernBHOJIH6epanwTe ca 3a
Ka6irneT, B KOMTO ,n;a B3eMaT yqacTl1e BCJ1qK11 C'bl03eHJ1 napTl1J1. ,[(eMOKpaTJ1Te OTKa3-
BaT ,n;a pa6ornT 3a KOaJil1Ql10HeH KaforneT. BrnqKo TOBa ,n;oBe)f(,n;a ,n;o npeKpaTRBaHe
11ettHOCTTa Ha ITaTpl10TJ1qHJ1R 6JIOK npe3 JIRTOTO Ha 1907 r.
BoTpellIHOTO nOJIO)f(eH11e B cTpaHaTa OCTaBa HecnOKOHHO, HO BonpeKJ1 TOBa
rrpas11rencTBOTO npo,n;oJI)f(aBa aKTl1BHa ,n;efIHocT. M11HJ1CTop AnocrnnoB pelliaBa ,n;a
01Kp11e yH11Bepc11TeTa, HO c HOBl1 npeno,n;aBaTen11 - r11MHa311anH11yqwTenw11n11 noKa-
ttemt OT qy)f(611Ha. CKopo "anocToJICKl1RT "yH11Bepc11TeT ce OTKprrna c MaJIKO 3an11-
cam1 cTy,n;eHTl1 l1 c BTopocTeneHHl1 npenoi:1aBaTeJI11. IIp11eTJ1 ca I1 HRKOJIKO cTonaHcK11
3aKOHa: 3aKOH 3a 6opc11Te, 3aKOH 3a 3aHaRTqJ1HCKJ1R Kpe,n;wT, 3aKOH 3a KoonepaQI1J1Te.
IIone3eH u cTpor e 3aKOH'bT 3a eM11rpaQI1RTa, KOMTO TpR6Ba ,n;a orpam1q11 3ac11neHaTa
Brrep110,n;a 1905-1907 r. eMHrpaQMR Ha cencKOTO HaceneH11e 3a AMep1t1Ka.
IIerara pe,n;oBHa cernR Ha XIII OHC np11eMa Ha 28 HoeMBp11 1907 r. 3aKoH 3a
ycTpoticrnoTo 11 rny)f(6aTa no M11H11cTepcrnorn Ha B'bHlllHJ1Te pa60T11 u Ha I13no-
se11aHJ1JITa. ToBa cnope,n; npocp. EneHa CTaTenosa e rropBI1JIT 3aKOH OT no,n;o6eH po,n;
BMCTop11RTa Ha TpeTaTa 6onrapcKa ,L\op)f(aBa. Toti: orrpe,n;enJI 0T,n;en11Te u pa3n11qH11-
Te cny)K6I1 B MI1Hl1CTepcTBOTO, C'bCTaBa Ha ,n;11nnoMaTVJ:qeCKJ1Te rrpe,n;cTaBMTeJICTBa B
11y)!(fo1Ha, 3a,n;'bJI)KeHI1RTa Ha ,n;11nJIOMaTJ1Te, HaqJ1Ha Ha rronoJIBaHe Ha ,n;11nnoMaT11qe-
CKMR Koprryc.
IIpaBMTeJicTBOTo Ha ,n;-p IT. fy,n;eB npas11 eHeprnqHJ1 nocT'bIIKI1 B espone:WcK11Te
CTOJIJ1Ql1 npoTl1B opraHl13l1paHitITe OT Eempa,n; 11 AT11Ha Boopo)f(eH11 nponaraH,n;11 B
MaKe,n;oHMR. To ycnRBa ,n;a 113,n;eti:cTBa 11 yqacTueTo Ha cTpaHara B'bB BrnpaTa KOH-
~epeHQJ1R 3a M11p B Xara, CBMKaHa no l1Hl1QI1aTHBa Ha CAIU 11 PyrnR. oomapCKaTa
11erreraQJ1R e B cocTaB: reH.-Matfopa OT feHepanHMJI llla6 Bop6aH B11Hapos, BopxoBHI1R
rrpoKypop OT KacaQl10HHI1R co.n; J1saH Ko)Kyxapos u HaqanH11K-ll1a6a Ha 6omapCKa-
ra ¢rroT11n11R C. ,[(11M11TpoB. PellieHMRTa Ha KoHcliepeHQJ1RTa BI13I1par npe,n;MMHO xy-
Mam1311paHeTo Ha BOMHl1Te, a He 3ana3BaHeTo Ha M11pa, HO yqacTMeTo Ha o'bJirapuR
e KpatIKa no noTR Ha YTBop)K,n;asaHe Ha .n;op)f(aBHI1R cysepeHHTeT B Me)f(,n;yttapo,n;eH
ITJiaH.
B Ha'Ianoro Ha 1908 r. KHR3 <Dep,n;11HaH,n; npeQeHRBa, 'le Hapo,n;Hon116epanH0To
rrpaBwrencrno e I13HoceHo 11 ca Heo6xo,n;11M11 npoMeHM. Ha 8 RHyap11 1908 r. MI1HJ1C-
np-npe,n;ce,n;aTeJIRT IT. fy,n;eB no,n;asa ocTaBKara Ha Ka611HeTa. 3a KpaTKO speMe ap611-
T'bpbT - KHR3 <Dep,n;11HaH,n; npaBI1 COH,!l;a)f(l1 c Jll1,!l;ep11re Ha nOJII1TVfqecKI1Te napTI1I1.
IIpoBe,n;emne pa3r0Bop11 no CBORTa C'bll\HOCT ca caMo np11s11,n;H11, 3all\OTO K'bM 16
.srnyapw 1908 r. npaB11TeJICTBeHaTa JII1CTa e RCHa, ,n;orosopeH11 ca BCJ1'IKI1 TI1TYJIRpI1 l1
ca M3IIbJIHeHJ1 )f(eJiaHJ1RTa KaKTO Ha Jil1,!l;epa Ha ,[(IT, TaKa I1 Ha KHR3 <Dep,n;11HaH,n;.
Pocuu,a AHzenoBa
JIJ1TEPATYPA
AHrenoBa, P. Pa3Bl1TMe H ,u;eMHOCT Ha Hapo,u;HaTa napTl1H 1899-1911. BT, 2003.

BnaxoB, T. Kp.113a B 6onrapo-TypcK11Te ornoweHMH 1895-1908. C., 1977.
.D:aMHHOB, C. EBponewcKaTa ,u;11nn0Ma~l1H B J.1mrn,u;eHcKo-Tipeo6pCl)l(eHcKoTO B'bCTamre.
- J.1Tip, 1983, KH. 3 .
.D:aMHHOB, C. <DpeHCKOTO HKOHOMwrecKo npoHHKBaHe B EonrapHH 1878-1914. C., 1971.
J.1crnpHH Ha Eonrap11n. T. VII. C., 1991.
KhoceB, Xp. CrnnaHcKaTa nom1T.11Ka Ha BToporn cTaM6onoBl1CTKO npaBl1Tencrno (1903-
1908). - rcY. J.1,u;eonorwreCKl1 KaTe,D;pl1, T. LIX, 1967.
TieHeB, TI. J.1cTop11n Ha 6onrapcKl1H ,u;paMaTwreH TeaTop. C., 1975.
Donos, )K. Hapo,u;Hon116epanHaTa (cTa.,'\16onoBl1CTKa) napTMH B Eonrap11H 1903-1920. C.,
1986.
Donos, P. EanKaHCKl1Te B3al1MOOTHoweHl1H 11 MHCJtlHTa Ha M10HHp nawa npe3 1906-1908
r. - BeKose, 1972, KH. 1.
TionoB, P. 3a )"faCTl1eTo Ha Eonrap11n B cBeTOBHl1Te KOH<lJepeH~Hl1 3a M11p B Xara npeJ
1898 1t1 1907 r. - BMC, 1970, KH. 2.
Pap;eBa, M. KymypHaTa nonl1Tl1Ka Ha 6onrapCKaTa p;op)l(aBa 1885-1908. C., 2002.
Ca3p;oB, ,n: . .D:eM0KpaT11qecKaTa naprnn B Eonrap.11n 1887-1908. C., 2001.
Ca3p;oB, ,n:., P. IIonoB l1 p;p. J.1crnp1t1H Ha Eonrap11n 681-1960. C., 1995, T. II.
CTarenosa, E., P. Donos, B. TaHKOBa. J.1cTop11n Ha 6onrapCKaTa ,u;nnnoMa~l1H 1879-1913.
c., 1994.
CTa.renoBa, E., Cr. fpoHqapoB. J.1crnpHH Ha Hosa Eonrap1t1H 1878-1944. C., 1999, m~.
AHy61t1c, T. III.
CrnnaHcKa JtICTopirn Ha Eonrap1t1H 681-1981. C., 1981.
To,u;oposa, l(B. J.1H,u;yCTpHan1t13a~JtIH l1 crpyKrypHl1 npoMeHl1 B Eonrap1t1H npe,111t1 Ihpsara
CBeTOBHa BOHHa. - J.1IIp, 1991, KH. 5.
XI . .l{EMOKPATHqECKATA IlAPTHH
HA BAACT (1908-1911)
1. DbArapcKaTa ue3aBHCHMOCT (22 cenTeMBpH 1908)

Eop6arn Ha 6yp)l(oa3m'!Te rrapntw 3a crreqenBaHe "c11MrraTJifMTe" Ha "ap6Mropa"
<PepAMHaHA rrpOA'bJI)l(aBaT rroqT11 rrpe3 r.vrnarn 1907 r. EABa B HaqaJioTo Ha 1908 r.
no peAlifD;a B'bTpenrno l1 B'bHIIIHOIIOJIMTJ1qecKM rrp11qJ1Hl1 l1360p'bT Ha MOHapxa IJaAa
B'bpxy AeM0KpaT11qeCKaTa rrapTMJI. Tipe3 IIbpBMTe roAMHM Ha XX B. Ta3M rrapnrn eao-
mo11pa B rron11T11qecK11Te c11 B'b3rJieAM. AeMoKpaTMTe cTaBaT rrpe,u;crnBMTem1 Ha roJIJl-
Ma qacT OT "Mo,u;epHarn" rrpoMMIIIJieHa 11 TbproBcKa 6yp)l(Oa3JifJI. He:Crnara rrporpaMa
cTaBa YA06Ha 3a ToraBaIIIHMJI eTarr Ha Karr11TaJIMCTl1'IecK0To pa3BMTMe Ha crpattaTa.
Tio MHOfO BbIIpOCM IIOJll1TJ1qeCKMTe II03l1D;l1l1 Ha ,D;eMOKpaTMTe C'bBIIa)J;aT C Te3!1 Ha
Hapo,u;ttmrn6epaJIMTe. Tion11T11qecK11Te K0Hn;errn;1111 Ha AeMoKpaTlifqeCKaTa rraprm1 3a
222
HOBA E'bflI'APCKA MCTOPMJJ (1878-1944)
HaL\J'10HaJIHO 06eg11HeHJ1e ca CXO.z:IHI1 c B'bHllIHOIIOJH1TJ1qecKJ1Te HaMepeHJ.1.iI Ha MOHap-

xa. IIpegcTow ga 6oge rrpoBo3rJiaceHa He3aBMCJ1MOCTTa Ha CTpaHaTa, 3a Koern e Heo6-
xop;11Mo ga ce cneqemr rrpe.r111 scwqKo rrogKperrarn Ha Pyc11R. IIpopycKaTa op11eHTaQMR
Ha ,(\eMoKpaTMTe J1 CJ1JIHJ1Te MM HaQvIOHaJIJ1CTJ1qecKl1 CTpeMe)KJ.1 OKa3BaT 3Haq11TeJIHO
BJHUIHJ1e Bopxy <Pep.r1wHaH.r1 rrp11 J136opa Ha HOBOTO rrpaBMTeJICTBOTO.
Ha 16 RHyap11 1908 r. JIMgepoT Ha )J;eM0KpaT11qeCKaTa rrapTMR An. ManwHoB coc-
rasR HOBl1R Ka6wHeT B C'bCTaB: An. ManwHos 49 - MJ1Hl1CTop-rrpegcegaTeJI li1 MMHMCTop
Ha o6ll\ecrneHMTe crpagw, II'bTMIQaTa li1 Co06ll\eHwRTa, reH.-Mat'rop CT. IIanpHKOB -
Ml1Hl1CTop Ha B'bHllIHMTe pa60T11 M Ha M3IIOBegattmna, Mwxawn TaKes 50 - MMHMCTop
Ha BoTpellIHMTe pa60T11, :V1B. Cana6allleB - MJ1Hl1CTop Ha qnrnaHcwTe, Togop KpocTeB
- MHHMCThp Ha rrpasocop;HeTo, Att.u;pet'r Jfarrqen - MHHMCTop Ha ToproBHRTa 11 3eMe-
,(len11eTO, HwKoJia MylllaHoB - MMHMCTop Ha Hapop;ttoTo rrpoCBell\eH11e, w reH.-Jiet'rT.
)J,. H11KoJiaeB - soeHeH MMHMCTop.
c J.1,[\BaHeTO CJ.1 Ha BJiaCT geMoKpaTJ1Te ce CTpeMRT p;a crreqeJIRT CJ1MTiaTJ1MTe Ha
Hapop;a. IlopBaTa CT'bIIKa Ha rrpaBMTeJICTBOTO e p;a OTMeHJ1 cypoBwTe MepKM Ha CTaM-
6oJIOBJ1CTMTe no OTHollienwe Ha yttwsepcwTeTa, .r1pyr11Te yqe6m1 3asegeHMR, rrpocpeco-
p11re J1 CTyp;eHTMTe. c p;Ba yKa3a OT 28 RHyapw 1908 r. ca YBOJIHeHM HOBMTe npocpecopw
49
ArreKcaHp;'hp Mammon e po.11eH Ha 3 Mau 1867 r. B Eecapaforn. 3aBopuIBa npaao B K11ea
rrpe31891. C11e.1111.11aaHeTo rn B EorrrapHJ1 e Cb.llllJI, npoKypop 11 a.11s0Kar B ITJIOBA11B. AKT11BeH .11eel\
Ha .[leMoKparwreCKaTa napr11J1, TOM craaa He11H BOAa'I rne11 CMoprra Ha IT. Kapaaerros npe3 1903. B
Kp3ll tta ITopaara cseroBHa BOMHa A11. Ma1111HoB ornaa~rna gae KOaJil11\110HHl1 rrpaa11rencrna (1918),
KOMTO CKIIIO'!BaT Co11yHCKOTO rrpl1Ml1pl1e J1 rroryrnaaar BoMHl1lliKOTO B'bCTaH11e. no BpeMe Ha yn-
pasJJem1ero Ha An. CraM6om1Ji1cK11 e l13npareH B 3aTBopa (1922), 3aegHo c MHoro 11pyrn aogaq11 Ha
OII03l111HJ!Ta. Cne.11 .[(eBeTOJOHCKJ1JI npeapar e ocso60.11eH 11 ce BKn!O'IBa B HOBOC'b3)1aAeHHJI .[(eMoKpa-
TM'leCKl1 croaop, Ho rrpe3 1924 ro HanyCKa l1 rrpeMHHaBa B OIT031111HJI. Karo BOAa'I Ha .[(eM0Kpar11qe-
cKara napr11J1 An. Man11nos e cpe.11 HHl11\11aTopHre 3a Co3AaBaHeTO Ha KOa1Il11\l1J1Ta Hapo.11eH 6noK,
KO!lTO neqenl1 J136op!1Te npe3 1931. Tofr e 3a KpaTKo Ml1H11crop-npe.11ce.11aren, HO ce orrernJ1 l1 crasa
rrpe11ce11arerr Ha rrapnaMeHTa. B rosa Ka'!ecrso eras a KpoCTHHK Ha KHJlfHHJI Mapl1J1 Jiy113a. ManHHOB
yM11pa no speMe Ha rrpe.I1v!36opHo co6pattl1e B CoqmJ1 Ha 20 Mapr 1938 r ..
so Mma1rn TaKeB e po.11eH Ha 16 Mapr 1864 B ITell\epa. Y'IH B poAHHJI rn rpa.11, a crre.11rosa3a-
Bbpurna rnMHa3l1JI B TI110Bgl1B. Tipe3 1883 rrocrorrsa B'bB BoeHHOTO yq11n1111\e B CocjmR l1 no speMe
Ha Cpo6cKo-6011rapCKara sotitta yqacTBa B 6oesere npl1Cn11BHJ11\a11 IT!1por. 3ae.11Ho c 10HKep11re or
BoeHHOTO yq11n1111\e B3l1Ma y'laCTJ1e B .11eTpoHHpaHero Ha KHJl3 AneKcaHAop I, 3a Koero e pa3:>Ka11saH,
HO Ha crre.11Ball\aTa ro.1111na HaKa3aHJ1eTo MY e OTMeHeHo. 3asoprnsa BoeHHOTO )''111nl111\e 11 rny:>K11 B
apr11rrep11J1Ta. 3arro.1103pRH B y'laCTl1e B 3arosopa Ha Maftop Kocra ITaH111\a, rrpe3 1890 e ysonHeH or
apMMJITa. ITpe3 1892 TaKeB 3aBopnIBa rrpaso B'bB ct>paHL\HJI, rne.11 Koero e a.11soKaT B ITa3apA:>Kl1K.
Cne11 nagaHero Ha CT. CraM60110B ce BKlIJO'!Ba B .11eiirnocrra Ha .[(eM0Kpar11'!ecKara rrapTMJI, )"laCTBa
11 BbB BopXOBHHJI MaKeAOHCKl1 KOMJ1TeT. Cne,n; CMopTTa Ha nH.11epa Ha .11eM0Kpar11re IT. Kapasenos
rrpe3 1903, Ml1xa11n TaKeB crasa 3aMeCTHl1K Ha HOBJ1JI npegce.11aren An. Manl1HOB, 3ae.11Ho c AHgpeti
Jfarrqes. TaKeB yqacTBa B yrrpasnettl1ero Ha .[(eMoKparH'IeCKaTa naprnR Karo BoTperneH Ml1Hl1CTbp
. (1908-1910) J1 Ml1HJ1CThp Ha 0611\eCTBeHJ1Te crpa.1111, Il'bTHIL\aTa 11 C'b0611\eHl1JITa (1910-1911). f1o
speMe Ha Ea11KaHcK11Te soiirn11 CJI)')!(l1 KaTo ocj>Ml\ep or 3anaca B ITopsa apM11JI. Orttoso e sorperneH
Ml!HttCTop B npas11rencTBara Ha Manl1HOB B KpaR Ha ITopsara CBeTOBHa softHa 11 TBbpAo ce rrpor11-
sonocrasJ1 Ha Bna.11awcK0To Bocramre B KpaR Ha 1918. Ha 24 J1Hyap11 1920 M11xa11n TaKeB e y611r or
aHapXMCTa feoprn ,[(OHCKJ1 B pogHHJI Cl1 rpag.
223
Pocu4a AH2eJ10Ba
B Cocp:wMcK1u1 yH:wBepc:wTeT :w ca B'b3cTaHoBeH:w crnp:wTe npenoAaBaTeJI:w. CnpRHo e

:W3n'bJIHeH:WeTO Ha C'bAe6HOTO perneH:we 3a JI:WKB11A:WpaHeTO Ha EonrapcK:WJI rmre11-
CK:W C'bl03 11 ca B'b3CTaHOBeH11 npaBaTa My. J.13B'bpllieH:W ca npoMeH11 B A'bp)!(aBHaTa
aAM11H11CTpaQ11JI 11 no C'bAe6eH peA ca pa3TypeH11 061.Q:WHCK:W C'bBeT11, 06B11Hem1 B3a-
KOHOHapyrneH11R. ITpe3 MapT 11 anp:wn ce npoBe)f(AaT 061.Q11HcK:w :w36op:w B rpaAOBere,
K'bAeTo crnp11Te C'bBeT:w ca OTCTpaHen:w. Coo6pa3RBaMK11 ce c Te)!(HeHm:1Ta Ha e,qpara
6yp)f(Oa311R, npas:wTeJICTBOTO Ha AeMoKpaT:wTe no BCt1'1KM Apyrn Jit1H:WM npOA'hmKaBa
nOJit1Tt1KaTa Ha 6MBllieTO HapOAHOm16epa11Ho npaBMTeJICTBO.
Ha 25 MaM 1908 r. ce npoBe)f(AaT napnaMeHrnpH:w M36op:w B yrnoBMRTa Ha rno-
6oAa M B cnoKOMHa o6CTaHOBKa. ITo yCTaHoBeHaTa Bet.Ie npaKTMKa ynpasmrnall1aTa
napTMR cnet.i:eJIBa y6eA:WTeJIHO MH03t1HCTBO - 166 OT BC:W'IKO 203 AenyTaTCKl1 Mecra.
3a npeACeAaTeJI Ha XIV OHC e M36paH Xp. IT. CnaBeCrKOB, aABOKaT no npocpmrn 11
CMH Ha ITeTKO P. C11aBeC1KoB.
3aKpMBaHeTo Ha t13B0Hpe.r:1Harn ceorn Ha HapOAHOTO co6paH11e C'bBnaAa c M36yx-
BaHeTO Ha MnaAoTypcKaTa pesoJIIOQt1JI. Ha 11 IOJIM 1908 r. MJiaAoTypcKMR KOMttrer
"EA:WHeH:we 11 Harrpe,[loK" 06RBJ1Ba B'bBe)f(AaHeTo Ha KOHCTMTYQHOHHO ynpaBJieHMe. 3a
Aa He H3ry6:w TpoHa cu cynrnH A6AynxaMMA II Ha 23 IOJI:W B'b3CTaHOBJIBa KOHCTMry1111-
J1Ta OT 1876 r. Co611T:WJ1Ta B :WMnep11J1Ta 11MaT TBopAe pa3Horrocot.i:eH Me)!(Ayttapo11eH
OT3ByK. B Cocp11J1 pernaBaT Aa ce B'b3TIOJI3BaT OT 3aTPYAHeH:WJITa Ha TypQMR. ~l1IIi!O
Man1t.i:ecK11J1T areHT B UapurpaA J.1B. CT. rernoB C'bBeTBa B'bHllIHt1JI MMHVICT'bp Cre~aH
ITanp:wKOB Aa ce npoB'b3rJiac:w He3aB:WC:WMOCTTa Ha Eonrap:wR. IT paBMTencrnoro Ha 11e-
MOKpaT11Te B'b3np11eMa 11,[leJITa M 3anot.IBa A11I1JIOMan1t.i:ecKa ITOAfOTOBKa Ha aKqmna.
ITopBJue cT'bITKM ce npaBRT npeA c:un11Te Ha AHTaHrnTa. EAMHCTBeHo PyrnR ce orna-
CR 6narocKJIOHHO K'bM cTpeMe)l(a Ha Eonrap:w.H Aa rrpoB'h3rnac11 CBOJITa He3aBMCHMOCT.
OT ITeTep6ypr C'bBeTBaT caMo Aa ce 113'-IaKa ABcTpo-YHrap:wR (KOJITO HMa HaMepeH11e

Aa aHeKc:wpa Eorna 11 XepQeromrna) nopsa .r:1a Hapyrn:w Eepn:wHcKMR .r:1orosop. f10311-
Q:W11Te Ha .r:1pyr:wTe C11JI:W OT AHTaHTaTa o6aqe ca B pa3pe3 c nJiaHOBeTe Ha 6omapcKOTO
npas11TeJICTBO. 3aTosa TO Hacoqsa norne.r:1a c:w K'bM UeHTpanH:wTe c:WJIM.
Me)f(,[lyBpeMeHHO B Uap:wrpa.r:1 CTaBa T. Hap. ":wHQ:W,[leHT rernos''. EonrapcKMRT llll-
nJIOMaTH'leCK11 npe.r:1cTaB11TeJI J.1BaH CT. fernoB 51 ne e noKaHeH Ha rana seqepR tta 30
asr. 1908 r. no rnyqa(I pO)f(,[1eH11J1 .r:1eH Ha cynTaHa. C Tosa MJia,[loTypcKoTo npamrre11-
CTBO rro.r:1t.i:epTaBa IIO,[lt.J11HeHOTO rroJIO)f(eH:we Ha EomapMR. OT Cocp11R pearnpar ocrpo
- J.1B. CT. rernoB e OT30BaH OT Uapwrpa,[1. Ha CBOM pe.r:1 ITopTaTa C'bllW 113TerJJR CBOR
KOM:wcap OT 6onrapcKaTa CTOJIHQa. TaKa B 6011rapo-TypcK:WTe OTHOllieHMR Jarro•rna
KpH3a. EanKaHHTe cTaBaT QeHTop Ha HOBa .r:111nnoMaT:Wt.JecKa aKT11BHOCT.
51 11BaH CT. femoB (1854-1932). I10Jmrw-1ecK11 ,11ee11, ,1111rrnoMaT; 6parosqe,11 Ha J1satt EBcrp.
rernoB. 3aB'bpllIBa Po6'bpr KoJJe)[( B Uapmpa,11; yq11 B OyeH3 KOJJe)[( B MaH'-!eCT'bp. Cne,11 Orno6mK-
,11eH11ero (1878) e KMer Ha I1nos,1111s (1880-1883), ,11erryTaT B 06nacTHoro cn6paH11e, qneH 11 npe11ce-
,11aTen Ha I1ocTO.RHH11.R KOM11TeT (1884-1885) Ha vfaTO'-!Ha PyMeJJJ1fl_ Tm1 e e,1111H OT Bl1,llHI1Tf 1-1eCr1111,
a OT 1883 ro,1111Ha 11 so,11aq Ha Hapo,11Hara rrapTmI. B pa3JJl1'-IH11 rrep110,1111 e pe,11aKTop 11 C'brpy,11tt11K Ha
rrnos,1111scK11.R secTHHK "Cne,1111HeH11e" (1882-1886). OT 1897 ro,1111Ha e Ha ,1111rrnoMaTH'-!ecKa cnyJK6a
B qy)[(fo1Ha.
224
HOBA E'bflTAPCKA UCTOPUJ! (1878-1944)
Co6wnuna ce pa3BWBaT 6op3o. Ha 5 cpell\y 6 cenTeMspw tt36yxsa crnqKa Ha

crry:llntrenwTe no :VfaToqmue )KeJie3HHIJ;W, BKmoqwTeJIHO 11 Te3tt Ha 6onrapcKa Tep:w-
rop1rn. ,[(wpeKIJ;WRTa Ha J13TOqHJ1Te )KeJie3HWIJ;I1 MOJIW ,[(wpeKIJ;WRTa Ha 6onrapcKttTe
l\'hp)l(aBHW )KeJie3H11u;11 ,n;a noeMe o6cny)KBaHeTO no JIWHMHTe Ha 6onrapcKa TepwTo-
Pl1JI AO npeKpaTRBaHeTo Ha CTaqKaTa. Ha 6 cenTeMBpH u;Rnarn Mpe)Ka Ha W3ToqHwTe
)!(eJie3HWqW B o'bnrapwR - OTceqKJ1Te Mycrncpa narna (AH. CBttJiettrpa,n;) - EeJIOBO J1
T'hpttoso-CeC!MeH (,n;H. CwMeoHosrpa,n;) - HoBa 3aropa-5IM6on e 3as3ern OT 6onrap-
cK11Te )!(eJie30Il'bTHI1 BJiaCTW.
Ha 9 cenTeMBptt 1908 r. KoraTo crnqKarn e npeKpaTeHa J13T0'-1Hl1Te )KeJie3HWIJ;H,
KOl1TO cpaKTHqecKW npl1Hap;Jie)KaT Ha repMal!CKH l1 aBCTpHikKw Kan11'!'all, ca 06.HBeHH
3a 6onrapcKa co6CTBeHOCT. 3aB3eMaHeTO Ha J13TOqHJ1Te )!(eJie3Hl1IJ;W e HOBa CT'bnKa
K'hM JIHKBHp;MpaHe Ha 3aBHCl1MOCTTa Ha EonrapHR OT B'bHll1Hl1Te Cl1Jil1. Ha Ta311 aK-
11l1JI ttaif-ocTpo pearnpaT fepMaHHR H AscTpo-YHrapHR. HapacTBa Hanpe)KeHHeTO w
B6onrapo-TypcKMTe OTHOllleHWR. Typu;HR npaBH OTCT'bnKH VI W3npall\a TenerpaMa 3a
BP'hIJ.\aHeTO Ha fellIOB Ha nocTa My. Be'l:e e K'bCHO o6aqe.
ITo):IKpeneHo OT o6I.QeCTBeHOCTTa B cTpanarn, npaBMTeJICTBOTO B3eMa perneH11e
11a o6HBl1 He3aBHCWMOCTTa. To He e ocsep;oMeHo 3a TaMHHTe nperoBopw Me)K,n;y <Pep-
l\l1HaH):I l1 aBCTp11i1cKHR HMnepaTop <PpaHu; Morncp. Ha 10 cenTeMsp11 no cnyqaw 60-
roA11IIIHl1H m611new Ha wMnepaTop <PpaHu; Morncp KHR3'bT e np:weT B ,n;sopeu;a B Ey-
11arreIJ.\a KaTo He3as11c11M snap;eTeJI. Ha npose,n;ena cpell\a 6onrapcKl1R KHR3 nocTaBR
CTpattara B yrnyra Ha asCTpwC!cKHTe nnaHoBe. MoHapxoT ce cornarnsa 6onrapCKaTa
He3aBl1Cl1MOCT ,n;a ce npoB'b3rnacl1 npe,n;w aHeKCHJITa Ha Eorna w Xepu;eroBttHa OT ABc-
rpo-YHrapwR, c KOeTo noeMa OTroBopHocTTa Eonrapl1R nopBa ):la Hapyrnw EepnwH-
mrn AOrosop.
Ha 21 cenTeMBp11 KHR3 <Pep,n;wHaH,n; npwcnira B Pyce, K'b):leTO ro qaKaT MWHHCT-
pMre, a Ha 22 cenTeMBp11 1908 r. B l1CTOptt'IeCKaTa tiepKBa "CB. 40 M'b'JeHHIJ;W" B CTa-
porrpecTOJIHWR rpa,n; TopHOBO o'bnrap11R e npoB'b3rJiaceHa T'bp)!(eCTBeHO 3a He3aBWCJ1-
Ma Abp)!(aBa. CTpaHaTa ",n;e rope" CTaBa cyBepemia w ce W3):1I1ra B u;apcTBo. HoB!rnarn
ce rrocpell\a c B'b3Topr B CTpaHarn. Orro3MIJ;WOHHWTe napTHW o,n;o6pRBaT aKra, MaKap
)\a KpHTttKysaT Ha'-IHHa Ha l13B'bprnBaHeTo My.
EonrapcKaTa He3aBll!Cll!MOCT TpR6Ba ,n;a nonyqw Me)!():lyHapo):IHO nptt3HaH11e. I10-
no>Kem1ero Ha EarrKaHHTe ce ycrrmKHRBa OT aHeKcttRTa Ha EocHa 11 Xepu;eroswHa.
EAMH AeH rne,n; npoB'b3rnarnBaHeTo Ha He3aB11rnMocrra Ha Eonrap1rn ABcrpo-Yttra-
Pl1JI oKynMpa,,n;BeTe npoB11Hu;w11, a fopu;irn npHc'be):lll!I-IHBa OCTpoB Kp11T. Hail:-CJIO)!(eH
ce oKa3Ba 6onrapcKMR Bbnpoc. foneMHTe .n;op)1<aB11 OTKa3BaT ,n;a np113HaRT tt3B'bprne-
Hl1JI B TopHoBo aKT. OI.Qe B ttatJaJioTo craBa RCHO, tJe B'b3CTaHOBRBaHe Ha crapoTo
IIOIIo:lKeH11e e HeB'b3MO)KH0 J1 3aTOBa I.Qe ce T'bpCRr n'bTI111\a 3a J13JIJ13aHe OT Kpl13aTa.
BcwIKH ca e):l11Ho,n;yrnH11 orttoctto tteo6xo):l11MocTra Eonrapw ):la JIWKBvr,n;wpa cpirnaH-
COBl1Te Bonpoc11, npOI13Tl1'l:aI.Qll! OT He3aBJ1Cl1MOCTTa.
B C'h3AaTiaTa ce 3anneTetta o6CTattoBKa npaswrerrcrBoTO Ha An. Man11HOB Tporna
no IIbTH Ha KOMnpoM11ca. 3a ocp11u;ManeH ,n;eneraT Ha nperosopwTe c Typu;wR e onpep;e-
JJeH MHHttcrop Jfan'l:eB, KOWTO Ha 18 OKTOMBp11 norernR 3a Uapwrpa,n;. EonrapcKoTo
rrpaB11rencTBo ce cornarnBa p;a nnar11 Ha Typu;wR 82 MJIH. JIB. o6e311\eTeH11e ( 40 MJIH. JIB
225
Pocu~a AHzenoBa
3a pyMem1:t1:CKHR p;aH'bK H 42 MJIH. JIB 3a co6cTBeHOCTTa H eKcnJIOaTaQHRTa Ha )l(eJie3-
HHQHTe) npH ycJIOBHe He3a6aBHOTO npl13HaBaHe Ha He3aBHCl1MOCTTa. I1perem-11111re
Ha ITopTaTa ca MHoro no-roneMH. Tosa C'b3,D;aBa KpHTwrna CHTyawrn B ,o;sycTpaHm1re
OTHOilleHHR. B HaqanoTo Ha 1909 r. TypQlllR ocseH 111cKaHeTo CH 3a nap111qHa KOMrreHCa-
QlllR nos,o;11ra Bnnpoca 3a Tep:inopHaJIHH OTCT'bnK111 OT 6'bJirapcKa cTpaHa B patioHa Ha
Mycrncpa nawa. ITapaJieJIHO 3ano•rna C'bcpe,o;oToqasaHe Ha TypcKa so:t1cKa B patioHa. B
oTroBop 6'brrrapcKoTo npaBl!ITencrno Mo6:irnH3Hpa 8-Ma TyH,o;)l(aHcKa ,D;l1Bl1311R.
B T03111 MoMeHT ce HaMecsa PycHH c HOBa HHlllQ11aT111Ba, npep;sap111TeJIHO cbrrracy-
BaHa c Cl'>paHQlllR H AHrrrHH. TH npep;nara TypQHR ,o;a 6'bp;e KoMneHc11paHa qpe3 CJIO)J(Ha
cp111HaHcosa KOM6111HaQirn Ha 6a3arn Ha cpopMyJiaTa Ha JfanqeB: Pyc111R ,o;a noeMe 113nna-
rn;aHeTo Ha HCKaHl!ITe OT TypQHH 125 MJIH. JIB. OTKyrr 3a 6nrrrapCKaTa He3aBMrnMocr,
KaTo np111cnap;He Ta3111 cyMa OT TypcKl!IR p;'bJir no KOHTp116yQ1n1Te OT Ocso6oA~ITen
HaTa BO:t1Ha 1877/78 r., a EnnrapHR ce 3ap;'bJI)KaBa p;a 1113nJiaT111 Ha PyrnR 82 MJIH. JIB.,
KaTo nnarn;aHeTo ce l13B'bp11I111 qpe3 cpopMaJieH 3aeM OT pyCKaTa p;'bp)KaBHa 6aHKa rrpu
4% JilllXBa 111 40-50 rop;HilleH cpoK 3a noraCRBaHe. Pa3Jil!IKaTa Me)l(p;y p;BeTe cyMtt 111e ce
IIOKplile c BpeMeTO OT JilllXBl!ITe Ha 3aeMa.
E'brrrapcKoTo npaBHTeJICTBO np:weMa c pap;ocT npep;JIO)l(eH:weTo Ha Pycrrn, a 11py-
r111Te BemIKl1 CHJil1 H TypQlllR He B'b3pa3RBaT cpern;y Hero. Ta311 ycnewHa cpttHaHcoBa
onepaQl!IR pa3'111CTBa n'bTR 3a np1113HaBaHe Ha He3aB111c111MOCTTa. ITocJiep;mne omm1 Ha
AsCTpo-YHrapHR 111 fepMaHHR p;a nonpe'IaT Ha ype)l(gaHeTo Ha npo6rreMa ca rrapHpa-
HH oT eHepr111qHaTa HaMeca Ha Pyc111R 111 He:t1HHTe C'bI03HlllQlll OT AHTaHTaTa. Ha 6 arrpHn
1909 r. Jfanqes 111 P111cpaT nawa nogn:wcsaT 6'bnrapo-TypcK11 npoToKoJI 3a ype)l():laHe Ha
He3aBl!ICHMOCTTa. KaTO rapaHTlll 3a H3n'bJIHeHHeTO Ha nocnffHaTOTO crropa3yMeH11e
no noKaHa Ha JfarrqeB npHc'bCTBaT orn;e pycKHR rrocnaH11K Ms. 3111HoB111es, attrm11'1cK1rn
)],)!(. JioyTnp H cppeHCKlllR :>K. KoHcTaH. Cnopa3yMeHl!leTO ype)l(p;a B geBer TO'IKH nna-
rn;aHeTo Ha D'bJirap:wR no Tenerpacpo-noI.QeHcKaTa cny)l(6a, cpaposeTe H cattwrapHara
cJiy)l(6a, B'bnpoca 3a MIOC10JIMaHcK111Te 06rn;111H111 H BaK'bcpcK11Te HMOTlll. Typl\ttR rrpu-
3HaBa ocpHQMarrHo He3aBHCHMOCTTa Ha Ennrap11R. TaKa cpaKT:W'leCKH ce ymII.1\0)!(aBaT
qneHoBeTe 1, 9, 10, 12, 13 11 21 Ha EepnHHCKlllR p;oroBop.
B C'bill;lllR p;eH B I1eTep6ypr ce nop;nHcBa rrpoTOKOJI 3a 6nrrrapo-pyCKa cpttHaHcoBa
cp;enKa. Ha 7 anp:wn pycKoTo rrpaBHTeJICTBO ocpHQ:WaJIHO npH3HaBa He3as11rnMocrra11
rrpH3osasa gpyr111Te Ben111K111 cHJil1 p;a R nocnep;BaT.
I1poB'b3rJiaCRBaHeTO l1 np113HaBaHeTO Ha He3aBHClllMOCTTa e aKT c nporpeCMBHO
11cTop111qeCKo 3HaqeH111e 3a pa3Bl1TlileTo Ha Enrrrap:wR . .6'brrrap111R ce npespol.1\a B cyBe-
peHHa p;'bp)KaBa c He3aBl1Cl1Ma B'bHilIHa IlOJIHTHKa. JlHKBlilp;lilpaHa e qy)Kgara co6cTBe-
HOCT 11 eKcrrrroaTaQ11RTa Ha J13ToqH11Te )l(eJie3HlllQlll Ha 6'bnrapcKa Tep11ropttR. Typ-
QlllR 3ary6sa BCRKaKB11 rrpaBa Hap; l13ToqHa PyMeJil1R 11 c Tosa e go yrnop,n;eH aKTbT
Ha C'bep;11HeHHeTo OT 1885 r. D'bJirap111R 3anoqsa p;a ce TpeT111pa KaTo pasttorrpaBHa B
c
Me)Kp;yHapop;HHTe OTHOilleHl1R. yKa3 OT 21 Ma:t1 1909 r. p;lllIIJIOMaTH'leCKMTe rrpe):lcTa-
Bl1TeJICTBa Ha CTpaHaTa B IJ;ap111rpap;, I1eTep6ypr, B:weHa, I1ap11)1(, JloHgoH, P11M, EyKy-
pern;, Eenrpag, AT11Ha 111 Uenrne ce rrpe111MeHyBaT B rreraQllllll, a 611BIIIl1Te areHrn cra-
BaT 1113B'bHpep;Hl1 npaTeHl!IQlll Iii Il'bJIHOMOill;Hlil MHHHCTplil. qy)l(p;l!ITe p;'bp)l(aBH CbJl\0
rroB1111IaBaT paHra Ha cso11Te. rrpep;cTaB11TeJI111 s .6'bnrap111R. YKpenBaT ce rro3H1\11Hre
226
HOBA E'hflI'APCKA UCTOPJ!lJI (1878-1944)
11 Ha MoHapx11qecK11.11 .t1HCT.t1TyT. <t>epp;.t1HaHp; CTaBa Qap .t1 aKT.t1B.t13vrpa p01rnrn c11 B

110Jll1TJftfeCK11R )f(.t1BOT Ha CTpaHaTa.
2. K'hM pe~ u 3aKOHHOCT
AHra)l(11MeHT11Te Ha npaB11TencTBOTO c ype)l(p;aHeTo Ha He3aB11c11MOCTTa He cHe-

Mar or p;HeBH11R pep; BnTpeurnonom1T11qecK11Te MY 3ap;aq11, Bnecem1 ca Hap; 50 3aKo-
HorrpoeKTa, KO.t1TO 3ac.11raT o6~eCTBeHO-TIOJI11Tl1'-IeCKaTa, CTOilaHCKaTa 11 Ky1nypnaTa
c~epa Ha )!(11BOTa B CTpaHaTa.
Hai1-Ba)f(H11 ca npweT11Te 3aKoH11 3a ycoBoprueHCTBaHe Ha p;op)l(aBHaTa HaMeca B
ceJICKOTO CTOilaHCTBO .t1 11Hp;ycTpl1RTa. ~Ba 3aKOHa WMaT npRKO OTHOIJleH11e K'bM cen-
CKOTO CTOTiaHCTBO - npeMaxHaT e MOHOTIOJia Bopxy COJITa 11 e Jll1KBl1p;v1paH HaJIOf'bT
1
"m,i:1aplll,>1Ha fnacyBaH e HOB 3aKOH 3a Hacop'-IeH11e Ha MeCTHaTa WHp;yCTp11R, KOMTO
'.
rrpe!.1H3Hpa non11T11KaTa Ha p;bp)l(aBeH npoTeK1~110Hl13'bM. Cnopep; Hero K'bM M11H11C-

repcrnoTo Ha ThproB.t1RTa 11 3eMep;en11ern ce C'b3,[\aBa l1HAYCTp.t1aneH CoBeT, HaToBa-
pett ga ce rp11)1(11 3a np11B11ner1111Te Ha pa3JII1'-!Hl1Te npoMwrnneirn npep;npvrRT11R. IIpa-
B11rencrnoTo cnep;.t1 .t1 3a COQ11aJJH11Te Meponp11RT11R B TIOJI3a Ha pa6oTH11tfeCTBOTO.
Ycnex 3a npaB11TencTBOTO e npeM11HaBaneTo K'bM ,[\ei\'icTB11TeJieH ;n;op)!(aBeH 6IO-
ll,)l(eT, KOMTO o6xBa~a BC.t1tfK.t1 pa3xop;H, C'bKpaTeH11 c HRKOJIKO p;eceTKJf MJIH. JIB. 11 113-
pa3RBa WCT11HCKOTO C'bCTORH.t1e Ha ;n;np)l(aBHOTO CoKpOBl1UJ,e. IIoCTaBeuo e HaqanoTo
Ha,[\aH'b'-!Ha pecpopMa qpe3 nponopQ.t10HaJJHO o6naraHe c Il'bTHa noBHHHOCT. 0T,[leneH
3aKOH rrpe,I:\B11)1(,[la pa3npe,n,en.11He Ha 6erm1Ka 11 ,[\aH'bKa Bopxy crpa,[111Te B non3a Ha
06~11HwTe. Cpe,n, pecpopM.t1Te ca o~e: OTMeHRHe MOHonona Bopxy coma 11 aKQ113a Ha
paK1111re w o6narane Ha p;oxo;n;a OT BJJO)f(ett11re B Kpe,[1HTHl1Te yqpe)!(,[leHMR KarnnanH.
CnpoMeH11Te B 1136vrpaTeJIH.t1R 3aKoH ce rapattTwpaT rno6o,[laTa w Ta:t'rnaTa Ha rna-
corro,[\aBaHeTo 11 ce B'bBe)f(p;a nponopQHOI-IaJIHaTa M36wpaTenHa c11creMa B vl36op11Te
3a o6ll\MHCK11 vr oKpo.>KH.t1 C'bBeT11. Coe cneQ11aneu '-IneH 3a nopBw noT ce pernaMeH-
r11pa yqacnreTO Ha napT11HTe B 1136op;t1Te. BoIKa napTMR e Ja,[\'bJI)l(eHa ,[\a H36epe QBRT
Ha rno,qra 6IOrreT.t1Ha. Ha 30 aBrycT 1909 r. ce npoBe)!(;n;aT o6UJ,MHCKM M36opw B Km1cy-
pa, JlyKoBvtT, Pap;oMvrp, 0MypTar, Pa3rpap;, Crnpa 3aropa, lfapnaH, a Ha 6 cenTeMBpw
- oKp'b)f(Hvt 1136op11 B EypracK.t1 .t1 IllyMeHCK.t1 oKpor. Te ca npo6H.t1, 3a~oTO 3a npoB
ffbT ce B'bBe)l(,[la nponop~110HanHaTa 113611parenua cwcTeMa.
C ronRMO 3HatfeH.t1e 3a KYJITYPHOTO pa3BHTV!e Ha crpaHaTa e 3aKOH'bT 3a Hapo,[1-
ttoro nporne~eH.t1e OT 18 cpeBp. 1909 r., OCTaHaJI B CVIJia 4 ,[\ecer11neTVIJI. c T03VI 3aKOH
ce H3B'bpll!Ba pecpopMa B yqe6HOTO ;n;erro no IIOCOKa Ha HerOBOTO ,[\eMoKpaTliI3V!paHe .t1
11,lip)[(aBHa rrop;Kperra Ha o6pa3oBaH.t1eTo. IIoB11ruaBar ce 11311CKBaH11RTa cnpRMO yqw-
ren11re, perrraMeHT11pa ce crnTyTa Ha ~op)f(aBHOTO pwcyBaJIHO yqvrrr11~e, npe11MeHy-
BaHo B Xy,[lo)l(ecrneHo-11H,n,ycTp11anHo .t1 Ha qacrHoro My311KaJIHO yq11rr11~e. B C'b-
ll10TO BpeMe 113ocTaBa pa3B11T11eTo Ha rrpocpernoHaJIHOTO o6pa3oBaH.t1e. Hapo;n;HoTO
C1i6patt11e orxsopn.11 rrpoeKTa 3a .t13rpa)f(;n;aHe Ha QRJIOCTHa 3eMe,[\encKa o6pa30BaTen-
Ha rncreMa. 0TKp11T ocTaBa 11 Ha6onen11R Borrpoc 3a yqwrr11~mrTe crpap;11, Koero He
TI03BOJIRBa ,[\a ce OC'b~eCTB.t1 HaII'bJIHO 3a,[\'bJI)f(MTeJIHO o6pa30BaH11e. 3aKOH'bT e C'bO-
227
Pocuu,a AHze11oaa
6pa3eH c Tpa,n;11q1111Te B pa3BJ/lTilleTo Ha 6nnrapCKaTa npocBeTa 11 c on11Ta Ha HarrpeA-
Ham1Te eBponei1:cK11 Anp)J(aBM KaTo <f>paHQlUI, AHrmrn M f epMamrn.
fpM)J(Jll ce nonaraT M 3a qacTHMTe cTonaHM, oco6eHo 3a cencKocTonaHcKHTe. M11-
HMCTnpnT Ha TnproBMJITa M 3eMe;r\eJIJ/leTO A. JIRn':IeB OTnycKa cy6cM,n;MM Ha KOOnepa-
TMBHJ.1 CAPY)J(eHMJI, C'b3AaBa KOMMCMM 3a aHKeT11paHe C'bCTORHMRTa Ha pa3ca,n;HHl.\HTe
B CTpaHaTa, yqpeARBa TIOABM)J(HH 3eMeAeJicKM yq11n11~a B oT,n;eJIHM oKpn3H. B CTo-
JIHQaTa e ycTpoeHa Ill3JIO)J(6a Ha nqenapcrnoTo npe3 JIRTOTO Ha 1909 r. Hanpasemt
ca KopeKQHM B 3aKoHa 3a pa3pa6ornaHe Ha Mep11Te OT 1903 r., Koi\'no e B )'lllnp6 Ha
CKOTOB'b;r\CTBOTO. c npHenne rrpoMeHJ/l ce rrpeATia3BaT OT pa3rpa6BaHe OCTaHamm
Mep11, KOHTO ce AaBaT Ha pa3rroJio)J(eH11e Ha o6~MHJ/lTe 3a 3aCJIBaHe Ha cpypa)f(m1 pac-
TeHMJI MJIJ/l 3a C'b3;r\aBaHe Ha pa3Ca;r\HJ/lQJ/l. 3aKOH'bT 3a JI03apCTBOTO Ill OBO~apCTBOTO
qepTae nepcneKTMBill 3a pa3BMTMeTo IllM. Cn3AaBaT ce ynecHeHMR 3a TIOJI}"laBaHe Ha
3eMe,n;encKJ/l Kpe,n;HT OT EonrapcKa 3eMe,n;enCKa 6aHKa. 3aKOH'bT 3aCJ/lJIBa A'bp)f(asmrn
npoTeKQJ.10HJ/l3'bM B ceJICKOTO CTOTiaHCTBO Ill e,n;HoBpeMeHHO c TOBa Hacop':laBa '!aCT-
HaTa MHJ/lQManrna B pa3BJ/lTJ.1eTO Ha JI03apcTBOTO Ill OBO~apcTBOTO. 3a TIOAo6pJIBaHe
Ha CKOTOB'b;r\CTBOTO ce BHaOIT paCOBJ.1 K03J/l OT J1TaJIMJl, AOCTaBJl ce pa3TIJIO,D;eH ,110611-
T'bK, KOMTo ce pa3AaBa B "ycnoBHa co6cTBeHocT" Ha CKOTOB'b,ll;HJ/lTe APY)J(ecrna 3a no-
A06pRBaHe Ha MeCTHJ/lTe nopo,n;11. B3eMaT ce MepK11 3a yKpenBaHe Ha BeTep1rnapHorn
AeJio, KaTo e 113pa60TeH npaBJ/lJIHMK 3a BeTep11HapH11Te neqe6HMQill, onpe,n;e1rn111 KaK u
K'bAe ,n;a ce OTKpHBaT H M3Anp)J(aT TaKMBa neqe6H11Q11. 0TKp1rna ce UeHTpa1rna 3eMe-
AeJicKa onMTHa CTaHQJ/lR B Cocp11R. Pa3urnpRBa ce Mpe)J(aTa OT 3eMe,n;encKH Y'fHlllill\a,
KaTo B OpxaHMe ce OTKpMBa nnpBoTo 3eMe,n;enCKo yq11n11~e 3a )J(eHJ/l.
XIV OHC rnacyBa HOB 3aKoH 3a MMHMTe, KOMTO orrpeAeJIR KOM JIJ/lQa Morar ,11a ce
c,n;o6MRT c pa3pellleH:He 3a npoyqBaHe 11 eKcnnoaTaQJ/lJI Ha MMHHJ/l 3aJie)J(H. Ilorrri11-
JIMTe KOHQeCJ/lJ/l ce TIOJI3BaT c npMBMJierillM, no,n;o6HJ/l Ha npeABM,D;eHMTe B 3aKOHa 3a
HacoptiaBaHe Ha MeCTHaTa MHAYCTp11R.
OT,n;eneHo e BHMMaH11e M Ha 3aHaRT':IHMCTBOTo. Coe cneq11aneH 3aKoH ce Ha6eJill3-
BaT MepKM 3a Mo,n;epHM3HpaHe Ha 3aHaJIT'IJ/lMCKOTO npoM3BO,ll;CTBO. Ilpe3 IOJrn 1910 r.
B Cocp11R e OTKPHTO nnpBoTo o6~MHCKO yqillJIM~e no KOillHJ/ltiapcTBO, KMJJHMapcTBo
M ,n;eTCKM Hrpa':IKJ/l.
Ilpe3 JIRTOTO Ha 1909 r. ca nycHaTM B eKcnnoaTaQJ/lR )l(TI JIIllHMill PaAOMHp-KrocreH-
AillJI, KroCTeH,n;Mn-froellleBo, IlnoBAMB-q11pnaH M JleBCKM-CBM~OB, TnpHoBo-UpJrno-
Bo-TpRBHa- Ilna':IKOBQJ.1, 3aB'bpU1BaT npoyqBaHMRTa Ha npoeKTillpaHaTa rro,n;6arrKaH-
CKa JIMHHR CocpHR-Eyprac. .>Kene30TI'bTHaTa Mpe)J(a Ha cTpaHaTa ,n;ocT11ra 2 000 KM.
BoeHHaTa noJIIllTHKa Ha npaBMTeJICTBOTO, npoBe)l(AaHa OT MHHHCTopa reH. U. H11-
KonaeB npoMeHJI HRKOM MeponpMRTMJl no opraHM3aQMJITa M npeBnOp'b)!(aBaHeTO Ha
apMMRTa, Ha6eJIR3aHM OT reH. MHxa11n CaBoB 52 . Bo,n;eHM OT )l(eJiaHMeTo Aa oco111ecTBl!T
52 Mnxan11 CaBoB e po,n;eH Ha 26 HOeMBp]I[ 1857 r. B HoBa 3aropa, )"!]I[ B XacKOBO, ITnoB1111s H
B Anp]l[nOBCKaTa mMHa3]1[R B fa6poBo, rne,n; TOBa B fanarncapaikK]l[JI nm.~etf B Uapwrpa11 (1876 r.).
3aBopnrna BoeHHOTO )"l]l[nw~e B Coq)]l[R c nopB]l[JI MY BJmycK npe3 1879 r. ITpo}:l'bmKaBa o6pa3o-
BaH]l[fTO rn B feHepan~a6HaTa aKa,n;eM:t.fR B CaHKT I1eTep6ypr (1881-1885 r.). Cne,n; 3asp'bll.(aHero
c11 B EonrapwR CaBOB e Ha cny)l<6a B M:t.fn:t11.~:t1RTa Ha :VfaTO'IHa PyMen11R. Ha 9 cenTeMspw 1885 r. e
228
HOBA E"bllfAPCKA Ji!CTOPJi!Jl (1878-1944)
Y!KOHOMJ1l1 ,n;eM0KpaT11Te HaMaJUIBaT ~aTOBeTe, pa3XO,!l;t1Te 3a CKopoCTpe1rna apnrne-

pY!H, orpaHl1'IaBaT BoeHHOMopcK11.H cpnoT 11 ,UyttaBcKaTa cpnonrnmr. M11H11cTepcTBoTO
Ha qmttaHc11Te yCTaHoB.HBa KOHTpon Bopxy pa3xo,n;11Te Ha BoeHHOTO Ml1Hl1CTepcTBo,
'!HMTO 6IO,D;)KeT e HaMaJieH OT 42 Ha 38 MJIH. JIB. I1pe,D;BJ1)K,!l;a ce Ml1pH0BpeMe1rnaTa
apMl1H ;:i;a ce orpaH11q11 ,n;o 1% OT 6po.H Ha HaceneHitern. Bo3CTaHOB.HBa ce pa6oTara Ha
Burnum BOeHeH C'bBeT, C'bBeI.QaTeJieH opraH, 6e3 qJi1eTO MHeHMe BOeHHli1.HT Mli1Hli1CTop
He MO)l(e ;:i;a BHac.H J13MeHeHli1.H B opraHJi13aQH.HTa, Boopo)l(aBaHeTo J1 6otiHaTa no;:i;ro-
TOBKa Ha apMli1.HTa.
Yse1rnqaBa ce 6po.HT Ha 3eMe,n;eJICKli1Te KoonepaTli1BHli1 ,n;py)KeCTBa. ToBa Hanara
Cb3,D;aBaHeTo Ha EomapCKa u;eHTpanHa KOonepaTMBHa 6aHKa, KO.HTO Tp.H6Ba ,n;a rn
rrop;Kpen.H li1 poKOBO,!l;li1. EaHKaTa ce yqpe,n;.HBa Karn aBTOHOMHO yqpe)K,n;etttte no,n; Bop-
xosmrn tta,n;3op Ha ,n;op)KaBaTa. ,UonorrHeH e YI 3aKOH'bT 3a KoonepaTHBHMTe c,n;py)Ke-
HYIH, KaTO ce 3aCJ1lIBa OTrOBOpHOCTTa Ha OCHOBaTeJmTe Ha 3eMe,n;eJICKJi1 Koonepau;MH,
p;asar HM ce pe,n;Mu;a cpopMalIHli1 yrrerneHM.H li1 ,n;aH'b'lHli1 o6rreK'leHli1H.
HenpeKoCHaTMTe cp:irnaHCOBli1 pa3xo,n;M npMHY)K,D;aBaT npaBMTerrcTBoTO ,D;a Toprn
HOB BbHIIIeH 3aeM. <Dli1ttaHCOBli1HT Mli1Hli1CTop MBaH Carra6aIIIeB e ynorrHOMO~en ,n;a
rrperoBopH 3a 3aeM 6e3 rapaHIJ;li1J1. Ha 3 ,D;eK. 1909 r. e no,D;nMcaH ,D;oroBop c aBCTpMti-
cKaTa EaHKcpepatiH 3a 100 MlIH. 3aeM 6e3 rapam~MH H 6e3 KOHTporr, Koero OTrOBapR Ha
He3aBt1Cli1Mli1H CTaTYT Ha crpaHaTa l1 e ycnex 3a 6orrrapcKMH ,D;op)KaBeH Kpe,n;MT.
He BCWIKO B 3aKoHo,n;aTeJIHaTa ;:i;eCrnoCT BopBt1 Hopwiarrno. Ha 18 Maw 1909 r. u;ap
c!Jepll,HHaHA l1 Arr. MarrMHOB pernaBaT ,n;a yqpe,n;HT HaM-Bl1CIIIl1H op,D;eH ,,CB. CB. PaBHO-
npoH3Be11eH B 'IHH Karr11TaH 11 C"bC 3arrose11 N2 4 OT C'bll\HJIT AeH Ha KHJI3 ArreKcaHA'l>P I e Ha3Ha'!eH
3a aA!OTaHT rro cTpoeBaTa 'iaCT Ha apMHJITa. I1pe3 Cp'b6cK0-6'brrrapcKaTa soCIHa (1885) e Ha'iaJIHHK
Ha CTpoesoTo oT11erreH11e Ha BoeHHOTO MvIHHCTepcrno 11 KOMaHABa rreB11JI cjmaHr B Crr11BHHII1Kara
fatrKa. li1Ma 3acrryr11 3a OT6JI'bCKBaHeTO Ha MopaBCKaTa AHBl1311JI 11 B 6oeseTe rrp11 OBJiaAJIBaHeTO Ha
IT11poT. I1pe3 1886 r. yqacrna B KOMHcvrnra 3a yTO'IHJIBaHe Ha 6'brrrapo-TypCKaTa rpaH11u;a B Po11orr11-
re ll crryJ1<11 B ll\a6a Ha BOeHHJIJI Ml1Hl1CT'bp. ITpe3 1886-1887 r. e ITOMOU\HHK Ha BOeHH11JI MHHIICT'bp
(An'blKHOCTTa ToraBa e H3BeCTHa KaTO ,,TOBapHll\ Ha BOeHH11JI MHHHCT'bp"). ITpe3 1887 r. CaBOB CTaBa
llO'leTeH cj>rr11rerraAJOTaHT Ha KHJl3 <t>ep1111HaHA I, Ha 16 cj>espyap11 1891 r. Ha3Ha'ieH 3a BOeHeH MH-
HllCT'bp B Ka611HeTa Ha CTaM6orroB. Crrep; rra11aHeTO MY rrpe3 1894 r. e ysorrHeH OT apMHJITa, HO rrpe3
1897 r. e B'b3CTaHOBeH 11 p;o 1903 r. e Ha'iaJIHHK Ha BoeHHOTO yq11J1Hll\e. OT 1903 110 1908 r. e OTHOBO
BoetteH MHHHCT'bp B TpeTOTO rrpaB11TeJICTBO Ha CT. ,[(aHeB, srnporn rrpaBHTencTBO Ha Paqo ITeTpoB,
npaBHTeJICTBOTO Ha ,n:. ITeTKOB, rrpaB11TeJICTBOTO Ha ,n:. CTaH'IOB 11 rrpaBHTeJICTBOTO Ha IT. ry11es. Ha
I JrnyapH 1904 r. e rrpo113sep;eH B '111H reHeparr-Maiirop. ITpe3 1907r.e11a11eH rro11C'bp;3a Kopyrru;11JI 11
311oyrr0Tpe611 rrp11 p;ocTaBKHTe Ha op'b:>KHe, 11 3a srop11 IT'bT HarrycKa apMHJITa. Crrep; 3arro'!BaHeTO Ha
EanKaHCKaTa BOCIHa npe3 1912 r. CaBOB OTHOBO e B'b3CTaHOBeH Ha cny)!(6a Ha HOBOC'b3p;a11emrn ITOCT
noMO!l\HHK Ha rnaBHOKOMaHp;Ball\Hll u;ap <t>epp;1JHaH,11 I. Do Herosa 3arrose11 e rrposep;eHa Heycrrenrna-
ra 11aTaJIAJKaHCKa orrepau;HJI, KaKTO 11 Harra,11eHHeTO cpell\y cp'b6CKHTe 11 rp'bD;Kl1 BOHCKH, rrocTaBHJIO
Ha'!aJIOTO Ha MeJKp;yc'bJ03Hl1'!ecKaTa BOiirHa. Ha 29 JOHl1 1913 r. Casas e Ha3Ha'!eH 3a KOMaHA11p Ha
C'be)IHHeH11e4-Ta 115-a apM1111, a Ha 14 JOJJl1 K'bM TRX ep;o6aBeHa H 2-pa apM11Jl. Crre.ri BOHHaTa e OTHOBO
ysonHeH, a rrpe3 1914 r. e C'b,!leH OT ,[('bpJKaseH C'b,!I. ITpe3 cne11Ball\11Te ro,1111H11 M. Casos JK11see B'bB
<!JpaHl.\11JI. Cne.ri IT'bpBaTa cBeTOBHa BoiirHa e rr'bJIHOMOU\eH M11H11cnp B'bB <llpaHD;l1JI (1920-1923 r.)
113a EerrrHJI (1922-1923 r.). YM11pa Ha 2110n111928 r. B CeH Ban11e ,!lbO T11eiir, <llpaHD;HJI. ITorpe6aH e
Ha 18 asrycT B Cocji11JI.
229
Pocu4a AH2eJZ0Ba
anocrnrru Kupwrr M Mernp;mli''. UapHT M36np3Ba u o6Hapop;Ba B ,,Anp)l(aBeH BeCTHHK"

pecKpMIIT, c KOMTO IIOCTaBR npaBMTerrcTBOTO npep; CBnpmeH cpaKT. c TOBa ce Hapy-
maBa 'Irr. 59 OT KoHCTMTY~MRTa, rrrarnrn; M3pM'IHO, qe ,,yqpep;.RBaHeTo cTaBa c oco6ett
3aKoH''. <Depp;MHaHA OTCT'bIIBa npeA HaCTOHBaHeTo Ha MarrMHOB M Ha 25 Ma:i1: 1909 r.
npaBMTerrCTBOTO M3AaBa KOMIOHMKe, c KOeTO ce o6e3CJ1ITBa QapcKUR pecKpMIIT.
XIV OHC rrracyBa 3aKOHorrpoeKT 3a npoMRHa Ha HRKOM qrreHoBe Ha TnpHOBCKa-
Ta KOHCTMTY~MH, KOeTo ce Harrara OT HOBMJI Anp)l(aBeH cyBepeHMTeT Ha CTpaHara II
HaCT'bIIMITMTe o6rn;ecTBeHO-MKOHOMM'IecKM npoMeHM. To:i1: Tpn6Ba Aa ce BHece 3a 0110-
6pem1e B'bB BerrMKOTO HapoAHO cn6paHue.
IlpaBMTerrcTBOTO Ha Arr. MarrMHOB BHacn 3aKOHonpoeKT 3a OTMJIJ-Ja ,,ToJIKyBa-
Terrmrn 3aKOH Ha A-P TI. Ta6ypHoB''. To3M 3aKoH orno6o)l(AaBa MMHMCTpwTe OT cnge6-
Ha oTrosopHOCT, rn;oM BeAH'b)l( ce A06epaT AO BrracTTa M TaKa ce AaBa B'b3MO)l(HOCT
3a 3rroyn0Tpe6w w npoM3Borrw. B T03M AYX Ba)l(Ha e MHM~MaTMBaTa OT 13 cpeBpyap11
1911 r. Bn3 OCHOBa Ha AOKITaA Ha naprraMeHTapHaTa aHKeTHa KOMMCHJI e pemeHO ga ce
npeAaAaT Ha Anp)l(aBeH C'bA 6MBllIMTe MMHMCTpw IleTnp fyAeB, Paqo IleTpos, H11Kona
feHap;weB, Mwxam1 CaBoB u EB. XarraqeB.
3. B o6p'h"la Ha 6aAKaHCKHTe npoTusopequs
KoHCTPYKTMBHaTa BnTpemHa IIOJIMTMKa Ha npaBHTerrcTBOTO e B II'bJieH ornxpoH

c HeroBaTa B'bHllIHonorrMTl1'IecKa aKTMBHOCT. TH C'bBIIaAa c Ta3H Ha cncep;Hure 6an-
KaHCKI1 Anp)l(aBw M Ha BeJIMKJ1Te cwrrw. Orn;e no speMe Ha 6onrapcKaTa KpI13a, rro-
qyscTsano oce3aTeJIHO 3anrraxa OT ABCTpo-YHrap11n cpn6cKoTo npas11Tencrno npas11
A11peKTHH npeAITO)KeHMH 3a c6JIJ1)l(eHHe. oa3aTa MM IIO'II1Ba Ha AeITe)l( Ha MaKe)J;OHllJI
u BnnpeKw A06po)l(erraTeJIHMTe C'bBeTw OT CTpaHa Ha AHTaHTaTa CocpuH npeKnrna
nper0Bop11Te. Pyc11n, <DpaH~l1R w AHrrrwn DOAKpennT MAeRTa 3a 6nnrapo-cpn6cKo
c6mDKeHwe, 3arn;0To B 6arrKaHCKMH 6noK Te BM)l(AaT nperpaAa 3a aBcTpo-ymapcKoro
HacTnnrreHwe B ErrM3KMR l13TOK. Ta3M Jil1HMR ce Hacnp'IaBa M OT 11Tarrun. Enmap-
CKOTO npaswTerrcTBO, Haqerro c An. ManMHOB M3KITIO'IBa BCRKaKBO cnopa3yMem1e c1>c
Cnp6w.H w fnp~trn, KOeTo ce onHpa Ha Aerre)l(a Ha MaKeAOHMR. EnnrapcKH.RT MOHapx
He cnoAerr.R no3M~MRTa Ha Ka6wHeTa w nponsnBa no-rorrnMa roTOBHOCT Aa ce Brnywa
B cnBeTMTe Ha AHTaHTaTa w 11TaJII1.H.
Ilpe3 K'bCHaTa eceH Ha 1909 r Qap <DepAMHaHA npeAnpueMa ABe BJ13J1TJ1, Ha KOl1TO
ocn~ecrnnBa KOHTaKTM c ynpaBJI.HBarn;uTe B Cnpforn. B Cocp11n He op;o6p.RBar re311
nocern;eH11n. He ca oqapoBaHw 11 B UapurpaA. B OTroBop cp11HaHcos11.RT MHHHCT'bp
A)l(aBl1A 6e:i1: npeAnp11eMa 0611KOJIKa B Cocp11R, EerrrpaA w EyKypern;. J1cT11HcKara 1\en e
PyMnHMH, KORTO 6u oTpe3Bl1Jia cpn6cKo-6nrrrapcKoTo u rpn~Ko-6nnrapCKoro c6n11-
)KeH11e.
B cnrn;oTo BpeMe norro)l(eHMeTo B MaKeAOHl1.H ce BITOlllaBa. 3ac11nsa ce p;et1ttocr-
Ta Ha TypcK11Te 11 arr6aHCKUTe pa36o:i1:H11qecKu qenf. HapeA c TOBa TypcKoro npa-
BJ1TencTBO M3pa6oTBa u 3arro'IBa p;a npmiara ABa 3aKoHa, HaCO'IeHJ1 cpe~y xpucrn-
.RHCKOTO HacerreHJ1e B UMnepl1HTa. IlnpB11JIT e 3aKOHa npOTl1B qeTJ1Te, cnopep; KOMTO
Ha npecneABaHe u HaKa3aH11e TIOAJie)l(aT He caMo 3arroBeH11Te qeTHl1Ql1, HO I1 rexm1re
230
HOBA E"b!II'APCKA MCTOPMJl (1878-1944)
ceMeiicrna. BTopMRT 3aKoH e 3a rro1m:Tw:1ecKJ.tTe cp;py)!(aBaHMR J.t cbrnarno Hero BCW:I-

Kl1 rronJ.tTw::1ecKH opraHM3aQMJ.t OT He TypcKJ.t npoJ.t3Xop; ca pa3TypeHJ.t. Cpep; rnx e M
Cb3):1ap;eHMRT cnep; Mnap;oTypcKaTa peBoJI10r.vrn CbI03 Ha 6nnrapcKJ.tTe KOHCTMTYI.\M-
OHHW Kny6oBe B MaKep;oHMR.
EnnrapcKOTO rrpaBMTencrno pearnpa 6np3o B 3all.\J.1Ta Ha rropo6em1Te HJ.t cnHa-
po}:IHWI.\vl. Ep;HoBpeMeHHO c TOBa TO pernaBa p;a rrpoyqJ.t KaKBO e rroJIO)!(eHJ.teTo B cn-
ce;i:ittara J.tMrrepMR VI MMa JIM ycnoBMR 3a c6nJ.t)!(eHwe. C Ta3H MJ.tCJ.tR e HaTOBapeH p;-p
CroRH ,[(aHeB - JIMp;ep Ha IlporpernBHO-JIJ.t6epanHaTa rrapTJ.tR. Tow rrocell.\aBa UapJ.t-
rpa;i:i rrpe3 p;eKeMBpM 1909 r.,HO BCJ!!":IKJ.1 pa3fOBOpJ.t 3aBnpIIIBaT 6e3 KOHKpeTHM p;oro-
BopeHOCTM.
OT 10 p;o 19 cpeBpyapM 1910 r. I.\ap cf>epp;vmaHp;, npJ.tp;py)!(eH OT MMHWCTPMTe Ma-
JJHHOB J.t IIanpMKOB e Ha rrocell.\eHJ.te B IleTep6ypr. IlOBop;nT e )!(eJiaHJ.teTO Ha QapR
;i:ia 113pa3M 6narop;apHOCTTa CM rrpep; pycKMJI t1MIIepaTOpCKJ.1 p;Bop 3a npJ.t3HaBaHeTO
Ha 6onrapcKaTa He3aBMCMMOCT. Bop;RT ce rrperoBopJ.t 3a cKJIIO'IBaHe Ha rroJIJ.tT11qeCKa
KOHBeHI..~MJI Ji! Ha HewHa oc Ha BOeHHa KOHBeHI.\HR. D'bnrapvrn HaCTOJ!Ba B cnyqaw Ha
pa3rra;i:iaHe Ha OcMaHcKaTa MMrrepMR, Pycvrn p;a rrpw3Hae Tep11rnp1o1aJIHO pa3mMpeHJ.te
Ha EonrapMR B rpaHMI.\MTe Ha CaHCTecpaHcKMR p;oroBop IIJIIOC rpap;oBeTe ConyH H Op;-
p11H. Pycvrn 3ap;'bJI)l(aBa B'bB BoeHHaTa KOHBeHI.\MR Ennrap:i.rn np1o1 BceKM Bnopn)!(eH
Kottcpn1otKT Ha PycvrR c ABcTpo-YttrapJ.tR, PyMnHMR J.t Typl.\MR p;a 3anoqHe C'bll.\O BO-
emrn p;ewcTBMR, p;oKaTo Pyc1rn rroeMa anra)!{MMeHT p;a rrop;rroMorHe Ennrap1o1R caMo
rrp11 BOWHa, Herrpep;M3Bt1KaHa OT HeR. PycKwTe MvIHt1CTpt1 rrocTaBRT KaTo ycnoBwe 3a
6'bllrapo-pycKOTO crropa3yMeHMe Bnrrpoca 3a 6nnrapo-TypCKo 11 6nnrapo-cpn6cKo
c6m1)!(ett11e. CocpMR p;aBa cnrnacwe 3a c6n11)!(em1e cnc Cnp611J1 rrpw nOJIO)!(eHWe, qe B
6orrrapo-pycKoTo cnrnarneHMe ce rapaHTwpa rrpvrcnep;mrnBaHeTO Ha MaKep;omrn K'bM
Eonrap1o1R. JJ.o KOHKpeTHM p;oroBopM KaKTO c PycwR, TaKa H cnc Cnp611J1 He ce cTwra.
flpe3 JIJITOTO Ha 1910 r. IIOJIO)!(eHMeTO Ha MaKep;omrn OTHOBO ce BJIOIIIaBa rropa-
)111 MaJITpern:paHeTO Ha 6nJirapcKoTo HaceneH1o1e OT cTpaHa Ha TypCKwTe BJiacn1 no
apeMe Ha aKI.\MRTa 3a pa3opn)l(aBaHe. BpeMeHHO ynpaBJIRBall.\HR M1otHMCTepcrnoTo Ha
B'bHIIIHJ.tTe pa6oTM AHp;pe:M JlRrr'IeB HaCTORBa rrpep; npep;cTaBHTeJiwTe Ha BenwKwTe
rnrr11 3a vIHTepBeHI.\MR B UapMrpap;. He rronyt:IMJia oqaKBaHaTa nor1Kperra 6nmapCKa-
ra 11vmnoMaQMJI ce opMeHTHpa K'bM pa36MpaTeJICTBO c f'bpl.\MR KaTO KOHTpaMRpKa
cpell\y rroBep;eHMeTo Ha TypQMR. 0TKJIOHeHa e M):\eRTa Ha rpnl.\Kt1R p;vrnJI0Man1<IeCKt1
rrpe11craBWTeJI B Cocp:irn )J;eMeTpwoc IlaHac 3a CKJIIO'rnaHe Ha rromnMqecKa M BoeHHa
KOHBeHI.\MR. IlocTMfHaTO e ycTHO crropa3yMeHMe no ):\Ba nyHKTa: 1. IloMwpeHMe H C'bB-
MeCTHO p;ewcrnJ.te Ha EK3apxvrnrn J.t IlaTpJ.tapurnRTa; 2. Koopp;wHJ.tpaHe Ha p;ewcTBJ.tRTa
Ha }:IBeTe rrpaBJ.tTeJICTBa rrpep; BMcoKarn rroprn 3a rror106pRBaHe rroJIO)!(eHJ.teTO Ha 6nJI-
rapcKOTO :w Ha rpnQKOTO Hacenemre B MaKep;oHwR 11 cpell.\y BrnKaKBO Hac:wnJ.te.
Pe3ynTaTMTe He 3aK'bCHRBaT-MHoro CKopo HaCT'bIIBa rrop;o6peHMe B OTHollleH:w-
11ra Me)!(p;y 6nnrapM M rnpQM B MaKep;omrn. CoqmR npop;nJI)!(aBa Kypca Ha p;o6p:w
OTHOIIleHJ.tR c xpMCTHJIHCKMTe Hapop;M, HO 6e3 KOHKperna o6Bnp3aHOCT. Ilpe3 1910 r.
11ap <Pepp;1o1HaHp; M npecToJioHarnep;HMK'bT rrocell.\aBaT ocp:wQJ.taJIHO UeTMHe, Knp;ern
rrp11CbCTBaT Ha T'bp)l(eCTBaTa no cnyqaw rrpOB'b3rJiarnBaHe Ha CTpaHaTa 3a KpaJICTBO.
231
Pocu4a AH2eJ10Ba
I1pe3 BTopaTa IlOJIOBHHa Ha 1910 r. repMaHCKOTO BJIJ1.RHJ1e CTaBa npeo6Jia):laBall\O

B Uap11rpaA. ITpoA'bJI)l(aBaT nocTDnKHTe OT cTpaHa Ha TypQ11R 3a no-roJIRMa 6m13ocr
c PyMoHHR. CnyxoseTe 3a CKJIIO'rnaHe Ha pyMnHcKo-TypcKH C'bI03 AOBe)l():laT ):lo or-
30B<1BaHeTo Ha 6nmapcKMJI Il'bJIHOMo~eH Ml1HHCTnp B EyKype~ Xp. Xecan'l!MeB. Ha
Heroso MRCTO e H3npaTeH r. KaJIMHKOB. Tipe3 cenTeMspw ce M3Bnpurna peKOHcrpyK-
QMR Ha Ka6:irneTa. feH. ITanpttKOB e orno6oAeH OT noCTa Ml1HMCTnp Ha B'bHIIImne pa-
6oTH, KoeTo e 3aeTo OT MaJIMHOB 11 ITanpttKOB e M3npaTeH 3a Il'bJIHOMo~eH MMH11cnp
B TieTep6ypr. 3ano3HaT oT6JIM30 c nperosopi1Te 3a pycKo-6nmapCKa noJIMTW-IeCKa
M soeHHa KOHBeHQMJI npe3 1902 M 1910 r. TOH TpJI6Ba Aa pa6oTM 3a yCKop1rnaHe Ha
perneHMeTo Ha T03M Bnnpoc. HanpaseHM ca H Apyr11 npoMem,1 - Ha MRCTOTO Ha Ca-
na6arnes, M3npaTeH 3a TI'bJIHOMO~eH MMHHCT'bp B'bB BtteHa, e Ha3Ha'l!eH A. JfantJeB,
BKJIIOtJe1-m ca BnaAMMHp Mo1111os - KaTo MMHHCTDP Ha HapoAHOTo npornell\em1e 11
Xp. C11asel1KOB - MHHHCTop Ha npaBOC'bAWeTO. OcTaHaJIHTe MHHHCTPH ca pa3Mecre-
HH - H. MyrnaHoB noeMa BoTpernHMTe pa6oTH, T. KpocTeB - o6~ecrnemne crpa1111,
TI'bTM~aTa l1 C'b06~eHHRTa.
PasHocMeTKaTa o6at.Ie Hee onTMMMCTM'l!Ha 3a D'bJirapwR. BwcoKaTa nopra 3ana3Ba
spa)l(Ae6HOTO cw oTHOlllettwe K'bM 6omapwTe B npeAeJIMTe Ha ttMnepttRTa. Uapwrpa11-
cKaTa naTpwapIIIHJI nposaJIR noMwpett11eTo c EoJirapcKaTa eK3apxwR KaTo OTKa3Ba 11a
BAMrHe cxtt3MaTa. Cnp6wR e HeAOBOJIHa OT rpoQK0-6011rapcK0To c6JIH)l(ett11e M 3aorn-
sa CBOJITa Boopo)l(etta w npoCBeTHo-peJittrH03Ha nporraraHAa B MaKeAomrn. 3aMupaT
rrperosop:r11Te w c PycttJI w TR aKTMBM3Hpa rroJIMTMKaTa cH B noJI3a Ha cpo6CKo-6oJirap-
cKo c6Jitt)l(eHwe. TsopAHRT Kypc B 3a~HTa Ha HaQHOHaJIHaTa Kay3a o6ptt'l!a crpattm
Ha M30JiaQHJI. EonrapHR ocTaBa caMa rrpeA 3pee~MJI KOH<}JJIHKT Ha EanKaH11Te. Cn11-
60Hocett OCTaBa l136opa - caMa MJIM Aa HanpaBH OTCT'bTIKliI na C'bCe)lHHTe ):l'bp)l(aBH H
c TRX Aa BopBH rrpoTHB o6~HJI spar.
LI;ap <f>ep)l11HaHA CilOAeJIJI Ml1C'bJITa 3a IIO-f'bBKaBa IIOJIHTMKa, a Ta3M peamnaljHJI
Hanara rrpaBHTeJICTBeHa CMJIHa. ITorne):IHaTa ce Hanara H rropaAM pa3KJiaTeHMTe B'b-
TpelllHOIIOJIMTH'IecKM TI03MQMM Ha Ka6wHeTa. TaKa ce CTHra p;o ocTaBKaTa Ha Kafome-
Ta, IlOAaAeHa Ha 9 MapT, HO nptteTa Ha 16 MapT 1911 r.
JU1TEPATYPA
fopaHOB, II. J,faamoaatte He3aB1t1CJ1MOCTTa Ha EnnrapuR. BT., 1986.

)];aMRHOB, C. EorrrapuR B'bB cppettcKaTa norruTuKa 1878-1914. C., 1985.
McTOpMR Ha EnnrapHR. T. VII. C., 1991.
06RBRBaHe HeJaBucuMOCTTa Ha Ennrap11R npe3 1908 r. C6opHMK OT crnnrn MllOKyMeH-
TM. C., 1989.
Marr11HoB, An. CTpattH'l!KM OT HamaTa HOBa noJIMTM'l!eCKa ucTopm1 C., 1938.
MaHacpoaa, P. IIpocBeTHaTa norruT11Ka Ha i:1eM0KpaT11'l!ecK0To npaBMTerrcTBo (1908-1911).
- J1J1J1, 1979, T. 24.
IIonoB, P. IloJIMTMKaTa Ha Cnp611R K'bM Enrrrapun npe3 nepuoi:1a Ha EanKaHcKara KpH3a
(1908-1909)- MIIp, 1968, KH. 5.
Ca3):IOB, )];., P. IIonoB u AP· McTOpMR Ha Enrrrap11R 681-1960. C., 1995, T. II.
CTaTerroaa, E., CT. fpntt'l!apoB. McTopHR Ha HOBa EnnrapttR 1878-1944. C., 1999, H3J1.
Atty611c, T. III.
232
HOBA E'bHI'APCKA J!fCTOPJ!fJI (1878-1944)
CrnTeJioBa, E. PycKo-6nJITapcKw noJIHTJ1l.lecKw ornorneHHH (1908-1912). -YIITp, 1973, KH. 2.

CrnTeJioBa, E. 3a 6nJITapo-cpn6cKwTe ornorneHHH B nepwoAa 1909-1911 r. - YIITp, 1969,
KH. 5.
CrnTerroBa, E. Ennrapo-rpnQKHTe norrwTw1ecKH OTHOrneHHH B HaaeqepHeTo Ha EanKaH-
cKaTa aoC!Ha. - BYIC, 1984, KH. 37.
ToAopoBa, Qa . .n;wnnoMaTJl!qeCKa HCTOpHH Ha B'bHlIIHHTe 3aeMH Ha EnJITapHH 1888-1912.
C., 1972.
Xecanqwea, Xp. Cnp1<6a Ha EnnrapHH B qy)f<6HHa. BoeHHOHAHnrroMaTJl!qecKH cnoMeHH
(1899-1914). c., 1993.
""
XII. EAAKAHCKH BOHHH (1912-1913)
1. flo IlbTJI Ha KOMilpOMUCa
Ha 16 Mat1: 1911 r. Ha'Ierro Ha cTpaHaTa 3acrnBa Koamn-1uoHeH Ka6uHeT Ha Ha-

poAHaTa 11 ITporpec11Bttom16epanHaTa napTMH B cbcTaB: Jt1B. EBCTp. fernoB 53 - MM-
HMCT'bp-npep;cep;aTerr M MHHHCT'bp Ha BbHllIHMTe pa60TH, AneKcaHp;bp Jirop;cKaHOB
- MMHMCTbp Ha B'bTpenrn:uTe pa6oT:u, CTecpaH C. Eo6tJeB - MMHMCTbp Ha npornern;e-
HMeTO, Teop;op Teop;opoB - MMHlil.CTbp Ha cpHHaHrnTe, ITeTbp A6parneB - MMHMCTbp
Ha npaBOcbp;HeTo, rett. H11KHcpop H11K11cpopoB - BoeHeH MHHHCTbp, ,Il;HMJ!ITbp Xpw-
CTOB - MMHMCT'bp Ha T'bprOBJil.RTa 11 3eMegeJIMeTo, AHTOH cPpattrR - MMHMCTbp Ha 06-
ll\eCTBeHYITe crpap;w, II'bTlil.11.\aTa 11 c'bo6rn;emrnrn. lllecpbT Ha TIJIIT g-p CTORH ,Il;aHeB e
53 J1aaH EacTpan1ea fewoa e poAeH B Ilrroai:111a Ha 20 cpeapyapH 1849 r. B ceMewcTBOTO Ha En-

crpani fewon OT roneMHH nproBcKo-6aHKepcK11 pOA fernoBI.jH. 3anopwna cp11rnaHCH B Maw1ecT'bp
(1869) w Hl!KOJIKO fOAHH"H pa6orn B KaHTOpaTa Ha 6al.l.la CH B rpaAa. Ilpe3 1872 ce 3aBpol.l.la B IlllOB-
AlilB. 3a CBOl1 ny61111Ka1.1ww B'bB Bp'b3Ka c AnpHllCKOTO B'bCTaHWe B aHrJIWWCKWS! BeCTHHK "TaiiMc"
roil e apeCTyBaH 11 OC'bAeH Ha CM'bpT, HO ClleA HaMecaTa Ha 6pwTaHCKOTO ITOCOJICTBO e ITOMl1l!BaH.
CrreA Oceo6mKAeHweTO Ha n'hnrapwH I1BaH fernon e eAWH OT BOAa'!11Te Ha HapOAHaTa napnrn B Vf3-
ro•rna PyMenwsi. Towe nnpBWHT npeAceAaTen Ha 0611acrn0To co6pam1e B o6nacrra (1879-1880) u
AlilpeKTDp Ha cp11HaHrnTe (1882-1883). OT 1883 )l<WBee B Cocpwsi, K'bAeTO crnna AWpeKTop Ha EHE
(1883-1886). Y'lacrna B nperoaopwTe 3a CKllJO'IBaHe Ha EyKypel.l.IKWH ~mpeH AOronop (1886). CneA
npeapaTa OT 1886 riacTBa B TpeTOTO npanwTencrno Ha IT. Kapanenon w nopBOTO npanwTeJicTBO Ha
B.Pa11ocnanon. CneA naAaHeTo Ha CT. CTaM6onoB npe3 l894 ce BKmo•1BaB HOBOC"b3AaAeHaTa HapoA-
Ha rrapnrn. felllOB e MWHHCT'bp Ha qnrnaHrnTe B'bB BTOpOTO w TpeTOTO npaB11TeJICTBO Ha K. CTOWJIOB
(1894-1897), a cJieA Heroaarn CM'hpT npe3 1901 ornan11na napTWl!Ta. OT 1911 AO 1913 I1naH fernon
etta11eno Ha Koa11w1.1woHHO npaawTencTBO Ha HapOAHaTa w IlporpernnH011w6epa11HaTa napTwH. Ilo
roaa npeMe e o6paayBaH EanKaHcKHHT c'bJ03 w e BOAeHa EanKaHcKaTa noCrna ( 1912-1913 ). CneA Ilop-
Bara cneroBHa BOwHa fernoB ornaasiaa 06ei:1wtteHaTa HapoAHO-nporpernnHa naprw11 (1920). Ilpea
1922 3aMwHaBa 3a <DpaHQHH, 3a Aa W36ertte npecneABaHWS!Ta cpel.l.ly OIT03Wl.\WHTa OT rrpanwreJICTBOTO
Ha An. CraM6011wwCKw. CneA ,n;eaeTOJOHCKWH rrpenpar ce Bp'bl.l.la B E'bnrapwsi w ce np11c'beAWHSJBa K'hM
AeMoKparw'leCKWJJ croaop. YMwpa Ha 11MapT1924 r. a Cocp11si.
233
Pocuu,a AHze11oaa
orrpeAelleH Aa rroeMe npeACeAaTellcTBOTO Ha HapoAHOTO cn6paHMe . .[(BeTe napn111 ca

J13BeCTHJ1 c Tpa11HaTa CJ1 pycocpttllCKa optteHTaQJ1Jl l1 Ha TJlX ce B'b3llaraT HaAe)!(,[IJll 11a
cneqem1T AOBeptteTo 11 IIOAKpenaTa Ha Pycm1, AHrnHR 11 ct>paHQl1R, TaKa Heo6xo.r111M11
rrp11 3aA'bll6o'iaBa~aTa ce Kptt3a B OcMaHcKaTa Anp:>I<aBa.
KoallHQHOHHOTO npaB11TellcTBO l13lll13a c AeKllapaQHR, B KORTO ce o6e~asa ,[lace
CBHKa BellttKOTO HapoAHO cn6paH11e, KoeTo Aa yrnnpAI1 npvieTttTe OT XIV OHC rrpo-
MeHH B KoHCTHTYQHRTa, Aa ce ynpaBllRBa B Ayxa Ha nporpaM11Te Ha ABeTe napnrn,
H3RBRBa ce )l(ellaHtte 3a npHRTellcKvi OTHOllieHl1Jl c'bc C'bceAHHTe Anp)l(aBM l1 c Bem1-
Kl1Te CJ1lll1. B npoBeAeHHTe 1136op11 ca 1136paH11 415 HapOAHH rrpeACTaBHTenvi no Ma-
)l(Opi1TapHaTa cttcTeMa. Eyp)l(Oa3HJ1Te 11 Ape6Ho6yp)l(Oa3Hl1Te napTHH yqacrnar enc
caMOCTORTellHJ1 lll1CTJ1, HO Ha MeCTa ca o6pa3yBaHJ1 Ha11-pa3Hoo6pa3HJ1 KOalll11..\11H.
TipaBvtTeJICTBeHJ1Te napTHJ1 neqemIT 81, 92% OT BCH'IKJ1 MaHAaTH. :Vfa6paH e l1 e1111H
TeceH coQttallHCT - Bllac11 BllacoBCKH.
V BHC ce OTKpttBa T'bp)l(eCTBeHo Ha 9 IOHH 1911 r. B'bB BellttKO TnpHoBo. Harrpa-
BeHttTe J13Ka3BaHJ1R J1 npeAllO)l(eHJ1R ca nperneAaHJ1 OT 36-'illeHHa KOMJ1CHJI, KOJITO
npaBH OKOH'IaTemiaTa peAaKQl1R Ha 3aKoHorrpoeKTa. BellHKOTO HapOAHO co6paHHe
rnacyBa npoMeHH B TnpHoBcKaTa KOHCTHTYQHR, KaTo Ha nnpBo MRCTO AYMHTe KHJI-
)l(eCTBO H KHR3 HaBCRK'hAe ce 3aMeHRT c QapcTBO 11 Qap. Hai1-Ba)l(HO e l13Menenwero Ha
'Ill. 17 B CMJ1C'bll, qe MOHapxnT npHA06J1Ba npaBOTO Aa CKlllO'iBa qpe3 npaBHTeJICTBOTO
Me)l(AyttapoAHH aKTOBe J1 AOroBop11, 6e3 Aa ce AOIIl1TBa AO napllaMeHTa. Ta3H MHpKa
ce CMRTa 3a Heo6XOAJ1Ma rrpeABHA Ha3pRBa~J1Te C'b6J1TJ1R Ha EallKam1Te. Tip11en1 ca
J1 Apyr11 npoMeHJ1 - Ha 'Ill. 19, B CMJ1C'bll qe KoraTo OTC'bCTBa, QapRT ce 3aMecrna OT
Ml1HJ1CTepcKHH C'bBeT, 'Ill. 35 - 3a onpeAellHHe Ha QJ1BJ1llHaTa lll1CTa Ha MOHapxa '1pe3
cneQttalleH 3aKOH, 'Ill. 73 - 3a yttH~O)l(aBaHe Ha J13KllIO'IHTellHHTe Boemrn Cb,[IJllJil1-
~a 11 AP· PeopraHJ13ttpaHH ca ABeTe CTonaHCKJll MHHJllCTepCTBa TaKa, qe ce C'b3,llaBaT
tieTttpM: Ha ToproBHHTa, npoMJllWlleHocTTa 11 TPYAa; Ha 3eMeAentteTo JI! Aop)!(aBHIITe
J1MOTJ1; Ha o6~eCTBeHJ1Te crpaAJ1, Il'bTJ1~aTa J1 6naroycTpOWCTBOTO; Ha )l(eJie3Hl11\11Te,
no~11Te H Tenerpacp11Te. B Ha'!alloTo Ha 1912 r. Ka611tteTbT e peKOHCTpyvrpaH B 1wxa
Ha Te3J1 npoMeHJ1, KaTO e IlOil'bllHeH c ,[(J11MJ1Top J16naHCKJ1 54 - MJllHJ1CT'bp Ha 0611\ECT-
BeHJ1Te crpaAH, II'hTH~aTa 11 6llaroyCTpo11cTBOTO, XpMcTo ToAopoB - MHHHCT'bp Ha
ToproBHJITa, npoMttrnlleHOCTTa 11 TPYAa, a ocTaHan11Te ABe MHHJllCTepcTBa ce rroeMaT
cnoTBeTHO OT .[(. XpMcToB 11 A. ct>paHrH.
Tipe3 cenTeMBpH 1911 r. ce rrpoBe)l(AaT rrapllaMeHTapHl1 l136op11 3a XV OHC.
B TRX y6eAttTellHO netiellJ1 yrrpaBJIRBa~a-i:a KOallHQHH. J!fa6op11Te ce npoBe)l(,[laT no
Ma)l(Opl1TapHaTa c11cTeMa, Ho B TI7IOBAJ1BCKH w T'hpHoBCKH cTaBaT no nporrop11;10-
54 ,Jl)'IMHT'bp .H6rraHCKH (1859-1924) e 6onrapCKl1 cjmHaHCl1CT l1 110Rl1Tl1K. 3aBbpllrna ,ll'bplKaB·

Hl1 l1 CTOITaHCKW HayKw B IlapW)f( (1893 r.), r1pe,rvrna HapogHO omrypwTeRHO gpy)f(eCTBO "EanKaH"
3aegHo c 6parn IlaH1-111a OT BV1eHa rrpe3 1896 r. CTaBa <JneH Ha HapogHaTa rrapTm11-1npe31897-1899
r. e KMeT Ha CocjmR. Ilpe3 1912-1913 r. e Mf!HWCTbp Ha 061.1..1ecTBeH1-1Te crpag1-1, TI'bT11ll.laTa 116naro-
ycTpolilcTBOTO Ha l(apcTBo Eonrap11rn. HeroBaTa Koll.la B Cocji1-1R (go 1993 r. crpaga Ha DoconcTBoro
Ha KwTai-1cKaTa HapOAHa perry6111-1Ka), e ITOCTpoeHa B 1907 r. OT aBcTpl1i-1CKl1J! apxwTeKT c:Dp~111pwx
fp10Hamep. YM1-1pa Ha 19 MapT 1924 r.
234
HaJIHaTa rncTeMa. B II'bpBara pep;oBHa cern.R: Ha XV OHC ca BHeceH:t1 :t1 np11eT:t1 13

3aKoHa. Ilo-ron.R:Ma 'laCT OT rnx ca OT cTonaHcKara ccpepa - 3aKoH 3a 3eMep;encK11Te
KaMap11, 3aKOH 3a nop;o6p.R:BaHe Ha CKOTOB'b,!J;CTBOTO, ,!l;OII'bJIHeH11JI K'bM ~aKOHa 3a 3e-
Me,I\eJICKaTa 6aHKa :t1 HJIKOJIKO 3aKOHa 3a 3eMe,[leJICKOTO o6pa30BaH11e, KOMacaQ11.R:Ta
Ha JeMJITa, :t1p:t1ral.\11.R:Ta 11 peryn11paHeTo Ha Bo):lmne 6acevrn11. fnaBHa QeJI Ha Te3:t1
3aKOHO,!l;aTeJIH:t111H:t11\:t1aT11BU e nop;o6p.R:BaHe 11 MO,!l;epH11311patte Ha 6'bJirapcKOTO cen-
CKO CTOIIaHCTBO.
3a ynecHeH:t1e Ha T'bproB11.R:Ta ca IIpl1eTl1 113MeHeHl1JI 11 ,!l;OII'bJIHeHl1JI K'bM 3aKOHa
3a 6opci1Te - yBeJI:t1'laBa ce rnxHara aBTOHOMHOCT, Cn3p;asa ce cpoHp;oBa 6opca, 6op-
coB cop; :t1 AP· C'hrnacHo 3aKoHa 3a :t1H,!J;yCTpl1aJIHl1Te )f(eJie3Hl1Ql1 ce pa3pernaBa Ha
qacrHl1 Jil1Qa p;a cTpo.R:T )l(eJie3oII'bTH:t1 KJIOHOBe 3a HY)f(,!J;l1Te Ha CBOl1Te npoM:t1llIJieH:t1
rrpe,!1IIpl1.R:T:t1.R. Te3:t1 OTCe'lK:t1 CJiep;Ba p;a ca IIO,!l; KOHTpona Ha ,!l;'bp)f(aBara, a np:t1 OII-
pe,!leJieHM ycnoB:t1.JI Te MoraT p;a ce IIOJI3BaT OT Mecrnorn HaceJieH:t1e. C'bc cnel.\MaJieH
3aKOH e npe,!l;B:t1,!l;eHo C'b3,!l;aBaHe Ha C'bKpoB:t1~eH pe3epBeH cpottp;, KOMTO p;a o6cny)l(Ba
rroraolBaHeTO Ha ,!l;'bp);KaBH11Te ,!l;'bJifOBe "B'bB BpeMe Ha BOMHa''.
I1p11eT:t1 ca pe,!l;:t1Q:t1 3aKOH:t1, I.\eJI.JI~l1 yKpenBaHe Ha IIOJI11Tl1'leCKaTa p;eMOKpaQMJI.
PecpopM11paH e 113611paTeJIHaTa c11cTeMa 'Ipe3 3aKoHa 3a np11naraHe Ha nponopQMO-
HaJIHaTa CMGTeMa np11 3aKOHO,!l;aTeJIH:t1Te 11 o6~MHCKMTe 1136op11. 3aKOH'bT rrpe,D;BM)!(,!l;a
ye,!lpRBaHe Ha M3611paTeJIH:t1Te KOJierMM, 3a,!l;'bJI)f(I1TeJIHO 3aBepRBaHe Ha KaH,!l;M,!l;aTCKM-
re JIMCTM B oKp'b)l(H:t1Te C'b,!J;MJIM~a, YTO'lHJIBaHe QBeTa Ha 6IOJieTMH11Te B rny'lal1 Ha
KoaJIMQMM u np. )J;enyTaTCKMTe MaHp;ar11 ce pa3npep;eJIJIT cnopep; 6po.R: Ha rrop;ap;ett11re
3a BCRKa napTM.JI rnacoBe.
Ilopsara pe,!l;OBHa cecu.R: tta XV OHC yJaKOHJIBa npoMeHMTe B opraHM3aQMJITa
11 ,I1ei1ttocrra Ha KHM)!(OBHOTO p;py)l(eCTBO, npe11MeHysaHo rrpe3 1911 r. B E'hnrapCKa
aKa,!leMMJI Ha HayKuTe (BAH). IIpueTMJIT rrpe3 ..R:Hyap11 1912 r. 3aKoH ype)!(p;a crary-
ra, pnKOBO,!l;CTBOTO u :t13,!l;po)!(Kara Ha HaI1-roJIJIMara HaytIHa MHCTMTYQMR B crpaHara.
Ycrrope,LIHO c roBa ce C'b3,!J;aBa :t1 Boettttara aKap;eMMJI 3a no.r:1rorosKa Ha KoMaH,!J;HYI,
J1H)l(etteptt11 u BOeHHOHaY'IH:t1 Kap;p11 3a Hy)!(,!l;MTe Ha 6onrapcKara BoI1cKa. Pa3rnep;aH
11 rrpwer e 3aKoI;I 3a B'bpxoBHMJI ap;M11H11CTpar11BeH C'b,LI, c Kol1ro rpa)f(,[laH11Te craBar
3all.\l1TeH11 OT CBOeBOJI11.JITa Ha ap;MMHMCTpaTMBHMTe BJiaCT11.
2 CllopMHpaHe Ha EaAKaHCKHH C'bl03
KoaJIMQMOHH11.JIT Ka611HeT 06.JIB.R:Ba MMponI06rrna B'bHllIHa IIOJIMTMKa. B C'b~oro

apeMe TOBa e ep;uH OT Hal1-TPYAH11Te rrep11op;11 3a 6'bnrapCKara p;11nnoMaQ:t1JI. IIpaBJIT
ce orr11r11 Ja c6n11)!(eH11e c TypQ11JI c ep;11HcTBeHaTa QeJI p;a ce o6neK'll1 )!(MBOTa Ha 6'bJI-
rapcKoro HaceneH11e :B MaKe,!l;OH11JI. B3ern: ca MepKM p;a ce nonpe'l11 Ha ccpopM11paHeTO
11 rrpeMMHaBaHeTO Ha 'leTM OT 6'bnrapCKa Ha rypCKa repl·1TOp:t1.R:, rrpaBJIT ce OTCT'bIIK11
3a aMHMCTMpaHe Ha C'b,!J;eHI-ne no IIOJI11Tl1'leCK11 rrpM'll1Hl1 6'bnrap11, 3a npeK'bCBaHe Ha
aKJ.\l1RTa 3a JaceJIBaHe Ha MYXa,!J;)!(11p11 B l\.faKep;oH11JI. B ~ap11rpap; He npo.R:BJIBaT ro-
TOBHocr 3a yp;oB11ernop.11BaHe Ha 6'bnrapcK11Te 11cKaH11JI. T'bKMO o6paTHOTO, Ha 6'bn-
rapo-rypCKaTa rpaH:t1Qa OT 3acap;a e y611T 6'bnrapcK11JIT ocp11Qep Kan. feoprneB. ATMHa
235
Hacnp<JaBa rpnQKaTa rrporraraHAa, EenrpaA HacTORBa 3a crropa3yMeHMe Ha ornosan
Ha ITOARJI6aTa Ha MaKeAOHMR. BcM'IKO TOBa e B Il'bJieH pa3pe3 C'bc rneABaHaTa B rrpo-
A'bJI)KeHMe Ha TPM AeceTMJieTMR 6nnrapcKa CTpaTerMR 3a 3arn;1na Ha TepMTop11anttara
QRJIOCT Ha MaKeAOHMR. HacT'bITMJIWTe yrno)KHeHMR B Me)KAyHapoAHaTa w 6anKaHcKa-
Ta o6CTaHOBKa rrpaBRT w36opa rrpeA EnnrapwR HeOTJIO)KeH. ,Ua ocTaHe caMa 11nu: Aa
npORBW fOTOBHOCT 3a OTCT'bilKM - B'brrpoc, KOHTO He T'bprrw OTJiaraHe.
A HaQWOHaJIHMRT B'brrpoc, CB'bp3aH c orno6o)!(AeHMeTo Ha MaKeAOHt1.R u: 011-
puHcKa TpaKMR K'bM 1911 r. CTOM Bee orn;e HeperneH. HwTo eAHa OT ABeTe TeHgem-11111
3a HeroBoTo pa3pernaBaHe - peBOJIIOQMOHHaTa ('IMRTO KYJIMMHaQMR e l1nMHAeHcKo-
Tipeo6pa)!(eHcKoTo B'bCTaHMe OT 1903 r.) I1 A11I1JIOMaTM'leCKaTa (pecpopMeHYITe HHl1-
QMaTWBI1 Ha PycMR, ABCTpo-YHrapMR, AHrnMR OT 1903 M 1908 r.) AaBaT O'IaKsam1re
pe3ynTaTM. ToBa rrpMHY)KAaBa 6nnrapcKoTo npaBwTeJicTBo Aa ce opweHTMpa K'bM so-
ettHaTa TeHAeHQMR. TR ce Hanara M OT BRpHaTa rrpeQeHKa 3a npoMeHRlll;MTe ce Me)!(AY·
HapoAHM OTHorneHMR. OcpopMMJIMTe ce B KpaR Ha XIX M Ha'IaJioTo Ha XX B. soeHHll
rpyrrMpOBKW Ha AHTaHTaTa M Ha IJ;eHTpanmue CMJIM ca B HaBe'lepMeTO Ha CBeToBeH
BOeHeH c6JI'bC'bK. Tnpce:ti:KM C'bI03HMQM cpeA 6anKaHCKMTe A'bp)!(aBM, Te npo.RBJrnar
roTOBHOCT Aa rrpeHe6perHaT 6epnMHCKWTe perneHMR. TaKa B Ha<JaJioTo Ha XX BeK Eep-
JIWHCKMR AMKTaT Beqe He e AOKyMeHT'bT, o6eAMHRBarn; BeJIMKMTe cMJIM B 3aIJ.\l1Ta Ha
TepMTopuanHaTa QRJIOCT Ha OcMaHcKaTa MMnepMR.
BoeHHaTa anTepHaTMBa ce B'b3rrpweMa M OT C'bCeAHWTe 6anKaHCKM cTpaHt1 - fop-
QMR M Cnpforn, KOMTO cnrn;o MMaT TepMTopMaJIHM rrpeTeHQMW K'bM OcMaHcKara ttMrre-
pwR. OrpattM<JeHMTe MM MaTepMaJIHH M 'IOBernKM pecypcM, KaKTO M rreqanmrnr orr11r
OT caMOCTOJITeJIHO rrpeAIIpMeTW aKQMM rM 3aCTaBRT Aa Tp'brHaT no II'bTJI Ha egHHOAell-
CTBWeTO. 3a M3rpa)!(AaHeTo Ha eAMH EanKaHCKM C'bI03, Haco<JeH cpern;y OcMaHcKara
MMnepMR, Te pa3'1!1TaT MHOfO Ha EnnrapwR, He3aBMC11MO OT ceplil03HMTe MM pa3HOrna-
Cl1JI no Bnrrpoca 3a MaKeAOHMR.
EAHa TaKaBa 6anKaHcKa KoaJIMQMR e )KeJiaHa M OT A'bp)KaBMTe Ha AHTattrara,
cTpeMRlll;M ce Aa rrocTaBRT 6apwepa Me)KAY TypQHR M fepMaHWR, KaKTO w K'bM ycra-
HOBRBaHeTo Ha CTpaTerM'leCKM KOHTpOJI HaA TipoJIMBMTe. B WMeTO Ha Te3t1 ~elltt, 3a
Aa rrocpeAHW'laT cpeA 6anKaHCKMTe HapOAW ce 3aeMaT AMIIJIOMaQMWTe Ha Pyrn.R tt AH-
rnwR. B I1eTep6ypr, JlOHAOH M TiapW)K o6aqe rneAaT Ha eAMH EanKaHcKw C'bl03 eA11H-
CTBeHo KaTO Ha OT6paHwTeJIHa KOaJIMQWR, KORTO Aa He cpopcwpa C'b6MTMJITa, 3a ):la He
ce cTMrHe rrpe)KAeBpeMeHHO AO roJIRMa BO:ti:Ha. 3a TaKaBa rrpe3 1911-1912 r. A'bp)!(aB11-
Te OT AHTaHTaTa CMJITaT, qe He ca orn;e fOTOBW.
3aA'hJI6o'laBarn;aTa ce Kpw3a B OcMaHcKaTa wMrrepMR - an6aHcKwTe B'hcraHl1!l 11
nopa)KeHMeTo :H B'bB Bo:ti:HaTa c J1TaJIMR (1911 r.), yCKopRBa rrpoQecwTe Ha 6anKaH-
CKOTo o6Bnp3BaHe. B EenrpaA M CocpMR Bee no-<JeCTo 3arro<JBaT Aa ce no3osasar Ha
cpaKTopa"BpeMe" - T. e. qe cera e croAHWRT MOMeHT Aa ce yAapM TypQMR u Aa ce pen111
6aJIKaHCKHJIT HaQMOHaJieH B'brrpoc.
,UornnoTO rrpe3 MapT 1911 r. no BOJIRTa Ha Qap <DepAWHaHA rrpaBMTeJICTBO Ha J1saH
EBcTp. rernoB (BKJIIO'IBarn;o IIOJI3Barn;MTe ce c AOBepueTO Ha PycwR HapogHa rrapT!Ul
M TiporpernBHOJIM6epanHa napTMR) npoKapBa orn;e rrpe3 IOJIM 1911 r. B Hapo.11ttoro
cn6paHMe M3MeHem1e Ha '!JI. 17 OT TnpHoBcKaTa KOHCTlilTYQWR. HoBaTa MY peAaKI.\1111
II03BOJIJrna Ha QapR l1 npaBl1TeJICTBOTO p;a CKJIIO'IBaT TaMHl1 Me)l(p;yHapop;Hl1 p;orosop11

6e3 C'brnac11eTo Ha Hapop;HoTo co6paH11e. Cnep; TOBa 6onrapcKaTa p;11nnoMaQl1R c'b-
cpeAOTO'IaBa l13QRJIO BHl1MaH11eTo CJ1 Bopxy nperosop11Te Coe C'bp611R. Copforn 3aeMa
II'bpBO MRCTO B CKaJiaTa Ha 6onrapCKJ1Te npeAIIO'It1TaHlilR rropap;u Herrocpep;cTBeHOTO
If C'bCeACTBO l1 rro-roJIRMa Cl1Jia B cpaBHeHvte c OCTaHaJIJ.1Te 6aJIKaHCKJ.1 p;'bp)l(aBJ1.
B yrnoBHRTa Ha p;11HaMvt'IHa u HerrpeK'bCHaTO J.130cTpR~a c o6cTaHOBKa Eonra-
p11J1 Tporsa rro TI'bTR Ha KOMIIpOMJ.1Ca J.1 OTCT'bIIBa OT rrpvtHQJ.1IIa 3a Hep;eJIJ.1MOCT Ha
MaKeAOHHR. Hafl:-Hanpep; 3arroqsaT rrperoBopvtTe enc C'bp6uR. IIpe3 HOeMBpH 1911 r.
T'bproBCKaTa KaMapa B CoqmR 3arroqsa rrperosopu c'bc cpo6CKl1Te ToproBCKJ.1 opra-
Hl13ar.vrn 3a C'b3p;asaHe Ha CMeceH KOMHTeT 3a HKOHOMvt'IeCKo u KYJITYPHO C'bTPYAHJ.1-
qecTBo Me)l(p;y p;seTe CTpaHl1. Tosa p;orrptrnarn 3a 3arnnsaHe Ha TDproscKMR o6MeH.
CpeA rrptt'IJ.1HJ.1Te 3a aKTJ.1Bl13ttpaHeTo Ha OTHOilleHHRTa CbC Cop6uR e u KpHTJ.1'IHOTO
rrorro)!(eHwe Ha 6onrapwTe B MaKep;omrn, KOMTO c'bcTaBJIRBaT 52,3% OT 06~11R 6pofl:
Ha HacerreHMeTO. MJiaAOTYPQl1Te npoBe)l(p;aT IIOJIHTJ.1KaTa Ha OTOMaHl13Ma, 3arnra~a
xp11cTJ.1RHCKOTO HaceneHwe. Ilornep;sa cpe~a Ha Ms. EscTp. fellIOB c'bc cpo6cKMR MJ.1-
Hl1CT'bp-rrpep;ceAaTeJI M11nosaH MvrnosaHOBM'I Ha 28 cerrTeMspu 1911 r. Ta3vt cpe~a e
npeABapvtTeJIHo rrop;roTseHa OT 6onrapcKHR AHIIJIOMaT .ll Pvr3oB.
TaKa Ha 29 cpespyapw 1912 r. MsaH EscTp. fellIOB u cp'b6CKJ.1R rrpeMHep Munosa-
HOBl1'1 IIO,D;IIMCBaT B CocpMR C'bI03eH p;orosop, rrpup;py)l(eH OT TaMHa BOeHHa KOHBeH-
l.ll1JI J.1 HRKOJIKO ,D;OII'bJIHMTeJIHJ1 crropa3yMeHJ.1R. ,UseTe CTpaHM rroeMaT 3aA'bJI)l(eHJ.1eTO
ga CJ.1 OKa3BaT B3aMMHa TIO,D;Kpena c BCJ.1'IKl1 HaJIJ.11IHJ.1 BOeHHJ.1 CJ.1JIJ.1 npu HaTiaAeHJ.1e
Ha rpeTa p;op)l(aBa - T. e. TypQvrR MJIH AsCTpo-YttrapuR cpe~y C'bp6uR. B rnyqafl:
Ha C'bBMeCTHa sofl:Ha cpeuw TypQMR, EonrapwR ce attra)l(11pa p;a yqacrna c 200 xun.
apMHR, a Cop6vtR - c'bc 150 XMJIR,D;Ha. "5IApoTo" Ha AOrosopa e "TattHHR aHeKc" - T. e.
crropa3yMemteTo 3a cop;6aTa Ha ornorosaHvtTe OT OcMaHcKaTa MMrrepwR 3eMw. Cnopep;
Hero C'bp6vtR np113Hasa 6e3cnopH0To npaso n'bnrapvtR p;a snap;ee 3eMHTe J.13TO'IHO OT
p. CrpyMa u Pop;onwTe, a EonrapliIR npvt3HaBa ToBa npaBo Ha Cop6wR 3a 3eMvtTe Ha
cesep 11 cesepo3anap; OT lliap IIJiaHMHa - T. e. Kocoso u Hosona3apcKJ.1R caHA)l(aK. 3a
ocHOBHara 'IacT OT MaKep;oHliIR ce npep;Btt)l(p;a aBTOHOMHo ynpasneHHe, Ho BeAHara ce
npasH yrosopKaTa, qe "aKo Tosa Hee B'b3MO)i<Ho': TR rnep;Ba p;a 6op;e rrop;eneHa. 3eMJ.1Te
IOrovt3TO'IHO OT JIJ.1Hl1RTa Kpusa nanaHKa - Oxpup;cKoTo e3epo ce p;asaT 6e3ycnoBHO
Ha Enrrrap11R (T. Hap. - "6eJcnopHa 30Ha"). TepurnpirnTa Me)l(p;y pa3p;enuTeJIHaTa JIJ.1-
Hl1JI 11 lliap nnattwHa e onpep;eJieHa 3a "cnopHa 30tta': 3a 'IHRTO rrpwHap;Jie)l(HOCT - K'bM
E'brrrap11R unu Cop6vrn, pernasaI.Qa ~e 6op;e p;yMaTa Ha pycKHR Qap. C T03J.1 p;orosop,
11rnopupa~ 6onrapCKaTa eTHM'IeCKa xapaKTepvtcTvtKa Ha MaKep;oHHR, rrpasuTeJICTBO-
ro Ha fewos rrpasliI ttenpocTMMa vrCTopuqecKa rpewKa c cpaTaJIHH nornep;vtQJ.1 3a 60-
Ae!I\eTO Ha 6onrapCKaTa HaQliIR.
Broporn 3BeHo OT EanKaHCKJ.1R C'bI03 - Eonrapo-rpoQKHR p;orosop e rrop;rrucaH
Ha 16 Matt 1912 r. B Cocp11R c nocpep;HM'IecTBOTO Ha aHrnvtticKaTa p;unnoMaQMR. ,Uoro-
sopnr H3o6~o He pa3rJie)l(p;a TepwTopwaJIHJ.1 BorrpocH - Te ca ocTaBeHH 3a cnep; soti-
Hara. ,[(orosopoT e TaeH 11 e B c11na TPM rop;ttHl1, HO MO)l(e p;a 6op;e nop;HOBRBaH 3a no
eAHa roAHHa, aKo ep;Ha OT cTpaHMTe He ro p;eHoHclirpa. Hepa3p;enHa qacT OT ,Uorosopa
3a or6pamtreJieH C'bI03 e BoeHHaTa KOHBeHQMR, nop;nucaHa B CocpuR Ha 22 cerrTeMBpw
237
Pocuiia AHzenoaa
1912 r. OT J1B. EscTp. fernos .11 reH. Ji1B. <Pwies, .ll IlaHac .11 Kan. PI. MeTaKcac. KoHBeH-
Ql1RTa e nop;n.11caHa neT p;H.11 cne,a; KaTo Eonrap.11R .11 Cop6.11R o6JIBRBaT Mo6mrn3al\11H.
Ennrap.11R ce 3a,a;nm1<asa ,a;a Mo6.1111.113.11pa 300 x.1111. apMl1R, a fnpQ.11>'1 ~ 120 Xl1TI.R,l1Ha
apMMR .11 cprroTa, KORTo TpR6Ba ,a;a npeK'bCHe c'bo61.QeH.11RTa Me)Kp;y Mana A3l1.R l1 Es-
ponewcKa TypQ.11R. f pnQKOTO npaB.11TerrcTBo He npl13HaBa 6nrrrapo-cpn6cK11Te ,11oro-
sopeHocT.11.
MarrKo no-K'bCHO seqe K'bM ocpopMeH.11R EarrKaHCKJ.f C'bl03 ce np11coe,a;l1H.RBa 11
'iepHa ropa. ToBa He cTasa Tpyp;Ho, T'bM KaTo qepHa ropa BO,IV1 OTKp11Ta attrl1rypcKa
.11 npopycKa B'bHIIIHa nomtTJAKa. Crre,a; ycTHJ.f p;11n110MaT11qecK11 nperoBopltl ce nocr11ra
cnrnac.11e - Ennrap.11R ,a;aBa 3aeM 3a .113p;p'b)l(Ka Ha qepHoropCKaTa apMJAR no BpeMe Ha
BOttHaTa - no 750 000 JIB MeceqHo 11 ce cnrnarnBa qepHa ropa nnpBa p;a o6RBl1 sol1Ha
Ha TypQ11R.
HeRcHa ocTaBa no3l1Ql1RTa Ha PyMnHl1R, KORTO nop; HaTMCKa Ha fepMaHl1H 11
AscTpo-YHrap11R, OTKJIOHRBa noKaHaTa 3a yqacTMe B Cn103a. PyMnHMR o6aqe Oll\e OT
1903 r. 3aJIBRBa, qe .11Ma npeTeHQl1M 3a MaKep;oH.11R B rnyqau, qe ce Hapyurn craryK-
BOTO Ha EaJIKaHJ1Te. Tep11Top1rn11HaTa KOMileHCaQJ.fR KORTO TR l1CKa e 3a CMerKa Ha
Ennrap11R - p;o JIMHMRTa Pyce - BapHa.
C p;orosop11Te Ennrapm1 3aCTaBa npe,a; TpeBO)[(HM Bnnpoc11Terrm1, KOY!To sno-
cnep;cTBJAe ce npeBp'bIQaT B C'bp;6oHOCHM MCTop11qecKM rpernKM. 0TCT'bnrreHl1eTO OT
npMHQMna Ha Hep;eJIMMocr Ha MaKep;OHMR npaBJA 6nmapcKaTa no3MQHR c11rrHo Y.R3Bl!-
Ma cpe~y aTaKJATe Ha cpn6CKaTa p;JAnrroMaQMR. YrnoBMR 3a 6n,a;e~a so~rna cb,a;bplKaT
11 Heypep;eHMTe Tep11Top11arrm1 Bnnpoc11 c fnpQMR. IIpaKT11qecK11 CTO)[(ep Ha EarrKaH-
CKl1R C'bl03 e Enmap11R, CK1110qsaii!KJ.1 ,a;sycTpaHHl1 ,D;orosop11 c ,a;pyrnre yqacrn111111,
HO 6e3 Te ,a;a ca o6snp3aHl1 no C'bl.Ql1R HaqMH noMe)l(,JW c11. OrneH TOBa obrrrap1rn
ce HaeMa ,a;a Mo611JI11311pa Hatt-MHoro6pottHaTa apMl1R - 500 000, c KO.f!TO ,a;a n0Kp11e
Hatt-Te)l(Kl1R TpaK11ttcK11 ceKTop Ha npe,a;cTORI.QaTa BOttHa. IIpeHe6pernaT e 60!1tt1111r
TeaTop B MaKep;oHMR - "copQeTo" Ha 6nrrrapcK11Te HaQMOHaJIHM B'b)[(AerreHl1.R. TaM c
BOeHHa Hep;aJIHOBl1,ll;HOCT e l13npaTeHa caMO e,a;Ha ,ll;l1BJ.f3vrn, ,!l;OKaTO C'bl03H111\l1Te ,lll1C-
JIOQl1paT QeJIJ.f apMMJ.f.
3. 06.HBHBaHe u xo~ Ha IlbpBaTa IiaAKaHcKa BOHHa

(oKT. 1912-MaH 1913 r.)
Ilpe3 JIRTOTO Ha 1912 r. HaQ110HarrH11Te cTpacTJ.t B En11rap11R ce pa3ropell.\11BaT

rnep; M3BeCTl1RTa 3a TypcKJ.f )l(eCTOKOCTl1 B MaKep;oH11R - B 11\Mn 11 KoqaHY!. ITp11311-
BJ.1Te 3a B'b3Me3,a;11e c soeHHl1 cpe,a;cTBa HenpeK'bCHaTo ecKarr11paT. Hanpa3HVI ocrasar
yc111111RTa Ha se1111K11Te c111111 p;a npep;oTspaTRT oqepTaBa~aTa ce 6aJIKattcKa soi!Ha.
Ilo npep;sap11TeJIHO cnopa3yMeH11e npas11TeJicTBaTa Ha EnmapMR 11Copforn06.RBHBaT
Ha 17 cenTeMBpl1 1912 r. 061.Qa Mo611JI113aQl1R Ha CBOl1Te BottcKl1. MarrKo CJie):\ rosa
C'b~OTO npas11 11 TypQl1R. Ha 30 cenTeMsp11 1912 r. C'bl03Hl1Te l\np)!(aBl1 orrrpas,qr
KoJieKTMBHa HOTa p;o B11coKaTa nopTa. B HeR ce HaCTORBa TypcKOTO npaBVIrerrcrso
He3a6aBHO ,a;a np11cT'bill1, 3'aep;HO c BeJil1Kl1Te Cl1Jll1 l1 6aJIKaHCKl1Te CTpaHl1, KbM pa3-
'J'.tQ
HOBA E'b!ITAPCKA UCTOPMH (1878-1944)
pa6oTKa 11 npoBe)l(,n;aHe Ha peqioplvrn B Espone:ikKa Typl\HR, npep;BI1Ip;eHI1I B 'IJI. 23 OT

EepmrncKHR p;orosop - T. e. npe,n;ocTaBRHe Ha p;eticTBHTenHa ap;MMHMCTpaTMBHa aB-
TOHOMHR. c Ta3M HOTa-yJITMMaTyM BoIIpOC'bT 3a "Mvtpa MJIIII BOMHaTa" e npexsopJieH
11a ce pernasa B 1..J,apI1Irpa,n;. Ha 1 OKTOMBPIII TypcKoTo npaBIIITeJICTBo orxBopJIR III3npa-
rettara HOTa, a Ha 3 OKTOMBpM CK'bCBa )J;IIIIIJIOMaTvtl.feCKIIITe OTHOIIIeHIIIR c EonrapMR III
Cop6vt.s:i. B OTroBop Ha 5 OKTOMBpIII 1912 r. EonrapIIIR, Cop6I1IR vt fopl\HR o6RBRBaT
aofrna Ha Typl\MR.
EonrapCKaTa BOMCKa Ha6poRBa npI1I6JII1I3vtTeJIHO 600 XHJIRp;11 .r1yrn11. TR e rpyn11-
paHa B Tp11 apMHIII no,n; poKoBo,n;crnoTo Ha rettepan11Te Barnn KyT11w1eB, H11Korra J.1Ba-
HOB V1 Pap;KO ,1J;11MI1ITpHeB 55 III ce Hacoqsa cpeuw OCHOBHIIITe TypcKIII C:t1JI:t1 B J.13TO'IHa
TpaKHJJ:. BopxoseH rnaBHOKOMaHp;BalJ..\ e 11ap <Depp;11ttaHp;, c noMOlJ..\H:t1K reHepan-JieMT.
M. CaBoB, a feHepaJIHIIIR :w;a6 e no,n; poKOBop;crnoTo Ha reH. -Ma:t1op J.1BaH ¢11qeB.
MHoro 60JirapI1I, 6e)l(aHl\III OT MaKep;oHIIIR H Op;p11HcKa TpaK:t1J'I ce CTHl.faT KaTO
1106poaon11111,3 MaKe,n;oHo-o,n;pIIIHCKOTO onoJil.feH11e. To Ha6poRBa 15 p;py)l(I1IH11 c o6ll.\O
16 860 6o:i1:11w, npe,n;so)l(p;aHM OT 3anarn11R reH.-Ma:i1:op H11Kona feHeB, HaqaJIH:t1K-lJ..\a6
- Ma:i1:op IIeTop ,D;opBil!HroB. Ep;:irncrneHaTa 6onrapCKa qacT B MaKep;oHHR e Cep;Ma
rrexoTHa pHJICKa ,ll;IIIBM3IIIR, Ha KORTO e B'b3JIO)!(eHo p;a HaCT'bIIH TIO )J;OJI:t1HaTa Ha p.
CrpyMa.
HacT'bIIJieHMeTo Ha 6oJirapCKaTa apM11H B J.13TO'IHa TpaKHH 3anol.fBa cyrpHHTa
Ha 5 OKTOMBpM 1912 r. cne,n; KpaTKa apTMJiepmkKa nop;roTOBKa. J.13HeHap;aH:t1Te Typ-
CKl1 rrpvtKpHBalJ..\M qacTM He y,n;op)l(aT Ha HaT:t1CKa Ha 6orrrapCKHR npoB ernaJIOH M OT-
CThIIBaT. O:w;e B nopB11Te roJieMM cpa)l(eH11R, KO:t1TO ce BO)J;RT Ha JI:t1H:t1HTa O,n;pwH-Jlo-
3eHrpap;, 6onrapCKaTa apMIIIR nocTMra 3a6eJie)!(vtTenH11 ycnexJ:I. TR pa3611Ba TYPl\IIITe
rrp11 cenaTa CenwoJiy, feqKeHJIH, IIeTpa, EcK11nonoc H rn o6poll.\a B naHHl.fecKo 6Rr-
crno. Ee3 601'1 na,n;a CMJIHaTa KpenocT Jlo3eHrpap;, npeB3eTa OT BHe3aIIHo HaxnyJiaTa
Tpera apM11R Ha reH.-JieMT. P. ,1J;I1IMMTp11eB, 3a KORTO TYPCKOTO KOMaHp;BaHe B'b06lJ..\e
He rrop;o3wpa. Hey,n;op)l(IIIMil!Te 6onrapcKIII aTaKIII "Ha HO)I(': 6op3oTo HaCT'bIIJiemre, na-
H11Kara cpep; TypCKaTa apMHR III ,n;p., npep;:t13B:t1KBaT B'b3TOpra Ha qy)!(,ll;:t1Te KopernoH-
/leHTH l1 re c B'b3XIIIJJJ;eHIIIe M Cli1MIIaTIIIR onpe,n;eJIRT 6onrapcKOTO HaCT'bIIJieHlire KaTO
"rroMHTall.\aTa JiaBIIIHa", "MoJIHHeHoceH HaTttcK", "Hel.fyBaHa xpa6pocT" :11 np. A 3a npe-
B3eMaHeTO Ha JI03eHrpa,n; BOeHH:t1RT KopecnoHp;eHT Ha aHrJI:t1MCKV1R BeCTHIIIK ",1J;eMJI:t1
TeJierpacp" Jiy11 Eop3Il!Ha :w;e HaIIIIIllle "IIpeB3eMaHeTO Ha JI03empa,n; e ep;:t1H OT Ha:t1-
roJieMl1Te Tp11yMqrn, KaKB:t1TO B'bo6:w;e BOeHHara MCTOpHR II03HaBa''. B3eT:t1 ca MHoro
llJieHHHl\M H Tpoqielll - rrymKM H 46 opop;:t1R.
1-faBeCTHo 3a6aBRHe or 6oJirapCKa crpaHa no3BOJIRBa Ha nporHBHHKa ,n;a C'b-
cpeAOTO'fvt CIIIJIHTe CM Ha sroparn oT6pamnenHa JIHHHR JIIOne6yprac-EyHapxwcap.
EbJirapcKoTo KOMaH,n;BaHe pa3nope)l(,n;a Ha IIopBa III TpeTa apM11R ,n;a npop;'bJI)!(aT Ha-
CT'bIIJieHuero, Karo ilopBa apMMR aHra)l(IIIpa npoTIIIBHHKa no qipoHTa, a Tpera apMHR
55 Pa11:Ko ~JIMHTpHeB e poAeH B c. fpaAel\, CmrneHcKo Ha 24 cemeMBp11 1859 r. Y'facrna B Arr-

p1rncK0To B'bCTaHJ.1e vr PyCKo-rypCKaTa BOJ1Ha (1877/78). 3aa'bpllIBa BoeHHOTO )"ll1JIJ1I11e B Coqnrn.
B3eMa )"lacrue B Cp'b6CK0-6'bnrapCKara BOHHa KaTO KaITJ1TaH J1 IIOMOI11Hl1K-Ha"!aJIHJ1K Ha 111a6a Ha
3ana11mrn Koprryc. 3aa'bpurna HuKoJieBcKara reHepan-111a6Ha aKaAeM1-n1.
239
Pocu4a AHzenoBa
TpR6Ba p;a HaHece peurn:TeJieH yp;ap H ro oT6JI'hCHe no 6pera Ha MpaMopHo Mope u or-
Kptte n'hrn K'hM Uapttrpap;. IIpoTHBHHK'hT npeB'h3XO)f(p;a no 6po:ti: 6'bnrapcKHTe sol'i-
CKH. Cpa)f(eHHRTa Ha <f>poHTa 3ano•rnaT Ha 17 OKTOMBpH 1912 r. b'hnrapcKHRT ycrpeM
OTHOBO e Heyp;'hp)f(HM H rnep; HRKOJIKO p;neBHH 6oeBe TYPQHTe OTHOBO OTCT'hnsar K'bM
rrornep;HaTa CH OT6paHHTeJina JIHHHR - qaTaJip;)f(aHCKaTa, OTCTORI.Qa caMO Ha 40 KM OT
CTOJIHQaTa UapHrpap;. Heo6xop;HMOCTTa or Me)f(,D;HHHO 3BeHo Me)l(p;y fnaBHOTO KO·
MaHp;Bane H apMHHTe npttHy)l(p;aBa Qap <Pepp;HHaHp; p;a Ha3Ha'"IH reH.-ne:tfr. P. L(ttMll-
rpHeB 3a KOMaHp;BaI.Q C'hep;:r1rnemne Il'hpna H Tpera apMHR. C TOBa ce cnara 1-1a•IaJIOTO
Ha <f>poHTOBOTO KOMaHp;BaHe. IIo6ep;aTa Ha 6'bnrapcKaTa apMWR npw nrone6yprac-Ey-
HapxHcap, 3annaTena c QeHaTa Ha 2 536 y6ttTH H 17 000 paneHH e roJIRM ycrrex Ha
6'hnrapcKoTo BoeHHO H3KYCTBo H cnopep; B. ,,TaitMc" - ,,HCTHHCKWRT repoii Ha Aemr e
6'bJirapCKJ1R rreXOTHHCKH BOUHHK''. 3a ycneXV!Te Ha 6'bJirapcKOTO HaCT'hnnem1e CITO·
MaraT H aKTHBHHTe p;e:ti:cTBHR Ha p;o6poBOJI'iecKwTe 'ieTH Ha MwxaHJI fepp;)f{HKOB, Cr.
IleTpoB, nopy'"IHK ,[(11Mo ARHOB H p;p., KOHTO p;e:ti:crnaT B CrpaHp;)f(a nnaHHHa. Typl.\llH
3ary6Ba noBe'ie OT 40 000 p;yurn.
Ycnopep;Ho c 6o:ti:HHTe .n;eiicTBHR na Il'hpBa 11 Tpern apMHR Bropa apMHR Ha reH.
H. l1BaHoB 3arnra o6p'h'ia OKOJIO Op;pwHcKaTa KpenocT, KORTO e B o6cap;a p;o npes3e-
MaHeTo ii npe3 MapT 1913 r. Ycneumo p;e:tfcrnar :w 6'hnrapcK:wTe oTpRp;H B PoAOIIHTe
11 BenoMop:weTo (MaKep;oHo-op;p:wHCKOTo on'hJI'IeHwe). YcnelllHOTO HaCT'hnnem1e Ha
K 'hpp;)f(am1:tfcK11R :w '"la CT OT Pop;oncKMR oTpRp; no p;oJIHOTO Te'ieHwe Hap. Map1111a rrpe-
K'hCBaT n'hTR 3a OTCT'hnJieH11eTo Ha 51Bep nallla. Ha 14 HOeMBpw TOM e o6Kp'h)f{eH rrp11
Ilennoc :w e npwHyp;eH p;a ce npep;ap;e. Il'hTRT K'hM DRJIO Mope e OTKpHT.
IIo6ep;eH e u Maplll'hT Ha Cep;Ma p11ncKa p;V!BV!3WR no p;on:wHarn Hap. CrpyMa, rneA
KOeTo ce oTnpaBR K'hM ConyH. TR o6aqe ce 3a6aBR c ep;:wH p;eH. fp'hQKOTO rnamIO KO·
MaHp;BaHe B pa3pe3 C'hC C'bI03Hl1'-lecKwTe c:w 3ap;'hJI)f(eH11R BJIV!3a B nperosopw c Ha'lan-
HV!Ka Ha TypcKHR rapHl130H :w MY o6eI.QaBa 113rop;H11 ycnoBHR na Kan:wryna11wJ1. TaKa
ConyH ce npeBp'hI.Qa B KoH<f>JIHKTHa TO'"IKa Ha 6'hnrapo-rp'hQKHTe OTHornemrn:.
Ilp:WHOC 3a BOeHHJ1Te ycnexw l1MaT 6'hnrapcKJ1Te aBHaTop:w, KOHTO l13BnpumaT
6o:ti:n:w H pa3y3HaBaTeJIH11 noneTH nap; Op;pwH u npep;vt3BHKBaT HCT11HCKa nanwKa. Coe
cBoeTo 60-UHo MaiICTopcTBO ce OTJIH'iaBaT neTQHTe - nopyqwQHTe Ilpop;an TapaK'lll·
eB, Pap;yn MvtJIKOB vi XpIKTO TonpaK'"IHeB. Il'hpBaTa 6oM6app;vipoBKa e l13BnprneHa
Hap; op;pvtHcKaTa )f(n rapa Kapaaraq na 16 OKTOMBpH 1912 r. YcnelllHO p;eiicrnar 6on·
rapcKHTe MopRQJ.1 nop; KOMaHp;BaHeTo na Kan11TaH II paHr ,[(HMHT'hp ,[(o6peB. Ha 7HO·
eMBpH 1912 r. Topnep;onoceQ'hT ",[(p'h3K11" ropn11nvipa vi H3Ba)f(p;a OT crpoR rypcKll/!
Kpa:ti:Qep "XaM:wp;:we''. qepnoMopcKHRT <f>nor nop;noMara H 6'hnrapcKHre soii:cKw rrpeA
qaTaJip;)l(a.
Ilo6ep;H nOCTHraT J1 6'bJirapcKHTe C'hl03HHQH, KOHTO HMaT cpeI.Qy ce6e CH rro-cna·
6a rrpoTHBHHKOBa BoifcKa. Cp'h6CKaTa apM:wR 6'hp3o yCTaHOBRBa KOHrpon tta11 Bap·
p;apcKa MaKep;oHHR, a rp'hQKarn - Hap; Ere-UCKa, En:wp vr Tecan:wR. B Enttp l1 Arr6aHHI!
HenpeB3eTH ocTaBaT caMo KpenocTHTe 5.IHHHa H lllKop;pa. B nop;Kpena Ha C'bI03HHI\HTe
BOIOBaT '"leT:wTe na BMOPO, KOHTO orno6o)f(p;aBaT Mnoro cena H rpap;ose. B rnx ce 113·
240
HOBA E'bHI'APCKA UCTOPUJI (1878-1944)
rpa)!(Aa cp'b6CKa Iii rp'br.wa soeHHa agMJ11H11CTpaQ11.H, KORTO Harrara cypos soeHeH 0Ky-
rra11110HeH pe)l(JllM. MHoro qeTJll Ha BMOPO ca pa3op'b)Kem1, a BOAaq11Te JllM 1136J11Tl1.
3arro11Ba Macosa geHaQJllOHaJilil3aTopcKa norr11T11Ka cnpRMO 6'brrrapcKOTO Hacerrem1e.
J13rragHarra B 6e3Jll3XOAMQa, Ha 29 OKTOMBp11 1912 r. OcMaHcKaTa 11Mrrep11JI JllCKa
rrp11Mttp11e rrp11 J113rogH11 3a o'hrrrap:irn ycrros11.H. Uap <Pepg11HaHg e ofoeT OT 6orre3He-
nara aM611Ql1.H ga srre3e TpJ11yMcparrHo B UapJ11rpag. 3aTOBa TOH oTXB'bprrR HarrpaBeHoTO
rrpeAJIO)KeH11e JI! 3arrom1gsa 111ypMa Ha l.farnrrg)KaHcKaTa II031i1Ql1R, rrpeHe6persaiiK11
rrpeAyrrpe)!(geHJllJITa Ha reHepamne P. ~liIM11TpJ11eB 11 H. cP11111es. ArnKaTa 3ano11sa Ha
4 noeMBp11 1912 r., HO crreg gsygHemrn O)!(ecTOqeH111 6oese 11 Te)KKJ1 )!(eprn11, 6nrrrap-
CKv!ll ycTpeM e crrpRH. 3aTosa gorrpJ11HaCJI KaKTO xorrepHaTa errJ11AeM111JI, TaKa 11 cBe)!(J1Te
rypcK111 nogKpenrreHlllJI, rrpexs'bprreHJll OT Marra A3111JI. Orr111TJ11Te Ha TypcKOTO KOMaHg-
Batte 3a KOHTpaHaCT'brrJieHJlle 3aBnpnrnaT c Heycrrex. B11coKaTa rropTa e oKypa)!(eHa 11
rro speMe Ha rrper0Bop11Te 3a rrpJ11M11pJ11e, a rro-K'bCHO 11 3a M11pa B JloHgoH, 3aeMa rro-
TBnpAa II0311QJ1JI.
EABa cera 6nrrrapcKoTo KOMaHgBaHe pernasa ga rrperosopR 11 Ha 20 HoeMsp11
1912 r. rrp11M11p11eTo e cKmoqeHo. 3as'bprusa rrnpBaTa cpa3a Ha BOHHaTa. CaMo 3a eg11H
Mece116nrrrapcKJ11Te BOHHJllQJll 11 ocp11QepJ11 C'bKpyrnasaT OCHOBH11Te rnm1 Ha 11Mrrep11-
ara l1 3aCTaBJIT fiopTaTa ga MOJIH 3a M11p. CBeT'bT e CMaJIH OT BJ1COK11.H 6oeH gyx Ha
AOB'lepaUIHJ1.H po6, OKoHqaTeJIHO HagMOrHarr 6oR3'bHTa CJ1 rrpeg BeKOBmrn rropo611-
ren. CseTOBH11Te ocsegoM11TerrH11 areHQ11Jll pa3HarnT sepmne gyM11 Ha Te)KKO paHeH
6'bllrapcKll! BOHHHK, 3ary6J11JI qacT OT p'bKaTa CH: "PnKaTa Miii e CTaHarra no-MaJIKa, HO
Ennrap111R 111e 6nge rro-rorrJIMa''.
B Ha'larroTo Ha geKeMBPJll 1912 r. B JloHgoH 3ano'IBaT MHpm!Te rrper0Bop11. Te ce
B0)1HT TIOA KOHTporra Ha BeJIJllKJllTe CHJIJll, cep1103HO 3arpm1<eH11 ga He 611 6arrKaHCKH.H
Kott¢rr111KT ga npepacHe B rrpe)l(gespeMemia 06111oesporreC1CKa Bo11na. JloHgOHCKaTa
Kott¢epeHQlllR Ha C'bI03HJ111VHe JI! TypQ11.H ce OTKpvrna Ha 16 geKeMBpH 1912 r. B gso-
pe11a "CeH ~)!(ettMc''. OT rrpegsapJ11TeJIHJ11Te coHga)Kll! ce pa36111pa, 'le TypQHR He )!(eJiae
11a orcTDrr11 rp. OgpHH. Ha gpynrn geH ce oTKp1rna nocrraH11'leCKa KOHcpepeHQHR Ha
Ben11K111Te rnrr11. TR B3eMa pellleH11e ,n;a ce 001ryp11 "AOCTaT'b'leH X11HTeprraHg" Ha Ua-
p11rpaA 11 q.HJIOTO Kpa11::6pe)!(Jlle Ha MpaMopHo Mope.
IJ03YJq111JITa Ha 6arrKaHCKJ11Te C'bl03HHQJll e TypQ11JI ga OTCT'bTIYI BCM'IKYI 3eMY! ceBe-
p03anaAHO OT JI11H11JITa MJ11gHJI-EHoc, Ho cpe111aT KaTeropw11mrn ii: oTKa3. B Hal.JaJioTo
Ha 1913 r. rrperosop1ue ca npeKpaTeH11, ThH KaTO Ha 10 Jrnyap111BUap111rpage113B'bp-
wett BoeHeH rrpespaT. HoBoTo "MrragoTypcKo" npaBY!TeJICTBO 3aJIB.HBa, qe u~e Tnpc11
6narorrpY1RTeH 113xog Ha 6oH:HoTo rrorre. OT Marra A3YIJI TO npeXBnprrR rne>Irn rnrr11.
Ha 16 RHyap11 1913 r. B JloHgOH gerreraTHTe Ha C'bI03em!Te gop)!(aBH Bp'b'IBaT HOTa Ha
rypcK11JI npegcTaBMTerr PeruJ11g narna 11 npeyCTaHOBJIBaT rrperoBopwTe. BegHara crreg
rosa - Ha 17 JIHyapJ11, reH. M. CaBoB Jll3gaBa AHpeKTHBa 3a B'b306HoBRBaHe Ha BOeH-
H11re AeHCTBlllJI.
Ha 21 J1Hyap11 1913 r. 6011:HJ11Te geH:crn11JI ca B'b3061-10Be1-111. 3ano11Ba BTOPJllR eTarr
Ha II'bpBaTa EarrKaHcKa BOMHa. 0111e rrpe3 geKeMBpw 1912 r. 6nrrrapcKoTO KOMaHgsa-
He Cb3AaBa l-J:eTB'bpTa apMJllJI 3a geMCTB11.H K'bM faJIMIIOJICKOTO HanpaBJieirne. 3a KO-
Matt):\Ba~ e 1-1a3Ha1:1eH reH.-Mailop CTJllJIJllJIH KoBa'leB. 3agal.JaTa Ha Ta3Jll apM11JI e ga
241
Pocm1a AHzenoBa
opram13Mpa oT6paHaTa no 6pera Ha MpaMopHo Mope u p;a rrpep;oTBpanr TypcKoTo

HaCTbrrneHue B rpo6 Ha 6onrapcKMTe BOMCKH rrpM l.JarnRp;)l(a. 3ap;a"IaTa Ha TypcKaTa
apMMR e p;a M3Bopnrn p;ecaHT rrpu EynaMp M illapKbOW, p;a pa36Me l.Jernoprn 6onrapCKa
apMMR M M3Re3e B nm Ha IlopBa M Tpern 6onrapCKa apMMR rrpM l.JarnRp;)l(a. CneA TOBa
Tpn6Ba p;a ce pa3K'bCa o6cap;arn Ha Op;pMH.
Ha 26 RHyapM 1913 r. TypCKHRT EynaMpCKM Kopnyc OT faRMnoRcKarn apM11R 3arro'l-
Ba HaCT'bnReHMe. QeRTa e p;a ce pa3rpoMRT 6onrapMTe H p;a ce M3Bopnm coe.r111Hemre c
TypcKMR p;ecaHT npM illapKboJ/1. 3aBop3BaT ce O)l(eCTO"leHM 6oeBe. D'bRrapcK11Te soli-
CKM npeMMHaBaT B HacT'brrnem1e no u;aRaTa RMHMR u OTXBopRRT Typu;uTe np11 yKpe-
neHaTa ByRa«pCKa TI03MIJ;MR. Ilo"ITM IJ;RRaTa TypcKa Texm1Ka ocrnBa Ha 6oJ/morn rrone.
Ep;HospeMeHHO c HacTonneHMeTo Ha faRunoRcKaTa apM«R TypcKoTo KOMaH):IBaHe cro-
Bapsa c 20-30 Kopa6a OKORO 40 000 p;yurn BOMH11IJ;M 11 oqm:u;epM 3anap;HO OT lllapKbOli II
3anoqsa HacTonneHHe. TyK Te ca nocpei.u;Hanr OT 6onrapcKwTe on'bR"leHcKM APY)l(WHJI.
BonrapcKoTo KOMaH):IBaHe 6op3o Hacoqna K'bM T0311 pawoH pep;oBHa sowcKa OT lJer-
BopTa apMMR. Typu;nTe ca pa36wnr w 3ano"IBaT p;a ce Bpoi.u;aT Ha Kopa6wTe.
B Kpan Ha nuyapu 11 Ha"lanoTo Ha cpespyap11 1913 r. 6onrapCKaTa BoTl1cKa ycrrern-
HO oT6RnCKBa TypcKoTo HaCTonneHMe np11 1faTaRp;>KaHcKaTa rro311u;wn. OcyeTeH e11
OTIMT'bT 3a BOeHHOMOpCKl1 p;ecaHT npu illapKbOW 11 ByRaHp. vfaxop;bT Ha BOfrnara ce
pernasa npu op;puHcKaTa KpenocT. Op;p«HCKHRT rapH«30H ce C'bCT011 OT 50 000 soli-
Hl1IJ;H 11 ocp11u;ep11 c 524 opop;l1R. KoMeHp;aHT Ha KpenocTTa e MexMep; 1llyKp11 rrarna,
l13BCCTeH c noTyrnaBaHeTO Ha J1mrnp;eHCKo-Ilpeo6pa>KeHCKOTO B'bCTaH11e OT 1903 r.
Tow 11 cyRTaHCKl1RT Bepeu C'bBeTHl1K - repMaHCKl1RT reHepaR KonMap cpoH .r1ep fom1
narna, BHCOKoMepHo TBopp;nT, qe ca Hanpan11nw BOI'IKO, 3a p;a 3ap;op>KaT Kperrocna.
Ilocnep;mrnT o6w'IaR p;a Ka3Ba, qe Op;p11H MO)l(e p;a 6op;e npeB3eT caMo OT npyCKara
apM11R 11 TO cnep; p;onra o6cap;a.
3a Op;pwHcKaTa orrepau;wn BTopa apM11R e yc11ReHa c BOMCK11 11 06ca.r1tta apnrne-
p11n. B noMOI.IJ; e np11BRe"leHa w BTopa cpn6CKa nexOTHa p;11Bl13MR. Tn e pa3rrono)l(eHa B
3anap;HMR ceKTop Ha KperrocTTa. Ilpep;Bl1)1(p;a ce aTaKaTa p;a ce rrpoBep;e OT J13rnqm1a
ceKTop, cpei.u;y Ha:i1:-c11nHaTa 'IaCT Ha KpenocTTa - cppoHTOBeTe A:i1:Ba36a6a, KecreH-
JIMK w TarnTa6wn. Cnep; i.u;aTeRHa rrop;roTOBKa w op;o6peHwe OT rnaBHOTO KOMaH,11BaHe
Ha rrnaHa, Ha 11 MapT 1913 r. B 13. 30 qaca Op;p11HcKaTa orrepau;11n 3arro<rna c MO!l\eH
apTwRep11I1cKH ornH. B p;syp;HeBH11Te O)l(eCTo"leH11 6oeBe OT 11 p;o 13 MapT 1913 r. 6bn-
rapcKHTe BOWCK11 rrpoRBRBaT l13KJIIO"IMTeReH repol13'bM. Crreu;11aRHM I.I.\YPMOBl1 rpyn11
pa3K'bCBaT TeReH11Te 3arpa>Kp;eHHR, rrporrpaBRMKM IT'bT Ha aTaKysai.u;uTe rrexorn11 qac-
Tl1. Ep;Ho cne.ri p;pyro rrap;aT BCM'IKM TypcK11 yKperrneHMR. Ha 13 MapT 1913 r. ce rrpe11a-
Ba 11 OCHOBHaTa TypcKa apMMR Ha"leRO c 1llyKp11 rrarna. IlReHeHH ca 14 reHepana, Hall
2 000 oqrnu;ep11 11 Hap; 50 000 BOWH11u;11. KaTO Tpocpe11 ca B3eTM 113 opop;MR, 46 Te)!{KI!
KapTe"IHMIJ;M M OKORO 12 000 rryrnK11.
IlpeB3eMaHeTo Ha Op;p11HcKaTa KperrocT e HaW-BMCOK Bpox Ha 6onrapCKaTa 6ol1na
cnaBa 11 BOeHHO M3KYCTBO. To ce )J;'bJI)l(M npep;u BCM"IKO Ha xpa6pocTTa Ha 6onrapcK11-
Te BOMHH l1 Ha reHMR Ha BOeHHOTO KOMaHp;BaHe. Ilap;aHeTo Ha O.rip11H cMaJ/rna Espana.
MHoro qy)l(p;11 BOeHHM cneu;MaRl1CTM 11 .rienerau;MM ( cppeHcKa, aHrnMTlrcKa, xonaH,llCKa,
aMep11KaHCKa, MTaJIMaHCKa, pycKa, repMaHCKa, 6enr11I1cKa 11 RITOHCKa) rrpHcrnraT Ha
242
HOBA E'b!II'APCKA UCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
M!lcro, 3a ):la npoyqaT onJ11Ta Ha 6nmaplllTe. C na):laHeTo Ha 0ApMHcKara KpenocT Ean-

KattcKaTa BOJ1:Ha OT 1912-1913 r. 3aBnpIIrna 3a EnmapMH. l(eHaTa Ha no6e):laTa e 61 278
y6im1, paHeHJ/l M 6e3cJie):IHO M3'Ie3HaJIM. 3ary6uTe ca .r1ane'I noBe'Ie OT Te3M Ha fnpQMH
11 Copforn B3eTM 3ae):IHO, KOlilTO BOI-OBaT Ha BTopocTenem-rn cppottToBe.
ITa,llaHeTo Ha 0ApMH onpe):leJIR rro-HaTaT'bIIIHMH pa3Bol1 Ha cn6MTMHTa. TypcKMTe
rapttH30JH1 B 5IHMHa JI! lIIKo):lpa C'bll\O ce npe,llaBar. KpenocTTa 5IHMHa, oT6paHHBaHa
or Eca,ll nama c 15 000 ocpm-~eplll JI! BOl1HMQ11 e npeB3eTa c IllYPM Ha rpnQKara apMMH
na 20 cpeBpyap11 1913 r. HenplllMMPMMOCTTa Ha HOBOTO TypCKo npaBMTeJicTBo e npe-
qyrreHa M TO TIOAHOBRBa J\.rnpHlllTe nperosopu B JioH):IOH. PeIIIeH11eTO ,Ila ce 06pa3ysa
arr6aHCKa ,llnp)f(aBa e curHaJI 3a KOMeH,llaHTa Ha HenpeB3eTaTa norne.r1Ha TypCKa Kpe-
rrocr Ha EanKaHlllTe - lllKo):lpa. Tol1 peIIIaBa .r1a npe,I1a,I1e KpenocTTa JI! ):la ce OTTenrn
BbB BnrpemHOCTTa Ha An6aHJ/lH. Ha 10 anp11n 1913 r. llIKo.r1pa e 3aB3eTa OT C'bI-03HM-
qecKHTe BOl1CKM.
OKoH'IaTeJIHara no6e):la HaA TypQMH B'bB sroptrn eran Ha Bofrnara ornrypHBa
6rraronpHRTHJ/l ycnoBJllR 3a C'bI-03HHQHTe Ha JIOH,l\OHCKHTe nperoBopH. Ha Te3H npero-
soptt H36yxBaT ocTplll rrpoTlllBope'IHH Me)f(AY rnx. BnoIIIaBaT ce OTHOllleHHHTa Me)f(AY
Ennrap11H lil PyMnHHH B'bB Bpn3Ka c repHTop11aJIHli!Te npeTeHQlillil Ha EyKype111 K'bM
Co¢ttH, Karo "KoMneHcaQHR:" 3a 6nnrapcKOTO pa31IIHpeH11e B TpaKHH H MaKe):IOHlilH.
PyMoIICKaTa AMTIJIOMaQHR: onpaB,[\aBa rno11Te HCKamrn enc cn111ecrnyBaHeTo Ha BJialll-
KO ttaceneH11e B MaKe,[\OHlilR, Koero TR cMJITa 3a pyMnHQH.
oaBHJil.ilT Hanpe,[l'bK Ha nperoBOpHTe B JIOH,l\OH Kapa C'bI-03HHl~HTe ):la 3aTIO'IHa'{
11a rrperpynHpaT CBOJl!Te BOeHHJ/l cHJIJ/l c orne.r1 Ha HOBa Bol1Ha. Ha 17 Mal1 1913 r. ce
rrpoBe)K,lla nnpBOTO H TIOCJie,[\HOTO 3aCe,[\aHHe Ha TIO,l\HOBeHaTa KOHcpepem~H.il 3a MMp.
I10}:\rr11caHJ11HT B Kpal1Ha cMeTKa rne):I npo,1\'bJI)f(!1TeJIHH nperoBopv1 Ha C'bll\aTa .r1ara
nott}:\OHCKH MHpeH ,[\OfOBOp Me)f(AY ,1\'bp)f(aBHTe OT EaJIKaHCKJilJI C'bI-03 H OcMaHCKaTa
11Mrrep11R nocTaHOBHBa TypQlilH .r1a OTCT'bTIH BCH'IK11 3ei'vll1 Ha cenep H 3ana):I OT JIHHH-
Jira MHAHR-EHoc JI! ocrpoB KpHT, Km1:ro crana rpnQKO BJia,[\eHHe. An6amrn e npoB'b3-
rrraceHa 3a He3aBHCHMa ,[l'bp)f(aBa IIOA speMeHHHJI npoTeKTopaT Ha Ben11K11Te c11m1.
CrreQHaJIHa rnxHa KOMHCHR rpH6Ba .r1a orrpe.r1en11 C'b,[16aTa Ha ocTpos11re B EHno Mope.
C!l111rnHcoB11Te npo6neM11 cne.r1sa .r1a 6'b,[laT peIIIeHH Ha Me)f(.r1ynapo,I1Ha KoncpepeHQHJI
B Tiaptt)K. B'hnpoc11re 3a soeHHorrnenHHQHTe, TIO,l\C'b,l\HOCTTa, nproBHJITa 11 np. ce
ype)l(}:\aT OT cneQt-iaJIHJ/l KOHBeHQJiIJll.
oaJIKaHcKaTa BOWHa pemaBa caMO 'IaCTH'IHO 6nmapcKH.fl HaQHOHaJieH Bnnpoc.
ITpe}:\CTOJIT Te)f(Kl1 nper0Bop11 C'bC C'bI-03Hl1QHTe 3a OKOH'IaTeJIHa TIO,[\JIJI6a Ha OTBOI-0-
Bamffe Tep11rop1111. BnnpeKH BCH'IKO TH OCTaBa B 6'bmapcKaTa HCTOpH'IeCKa naMeT
Karo HaQHOHaJIHa errone.fl, KaTO Bpnx Ha HaQHOHaJIHO-OCB060.r111TeJIHOTO ,[\BH)f(eHHe M
OCb!QeCTBJIBaHeTO Ha ,[\eBJ/l3a ,,EaJIKaHHTe 3a 6anKaHCKHTe Hapo.r111''.
4. BTopaTa 6aAKaHcKa BOHHa - nbpBa HaguonaAua KaTacTpolJ1a
Cne.r1 npeycTaHOBHBaHeTo Ha soemrnre .r1el1crn11JI E'hmap11H nona.r1a B Hatt-C'b):l-

6m10rn11JI nepHOA Ha CJie,[\OCB060)f(,[leHcKaTa CM MCTOpMR. Tipe,llCTOJil yrn'bp)f(,llaBa-
243
HeTO Ha pe3yJITaTJ1Te OT no6ep;OHOCHaTa oaJIKaHCKa BOHHa, C KOeTO p;a Ce 3aBnplll11
HaQHOHaJIHOTO o6e,a;uHeHue. To'IHO cera u36y.1rnaT RpKo HeCbBbprneHCTBaTa Ha npe11-
BapuTeJIHHTe ,a;oroBopeHOCTH, Jll30CTpRT ce npoTHBope'IJl!RTa Me)l(,a;y Cbl03HJl!l\l1Te, B
'IHRTO ocHoBa CTOJI! no,a;Rn6aTa Ha MaKep;oHJl!R.
B cbce,a;HHTe 6anKaHCKH CTOJIJl!QH rpy6o npeHe6pernaT ,a;oroBopeHOCTHTe, Bopxy
KOHTO ce H3rpa)l(,a;a EanKaHCKHR Cbl03. Te npeTeH,a;HpaT 3a BCH'IKH 3eMH, Bopxy KOl1To
ca CTbilJl!JIH cpo6CKH H rpbqKH BOHCKJI!, 6e3 ,a;a ce Cbo6pa3RBaT c HCTopw-1ecK11Te I!
eTHH'IeCKH peaJIHOCTH, c rnaBHHR npHHOC Ha 6bJirapCKaTa apMHR 3a 6bnrapCKara no-
6e,a;a. f pbQKaTa ,IJ;HilJIOMaQHR ce OCJiaHR Ha <}laKTa, 'le p;BycTpaHHJl!RT ,a;oroBop c Enn-
rapHR OT MaH 1912 r. He onpe,a;enR c<}lepuTe Ha BJIHRHHe B MaKe,a;oHHR. TaKa He m10
cnopHaTa, HO u 3Ha'IHTeJIHa 'IaCT OT 6e3cnopHaTa 30Ha nona,a;a no,a; cpb6CK!ll KOHTpon,
a rbpl\HTe rnaraT pbKa Ha noBe'IeTo 3eMJI! OT EreHcKa MaKe,a;oHHR. B 6bmapcK11 po11e
oCTaBa caMo l13TO'IHa MaKe,a;oHHR. HaBCRKbp;e qy)l(,D;Jl!Te oKynaQHOHH!ll BJiacrn ce
pa3npaBRT Hal1-6pyTaJIHO c OillllT!llTe Ha HaceJieHHeTO ,a;a 3alQHTH 6bJirapcKaTa Cl1 Ha-
QlllOHaJIHa u,a;eHTH'IHOCT. ITpeCTpeJIKJl!Te JI! Bbopb)l(eHHTe c6JibCbQJI! c 6bnrapcK11 '!eT11
CTaBaT e)f(e,a;HeBHJ.1.
ITpeTeHQ!llH npe,a;RBRBa JI! PyMbHlllR, Jll3TbKBaHK!ll KaTo apryMeHT HeyTpanttara
cu no3!11QlllR. KaTo KOMneHcaQJl!R cpelQy 6brrrapcKoTo pa3rn111pem1e B MaKegott11J1 11
3a )l(HBeeIQMTe TaM 70-80 XJl!JIR,D;M KYQOBJiacJI!, rn HCKa TepHTOpHH OT IO)l(Ha )lo6py-
,D;)l(a. Ha npoBe,a;eHaTa noCJiaHJl!'IeCKa KoH<}lepeHQlllR B ITeTep6ypr npe3 anpHII 1913 r.
BeJIJl!KJl!Te cHJIJI! HanaraT obnrapHR ,a;a OTCTbilJI! rp. CHJIMCTpa JI! HeHHJl!Te oKonttocm
ITeTep6yprcKJl!RT npoTOKOJI e no,a;nucaH Ha 26 anpHrr 1913 r. JI! e ,a;oKa3aTeJICTBO, 'le
Bem1KJ11Te CJl!JIJI! ce pa3nope)l(,a;aT npou3BOJIHO cbc Cb,IJ;6J11HJ11Te Ha obmap11a. He3aBl!-
cuMo OT TOBa PYMbHCKJl!Te npeTeHI.~Jl!J.1 3a IO)l(Ha ,[J;o6py.n;)f(a ocTaBaT.
He6naronpwRTHO 3a obnrapHR e JI! OTHOWeHHeTo Ha BeJIJl!KJl!Te cHJI!ll. Pyc11R, oc-
HOBaTeJIKaTa Ha oaJIKaHCKJl!R Cbl03, Hanpa3HO Ce OilJl!TBa p;a BHece p;yx Ha IlOM11peHl!f
B 6anKaHCKHTe B3aHMOOTHorneHHR, HaCTORBaHKJI! 3a 6onrapcKJI! OTCTbilK!ll rrpe11 Arn-
Ha JI! Eempa,a;. OT ITeTep6ypr npe.n;naraT, HO He ,a;oBe)f(,a;aT ,a;o ycnerneH Kpa(t rrposeJK-
,a;aHeTo Ha KoH<}lepeHQJl!R Ha MHHMCT'bp-npe,a;ce,a;aTem1Te Ha p;bp)f(aBt1Te OT EanKatt-
CKMR Cbl03. AHrJIJ.1R OCTaBa BRpHa Ha Tpa,a;Jl!QJl!OHHJl!Te CJI! npHCTpaCT!llR K'DM f np!11!ll.
<PpaHQHR C'bl.QO 3alQHTaBa fopQMR 11 Cbp6HR JI! npaBM on11T ,a;a BbBJieqe PyMnHl1JI B
aHTJl!6bJirapCKJI! Mallll1HaQJl!Jll.
B ITapt1)l( Bee no-oTKpHTO H3p;HraT H,a;eRTa 3a l13rpa)f(,a;aHeTo Ha HOB EanKaHCKll
Cbl03 - T03Jll IlbT no,a; <}lpeHcKa erH,a;a, KaTO PyMbHHR 3aeMe MRCTOTO Ha o'bJirap11R. Ha
CBOH pe,a; CTpamne OT QeHTpaJIHJl!Te CJl!JIJ.1 - fepMaHJl!R 11 ABcTpo-YHrap1rn, yrrop11rn
ce CTpeMRT ,a;a pa36Jl!RT 6aJIKaHCKOTO e,a;HHCTBO.
KoM cpe,a;aTa Ha MaH 1913 r. B Eempa,a; 11 ATHHa npeQeHRBaT C'b3,IJ;aJiaTa ce cmya-
QMR KaTo 6naronp11RTHa 3a TeXHMTe QeJI11. Ha 19 MaH, caMo p;Ba ,a;eHa rneg no11rr11csa-
HeTo Ha JloH,a;OHCKJl!R MHpeH ,a;oroBop, B Conytt ce nop;nHcBaT CbI03eH p;oroBop, BoeH-
Ha KOHBeHQJ.1.R u ITpoTOKOJI 3a 061.QM p;el1:cTBH.R, npep;BH)f(p;alQ TRXHa 061.Qa rpaH1111a B
MaKep;OHHR (Ml1HaBalQa Ha 3 KM OT feBreJIJI!), OCHOBaH Ha npHHQMna Ha "cpaKTW!eCKa-
Ta oKynaQMR': ITpu eBettTyanHo HecornacHe OT cTpaHa Ha EomapHR, p;BeTe crpattl! ce
3ap;bJI)f(aBaT p;a ynoTpe6.RT cpelQy He.R BOeHHa cuna. TaKa Ha npaKTMKa M cpopMa11tto
ropwgwqecKM Cnp6m1 M fnpQMR nnpB11 HapyrnaBaT C'bKJ3H11qecK11Te rn 3ap;om1<eHMR

;i cnaraT Kpat1 Ha BanKaHCKMR C'bI03. Ha cTpaHarn Ha Cop611R 11 fnpQ11R npeMMHaBa
1-lepHa ropa, KORTO M3rrpall.\a BOMCK11 B MaKep;oH11R. PyMnH11R cJiep;11 BHl1MaTeJIHO KOH-
~JII1KTa Me)l(p;y 6aJIKaHCKl1Te p;np)l(aB11, KaKTO 11 TypQMR.

B o'bJirap11R Qap <t>epp;wHaHp; rrpep;mB11KBa ocTaBKaTa Ha Ka611HeTa Ha MB. EB-
crp. fernoB. CcpopM11pa ce HOB KoaJil1Ql10HeH Ka611HeT OT IIporpernBHOJ1116epaJIHarn,
HapogHaTa M ,UeMoKpaTM'leCKaTa napT11R. MBaH EBCTp. fernoB nop;aBa ocTaBKa Oll.\e
Ha 17 Maw 1913 r. M e 3aMeHeH OT p;-p CT. ,UaHeB - np11Te)l(aBall.\ no-p;o6p11 Bpo3KM c
PycwR. Hal roHK 1913 e ccpopM11paHo npaBKTeJICTBO (1 IOH11 - 4 IOJI11 1913) B C'bC-
raB: µ;-p CT. ,D;aHeB - Ml1Hl1CT'bp-npep;cep;aTeJI M M11Hl1CT'bp Ha B'bHllIHMTe pa60T11 11
;i3noBep;aHMRTa, M. Map;)l(apoB - Ml1Hl1CTop Ha BorpernH11Te pa60T11 M Hapop;HoTo
3,IlpaBe, MB. IIeeB - Ml1Hl1CT'bp Ha Hapop;HoTO npoCBell.\eH11e, T. Teop;opoB - Ml1HMCT'bp
Ha qmttaHCMTe, II. A6parneB - Ml1Hl1CT'bp Ha npaBocop;MeTo, reH. CT11JIMRH KoBatJeB
- MI1Hl1CT'bp Ha BOMHarn (oT 28 IOH11 - reH. feoprn Ba3oB), Ar. EypoB - Ml1Hl1CT'bp
Ha roproBMRTa, npoMMillJieHocTTa 11 rpyp;a, All. JIIOp;CKaHOB - Ml1Hl1CT'bp Ha 3eMep;e-
1rnero l1 p;'bp)l(aBHMTe l1MOT11, ,U. 516JiaHCK11 - Ml1Hl1CT'bp Ha 06ll.\eCTBemITe crpap;11,
TI'bTWil\aTa 11 6naroyCTpoi1:cTBoro, ,U. Xp11cToB - Ml1Hl1CTDP Ha )!(eJie3Hl1Q11Te, TIOll.\MTe
;i renerpacp11Te.
5IBHO Qap <t>epp;11HaHp; pa3'1MTa KaKTO Ha HerOBMTe KpattHM I10311Q1111 B OTHOlIIe-
HHRTa rn c 611BlllMTe c11 C'bI03Hl1Ql1, raKa 11 Ha go6p11Te MY Bpo3Kl1 c IIeTep6ypr, c
Ha,Ile)!(p;arn 3a pyCKa rrop;Kperra rrp11 Tep11Top11anH11re crropoBe c'bc Cnp611R. Coll.\eBpe-
MeHHO MOHapxnT M "1<pai1:H11Te" TBbpp;oJIMHe:t:rnw Cl1JI11 Bee TIOBe'le OTp;aBaT npep;rro-
q;iraHI1RTa cw Ha UettTpaJIHMTe CMJI11. ABcrpo-yttrapcKMRT B'bHlIIeH M11H11crop ll.\ep;po
06e111aBa "6e3yrnoBHa nop;Kperra': KORTO MaJIKO rro-K'bCHO ce oKa3Ba rona, Herrop;rrJia-
reHa c HMll.\O cppa3a. TaKa Ha npaKTl1Ka Eonrap11R rroeMa TI'bTR Ha BOMHara c 611Brn11Te
Cl1 C'bl03HI1Ql1 6e3 )J;MIIJIOMaTM'leCKI1 Tl1JI, 6e3 TB'bpp;11 rapaHQI111, qe MO)!(e p;a O'laKBa
pewaBall\a IIOMOll.\ OT CMJieH B'bHilleH cpaKTOp.
Ha 2 IOHM 1913 r. BnnrapwR rronyqaBa rroKaHa or crpaHa Ha Pyc11R B IIerep6ypr
11a ce cn6epaT Ml1HMCT'bp-rrpep;cep;areJI11Te Ha Bnnrap11R, Cop611R, fopQ11R 11 qepHa
ropa. KoHcpepeHQMRTa Ha tJeTwp11Te p;bp)!(aB11 TpR6Ba p;a 6op;e npep;rnecTBaHa OT p;e-
Mo6wn113aQ11R Ha BOMCK11Te. Ha 9 IOH11 ce rrpOBe)!(p;a KopoHeH C'bBer nop; rrpep;cep;a-
rencrnorn Ha QapR M c yqacTMeTo Ha ,UaHeB, Teop;opoB 11 reH. CaBoB. PerneHo e p;a ce
renerpacp11pa B IIeTep6ypr, qe Bnmap11R e rornBa p;a yqacTBa B KoHcpepeHQWRTa, aKo
ce 3a'll1Ta p;oroBopnT 11 ap6wrpa)l('bT B 8-p;HeBeH cpoK. IIornep;Ba HOBa noKaHa or Py-
rn11 11 .[(aHeB p;aBa cnrnacwe 3a yqacTwe Ha E'hnrap11R. Cnp611R o6aqe nporaKa 11 T03l1
KpaT'bK npoMe)l(p;yT'bK CTaBa C'bp;6oHoCeH.
Cnll\eBpeMeHHO cpn6cKoTo 11 rpnQKOTO KoMaHp;BaHe B Ma1<ep;oH11R ynpa)l(HRBa
repop cnpRMo 6nnrapcKoTo HaceneH11e nop; rnxHa oKynaQWR 11 npaBRT BCM'IKO B'b3-
MO)!{HO p;a CJIOMRT cnrrpor11BaTa My. B C1<orr11e e o6pa3yBaH cpo6cK11 BOeHeH cnp;,
KOMTO C'b}J;M BCI1'1K11 qeTHMQ1111 6yttTOBHl1QM 6onrap11, K011TO He ca Harryrnanw C'bOT-
Bernwre ceJIMI.Qa 3a 24 qaca.
3a'leCTRBaT rnyqa11Te Ha cpn6CK11 11 rpbQKl1 l13CT'bTIJieHl1R Hap; 6oJirapcKOTO Ha-
ceneHMe B MaKep;OHMR. Te p;aBaT noBop; Ha rroMOll.\Hl1K rnaBHOKOMaHgBall.\MR reH. M.
245
CaBoB p;a noceni: u;apR, npep; KoroTo KaTeropH'IHO HaCTORBa 3a He3a6aBHM BOeHHl1
p;ewcTBMR. Uap <Depp;11HaHp;, 6e3 p;a cMRTa 3a Heo6xop;MMO p;a yBep;oMRBa CBOR rrpoB
MMHMCT1>p, 3aep;Ho c nop;KpeIIRI.QMTe ro reHepanM pewaBaT p;a "nop;noMornaT" 6011-
rapcKaTa p;11nn0Mau;11R c ep;Ha HaKa3aTenHa onepau;MR cpew;y cp1>6cKMTe YI rp1>QKttre
BOHCKM B 6e3cnopH11Te 30HM YI 3eMMTe, oCBo6op;eHM OT 61>nrap11Te. Ha 16 IOHM u;apilt
p;aBa ycTHa 3an0Bep; Ha reH. CaBOB 3a HacTbnneHYle cpew;y cp1>6cKMTe YI rp1>LI;KMTe no-
3YILI;MM. ATaKaTa e npep;np11eTa Ha 16 cpew;y 17 IOHYI 1913 r. 11 TaKa 3ano'IBa Me)!(JWCb-
I03HM'leCKaTa BOttHa. B T03M MOMeHT n11ncaTa Ha Koopp;11Hau;Y1R Me)f(p;y 0TroBoptt11Te
cpaKTOPYI B E1>nrapvtR - npaBMTencTBOTO, BOeHHOTO KOMaH)J,BaHe M MOHapxa ce OKa3Ba
cpaTanHa. fop;MHM no-K'DCHO 6MBWMRT MMHMCTbp-npep;cep;aTen li1B. EBcTp. fernos xa-
paKTep11311pa Ta3M CTbIIKa KaTo "p;eH Ha npecT'bnHoTo 6e3yMYle''. Ee3cnopHo T03H aKT
e ycnex 3a p;11nnoMau;11RTa Ha UeHTpanHMTe c11nY1. f epMaHCKYIRT KaHu;nep 0T6em13sa,
qe KOHTO M p;a Yl3Re3e no6ep;MTen, Me)f(p;y 61>nrapY1 M C1>p611 w;e ce ycTaHOBRT Tpai'IHl1
Bpa)f(p;e6HYI OTHOllieHYIR.
I1eTCTOTYIH XMnRp;HaTa 61>nrapCKa apMHR e rpynYlpaHa B neT apMMM, C1>Cpe110-
TO'leHY1 Ha 3anap;HYIR cppoHT OT BM)J,YIH p;o ConyH. Cpew;y ce6e rn TR MMa 350 x1111.
cpb6cKa 11 200 xvin. rp1>u;Ka apMHR, nop;noMornaTM OT 12 000 qepHoropu;vi. Eonrap-
CKOTO KOMaHp;BaHe BRpBa, qe w;e MO)f(e p;a C1>Kpyw11 Te3M npoTMBHYIKOBM rnnu, HO
CM 3aTBapR O'IMTe npep; ep;MH peaneH cpaKT. Ha lfaTanp;)f(aHcKaTa no3MU:MR Typl\Hil
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p;a ce HaxB1>pnRT B1>pxy ocTaHanMTe 6e3 3arn;Y1Ta IO)KHM 6bnrapcKM 3eMM. PyMoHHJI e
Mo611n113Y1pana 450 000 p;yw11 YI c'brn;o roTBM MHTepBeHu;vtR. A rpaHMU:MTe Ha cesep 11
roroM3TOK ca ocTaBeHM 6e3 3arn;vtTa. TaKa E1>nrapvtR e Yl3npaBeHa p;a BOIOBa c scwrn11
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TbT OT Me)Kp;yc1>I03HYl'lecKM p;a ce npeB1>pHe B'bB BTopa 6anKaHcKa BOttHa.
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U:YIR. BMecTo p;a ca c1>6paHM B ep;MH IOMpyK, 61>nrapcKY1Te BOHCKM ca pa3nvineH11 Ha
orpoMHO npoCTpaHCTBO Me)f(p;y Bwp;wH YI ConyH. I11>pBY1 3aIIO'IBaT BOeHHvt ,D;etfcTBHil
BTopa VI qeTB1>pTa apMYlvt, p;oKaTO OCTaHan:vtTe OCTaBaT no MeCTaTa CH - Hell.\O He110-
nycTHMO OT BOeHHa rnep;Ha TO'IKa.
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w;e nap;He u;RnaTa OTrOBopHOCT 3a BOHHaTa. CaMo p;Ba p;HYI no-K'bCHO, Ha 18 IOHM, npa-
B:vtTencTBOTO Ha p;-p CT. JJ:aHeB, KoeTo He e :vtHcpopM:vtpaHo 3a HaqanoTo Ha soi'!Hara,
Hape)f(p;a cn:vipaHe Ha BoeHH:vtTe p;ewcTBYIR. Beqe e MHoro K'bCHo. C1>p6Y1R M f opl\Hll
ce B1>3IlOR3BaT OT npep;ocTaBeHYIR YIM rnyqatt YI TeXHvtTe BOHCKYI npeMMHaBaT B Ha-
CT'bnneH:vte no u;en:vtR cppoHT. 3aMHC'bR'bT Ha cp1>6CKOTO YI rp1>D;KOTO KOMaH,D;BaHe e11a
pa3rpoMRT 61>nrapCKaTa apMYIR B MaKep;oHHR, cnep; KoeTo p;a HaCT'bIIRT KbM Cocpttil 11
p;a npwHyp;RT 61>nrapcKoTo npaBYITencrno p;a 06.RBYI KanYITynau;vi:R.
f p1>u;KaTa apMvtR HacT'bnBa no p;onYIHaTa Ha p. CTpyMa, HO CKopo e cnpRHa Jf o6-
Kp1>)f(eHa B KpecHeHcKOTO p;ecpwne. Cp1>6CKY1Te n1>pBoHa'lanHYI ycnexYI C'bll.\O ca cnpe-
HYI. HoBoHa3Ha'leHYIRT Ha MRCTOTO Ha reH. M. CaBOB noMorn;H:vtK rnaBHOKoMaH,D;BaII1
reH. P. JJ:Y1M:vtTpY1eB, 3ano'1Ba eHeprYl'IHO HacT'bnneH:vte. Cp1>6CKaTa apMMR B MaKe110-
HYIR e M3npaBeHa npep; 06Kp1>)KeHY1e M pa3rpoM. Ha 17 IOHM rp1>D;KOTO KOMaH):IBaHe
HOBA E'bllI'APCKA MCTOPMJJ (1878-1944)
3anoBR)l;Ba .n;a ce ym111w)l(11 MaJIKl1R 60JirapcK11 rapHI130H B CoJiyH. 06cTpeJIBaHI1

ca 6omapCKaTa 6oJIHmi;a 11 .n;BeTe 6nJirapcKH rnMHa3l1H B rpa.n;a. PaHeH11 H y6HTl1 ca
MHoro BoeHHl1 11 IJ;l1Bl1JIHl1. CJie.n; O)l(ecrntieH11 6oeBe rnpIJ;11Te OBJia.n;RBaT KyKyrnKara
no3!1I.J;l1R 11 'Il1CTO 6nJirapcKl1R rpa.n; KyKyrn e 113ropeH, a HaceJieHHeTO MY ce l13TerJJR
npe.n; OTCT'bilBaui;ara 6nmapcKa apM:vrn. E.n;Ba np11 KperneHcKara onepaIJ;MR 3anotiBa
penrnreJIHOTO KOHTpattaCT'bnJieH11e Ha 6omapCKara apMHR. AKTMBHO co.n;etfcTBMe
np11 HaCT'bnJieHHeTo Ha 6nmapcK11Te aotfcK11 cpell\y Cop611R OKa3Ba 6nJirapcKoTo
ttaceneH11e B MaKe.n;ott11R. Oui;e np11 o6RBRBaHeTO Ha Me)K.n;ycnI03Hl1tiecKara Boi'1Ha B
THKBernKo c IJ;eHT'bp HeroTMHO, KaBa.n;apIJ;l1 11 c. BaTarna 1136yxaa B'bCTaH11e, ocTaHa-
rro B 11crnp11RTa no.ri; MMeTo T11KBernKoTO B'bCTaH11e. IIo.n; pnKoso.n;crnoro Ha BMOPO
B'bCTaHJ1'IeCKl1Te 'IaCTl1 araKyBaT cpn6CKl1Te 'IaCTl1, pa36l1BaT rn l1 Ha 19 KlHl1 OCB0-
60)!(.n;aBaT Kaaa.ri;apIJ;l1. Cn3.n;a.ri;eHo e apeMeHHO 6onrapcKo ynpaBJieH11e, Koern npo-
coni;ecTBYBa .n;o 24 IOHJ1. D'bJirapcKOTO KOMaH.n;BaHe, BMeCTO .n;a ce B'b3IlOJI3Ba OT TOBa
peurnreJIHO .n;etfcTB11e Ha 6nrrrapcK11Te 'IeT11 B TMJia Ha nporl1BHl1Ka, Hape)l(.n;a qpe3
Xpncro lfrpHoneeB qer11re .ri;a ce l13Tenrnr B nnaH11H11re. Cpn6cK11Te qacr11 ae.n;ttara
3aB3eMaT patfoHa 11 3anotJBaT )KecroKa pa3npaaa c 6nmapCKoTO HaceJieH11e. 11;eJI11 ce-
Meikrna ca 113611T11, MHoro K'bIIJ;11 ca orpa6em1 11 :VI3ropemr.
Ilp11 TOBa noJio)KeH11e Ha 28 IOHl1 1913 r. 6m130 nonoBMH M:VIJIMOHHa pyMnHCKa
apMHR npeKOCRBa 6nJirapcKara ceaepHa rpam1I.J;a. oe3 .n;a cpeni;aT opraH11311paHa c'b-
nponrna pyM'bHCKMTe BOMCKl1 npoHMKBar K'bM cPep.n;HHatt.n; (.n;H. MoHTaHa), OpxaH11e
(l\H. Eorearpa.n;), a c OT,!J;eJIHl1 KaBaJiep11i'1cK11 no.n;pa3.n;eJieH11R - K'bM IIerpoxaHCKl1R 11
V1cK'bpCKl1R npoxo.ri;. l·failOJI3Bai'1:Kl1 oroneHJ1R 6nnrapCK11 nrn, Te )l;OCTV!raT Ha 30 KM OT
Co¢m1. B ,Uo6py.n;:>Ka S-11 pyMnHCKJ1 Kopnyc CJIOMRBa cnnponrnara Ha MaJI06potfH11Te
rpatt11'IHl1 no.n;pa3.ri;eJieH11R w Ha 4 IOJIH 0Kyn11pa ,Uo6pM'I, a Ha rne.n;Ball\11R .n;eH - Ean-
1rnK MBapHa. 3ary611Te Ha pyMnHCKara apMHR ca HRKOJIKO .n;yrn11 M paHeH11.
B pa3rapa Ha Me:>K.ri;ycnI03HM'IeCKara aoi'rna, Ha 30 IOHl1 B'bB BOMHara ce HaMecsa
YI TypI.J;HR. IIo6e.n;eHara B .6aJIKaHcKara soi'rna TypIJ;MR ycrrRBa .n;a B'b3CTaHOBM 11 B'bO-
po)KM CBORra apMMR qpe3 3aeM, oTnyrnaT OT cPpaHIJ;MR. BnnpeK11 npe.n;ynpe)K.n;eHttRra
Ha PyrnR, HeMHMTe BOMCKH npeMMHaBaT .n;eMapKaIJ;HOHHara JIHHl1R M11.n;11R - EHoc 11
peoKynvipar no'ITH IJ;RJia O.ri;p11HcKa TpaKHR. Onarnaat1Kl1 ce or y)l(aCMTe Ha TypcKara
peoKynaI.J;:VHI, 3Ha'IMTeJIHa 'IaCT OT 6nJirapcKOTO HaceneHHe B J13TO'IHa TpaKMR Tnprn
y6e)!(11ni;e B D'bJirapMR. ToBa yJieCHRBa TypcKMR nnaH 3a o6e36onrapRBaHeTO Ha ra311
o6rracr. IIp11 HaCT'bIIHJIMTe Te)KKl1 yrnoBMR rnaBHOKOMaH.n;Ball\HR 6nnrapCKara apMI1R
rrn.-neCiT. P. )lMMMTpMeB .ri;oKa3Ba Ha IJ;apR, tie 6onrapCKara apMI1R e B HeB'b3MO)l(HOCT
)la oKa)!(e no-HaraT'blllHa cnnpoTMBa. Toti npe.n;nara npas11Tencrnorn .n;a 3aIIO"!He He-
3a6aBHM nperoaop11 3a npMM11p11e 11 MMp.
J13rra.n;HaJio B Il'bJIHa 6e3M3xo.n;MIJ;a npaBHTencrnorn Ha .n;-p CT. ,UaHeB no.n;aBa oc-
rasKa. Ha 4 10m1 1913 r. TO e 3aMeHeHo OT npaB1nerrcTBO Ha n116epanHara Koan11-
l.1Y1R, ornaseHo or Bacurr Pap;ocrraBOB (4 rorru 1913-21 IOHM 1918). Heromrnr C'bCTaB
e crre11tt11RT: H. f eHa.ri;11eB - Ml1Hl1CT'bp Ha B'bHll1Hl1Te pa60T11 11 Ha 3eMe.n;en11eTo 11 Ha
Jlop)KaBHJ1Te J1MOTl1, ,II;. ToH'IeB - Ha cp11HaHC11Te, IleTDp Ilernes - Ha npasocn.n;11eTo
YI ynpaBJIRBall\ M11H11crepcTBOTO Ha Hapo.n;Horo npocaeui;eH11e, .>Ketio EaKanos - Ha
ThprOBl1RTa, npOMJ1IllJieHOCTTa l1 rpy.n;a, IleT'bp )l11H'IeB - Ha 06llJ;eCTBeHl1Te crpa.n;11,
247
Pocu4a AH2e11oaa
II'bTM~aTa M 6naroycTpo:t1crnoTo, Eorp;aH Mop<floB - Ha )l(eJie3HMQMTe, noI.QwTe u re-

nerpa<flttTe, feoprtt Ba30B - BOeHeH MMHMCT'bp.
Hap;e)l(,ll;MTe Ha Qap <f>epp;ttHaHp;, qe repMaHo<flttnCKaTa u aBCTpo<flunCKaTa opueH-
TaQMR Ha HOBWR Ka6uHeT I.Qe p;oBep;e p;o p;unnoMaTwtiecKa noMoI.Q oT EepnuH :u BueHa,
He ce onpaBp;aBaT. OT BeJIMKMTe cuntt caMo Pyorn HaCTORBa PyM'bHMR u TypQt1R 11a
cnpaT BoeHHHTe p;e:tlcTBHR. Ha 6'bnrapcKMTe MOJI6tt 3a noMo~ ITapH)I(, JloH):IOH l1 Tie-
Tep6ypr oTroBapRT, qe oTp;aBHa ca npep;yrrpe)l(p;aBaJIH co<flw:tlcKoTo rrpaBHTeJicTBo 11a
He ttapyrnaBa Mupa. Me)l():lyBpeMeHHO BTopa 6'bnrapCKa apMHR rrpe;o;npweMa etteprw1-
Ha aTaKa cpeuw o6Kp'b)l(eHHTe B KperneHCKOTo p;e<flwne rp'bQKl1 qacTH. ITpoBe)!(JlaHe-
TO Ha KOHTpaHaCr'bIIJieHMe rrp:u o6I.QO rrpoTHBHHKOBO rrpeB'b3XO,ll;CTBO H np:u aKTl1BHll
HeroBM p;e:t1CTBl1R no BCM'IKH <flpoHTOBe e B'bpXOBO IlOCTJ1)1(eHl1e Ha 6'bnrapcKaTa ap-
MMR B'bB BOMHaTa. Cera Be'Ie ATHHa MOJIH 3a rrpwMupue. I1'bpBHTe KOHTaKTl1 Me)l(11y
BOIOBaI.QMTe ce yCTaHOBRBaT B Hmn. PyM'bHMR, KORTO e B Ha:t1-tt3rop;Ha II03l1Ql1R Ha-
CTORBa rrperoBopwTe p;a ce BO,D;RT B EyKype~. I1pl1TMCHaT11 - C'bp6ttR 11 f'bpQHR ,11aBaT
CBOeTO C'brJiacue.
Ha 17 10n11 1913 r. B EyKype~ ce oTKp11Ba MttpHa Kott<flepeHQMR, a Ha cne;o;Ball\llR
p;eH e rrop;nwcatto rrpttMHp11eTo. E'bnrapcKaTa i:1enerawrn B C'bCTaB ,lJ;. ToHtieB, reH.-Ma-
:trop :ViB. <f>wqeB, C. J1BaH'IOB, C. Pa;o;eB, noi:1rr. K. CTaH'IOB, T. I1arra3os, IT. He:CrKoB 11
J1B. ,IJ;11MttTpoB l1Ma HerrornnHaTa 3ap;aqa i:1a HaManu rrpeTeHQHHTe Ha C'bp6:uR u fop-
QHR 11 p;a nocTMrHe OT):leJIHO cnopa3yMeHtte c PyM'bHMR. To311 II'bT nptt6'bp3aHocrra Ha
):IMIIJIOMaQMRTa nttrnaBa apMMRTa OT no6ep;a, KORTO 6u ce oKa3ana pernaBaI.Qa 3a xo11a
Ha rrperoBopuTe B EyKype~. Ha KoH<flepeHQMRTa 6'bnrapcKaTa i:1eneraQMR, e npaKrn-
qecKH M3om1paHa. E'bnrapCKaTa apMMR ocTaBa He rro6ei:1eHa B e):IHOMecetIHarn sofrna,
HO 6'bnrapcKaTa p;11rrnoMaQHR T'bpm1 nopa)l(eHue. AHrnMR, <f>paHQMR, fepMaHl1R 3a-
~MTaBaT MHTepec11Te Ha f'bpQMR, C'bp6uR 11 PyMoHMR. PycKoTo 3acT'bIIHl1tiecrno e
Kone6nttBo 11 Herrorne):loBaTeJIHO. ABCTptt:tlcKaTa noi:1Kperra 3a rrp11c'be):l:uHRBaHero Ha
rp. KaBana K'bM E'bnrapuR e 6e3pe3ynrnTHa.
KoH<flepeHQMRTa oTKp11rn Ha 17 IOJIM rrpo):l'bJI)l(aBa p;o 28 IOJIM 1913 r. no;o; npe11ce-
p;aTencTBOTO Ha pyM'bHCKMR MHHMCT'bp-rrpep;cep;aTen Ma:tlopeCKy. TypQHR Hee ,11onyc-
HaTa p;o yqacT11e. EyKype~Kl1RT p;oroBop 3a Mttp e rrop;nucaH Ha 28 IOJIH 1913 r. Me)l(llY
E'bnrap11R, OT ep;Ha cTpaHa, 11 f'bpQMR, qepHa ropa, PyM'bHl1R M C'bp6wR, OT p;pyra. Toil
c'bp;'bp)l(a ep;MH rrpeaM6IOn l1 9 'IJieHa M HOCM 6ene311 Ha HecrrpaBep;n11B ):\l1KTaT cpell\Y
E'bnrap11R. Crropep; p;oroBopa E'bnrapwR oTcT'bnBa Ha PyM'bHMR IO)l(Ha ,I(o6pyp;)!(a 110
JIMHMRTa TyTpaKaH-EKpette Ha qepHo Mope, KaTo "KoMneHcaQttR" 3a rrpVI,1106wrara
EenoMopCKa TpaKMR - Me)l(p;y p. MeCTa u Map11Qa. CTpaHaTa HM ce 3ap;'bJI)!(aBa ,11a Cb-
6optt BCM'IKH yKperrneHMR B Pyce, lliyMeH u pa:tloHMTe 6n1130 p;o Ean'IHK, Ko:Crro C'bll\O
ce 3aB3eMa OT PyM'bHHR.
C'bp6uR nonyqaBa Bapp;apcKa, a f'bpQMR Ere:tlCKa MaKep;oHMR. 3a E'bnrapVIR oc-
TaBa J13TO'IHa (ITupuHcKa) MaKep;oHMR. qn. 3 onpep;enR HOB am rpaHMQa Me)!(JIY Eon-
rapttR 11 C'bp611R: OT Bp. I1aTapttQa p;o Eenac11Qa nnaH11Ha, KaTo I111p11H u rp. CrpyM11-
Qa c oKp'bra oCTaBaT B n'bnrap11R. TaKa C'bp6ttR yBeJitt'IaBa Tep11TopHRTa rn c 39 ODO
KB. KM. qJI. 5 onpep;enR HOBaTa rpaHMQa Me)l(p;y f'bpll;l1R 11 E'bnrapuR, KORTO 3ano'!Ba
OT EenacuQa nnaHMHa 11 113JIM3a Ha ycT11eTo Ha p. Mecrn 11 ERno Mope. C roBa fop-
248
HOBA EnflfAPCKA MCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
l\WH yBeJilif'IaBa IIO'IT.11 p;Ba Il'bT.11 Tep.11TOpmna Cl1 - c OKOJIO 55 000 KB. KM. T'btt KaTO
EnnrapttR .11 t.IepHa ropa HJIMaT o6rn;a rpaHttu;a B AOroBopa He ce TpeTttpaT 6'bJirapo-
qepHoropcKHTe OTHOilleHHJI.
3a 6'bJirapcK.11.11 H3Jia3 Ha Erei1:cKo Mope B p;oroBopa HJIMa crreu;.11aJieH 'IJieH. ITpa-
soro tta E'hmap.11.11 ce o6ocHOBaBa c TOBa, qe l13TO'IHaTa rpaH11u;a Ha f'hpQMJI ce orrpe-
11enH OT EeJiac.11u;a rrnaHHHa p;o yCTweTo Ha p. MeCTa.
o'hmapcKaTa apMHH rrp.11Hyp;.11TeJIHO ce p;eM0611n.11311pa C'brnarno '!JI. 6 .11 ce CBe)Kp;a
]10 C'bCTaBa ii OT MUpHo BpeMe. 0cTaHaJIJ1Te 'IJieHOBe TpeT11paT B'brrpoctue 3a BpeMeH-
Hara AeMapKau;uoHHa JIJ1HJ1JI, 3a IIJieHHJ1Ql1Te, 3a qrnttaHCOBJ1Te 3ap;'bJI)KeHJ1JI OTHO CHO
peKBl13l1Ql1UTe, c U3KJIIO'IeHue Ha '!JI. 1, KOttTO rrocTaHOBJIBa Mwp .11 rrpuRTeJICTBO Me)K-
11Y Bl1COKOp;oroBapRI.QJ1Te ce CTpaHW.
o'bmapcKoTo rrpaBuTeJICTBO He cMJITa Aa rrperoBapR c Typu;.11JI, T'btt KaTo rn Beqe
e rro):lm1caJia JioHp;OHCKHJI p;oroBop. TypcKMTe BoeHHH rrp11roTOBJieH.11JI 3a eAHO eBeH-
ryantto HOBO Harrap;eHue Ha D'bJirapwR AOBe)KAaT AO rrpoMJIHa B 3aMJ1C'bJia.
Ha 16 aBrycT 6'bJirapcKoTo rrpaBHTencrno rrp11eMa rrpeAJIO)KeH11eTo Ha B.11coKaTa
rropra 3a rrp.11Ko crropa3yMeH.11e OTHOCHO rpaH11u;arn .11 Apyr.11Te AByCTpaHHM B'brrpoc11.
IIperoBop11Te 3arro'IBaT B Uap11rpap; u B AeJierau;1111Te yqacrnaT c'boTBeTHo OT 6'bJI-
rapcKa CTpaHa - reH. M. CaBOB, fp. Ha<J:OBM'I 11 A. TorneB 11 OT TypcKa - TaJiaaT 6e:i1:,
MaxMyA rrallla .11 XaJI.1111 6e:i1:. D'bJirapo-TypcK.11Te ornorneHMSI ce ocpopMRT c Uapu-
rpa):ICKMJI AOroBop OT 16 cerrTeMBpu 1913 r. D'bJirap11R OTCT'bIIBa Ha Typu;trn J!faTO'IHa
TpaKMH 6e3 Ma11Ko T'bpHoBcKo, CBuJieHrpaACKO .11 UapeBcKo. IToCTaHoBJIBa ce orn;e
11eM0611n113au;.11JI B cpoK p;o TpU cep;MUQJ1, B'b3CTaHOBJIBaHe Ha p;.11IIJIOMaTU'IeCKl1Te OT-
HOll!eHMJI l1 Ha T'bproBcKaTa KOHBeHQMJI OT 1911 r. Ype)KAaT ce 11 B'hrrpornTe c BoeHH0-
1rnetttt11u;11Te, 6e>KaHQUTe, MIOcpTHUTe .11 AP·
Pe3yJITarnTe OT EyKypern;KMJI 11 Uap11rpaACKJ1JI Ml1pH11 ):lor0Bop11 - 1913 r. rrpeA-
crasmrnaT MCTHHCKa Hau;uoHanHa KaTacTpocpa. HaucTwHa E'hJirap.11R rroJiy'IaBa 23 000
KB. KM B CTpaHp;)J<a, Pop;orruTe, Ee110Mop.11eTO 11 J13TO<J:Ha MaKeAOHMJI, HO ry611 IO)f(Ha
Ao6py):l)Ka (7 695 KB. KM.). Hau;.110HaJIHOTO o6eAMHeJrne He e rrocT11rttaTO. E'hmapuR
ry611 rro-rOJIJIMaTa '!aCT OT .l13BOIOBaHOTO B II'bpBaTa BOUHa, a e rrp11HyAeHa p;a OTCT'bIIJ1
qacr OT CTapaTa CH Tep.11Topu.11. CTpaHaTa J13JIH3a OT BOfIHaTa orpa6eHa, pa3IIOK'bCaHa
wc pa3cTpoeHo CTOIIaHCTBO. Hap; 1 MJIH. 6'bmap11 ocrnBaT B 3arpa6eHuTe OT c'bcep;11Te
3eM11. Hau;110HaJIHaTa KaTaCTpocpa ce p;orr'bJIBa 11 OT OKOJIO 250 000 6e)KaHu;.11, KOHTO
nprnT crraceHue, rrperr.11TaHue 11: rrop;cJioH B 6'bJirapcKaTa A'hp)KaBa. B p;BeTe EaJIKaH-
CKW BOttHM E'b11rapu.11 ry6u rroBe'!e OT 66 XHJIH,LIM y611T1111 Hap; 100 x11JI. paHeH.11. ITop;-
KorraHa e BHpaTa Ha 6'bmapcKHJI Hapop; B'bB B'b3MO)KHOCT.l1Te 3a OC'bill;eCTBJIBaHeTO Ha
HaJ.ll10HaJIHJ1Te 11p;eaJIU. J1KOHOMUKaTa IIOHaCJI rn;eTH 3a Hap; 2 MJip,LI. JIB.
E'hlirapcKoTo KpYilleHue OT 1913 r. rrpep;orrpep;eJIJI yqacTMeTO Ha D'bJirapttR B 3pe-
e111wH CBeTOBeH KOHqm.11KT. E'bmapu.11 OTBCJIK'bp;e rpaHH'IM C'bC CB0.11 3eMu .11 peBaHilI'bT
ce Hanara KaTo OCHOBeH B'bHllIHOIIOJIUTH'IeCKJ1 Kypc.
249
JU1TEPATYPA
EepoB, JI. 1i1KOHOMMKaTa Ha 01>11rapMH npe3 EanKaHcKaTa M Me)f(.J:\YC1>J03HM'lecKaTa BoCrna

(1912-1913 r.) - Ji1Ilp, 1985, KH. 11.
,[(aMHHOB, C. E1>11rapHH B"bB cppeHcKaTa noJIMTMKa (1878-1918). C., 1985.
,[(aMHHOB, C. o"bnrapHH M 6a11KaHCKHTe CTpaHM no speMe Ha BOMHMTe 1912-1918. C.,
1986.
,[(aMJJHOB, C. EsponettcKaTa ,[\MnJioMaQMH M o"bnrapHH B HaBe'leptteTo M no BpeMe Ha
Il1>pBaTa 6a11KaHcKa sottHa 1912-1913. - BJi1C, 1982, KH. 4.
Koces, K. ITo,J:\BMr"bT 1912-1913 r. C., 1986.
MapKoB, r. o"bnrapMH B EanKaHCKMH C"bl03 cpe~y OcMaHcKaTa MMnepHH 1912-1913. C.,
1989.
MapKoB, r. E1>nrapcKoTo KpyrneHMe 1913. C., 1991.
MapKOB, r. K1>M npe.J:\MCTOpHRTa Ha EanKaHcKMH C"bl03 (MapT-cenTeMBpM 19llr.) - Bl1C,
1987, KH. 6.
Monxos, 51. Ilo,[\rOTOBKaTa Ha 6"bnrapcKaTa apMHH 3a EanKaHcKaTa soi'rna 1912-1913 r.
- BJi1C, 1992, KH. 6.
IlaHawoToB, Ji1s. Ji13 pycKo-6"bnrapcKMTe OTHorneHMR npe3 EanKaHCKMTe BOMHtt 1912-
1913 r. - Ji1Ji1Ji1, 1968, T. 20.
CrnTeJiosa, E, P. Ilonos, B. TaHKOBa. Ji1CTopHR Ha 6"b11rapcKaTa ,[\MnJioMaQMR. 1879-1913.
C., 1994.
XIII. HAJJHOHAJ\HO-OCBOliOtlHTEAHO tlBHlliEHHE

HA li'bAfAPHTE B MAKEttOHH.H H OtlPHHCKO
(1893-1912 r.)
B pe3yJITaT Ha Hau,uoHaJIHoorno6o,n;wTeJIHJ!ITe 6op6l1 Ha 6'bJirapcKl1JI Hapo,11 l1 Ha

PycKo-TypcKaTa BOMHa OT 1877-1878 r. ce nocTaBJI Ha'!aJioTo Ha Tpernrn Eonrapm
p;'bp)l(aBa. C'brnaCHo CaHcTecpaHCKJ!IJI Ml1peH .n;oroBop OT 3 MapT 1878 r. EonrapttR 06-
XBarn;a ocHOBHJ!ITe qacTJ!I OT Ml13l1JI, TpaKJ!IJI Ji! MaKe,n;oHJ!IJI. BeJIJ!IKMTe CJ!IJIM BO,lleH11 OT
CBOMTe rno6aJIHl1 MHTepecJ!I Ji! nponrnope'IJ!IJI He npl1eMaT Te3l1 o6nrnpHl1 rpaHtt~tt Ha
cTpaHaTa l1 Ha EepJIMHCKliIJI KOHrpec no,n;nl1cBaT .n;oroBop, KOMTO pa3nOK'bCBa 6onrap-
CKOTO eTHJ!l'IeCKO npocTpaHCTBO Ha neT qacTM.
TaKa cpaKTJ!I'IeCKl'l EepJil1HCKJ!IJIT .n;oroBop C'b3p;aBa 6'bnrapcKJ!IJI Hall,MOHaJieH B'b-
npoc - 3a orno60)1(.n;em1eTo Ji! Hau,woHaJIHOTO o6e,n;wHeHl1e Ha 6'bnrapl1Te B egHa ,11np-
)l(aBa. C'bnpoTHBaTa Ha 6'bnrap!1Te cpern;y EepmrncKHJI .n;oroBop 3ano'IBa cnoHTaHHO
M IIO'ITM e,n;HoBpeMeHHO B'bB BCM'IKW 6'bnrapCKM 3eMH Bep;Hara cne.n; IIO):IIIY!CBaHeTO
My. Il'bpBH W3pa3JIBaT He.n;oBOJICTBOTO cl'! 6'bnrapwTe OT MaKe,n;oHMJI l1 Jif3TO'IHa PyMe-
JIWJI, KOHTO c MHO)l(eCTBO rreTJ!Ill,WW, W3JIO)l(eHHJI M MeMoapw HaCTOJIBaT npe.n; BeJil1Kl1Te
CHJil'l 3a 3arra3BaHe Ha 6'bnrapcKOTO Hall,l'lOHaJIHO e,n;wHCTBo. IIocTerreHHo Ml1pH11Te
rrpoTecTw rrpepacTBaT B no.n;roTOBKa 3a B'bOp'b)l(eHa c'brrpoTHBa cpern;y rrp1.rnaraHe Ha
250
HOBA E'bflfAPCKA MCTOPfl!Jl (1878-1944)
peIIIemuITa Ha EepnwHCKMR ,11or0Bop. B QRJia MaKeAOHMJI ce opraHJ13MpaT 'feTHWie-

CKH 0Tp.1:1,11u, a B KHR)l(eCTBOTO u J13TO'fHa PyMenw.1:1 3ano'fBaT ,11a ce C'b3,IlaBaT KOMJ1-
rern: "EAMHCTBo': KOJ1TO OKa3BaT BcecTpaHHa IlOAKpena Ha 'feTHli1'feCKOTO ABJ1)1(eHJ1e.
Ha 5 OKTOMBpw 1878 r. 1i136yxBa KperneHcKo-Pa3JIO)l(KOTO B'bCTaHMe 3a orno6o)l(Ae-
HHe Ha MaKe,IIOHMR u npucoeAMHRBaHeTo ir KoM KHR)l(ecrno Eonrapirn. fepoH'fHaTa
6op6a Ha 6onrapwTe B paI1:oHwTe Ha Kperna, Pa3nor u MenHHK npo,IloJI)l(aBa AO npo-
nerra Ha 1879 r. KperneHcKo-Pa3JIO)l(KOTO B'bCTaHHe npeTopn.1:1Ba Heycnex, Ho 6wAeJ1:-
KH Hatf-.!:lpKOTO npo.!:1BJieHJ1e Ha CTpeMe)l(a Ha 6orrrap:rt1Te K'bM CB060Aa H o6eAJi1HeHJ1e
rneA Orno6o)l(AeHJ1eTo, TO nocTaBR Ha'fanoTo Ha npoAoll:>KHJIMTe AeceTHJieTMR 6op-
6H. IhpBaTa ycneurna cTonKa no T03l1 noT e CoeAt1HeHMeTO Ha J13TO'fHa PyMemrn c
KHJJ)f(ecrno EonrapwR npe3 1885 r.
1. noJ\.03{eHHeTO Ha 6'bArapHTe B OcMaHCKaTa HMnepH.H CJ\.e]J,
EepAHHCKH.H KOHrpec
CnopeA 'Ill. 23 u 62 OT Eep7Il1HCKJ1R AOroBop B EBponetfCKa TypQHR TpR6Ba Aa ce

ocb11~ecTBRT pecpopMw, KOMTO Aa 3acwnRT caMoynpaBnem1eTo, Aa AonycHaT yqacTweTo
Ha xpMCTJ1RHJ1 B ynpaBneHHeTo, Aa It!3paBHJ:IT rpa)l(AaHcKMTe u nollli1Tli1'fecKHTe npaBa
Me)!(AY pa3JIJ1'fHJ1Te penwrH03Hl1 o6ll\HOCTJ1. BwcoKaTa noprn o6aqe npornKa, OTJiara
HnpoBaJIH BCJ1'fKJ1 0Ill1TJ1 3a pecpopMl1 J1 C'fl1Ta BCeKM B'bHllieH HaTJ1CK B Ta3J1 IlOCOKa
3a ttapylliaBaHe Ha cyBepeHMTeTa na Aop)l(aBaTa. TaKa HaA 6onrapcKOTO HaceneHwe B
MaKeAOHli1R u 0ApHHCKo rrpoAoJI)l(aBa Aa TerHe 'fY:>KAMJIT cou;uaneH, rronvrTM'feCKli1 u
llKOHOMM'feCKJ1 rHeT. AanHMTe Ha li13BeCTHIUI 6orrrapcKH l13CJieAOBaTerr BacMJI KoH'feB
coqar, qe KoM KpaR Ha XIX BeK B MaKeAOHMH :>Kvrne.1:1T oKono 2 258 224 AYllIM. OT rnx
6bJlrapwre ca oKono 52%, cneABaHJ1 OT TYPU:MTe oKono 22%, ropu;wTe - OKOJIO 10% u
T.H. Cr. H. IllmIIKOB KOHCTaTHpa, qe B 0Apl1HCKO )l(l1BeHT o6ll\O OKOJIO 968 758 AYllIH.
Eb/lrapine TYK C'bCTaBJIRBaT oKono 42%, Typqure oKono 34%, ropqvrTe - oKono 18%
wr. H. 06IQo B MaKeAOHMR u TpaKw.11 no TOBa BpeMe 6orrrapMre npeACTaBJIRBaT 55%
OT 1\!IJIOTO HaceJieHJ1e.
CneA PycKo-TypcKaTa BOMHa OT 1877-1878 r. crnnaHcKaTa, MKOHOMM'feCKaTa u
11on11r11'feCKa Kpw3a B MMrrepHRTa ce 3aAoJI6o'faBa. B MaKeAOHMR u 0ApMHCKO ce Ha-
craHJJBaT AeceTKli1 Xl1JIRAJ1 6e)l(aHQH-MIOCIOJIMaHw OT CeBepHa u IO)l(Ha EorrrapMH,
OT Barna u XepQeroBMHa. 3arpa6eHJ1 ca rrpocrnp1m cencKH 3eMvr v. ca o6pa3yBaHJ1
croni1111 HOBJ1 MIOCIOJIMaHCKJ1 qucpmIQJ1. TaKa ce o6e33eMJIRBa xpwcTMRHCKOTO cerr-
cKo ttaceneHHe. EonrapcKMTe ceJIRHM pa6oTJIT B rornoAapcKwre qucpnwu;vr, m:raIQaT
HeTIOCl1JIHJ1 AaH'bIJ;li1 B Harypa J1 napu, IlOAJIO)l(eHH Ha npol13BOJia Ha MeCTHMTe BJiaCTJ1
116e3 rapaHQMR 3a )l(vIBOTa cli1. KpH3aTa B HMrrepvrnra ce orpa3RBa li1 B rpaACKOTO cTo-
rraHCTBO, B ynaA'bKa Ha 3aHaRT'fli1MCKOTO npOH3BOACTBO li1 ToproBt1RTa. 3acJ1JieHaTa
11y)!(Aa KOHKypem~HR li1 ycTaHoBeHHRT Bopxy Typu;vr.1:1 Me:>KAyi-:rapoAeH cpHHaHCOB KOH-
rpon AOBe)l(,IlaT AO pa3opettHe Xli1JIRAH 3aHaJIT'fl11i1 l1 Ape6HH ToproBu;w B rpaAOBeTe,
Ko11ro MacoBo eMurpHpaT B qy)l(forna l1Jili1 TDprnT rrpenHTamre B rno6oAHa EorrrapHR.
Bnacrn:re He nonaraT Hli1KaKBJ1 rpH)l(Ji1 3a C1>3AaBaHeTO Ha MOAepHa npoMMllIJieHocr li1
llKOHOMMKaTa Ha CTpaHaTa He nonyqaBa CTMMynu 3a pa3Bli1TJ1e. IIopo6eHOTO 6onrap-
251
Pocw4a AH2e1106a
cKo HaceJieH:we B MaKep;OHM.H :w Op;p:wHcKo cTpap;a HaJ1:-Beqe OT n:wrrcaTa Ha 3aKOHHocr.

To e IIO)J;JIO)f{eHO Ha rpa6e)f{ M Hac:wrr:we OT CTpaHa Ha B'hprryBaI.QM MIOCIOJIMaHCKW pa3-
6oJ1:H:wqecKM 6aHp;M, KOMTO ro 3aCTaB.sIT p;a IIJiaI.Qa rrpOM3BOJIHM TaKCM M HaJI03J1. ~0-
KyMeHTlilpaHM ca MHOro6poJ1:HM crryqa:w Ha y6MHCTBa Ha M'b)f{e, )f{eHM, p;eQa M OTBJJl!-
qamrn Ha p;eBoJ1:Kw. TaKa Ha 6nrrrap:wTe He ca rapaHTMpaH:w He caMo rrpos'h3rnacemne
OT Eeprr:wHCKM.H p;orosop perr:wrwo3Hl1 :w rpa)f{p;aHCKl1 rrpasa, HO p;op11 11 113KOHHOTO
rrpaso Ha )f{l1SOT.
2. nponaraHAHTe
CoQ11am-10-rrorr11T11qecKM.HT TypcK11 rHeT He e ep;11HcTsettoTo 3JIO 3a 6nnrapCKa-

Ta Hapop;HocT s MaKep;oHl1.H. vfaKrr10q11TeJIHo cep:wo3Ha orracHOCT e orpoMHara ar-
pec11BHOCT Ha C'bp6113Ma M npQ113Ma, KOl1TO 3aIIJianrnaT p;a pa3pymaT 6nnrapCKaTa
Hapop;HOCTHa caMorr11qHOCT. OI.Qe rrpe3 60-Te rop;11H11 Ha XIX s. rrpas11Tencrnara Ha
Cnp6MR :w fnpQl1.sI sop;RT TaHHM rrperosop11 3a rrop;Rrr6aTa Ha 6nrrrapcK11Te 3eM11 s
crryqaJ1: Ha crrorryqrr11sa BOJ1:Ha cpeI.Qy TypQMR. Crrep; EeprrMHCKl1.H Kottrpec I"bpl\1ITe
p;eJ1:cTBaT B IO)f{tta MaKep;OHJ/IR 11 KpaJ1:6pe)f{Hl1Te paJ1:oHM. ITop;Kperr.sIHa 11 ttacnp 1iasa-
Ha OT TypCKMTe srracT:w, rp'hQKaTa rrporraraHp;a wMa ycrrex cpep; qacT OT 6nnrapcKoTO
HacerreHMe, KOeTO S'b3IIp11eMa B'hpxoseHCTSOTO Ha I1aTp11apmirnTa.
Cpn6cK11Te rrpeTeHQJ/IM ce rrpocT11paT Ha 10r OT rpaH11QaTa 11 no p;ommara Ha
p. Bapp;ap. Cpn6cKaTa eKcrraH311R B MaKep;oH11R 3arroqsa c oTsap.sIHeTO Ha cpn6m1
yq11rr111.Qa 11 perr:wrM03HO-Q'hpKOSHJ/I J/!HcT11TyQ11M, cp:wHaHcMpatt11 OT Eenrpap;. ITpe3
1886 r. s Eerrrpap; ce ocHoBasa p;py)f{eCTBOTO "Cs. Casa", q11J.1To Qerr e qpe3 crwrreH.111111
Iii p;pyr11 yrrectteHMR p;a rrp11BJIHqa 6nrrrapcK11Te Mrrap;e)f{l1 OT MaKep;omrn 3a 06}"Iett11e
s Cnp611R. Crrep; Cnep;:wttem:1eTo cpn6cKaTa rrporraraHp;a ce aKTl1SJ/1311pa, nop;Kpernrna

OT BMcoKaTa rropTa. C speMeTo cpn6cK11Te yrrpaBJieHqecK11 cpep;M ycTaHOBRBaT, 11e
ttarraraHeTo Ha rrpeKl1.H cnp6M3'hM e c orpaH11qett MaI.Qa6 11 e o6peqeHo Ha Heycrrex.
3aTosa cpn6cKOTO rrpas11TerrcTso 3arroqsa p;a p;eJ1:CTsa B p;pyra ttacoKa, KaTO C'b3):1a-
Ba Teop:w.sITa 3a T. ttap. "MaKep;oHM3'hM': ITporrarattp;aTa BHymasa, qe ttaceneHwero Ha
MaKep;oHMR He e 6nrrrapcKo, He e cpn6CKo, a e caMo6MTHO 11 HMa CBOR McropttR 11
KyrrTypa. TsopQ11Te Ha MaKep;oHl13Ma 113roTB.HT yqe6Hl1Qlil Ha p;ManeKTeH e3MK, BKotiro
rrp116as.sIT cpn6CKl1 p;yMH. B 3arrap;H11Te Kpa111.Qa Ha MaKep;OHl1.H II'bK p;eJ1:cTBaT an6aH-
CKJ/I 6aHp;lil, KOl1TO qpe3 Hac:wrrMe ce om:1TBaT p;a arr6aHM311paT ttacerrettwern.
B HaqarroTo Ha XX B. 3arroqsa p;a p;eJ1:crna 11 pyMnHCKaTa rrporraraHp;a. B EyKy-
peI.Q ce M3pa6orna Teop11.HTa, qe pyM'hHCKaTa p;'hp)f{aBa e Hacrrep;H11Qa 11 3aKpwnHl1K Ha
ttacerreH11eTo, KoeTo e rraTHHM3MpaHo. CTasa B'hrrpoc 3a T. Hap. KyQosrracw, KOHTO ca
He3Haq11TerreH rrpoQeHT B MaKep;omrn. TypcKoTo rrpas11TerrcTso, c Qen p;a w3ocrp11 or-
HomeHl1.HTa Me)f{p;y PyM'hHM.H :w Bnrrrapirn, ce OTHarn c'bc CMMIIaTMM K'bM pyM'DHcnm
:wcKaHl1.H, KaTO rrpl13Hasa rrpaBOTO Ha EyKypeI.Q p;a 3aKpl1JI.H KyQosrramKoTo Hacenett11e
s KyrrTypeH 11 perrMrMo3eH acrreKT. 3a p;a ce pa36epe cJIO)f{HaTa Kapnrna Ha ernw1ecKo-
TO 11 pen11rH03HOTO rrpoTHsorrocTas.HHe B MaKep;oHM.H Tp.H6Ba p;a ce or6ene)!(W, qe raM
rrpop;'hJI)f{asa p;a p;eJ1:cTBa 3arrap;HaTa KaTOJI11qeCKa 11 rrpoTeCTaHTCKa rrponaraH,11a.
HOBA E"b!II'APCKA /!ICTOPMJI (1878-1944)
KHJDKeCTBO Ennrap11R ce OTHarn cnqyscTBeHo K'bM c'boTeqecTBeHJ1QJ1Te c11 s Es-

porrewCKa TypQ11R 11 rro,n;rroMara TexH11Te ocso60,n;11Tenm1 yc11JI11R. Eop611Te s MaKe-
AOHWJI J1 0,n;p11HCKO C'bBIIa,n;aT c rJiaBHaTa HaCOKa Ha 6nmapCKaTa B'bHillHa IIOJIJ1TJ1Ka
cneA 1878 r. - rrocT11raHe Ha HaQJ10Hamro 06e,n;11He1rne. Cne,n; 1885 r. Me)f(,n;yHapo,n;HaTa
o6craHOBKa He no3BOJIRBa Ha KHmKecTBOTo ,n;a noeMe oqmQ11aJIH11 aHra)!(11MeHT11 c
Ha~woHaJIHaTa Kay3a Ha MaKe,n;oHcK11Te M TpaKHHCKJ1Te 6nmap11, T'btt KaTO Ben11K11Te
cmrn 6JIOKMpaT BOIKO HOBO C'be,D;J1HJ1CTKO HaqaJIO Ollie B 3apo,n;11Ill.
3. 6b.uapcKoTo uaceAem1e B CeeepHa ,tlo6py.zr;ma H 3ana.zr;HnTe

6b.UapCKH .3eMH
Cornarno "IJI. 46 Ha Eepn11HcK11JI ,n;orosop CesepHa Ao6py,n;)!(a ,n;o JIJ1HMRTa 113rnq-

HO or Cirn11CTpa Ha ,UyHasa 11 IO)!(HO OT rp. Maman11JI Ha 1.J:epHo Mope, KORTO ,n;ornrasa
e Hepa3,n;enHa qacT OT apeana Ha 6nmapCKaTa HaQHR e ,n;a,n;eHa Ha PyMnHJ1R 3apa,n;11
)"lacrneTo II B PyCKo-TypcKaTa BOHHa J1 KaTo KoMneHcaQMR 3a TOBa, qe Pyrn>I rn B'b3-
Bpbll\a OT He.II IO)!(Ha Eecapa611R, OTHeTa ll: c Tiap11)!(Kl1JI ,n;orosop OT 1856 r. CesepHa
L(o6pyA)!(a e p>I,ll;KO HaCeJieHa CII'bCTpo B eTHJ1qeCKO OTHOilleHMe HaCeJieHMe. Ilo ,n;aHHJ1
Ha obnrapCKaTa eK3apx11R 6nnrap11Te C'bCTasmrnaT TaM % OT QRJIOTO xp11cTJ1JIHCKO
HaceneH11e. Te ce Hatt-aKTJ1BHl1JIT eneMeHT B CTonaHcKw )!(J1BOT Ha o6nacTTa.
Cne,n; npes3eMaHeTo Ha CesepHa Ao6py,n;)!(a pyMnHCKl1Te rrpaB11TeJicTBa nonaraT
rncreMHl1 yc11JIMR ,n;a pyMnHJ1311paT HOBaTa Tep11TopMR. 3a,n;aqaTa e ,n;a ce npeTon11 6nJI-
rapcKWJI eJieMeHTa TaM, ,n;a ro rrp11Hy,n;RT ga ce l13CeJIM M ga ro OMaJIOMOll\RT CTOIIaHCKJ1.
Tiptt pyMnHCKaTa BJiacT 6nnrap11Te ce 6opRT ,n;a 3ana3JIT Hapo,n;HoCTHHTe rn npasa,
lf3BOIOBaHl1 ,n;o 1878 r. - ,n;a rro,n;,n;np)!(aT cso11yq11JI11llla11 QnpKBl1, ga ce o6yqasaT Ha
p0,l1Hl1JI Cl1 e3J1K, ,n;a 6n,n;aT e,n;HaKBO TpeT:wpaHJ1 npe,n; 3aKOHJ1Te l1 ga J1MaT rpa)!(gaHCKJ1
I{ IIOJil1TMqecKJ1 npasa. B o6JiaCTTa He ce C'b3):\aBa HMTO egl1H KOMJ1TeT MJIJ1 HeneraJIHO
11py)l(ecTBo, opraHJ13al\11R, a cnrn;o 11 B Enmap11R 3a 3all\YITa Ha 6nmapcKOTo Hacene-

HHe, KaKTO TOBa cTaBa 3a MaKe,n;oHJ1R 11 O,n;p11HcKo. E,n;11HCTBeH11Te 06rn;ecTBeH11 opra-
HH3a~w11 Ha 6nmap11Te ca TexH11Te yq11n11rn;a, QnpKOBHl1 HacTORTeJICTBa 11 KYJJTYPHO-
rrpocseTHJ1Te MM ,n;py)KeCTBa. ECTecTBeH QeHTnp Ha 6nmap11Te B CesepHa Ao6pyg)Ka
crasa rp. Tynqa, Kn,n;eTo ca cnxpaHeHM 6nmapCKaTa QnpKsa, yq11n11rn;a 11 q11Tan11rn;e
"Cornarne''. TyK rrpo,n;nJI)KaBa CBORTa ,n;ewttocT :w )!(eHCKOTO ,n;py)!(ecTBo "Hanpe,n;nK",
ornosaHo npe3 1820 r. 11 e,n;1rncTBeHo oT T03l1 pog 3a QJIJia Ao6py,n;)!(a. EnmapcK11
)"IHJIWil\a 11Ma orn;e B Ea6a,n;ar 11 KroCTeHg)!(a.
B pe3yJJTaT Ha nocTORHHOTO 3acensatte Ha CesepHa Ao6pyg)!(a c pyMnHl1 py-
M'bHCKWRT eJieMeHT nonyqasa OTHOCJ1TeJIHO MH03l1HCTBO B o6JiaCTTa. U:eHTpaJIHaTa J1
Mecrna snacT BnrrpeK11 qe rrp113HaBaT MaJIQYIHCTBeH11Te npasa Ha 6nrrrap:wTe C'b3gasaT
npe'IKW 3a Ae:i-tHOCTTa MM, 3arroqsa apecTM Ha 6nnrapcKM yq11Ten1111 no-s11,n;HM ,n;ettQJ1.
Eorrrapr.fTe 3anoqsaT rreTJ1QJ10HHa cpopMa Ha 6op6a. BnrrpeK11 Tpy,n;HoCTMTe OT cTpatta
Ha pyMnHcKaTa BJiacT Te ycrrRBaT ,n;a ce cnxpaHRT M ga pa3Bl1RT aKTMBHa KyJJTyptto-
npocserna gei1HocT.
253
Pocui1a AH2e11oaa
3Haq11TeJIHO 6'bJirapCKo Hacenem1e oCTaBa noA cp'b6CKa BJiaCT. Ila c11JiaTa Ha Catt-
CTecpaHCKl1R MHpeH AOrosop C1>p611a nonyqasa Tep11rnp11aJIHI1 np11Ao611BKI1 B H11rn
11 OKOJIHOCTTa My. EepJIHHCKHRT AOrosop AOHarn HOBO pa3rn11peH11e B paiioHHTe Ha
II11poT I1 BpaHR. no TaK'bB HaqJ1H C1>p611R ysen11qasa CBORTa Tep11TOpI1R c 10 972 KB. 2,
HaceJieHa c 299 640 AYlllH, npeAHMHO 6'bJirap11. B npeAeJI11Te Ha cp'b6CKaTa ,I\l>P)!{aBa
ocTaBaT 11 Tep11Top1111Te no nope'IHeTo Ha p. THMOK, np11rnoeH11 o~e npe3 1833 r.
MecTHOTO HaceJieH11e oKa3Ba aKTl1BHa C'bnponrna Ha cp1>6CKaTa ac11Mtrnarnprna
11 AeHaQHOHan113arnpcKa noJIMTHKa. O~e npe3 cpespyap11 1878 r. )!(J1Tem1Te Harp. TI11-
poT OTKa3BaT Aa noATIHrnaT sepHonoAaHH'IeCKHR aApec AO Kpan M11naH. Tiocne,[IBa
3arnop 3a 48 AYlllH rpaACKH n1>pBeHQl1, a MHTponomn EscTanrti IIenarom1f1cK11 e
l1HTepH11paH B KpyrneBaQ. n'bmapHTe B3eMaT yqacT11e 11 B 1136yxHanarn npe3 1883 r
3at1qapCKa 11n11 T11MornKa 6yHa. Cp'b6cKoTo npas11Tencrno ce pa3npaBR c M3JJMIIIHa
)!(eCTOKOCT - OC'bAeHH ca 819 AYlllH Ha CM'bpT HllH A'bJirH fOAHHH 3aTBop. Enmapme
OTKa3BaT Aa ce 6HRT cpe~y cso11Te C'bHapoAHHQH no speMe Ha Cp1>6CK0-6'bnrapCKara
BOHHa. CneA soiiHaTa c'bnpoTHBaTa Ha 6'bJirapcKoTo HaceJieH11e nocTeneHHO CTMXBa.
IIo-K'bCHO c1>6MTMRTa B EBponeiiCKa TypQHR np11BJI11qaT BHHMaH11eTo Ha 6nnrapcK11-
Te npaBHTeJicTBa I1 npo6neMMTe Ha 61>Jirap11Te B CesepHa ,Uo6pyA)f(a H 3arra):lttme
6'bJirapcK11 3eMH ocTaBaT Ha no-3aAeH nnaH.
4. i(euHocT 11 po.IUI Ha fi'hArapcKaTa eK3apxm1
n'bmapCKaTa EK3apx11R oCTaBa rnaBeH CTO)!(ep Ha 6'bJirap~11HaTa B MaKeAOHl1R

I1 0ApHHcKo 11 no AYM11Te Ha ,U. EnaroeB "om1QernopeH11e Ha AYXOBHOTO e):IMHCTBO
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EepnHHCK11R KOHrpec TR e eAHHCTBeHHRT neraJieH npeACTaBHTeJI Ha 6'bJirapcKOTO Ha-

ceneHMe, HaM11pa~o ce noA BJiaCTTa Ha OcMaHcKaTa HMnepHR. TR e I1 eAvIHCTBemrnr
o6~o6'bJirapCK11 11HCTHTyT, ql1MTO QeHT'bp OCTaBa B Qap11rpaA B'bnpeKM ocrropsa-
H11RTa OT CTpaHa Ha B11coKaTa nopTa, Qap11rpaACKaTa rraTp11aprn11a 11 OT HRKOH Ben11-
KM c11nH. EnaroAapeH11e Ha A11TIJIOMaT11qecK11Te yMeHHR I1 ynop11TaTa HacTOM'lvrnocr
Ha EK3apx MocHcp I, nOAKpenRH OT D'bJirapcKOTO KHR)f(ecrno, T03I1 B'bnpoc e perneH
6naronp11RTHO 3a D'bJirap11a Ha 17 AeKeMBpH 1883 r.
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TypcKoTo BJiaAM'Iecrno. TR 3anara eA11HCTBeHo Ha M11pH11Te cnoco6H 3a orno6o)!{).1aBa-
He OT qy)!(AOTO Hro. Pa3rn11pRBaHeTo Ha 6'bnrapcKarn nporneTHa Mpe)f(a B MaKeAOHl1R
11 0Apl1HCKO, KynTypHoTo H3Al1raHe Ha 6'bJirapcKvrn eTHl1'IeCKl1 eJieMeHT 11 ~npKOBHO
TO np1106~aBaHe Ha MaKeAOHCKHTe 11 TpaKHHCKMTe 61>nrap11 K'bM EK3apxvrnra - rosa
ca Tpl1Te CT'bJI6a B AeiiHOCTTa Ha T03I1 pemrr1103eH l1HCT11TyT. D'bJirapcKaTa EK3apx11R
oco6eHo HaCTORTenHo ce 6op11 Aa npHA06He 'IepKoBHl1 npaBa B MaKeAOHY1H. L(o Oc-
Bo6oAl1TeJIHaTa BOMHa TR 11Ma npaBa B OxpMACKaTa, CKorrcKaTa 11 BenenIKara errap-
xu11, B KOJ1TO 11Ma l1 CBOI1 MI1TponOJil1Tl1, a HaceJieHHeTO B ,Ue6'bpCKaTa, CTpyMMllJKara
11 KyKyrnKaTa errapx1111 C'b~o e 3aRBl1JIO BOJIRTa rn: Aa ce BKJiroq11 B errapxY1MCKMJI 1111-
0Qe3. Ila BpeMe Ha PyCKo-TYP,CKaTa BOMHa OT 1877-1878 r. 6'bJirapcK11Te BJJaAMI.\11 ca
or3oBaHH H 3a,Ilop)l(aHH OT BwcoKaTa noprn B IJ;apwrpa,I\ H Q'bpKoBHo-penwmo3HHTe

npasa Ha 6onrapwTe ca OTHeT11. ETo 3a~o cne.r1 EepmrncK11JI KOHrpec 6op6arn 3a pe-
l\OBH11 enapxHaJIHH MHTponoJIHTl1 B MaKe,I\OHHR e npwop11Ter 3a EK3apx11RTa. EK3apx
J1ocmp I TIO,I\aBa .r1eceTKH ,I\OKJia,I\H, B KOHTO HaCTOJIBa ,Ila ce B'b3CTaHOBJIT l1 OTKpH-
!lT HOBH 6onrapcKH QopKBH H .r1a ce pa3penrn Ha 6onrapcKHTe BJia,I\Hl.111 .r1a OTH,I\aT B
enapx1111Te cw. IlopB11RT ycnex B TOBa OTHOIIIem1e e nocT11rttaT npe3 1890 r., KoraTo
rnaBHO no.r1 HaTHcKa Ha npaBJi!TeJICTBoTo Ha CT. CrnM6onoB H3JI113a cymaHcKo wpa.r1e
3a 11sa MHTpononHTCKH 6eparn 3a CKoncKaTa 11 Oxptt,I\CKara enapxw11. OrneH TOBa
c ¢epMaH e pa3peIIIeHo noCTpoRBaHeTO Ha 6onrapCKa QopKBa B KBaprnna cPeHep B
Uap11rpa.r1, KaKTo M H3,I\aBaHeTo Ha eK3apxwticK11 BecTHttK "HoB11Hw" Ha 6onrapcKH
e311K. IIpo6HB'bT e pa3nrnpeH npe3 1894 r., c nonyqeH11 Ollie ,I\Ba 6eparn 3a BeneIIIKaTa
11 HespoKoncKaTa enapxw11. Ilpe3 1897 r. npw ynpaBJieHHeTO Ha npaB11TeJICTBOTO Ha
A-P K. CTOHJIOB C'b~arn np11B11nenrn nonyqaBar H enapn111Te Ha EHTOJIR, L(e6op 11
CrpyM1111a.
Cneg EepmrncKHR KOHrpec .EonrapCKaTa eK3apXHR noeMa oTroBopHaTa 3agaqa
11a pa6oTH 3a KYJITypHo-npocBeTHOTO H3,I\HraHe H Ha11110HaJIHO yKpenBaHe Ha 6on-
rapcKoTO HaceneHHe B MaKe,I\OHHR H OgpHHCKa TpaKlifR. TR CTaBa 06eg11HuTeJieH
1.1eHrop ]if HeroB 3aKOHeH .I\YXOBeH l1 TIOJIHTl1'IeCKJif npe,I\CTaBHTeJI npeg OCMaHCKaTa
srracr. Bpe3ynrnT Ha eHeprwrnwTe .r1eticTBHR Ha EK3apx Morncp I u non11TH'IeCKaTa H
Marep11aJIHa no,I\Kpena Ha EonrapCKaTa ,Ilnp)!(aBa B MaKe):IOHlifR u 0,IlpHHcKa TpaKHR
OTHOBO OTBapRT Bpan1 3aKpHTHTe TIO BpeMe Ha BOt°IHaTa 6onrapcKH Y'llifJilifIQa, aK-
Tl1Bl13HpaT ce QnpKOBHo-ytJHJIH~HHTe o6ll\l1Hl1. IIpe3 1894 r. C'bC cyJITaHcKo wpa.r1e
£K3apx11RTa nonyqaBa e.r1HaKBlif HaQHOHaJIHl1 npaBa c Te3Jif Ha IJ;apmpa,IlcKaTa 11aT-
p11apunrn l1 noeMa poKOBO,I\CTBOTO Ha QopKOBHO-Y<J11lll11.QHOTO geno Ha 6onrapCKHJI
HapoA B TypQlifR.
IIpocBeTHo cpe,IIH~e B MaKe,I\OHHR crnBa ConyH. "Yfa6opoT Hee rnyqaeH. fpaA'bT
eHe caMo a,I1MlifHl1CTpaT1t1BeH, HO CTonaHCKlif lif KYJITypeH QeHTop Ha 6onrapcKOTO Ha-
cerreH11e B o6nacTTa. Ilpe3 1880 r. e ornoBaHa ConyttCKaTa M'b)!(Ka rHMHa3HR "CB. Cs.
K11p11n 11 MeTOp;ww': B KORTO pa6ornT lif3TnKHaTH npocseTJifTeJIH, yqwTeJIH u 06~ecT
semn-111 KaTo K. llianKapeB, B. KoH'IeB, fp. IIopJIH'IeB, .[(. MaTOB HAP· IIpe3 KJiaCHuTe
cra11 Ha ConyttcKaTa M'b)f(Ka rHMHa3HR MlifHaBaT HaM-lif3T'bKHaTHTe pnKOBO,I\lifTeJIH Ha
6'bllrapcKoTo HaQHOHaJJHoorno60.r1wTeJIHO ABlif)!(eHHe B MaKe):IOHHR. B ConyH npe3
1882 r. ce oTKpuBa .r1eB11tJeCKa rl1MHa3HR "CB. EnaroBell\eHue" c AHpeKTOpKa - IJ;apeB-
Ha L\. M11Jia,I\HHoBa. B CK01111e lif CRp ne.r1aromqecKJif YtJliflIHll\a no):lroTBRT 6onrapcKJif
ri11renu, a B IIpunen pa6oTH ,UyxoBHO yqunwIQe 3a rneIQeH11QM.
ITporneTeH QeHTop 3a 6onrap11Te B TpaKMR e OgpuH, K'h):leTo M'b)!(KOTO u ,I1eB11-
'!ecKoro KJiaCH11 Y''f11JI11ll.la npepaCTBaT B Ogp:vrncKaTa M'b)!(Ka mMHa311R ",U-p IIeT'bp
EepoH" (1891 r.) 11 mMHa3mna "5IHKO KacopoB''. ,Uo6pe no):lroTBeHlifTe npeno,I1aBaTe-
rr11 Karo CTORH CanraH)J;)l(HeB, To.r1op HawgeHoB, feopm M11BKOB H AP· .r1011p11HaCRT B
Kpa>I Ha BeKa yq11Jilifll.leTo ",U-p IleTop EepoH" ga ce HaJIO)!(lif KaTO e):\Ha OT Hat'l-npec-
TlllKHMTe mMHa3HH. B Op;p:vrnCKa TpaK11R, KaKTO 11 B MaKegoH11JI ce oTKp11BaT 11 He-
11errH11 M'b)!(K11 11 )l{eHCKH ytJHJI11ll.la, o6pa3oBaTeJIH11 11 6naroTBopHTeJIHlif .r1py)!(ecTBa,
Ko11ro cr11My1111paT caMoo6pa3oBaHHeTo 11 noB11IIIaBaT Kymyparn Ha HaceneH11eTo.
255
Pocuu,a AHzellOBa
AaHHMTe CBMAeTeJICTBaT, qe B HaBeqep11eTo Ha EarrKaHcKaTa BOMHa B MaKe):IOHHJI M
TpaK11J111Ma 1373 6nrrrapcK11 yqe6H11 3aBe;11emrn, OT KOl1TO 13 r11MHa31111, 84 rrpornM-
Ha31111, a OCTaHaJI11Te ca OCHOBHl1 J':Il1lll111\a. Ilo C'bll\OTO BpeMe 6nrrrapCKl1Te Ml1Tpo-
IlOJll1Tl1 B Te3M 3eM11 ca 7 (Oxp11;11, E11TOJIJ1, CKon11e, Ae6np, Berrec CTpyM11IIIKO, He-
BpoKon), a apx11epewcK11Te HaMeCTHl11J;M - 9 (Jiep11H, KocTyp, Bo;11eH, CorryH, KYKym,
CRp, MerrH11K, ApaMa, 0Ap11H), KOl1TO ynpaBJIJIBaT 21 QnpKoBHl1 o611\l1Hl1. Eonrap-
CKaTa EK3apXMR pa3rrorrara c oKorro 1680 qepKBM 11 rrapaKrr11cM, M 73 MaHacn1pa.
Cnll\eCTBeH ):IJIJI B Ta3M po;11omo6MBa AeMHOCT, KpeIIRil\a 6nrrrapcK11J1 ;11yx u Ha-
QMOHaJIHO c'b3HaHMe B EsponewCKa TypQ11J1, 11Ma EK3apx l1ocmp 1. 56 U:erreHaCO'IeHara
;11ewHOCT Ha EK3apx11J1Ta, aKTl1BHO no;11KperrJ1Ha OT MeCTHaTa o6ui;ecTBettocT, no.i:1no-
MaraHa 11 3aKp11mrna OT EnrrrapcKaTa ;llnp)f(aBa, oc11rypRBa Hanpe;llnKa Ha 6nrrrapcKo-
TO yqMJIMil\HO-npocseTHO ;11erro B EBporrewcKa TypQHR M CTHMyrr11pa rrpoqeca Ha Ha-
Ql10ttarrtto-AyxOBHO mi;errJIBatte Ha 6nrrrapMTe. fpaMoTmne M npocseTeH11Te rro-Jirno
OC'b3HaBaT CBOJITa HaQMOHaJIHa MAeHTJ.1qHOCT, npo6rreMMTe Ha 0611\HOCTTa .n;a ce Ha-
JIQ)KJ.1 KaTo paBHa Ha ;11pyrMTe. EnrrrapcKMTe yqMJIMil\a B MaKe):IOHl1JI M 0;11p11HCKO pa3-
IllHpRBaT Kpnra Ha npoCBeTeHMTe J.1 B'b3IIJ.1TaBaT MJiaAe:>KJ.1Te B Hapo;llHOCTeH .n;yx, po-
56 Jlaaap (Jian1>0) Mos11es e po.11eH Ha 5 Maft 1840 r. B Kanocpep. Y'IeHWK, a cne.11 rosa u no·
MOlllHWK Ha .11acKaJI Eorbo IleTKOB. Yqw B'bB BenwKara Hapo.11Ha IIIKOJia Ha <l>eHep B UapJ11rpa11, cneA
rosa B'bB <l>peHCKWJI Kone)!(. Ilpe3 1864 r. rrocnnsa B Cop6oHara B IIapW)f(, a rpw f0.l\l1Htt rro-K'hC·
HO ce npeXBoplIH B IOpw.z1wqecKWJ1 ¢aKynrer, Koftro 3aB'bpI1IBa c Hay'IHWTe creneHJll ,,6aKaJJaB'hp"
w ,,nwcaHcwe". IIpeKapan I1Iecr fO.zll1Hl1 B'bB cppeHcKara cronwu;a, Jla3ap Iilosqes ce 3aspoll.\a B I.la·
pwrpa.11 w OTHa'IaJIO pa6orw s IJ;eHrpanHWJI nproscKw C'b.zl. 3aHWMaBa ce c ny6nwu;wcrwKa u rrpe·
Bo.z1aqeCKa .z1eftHocr. IloKaHeH aa ceKperap Ha CMeceHwR eK3apX1'1HCKH C'bBeT. Ee3 .11a wMa 11yxoBHO
06pa3osaHwe, HOBOilOJIO)f(eHHRT MOHax Iilocwcp aa no-MaJIKO or rpw Meceu;a B KpaR Ha 1872 r. e seqe
nporOCJ!IHfeJI Ha EKaapX1'1J1Ta c apxwMaHAPWTCKO AOCTOHHCTBO. Ilpe3 cne.11Ball1l1Te 3-4 fOJl11HJll apXll·
MaHp;pwr lit:ocmp yqacTBa B opraHW3wpaHero Ha u;opKBara, noryBa l13 6omapcKwre 3eMw, cpellla ce
c npe.z1craBMTeJIM Ha senwKwre CMJIH, He caMo 6narop;apeHwe Ha nepcpeKTHWJI cw ¢peHCKJll e3ttK, HO
M Ha cnoco6Hocrra rn .z1a BO.LIM nperoBopM w .11a y6e)f(AaBa. B Ha'Ianoro Ha 1876 r. Iilocmp e poKorro·
JIO)f(eH 3a JloB'IaHCKJll MHTp0IlOlll1T, cne.11 Karo npe.11w TOBa e ynpaBJIJIBaJI e.11Ha f0.z11'!Ha BttJIUHCKara
enapxMR. CBeTCKOTO o6paaosaHwe, 10pMAM'IecKara nop;roroBKa, IIIMpoKara esponetkKa Kynrypa I!
p;eMoHcrpwpaHMTe Ka'IecTBa Ha pa3yMHO M p;MnJioMaTW'IeCKO nosep;eHwe npaBJIT KaHAWAarypara MY
o6lllonpweMJIMBa aa 6onrapcKM eKaapx cpep; BJIWJITeJIHWTe Kporose B IJ;apwrpap; np11 w36yxsattero Ha
PycKo-rypCKara BoftHa npea 1877 r. Ha 24 anpwn 1877 r. MJiap;MJIT JIOB'IaHcKH Mwrponorr11r Morn¢ I
e J136paH M npOB'b3fJiaCeH 3a eK3apx OT J1MilpOBJ!I3MpaHl1JIT ,,:Vfa6wpareJieH C'b6op" B EK3apXJ11i!CKlfR
p;oM B OpraKbOH. EK3apx Iilorncp I orKpHBa 6omapcKa p;yxoBHa ceMwHapMH s IJ;apwrpa11, rpttlKll ce
3a M3rpa)f(p;aHero Ha u;opKBH, o6yqeHwero Ha cBellleHwu;w, orKpwBaHero Ha Y'Il1Jil1llla, tta6asJIHero
Ha yqe6Hw noco6J1IJ1, yqwrenw, H3npalllaHero Ha p;apoBwrw MJiap;e:>1rn Ha yqeHwe B qy)f(6J11Ha. I1pe3
1902 r. EK3apx lit:orncp e H36paH 3a IIO'IereH 'IJieH Ha EK~. EK3apxoT JIHKysa or no6e11H11J1 Mapm
Ha 6omapcKara apMHJI no BpeMe Ha EanKaHcKara BOHHa w MHoro Te)f(KO J13)f(l1BJ1Ba pellleHttRra Ha
EyKypelllKMJI MHpeH p;oroBop cnep; Me)f(p;ycbI03HH'IecKara sowHa. EK3apX1'1iicKoro .z1erro, rpa11etto c
TOJIKOBa rpyp; w n1060B e cMa3aHo w onycrollleHo. Ha 27 HOeM. 1913 r. EK3apx J1ocmp I, 3ae11tto c
BCW'IKH npoKyp;eHH 6omapcKM BJia.11wu;w or MaKep;oHMR w Op;pwHcKo, e npwHyp;eH .z1a Harryctte I.la·
pwrpap; w ce npM6upa B CocpwH. BonpeKH BJIOllleHoro cw 3p;paBocnoBHO C'bCTORH11e w ttarrpe11ttana
B'b3pacr ocraBa p;o ceTHMJI cw qac Ha'IeJio Ha 6omapcKara u;opKBa. IJ;errw 38 rop;MHJll eK3apxnr ce
J1BJ1Ba u;opKOBHO Hapop;eH sop;aq M B.zl'bXHOBwrerr Ha Y'JMIIHlllHO-npoCBeTHOTO p;erro. YMupa Ha 20
IOHH 1915 r. B CocpwH.
256
HOBA 5'bflI'APCKA MCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
gomo6we l1 ep;l1HCTBO. B o6ll.\l1Te ycl1JIJ1,q 3a C'b3):1aBaHe l1 rrop;p;'bp)l(aHe Ha CBOl1 rre6Hl1

3aBep;eHl1R, B 6op6aTa 3a OIIa3BaHeTO l1M OT qy)l(p;l1 BMeIIIaTeJICTBa l1 HaQl10HaJil1CTJilq-
Hlf rrporraraHp;M, 6'bJirap1ue pa3Bl1BaT C'bIIpOTl1Bl1TeJIHJ1Te Cl1 CJ1Jll1, yKperrBaT CBOeTO
Ha[(MOHaJIHO caMO'IYBCTBJ1e J1 aKTJ1BJ13HpaT o6~ecTBeHO-IIOJIJ1TJ1t.feCKJ1R Cl1 )l(J1BOT.
5. C113~aeaue H ~eiiuocT ua BMOPO u BMOK

BorrpeKw CBORTa BceoTp;ati:HocT EomapCKaTa EK3apxw,q He MO)l(e p;a ce crrpaBw c
HarnCKa Bopxy 6omapcKoTo ep;11Hcrno. Tow KaTO rn He B'h3rrpweMa peBOJII-OQl10HHl1Te
MeTOAM l1 cpep;crna 3a 6op6a cpell.\y TypcKoTO BJiap;wqecrno rrocTerreHHO pep;11Qa 6'bJI-
rap11 npwcT'bIIBaT K'bM 113rpa)l(p;aHe Ha peBOJII-Ol..ll10HHa opraHl13aQHR no rrop;o6we Ha
Ta3H OT speMeTo Ha Bo3pa)l(,n;aHeTO. Crrope,n; rrpocp. Mwnqo JlaJIKOB peBOJII-Ol..ll10HHOTO
Ha[(MOHanHoorno60,n;11TeJIHO p;Bl1)1(eHwe Ha 6omapi.1Te p;o EanKaHcKaTa BOWHa MO)l(e
ga ce pa3p;en11 Ha t.JeT11p11 ernrra: OT 1888 ,n;o 1893 r. ( C'b3):1aBaHe Ha opraHl13aQl1RTa), OT
1893 AO 1899 r. (yrnop)l(p;aBaHe Ha opraHl13aqwRTa), OT 1899 p;o 1903 r. (c'b3p;asaHe Ha
'lenrnqecKHR l1HCT11TyT, MaCOBI13l1paHe Ha BMOPO w aKn1Bl13l1paHe Ha BMK, opra-
H11311paHe J1 xop; Ha :Vfo11ttp;eHCKO-l1peo6pa)l(eHCKOTO B'bCTaHwe) l1OT1903 p;o 1912 r.
(geifCTBMRTa Ha opraHJ13aQJ1RTa rnep; J1mrn,n;eHCKo-11peo6pa)l(eHCKOTO B'bCTaHVre).
Cneg noTyrnaBaHeTo Ha KpecHeHcKo-Pa3no)l(KOTO B'bCTaHl1e c'brrpoTwBaTa Ha
6MrapuTe B MaKe,n;oHHJI w O,n;p11HcKa TpaKMR 1-1e CTl1XBa HanonHo. 11pop;'bJI)l(aBaT ,n;a
gei'!crnaT t.JeT11, ccpopM11paHu no nop;o611e Ha xal1p;yll1Kl1Te. Te HRMaT ep;11Htta opra-
Hl13a[(MR, n11rrcBa MM rrporpaMa 11 11.n;eorronrn. EorrrapvrTe TpynaT onwT w B peBOJII-O-
l\llOHHMTe Kp'b)l(O~H Ha ConyHcKaTa r11MHa311,q u B Tal1Hl1Te c6wpKw Ha yq11TerrwTe. B
KpaR Ha 80-Te rop;11n11 no 11H11~11aT11Ba Ha 11epe TollleB e HanpaBeH on11T 3a C'b3p;asaHe
Ha peBOJII-O~HOHeH QeHT'bp 3a MaKe,n;oHMR. B CorryHCKaTa rHMHa3l1R e OCHOBaH TaeH
peBomoquoHeH Kp'b)l(OK, B KOWTO t.JJieHyBa w 6o,n;e~l1RT w,n;eonor Ha BMOPO foqe
neJilieB. IIpH6JIJ13J1TeJIHO no C'bll.\OTO BpeMe ce OCHOBaBa l1 peBOJII-O~HOHeH Kp'b)l(OK
BCoqrnR rrop; poKOBO,n;cTBOTO Ha ~aMe fpyeB 57 , qHRTO qerr e ocso6o)l(geH11ern Ha Ma-
57
.IJ:aMe fpyes e po.z:1ett e Ha 19 RH. 1871 r. B CM11neso, E11roncKo. Cpe):IHO o6pa30BaH11e rrorry-
qaea B ConyHcKara 6nnrapcKa M'b)f(Ka r11MHa311R, a rro-K'bCHO yq11 B'bB Be1111Kara IIIKona B Eenrpai:1,
KaKTo 1111crop11R B'bB B11cIIIero yq~m11I11e B Coqll1R. Karo cry):leHT rrpas11 rrops11re 01 orr11r11 ):la C'b3-
11a11e pesomou;110HHa opratt113au;11R 3a ocso6m1<,L1eH11e Ha MaKe):IOHl1R. I1pe3 1891 ro.z:111Ha e 113KJIIO'leH
or Bttcwero yq111111I11e Karo 3aIIO,L\03pRH B y6mkrsoro Ha M11H11crop Xp. Eerrqes. YcraHOBRBa ce B
pa3JJH'!HH Mecra B MaKe):IOHHR - E11ro11R, CM11neso 11 I1p1111err, K'b):lero yq11rerrcrsa 11 rrpas11 orr11T11 3a
C'b3,l1aBaHe Ha OCB060.z:111re11Ha opraHJ13au;11R. I1pe3 JIRTOTO Ha 1893 ce ycraHOBRBa B ConyH, K'b):leTO
pa6orn Karo KopeKrop B rreqarH11u;ara Ha Kotte CaMap):l)f<HeB. I1pe3 OKTOMBp11 c. r. yrnn11Rra MY 3a
C'b3,l1aBaHe Ha peso11IOu;110HHa opraH113au;11R ce yseHqasar c ycrrex. I1pe3 1895111896 fpyes Karo 11H-
crreKtop Ha 6011rapcK11re yqmmI11a B ConyHcKo, rrpei:1rrp11eMa pe.z:111u;a 0611Ko11K11 c u;en pa3III11pRBaHe
11yKperreaHe Ha opraH113au;110HHara Mpe)f(a. YcraHOBRBa KOHTaKTl1cBMOK11 rrpas11 orr11r113a e.z:111-
Ho11eflcrs11e Me)f():ly ):IBere MaKe,L10Ho-oi:1p~rncK11 opraH113au;1111. I1pe3 1898 r. snacrra ro 11HrepH11pa
BEtttoJJR, K'b):lero srrorne.n;crs11e e Ha3Ha'!eH 3a yq11re11 or crpaHa Ha opram1re Ha EonrapCKara EK-
3apx1rn. CTpe3 asrycr 1900 ro,L111Ha e apecrysaH 11 rrpeKapsa 6111130 i:1se roi:111H11 B E11roncK11R 3arnop,
OTK'b,l1eTO npa):l'bJI)f(aBa .z:1a pnKOBO,L\11 opraH113au;11Rra. I1pe3 Maw 1902 r. 3aTo'!eH B Mana A311R, Koero
My OTHeMa B'b3MO)f(HOCTTa .n;a yqacrna B C'b,L\60HOCHMR ConyHcKM KOHrpec Ha BMOPO rrpe3 RHyaptt
257
Pocw.~a AH2eJ10Ba
Ke,n;omrn. Ha Tep:r.1TopuJua Ha KHJDKeCTBOTO pa6oTJIT o~e oKono ,n;ecenrna 6naror-

BopuTeJIHo-npoCBeTHM ,n;py)l(eCTBa c KpaCrna QeJI OCB060)1(,D;eHJ1eTO Ha MaKe,D;OHCK'1Tt:
6nnrapu. B KOHTeKcTa Ha QJIJIOCTHOTO pa3BMTMe Ha HaQMOHaJIHoocBo6o,n;ttTeJIHOTc
o6e,n;MHMTeJIHO ,n;BM)l(eHMe cne,n; EepnMHCKMJI KOHrpec ,n;py)l(eCTBaTa 11 TeXHHTe IIe"'laT-
HM opraHJ1 ,n;onpMHaCRT 3a HaTpynBaHeTO Ha 3Hat.iJ1TeJieH opraHJ13aQMOHeH OTIHT, 3a
J136J1cTpJIHeTo Ha 11,n;e11Te, Hat.iHHHTe l1 cpe,n;cTBaTa Ha 6op6aTa, KaKTO l1 Ha TIO,[lfOTOB-
KaTa Ha ,n;erliQHTe Ha peBOJIIOQHJITa. TaKa nocTeneHHO Ha3pRBaT yrnoBHJI 3a npeo,1:1orr11-
BaHe Ha CTMXl1rl!HocTTa B oCBo6o,n;ttTeJIHl1Te 6op611 Ha MaKe,n;oHHJI 11 O,n;pttHCKO w3a
npMCT'bnBaHe KM opraHJ13ttpaHO HaQMOHaJIHOOCBo60,n;11TeJIHO ,ll;BJ1)1(eHHe.
Ha 23 OKTOMBp11 1893 r. B ConyH no MHl1QMaTMBaTa Ha ,D,. fpyeB ce npoBelK,11a
C'bBe~aHtte c yqacTJ1eTO Ha ,n;-p Xp. TaTapt.ieB, v1BaH Xa,ll;)l(J1Hl1KOJIOB, AH. Ll:ttMttrpoB,
TieTnp TionapcoB H XpttcTo EaTaH,ll;)l(HeB, Ha KOeTo ce o6c'b)l(,ll;a 11,n;eJITa 3a OC'bll\ecr-
BRBaHe Ha opraHJ13HpaHa o6~eCTBeHa ,n;erliHOCT nopa,n;H Heo6xo,n;l1MOCTTa OT ornop
Ha 3aCMJIHJiaTa ce cpn6CKa nponaraH,n;a. Tipe3 1894 r. pnKOBo,n;HoTo JI,n;po Ha opra-
HM3aQl1JITa ce KoHcTpy11pa B UeHTpaneH KOMMTeT c npe,n;ce,n;aTeJI ,n;-p Xp. Tarap'!eB w
ceKpeTap-Kacwep ,D,. fpyeB. Cn3p;aBa ce YcTaB no no,n;o6ue Ha T03M Ha B'b3pm1<,1:1eHcK1111
EPUK B EyKype~ w ce npueMa npaBMJIHMK 3a B'bTpernHWJI pe,n;.
B KOHcnupaQMJITa ca npMBJiet.ieHw M HOBM xopa, npe,n;wMHO yt.ieHMQH OT Corrytt-
cKaTa M'b)l(Ka rnMHa3l1JI. Tipe3 1895 r. fpyeB cnet.ieJIBa 3a ,n;enoTo yt.iMTeJIHTe or 0,11-
pwHcKo XpucTo KoQeB 11 TieTnp feHa,n;11eB, KOl1TO nonaraT ocHOBttTe Ha MeCTHttll pe-
BOJIIOQMOHeH KOMMTeT. OpraHJ13aQJ1JITa pa3Il1l1PJIBa CBORTa Mpe)l(a B pe,n;m.-1a cemm1a
M ,n;o6uBa MacoB xapaKTep, 3a KOeTo rnaBHaTa 3arnyra e Ha r.
,D,ent.ieB. Pa3pacTBaHero
Ha EnmapcKMTe MaKe,n;oHo-o,n;pMHCKM peBOJIIOQMOHHW KOMMTeTM (EMOPK) nocra-
BR 3a pa3pernaBaHe pe,n;wqa Bnnpoc11 OT opraHw3aQMOHeH M nonttT11t.iecKH xapaKrep.
3a Ta3M qen npe3 nponeTTa Ha 1896 r. B ConyH ce npoBe)l(,n;a KoHrpec. ConyttcK1111r

KOHrpec l1Ma Ba)l(HO 3Hat.ieHJ1e 3a pa3BJ1TMeTo Ha opraHtt3aQMRTa, KORTO npe3 T0311
nepwo,n; ce Haput.ia EMOPK, npe3 1902 r. ce npewMeHyBa B Tarl!Ha Ma1<e,1:10HcKo-0,11-
pttHCKa peBoJIIOQl10HHa opraH113aQMJI (TMOPO), a OT 1905 r. ce 03Hat.iaBa Karo B1,.
TpernHa MaKe,n;oHcKo-0,n;puHcKa peBOJIIOQMOHHa opraHJ13aQMJI (BMOPO), c Koero
1903 r., Ha KOt°!TO ce B3J1Ma perneHJ1e 3a B'hOp'b)l(eHO B'hCTam1e. TI pe3 1903 rop;li!Ha e aMHWCTllpaH H
e npep;cep;aTeJJ Ha c~mneBCKli!JI KOHrpec Ha OJ1TOJICKJ1JI OKp'br Ha BMOPO. Ha Hero rpyeB 3ae)1HO c
AH. lI03aHl.JeB Iii E. CapacpoB e li!36paH 3a l.JJJeH Ha rnaBHli!JI Il\a6. Tosa MY p;aBa B'h3MOlKHOCT 11a 6n11e
ep;li!H OT OCHOBHJITe poKOBOp;JiTemr Ha 6np;ell\eTO B'hCTamre. 3aep;HO C'hC CapacpoB onpep;eJIJI )"\aTaTa
Ha B'bCTaHlileTO B EHTOJICKlfJI OKp'hr. ,I(. fpyes yqacTBa aKTli!BHO B 111mrnp;eHCKo-ITpeo6paJKeHCKO-
TO B'bCTaH11e, KaKTo H B'hB B'h3CTaHOBJIBaHeTo Ha BMOPO cnep; HeroBli!JI 3norrony'IeH KpaCI. l1rpae
pnKOBOp;Ha ponJI B opraHlil3aI_\lilJITa cnep; 1903 r. Iii C'hC CBOJI aBTopwTeT ycrrJIBa p;a rrorywu 'lacr or
KOHcpJJli!KTli!Te B HeJI. Tipe3 1904 r. rrpep;cep;aTeJJCTBa TipwnerrCK!llJI KOHrpec Ha bli!TOJICKli!JI OKpnrtta
BMOPO, a rrpe3 cnep;Ball\aTa rop;1t1Ha rrnpB1t1JI o6Il\ KOHrpec Ha opraHl13al.\J1JITa cnep; B'DCTaHJ1ero
- PwncKHJI. BnITpe1<11 qe Ha PHJJCKli!JI KOHrpec Ha BMOPO npeBec B31'IMa ITPOTli!BoIToJJolKHoro Kp1rno
Ha opraHH3al.\HJITa - T. Hap. neBHI.\a, ,I(. fpyeB e 1u6paH 3a qneH Ha U.K 1t1 e ep;1rn OT Heftttttre cj>aKT1r-
qecK1t1Te pnKOBOAHTeJJ!tl p;o CM'hpTTa Cltl. Ha 23 p;eK. 1906 rop;HHa qeraTa Ha ,I(aMe fpyes e OTKpl!Ta OT
TypcKHTe snacT!tl Kpat'!: ceno Pyc1t1HOBO, ManerneBcKo. Tipw 3aBnp3anara ce ITpecTpenKa raft e y611T.
258
HOBA E'blII'APCKA MCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
11Me rn ocrnBa B 11cTop11RTa. Ha KOHrpeca B ConyH e B3eTO pernett11e 3a pa3p;eJIRHeTO

Ha opraH113aQMOHHaTa Tep11Top11R Ha peBOJIIOQl10HHl1 oKpo3l1. ConyHcK11RT KoM11TeT
enpoB'b3rnaceH 3a QeHTpaneH, onpep;eJieHo e 3ap;rpaHwrno npe):ICTaB11Tencrno Ha op-
ramna1111RTa B JIMQeTo Ha r. ,UenqeB 11 r. IleTpoB, pa3pa60TeHa e rncTeMa 3a Bpo3Kl111
Borpenrna Koopi:111HaQ11R. B l13pa6oTeHl1R cnep; Kottrpeca Ycrna 11 Ilpaa11nH11K, e orr-
pegeneHa QeJITa Ha opraHl13aQl1RTa - "np11i:10611BaHeTO Ha II'bJIHa IIOJl11T11'-leCKa aBTO-
HOMHOCT Ha MaKep;oHMR 11 Op;p11HCK0''. PoKoaop;11TeJ111Te Ha BMOPO 113i:111raT Jio3yHra
3a rroJil1TJ11'-leCKa aBTOHOMl1R OT TaKT11qecK11 coo6pa)!(eH11R. Te pa3611paT ornwrno, qe
aKo rrocTaBRT Borrpoca 3a rrpRKO rrp11cnep;11HRBaHe Ha MaKe):IOH11R 11 Op;p11HcKa Tpa-
KllJ! K'bM EnnrapJllR, rn;e ce HaT'bKHaT Ha O)!(eCTO'IeHa CnIIpOT11Ba, KaKTO OT CTpaHa Ha
CoCe):\H11Te 6aJIKaHCKl1 p;np)!(aB11, TaKa 11 Ha HRK011 OT BeJI11K11Te C11Jl11. Ilp11 TOBa IIO-
JlO)f(eH11e ce rrp11eMa, qe on11T'bT Ha l13T0'-1Ha PyMeJ111R MO)!(e ):la 6o):le rrpmIO)!(eH. KaTo
cpe.11crao 3a nocT11raHe Ha cao11Te QeJ111 BMOPO B'b3rrp11eMa Boopo)l(eHaTa 6op6a.
Pesomo11110HH11Te KOM11TeT11 ca )J;JI'b)!(H11 p;a co6y)l(p;aT C'b3HaH11eTo 3a caMo3arn;11Ta
y 6onrapcKoTo HaceneH11e. qJieH Ha BMOPO MO)l(e p;a 6o):le aceK11 6onrap11H, KaTo
BOl'IKW qneHoBe ce 3aKJieBaT p;a ce 6opRT 3a CBo6op;arn rn B MaKep;oHWR 11 Op;p11HcKo.
ITo ro311 Ha'!11H p;etl:QJ11Te Ha BnTpenrnaTa opraHJ113aI..111R oTKp11To ):leKnapwpaT, qe rn;e ce
6op.11r 11 c peBOJIIOQ110HH11 cpep;CTBa 3a 113BOIOBaHe Ha aBTOHOMJllR, T. e. 3a rrp11JIO)l(eH11-
ero Ha l!JI. 23 OT Eepn11HcK11R p;oroBop.
Cne):I ConyHcK11R KOHrpec opram13a1111RTa aKrna11311pa p;etfHocTTa c11. J13rpa)!(-
Aar ce ceJICK11, OKOJl11HCKl1 11 0Kp'b)l(H:l1 KOMJllTeT11. Ha'!eJIO Ha BCeK11 KOM11TeT CT011
rrpegce.11aTeJI, a apn3KaTa Me:>Kp;y KOMJ11TeT11Te ce ocorn;ecTBRBa c TaHHa rrorn;a. BceK11
peBOITIOI..\110HeH KOM11TeT C'b3)J;aBa CBOR TaHHa IIOJl11l.\11R. <PopM11paH11 ca peBOJIIOQ11-
0HHl1Te oKpo3Jll: ConyHcK11, E11TOJICK11, CKorrcK11, CTpyM11rnK11, CepcK11, Op;p11HcK11.
l1pe3 JIJITOTO Ha 1897 r. ce C'b3;D;aBaT 11 TIOCTORHH11 ar11Ta11110HH11 '!aCT11, K011TO 3a HR-
KOJIKO f0):\11H11 ce npeBpnIQaT B MOIQeH l1HCT11TyT. foaBHa 3arnyra 3a 113rpa)l():laHeTO Ha
qerwre 11Ma foQe .[{eJI'IeB, KOMTO BHaCR pa3B11TJlle 11 pa3nrnpett11e B TeXH11Te tPYHKI..11111.
qer11re 611BaT neraJIHl1, HeneraJIHl1, peBvr3opcK11 11 qenr-rnKOJIJll. lleTJllTe Macoa11311-
par peBOJIIOQI10HHOTO ;D;Bl1:>KeH11e: Te C'b3p;aBaT KOM11TeT11, o6yqaaaT HaCeJieH11eTO ):la
6opasw c opo:>KJlle 11 ornrypRBaT 3arn;11TaTa MY OT pa36ot1:H11'!ecKJ11 6aHp;J11, Ha611paT 11
nprnarnr opo:>K11e, oKa3BaT cnnpoT11Ba Ha qy:>Kp;11Te rrporraraHp;11. KnM KpaR Ha aeKa
HaJ!-w3secTH11Te ca qeT11Te Ha Xp. qepHorreeB, MJ11xa11n ArrocTOJIOB, MJ11pqe AQeB,
Kpocrho Eonrap11RTa, Jia3ap Map;:>KapoB J11 :C1op;a;aH I111rrepKaTa.
C.11el1HOCTTa Ha '!eTvrTe aBTop11TeT'bT 11 BJI11RHHeTO Ha BMOPO cpei:16onrapcKOTO
Hacenem1e HapacTBa He11MoBepHo w TR ce npeBporn;a B JllCT11HCKa ):l'bp)l(aBa B ):lop:>Ka-
sara, caMoyrrpaBJIRBaIQa ce no CBOl1 3aKOH11. TR npoHHKBa p;opH a naTp:w:aprnecK11Te
cem1111a, a rrpe3 1899 r. K'bM HeR npeM:w:HaBaT J11 '!JieHoBeTe Ha Tat1:HoTo EK3apx:w:t1:CKo
6parcrao c npep;ce;a;aTeJI MBaH fapBaHOB, cn3p;ap;eHo p;ae rop;JllHH no-paHo. Ilpw C'b3p;a-
Battero poKOBO)J;HTeJIHTe Ha 6paTCTBOTO l1MaT 3a QeJI p;a 113rpap;RT CBOR opraH:W:3aQ11R,
KO!!TO Aa 113MecT11 BMOPO, KaTo 3anaraT npep;vrMHO Ha nporneTHaTa p;eHHOCT. TaKa B
Kpa!! Ha BeKa BMOPO ce Hanara KaTo Hat1:-Ba:>KH11R cpaKTOp B Ha11:w:oHaJIHOOCB06op;w-
rerrttoro ):IBl1:>KeH11e Ha 6nnrap11Te B eBponeJ1:cK11Te a11naeT:w: Ha TypQ11R.
Pocuu,a AHze1zoaa
B II'bpm:1Te ro;a;:wm1 Ha XX B. BMOPO ;a;oforna Me)l(;a;yHapo;a;Ha 113BecrnocT. ToB;
;a;o rom1Ma cTeneH Hanara npoMeHH B He:CrnaTa TaKTHKa. I1pe3 1902 r. B YcTaBa ca Ha
HeceHH KopeKu;1111. M3BOIOBaHeTo Ha IIOJIHTWieCKa aBTOHOM:WR 3a MaKe;a;omrn 11 011:
p11HcKa TpaKHR ocTaBa u;en Ha opraH113aQJ,rnTa. B 6op6aTa 3a HetiHOTO nocTHraHe o6a
qe MoraT ;a;a B3ei\rnT yqacn1e He caMo 6onrap11, HO 11 "Bc:wqK11 He;a;oBOJIHH eneMeHT11'
OT nocoqeH11Te no-rope 06nacT11. l.iJieH Ha BMOPO, c'brnacHo HOBHR YcTaB, MO)l(e 11<
6o;a;e "BceKl1 MaKe;a;oHeu; l1 o;a;p:wHeu;", KOMTO He e KOMnpoMeT:wpaH c Henw HetieCTHO
BHeceH:wTe nonpaBKl1 BepoRTHO ca HanpaBeH:w OT TaKT:wqeCK:w c'bo6pa)l(eH11J1 c 11en
;a;a He ce l13KJIJOqBaT OT 6op6aTa 11:pyr11Te Hapo;a;HoCTHl1 o6ll.\HOCTl1 B 06nacT11Te. Bo-
npeK:w TOBa ;a;o KpaR Ha CBORTa ;a;et1HocT BMOPO c:w ocTaBa ":ll1CTO 6onrapcKa. CaMo
Ha OT)l;eJIHl1 MeCTa B HeHHl1Te KOMl1TeTJ1 J1 ":leTl1 yqacTBaT Kyu;oBJiac:w. HaQl10HaJIHll-
Te :w pen:wrno3Hl1Te nponrnope":l11J1 :w: Bpa)l(;a;:w Ha EanKaHCKJ1R nonyoCTpoB ca rnop11e
Cl1JIHl1 11 B Te3l1 o6nacT:w ce c6JI'bCKBaT J1HTepeci.1Te Ha Eonrap:wR, Cop6:wJJ, f bpl\llJI 11
Typu;:wR.
3a 6o;a;ell.\eTO Ha OCBo6o;a;:wTeJIHOTO )l;BH)l(eHHe OT oco6eHa Ba)l(HOCT ca Bpb3KHTe
J1 B3al1Mo;a;eticTBl1eTo Ha BMOPO c EonrapCKaTa ;a;op)l(aBa l1 neranHaTa opraH113al\lrn
Ha MaKe;a;oHo-o;a;p:w:HcK:wTe ;a;py)l(ecrna. Cne;a; 0CBo6o)l(;a;eH:weTo 6e)l(aHu;l1Te OT MaKe-
;a;oHHR :w O;a;p11HcKo B Eonrap11R 3anoqBaT ;a;a :wrpaRT Ba)l(Ha ponR B orno6o;a;tt1errttme
6op611 Ha Te3l1 o6nacnr. Te C'btqo C'b3)l;aBaT CBOJ1 opraH113au;1111. 06ocofornaHero Ha
e;a;:wHHa opram13au;11J1 Ha MaKe;a;oHcKHTe ;a;py)l(eCTBa :w KOMJ1TeT:w: B KmDKecrnorn o6a-
qe HMa CBOR npe;a;11cTOpl1R, ":ll1eTO HaqaJIO ce CB'bp3Ba C'bC C'b3;a;a;a;eHaTa rrpe3 1880 r.
MaKe;a;oHCKa ;a;ppKHHa. Bnorne;a;cTBHe ce opraHl1311paT :w 3a pa3Jil1":1eH nep:wo.ri OT Bpe-
Me ;a;et1cTBaT MaKe;a;oHcKaTa n11ra, EonrapoMaKe;a;oHCKOTO ;a;py)l(eCTBO, ;a;py)J(ecrnoro
"MaKe;a;oHCKl1 mac", MaKe;a;oHCKHRT peBon10u;110HeH KOMHTeT "McKpa" :w T. H. Te noA-
;a;op)l(aT BHHMaH:weTo Ha 6'hJirapCKaTa o6ll.\eCTBeHOCT K'bM npo6neMl1Te Ha nopo6em1-
Te C'bHapo;a;H11u;:w B MaKe;a;oHJ1R.
I1pe3 MapT 1895 r. MaKe;a;oHcKHTe ;a;py)l(ecrna :w: KOMl1TeT11 B E'hnrap1rn rrpoBelK-
;a;aT o6ll.\ KOHrpec c u;en c'b3)l;aBaHe Ha e;a;HHHa opraHH3all;l1R. KoHrpec'bT opraH11311pa
BopxoBeH MaKe;a;oHCKJ1 KOMHTeT (BMK) c npe;a;ce;a;aTeJI TpaJ.1qo K:wTaH'IeB. BMK or
nocTaBR C'bll.\aTa u;en KaTo BMOPO - np:w;a;ofornaHe Ha noJIHTH'IecKa aBTOHOMH!I 3a
MaKe;a;oHMR :w: O;a;p11HcKo, npl13HaTa 11 rapannrpaHa OT Ben11Kl1Te c11n:w. Cpe11:crnara3a
IIOCTJ1raHe Ha Ta3J1 u;en ca B'b3;a;eticTBl1e B'bpxy 6'bnrapcKOTO npaB11TeJICTBO l1 06ll\eCT-
BeHOTO MHeH:we B EBpona <Ipe3 ne'IaTHOTo cnoBo, Ml1THHrl1, MeMoap11, T. e. rreranm1
cpe;a;crna, HO He ce :W3KJIIO'!Ba 11 B'bOp'b)l(eHaTa 6op6a. MHoro CKopo MttpHttTe cpeA-
CTBa 6:wBaT 1130CTaBeH:w: :w: BMK no;a;roTBR 'IeTHM'IecKa aKu;:w:R B MaKe;a;omrn, ltl3Becrna
Karn MeJIHJ1IIIKO B'bCTaH:w:e (IOJIJ1 1895 r.), B Koern yqacTBaT MJia;a;:w: oqmQep11, po110M
Hati-Be'Ie OT MaKep;oHHR. Hat1-cnonyqn:w:B11 ca ;a;eticTBJ1RTa Ha no;a;nopy<I11K E. Capa-
cpoB - npeB3eT e rpa;a; MeJIHMK. OpraHJ1311paHa Ha6op3o, 6e3 npe;a;Bap11TeJIHaTa nog-
roTOBKa Ha MeCTHOTO HaceneHHe :w: 6e3 yqacT11eTo Ha BMOPO, aKQJ1RTa e tteycrrewHa
11 np:w:KJIIO'IBa 6op3o, yBen:w:qaBatiK11 pa3Hornac:w:JJTa no TaKTJ1KaTa Ha BMK. C111ra
ce ;a;o 1136op Ha HOB B'bpXOBeH KOMJ1TeT c npe;a;ce;a;aTeJI reH . .u. H:ttKOJiaeB. Tio-K'bCHO
npe;a;ce;a;aTeJI11 cTaBaT E. CapacpoB 11 reH. MB. ~oHqeB.
HOBA EnflI'APCKA UCTOPUH (1878-1944)
06ep;J.1HemreTO Ha MaKep;OHCKJilTe p;py)!(ecTBa aKTJ.1BJ.131ilpa Ji[ TpaKlilt'ICKJilTe eMJ.1-

rpaHTJ.l. Tipe3 1896 r. B'bB BapHa ce yqpep;J1Ba p;py)!(ecrno "CTpaHp;)!(a" OT 6parnrn
L(paryeBJ.1, TieTKO KlilpRKOB, MaHoJI KoBa'IeB M p;p. To o6ep;MHJIBa 6nmapcKMTe 6e)l(a-
Hl\H OT Op;pwHcKa w Ee110MopCKa TpaKlilR J/I Pop;onJ/ITe. D;py)l(eCTBOTO MMa 3a u;e11 p;a ce
6opH 3a KYJITypHo-nporneTHOTo lil3p;wraHe Ha Hace11eHweTo B Op;pMHCKaTa 0611acT, p;a
3all\11TaBa HeroBlilTe rrpaBa c 11eraJIHJ/I cpep;crna. CKopo o6aqe p;eti:u;:wTe Bb3nplileMaT
peBonmu;woHHlilR nnT Ha pa3BlilTJ.1e. B norpaHH'IHlilTe pati:oHH ce J.rnrpa)!(p;aT KaHamr 3a
rrpeHarnHe Ha opn)l(He, a B Jlo3eHrpap;cKo J/I ManKOTbpHoBcKo ce C'b3p;aBaT HJIKOJIKO
MaJIKJ.1 tJeTM. Tipe3 1900 r. p;py)l(ecTBo "CTpaHp;)!(a" ce 06ep;vrHJ1Ba c BMK, Koti:rn 3a-
IIO'IBa p;a ce Hap:wqa BnpxoBeH MaKep;oHo-Op;pMHCKlil KOMvrTeT (BMOK).
OrnollleHMJITa Me)l(p;y BMOPO M BMOK ca CJIO)KHJ.1 M npoTMBopetI:WBM. Pep;yBaT
ce rrepMop;H Ha rpap;lilBHO CnTpyp;H:wtJecrno :w ep;MHop;eti:cTBMe c oCTpJII npoTHBo6opc-
TBa vr KbpBaBJ.1 pa3nplil. KoraTo cvr cnTpyp;HMtJaT BnTpellIHaTa opraHM3au;11.sI no11yqaBa
or Bnpx0Bmu1 KOM:WTeT opn)l(Me, 6oenp:wnacJ.1 11 T. H., a 3a pbKOBop;HTeJIH Ha pati:OHH
B MaKep;OHlilR u Op;pMHCKO ce M3npaiu;aT nop;rorneHlil B'bB BOeHHO OTHOllleHMe 11uu;a,
KOMTO o6ytJaBaT 6nJirapCKOTO Hace11eHMe Ha BOeHHO p;eno. TipOTJ.1BOpetIJ.1JITa Me)l(-
AY ABeTe opramnau;:trn He ce OTHaCRT p;o Kpati:HaTa u;en. no HeR Te ca ep;lilHO,D;YllIHlil
- aBTOHOMHJITa TpR6Ba p;a 6n,n;e ernn K'bM o6ep;HHeHMeTO c Enmap:trn. Pa3p;eJIRT rn
BorrpocuTe Koti: Tp.sI6Ba p;a ornaBlil p;BM)Kem1ern J.1 KaKBM p;a ca cpep;crnarn 3a nocTM-
ratte Ha u;e11Ta. PnKOBop;lilTeJI:wTe Ha BnTpelllnarn opram13au;J.rn ca y6ep;eHM, qe :UK Ha
BMOPO TpR6Ba ,n;a :wMa pernaBaiu;arn ,n;yMa. D:e:tiu;MTe Ha BMOK :wcKaT CBOR npMo-
pt1TeT npM B3eMaHeTo Ha Hati:-Ba)l(HMTe pelllemrn. li1 e,n;mue, M ,n;pyruTe pa3tJJ.1TaT Ha
EonrapCKaTa p;np)l(aBa 3a ocBo6o)l(p;eHMeTO Ha MaKep;oHMR J.1 Op;pMHCKO. Ho p;oKaTo
BopxoBHMRT KOMlilTeT R BM)l(,D;a KaTo pernaBaiu; cpaKTOp, BMOPO ce cTpeMJ.1 KbM Ma-
coBo ABM)KeHMe, KOeTo p;a rro11yqu no,n;Kpenarn Ha Enmapirn.
IIpe3 JIRTOTO Ha 1902 r. B cTpaHaTa ce npa3HyBa 25-rop;MllIHJ.1HaTa OT Orno60)1(-
11ett11ero. Tnp)l(eCTBaTa Ha llI:HrrKa, cnnpoBop;eHvr c noKa3HM BOeHHM MaHeBpM, Ha-
crpo:t1BaT roJIJIMa qacT OT p;eti:u;ttTe Ha BMOK, qe yrnoBMRTa 3a peBonmu;vroHHlil aKu;tttt
ca tta3pe11u u MMa roJI.sIMa Bepo.sITHOCT 3a Texmrn ycrrex. Te C'IHTaT qe ep;Ho BbcTaHHe
I11e rrpHHyp;u Pycw.sI M ABcTpo-YHrapttR, CTpaHHTe c Hatt-roJIJIM HHTepec Ha EanKaHH-
re, .r1a J.13JIR3aT c pecpopMeH n11aH. 3aToBa npe3 eceHTa Ha 1902 r. BMOK opraHH3Hpa
r. Hap. foprrop;)l(yMa:i1:cKo B'bCTaHMe. OcHOBHHTe cpa)KeHMR ce BO,D;RT B ManarneBcKo,
IIerp11tIKo, Pa3JIO)l(KO :w MeJIHMillKO. B TRX yqacrnaT 0Ko110 3000 BbCTaHvru;H, Ho oiu;e
B Ha'IaJioTo Ha HoeMBpM B'bCTaHtteTo e noTyllleHo. OT TypcKHTe eKcu;ecvru e 3acer-
Haro rrpep;MMHO MeCTHOTO Hace11emie, KOeTO ,[\aBa MHOro )KepTBJ.1. D:eceTKM ceJia ca
orro)KapeHM, Hap; 2000 p;yrnlil eMttrpupaT B EnnrapHR. BnTpelllrrarn opramrnau;ttR He
ce rrp11Cbep;MHRBa K'bM B'bCTaH:WeTO, 3aID;OTO cnope,n; HeR HaceJieHHeTO He e fOTOBO 3a
peU111TeJIHH p;e:i1:cTBJ.1R. AKD;:WRTa He ce nop;KpenR M OT npaB:wTeJICTBOTO Ha CT. D;aHeB.
BorpenrnaTa opraHM3aD;M.R: ce CTpeMM ,n;a HaMamr pa3Maxa Ha B'bCTaHMeTO H ,n;opvr ce
crnra AO B'bOp'b)l(eHM CT'bJIKHOBeHJ.1R Me)Kp;y tJeTMTe Ha ,D;BeTe opraHH3au;:wtt. fopHo-
/llKYMaMCKOTO B'bcTaHMe nocTaBR B Kp:WTlil'IHO nono)KeHMe BMOPO. YHMID;O)!(eHtt ca
6a311 M KaHaJilil, npe3 KO:WTO npeM:wHaBaT xopa M opb)l(J.1e 3a BnTpellIHOCTTa rra MaKe-
261
Pocu4a AHze11oaa
,n;oHMH. C'b~eBpeMeHHO B'bCTaHMeTo KaTaJIJ13Mpa HaMecaTa Ha BenMKMTe c1111w B pa-

6oTaTa Ha L1Mrrep11J1Ta. Orr11T11Te 3a cep1103Hl1 peq>0pM11 o6at.re rrporra,n;aT. C ycrrex e
rrpoKapaHa caMo T. Hap. 'Th,n;apcKa peq>0pMa': crrope,n; KORTO rr'h,n;apwTe-Mrocro11Mam1,
KOMTO BHaCJIT y)l(aC B xp11cTWRHCKJ1Te cena, ca 3aMeHeHJ1 c MeCTHJ1 xopa-xpwcTWRHl1.
6. 11AHHAeHCKo-Ilpeo6pa~eHCKO BbCTaHHe (1903)

Cne,n; fopHO,n;)l(yMaikKoTo B'bCTamte Harrpe)l(eHMeTo B MaKe,n;omrn Hapacrna
t.ryBcTBMTeJIHO. IIpaBMTeJICTBOTO Ha Typr,v.rn 3ac1111Ba perrpecwBHMTe MepKw, KaTO C'b-
cpe,n;oTot.raBa BoeHHM 11 rroMO~HM t.raCTM, KOWTO B'hpruaT MacoBM 6e33aKOHWR. B Ta3l1
HanperHaTa o6cTaHOBKa B Hat.raJioTo Ha 1903 r. UK Ha BMOPO npOBe)l(,n;a Kompec
Ha opraHM3aQMHTa B ConyH. IIo,n; npe,n;ce,n;aTencrnoTo Ha MB. fapBaHoB KompeCbr
B3eMa penreH11e 3a B'bCTaH11e, KOeTo ,n;a 1136yxHe rrpe3 rrponeTTa Ha c'b~aTa ro1111-
Ha J1 ,n;a ce pa3npoCTpe fIOBCeMeCTHO 113 BCJ1t.JKJ1 peBOJIIOQJ10HHJ1 0Kp'b3W. Ilo e11Ha
J1JIJ1 ,n;pyra npl1t.rl1Ha OTC'bCTBaT BW,Il;HJ1Te ,n;e'l1:Ql1 Ha BMOPO r. ,Uent.reB 58 , fpyes, .u. r.
IIeTpoB, II. TonreB, .J!He CaH,n;aHcKM 11 ,n;p. IIo-K'hCHO Te pernwTeJIHO Bb3pa3RBaT cpe-
~y MacoBaTa B'bCTaHMt.reCKa aKQWH, npeQeHRBaMKM H KaTo npe)l(,n;eBpeMeHHa. Morn-
BMTe MM ca, qe opraHJ13aQJ1RTa He e no,n;rOTBeHa HJ1TO MopanHo, HWTO MaTep11a1IHO,
a 11 Me)l(,n;yHapo,n;HaTa o6cTaHOBKa He e 611arorrp11HTHa. 3a,n;rpaHMt.JHOTO rrpe,n;cTas11-
TeJICTBo Ha opraH113aQMRTa B CoqrnH cne,n; ,Il;'hJirM ,n;11CKyc1111 ce rrp11coe,n;wHRBa K'bM
TOBa perneH11e. IIo-K'bCHO r.
,Uent.reB ce cpe~a B MaKe,n;oHMR c'bc 3aB'bpHanwR ce or
3aTot.reHMe ,U. fpyeB 11 ,n;BaMaTa CTMraT ,n;o l13Bo,n;a, t.re cne,n; KaTo opraHw3a~irnra e
58 fo~e ,Ue11'1eB e po,LleH B KyKyIII Ha 4 cpeap. 1872 r. 3aa'bpIIIBa rrporn:MHa3l1H a po,LIHirn rn rpa11,
cne,L\ KOeTo rrpo,L1'bm1<aa 06pa3oaam1ern rn B Co11yHcKaTa rHMHa311H. IIpe3 1891 rrocT'bIIBa B'hB Bo-
eHHOTO Y'-ll1Jil1Il\e B CoqmH, Ho 3apa,L\l1 y'-laCTweTo MY B coqwa11wcTl1'-lecK11 Kp'b)KOK e 113KJIJO'-leH Hor
1894 rD,L\l1Ha e y'-lwTeJI B IU1m, K'b,L\eTo yqwTeJicTBa ,U. fpyea. ,[(eJI'-leB e rrpwa11e'-1eH B opram13aJ.1H!lra
OT fpyea l1 IIO-K'bCHO ce rrpeBpoll\a B Hel1H cpaKTl1'-leCKl1 poKOBO,L\l1TeJI. IIpe3 1895 fO;lll1Ha r. ,[\en'!eB
HarrycKa y'-lwTeJicTBOTO l1 ce OT,L\aBa l13qHJIO Ha peaomoqwoHHa ,L\et'rnocT. Tot1 e e,L111H OT rr'hpsure
opraHl13l1paTopw Ha rrorpaHl1'-IHl1Te rryHKTOBe Ha opraHl13aQl1HTa B IIwpwHcKa MaKe;llOHl1ll - Ko'!e-
pHHOBO, Pw11a, KroCTeH,L\l1JI, ,[(yrrHwqa l1 ;11p. l1 Ha He11eraJIHl1Te KaHa11w K'bM B'bTpeIIIHOCTTa Ha Ma-
Ke,L10Hl1H. IIpe3 1896 yqacTBa B pa6oTaTa Ha Co11yHcKl1H KOHrpec Ha BMOPO 11 3ae;11Ho c r. ITerpoB
l13pa6oTBa rrporpaMaTa l1 ycTaaa Ha opraHw3aq11.l!Ta, KOMTO rrpe,L\Bl1)K,Lla l13rpa)K,LlaHeTO Ha 11eM0Kpa-
Tl1'-IHl1 OCHOBl1. CJie,[\ KOHrpeca ,[(eJitJeB e 1136paH 3a 3a,LlrpaHl1tJeH rrpe,LICTaBl1TeJI, IIO;llB11)1(fH 'lneH
Ha U:K Ha BMOPO. Tot1 rro11ara ro11eMl1 yrn11w.ll 3a JI3rpa)K,LlaHe Ha peaoJIIOQl10HHaTa Mpe)l(a, KaKro
3a rna6,L\l!BaHeTo Ha opraHH3aQl1.l!Ta c op'b)!(He. IIpe3 1899 ro;1111Ha rro J11Hl1q11aT11Ba Ha ,[\en'!eB ce
JI!
rrpHCT'bIIBa K'bM i,rnrpa)K;llaHeTO Ha '-leTHl1'-lecK11.ll JllHCTJ1TYT Ha BMOPO, KOMTO l13l1rpasa 113Kmo-
'-ll1TeJIHO Ba)!(Ha po11.ll 3a rro-HaTaT'bIIIHOTO JI! MaCOBl13l1paHe JI! peaoJIJOQl10Hl13l1paHe. KaTO rnaseH
peBJ/13op Ha '-leTHTe ,[(e11qea rrpe.r1rrpweMa HHKOJIKO o6l1KOJIKl1 l13 MaKe,L\OHJllH l1 0;11pwHcKa TpaKl!Jl.
IIpe3 MapT 1903 fQ,LIJl[Ha tJeTaTa Har. ,[(eJI'-leB B3p11B.l!Ba MOCTa Ha peKa AHrHCTa - Ha )KeJie30il'bTHara
Jil1HJl[.ll CorryH - 0,Llpl1H. Ha 3 Maw c. r, Ha II'bT 3a cpell\a c BO,L\J11Te1111Te Ha CepcKw peson1011110HeH
oKpor tJeTaTa MY rrorra;11Ha B o6Kpo)KeHwe B ceno fiam1qa, CepCKo, Ji[ cne,L\ e;11Ho;11HeBHO cpaJ1<eH11e c
rrpeB'b3XO)K,Llall\aTa m rroTep.!! r. ,[(errtJeB rra,[\a y6wT. fl16ema MY ce B'b3IIpJl[eMa oT coapeMeHHl1J.11!Te
w OT Jl[CTOPJl[Ql1Te Karn e;11Ha OT Haw-Te)!(Kl1Te 3ary6w 3a BMOPO.
HOBA E"b!IFAPCKA MCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
B3eJia peIIIeH11e 3a B'bCTaH11e 11 TO e l13npaTeHo no oKpo3l1Te, spoIQaHe Ha3ap; HRMa.

Bp0Kosop;H11Te cpep;11 Ha opraH113aQl1RTa HRMa ep;l1HOAYIIIHO MHeHHe 3a MeTop;11Te Ha
6oAeIQl1Te peBOJIIOQl10HHl1 p;eMCTBl1.!I. JJ:e11qes e npOTl1B ep;Ho BCeHapop;HO B'bCTaH11e
M HaCTO.!IBa 6op6aTa p;a ce BO}J;l1 qpe3 Tepop11CTl1'IHl1 }J;eIACTBl1.!1, KOl1TO p;a He 3arnraT
Hace11eHl1eTo, a p;a 6'bp;aT c'hcpep;orn'IeHl1 Bopxy TypcKl1Te soeHHl1 o6eKTl1. fpynarn
0Ko110 r. ITeTpoB HaCTORBa 3a nepMaHeHTHa pesoJIIOQl1.!I, Karn p;et1:cTBl1.!ITa ce pa3-
rrpoCTpaT B'bB BpeMeTo . .D:-p Xp. Tarnpqes ce 06.11B.11Ba 3a KJiarnqecK11 Tl1n B'bCTaH11e.
B Kpavrna CMeTKa BCJ.1'-IKl1 ce o6ep;l1HRBaT Bopxy KOMnpOMl1CHl1.!I Bapl1aHT - BMeCTO
MaCOBO 11 IlOBCeMeCTHO CTpaTer11qecKO Hap;11raHe p;a ce l13Il0Jl3Ba napT113aHCKaTa l1
'!eTHl1'!eCKaTa TaKTl1Ka.
Henocpep;cTBeHaTa nop;roTOBKa 3a B'bCTam1eTo 3anoqsa sep;Hara c11e,n; ConyH-
CKMR KOHrpec. HoB11 qeT11 OT KH.11:>KeCTBOTO HaBJil13aT B MaKep;oHH.11. Kp11n0To Ha Ei.
Capacpos B'bB BMOK npornra poKa 3a cDTpyp;Hl1'!ecrno. I1pe3 anp11n 1903 r. rpynarn
Ha T. Hap. "reM11p;:>K1111" B3p11BRBa B ConyHcKoTO npl1CTaHl1IQe ¢peHcK11.11 Kopa6 'Tsa-
AaJIKl1Bl1p''. TexH11Te 60M611 l136yxBaT 11 nop; crpap;arn Ha "EiaHK 0ToMaH''. EioM6eHl1
eKcrr110311111136yxBaT 11 B ,n;pyr11 Kpa111Qa Ha Conytt. Mnap;11Te naTp110T11 3arnsaT B cpa-
)j(eHJrn c noJil1Ql1.!ITa. 06crnHOBKaTa e HaeJieKTpl13l1patta. B T03l1 MOMeHT Ha BopxoB-
HO l13Ill1TaHl1e B'hTpeIIIHaTa opraH113aQl1.!I 3ary6sa Hat1:-TaJiaHTJil1Bl1.!I cl1 opraH113aTop
ii crpaTer. Ha TI'bT 3a KOHrpeca Ha CepcK11.11 peBOJIIOQMOHeH oKp'br Ha 4 Matlr 1903 r.
Kpatf C. oaHJ1Qa e y611T f . .IJ:eJI'!eB. f1p11 Ta3l1 Kpaf'IHO He6Jiaronpl1RTHa o6CTaHOBKa B
Ha'!aJioTO Ha Matlr 1903 r. B c. CM11neso, Ei11TOJICKO ce npose)Kp;a KOHrpec'bT Ha Ei11TOJI-
CKWH pesoJIIOQl10HeH oKp'br. lifa6paH e fnaseH J:Qa6 c 'IJiettose JJ:. f pyes, Ei. CapacpoB u
Ar. JI03aH'!eB, KOMTO J.1MaT Il'bJIHOMOIQl1.!ITa p;a nop;roTB.!IT 11 poKOBO}J;.!IT B'bCTaHMeTo.
Il(a6oT Ha E11TOJICK11IR peBOJIIOQl10HeH oKpor pernasa B'bCTaHl1eTO B T03l1 pai'loH p;a
tt36yxHe Ha 2 aBrycT (Vlmrn,n;ett).
Ha 28 IOHl1 B MecTHOCTTa ITeTpoBa HMBa B CTpaHp;)Ka e OTKPMT KOHrpec'bT Ha
0ApWHCKl1R peBOJIIOQJ.10HeH oKp'br. TyK e l136paHo fnaBHOTO poKOBOp;Ho 6oeso rn110
BcocTaB M. fepp;)K11KOB, CT. VlKOHOMOB 11 JI. Map;)f(apoB. Te onpep;eJI.!IT p;arnrn Ha B'bc-
rattweTo - 19 aBrycT (I1peo6pa)l(ett11e). I1opap;11 rn6eJITa Ha JJ:enqes npep;s11p;eH11IRT 3a
CepcKM peBOJIIOQl10HeH oKp'br KOHrpec ce ornara :w ce CB:WKBa ep;sa Ha 2 cenTeMsp11
(20 aBryCT) 1903 r. B c. I1wp11H, Torasa, Korarn B'bCTaH:WeTO B p;pyrnTe pesoJIIOQMOHH:W
OKpo3l1 Bops11 K'bM CBOR Kpai'!. PeIIIasa ce B'bCTaHl1'!ecK:wTe p;ei'!crn11.11 B oKpora p;a
3aIIO'!HaT Ha 27 cenTeMBp11(Kp'bCTOB}J;eH)11 p;a ce 113pa3RT B '!eTH:W'IeCKl1 l1 nop;pI1BHl1
Aet'!crB:wR. B p;pyr:wTe peBoJIIOL\l10HHl1 oKpo3l1 - CKoncK11, ConyHcK11 11 CTpyM:WIIIKM
He ca CB:WKaHl1 KOHrpec11 11 p;ei'lcTBl1.!ITa Ha MeCTH:WTe KOM:WTeT:W ca C'bo6pa3eHl1 c o6-
ll10TO pa3Bl1Tl1e Ha B'bOp'b:>KeHOTO B'bCTaH11e.
Ha 2 cpe!Qy 3 aBrycT (Vlnwttp;eH) 1903 r. nops11 Ha B'bopo)KeHa 6op6a ce sp;11-
rar cerrRH:WTe OT CM11JieBo, K'bp;eTo npe6usasa B'bCTaH:W'!ecK:W.!IT J:Qa6 Ha E11ToJicK11.11
OKpor l1 Heros11.11T p'bKOBO,!l;l1TeJI .IJ:. fpyeB. BncTaH:wern o6XBaIQa pat1:0H11Te Ha Jie-
pHHCKO, KocTypcKo, Oxp11,n;cKo, K11'!eBcKo, PoceHcKo :w ITpecnaHcKo. 0111130 20 000
BOHHWL\l1 C'bcpe,n;oTo'laBa TypcKoTo npas:wTencrno K'bM B'bCTaHaJiuTe cen:wIQa. B npo-
111im1<eH11e Ha HRKOJIKO }J;Hl1 ce npoBe)l(p;aT HaKa3aTeJIHl1 aKQl1l1, KOl1TO np11Hy)!(p;asaT
B'bCTaHl11\l1Te p;a ce OTTeTJIRT B TIJiaHl1Hl1Te 11 rnep; l13BeCTHO BpeMe p;a ce 3aBp'bIQaT,
263
Pocmia AH2e11oaa
c6JibCKBal1K11 ce B nep110,n;wrn11 cpa)l{eHl1R c Henp11.HTem1. C Ta311 TaKTl1Ka BbCTaHa-
m1Te 6bJirap11 npop;bJI)l{aBaT 6oeBeTe p;o OKTOMBpl1. J13KJIJQqJ1TeJIHO Bl1COK 6oeH .iiyx
npoRBRBaT BbCTaH11~11Te OT MaJIKl1R rpa,n;e~ KpyrneBo. BpeMeHHOTO peBOJIIOQMOHHO
ynpaBJieH11e, HapeqeHo 'TopcKo Haqancrno", npoBb3rJiaC.HBa KpyrneBcKaTa peny6nu-
Ka, npocbIQecrnyBaJia ,n;eceT11Ha p;H11. Ilo,n; pbKOBop;CTBOTO Ha H11KoJia KapeB B Hel1-
HaTa KpaTKOTpatfHa ap;Ml1Hl1CTpa~J1.H yqacTBaT npep;cTaBJ1TeJIJ1 Ha Bc11qK11 HaQl10HaJl-
HOCTJ1 B rpa,n;a. BbCTaHJ1QJ1Te ce OTTermIT B nJiaHJ1HJ1Te npe,n; HaCTbilBaIQaTa 10 000
TypCKa BOHCKa.
BbcTaH11eTo B O,n;p11HcKa TpaK11.H nnaMBa cnope,n; nnaH11paHaTa p;aTa - Ha 19 as-
rycT 1903 r. TyK BbOpb)l{eH11Te ,n;el1cTBl1R ca cpaBHl1TeJIHo MacoB11 11 OTHaqaJio HOCilT
ycnex Ha Hap;11rHaJI11Te ce 6bnrap11. BbcTaH11Q11Te npeB3eMaT AxTonoJI 11 Bac111I11Ko.
3HaMeTo Ha rno6o,n;aTa ce pa3BHBa 11 Hap; MHoro ceJia. BbcTaH11Q11Te Tbp)l{ecTBysar
B QeJI11.H pa:i1oH Ha CTpaH,n;)l{a 11 l1MaT HaMepeH11e ,n;a aTaKyBaT MaJIKo TbpHoso, Ho
ce 3a6aBRT, KOeTo p;aBa Bb3MO)l{HOCT Ha TypQ11Te ,n;a ce yKpenHT. J1 B CTpaH,n;)l(att-
CKl1H Kpa:i1, KaKTO 11 B KpyrneBo, e HanpaBeH peny6JI11KaHcK11 eKcnep11MeHT. HHKOJIKO
rno6op;Hl1 o6I.Ql1Hl1 o6pa3yBaT CTpaH,n;)l{aHcKaTa peny6JI11Ka. B He.fl ce ocb~ecTBJIT
KOJieKTl1BHO ynpaBJieH11e, KOJieKTJ1BeH TPYA 11 KoJieKTl1BHO pa3npe,n;eneH11e Ha 6narara
Ha T03l1 Tpyp;.
B ocTaHaJI11Te peBOJIIOQl10HHl1 oKpb3l1 ( ConyHcK11, CKoncK1111 CTpyM11IIIK11) ocso-
6op;11TeJIHOTop;B11)1{eH11eHecepa3B11BaKaT0MacoB0BbCTaH11e. T11n11qH11TyKca11ernw-1e-
cK11Te aKQl1l1. qeT11Te caKaKTO MeCTHl1, TaKa11 np1111)1(p;aIQ11 OT obJirapirn, T. e.113nparem1
OT BMOK. qeTH11qecKaTa aKTl1BHOCT e Hal1-B11c0Ka B CepcK11.H peBOJIIOQ110HeH oKpor.
Cna3Bat1K11 nnaHa, Ha 27 cenTeMBp11 qeTH11qecK11Te 0TpH,n;11 npeKbCBaT TeJierpaqrnwre
Bpb3Kl1 c HeBpoKon. OcbI.QeCTBRBaT ce aKQ1111 B .[(eM11px11capcKo, MeJIH11IIIKO, Kb):1eTO
,n;ei'fcrnaT qeT11Te Ha 51. CaHp;aHCKl1 11 ,n;p.
TypcKoTo npaB11TeJICTBo XBbpJIR orpoMH11 c11n11 3a noTyrnaBaHe Ha Bbcram1ero B
MaKep;oH11.H 11 O,n;p11HcKa TpaK11H. Cnope,n; p;aHH11Te Ha MeMoapa Ha BbTpeIIIHara opra-
H113aQ11R OT 1904 r., B E11ToJicK1111 O,n;p11HCK11.H peBoJIIOQl10HeH oKpbr ca craHan11239
cpa)l(eH11R, B KOlilTO B3eMaT yqacTlile 26 000 BbCTaHlilQlil, cpeIQy 350-XlilJI.Hp;Ha soJ.fcKa. B
cpa)l{eHlil.HTa 3ar11BaT 994 BbCTaH11Q11, onm1<apeH11 ca 201 cena, y6MTl1 ca 4600 ,n;yIIrn: or
MlilpHoTo HaceneH11e, a ,n;pyrlil 25 000 ,n;yrn11 )1{11TeJI11 OT MaKep;oH11.H lil O,n;p11ttcKo 6JiraT
B KHR)l{eCTBOTO. Te311 Q11cpplil ca p;o1<a3aTeJICTBO 3a HenplilM11plilMOCTTa Ha Hacenett11-
eTo B Ma1<ep;oH11R 11 O,n;p11Hc1<0 cbc CbIQeCTByBaIQl1R HaQ110HaJieH lil coQ11aneH mer,
3a HenpeKJIOHHaTa MY BOJIR ,n;a )l{lifBee rno6op;Ho, 3a cTpeMe)l(a MY ,n;a OTXBbpw oKoH-
qaTeJIHO n03opH0To ocMaHcKo rocnop;cTBO. BbcTaHlilQlilTe noCTeneHHO :t1311epnsar
CBOlilTe Cl1Jilil. CynTaHbT 0Tq11Ta TOBa 11 Ha 6 cenTeMBplil 1903 r. npaB11 TbH'bK ,n;unno-
MaTJilqecKlil xo,n;. To:i1 06.HBRBa, qe KpbBOilOJililTl1.HTa IQe 6bp;aT npeKpaTeH11, aKo Be11w-
K11Te rnJI11 nplilHYAHT obJirap11R ,n;a ce OTKa)l{e OT no,n;KpenaTa Ha BbCTam1ero. Typ111111
npeXBbpJIR oTroBopHoCTTa Bbpxy cocp11l1cK0To npaB11TeJICTBO. Ben11K11Te CMJIM, rrraB·
HO Pyc11.H 11 ABcTpo-YHrap11R, c HOTlil ,n;o 6bmapcKoTo npaB11TeJICTBO ro npwHy)!(.iiasar
,n;a He ce HaMeCBa. B KoHcpn11KTa BbHlllHlilTe Ml1Hl1cTp11 Ha p;BeTe 11Mnep1111 :t13pa6orsar
pecpopMeH nJiaH. MropQIQercKMTe pecpopMlil (no lilMeTO Ha rpa,n;a, Kbp;eTO ce cpell\aT
HOBA E'"b!II'APCKA MCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
rpacp JlaMcp;opKp;aT yM11poTBopRBaHe Ha o6nacTTa u

)\aBaHe H.lIKOH rrpaBa Ha Hapop;HOCTHTe B HMrrepHRTa.
Ha 17 cerrTeMBptt 1903 r. ~a6oT Ha B'bCTaHHeTO H3rrpallla Mon6a p;o 6onrapcKHTe
orrosopHH <PaKTop:w p;a o6RBRT BOWHa Ha TypQHR. Tip11 cn~ecTByBa~aTa Me:>Kp;yHa-
po11Ha o6CTaHOBKa EonrapttR HRMa HlifTO CMJIM, HMTO B'b3MO)!(HOCT 3a peanHa rroMOIII.
Brn'IKM o6~eCTBeHH rnoeBe B CTpaHaTa He3aBMCl1MO OT CBOHTe pa3JIH"'IHM CXBa~a
mrn C'b'IYBCTBaT Ha B'bCTaHMQ:WTe M oKa3BaT MopaJIHa M MaTepMaJIHa rroMOIII. OrneH
B'b3IU1palllHTe rrpep;yrrpe)!(p;eHM.lI Ha CMJIMTe, 6onrapCKOTO rrpaBHTeJICTBO MHOfO p;o-
6pe pa36Mpa, qe Iii C'bCep;HHTe p;'bp)l(aBH H.lIMa p;a OCTaHaT 6e3yqacTHM rrpM eBeHTyanHa
HaMeca. fnaBHaTa rrp:W'lMHa 3a cp;op)!(aHOTO IlOBe,[\eHHe CM OCTaBa MKOHOMH'leCKaTa
11 soeHHa rna6ocT. ToBa ce oc'b3HaBa M OT poKOBOAMTeJIMTe Ha opraHM3aQMRTa. He
CJI}''-!aWHO f. ,[(eJI'leB TB'bpp;M, qe "nowo 6MXMe ce OTilllaTMJIM Ha EonrapMR 3a MHO-
ro6poWHMTe HeWHM )!(epTBM rrop;Mp Hae, aKO MCKaMe .r1a R BKapaMe 6oca B Of'bH.lI''. 3a
Cb)l(aJieHMe BopxoBMRT MOMeHT B pa3BMTlifeTO Ha peBOJIIOQMOHHHTe rrpoQern B MaKe-
1\0HWR He C'bBrrap;a c roTOBHOCTTa Ha KHR)!(eCTBOTO 3a pewMTeJIHM p;ewcTBHR.
l1JI11Hp;eHCKo-IIpeo6pa)l(eHCKOTO B'bCTaHlire l136yxBa npe)l(,lleBpeMeHHO, rrpe-
1\!1 ):la 6op;e 3aBopweHa BCeCTpaHHaTa IlO,[\fOTOBKa Ha HaCeJieHMeTO. 3aTOBa MaCOBO
B'bCTaHMe M36yxBa caMO B p;Ba peBOJIIOQJifOHHM OKpora. Tipe3 1903 r. He C'bllleCTByBaT
pearrHw B'b3MO)l(HOCTH 3a rro6ep;eH M3xop; OT Boopo)!(eHaTa 6op6a. OcMaHcKaTa HM-
rrepirn BCe o~e rrpttTe)!(aBa orpoMHM 'lOBeIIJKM, BOeHHl1 H HKOHOMH'leCKM pecypc11,
KOl1TO He MoraT p;a 6op;aT rrpeqyrreHH OT e):IHa 6anKaHcKa p;op)!(aBa, a o~e no-MaJIKO
or HaceJiem1eTo Ha e.r1Ha rrpoBHHQHR. Me)!(,llyHapop;HoTo nono:>KeH11e C'b~o He no3BO-
mrna 6JiarorrpttRTeH M3xop;. Ben:wKHTe CMJIM Bee Ollie He ca roToB11 p;a rrpHCT'brrRT K'bM
pernasaHe Ha CJIO)l(H:WR H3TO'leH Borrpoc. PyrnR e 3aern B ,[(ane'!HHR H3TOK, K'b,lleTo
Ha3p}'rna Bnopo)!(eH KoH<Pn:wKT c 5IrroHMR. ABCTpo-YttrapMR, p;pyrarn p;'bp)!(aBa c pe-
rnaBalll mac B 6aJIKaHCKHTe p;ena, Bee o~e He e 3asoplllwJia rrpttc'bep;11HRBaHeTo K'bM
11Mrrep11RTa Ha oKyrr:wpaH:wTe rrpe3 1878 r. Eorna M XepQerOBHHa, 3a p;a .r1orryrne HOBO
rrpepa3npep;eneH11e Ha rronuT:wtJecKarn Kaprn Ha nonyoCTpoBa. EanKaHCKHTe .r1op)!(aB11
C'bI.qO MHOro BHHMaTeJIHO :w peBHMBO rnep;RT 6op611Te Ha 6onrapcKOTO HaceneHHe 3a
cso60.r1a. Te ca pewuTeJIH:W rrpoTHBHHQIA Ha pecpopM11 6e3 rnxHo yqaCTue, Tow KaTO
TOBa 03Ha'!aBa p;a ce OTKpORT Heo6ocHOBaHHTe HM rrpeTeHQHM.
7. Ha~uoHa.l\Hoocso6o~uTe.l\HOTO ~su.meuue cAe~ BbcTanneTo
3anotJHaJiaTa no l1H:WIJ;MaT:WBa Ha pyCKaTa Iii aBCTpHWCKaTa )l;HilJIOMaQH.lI pecpop-

MeHa aKQHR He AOHarn oco6eHH pe3ynTaTH. TR e rrpo,ll'bJI)!(eHMe Ha orrMTMTe 3a peql0p-
M11re Ha HMnepMRTa OT RHyap:w 1903 r., KOHTO rrpep;rnecTByBaT B'bCTaHHeTO, HO Ha-
)\elK):IW 3a HRKaKBH pe3ynrnT:w HRMa. O~e rroBe'!e qe TypQHR no crnpa CBOR TpaAHQMR
Hi!Ma HWKaKBO HaMepeHMe p;a rrpoBe)!(p;a ecpeKTHBHM pecpopMeHM p;eucTBMR. OrrttTHTe
3a pecpopM11paHe Ha TypQ:WR rrpop;omKaBaT '!aK p;o JIRTOTO Ha 1908 r., HO KaKTO MO)!(e
'If 11a ce o'!aKBa, rrocTtt)l(eH11Rrn ca MHHMMaJIHH. Pyc11R l1 ABCTpHR HanaraT Ha TypcKo-
ro rrpasvrreJICTBO Bee rraK p;a H3Bopwu orrpe.r1erreHM a,[\MMHMcTpanrnHM, C'b,lle6H11 H
265
Pocuu,a AH2enoaa
qnrnaHCOBl1 npoMeH11. MecTHaTa IIOJil1Ql1.R ce nocTaB.R no;n; KOHTporra Ha oqwn-1eptt OT
Berr11K11Te c11rr11. 0TnycHaT11 ca noMOII.\11 3a noCTpa;n;arroTo no BpeMe Ha B'bCTaHttero
HacerreH11e, a cyrrTaHoT ce cnrrrarnBa ;n;a ;n;a;n;e o6ll.\a aMHl1CTl1.R. PeqiopMeHaTa aKQllR
He 3arnra O;n;p11HcKa TpaK11.R. BnTpenrnaTa opraH113aQ11.R He no;rt;Kpen.R Tea11 Aeficr-
BJ1ll, T'bH KaTO npOTl1BOpeqaT Ha HettHaTa OCHOBHa QeJI - npeMaxBaHeTO Ha TypcKara
BJiaCT.
Crre;n; pa3rpoMa Ha B'bCTamieTo BnTpenIHaTa opraH113aQ11.R 11ana;n;a B ocTpa Kp11-
3a. MHoro OT Bl1;rt;H11Te pnKOBo;rt;11Terr11 3ar11BaT, ;n;pyr11 nona;n;aT B 3aTBopi1Te, HeMaJIKa
qaCT ce OTnpaBaT K'bM CBo6o;n;HoTo KHm1<ecTBo. Tiponrnopeq11.RTa no Bnnpornre Ha
TaKTJ1KaTa ;IJ;OBe)f(;rt;aT ;rt;O pa3QenJieHJ1e. }:(ettCTBJ1TeJIHO ;rt;O 1905 f. rpynaTa Ha ):(. fpyeB,
KOMTO e c QeHTp11cTKl1 Bo3rrre;rt;H, yen.RB a ;n;a 3a;rt;np)f(tt e;rt;HHCTBOTO Ha ;rt;Btt)f(eH11ero. Ho
crre;n; P11rrcKH.R KOHrpec, npoBe;rt;eH npe3 1905 r., opraH113aQJ1.RTa ce paaQenBa oKotttia-
TeJIHo Ha ;rt;Be Kp11rra - "rreBHQa" H ";n;ecHHQa". JleBHQaTa e no-Marro6pottHOTO Kptt110 Ha
opraH113aQH.RTa. He11H H;rt;eorror e ):(HMO Xa;rt;)f(JA;rt;HMOB. TR 113ocTaB.R OKOHtJaTeJIHO u11e-
.RTa ;n;a ce BOAH 6op6a 3a caHcTeii>aHcKa EorrrapH.R. Ta3H BCeHapo;n;Ha Qerr ce TIOAMeHR
c 11;n;e.RTa 3a coa;n;aBaHe Ha "He3aBHCHMa MaKe;rt;oH11.R" no o6pa3eQ Ha urne~11-1apCKoro
a;rt;MHHHCTpaTl1BHO ;n;erreH11e. l.iJieHOBeTe Ha JieBJ1QaTa CJ1JIHO Kpl1TJ1KyBaT QeHTpan11-
3Ma B peBOJIIOQl10HHaTa opraHJ13aQJ1.R 11 o6Bop3BaHeTO c 6nJirapCKJ1Te 06ll.\eCTBeHll II
noJIJ1THtJecKJ1 opraHtt3aQ1111. Te nrrall.\aT ;n;aH'bK Ha 3a6rry;n;aTa, HapHtiaHa "6a11KaHcKa
qie;n;epaQ11.R': KOlITO ce pa3rJie)f(;n;a KaTO 6n;rt;ell.\e Ha nonyocTpoBa. Hape;n; c Jl XaAlKll-
AMMOB rnaBHJ1 ;n;e:i:!:cTByBall.\l1 JIHQa Ha neB11QaTa ca JlHe CaH;rt;aHcK11, Xp. qepHoneeB,
TI. K. JlBopoB. Tio-KnCHO nocne;n;H11Te ;rt;BaMa ce BKJIIOqBaT B ;n;pyroTo Kpuno Ha opra-
HH3aQli:IRTa, OC'b3HaBaHKJ1 fOJIRMa qacT OT 3a6rry;n;11Te Ha JieBl1QaTa.
,l:(ecH11QaTa o6xBall.\a no-roJIRMaTa qacT OT opraH113aQl1RTa, Bo;rt;eHa OT Xp. Ma-
TOB, no-KoCHO OT AneKcaH;rt;np TipoTorepoB 11 To;n;op AneKcaH;n;poB. HeftH11Te qrretto-
Be ca 3a no-Tectt11 Bpn3Kl1 c KHR)f(eCTBOTO KaTo eCTeCTBeH 06e;n;11tt11TeJieH I.\eHThp Ha
6nnrapcKoTo HaceneH11e. TiocTeneHHO KoM TRX ce np11cne;rt;11H.RBaT np11Bnp)f(eHMQMTe
Ha reH. UoHtJeB OT 6J1Bllil1.R BMK 11 Ha E. CapaqioB.
Tipe3 1908 r. B TypQ11.R ce l13Bnpll1Ba T. Hap. Mna;rt;oTypcKa peBoJIIOI.\11.SI, KO!ITO
neran11311pana HaQ110HaJIHJ1Te opraHH3aQ1111. Tio Taa11 np11q11Ha ce pa3nycKar M B'b-
opn)f(eH11Te qeT11 11 6op6aTa BpeMeHHO ce npeXBoprr.R Ha neranHa notJBa. ):(sere re-
qeHJ1.R Ha BMOPO Cn3;rt;aBaT CBOH non11T11qec1<11 napT1111. ,l:(ecH11QaTa Cn3AaBa r. Hap.
CnI03 Ha EonrapcK11Te KOHCTl1TYQMOHHl1 Kny6oBe. JleB11QaTa coa;rt;aBa HapoAHara ~e
;n;epaTMBHa napTl1.R, CTpeMeMKl1 ce ;n;a C'b3;rt;a;n;e KOHCTl1TYQl10HHa napTli:IR, B KOJITO Aa ce
np1106ll.\RT Bc11q1<11 Hapo;rt;HOCTl1, HaceJI.RBall.\11 MaKe;rt;oH11R. ct>aKTJ1tJecK11 ce C'b3):\aBa
caMo 6nnrapcKaTa ceKQJ1R KoM napTHRTa. Mna;n;oTypQHTe onpe;n;eneHo rnnepttpar ne-
B11qap11Te, c KoeTo ce CTpeM.RT ;n;a npoTJ1BonocTaB.RT ;rt;BeTe Kp11na. Ho 11 ;rt;BeTe rrapr1111
3acTaBaT 3a;rt; l1CKaHl1.RTa 3a "o6nacTHO caMoynpaBJieH11e, HOBl1 B11naeTcK11 rpamu-111
no eTH11qecKJ1 np11HQHn, 11 C'b3;rt;aBaHeTO Ha MeCTHa a;rt;MJ1Hl1CTpaQJ1Jl''. J1JII03Ml1Te,
Cn3;rt;a;rt;eHJ1 OT MJia;rt;OTypQ11Te, CKopo pJXEaT.
Tipe3 anpl1!11910 r. opn)f(l1eTO OTHOBO 3aroBopBa. Tio;n; pnKOBO;rt;CTBOTo Ha Xp.
l.frpHoneeB, M. qaKOB, AnocToJI BOttBo;n;a 11 ;n;p. ce C'b3;rt;aBa EnnrapCKa HapoAHa Ma-
Ke;rt;oHo-o;n;p11ttcKa peBoJIIOQl10HHa opraHl13aQl1.R (EHMOPO). Tipe3 cJieABall.\aTa ro-
HOBA E'bflfAPCKA MCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
girna, crreA BKmoqBaHeTo Ha noqn1 BcwqKw crnpw Aefn. ~w OT EwTOJICKl1R w CKoncKw

oKpbr, rn cTaBa ocHoBaTa Ha B'b3CTaHOBeHaTa BMOPO . 0THOBO e l13AHrHaT Jio3yHrnT
"n'bJIHa IlOJIJ1TJ1qecKa aBTOHOMJ1R".
Hau;J10HaJIHoorno60AJ1TeJIHOTO ABH)!(eHJ1e Ha 6nnrapl1Te B MaKeAOHl1R l1 TpaKJ1R
e Hepa3pl1BHO CBnp3aHO J1 reHeTJ1qeCKJ1 o6yrnoBeHO OT 6op6l1Te 3a Hau;J1oHaJIHO oc-
B060)KAemre, BOAeHJ1 npe3 Bn3pa:>KAaHeTO. Tipe3 u;enwR nepMOA OT cn~ecrnyBaHeTo
rn B'bTpeurnaTa opraHJ13a~J1R e ecTecrneH peBonrou;MoHeH 3aKpwrrHl1K l1 opraHJ13aTop
Ha 6'hnrapcKoTo HaceneHJ1e B MaKeAOHJ1R l1 0Apl1HCKa TpaKJ1R. TR 3arra3Ba CBOR 6nn-
rapCKJ1 xapaKTep AO KpaR J1 B C'bOTBeTCTBl1e C'bC CJ1JIJ1Te CJ1 crroMara 3a CnxpaH.R:Ba-
He Ha ttau;MoHaJIHaTa caMo6J1THOCT Ha HaceneHJ1eTO. B HaBetiepMeTO Ha EanKaHcKaTa
Bot:rna BMOPO e roToBa Aa BKJIIO'Il1 BCJ1'IKJ1 mow CJ1JIJ1 3a orno6o:>KAaBaHeTo Ha no-
po6em1Te 6nnrapcKJ1 3eMJ1. Pa3pernaBaHeTo Ha 6nnrapcKJ1R ttau;MoHaneH Bnrrpoc ce
rroeMa OT 6nnrapcKaTa Anp)!(aBa l1 apMMR.
JIJ1TEPATYPA
Em1rn:n0Ba, P. C'bp6i-rn: J1 pecpopMeHaTa aKu;11a Ha Ben11K11Te rnn11 B EBponei'!CKa Typu;11a

1895 - 1903. - Studia balkanika. KH . 16. C., 1982.
130)!(11n0Ba, P. C'bp6:11R :w 6'bnrapcKoTo ttau;110HanHoocB060,L\11renHo ,L\Bl1JKeH:we B MaKe,[\o-
Hll!l B Kpa!lHa XIX BeK 1893 - 1900. - J1J1J1. T. 25. C., 1985.
DO)!(l1HOB, B. E'bnrapCKaTa nporneTa B MaKe,[\oH11R 11 O,L\pHHCKa TpaK11R 1878 - 1913. C.,
1982.
13opfo1re B MaKe,[\OHHR 11O,L\pHHCKO1878 - 1912. Cn0Mem1. C., 1981.
Ep11raHCKH ,L\l1IIJIOMaTw1ecK11 ,L\OKyMeHTH no 6orrrapcKHR Hau;110HaneH Bnnpoc. T. I. 1878
-1893. c., 1993.
fou;eB, JI,. Hau;:110HaJIHOOCB060,[\11TenHaTa 6op6a B MaKe,[\OHHR 1912 - 1915 r. C., 1981.
fou;eB, ,[(. J1,[\eRTa 3a aBTOHOMHRTa KaTO TaKTJ1Ka B rrporpaMaTa Ha Hau;110HanHOOCB060-
l\llTellHOTO ,L\BH:JKeH:we B MaKe,L\OHHR 11 O,L\pHHCKO. C., 1983.
fou;eB, Cn. Eop6w Ha 6orrrapcKOTO HaceneHwe B MaKe,[\OHHR cpern;y '!YJK,L\l1Te acrr11pau;1111
1inponaraH,[\a 1878 - 1945 r. C., 1991.
Ll,attairnoB, JI., C. Hoi'!KOB. Hau;110HanHoocB060,[\11Tel!HOTO ,[\BH)!(eH11e B TpaKHR 1878
- 1903. c., 1971.
ErrAnpoB, CB. Cpo6CKara B'bOp'b)!(eHa rrponaraH,[\a B MaKe,[\OHHR 1901 - 1912. C., 1993.
J13sop113a11crop11Rra Ha ,I(o6py,L\)!(a 1878 - 1919 r. T. I. C., 1992.
l/J:ocmp I, EorrrapCKH EK3apx. ,I(HeBHHK. C., 1992.
KpaTKa 11crop:11R Ha ,I(o6py,L\)Ka. C., 1986.
MaK,L\epMOT, Mepc:wR. CBo6o,L\a 11n11 CM'bpr. E11orpaqrna Ha fou;e ,I(en'!eB. C., 1979.
MaK,L\epMoT, MepcwR. 3a rno6o,L\a 11 C'bB'bprueHcTBO. E11orpacjma Ha JlHe CaH,[\aHCKH. C.,
1987.
MaKeflOHHR. C6opHHK ,L\OKyMeHr1111 Marep11an11. C., 1978.
Hau;110HanHoocB060,[\11renHoro ,L\Bl1)KeH11e Ha MaKe,[\OHcK11re 11 rpaK11i'lcK11re 6onrap11. T.
1.1878- 1893. C., 1994. T. 2. 1893 - 1903. T. 3. 1997.
ITattai'loToB, JI. J1rrHH,[\eHcKo-Tipeo6pa)!(eHCKOTO B'bcTaH11e. C., 1983.
ITatt,[\eB, K. Hau;woHaJIHo-orno60,L\11TenH0To ,L\Bl1JKeH11e B MaKe,L\OHHR 11 O,L\pHHCKO 1878
-1903. C., 1979.
267
Pocuu,a AHzeJZosa
TiaHAeB, K. TioJIJ1Tt1'1eCKl1 t1CKaHt1H t1 nporpaMt1 Ha 6'bnrapcKOTO Hau;woHanHOOCB0601111-

TenHO ABH)f(eHwe B MaKeAOHHH w 0Apt1HCKO (1878 - 1912). - I1ITp, KH. 6, 1980.
ITaHAeB, K. HapoAHaTa AeMHOCT Ha n'bnrapcKaTa eK3apxwa (1878 - 1902). - J1ITp, KH. !,
1986.
ITaHTeB, A. AHrnwa w pecpopMeHaTa aKI.J;t1H B Eaponeii:CKa Typu;wa 1895 - 1903. - l1I1p,
KH. 6, 1971.
ITaTpwapx 6'bnrapcKw, Kwpwn. D'bnrapcKaTa EK3apxwa B 0Apt1HCKO w MaKeAOHHR c11e11
Ocao6oAHTenHaTa am1Ha 1877 - 1878. T. 1. KHwra II'bpBa. C., 1969. KHwra BTopa. C., 1970.
ITonoB, )K. D'bnrapwTe B CeBepHa ,IJ;o6pyA)f(a 1878 - 1913. C., 1991.
ITonoB, P. ABCTpo-YHrapwa w pecpopMwTe B EBponeiicKa Typu;wa 1903 - 1908. C., 1974.
IT'bpBaHoB, r. C'b3AaBaHe Ha C'bI03a Ha 6'bnrapcKwTe KoHcnnyu;woHHt1 Kny6oae. - BeKo-
Be, KH. 6, 1982.
IT'bpBaHoB, r. HapOAHocpeAepaTHBHaTa napTwa B Hau;woHanHo-oCB060A11TenH0To llBHJKe-
HHe. - BeKoBe, KH. 3, 1989.
IT'bpBaHOB, r., 3. IT'bpBaHoBa. 3a xapaKTepa Ha pa3u;ennem1ern B'bB BMOPO. - V1J1J1 Ha
EKIT. T. 65, 1989.
Ca3AOB, ,IJ;. EvnrapcKHHT Hau;woHaneH B'bIIpoc B nporpaivnITe w nporpaMHHTe AOKyMeHr11
Ha 6yp)f(Oa3Ht1Te nonHTH'lecKH napTww 1879 - 1918. - B: J13cneABaHw11 no MaKeAOHCKHR Bb-
npoc. KH. 1., C., 1993.
CwnaHoB, Xp. Ocao6oAHTenHwTe 6op6w B MaKeAOHHR. T. I w II. C., 1983.
Cn11poB, H. ITpeo6pa)f(eHCKOTO B'bCTaHHe. Eop6wTe Ha TpaKwi'rcKwTe 6'bnrapu 3a tta1.1110-
ttanHo OCB060)f(AeHHe 1878 - 1903. C., 1983.
CTaTenoBa, E., P. ITonoB, B. TaHKOBa. J1crnpwa Ha 6'bnrapCKaTa AimnoMau;wR 1878-1913.
c., 1994.
XpwcToB, Xp. MaKeAOHt13M'hT KaTo nonHTH'leCKa KoHii;enu;u.a B Kpaa Ha XIX l1 Ha'ianoro
Ha xx BeK. - I1ITp, KH. 3, 1979.
l.J;'bpHyurnHoB, K. MaKeAOHl13M'bT w c'hnpoTwBaTa Ha MaKeAOHHR cpeui;y Hero. C., 1992.
xv. lib.i\fAPHH B HABEqEPHETO H no BPEME c:.:>
HA nnPBATA CBETOBHA BOHHA
1. li'hArapm1 CJ\.e~ liaAKaHCKHTe BOHHH (1913-1915)

Be;r:1Hara crre;r:1 no;r:1n11rnaHeTo Ha M11pm1Te ;r:1or0Bop11 B ByKypei1~ H IJ;apl1rpa,11 tta-
CT'bnBa 06neK'IeH11e B B'bnrapm:i:. E;r:1HoBpeMeHHO c ToBa HaCT'bITBa BpeMe Ha rrpeoc-
M11CJIRHe Ha npeM11HaJI11Te c'b611T11R, HarrpaBeH11Te rpernK11 11 'IY>KA11Te BMHM. E'hnrap-
CKOTO o6~eCTBO ce OT'bpCBa OT rrpe>KMBeHMR KOI.lIMap 11 6'bp30 rrpeO}:IOJIRBa yMopara
OT }:IBeTe HaI.J;MOHaJIHJ.1 KaTacTpoq)J.1.
ITo pa3JIJ.1'IHH rrp11'IHHH }:leBeTTe BOeHHH Meceu;a He HaHaCRT MHOfO Te)!{Kl1 rro-
pa)KeHHR B cTorraHcKMR >KMBOT Ha CTpaHaTa. YCKopettoTo MKOHOMJ.1'IecKo pa3s11rne
B Ha'IaJIOTO Ha BeKa pa3rn11pRBa B'b3MO)J(HOCTJ.1Te Ha u;apCTBOTO HH, a ce 'IYBCTBa 11
6rraroTBopHoTo BJUUIHHe Ha HRKOJIKOTO norne,110BaTenH11 nno,11opo,I1Hlil ro,IIHHH. Pewa-

Ball\O 3HaqeHlile It!Ma Ji[ cpaKT'bT, qe BOeHHJ1Te ,11eiicTBMR ce BO,IIRT M3B'hH CTap11Te HM
rep11TOplillil 11 He HaHarnT Herrocpe,11cTBeH11 Bpe,1111. HeH36e)l(HOTO BnowaBaHe Ha c11Ty-
aw,una e rrpeO,IIOJIRHO 6np30 - yBeJIMqeHMeTO Ha QeHMTe He Ha,IIXBnpIIR 10% It! npe3
1914 r. JieBoT Beqe e CTa6Jrn11311paH, a KaIIJ1TaJIOBJIO)l(eHMRTa B lilH,IIYCTp11RTa ,IIOplil ce
ysen11qaBaT.
L(o KpaR Ha 1913 r. Hau;110HaJIHaTa HKOHOM11Ka ycmrna ,11a npeo,11onee BOeHHO-
speMettHOTO CoCTORHMe. J.1H,n;ycTplilaJIHOTO pa3BMTMe 3anoqBa ,11a ce HopMaJI:t13Mpa. B
crpattara ce OTKpMBaT Hai1-e,11p11Te :t1H,IIYCTp:t1aJIH:t1 npe,11np:t1RT:t1R B ,11ornraBawHaTa :H
crorraHcKa MCTop11R. Cpep; rnx ca 3axapHHTe cpa6pMK:t1 B Pyce M fopHa OpRXOBMQa,
~a6p11K:t1 3a Konp11HeH11 rrnaToBe B CocpHR 11 !Bpa11a, cpa6p:t1Ka 3a D;:t1MeHT :t1 xvr,11paTHa
sap Ha ,11py)Kecrno ,,fpaHvrTovr,11" B Ileptt:t1IlIKO, 3a xvrMvrqecKvr rnpoBe B Cocp11:i1cKo 11
TirreBeHCKO. c yCKopeHH TeMIIOBe ce pa3BHBaT TeKCTHJIHaTa, KO)l(apo-o6yll\apCKaTa,
MeTaJIHaTa HH,IIYCTPHR H ,Ilp., KOHTO 3a,IIOBOJIRBaT HY)l(,IIHTe Ha apMHRTa OT IIJiaTOBe,
o6JieKJIO, 6oTyIIIvr,MeTaJIHH H3,IleJIHR H ,Ilp.
IToKa3aTeJIHH 3a Hau;vroHaJIHOTO cpa6p11qHo npoM3BO,IICTBO ca ,11aHHMTe 3a M3Hoca
11 BHOCa. Tipe3 1914-1915 r. 113HOC1>T Ha IIJiaToBe, a6vr H waRQH Ha,I1XBopm13HaqvrTeJIHO
H3Hecett11Te KomrqecTBa rrpe3 1912 r. HapacTBa H3HOC'hT Ha KorrpHHa 11 e ,IIOCTHrHaT
rrorrosirnarn OT M3Hoca Ha xpaHM :t1 ITHTHeTa 0Tnpe,11H BoiiHaTa. BHocnT e npe,!1,HMHO
Ha cypoB rraMyK, KOHOII, JieH H BCRKaKBM BM,IIOBe npe)l(,[IJ/l. Ycnope,IIHO c BHoca e pa3-
nrnpetto MeCTHOTO rrpoM3BO,IICTBO Ha cypoBHHM.
IIornep;vru;vrTe OT BOMHMTe Hat1:-Te)l(K0 ce OTpa3RBaT Ha 6nnrapCKOTO ceJICKO CTO-
llaHCTBO. Pa6oTHaTa poKa HaMaJIRBa, HaMamrna H 6poR Ha pa6oTHHR ,1106MT'hK. Ha
EMrapMR e OTHeTa )KJ1THMQaTa - IO)J(Ha ,[(06py,11)f(a. CTpaHaTa Hl1 ce cnpaBR vr 6np3o
e,!\OrotteHo ,IIOBOeHHOTO npovr3BO,IICTBeHo paBHl1Il\e. TaKa 113HOC'hT Ha nweH1111a vr 11a-
pes1111a, KOMTO npe,1111 BOMHaTa ca OCHOBeH H3HOCeH apTMKYJI B KOJIJ1qecTBeHO H CTOW-
HOCTHO lil3MepeHvre, caMo 3a e;a;Ha rop;11Ha, npe3 1913 r., noqTvr 3ana3Ba paBHV1Il\eTo Ha
npe,!\BOeHHlilR lil3HOC. ffoqTJ1 17 II'bTlil ce npeBMilia lil3HOCa Ha KapTOcpM npe3 1915 r. B
cpaBHett11e c paBHMII.leTo npe3 1912 r.
B nep110,n;a )f(MBOTHM rroqT11 He ce M3HarnT, a BHOC'hT e rrpep;MMHO Ha egnp go6M-
ThK. BtteceHH ca B rrepHO,Ila 1913-1914 r. 06II.10 11 800 )l(HBOTHH, a ca M3HeceHM caMo
4200 BOJia. Ilo OTHOIIIeHMe Ha )f(HBOTHHCKaTa npogyKQlilR rrpe3 1913-1914 r. KallIKa-
BaJI'bT, rnpeHeTO M ..11ii:u;aTa ca HacoqeHM 3a MeCTHa KOttcyMaQHR. Ilpe3 1915 r. Te3lil
npo,!\yKTlil ca l13HeceHI1 B KOJIMqecrna, Ha,IIBHiliaBall\H ,IIOBOeHHOTO paBHHil\e.
B l13HOCHaTa JIMCTa Ba)f(eH ,IIRJI 3aeMa TJOTlOH'hT. Tipe3 1914-1915 r. nJIOil\MTe, 3a-
cern c ra311 KynTypa 3HaqvrTeJIHO ce pa3w11pRBaT. ,[(aHHHTe 3a gatt'hqHHTe o6neKqeHMR
CBIA):lerencTBaT 3a 6op3o HapacrnaHe Ha COQHanttaTa rpyrra tta TJOTIOttorrpoH3BO,Illil-
TeJIJATe. Ha rrpaKTHKa p;o6MB'bT Ha cypoB TJOTIOH rrpe3 Te3M gBe rogMHH e roJIRM 6na-
ro,!\apettwe Ha rrpvrc'bep;vrHeHMTe KoM EonrapHR paiiottlil B PogorrvrTe H EenoMopuern.
TaKa ce C'h3,IlaBa 3Haq11TeJIHa no Konvrqecrno co6cTBetta cypoBwtta 3a pa3BHTHeTo Ha
TIOTIOHeBaTa rrpoMMIIIJieHOCT It! TaKa rrpe3 1915 r. KOJI]i[qecTBOTO Ha npolil3Be,IleHHTe
1111rap11 e rroqTJ1 ,IIBa II'bTit! JIO-fOJIRMO B cpaBHeHHe c HaqaJIOTO Ha xx BeK.
269
Pocu4a AH2eJ10Ba
EanKaHCKHTe BOHHH rrpegH3BHKBaT rrapwrna KpH3a B cTpaHaTa, KORTO npof:\'b/1-

)KaBa rrpe3 r.vmaTa 1913 r. qacTHHTe Iii A'hp)KaBHlil rroKyrrKH, KOHTO HapacTBaT lil3B'bH-
pegHo rropagH BoeHHHTe HY)KAH, ce Hanara ga 6'bgaT rrna~aHH B 3JiaTo. Ilplil TOBa rro-
JIO)KeHHe Ha D'bJirapHR rroMara o6RBRBaHeTo Ha MopaTOPHYM B'bpxy rrna~aHHRTa rro
A'hp)KaBHHTe A'hllrOBe. EnarogapeHHe Ha MoparnpHyMa cpeACTBaTa Ha A'hp)!(aBHHTe
6aHKH,KaKTO H Ha OCTaHaJIHTe 6aHKOBO-KpeglilTHH yqpe)l(geHHR, 3aMOrHaJilil ce rrpe3
rrpegBoeHHHTe roglilHlil, ca B C'bCTORHlile ga IIOKpHRT pa3XOAHTe 3a BOHHaTa Iii ga ycrn-
RT Ha rrapwrnarn KpH3a.
HacT'bIIHJIOTO rroKa•rnaHe Ha I..\eHHTe Ha eBporreil:cKHR rra3ap ocHryp.srna Ha 6nrr-
rapcKHR eKcrropT go6pa rre'lan6a OT BlilCOKOTO KaM6Ho (pa3JililKaTa B pa3MeHmne Kyp-
coBe ). YBeJIH'leHoTo KaM6Ii10 OT CBOR cTpaHa AonpHHaCR 3a BHCOKHTe Kypcose Ha 6nrr-
rapcKHTe A'hp)KaBHH <j.ioHAOBe, BrnegcTBHe Ha KOeTo Te 3ana3BaT CTa6HJIHOCT. EHii, 3a
ga rrpeAOTBpaTH eBeHTyaJIHH cneKyJial.\HH c KaM6HOTO He B IIOJl3a Ha A'bp)l(aBaTa, C'b3-
gaBa crrel.\lilaJIHO orrepaTHBHO y'lpe)l(geHHe - KaM6HaneH CHHAlilKaT. OrneH rnsa IiHE
ce B'b3IIOJI3Ba OT MopaTopHyMa H yBeJIH'laBa 3Ha'IHTenHo 3JiaTHaTa CH Hanwrnocr. TJI
crnBa TaKaBa, KaKBaTo HHKora Hee 6Ii1na. A rrpe3 1913-1914 r. EHE ornryp>IBa l.f Hall-
BHCOKaTa B AOToraBanrnaTa CH geil:HOCT cyMa Ha 6aHKHOTHO 06p'b~eHii1e B crpaHaTa.
Ilo OTHOIUeHHe Ha <j.ipeHCKlilR <j.ipaHK JieB'bT 3aIIa3Ba rrpegi,rnrnaTa CH CTOHHOCT.
Ilpe3 1914 r. EHE yBeJIH'la KpeAfllTa CH 3a BCH'IKH cTorraHcKH cpeglll - Topros1.111,
HHAYCTpHaJII..\H, 6aKaJIH, 3aHaRT'IHH, 3eMeAeJII..\H H gpy)KeCTBa. YclilJieHo Kpep;MrnpaHe
Ha HKOHOMHKaTa rrpegrrpHeMa H gpyraTa A'hp)KaBHa 6aHKa - n'hnrapCKa 3eMe):leJICKa
6aHKa (E3E). TR rroeMa peAHI..\a lil3B'bHpeAHH 3aA'bJI)KeHHR - peKBH3HI..\lill.fTe, M3ApolK-
KaTa Ha 6e)KaHI..\HTe, KOMIIeHCaQlilHTe Ha ceJI>IHHTe 3a M06HJilil3HpaHHR no BpeMe Ha
Boil:HaTa A06HT'bK H T. H. ToBa He rrpe'llil 6aHKaTa ga pa3BHe nrnpoKa HHBecrm.\HOHHa
CTorraHcKa Aeil:HocT. TaKa rrpe3 1914 r. rOAHillHHR 6anaHc Ha 6aHKaTa npeBHlllasa 3Ha-
'IHTeJIHO Hatt-BHCOKHR H rrpe,zwoeHeH 6anaHc - T03H OT 1910 r. ToBa II03BOJI>IBa,!lace
oTrrycKaT 3aeMH Ha 'laCTHH Jil.fl.\a H gpy)KecTBa. CaMo rrpe3 1914 r. TeXHlil>I pa3Mep e 78
718 497.
Pa3BHTHe 6eJie)KH H 'laCTHHR 6aHKOB ceKTOp. n pe3 1914-1915 r. K'bM CITl.fC'bKa Ha
78 6'bnrapcKH aKI..\HOHepHH gpy)KeCTBa ce rrpH6aBRT 30 HOBH 6aHKH Iii 6aHKOBO-Kpe-
AHTHH gpy)KeCTBa. PaCTaT H KaIIHTanoBJIO)KeHHRTa, KaTo rrpegHMCTBOTO e B ccpepara
Ha MOAepHoTo TeXHH'lecKo c'bop'b)KaBaHe Ha HHAYCTPlilRTa. KanHTanoBJIO)!(eHJrnra 11
BClil'IKH ApyrH crnrraHcKH <j.iaKTopH rrpe3 1914-1915 r. IIOAfOTBRT pa3nrnp>IBall\OTO ce
HHAyCTpHaJIH3HpaHe Ha CTpaHaTa.
L{ane'I rro-cepH03HO e rroJIHTH'leCKOTO Harrpe)KeHHe. KaKTO e lil3BeCTHo Ha 4 I0/111
1913 r., B KpaR Ha Me)Kgyc'bI03HH'leCKaTa Boil:Ha, I..\ap ct>epAHHaHA YTB'bp)!(gaBa HOBO
rrpaBHTeJicTBo Ha'leno c A-p BaclilJI PagornaBOB, Ille<j.i Ha flH6epanHaTa napTM>I.
Ilpe3 cerTTeMBpH 1913 r. ca H3B'bpllleHH rrpoMeHH B Ka6HHeTa. Karn M11H11crp11 ca
rrpHBJie'leHH XpHCTO Jtl. IlorroB - Ha rrpaBOC'bAHeTo, L{o6pH IleTKOB - Ha 06ll\ecrnett11-
Te crpaglil, H HHKOJia ArrocTOJIOB - Ha )KeJie3HHI..\HTe, rro~HTe H Tenerpa<j.i11re. Tiorneg-
HHTe ABaMa ca OT cpegHTe. Ha HapogHOJIH6epanHaTa rrapTHR, B 'IHeTo poKOBO,!ICTBO
HOBA E'bflTAPCKA MCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
HaCT'bIIBa pa3egirnem1e . .IJ:. IleTKOB ce CTpeMM ga OTCTpaHM HMKOJJa f eHa,[IMeB 59 OT

rne¢cKOTO MeCTO M caM ga ornaBM napTm!Ta. IlapTMWHMTe pa3,I:10pl1 C'b3,[laBaT 3aTpy.r1-
Hemrn Ha npaBMTeJICTBOTO, KOeTO M 6e3 TOBa HJIMa napnaMeHTapHa IlO,I:IKpena. 3aTOBa
XV OHC e pa3nyCHaTO. IIpoBe):leHMTe Ha 24 HoeMBpM 1913 r. napnaMeHTapHM M36opl1
l\OBe)!():laT go Heo6wrnl1HM pe3ynrnTM. IlpaBMTencrnoTo Ha BaCMJI Pa.r1oc11aBOB (Jfa6e-
pa1rna, HapogHon116epanHa M M11a.r1onM6epanHa napTMM) norry'rnBa 94 OT o6ll\o 204
MecTa B napnaMeHTa. EaHKpyToT Ha Hapo.r1HaTa M IlporpernBHonu6epanHaTa napTMM
e rroBe<Je OT ol.feBugeH - Te o6ll\O MMaT 6 .r1enyTaTCKM MeCTa. Ycnex perncTpMpa ol.f-
epTaBall\aTa ce JieB11u;a - 3eMegenu;M, urnpoKM M TeCHM cou;uaJJMCTM MMaT C'bOTBeTHO
48, 19 M 18 npegcTaBMTeJJM B Hapo,I:IHOTO co6pam1e. To3M C'bCTaB RpKo geMoHcTpMpa
061.11ecTBeH0To Heg0Bep11e K'bM Ka6MHeTa Ha .r1-p B. Pa.r1ocnaBOB, KoeTo e npoRBeHo M
Ha OTKPMTaTa Ha 19 geKeMBpM 1913 r. nopBa M3B0Hpe.r1tta cernR. Ha crre):IBall\MR gm
- 20 ):\eKeMBpM, MMHMCTnp-npegcegaTeJJJI no.r1aBa ocraBKaTa Ha npaBMTeJJCTBOTO. Ha
23 e Ha3Ha'IeHo HOBO npaBMTeJICTBO Ha .r1-p B. Pa.z:1ocrraBOB enc crnpMR CM C'bCTaB. B
Hero OTC'bCTBa CaMo .r1-p H. feHagMeB, no.r1arr OCTaBKa Oll\e Ha 17 ):leKeMBpM B'bB Bp'b3Ka
c rro):\HOBJIBaHeTo Ha npou;eca cpell\y MMHMCTpttTe crnM6onoBMCTH. XVI OHC ocTpo
Kp1!THKyBa BnTpenrnaTa IIOJIMTHKa Ha ynpaBJIJIBall\HTe M CTaBa RCHO, qe HJIMa .r1a rrra-
C)'Ba V!CKaHHJI OT MMHMCTepcKMR C'bBeT Kpe,[11.fT 3a Il'bpBV!Te ,[IBa Meceu;a Ha 1914 r. ,[10
npweMaHe Ha pegOBHVfR 6IOg)l(eT.
B HapyrneHMe Ha napnaMeHTapHaTa npaKTMKa Ha 31.r1eKeMBptt1913 r. XVI OHC
epa3TypeHO. Ha rrpoBegeHMTe HOBM H36optt Ha 8 MapT 1914 r., B KOJ;!TO ca BKJIIOl.feHM
11 HOBonpucoegMHeHMTe TepMTopuM Ha cTpaHaTa, Pa.r1ornasos CM oCMrypRsa nogKpe-
narn Ha 129 .r1enyTaTJ1 cpeuw 116 Ha OTI03MIJ;MRTa. Ilo T03J;I Ha'IMH TOM npO,I:l'bJJ)l(aBa
11a yrrpaBJJRBa B egHo CJIO)J(HO M oTroBopHo speMe. EonrapttR ce HaMupa B ycrroBMRTa
59 H11Ko11a feHap;ueB e pop;eH Ha 1 p;eK. 1868 B fatTOJIJI. C11H e Ha 6onrapcK11J1 ITpocaeTeH p;eel\
Y!saH feHaA11eB XapMoc11H 11 6paT Ha .lKypHaJI11crn Xap11TOH feHaA11ea. ~JIAOTO Ha feHa;i:i11eB e aenern-
KllJIT Ml1TpoITon11T feHap;Hilc. Tipe3 1876 ceMeiiccTBOTO MY ce ITpeMecrna B IInoa;i:i11a, Ko;i:iern B311Ma
yqacr11e B Coep;11HeH11eTo, a cnep; Hero e p;o6poaoJiel\ ITO apeMe Ha Cpo6CKo-6omapcKaTa BOt'IHa.
CTpe3 1891 3aBoprnBa npaBo B Ep!OKcen, cnep; KOeTo pa60T11 KaTO aABOKaT 11 )!(ypHaJI11cT B ilJIOBAJfB.
C11e113aBpo111aHeTO cu B Eonrapm1 feHap;11eB e cpep; aKTl1BHl1Te yqacTHl11\l1 B Hapo;i:iH01I116epanHaTa
napr11J1. Towe Ml1H11CT'bp Ha rrpaBOc'bp;11ern (1903-1904) 11 Ml1HIKT'bp Ha Topr0Bl1J1Ta 113eMeAeJI11ern
(1904-1908) B HettHli!Te Ka6l!!HeTH. BKJIIO'lBa ce B EanKaHcKara aoi1Ha Karn p;o6poao1Iel\. 3aep;Ho c B.
Pagornaaoa u ~- ToH'leB, feHap;uea e cpe,11 JfHHL\Harnp11re Ha C'bCTaBJIHero Ha KOaJIHL\li!OHHl1JI Ka611-
Her tta Pa;i:iocnaaoa rrpe3 1913, B KOWTO TOM e CTaBa B'bHllleH Ml1Hli!CT'bp. H!IKOIIKO MeCel\a ITO-K'bCHO
fetta1111eB e OTcrpaHeH OT ITOCTa 11 e o6Bl!!HeH B'bB tPl1HaHCOBl1 31IOYITOTpe611 ITpli! ITpep;l1lllHOTO Cl1
yqacrne B ITpaBl!!TencTBOTO. OnpaBp;aH OT cop;a, row ITpoMeHJI HaIT'bJIHO B'bHlllHOITon11r11tJecK11re ell!
TI0311Ql1l1 11 ce 06J1BJ1Ba ITPOTl1B ITOJIHTli!KaTa Ha ITpaBl!!Tencraoro 3a ITp11coep;li!HJ1BaHe Ha Eonrap11J1
KM! UettrpanH11re c.11nH B TiopBara caeTOBHa Boi1Ha. IIpe3 1916 feHa;i:i11ea e ocop;eH 3a y'lacrueTo rn
Ba~epaTa C'bc 3'bpHeHH xpaHli! Ha <l>epHaH AhO Kno311ep. B 3aTBopa ce c611)!(aBa c aop;aqa Ha E3HC
An. CraM60Jili!WCKli!. Cnep; KaTO e ocao6op;eH rrpe3 1918 Toi\'1 ornaBJIBa Hal\l10HaJIJil!!6epaJIHara ITap-
TllJI, C'b3/laAeHa ITpe3 1920 cnep; 06ep;l!!Hem1ero Ha rp1ne ITapTli!li!, 06pa3yaa1Ili! ITpaBli!TeJICTBOTO ITO
BpeMe Ha fhpaara CBeTOBHa BOWHa. Tipe3 1923 HaITycKa ITapTI1JITa, Hep;OBOJieH OT HeWHOTO pernem1e
.~ace BKJllO'll1 B AeMOKpaTli!<JecK11J1 croBop. Ha 30 OKTOMBpli! 1923 r. e y611T OT xopa Ha BMPO.
271
Pocu4a AHzenoaa
Ha nO'ITJ1 TI'bJIHa J130Jiau;vrn - J1 Ha oaJIKaHJ1Te, J1 B EBpona - Ha npara Ha IhpBara
cBeTOBHa BOMHa.
Hatf-Ba)f<HaTa 3a,o;aqa Ha npaB11TeJICTBOTO e ,o;a CKJIKl'IJ1 B"bHllleH 3aeM, 3a ,o;a MO)l(e
,o;a nJia~a KpaTKOCpO'IHJ1Te aBaHCJ1, noJiy'IeHJ1 no BpeMe Ha oaJIKaHCKaTa BOCIHa 'or
EaHK ,D;bO I1ap11 e ,o;e I1e11 Ea, ,o;a o6rny)l(Ba 6JI1130 800-M11JI110HHJ1R ,o;op)l(aBeH ,ll;'bJir H11a
n0Kp11Ba HeOTJIO)l(HJ1Te HY)l(,ll;J1 Ha CTpaHarn. On11T11Te Ha npaB11TencTB0To ,o;a CKJIJO-
'IJ1 HOB 3aeM OT I1ap11)1(KO-XOJiaH,D;CKaTa 6aHKa ce npoBaJIRT. I1pe3 OKTOMBpt1 1913 r.
ToH'IeB ycrnrna ,o;a noJiyq11 OT B11eHCK11Te 6aHKH aBaHc OT 30 MJIH. JIB., Kotl:To e He/:wc-
TaTo'IeH. B Ha'IaJioTo Ha 1914 r. 3ano'IBaT aKTVIBHH nperoBopw c roJIRMarn 6ep1IHHCKa
6aHKa "AwcKOHTO fe3eJilllaq>T': Ha 29 KlHJ1 1914 r. ,o;oroBopoT 3a 3aeMa e no,o;m1caH
oqrnu;11aJIHO. Cnope,o; Hero 500-MVIJIJ10HHVIRT 3aeM e c JI11XBa 5%, cpoK 3a noraornatte
50 ro,o;11HH 11 eMHTHpaHe Ha ,o;Be cep11V1 no 250 MJIH. JIB. DoJirapirn noJiyqaBa He3a6asett
aBaHC B pa3Mep Ha 120 MJIH. JIB., npe,o;Ha3Ha"leH 3a J13nJia~aHe Ha 1IJ1XBJ1Te t1 aHJOl!-
TeTVITe no cTap11Te 3aeMH. OcHOBHaTa 'IaCT OT 3aeMa e pe3epB11paHa 3a 113rrnaniaHe
Ha ,D;oJiroBeTe, Ha BOeHHJ1Te ,o;ocTaBKJ1 11 caMo 60 MTIH. ca npe,o;Ha3Ha'IeH11 3a HY)!(lll!Te
Ha ,ll;"bp)l(aBHOTO CoKpOBVl~e. I1pe,D;BJ1)1(,ll;aT ce pa3JIJ1'IHJ1 rapaHu;HVI VI Te)l(KVI ycJIOBl1JI,
KaTO OTCT"bTIBaHe Ha KOHu;eCVIVITe Ha MHHJ1 IlepHVIK J1 Ha JIVIHVIRTa VI npHCTaHHll1eTO
IlopTo Jiaroc na repMaHCKJ1 6aHKVI. CTaBa RCHO, qe 3aeMoT e nopa)l(eHHe 3a cppeHc-
Karn VI pyCKaTa ,o;V1nJI0Mau;1111, KOJ1TO ,o;onycKaT Bomap11R ,o;a ce o6Bop)l(e qrnttaHcoso
c ABcTpo-YHrapVIR 11 fepMaHVIR. BonpeKH npoTeCTVITe Ha ono3HQJ1R, 6e3 ucrnttcK11
,o;e6aT B napJiaMeHTa, ,o;oroBopoT 3a 3aeMa e np11eT OT XVII OHC 11 u;ap ¢ep,o;irnaH)I
no6op3Ba ,o;a CJIO)l(J1 no,o;nV1ca cw no,o; ,o;oroBopa.
B Ha'IarroTo Ha 1914 r. B CTpaHaTa HacTonBa B11,o;11Ma HOpMamr3aQVIR Ha )!(ttBora.
3a6eJIR3Ba ce CTOnaHCKO 0)1(J1BTieHJ1e - HapacTBa npoMJ1llIJieHOTO npOYI3BO,ll;CTBO, cen-
CKOCTOnaHCKaTa npo,o;yKQJ1R YI ToprOBCKJ1R o6MeH. 3a6eJIR3Ba ce no,o;eM YI B ,o;yxoBHa-
Ta ccpepa - 3anO'IBaT ,o;a l13Jil13aT HOBJ1 JI11TepaTypH11 cn11caHYIR, TeaTopoT o6orarnBa
perrepToapa c11.
B KpaR Ha 1913 11 Ha'IaJioTo Ha 1914 r. rrpaB11TerrcTBOTO rrorrara yrnmrn ,o;a Bn3·
CTaHOBl1 ,o;11nJIOMaTJ1'IeCKl1Te OTHOIIIeHJ1R Ha CTpaHaTa c HeMHiiITe C"bCe,D;Kl1. I1pe3 cen-
TeMBPl1 ca B"b3CTaH0BeH11 ,o;11nJI0MaT11'!ecK11Te Bpo3KJ1 c Typu;vrn, rrpe3 ,o;eKeMBptt - enc
Cop611R, a rrpe3 MapT 1914 r. c fopu;11R. B JloH,o;oH, IlapYI)I( 11 I1eTep6ypr ca Ha3Ha'IeHll
3a ,o;11rrJI0MaT11'!ecK11 rrpe,o;cTaB11Tem1, l13Becnm coc cB011Te CHMIIaTl1l1 K"bM AttraHTara
- M. Ma,o;)l(apoB, A. CrnH'IOB 11 reH. P. A11M11Tp11eB. I1pe3 Matt 1914 r. ca CKTIIO'IeHH 11se
KOHBeHu;1111 c ABCTpo-YHrap11R - 3a ycTaHOBRBaHe Ha npRKa Bpo3Ka Me)l(,o;y aBcrpttl'i-
CKHTe 11 6omapcKV1Te )l(eJie3orroTHV1 JIVIHVIVI npe3 OpllloBa - JloM - CocpuR - I1opro
Jlaroc 11 no 6e3)f(J1'IHJ1R TeJierpacp Me)f(,o;y Cocp11R 11 By,o;ane~a. A EBporra e H3rrpaseHa
npe,o; fOJIRMO l13IIJ1TaHJ1e.
2. 6'h..uapm1 Mem.1\y AnTaHTaTa H ljeHTpaAHHTe CH.i\H
B KpaR Ha XIX 11 Ha'IaJioTO Ha XX BeK B EBpona ce ocpopMRT KOHTYPVITe Ha 11sara

IIpOTY!BOCTOR~M 6JIOKa. vfaKJIKl'IJ1TeTIHO 6op30TO J1KOHOMJ1'IeCKO pa3BVlnte Ha fep-
., .,.,
HOBA E"b!II'APCKA JifCTOPJifJI (1878-1944)
Mamur R npaBVJ HaCT'bnaTeJrna Ha norrVJTu<-ieCKaTa cu;eHa. CTpeMe)l('bT VJ K'bM Korro-

m1a1rnVJ Brra.n;eHVJR R c6JI'hCKBa c AHflIVJR VJ <DpaHIJ;VJR, VJMal.IIVJ B Ha'-!arroTo Ha XX BeK
C'bOTBeTHO 10 VJ 4 II'bTVJ IIOBe'ie TaKVJBa TepVJTOpm-1; )l(eJiaHVJeTO VJ .n;a OBrra.n;ee IT03VJIJ;VJVJ
BEm13Ktrn VJ Cpep;HVJR VJ3TOK 3arnra VJHTepecVJTe Ha AHrnVJR l1 Pycrrn; HaCT'bnrreHVJeTo
11 B Acpp11Ka R c6JI'bCKBa c <DpaHIJ;VJR B MapoKo; VJp;rnTe Ha namepMaHVJ3Ma nrraurnT
ttenocpep;crneHVJTe VJ coce.n;u. B CBORTa norrVJTVJKa EeprrVJH e no.n;KperrRH OT BVJeHa, a
Ylra1111R p;orosopHo ce aHra)l(VJpa c rnx 11 TaKa e ocpopMeH C'bCTaB'bT Ha Tpo:rlrnVJR C'bI03.
Cpenw Hero CTOVJ CornarneHVJeTo Ha AHrnVJR, <l>paHu;11R VJ PyrnR.
Eop6aTa 3a crre'-leJIBaHe C'bI03HVJIJ;VJ Ha EarrKaH11Te 3anoqsa Ol.Ile npep;VJ 1912 r. VJ
rrnpBoHa'iaJIHO AHTaHTaTa VJMa no-CVJJIHVJ rro311u;11VJ - C'b3p;asaHeTo Ha EarrKaHCKVJR
c'bl03 nop; pyCKa erVJ.n;a e ycrrex, Ko:rl!To o6aqe He ce c'bxpaHRBa Han'bJIHO. B HaBe'-!e-
p11ero Ha soeHHVJR KOHcpJIVJKT e.n;11HCTBeHo op11eHTaIJ;VJRTa Ha Cop6VJR K'bM Corrrarne-
HJ1ero 11 Ha Typu;VJR K'bM 1.J,eHTparrHVJTe rnrrVJ He 6yp;11 C'bMHeHVJe, p;oKaTO ocrnHaJIVJTe
Abp)l(aB11 B pa:rl!oHa rrpe.n;cTOVJ .n;a HarrpaBRT CBOR c'bp;6oHoceH VJ36op.
Ha 28 IDHVJ 1914 r. B CapaeBo e y611T aBCTpoymapcKVJRT rrpecTOJIOHacrrep;HVJK,
ep11xepu;or <l>paHu; <Dep.n;VJHaH.n; OT cpo6CKa Hau;110Harr11cT11'-leCKa opraH113aIJ;VJR. Me-
ce11 IIO-K'bCHO 3arro'-!BaT cpa)l(eHVJRTa Me)l(p;y C'bp6VJR VJ AscTpo-YmapVJR, a OT 1 .n;o 4
asrycT B'bB so:rl!HaTa BJIVJ3aT f epMaHl1R, PyrnR, <l>paHu;11R VJ AHrrrVJR. 3arroqBa rneToB-
HHJIT soeHeH KoHcpJIVJKT, B KOMTO 3a EorrrapVJR VJMa TPVJ B'b3MO)l(HVJ II'bTR. Y:lp;eRTa 3a
II'bJieH HeyTparrVJTeT VJ VJ3BJIVJ'-laHe Ha np11p;o6vrnK11Te OT Hero e MHoro np11srreKaTerrHa,
HO J1CTOpVJqecKaTa rrpaKTVJKa )J;OKa3Ba, qe 6e3 aHfa)l(!1paHOCT e HeB'b3MO)l(H0 p;a ce pe-
aJIJ13HpaT TepVJTopVJaJIHVJ ycrrexVJ. OrnoBHl1RT B'bnpoc, CTORl.II rrpep; p;op)l(aBaTa HVJ, e
Hal\HOHaJIHOTO o6e.n;VJHeHVJe, a HeroBOTO pernaBaHe Beqe Ml1HaBa npe3 KopeKIJ;VJl1 B
rpatt11u;11Te HVJ C'bC cocep;HVJTe CTpaHVJ. Crrep;osaTerrHo TpR6sa p;a ce ToprnT C'bl03HVJIJ;VJ
cpeA Berr11KVJTe CVJJIVJ, p;a ce VJ36VJpa Me)l(p;y AHTaHTaTa 11 Tpo:rl!HVJR C'bl03.
Oll.\e OT eceHTa Ha 1913 r. B cTpaHaTa ce sop;VJ norreM11Ka no BorrpornTe Ha B'bHlII-
Hara rrorr11TVJKa. ITpaBVJTeJICTBOTO e c HaMepeHVJe p;a ce op11eHTiripa K'bM UeHTparrHVJTe
rn1111, KaTO II03VJIJ;VJRTa MY ce crrop;errR VJ OT u;ap <t>epp;VJHaHp; - pernaBal.IlaTa cp11rypa
Bno1111T11qecK11Te Htll peaJIHOCTVJ. Hapop;HaTa, I1porpernBHO-JIVJ6eparrHaTa, AeMoKpa-
rnqecKaTa 11 Pap;t11Kan-p;eM0KpaTVJ'ieCKaTa rrapT1111, E3HC VJ rn11poKVJTe cou;VJaJIVJCTl1
ca c op11eHTaIJ;VJR K'bM cornarneHCKt11Te rnrru. TpR6Ba p;a ce oT6erre)l(VJ VJ ep;Ha Ba)l(Ha
pa3JJJ1Ka: yrrpaBJIRBaru;aTa KOaJitllIJ;VJ.il BVJ)l(p;a B'bB BO:rl!HaTa ep;VJHCTBeHOTO cpep;cTBO 3a
peBamn 11 nocTt11raHe Ha Hau;VJoHaJIHO 06ep;11HeHVJe; napTVJVJTe c opVJeHTau;11R K'bM AH-
rattraTa He ca TaKa Kpa:rl!HVJ, HO He VJ3KlllO'-IBaT BO:rl!HaTa KaTO B'b3MO)l(H0 cpep;cTBO.
TBnpAO npoTVJB BO:rl!HaTa ca caMO TeCHVJTe cou;11aJil1CTl1, HO arrTepHaTVJBVJTe 11M OTHOBO
ca BrpaHl1IJ;VJTe Ha HeB'b3MO)l(HOTO - MVJP VJ EarrKaHcKa cpep;epau;VJR.
Ycnopep;Ho c HerrpecTaHHJ1Te ysepeHVJR 3a np11p;'bp)l(aHe K'bM HeyTparrVJTeT Ml1-
HJ1CTop-rrpe.n;cep;aTeJIR B. Pap;ocrraBoB BHarn 3aKoHonpoeKTVJ, c'ho6pa3eHVJ c HoBaTa
o6craHOBKa. I1pVJeT e 3aKoH 3a o6RBRBaHe Ha BOeHHO rroJIO)l(eHit1e VJ B'bBe)l(p;aHe Ha
IjeH3ypa, op;o6peH e 50-MVJJIJ10HeH VJ3B'bHpep;eH CBp'bXCMeTeH Kpep;VJT 3a BOeHHl1 Hy)l(-
AI1, 3aKOH 3a MopaTop11yMa, KOWTO 3arnra BCt1'-IKl1 nrra1.I1aHVJR no rpa)l(p;aHCKl1 VJ Top-
fOBCKl1 cp;errKVJ. C'bc crreu;VJaJIHVJ yKa3VJ e 3a6paHeH l13HOC'bT Ha rrrneH11u;a, u;apeB11u;a,
e'!eMl1K, B'bJIHa VJ p;pyrn cypoBVJHVJ.
273
Pocuu,a AHielloBa
CneA 1136yXBaHeTo Ha BOHHaTa 6nnrapcKoTo npaBJ.1TeJICTBO ocpm~HaJIHO o6RBR-

Ba HeyTpaJIJ.1TeT, HO Be'Ie rro-aKTJ.1BHO e TnpceHO KaTO :>KeJiaH C'bl03HJ.1K. Tip:wurnaTa
6e3cnopHO e CTpaTern'IeCKOTO MJICTO Ha CTpaHaTa B C'b3AaJiaTa ce o6CTaHOBKa. AKO
ce BKJIIO'IM B'bB BOeHHMTe ,n;el1cTBMJI B narepa Ha U:eHTpaJIHMTe c11n11, .Einnrap1rn Il\e
AOnp11Hece 3a 6np311JI pa3rpoM Ha Cnp6HJI, ~e ocn~ecTBM npRKa KoMyH11Ka~110HHa
Bpn3Ka Ha fepMaHMJI 11 ABcTpo-YHrap11JI c eAJ.1HCTBeH11JI MM ,n;o MOMeHTa C'bl03Hl1K
TypQMJI 11 Mo:>Ke Aa oKa:>Ke Bn3Ael1crn11e Bnpxy noBeAeHMeTo Ha KJIOHJIIQVITe K'bM Att-
TaHTaTa, HO Bee o~e He HanpaB11JI11 CBOJI M36op PyMnHMJI 11 fnpQMJI.
CnrnarneHMeTo He xpaHM oco6eH11 HaAe:>KAM Aa np11BJieqe .Einnrap11JI Ha CBOR
CTpaHa - 11 nopaAM op11eHTaQl1JITa Ha ynpaBJIJIBa~OTO B MOMeHTa npaB!.fTeJICTBO H
Qap <PepAMHaHA, 11 nopa,n;11 TOBa, qe e 3aJIO:>Kl1JIO Beqe Ha 6nJirapcKMTe npOTl1BHl1ljH
Ha .EiaJIKaH11Te. Ha11cT11Ha, npeAnp11eMaT ce cT'bnK11 B Ta311 nocoKa, HO Te ca MYAHl1 H
KpaHHO Hey6eAMTeJIH11. TinpBOTO C'bBCeM KOHKpeTHO npeAJIO:>KeHMe HABa Ha 16 Mail
1915 r., KoraTo AHTaHTaTa (AHrJIHJI, <PpaHQMJI, PyrnJI, :V:ITaJIHJI) o6e~aBa npit s11113a-
He B'bB BOHHaTa 'Ipe3 HanaAeHHe cpe~y TypQHJI JIMHJ.1JITa MHAMJI-EHoc, 6e3crropttan
M -qacT OT crropHaTa 30Ha B MaKeAOHHJI, Tep11TopHaJIHO pa3rnMpeHHe B .Eie110Mop11ern,
cnp;el1cTBHe 3a ype:>Kp;aHe Ha rrpo6JieMa c lO:>KHa ,[(o6pyp;:>Ka H ~ep;np soeHeH 3aeM.

.EinnrapcKoTo rrpaB11TeJICTBO e HaII'bJIHO HaJICHO, qe Te3M aHra:>KHMeHTH HJIMaT pea11Ho
IIOKpHTHe, T'bH KaTO 3a TJIX He e B3eTO C'brJiaCHeTO Ha 6aJIKaHCKHTe cTpaHJA. 3arosa
6nnrapcKoTo rrpamnencTBO oTroBapR, -qe McKa YTO'IHeHMe Ha Teprnopl1a11m:ire oT-
CT'bIIKl1 J.1 rapaHQMM 3a peamnwpaHeTO MM.
B C'b~OTO BpeMe - Ha 23 Mal1, U:eHTpaJIHMTe CHJIM o6e~aBaT rro-MaJIKO, HO ,n;asa1
rapaHQJ.1J.1 3a peaJIJ.13aQJ.1JI rrp11 06~ BoeHeH ycrrex - QJIJia MaKe,n;oHHJI 6e3yrnosHo Il\e
61,p;e npep;ap;eHa Ha .EinnrapHR. OrneH BCl1'IKO APYTO Ta3H II0311QHJI Ha 1J,eHTpa11mm
CJ.1JIJ.1 (a IIO-TO'IHO - Ha fepMaH1rn) 11Ma 11 orpoMeH IIC11XOJIOfJ.1'IeCKJ.1 ecpeKT, 3all\OTO
e HaCO'IeHa B HaH-'IYBCTBJ.1TeJIHaTa TO'!Ka Ha 6nJirapcKaTa nporpaMa 3a Ha~110Ha1IHO
06ep;11HeHJ.1e.
Pa36Hpa ce, o6e~aHJ.1JITa He ca ep;J.1HCTBeHJ.1RT apryMeHT B orrpep;eJIJIHe Ha Kpai'r·
HaTa II03J.1Ql1JI Ha .EinnrapHR. J.1MeHHO f epMaHMJI p;aBa Ha npaBHTeJICTBOTO 11cKamrn
3aeM OT 500 MJIH. MapKJ.1 11 no T03J.1 Haq11H rre'IeJil1 o~e ep;J.1H IIJIIOC. A e B'bH OT BCR-
KaKBO C'bMHeHJ.1e cpaKT'bT, -qe Qap 11 rrpaBJ.1TeJICTBO c HeOTCJia6Ba~o BHHMaH11e rnegRT
pa3Bl1TMeTo Ha 6ol1HMTe p;el1cTB11JI Ha ocpopM11JI11Te ce cppoHTOBe Ha BOJ.°1HaTa: 3ana-
p;eH, J.13TO'IeH l1 .EiaJIKaHCKM.
BnrrpeKM BJIM3aHeTo Ha J.1Tamrn B'bB BOeHHMTe p;e:i1cTBl1JI Ha CTpaHaTa Ha Cnr-
narneHMeTo, rrpe3 1915 r. U:eHTpaJIHMTe cMJIJ.1 per11cTpHpaT HJIKOl1 ycrrex11. fepMaH11R
rrpep;rrp11eMa rn11p0Ka ocpaH3MBa Ha J.13TO'IHMJI cppoHT cpe~y pycKaTa apM11JI; 6p11nH-
cKaTa cplIOTa M cyxorr'bTHl1 aHrJIO-cppeHCKJ.1 'IaCTl1 6e3ycrrellIHO aTaKyBaT JJ:ap,n;aHeJ!l1-
Te. ToBa p;aBa p;oil'bJIHMTeJIHM apryMeHTM Ha rrpaB11TeJICTBOTO 3a HeroBoTO 0Kotttiarn1-
HO perneH11e - cqJ.1Ta ce, -qe Tpol1HJ.1RT C'bI03 o-qepTaBa TpatiHo rrpeB'b3XO,!l;CTBo 11 ca
HaJIMQe rrpep;rrocTaBKM 3a HeroBaTa rro6ep;a.
HOBA E'bflfAPCKA l1CTOPJ1Jl (1878-1944)
Ha 24 aBrycT 1915 r. B Coqnrn ce no;n;m1csa rntl:Ha crrorop;6a Me)f(p;y Eonrap1-rn 11

fepMaHMJ1, KOJ1TO no CMJiaTa Ha C'bI03Hl1Te OTHOilleHMJ1 e Bamtp;Ha I1 3a ABcTpo-YHra-
ptt!!. Cornarno p;oroBopa Ha Eonrap11R ce rapaHTMpa npwcoep;MHRBaHeTO Ha Bapp;ap-
cKa MaKep;omrn M 3eMMTe p;o p. BenuKa MopaBa, OT ycTweTO HB ,lJ;yttaB p;o cmrnaHeTo
Ha EomapCKa MopaBa M Cpo6CKa MopaBa, no Bop;op;ena Ha Te3M peKM npe3 rpe6eHa
Ha qepHoropueTo M 6m10To Ha lllap nnaHJma, OTK'bp;eTO cnep;Ba caHcTecpaHcKaTa rpa-
Httl\a. B rnyqa:H Ha Henpep;M3Bl1KaHo Hanap;eH11e Ha PyMoHMR MJIM fnpQMR EorrrapwR
cw B'b3Bpo~a C'bOTBeTHO TepuTOpm1Te, 3arpa6em1 c EYKype~KMR ;n;oroBop. OrneH
rosa ;n;seTe p;op)f(aBM ce 3ap;om1<aBaT p;a OTnyrnaT Ha Eomap11R soeHeH 3aeM B pa3Mep
Ha 200 MJIH. cppaHKa, a np11 npop;'bJI)KMTeJIHOCT Ha BOtl:HaTa - p;on'bJIHMTeJieH 3aeM. B
C'bll\M!I p;eH Me)KJW Eonrap11R 11 fepMaHMR ce nop;n11rna 11 C'bI03eH p;oroBop, npep;BM)K-
11all\ B3aMMonoMOI.Q M npMRTencrno. Ha EorrrapuR ce ,n:asaT rapaHQMM 3a Hetl:HJrn no-
JJHTM'IeCKM cyBepeHMTeT u TepMTopuanHa QJIJIOCT np11 B'bHllIHO Hanap;eHMe. B co~oTo
BpeMe rn noeMa 3ap;'bJI)KeHMe ;n;a oKa)Ke BoeHHa noMo~ Ha fepMaHMJI, aKo nornep;HaTa
6011e Hanap;naTa OT 6onrapcKMTe cncep;M.
TpenrnT Ba)KeH ;n;oKyMeHT e BoeHHaTa KOHBeHQMJI. TR 3a,D;'bJI)f(aBa QeHTpaJIHMTe
rnrrw ;n;a HacTDrnIT cpeI.Qy Cop6MR B cpoK p;o 30 ,n:mr, a EonrapwR B cpoK ;n;o 35 p;HM.
KoMaH,n:BaHeTo Ha C'bI03eHMTe qacn1 ce noBepJIBa Ha cperrp;Maprnan MaKeH3eH.
E;n;ttospeMeHHO c ;n;oroBopMTe c fepMamrn ce nop;nwrna M comarnei-rne c TypQMR.
Corrrarno KOHBeHQMRTa no peKTMqrnKaQMRTa Ha 6orrrapo-TypcKaTa rpaHMQa Eorrra-
PHJI rrorryqasa o6rracTTa Ha 3anap; no TeqeHMeTo Hap. MapuQa p;o op;pMHCKOTO npe,n:-
rpa11we Kapaaraq M )KeJie30II'hTHaTa JIMHMR. 3aeMaHeTO Ha TepwTOpMRTa OT 2380 KM 2
JeM!! rpR6Ba p;a 3arroqtte Ha 28 cerrTeMBpw, KaTo i-raceneHMeTo 3ana3Ba npep;wrnHwTe
rn rrpaBa.
MeceQMTe npe;n;u BKJIJOqBaHeTo Ha EorrrapMR B'bB sotl:HaTa ce xapaKTepI13MpaT c
rrpOll'bJI:iKaBa~a rrorreMMKa B IIOJIJ1TJ1qecKJ1Te Kporose, HO ConpOTJ.fBMTeJIHMTe CJ1JIJ1
Ha oIT03MQI1JITa BM,!l;MMO oTcrra6BaT. TR npoTecT11pa cpe~y cpaKTwqecKoTO Hapyrna-
BaHe Ha HeyTpamneTa c p;onyCKaHeTo p;a rrpeM11HaBaT npe3 CTpaHaTa BOeHHM erne-
noHH Ha noT 3a TypQMJI, rrpop;'hJI)KaBa ar11TaQMRTa rn B noma Ha AHTaHTaTa, o6aqe
narnBHOTO noBep;eHMe Ha C'brJiallieHCKaTa ,!l;I1IIJIOMaQJ1JI JI pa3oqap0Ba, a p;op11 B'bTpe
Borro3MQMOHHMTe napTMM 3ano~rnaT p;a ce ocpopMRT Kp11na M TeqeHMR c pa3JIWIHI1
BHJK,!\amrn. 3aK'bCHeJIJ1Te HaII'bHJ.f Ha Ai-rrJIMR, <!>paHQVIJI M PycMJI p;a cneqeJIJIT Ha CBOR
crpatta EorrrapMR CTMraT ;n;o Heo6J.1qai1m1 B Me)!(JWHapop;HaTa npaKTMKa cpep;crna.
TaKa CiirnarneHcKaTa p;MrrrroMaQMR opraHM3Mpa ",lJ;eKJI03MepoBaTa acpepa''. Do CBOR-
ra C'bll\HOCT TR ce C'bCTOJ.f OT J13KyrryBaHe Ha 6oJirapCKI1 3'bpHeHJ1 xpa1-rn c cppeHCKJ.f,

attrnHC!CKI1 J1 pycKJ.f KaIIMTaJIM, 3a p;a ce C'b3p;ap;aT npop;OBOJICTBeHJ.f 3aTpyp;HeHJ.fJI Ha
6011rapcKOTO npaBMTeJICTBO B cnyqa:H qe J136epe CTpaHaTa Ha QenTpaJIHMTe CJ1JIJ1. 3a-
MHC'bn'bT cTaBa cpaKT, KoraTo B CocpMR e perncTpupana cpMpMa, Haqeno c cppeHcKMR
nocrram1K <!>epHaH ;n;e Krro3Mep J1 c aKTJ.fBHOTO yqaCTwe Ha H. fenap;MeB, v1B. EypoB, r.
fyfo111errHMKOB, P. ,JJ;acKarroB, MapKo TypnaKoB u p;p. BrnqK·M Te ycrrRsaT p;a C'b3p;ap;aT
275
Pocu4a AH2e11oaa
cpe~y roneMI/l KOMil!Cil!OHHI/l IIIIl!pOKa Mpe)l(a OT areHTI/l B 1..vrnaTa CTpaHa Ill 3aIIO'!BaT
.ri;a Ill3Kyrr)'BaT 3'hptteHII! xpaHII! B roneMII! KOnil!qecrna. Acpeparn e pa3Kpil!Ta OT rrpam1·
TeJICTBOTO, a 3aMeCeHil!Te .ri;ettQI/l ca apecTyBaHII!.
I1pe3 eceHTa Ha 1915 r. ono3Il!Qil!OHHil!Te BO,ri;aql/l npaBRT nocne,ri;eH onil!T ):la B'b3·
.ri;ewcrnaT 3a opHeHTaQil!RTa Ha CTpaHaTa nocpe,ri;cTBOM cpe~a c Qap <l>ep,ri;HHaH)'.I. Tio-
JIIl!Til!QII! KaTO J.1BaH EBCTp. rernoB, An. MaJIIl!HOB, CT. J];atteB, Hawqo QaHOB rrpe11y·
npe)l(,ri;aBaT 3a onacHocTTa OT KoHcppoHTil!paue c'bc CnrnarneHil!eTo. Oco6e1w ocrnp
e3Il!K .ri;np)l(II! 3eMe,ri;encKil!RT Bo,ri;aq ArreKcaH,ri;np CrnM6orrI11i1:cKI11, KOHTO no-Komo e
ocn,ri;eH Ill Jre)l(II! B 3aTBopa. Ta3H cpe~a ce npoBe)f(.ri;a Ha 17 cenTeMBplll, Karam Bnrrpo·
C'bT cpaKTil!'IeCKI/l e npil!KJII-O'IeH.
3. Ilpe3 no6eAn K'bM uosa KaTacTpoq>a
Ha 23 cenTeMBpII! 1915 r. B cTpaHaTa e o6RBeHa o6~a M06Il!JIH3aQil!R Ha Bnopn·

)f(eHil!Te cil!JIII!. TR ce npoBe)l(.ri;a cnoKOMHO Ill B cpoK. Bnopn)f(eHil!Te CHJIII! Ha Bnrrrap1rn
Ha6poRBaT 733 900 .ri;yrnlll, BKJil{)qBaT ce Ill 34 000 MaKe,ri;mrcKII! .ri;o6poBom~M. He 11oc-
TI11raT .ri;pexII!, KOHe, HHCTpyMeHTII! Ill op'b)f(Il!e. 3a rnaBHOKOMaH,ri;Ba~ Ha .ri;ewcTBali\aTa
apMil!R Qap <l>epp;Il!HaHp; Ha3HaqaBa BOeHHil!RT Mil!Hil!CT'bp reH. )l{eKOB. Ha 14 OKTOMBp~
c QapcKill yKa3 e o6J:rneHa BOttHa Ha Cnp6HR, Ha .IJ;PYTillR ,ri;eH AHrnil!R 06.HBRBa BOl1Ha m
Bnnrapil!R, KORTO e Hana,ri;tiaJia c'bI-03Hil!QaTa Ha CnrrrarneHilleTo - Cnpforn, norne11Ba1
R <l>paHQHR Ill PyrnR.
I1o.ri; 3HaMeHaTa ca CBil!KaHII! OKOJIO 870 000 .ri;yrnlll, rpynHpaHH B Tplll apMl1l1. Ihp-
Ba apMHR, nap; KOMaH,ri;BaHeTo Ha reHepan Kn11MeHT DOR,lJ;)l(HeB, npeB3eMa H11w ~
npeMil!HaBa 3anap;HO OT peKa MopaBa. BTopa apMil!R Ha reHepaJI reopn1 Top;opoB Ha-
npe,ri;Ba B MaKe,IJ;OHl1R, OBJia,IJ;RBa m11n, Benec, CKonHe l1 Oxplllp;, OTpR3Ba TI'bTR Ha !Of II
cne.ri; cpa)l(eH11e Ha KocoBo none l13TJiacKBa cpn6cKil!Te qacT11 K'bM arr6aHcK11Te rrrraH11·
Hl1. I1pI11.IJ;Bl1)f(Ba~11Te ce OTK'bM ConyH cppeHcK11 H aHrn11C1cK11 BowcK11, npeXBnprrem
B pawoHa rne.ri; Heycnexa Ha J];app;aHeJICKaTa onepaQHR, ca pa3611T11 npM Kp11BorraK
)l{enaHil!eTo Ha reHepan To.ri;opoB .ri;a npo,ri;'hJI)l(l1 HacTDnrretrneTo e B'b3rrpRHO or rep·
MaHcKOTO KOMaHp;BaHe - B Eepn11H ce onacRBaT, qe no.ri;o6Ho pa3Bl1Til!e Ha cnfomrnn
MO)l(e .ri;a .ri;a.ri;e npeil!My~eCTBO Ha aHTl1repMaHCKl1Te Cl1JII/l B'bB BCe o~e He HaMecirnan
ce B'bB BOttHaTa fnpQHR. TaKa II apMHR ce aHra)f(11pa B no3Il!Ql10HHII! .ri;ewcTBil!R l1 rroBe·
qe OT ro,ri;11Ha BO.IJ;Ill cpa)f(eHHR c npoMeHJil1B ycnex. Tpern apM11R 11 pe3epB ca ocraBem
Kpaw I1neBeH cpeII\Y eBeHTyarrHa 3annaxa OT pyMnHCKa CTpaHa.
Jll16epaJIHl1RT Ka611HeT e ,IJ;OBOJieH OT 6np30 nOCTI/lfHaTil!R ycnex M He l13IIHW
onaceHMR 3a noJIO)f(eHil!eTo Ha IO)l(HMR cppoHT, He3aB11c11Mo OT npe.ri;ynpe)l()'.lemum
Ha BoeHHHTe. Ha CBORTa BTopa pe,ri;oBHa cec11R XVII OHC rnacyBa 6ro.ri;)l(eTa l1 l13B'bH
pe,ri;ett BOeHeH Kpe,IJ;Il!T OT 530 MJIH. JIB. O.ri;o6pettII! ca Ill Beqe .ri;ewcTBall\Ill pa3rrope1161
- BoeHHOHaKa3aTeJIHl1R 3aKOH, 27 QapcK11 yKa311 3a 3a6patta Ha I1!3Hoca Ha pa3rrwm1
BM,IJ;OBe CTOKl1. Ho B CTpaHaTa 3aqecTRBaT HOBJ1Hl1Te 3a p;a,ri;eHJ1Te )l(epTBill, y6MTJ1, 6e3
CJie,IJ;HO Ill3'-le3HaJIM, Te)l(KO patteHl1, He,IJ;OCTl1r Ha CTOKl1, pacTR~a cneKyrra.
HOBA E'b!II'APCKA JifCTOPJifJI (1878-1944)
qpe3 MHoro6poumi: cpeI.QM M pa3M.RHa Ha p;erreraQMM ce no):l'feprnBa, 'fe o6Bop3-

BaHeTO c fepMaHM.R M ABcTpo-YmapM.R e Heo6paTMMO. Tiocrrep;MQMTe OT BOMHarn
B'brpe B cTpaHarn 3ano'fBaT p;a ce ycell\aT Bee no-oce3aTerrHo - B'bBep;eHa e KynoHHa
CMcreMa, He,n;ocTMra x1rn6a. BoB Brnparn M3B'bHpe,n;Ha cecirn Ha XVII OHC e BHeceH
HOB 3aKOHOnpoeKT 3a COQMaJIHM rpmKM M o6Il\eCTBeHa npep;BM)J;JIMBOCT, KOMTO qerrM
l\'bp)f(aBHa HaMeca 3a oc11ryp.RBaHe Ha npop;oBOJICTBMeTO Ha HacerreHMeTO M Ha BOM-
CKara, M 3a opraHM3MpaHe M yBerrwrnBaHe Ha npoM3BO)J;CTBOTO. Coe 3aKoH ce C'b3p;a-
sa UeHTparreH KOMMTeT 3a cTonaHCKM rpmKM M o6Il\ecrneHa npep;BM)J;JIMBOCT, KOMTO
e nop; Bop:xoBHM.R Ha):l3op Ha MMHMCTepcKM.R C'bBeT. B C'bCTaBa Ha KOMMTeTa BJIM3aT
18 Hapop;HM npe,n;cTaBMTeJIM OT BCM'IKM naprraMeHrnpHM rpyn11. BoeHHMTe yqpe)f(p;e-
Hl1.fl - frraBHaTa peBM3MOHHa KOMMCM.R, frraBHOTO MHTeHp;aHTCTBO M fJiaBHOTO TMJIO-
BO ynpaBJieHMe - ca BKJIIO'feHM B CMCTeMaTa Ha crnnaHCKMTe rpM)f(J.1 M 06Il\eCTBeHaTa
rrpep;BM)J;JIMBOCT. KoM L(K ce cpopMMpaT rnecT oTp;ena, o6xBall\all\M BCM'fKM ccpepM Ha
cTOrraHCKM.R )f(MBOT. KoHKpeTHaTa ,n;eMHOCT no MeCTa ce OC'bll\eCTB.RBa 'Ipe3 cneqMarr-
Hl1 paMOHHM KOMMTeTM, rpa):ICKMTe M ceJICKMTe 06Il\MHCKM ynpaBJieHMJI, peKBM3MQM-
OHHl1Te KOMMCMM.
IIpe3 eceHTa Ha 1916 r. Ha 6onrapcKMTe BOMCKM ce Harrara p;a BOIOBaT Ha BTopM
~poHT. PyMoHMJI BJIM3a B'bB BOMHaTa Ha CTpaHarn Ha AHraHTaTa 11 III apM11.R Ha reHe-
pan CrecpaH TorneB HaBJIM3a B ,Uo6pyp;)f(a, pa36MBa pyMoHCKMTe BOMCKJ1 11 ):IOlIIJIMTe
l1M Ha IlOMOI.Q pycKM 'faCTM Mc ,n;Be )J;MBM3J1J1 nop;noMara repMaHQMTe 3a npeB3eMaHeTO
Ha EyKypeI.Q. K 'bM Kpa.R Ha ro):IMHaTa Harnan apMM.R p;ocT11ra p;errrnrn Ha ,UyHaB M peKa
Ceper B Morrp;oBa.
IIpe3 1917 r. Ha IO)f(HM.R cppoHT qapM 3aT11rnMe. J13TOil\eHMTe 6orrrapcKM BOMHM-
1.111 rnap;yBaT M CTy,n;yBaT. fepMaHCKOTO KOMaH):IBaHe J13Terrr.R OCHOBHJ1Te CJ1 tiaCTJ1 OT
MaKep;omrn, KaTo OCTaB.R oT6paHaTa Ha p;orrrarn cppoHTOBa JIJ1HM.R Ha TiopBa M Brnpa
apMl1.fl. Ha CeBepHM.R cppoHT C'bl.QO ce Bop;11 yMopMTeJIHa no3MQMOHHa BOMHa.
IIorro)f(eHMeTo Ha L(eHTpanHMTe CMJIM CTaBa Bee no-Te)f(KO. TexHM.RT 'fYBCTB11Terr-
Ho rro-MaJioK noTeHQMaJI 3ano'fBa ,n;a ce M3tiepnBa, a BJIM3aHeTO Ha CAm Ha 2 anpMrr
1917 r. B'bB BOMHaTa Ha CTpaHaTa Ha AHTaHTaTa Be'fe pernMTerrHo HaKrraH.R Be3HMTe B
Hefrna norr3a. Do TOBa BpeMe Eorrrap11.R e M3norrH11rra BOeHHMTe rn qerrM, 6orrrapcKMTe
BOHHMQM He BM)f(,!l;aT IlOBe'fe CMMC'bJI B npO)J;'bJI)f(aBaHe Ha BOeHHMTe p;eMCTBM.R M TOBa
HaMamrna 3Ha'fMTeJIHo 6otl:HMJI AYX Ha BOMCKaTa. TiponaraHp;arn Ha pycKMTe 6orrrne-
Bl1Kl1 3a M11p "6e3 aHeKCM M KOHTpM6yq1m" OT 1917 r. M 14-Te TO'fKJ1 Ha aMep11KaHCKM.R
rrpe3Mp;eHT YMJIC'bH, o6JIBeHM B Ha'farroTo Ha 1918 r. ·B norr3a Ha MMpHM i:1oroBop11 Ha
OCHOBaTa Ha caMoonpe,n;eneHMe Ha HapO):IMTe, OKa3Ba MOil\HO IlCMXOJIOfM'feCKO B'b3-
11etiCTBMe B C'bI.QaTa nocoKa. OI.Qe OT nporreTTa Ha 1917 r. pa3norro)f(eHMTe Ha IO)f(HM.R
(ConyHCKM) cppoHT 6orrrapcKJ1 'faCTM ca IlO,!l;JIO)f(eHM Ha CJ1JieH HaTJ1CK J1 3anotIBaT ,n;a
ce oroBaT, BonpeKM repoM'fHaTa CM conpoT11Ba. CuTyaq11.RTa ce ,n;oycrro)f(H.RBa OT BJil1-
3aHeTO Ha fopQMJI B'bB BOMHaTa npe3 JI.RTOTO Ha C'bll\aTa ro,n;MHa.
Ilpe3 HOeMBpM 1917 r. 6omrreBMllIKM npeBpaT B Pyrn.R cBarr.R OT BrracT npaB11Terr-
CTBOTO Ha KepeHCKM. ToBa ,n;oBe)f(,n;a ,n;o M3JIJ13aHeTO HOT BOHHaTa. EpeCT-fl11rnBcK11-
!IT 11 EyKypell\KM.RT MMpHM ):IOroBopM, cKJIIOtieHM C'boTBeTHO Ha 3 MapT M 7 Mati 1918
r. c npaB11TeJICTBOTO Ha CoBeTMTe 11 PyMoHl1.R, cpaKTM'feCKM JIMKB11,n;11paT l13TOtIHM.R
277
Pocm~a AH2e110Ba
cppoHT. Ennrap1-u1 113)1G1BRBa nopeAHOTO pa3oqapoBaH11e - BMecTo Aa nonyqlif CeBep-

Ha ,Uo6pyA)!(a, TR caMO yqacTBa B ycTaHOBeHOTO TaM C'bBMeCTHO ynpaBJieHJife (KOHAO-
MlifHl1YM) Ha UeHTpaJIHlifTe ClifJilif, AOMlifHMpaHo OT fepMaHlifR.
Hat1:-Ba)l(HOTO B Te3Jif MeCeQJif e He TOBa, a cpaKT'bT, qe CTpaHaTa Hlif 3anO'IBa p;a 113-
HeMorBa. TpeTaTa BOMHa ce oKa3Ba He caMo Te)l(Ka, a !if npoAnJI)l(lifTeJIHa. I1KOHOMl1Ka-
Ta ce pyum, urn:plif ce HeAOBOJICTBO Ha cppoHTa !if B TlifJia. KpM3aTa o6xBaI.Qa !if ynpaBJJ!l-
BaI.QMTe KpnroBe. Ilpe3 IOHlif PaAOCJiaBOB IlOAaBa OCTaBKaTa Ha Ka6MHeTa Clif. vfa6opnT
Ha QapR 3a MlifHHCTnp npeACeAaTeJI ce cnMpa Ha AneKcaHAnp MamrnoB, lif3BecreH c
opueHTaQlifRTa Clif KnM CnrnarneHlifeTo. Ha 22 IOHH 1918 r. Toti CnCTaBR npaBJuerr-
CTBO Ha'IeJio c Arr. Mammon (21 rouH - 17 OKT. 1918). B Hero Bnlif3aT: An. Mamrnos
- MlifHlifCTnp-npeACeAaTen !if MlifHHCTnp Ha BnHlllHlifTe pa6oTlif, M. TaKeB - MlifH11crnp
Ha BnTpernHlifTe pa60T11, A. JfanqeB - Ha cpMHaHClifTe, MocMcp <f>aAeHxexT60 - Ha npa-
BOCnAlifeTo, CTORH KocTypKOB - Ha npoCBeI.QeHJifeTo, r. )J;aHalifnOB - Ha T'bpromrn-
Ta, npoMliflllJieHocTTa !if TPYAa, ParnKo MaA)l(apoB - Ha 3eMeAenlifeTo !if Anp)l<aBHHTe
11MoT11, H. MyrnaHoB - Ha o6I.QecrneHMTe crpaAlif, nnTlifI.QaTa !if 6naroyCTpot1:crnoro,
BJiaAlifMlifp MoJIJIOB - Ha )l(eJie3HJ1QlifTe, no~HTe !if Tenerpacp1ue, CaBa CaBoB - BoeHeH
MlifHlifCTnp.
CncTaBeHlifRT OT AeMoKpaTlif 11 paAHKaJIAeMoKpaTlif Ka611HeT He e B cnCTORHHe 11a
HanpaBlif no'ITJ1 Hl11QO, a !if He Knca pern11TenHo c f epMaHlifR. A !if Kott 6nnrapcK11 Anp-
)!(aBHHK 611 nocMRJI Aa 3ape)!(e l13CTpaAaHlifTe 3aBOeBaHJ1R, 6e3 B01kK11Te Aa ca noHe-
CJIJ1 cepM03HO nopa)l(eH11e?
Ha 14 cenTeMBpw 1918 r. HaCTnnBa Ha'IaJioTo Ha KpaR. TI pM nnJIHO npeBn3xo11crno
B )!(J'1Ba clifJia H TeXHlifKa, AHTaHTaTa npeAnp11eMa roJIRMa ocpaH3J1Ba Ha ConyHcKHR
cppoHT. EnnrapCKaTa oT6paHMTeJIHa JIJ1HlifR Ha 18 cenTeMBp11 e npo6MTa Ha .IJ:o6po
none !if B apM11RTa HaCTnnBa xaoc. EnnrapcKoTo oTcT'bnJieHlife KnM cTap1ue rpaH111111
Ha CTpaHaTa qepTae IInTR Ha nopeAHl1R HaQl10HaJieH rrorpoM. Ennrap11R e 3aCTparneHa
He caMO OT qy)!(Aa OKyrraQJ1R, HO l1 OT BnTpernHlif 6e3peAlifQJ1. Pa36yttTyBan11 ce qacrn
OTCT'bTIBaT K'bM BnTpernHOCTTa Ha CTpaHaTa, nopa)!(Aa ce 11AeR 3a TIOXOA K'bM Co¢11!!
)if pa3npaBa c Bl1HOBHJ1Ql1Te. I1 HaHCTJifHa Ha 24 cenTeMBpl1 CTJ1XJ1WHOTO BOfIHHIIIKO
60
Mocml> MaKCHMOB <l>ap;euxexr e pop;eH Ha 24 HOeMBpYI 1873 r. B rpap; Ep3ypyM - Typ1.111J!.
3aa'bpurna fl1MHa3H.il B Cocp1rn. OT 1892 p;o 1897 r. cne11Ba qmnococp1rn 11 npaao B Jlatfm-1Hr 11 fhOT11H-
reH - fepMamrn. Ilpe3 1897 r. 3aB'bpII1Ba npaBo c p;oKTOpaT B Jlaftn1-111r. OT 1898 ,n;o 1899 r. crre1.1~1an11-
311pa B Eo110HR YI Top11Ho - :Vfran11R. ,lJ,oqeHT (1899-1902 r.) J.1113B'bHpep;eH npocpecop B'bB B11clllero
yq11n11I1-1e. OT 1903 p;o 1904 r. e p;eKaH Ha IOp11p;11qecK11R cpaKyJJTeT. OT 1906 r. e ,n;etfcra11Tenett 'IJJeH
Ha EK,lJ,, a OT 1908 ,n;o 1909 r. e ceKpeTap Ha qmnococpcKo-06I1-1eCTBeH11R MY KJJOH. XoHoposatt rrpo·
cpecop no rpa)Kp;aHCKO npaBo B CY "CBeT11 KnMMeHT OxpY1,n;cK11" OT 1924 ,n;o 1939 r. Dpe,n;ce11aren Ha
cp11nococpcKo-06I1-1eCTBeH11.il KJJOH Ha EAH OT 1944 p;o 1947 r. 3ano'!Ba non11TY1'leCKaTa c11 Kap11epa B
Pa,n;Y1Ka11,n;eM0KpaTY1'lecKaTa napTYl.il B E'bnrap11.i1, a OT 1924 r. e aKTYIBeH 'IJJeH Ha ,lJ,eMoKparnqecKHJ!
croaop. OT 21. VI. 1918 p;o 17. X. 1918 r. e MYIHYICT'bp Ha npaaoc'bp;YleTO B TpeTJ.1.il Ka611Her Ha AneK·
caHp;'bp Man11HOB. OT 1920 p;o 1922 r. e crn1111'leH 06I1-1Y1HCK11 C'hBeTHYIK. ,lJ,erryTaT B V BHC If BXVI,
XVII, XIX, XXI YI XXII OHC. OT 1931p;o1939 r. e npe,n;cep;aTen Ha C'bJ03a Ha 6'bnrapcKHre a11soKaTH.
ABrnp Ha MHO)KeCTBO HaynIHYf ny6m1Kal.\Y1Yf. YMYlpa B CocpYl.i! Ha 27 OKT. 1953 r ..
HOBA En!IfAPCKA UCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
tterop;ysaH1.1e rrpepacTBa B 6yHT. <t>opM1.1paH1.1 ca p;se B'bCTaHJ.1qecKJ.1 p;py)!(HHJ.1, KOJ.1TO

ce HacoqsaT K'l>M KIOCTeHp;Hn J.1 3aeMaT fnaBHaTa KsapT1.1pa Ha apMHRTa.
Tipas11TencTBOTO pear11pa 6'bp3o. Crreurno e opraHJ.13HpaHa oT6paHaTa Ha crn-
Jil11\aTa. JtfarrpaTeHHTe 3a ycnoKoeHHe Ha p;yxoseTe 3eMep;encKJ.1 sop;a'IJ.1 An. CTaM60-
n11ifcK1.1 J.1 Pai1Ko ,ll;aCKanoB 3aeMaT pa3nHqHJ.1 no3J.1QJ.1J.1. Tipep;JIO)!(eHJ.1eTO Ha ,ll;aCKaJioB
6yHT'bT p;a 6'bp;e ornaBeH e OTKJIOHeHO OT 6'bp;emHR MJ.1Hl1CT'bp-npep;cep;aTeJI CJiep; J.13-
BeCTHO KOJie6aH1.1e; CJiep; 3aBp1>1.I.\aHeTO rn B CoqmR CTaM60JI1.1i1:cK1.1 p;op1.1 rrop;n1.1rna
anen 3a 3ana3BaHe Ha crroKOMCTBHe. P. ,ll;aCKaJioB o6RBRBa Ha 27 cerITeMsp1.1 B crreQM-
antta npoKJiaMaQHR MOHapxH'IeCKI!IR pe)!(J.1M 3a csaJieH :w npoB'b3rnaorna T. Hap. "Pap;o-
M11pCKa perry6JI1.1Ka''. An. CTaM6on1.1I1cK11 e onpep;eJieH 3a rrpep;cep;aTeJI Ha speMeHHOTO
npaBt1TeJICTBO, a P. ,ll;acKaJioB - 3a rnaBHOKOMaHp;sam Ha peny6JIJ.1KaHCKJ.1Te BOMCKJ.1.
BbB BJiap;aI1cKOTO p;eqrnJie, Kpar1 KHR)!(eBo 1.1 Tiasnoso ce BO)J;RT 6parny61.1i1cTBeH:w 60-
ese, npoJIHBa ce M3JIJ.1IllHO 61>JirapcKa Kp'bB. Ha 30 cenTeMsp1.1 B'bcTaH:WQHTe ca pa3-
rpoMeHJ.1, rrpaBJ.1TencTBeH:WTe CHJIJ.1 3aB3eMaT QeHT'bpa Ha B'bCTaHJ.1eTo rp. Pap;oMHp.
Xnnap;1.1 3ar1.1BaT, a p;pyr1.1 ca 113rrpaseHJ.1 npep; soeHHononeBJ.1 c'bp;1.1n1.1ma.
Cnep; soeHHaTa KaTaCTpocpa Ha ror E'bJirap11R Be'Ie HRMa 1136op J.1 113rrpama B Co-
nyH p;eneraQHR, B C'l>CTaB AHp;peft JlRn'IeB, reH. I1BaH JiyKoB :w C1.1MeoH Pap;es 61 , c 11c-
KaHe Ha np11M11p1.1e. To e nop;rr1.1caHo Ha 29 cenTeMBp11 11 no c'bmecTBo npep;cTaBJIRBa
61
CHMeoH Pa,11eB e po,11eH B rpa,11 PeceH, MaKe,110HHJ1, Ha 19 J1Hyap11 1879 ro,1111Ha. Y'l11 B 6'bnrap-
cK11re y'l11m1ll\a B PeceH, Oxp11,1111 Elno1rn, a rne,11 Tosa 3as'bpurna cppeHCKl1!1 rrm1eti ,,fan am a capau" B
Jtlcratt6yrr 11 rrpaBo B .IKeHeBa, K'b,lleTo Hems cbcTy,11eHT e BeHemrn faHeB. OT,11a,11eH Be"!e cTpacTHO Ha
JKypttaJIHCTHKa, OT 1901 r. CTaBa pe,110BeH C'bTPY.LIHllK Ha BeCTHHK ,,Be'lepHa ITOII\a", Ha KOMTO ,!\Bero-
AllHH rro-K'bCHo e pe,11aKTop, rrocne 11 rnaBeH pe,11aKrnp. Ilpe3 1905 r. (no rroKaHa Ha Ilasen feHa,11HeB)
Pages 3ae,11Ho c An. Eana6aHOB 3arro'!BaT 113,llaBaHeTo Ha crr11cam1e ,,Xy,11o)!(HIIK". Ilo-K'bCHO (1911 r.)
ornosasa BCeKl1,11HeBHl1Ka ,,BOJI!!" H B3eMa ,11etiHO Y'lacnre B HerOBOTO cm1CBaHe. Ilo TOBa BpeMe 06-
Hapogsa 11 CBOJ!Ta KHl1ra ,,CTpOHTeJUITe Ha C'bBpeMeHHa D'bJirapH!!" - e)1HO OT roneM11Te H opHrHHan-
HH ncrop11orpacpcK11 mcne,11BaH11J1 y Hae. 'lJneH Ha MacoHcKa Jlo)!(a ,,CBeTmrna". Oll\e TB'hp,11e Mna11,
C. Pa11es ce OT,llaBa Ha ,1111rrnoMaT11'leCKa ,11etiHOCT. Ilpe3 1913 ro1111Ha Y'lacrna B K0Hcpepett1111J1Ta 3a
rrogrnlCSaHe Ha M11pa B EyKype111, K'b,lleTO OCTaBa 11 KaTO IJ'bJIHOMOII\eH Ml1Hl1CT'bp ,110 1916 r. OTTaM
cneg sn113aHeTo Ha PyM'bHl1!1 B IlopBaTa cBeTOBHa sotiHa e rrpeMecTeH B EepH. ITo-K'bCHO (1917)
roii CH TI0)1aBa OCTaBKaTa, HarryCKa IIIBeti11apCKaTa CTOJil11\a 11 OTl1Ba Ha cppoHTa. B KpaR Ha BOt'!HaTa
Pages s3eMa yqacT11e OT 6onrapcKa cTpaHa B rro,11m1csatte Ha CorryHcKOTO rrp11M11p11e. Crre,11 TOBa Toti
enocnep,osaTeJIHO IT'bJIHOMOll\eH MHHl1CT'bp B Xara, AHKapa, Baw11HrTOH, JlOH;!10H 11 Ep10Kcerr. Toti
e 11 rrp1>B 6'hrrrapcK11 .r1eneraT B 06ll\ecrnorn Ha Hapo,1111Te B )KeHesa. ITpe3 1918 ro,1111tta C. Pa11es
06ttapo11sa Ha cppeHcK11 e3HK KHHraTa c11 ,,MaKe)10Hl1!1 11 EnnrapcKOTO B'h3pa)!(,llaHe npe3 XIX BeK".
C1>111ara KH11ra e rrpeBe):leHa rro-K'bCHO (1927) Ha 6onrapcK11e311K11 e rry6rr11KyBaHa KaTo 113,11aH11e Ha
MaKf;l10HCKl1!1 HaYl.JeH 11HCTl1TYT B Cocp11!!. C1IMeoH Pa,11eB e He caMo rry6n111111cT, 11crop11orpacp JI
/lllIIIIOMaT, a 11 Bell\ QeHHTen Ha 113KYCTBOTO 11 Ha xy,11o)!(eCTBeHOTO CJIOBO. 0111e OT ttati-paHHl1 ro,1111-
HH TOM ce npo!!BJ!Ba KaTO KpHTl1K 11 B3eMa ,11efIHO y'laCTl1e B Jil1TepaTypH11!1 H apT11CTl1'leH )!(11BOT Ha
Hamara crpaHa. Ilrro,11 Ha Te311 3aH11MaH11J1 ca pe,11J111a 6rrecrnI.Q11 cTaT11H B 6nnrapcK11J1 rrep110,1111'leH
rre'lar.11acT OT Te3H cTaT1111, rr11caH11 B pa3n11qHo BpeMe, ca rroMecTeHM B KHHraTa MY ,,Ilorne,1111 B'hpxy
m1reparypaTa 11 113KYCTBOTO 11 Jil1'IHl1 crroMeH11", KO!ITO 113rr113a rrpe3 1965 ro,1111tta 11 e rrocpeI.QHaTa
c MHoro roJI!IM 11HTepec OT 6onrapcK11J1 'll1TaTeJI. I10'!11Ba B CocjJ11J1 Ha 15 cpeBpyap11 1967 r. - caMo
HHKOJIKO AH11 CJie):I KaTO KHl1raTa ,,PaHHl1 CITOMeH11" e rro,11rr11caHa 3a ne'laT.
279
Pocu4a AHzenoBa
KamtTyJiaQ:i.rn:. ApMl1JITa cne,n;Ba .n;a ce l13Term1 B crnpHTe rpaHl1l.\l1, .n;a ce pa3opn)IGI 11

,n;eM06J1JIH3Hpa c H3KJIIO'Iem1e Ha 3 rreXOTHH ,D;HBH3JfJf H 4 TIOJIKa KaBanepun, Cn611paHe
Ha op'h)l(11eTo Ha ,n;eM06mrn3upaH11Te qacTH rro.n; KOHTpona Ha c'hrnaweHcK11 ocpm-1ep11
u .n;a ocTaBH KaTO 3aJIO)l(HJfl.\11 qacnne, HaMwpaI.QH ce 3arra,n;Ho OT Bap.n;ap. B C'bll\OTO
BpeMe BOeHHOTIJieHHHl.\11Te OT C'brJiarneHHeTO Tpa6Ba Be,n;Hara .n;a 6'h,n;aT OCB060AeH11.
B HJIKOJIKO TaMHJf 'IJieHOBe ce npe,D;B11)1(,D;a BpeMemia OKynaQJ1JI Ha HJIKOH CTpaTerw1e-
CKH rryHKTOBe B'bB B'bTpernHOCTTa Ha CTpaHaTa, H3IIOJI3BaHe Ha BC11'IKH HeMHl1 TpaHC-
nopTHH JIHH11H J1 C'ho6rw1TeJIHJ1 Bp'b3KJ1 H .n;p. 3a BTOpH II'bT B npO,D;'bJI)l(eHHe CaMO Ha
5 f0,D;11H11 CTpaHaTa HJ1 e TIOCTaBeHa Ha KOJieHe.
B ConyH c'hrnaweHHeTo nocTaBJI 01.Qe e,n;Ho Ba)l(HO ycnoBue - oTcTpamrnaHe Ha
Qap <Dep,n;wHaH,n; OT npecTOJia. Ha 2 OKTOMBpH 1918 r. B Coqma ce CBHKBa C'bBell\aH11e
Ha Bo,n;a'IHTe Ha rrapnaMeHTapHo npe,n;cTaBeHHTe IIOJIHT11tJecKJf napTHH. Bcv1'1Kl1 no11-
KpenaT 3aJIBeHaTa OT Jfarr'IeB Heo6xo,n;uMocT QapaT .n;a a6,n;11Kupa B rron3a Ha npecro-
JI0Hacne,n;H11Ka. PeweHHeTo e C'h06I.QeHo Ha MHHHCTbp-rrpe.n;ce,n;aTeJIJI An. MamrnoB.
Ha 3 OKTOMBpH 1918 r. c HapotJeH MaHmpeCT Qap <Dep,n;wHaH,n; o6aBJIBa a6,n;uKaL\l1JITa
cu u HarryCKa CTpaHaTa. D'bJirapcKHJIT npecToJI ce 3aeMa OT Qap Eop11c III. TinpB1rnr
yKa3 Ha Mna.n;11a MoHapx e rro.n;nucaH Ha 4 OKTOMBpu 1918 r. H e 3a ,n;eMo6HJil13aL\J1!1 Ha
6'bnrapCKaTa apMl1JI.
Eop11c III e po,n;eH Ha 30 aHyapu 1894 r. Il'hJIHOTO MY JfMe e Eopuc KneMeHr Po-
6epT Mapua Iluu CTaHJ1CJiaB CaKCKo6yprroTcKH. HeroB KaTOJIH'IecKH KpnCTHllK e
narra JhB XIII, a npaBocJiaBeH Kp'hCTHMK e HMnepaTop H11KonaI1: II.
MaKap 11 HeoxoTHO, Eop11c III caHKQHOH11pa npeBparn OT 9 IOHH 1923 r. Cne11
rrpoBaJia Ha pe)l(11Ma, ycTaHOBeH c rrpeBpaTa OT 19 MaM 1934 r., qapJIT He B'b3CTaHOBJIBa
pa3nycHaT11Te napT1111. CTpaHaTa e ynpaBJIJIBaHa c cpopMa Ha napnaMeHTapeH Mall<O-
puTapH3'hM, KOHTpon11paH OT Hero.
Cne.n; HatJaJioTo Ha BTopaTa CBeTOBHa BOMHa Eopuc III HacotJBa D'bJirapm1 K'bM
C'bI03 c Ocrn P11M-EepJIHH-ToKHO, c qen peBl13HJI Ha HI>oMCK11JI MwpeH .n;oroBop. C
noMOI.QTa Ha EepnuH 11 MocKBa, Cocpun ycnaBa p,a rn B'hpHe oT EyKypeIL\ IO)!(tta ~06-
py.n;)l(a qpe3 KpattoBcKaTa cnoro.n;6a OT 1940 r. Eop11c III OTKJIOHJIBa C'bBeTCKl1Te npe11-
JIO)l(eH11JI 3a CKJIIO'IBaHe Ha p,oroBop 3a M11p l1 .n;py)l(6a, KOJ1TO 611xa IIOCTaBl1Jil1 crpa-
HaTa B 3aBHCl1MO noJIO)l(eHwe. Tou o6aqe ce c'brnarnBa D'hnrap11a .n;a nocJiy)!rn Karn
nnaq.n;apM Ha repMaHcKaTa eKcrraH311JI Ha EanKaH11Te. Tipe3 anpwn 1941 r. HaI.\11CTK}ITe
BOMCKM arnKysaT IOrocnaBMJI 11 f'hpqwa OT 6'bnrapcKa TepwTop11JI, c Koern Ae ¢aKTO 11
n'hnrapwa cTaBa C'bBOIOBaI.Qa CTpaHa. Cne.n; Kpan Ha 60I1H11Te .n;ettcTB:i.rn Ennrap11J1 no-
nyqasa B'h3MO)l(HOCTTa .n;a ap,M11H11cTpHpa .n;o Kpaa Ha Bo:CrnaTa Hacenemne rrpe.l.\llMHO
c eTHHtJecKw 6'bmapH 3arra,n;Hw rroKpai1HHH11, Bapp,apcKa MaKe,n;om1n l1 EenoMopCKa
TpaK11JI. Eopwc III e B'b3BeJIM'IeH KaTO Qap 06e.n;wmrTeJI.
Qap Eopwc III yM11pa Ha 28 aBryCT 1943 r., CKopo cne.n; KaTo ce Bp'bIL\a or Bl1311Ta
npu Xwrnep. CnyxoBe 3a CM'hPTTa MY Ka3BaT, qe e oTpoBeH no Hape)l(,n;aHe Ha X1m1ep,
HO CHrypHl1 ,D;OKa3aTeJICTBa TaKa l1 He ca HaMepeHH. Ilorpe6aH e B PHJICKl1JI MaHacTllp,
HO npe3 1944 TJIJIOTO MY e ecxyMwpaHo no Hape)l(,n;aHe Ha KOMYHl1CTl1tJecK11re ynpaa-
HHI.\l1. AHec e 3ana3eHo caMo c'hpI.\eTo My, KoeTo ce HaMwpa B PHJICKHJI MaHacrnp.
'l Q(\
4. IlocAef\CTBHHTa OT e)\HH norpemeu H.36op
Crrep; rrop;mi:rnaHeTo Ha CorryHcKoTo npVIMVIpwe 3anoqsa oKyrrau;mrTa Ha cTpaHa-

Ta OT C'brrraweHCKHTe qaCTVI, KOHTO ce HaCTaHJIBaT Ha B'b3JIOBVI TpaHCIIOpTHH nyHKTO-
Be. OKyrrau;VIoHHMTe qacTM BopwaT Hac:wJIHR, 6e3'1MHCTBa, rpa6e)l<H. Dosep;eH:weTO Ha
oKyrrau;VIoHHMTe BOHCKM 3ac:wrrsa C'bIIJ;ecrnyBall\OTO Hep;osorrcrno B CTpaHaTa. CTpa-
HaTa e 3aCTpaweHa OT rrrap;, a npastuerrcTBOTO TpR6Ba p;a ce rpirnrn H 3a XVIJIRp;vITe
6e)l(aHu;VI OT MaKep;onVIR VI Mopamrn. B rorreMVITe rpap;ose VI36yxsa Te)l(Ka enVIp;eMVIR
OT HCITaHCKM rp:wrr, KORTO B3eMa MHoro )l(epTBVI.
Ycrro)l(HeHaTa B'bTpewHa o6CTaHOBKa Harrara npeyCTpoil:crnorn Ha Ka6VIHeTa Ha
urnpoKa Koarrwu;:woHHa ocHoBa. C'bc c'brrrarnern Ha u;ap EopVIc III MVIHVICT'bp-npep;ce-
11are1rnT 3aIIO'IBa nperosop:w C'bC 3eMep;erru;VI, rrrnpoKVI cou;VIaJIHCTH H pap;VIKami:. Crrep;
rrpop;'bJI)l(VITeJIHVI rrperosopVI ce IIOCTMra C'brJiaCVIe B npaBVITeJICTBOTO p;a MMa 4 p;eMO-
KpaTH, 1 pap;wKaJI, 1 Hapop;HRK, l urnpoK cnu;VIarrncT VI no 1 3eMep;erreu; OT C'bll\ecrnysa-
Il\HTe p;se Kp:wrra Ha C'bI03a. IlpeycTpoeHHHT KaforneT Ha Arr. MamrnoB, Ha3Ha'IeH Ha
17 OKTOMBpH 1918 r. e B C'bCTaB: T. Teop;opos - MVIHVICT'bp Ha B'bHIIIHVITe pa6orn, M.
TaKeB - Ha B'bTpernHVITe pa6oTH, CT. KoCTypKoB - Ha Hapop;HaTa npornen, A. Jfanqes
- Ha qmHaHCVITe :w yrrpaBJrnBaIIJ; 3eMep;errVIeTo, An. MarrVIHOB - Ha rrpasoc'bp;VIeTo, C.
CaBoB - Ha BOHHaTa, .JI. CaK'b30B - Ha TDproBVIJITa, u;. EaKaJioB - Ha 0611\eCTBeHVITe
crpap;vc, H. MywaHOB - Ha )l(eJie3HVIu;:wTe. YnpaBJIJIBa CTpa1-rnTa p;o 28 Hoer.rnpVI 1918 r.
ITpaBMTerrcTBOTO rrpaBVI rrocT'bIIKM 3a nop;HOBJIBaHe Ha p;VIIIJIOJ\UTH'leCKVITe OTHO-
weHHR C'bC C'brJiallieHCKVITe p;'bp)KaBM, 3a C'b3p;aBaHe Ha p;o6pVI Bp'b3KH c KOMaHp;HVIR
cocras Ha oKyrrau;:woHHHTe 'IaCTM B CTpaHaTa. Crrep; KaTO B HapyIIIemi:e Ha CorryHcKo-
ro rrpV!MHpVIe OT rrpaBvITeJICTBOTO e IIOVICKaHO p;a Vl3Termi: CBOHTe BoiicKll H ap;MHHH-
CTpanrnHH BJiacni: OT IO)KHa ,[(o6pyp;)l(a, MVIHVICT'bp-npep;cep;aTemn Air. MaJIVIHOB B
3HaK Ha rrpoTecT rrop;asa ocTaBKaTa Ha KafomeTa. MvnrncTepcKaTa Kpn3a rrpop;'bJI)l(a-
Ba ,11ecer p;HH M Ha 28 HOeMBpH 1918 r. e Ha3Ha'leHO KOaJIU::qJIOHHO DpaBHTeJICTBO c
riacmeTO Ha Hapop;Hllll;H, rrporpecVIBHOJIVI6epam1, p;eMOKpaTH, um:pollill COQ,HaRHCTVI,
pa,11viKaJIH w 3eMep;enu;11, Ha'leno c T. Teop;opoB (28 uoel'rrnp11 1918 -1 J11a:ii: 1919). To
eB C'hCTaB: Teop;op Teop;opos 62 - MVIHHCT'bp-rrpep;cep;aTerr H L\DIBllOl'lb>JP Bllcat lElf>nmIHUTe
62 Teo.n;op Teo.n;opos e po.r1eH Ha 8 anp:trn 1859 r. B EJieHa. OT 18-4.qo lS83rr::rrmmlIIIlllLJ~-moB

AnpHnosara rnMHa31.rn B fa6poBo 11 B HMKOJiaeB, ,!IH. YKpat1Ha. Cne,n;Ba npaBIDI IE ~!DI~ ~em
3aBbpnrna rrpe3 1886 r. Or 1894 .r10 1896 r. e rrpe.r1ce.r1aren Ha OcMoro OHC. Jll!@ ll'9mJ rr: It'. ~o
1136Hpatt Ja Hapo,!leH npe.r1craB11ren. Or 1896 ,!IO 1897 r. e MHH11CTbp Ha ~mID Ill lliatOlllilllll.a Ha
A-p K. CrmrnoB. Dpe3 1897-1899 r. e MHHHCThp Ha ljmHaHcHTe B xa6ntterallll.1l,i!!-;p><Clllfil!llTJlDBI ~'1.lP>lllP B
Co¢Hl1CKWI OKp'b)KeH Cb,!1 l1 '!JieH Ha ArrenaTMBHMJI Cb,!1. Ilpe3 1911-1913 r e ~ m. timanarre
BKa6irnernre Ha J/:!B.'EBCT. feIIIOB I1 CT. ,[(aHeB. Ilpe3 1918-1919 r. e l\Olllll~~l! IUD!HIIC-
Thp tta BbHlllHMTe .r1ena l1 113TIOBe.[laHmITa. PoKOBO,!IW .n;eneraJ..\WRTa Ha nl>IIl'.aip11m1 llB?I' rrnperoeopIITe Ha
TiapmKKara KoHcpepeHI..1I1Jl, HO no.r1aBa ocraBKa Karo MI1HI1cThp-rrpe.n;ce;:ia1!"M, mlra3BaJi1m Jta no.n;mnne
HbollcKI1J1 ,11oroBop. Ilpe3 1922 e XBopneH B 3aTBopa or An. CTaM6om1wCKH" P. )laCKaHoB 3aewio c J\rnoro
ApyrH so,11a<rl1 Ha orro3111111JITa. Cne.r1,[(eBeTOJOHCK11JI rrpespaT rrpe3 1923 e oCB060,11eH 11 ce rrp11coe,1111HJI-
Ba KbM ~eMoxpaTw-IecKIDI croBop. Dpe3 1910 r. rrocrpoRBa B CocpWI crpa.n;ara Ha H3BeCTHI1JI rro-KbCHO
PycKH KJIY6 Ja csot1 goM. Teo.r1opoB e )KeHeH e 3a Pa.r1a, )l;blllepR Ha Hat'1,r1eH fepoB. J/:!Ma )l;blllepR w rnH:
Atta-Map1rn w J/:!Batt. 3er (conpyr Ha Ana-MapMR) MY e g-p H11xonat'! HHKonaeB - I13BecreH 6onrapcKH
nom!THK rrpe3 30-re M 40-Te ro.[ll1Hl1 Ha XX eeK. T. Teo.n;opoB }'MMpa Ha 5 aBrycT 1924 r. B qaMKopwR.
281
Pocul-la AHzenoBa
pa60T11, H. MyrnaHOB - Ha B'bTpewmne pa60T11, CT. KocTypKoB - Ha rrpoCBeTara, Cr.

,UaHeB - Ha qnrnaHCI1Te, IleT'bp JJ:)l(11p;poB - Ha rrpaBOC'bp;MeTo, A. JlRII''ieB - Ha BOMHa-
Ta, 5.I. CaK'b30B - Ha T'bproBMRTa, ,UvtMI1T'bp ,UparneB - Ha 3eMep;e1rneTo, II,. EaKa11os
- Ha )l(ene3HI1QI1Te. M11H11cTepcTBOTO Ha 06~ecTBeH11Te crpap;11, II'bTM~aTa I1 611aro-
ycTpowcTBOTO e 3ana3eHo 3a An. CTaM6on11flcK11, KOMTO rnep; Bnap;awcKOTo Bocram1e
ce yKp:trna OT Bnacn1Te.
Teop;op Teop;opoB B npaBMTencrneHaTa p;eKnapaQtrn o6e~aBa, p;a npop;om1rn no-
n11T11KaTa Ha Man!1HOB Ha OMI1pOTBOpRBaHe Ha CTpaHaTa I1 CTa611n11311paHe Ha KOH-
CTJ1TYQI10HHI1R pep;. B o6nacTTa Ha B'bHWHaTa nonI1T11Ka rnaBHaTa Qen e p;a ce B'b3Bop-
He p;oBep11eTo Ha CornarneH11eTo, M11pHI1RT p;oroBop p;a 6'bp;e c'bo6pa3eH c 11cropw1e-
cK11Te 11 eTHorpa<!JcK11Te <!JaKT1111 6'bnrapcK11R Hapop; p;a He 6'bp;e pa3ep;11HeH.
IlpaBI1TencTBOTO B C'brnac11e c nporpaMaTa CI1 I13roTBR Ba)l(HI1 3aKOHonpoeKTH.
Ha 31 p;eKeMBpI1 1918 r. e rnacyBaH 3aKOH 3a nonI1TI1'IeCKaTa aMHI1CTI1JI. Tosa ,liaBa
B'b3MO)l(Hoc'r CrnM6on11l1cKI1 p;a rroeMe M11H11cTepcTBOTO Ha o6~ecrneHI1Te crpa,!itt 11
6naroyCTpoflcTBOTO, a P. ,UacKanoB p;a ce 3aB'bpHe OT f'bpQI1R. B'bBep;eHo e o~e nporpe-
CI1BHO o6naraHe Ha pa3n11KaTa Me)l(p;y np11xop;11Te npe3 BoeHHI1Te rop;11H11 11 re311 npe3
1914 r., a C'b~o TaKa e rrp11eT 3aKoH 3a p;aH'bKa B'bpxy rreqan611Te OT BOHHaTa. Cnope11
3aKOHa 3a OTHeMaHe B non3a Ha p;'bp)l(aBaTa Ha He3aKOHHO rrp11p;o6I1TI1Te 11MOT11 OT
p;'bp)l(aBHI1 cny)l<I1Ten11, BKnIO'iI1TenHO MI1HI1CTpI1, Bcnep;CTB11e Ha npeCT'bnrremrn, tt3-
non3BaHe Ha cny)l(e6HoTo c11 rrono)l(eH11e, qpe3 crreKyrra 11 p;p., Te3I1 I1MOT11 ce np11Cb)K-
p;aT Ha p;'bp)l(aBaTa OT anenaTI1BHI1Te C'bp;11n11~a rrp11 MHoro yrnmKHeHa npoQe,!iypa.
0CHOBHI1RT npo6neM Ha yrrpaBnRBa~I1Te ca peweHI1RTa Ha IlapmKKaTa M11pHa
KoH<!JepeHQI1R. O<!J11Q11anHoTO iI OTKp11BaHe crnBa Ha 18 RHyap11 1919 r., Karn 3a npe11-
cep;aTen e I136paH npeM11ep'bT Ha <DpeHcKaTa peny6n11Ka )Kop)I( KneMattco. ITpastt-
TencTBOTo e 113npaBeHo npep; pep;11Qa Tpyp;ttocT11 - p;a npaB11 etteprwrn11 ,li11ITJIOMa-
TI1'iecKI1 nocT'bnKI1 3a o6rreK'iaBaHe Ha nono)l(eH11eTo Ha cTpaHaTa, p;a anem1pa K'bM
Ben11K11Te c11n11 3a crrpaBep;n11BocT no OTHorneH11e Ha C'bKpyrneHa E'bnrapRR, ,lia ce
OCBeTnI1 eBponeHCKOTO o6~eCTBeHO MHeHI1e 3a I1CTop11qecKI1Te I1 eTHorpacpCKMTe oc-
HOBaHL!R Ha 6'bnrapCKaTa HaQMOHanHa Kay3a, 3a )l(eCTOKOTO orpa6BaHe Ha crpattara
npe3 1913 r., 3a p;ap;eH11Te )l(epTBI1 3a oCB06o)l(p;eH11eTo Ha nopo6eHL!Te coHapo,!iHW-
QI1. Bc11'iKO TOBa e 3aTpyp;HeHo OT <!JaKTa, qe E'bnrap11R ce HaM11pa B Me)l(p;yHapo11tta
I130naQJ1R. He Ca npeK'bCHaTI1 OTHOilleHI1RTa CaMO C'bC CAm I1 C HRKOLI tteyrpaJIHll
p;'bp)l(aBI1 KaTO lllBe11QapI1R.
JtfaBecTHI1 p;'bp)l(aBHI1QI1, non11TI1QI1 11 I1HTeneKTyanQI1 nnep;11paT B Esporra B
3a~11Ta Ha 6'bnrapcKaTa Kay3a. C'b3p;ap;eHaTa B xop;a Ha BOHHaTa KynTyptta MMCMll B
llIBel1Qap11R 113npa~a npoTecT11 11 anen11 p;o pa3nI1'IHI1 p;11nnoMaT11 11 npep;craB11rerr11
Ha c'brnarneHCKI1Te A'bp)l(aB11. :VlBaH EBcTp. fernoB npoBe)l(p;a cep11R cpe~I1, a rrpo¢.
An. Eana6aHOB T'bpc11 rrop;KpenaTa Ha qexornoBaKMR. B Kpa:Crna cMeTKa cDpaHI.\ttll,
5InoHI1R, AHrnMR 11 Jt1Tan11R 06pa3ysaT o6eAMHeH 6noK, KOMTO 3ap;oBonRBa nperem.iw-
:t1Te Ha CXC KparrcTBO cnpRMO CTpyMMillKO 11 3anap;H11Te noKpaHHI1HI1 11 Ha fopl\W!l
no OTHorneH11e Ha 3anap;Ha TpaKMR. Yc11n11RTa Ha CAilI; p;a 3arra3RT E'bnraptrn rroHe B
rpaHMQMTe OT 1913 r. 3aB'bprnBaT c Heycrrex.
,[(oKaTO s Ilap11)1( pernasaT C'bp;6aTa HM, s EnnrapMR OTHOSO J1Ma MJ1HJ1CTepCKa

Kptt3a. I1pas11Tencrn0To HarryCKaT An. CrnM6mrnii:cK1111 [(. EaKanos. B 3HaK Ha con11-
11apHOCT ocTaBKJ1 rrop;asaT 11 Ml1Hl1CTp11Te coQ11an11crn: 11 CT. KocTypKos. E3HC npe-
/IRBRBa npeTeHQJ1J1 p;a ccpopM11pa KOaJil1QJ10HHO npas11TencTSO 3aep;HO c UI11pOKMTe
co1vian11cTM 11 pap;viKamne. MoHapxnT, c'brnarneHcKHre npep;crasviTenvi u ocTaHa-
m1re napr1111 HaCTO.HBaT 3a rro-UI11p0Ka Koanl1QMR npep;svip; KpHTMqHOTO nono)f(eH11e
Ha crpaHara. Ha 8 Ma:ff 1919 r. e Ha3HaqeHo srnpo Koamni;:irnHHO npasu:TerrcTBO Ha
T. Teoµ;opos, OT KOeTo no 11cKaHe Ha E3HC ca 113KJIIoqem1 p;eMoKpantTe (8 Mail: - 6
0KroMsp11 1919). CncTaS'bT MY e rnep;mrnT: T. Teop;opos - MMHHCTnp Ha S'bHlliHMTe
pa6orn:, M. Map;)l(apos - Ha soii:HaTa, CT. ,UaHes - Ha qmHaHrnTe, An. CTaM6on11ii:cK11
- Ha 06~ecTBeH11Te crpap;11, ,lJ;. ,Upames - Ha 3eMep;enweTO, [(. EaKanos - Ha )f(eJie3-
mu1HTe, KpncTIO IlacTyxos - Ha B'bTpernHHTe pa6orn:, 5I. CaK'b30S - Ha TnprosHRTa,
Cr. KoCTypKos - Ha rrpocseraTa, BeHemrn faHes - Ha npasoc'bp;HeTO. E3HC He yse-
mrqasa 6poR Ha MMHMCTepcTBaTa CH, HMTO nonyqasa no-sa)f(Hl1 - Tosa e QeHaTa 3a
C'b/leMCTBHeTO Ha nrnpoKJ1Te COQManl1CTM, rrporpern:CTl1 11 Hapop;H.HQl1 p;a 6np;aT M3-
sa11eHl1 p;eM0KpaT11Te OT npasHTencTBOTO. TaKa E3HC nocT11ra ycnex - oTcTpaHRsa
or BllaCTTa Hai1-c111rnaTa 6yp)l(oa3Ha napTMR vi spar Ha E3HC 11 npasH pern11TenHa
Kpa'!Ka no Il'bT.lI 3a caMOCTO.lITenHa 3eMe;::i:encKa snacT.
Brop11RT Ka611HeT Ha Teop;opos vi3m13a c nporpaMa OT p;eceT ToqK11, s KORTO ca 3a-
nernanw 3ap;aq11, KOl1TO TpR6sa p;a BHecaT nonHTH'feCKo CilOKOWCTBMe 11 M11p s CTpaHa-
ra. BnnpeK11 Tosa CTpaHara e pa3p;11patta OT ocTpo noJIMTMqeCKo npoTwsonocTaSRHe.
I1pe3 Mail: 1919 r. ce rrpose)f(p;a XXII KOHrpec Ha EPC,UII (T. c.), KORTO S'b3I1pHeMa vip;e-
Mre Ha 6onrnes113Ma 3a p;11Krarypa Ha rrponeTap11arn vi ce npe11MeHysa s EnnrapCKa
KOMYHHCTMqeCKa rrapr11.H. I1pe3 IOHJ1 c. r. ce cs11Ksa XV KOHrpec Ha E3HC, Ha KOii:TO
TJI 11eM0Hcrp11pa KaKTO 11p;e11re CM 3a C'bCJIOSHa ,D;l1KTarypa l1 6aJIKaHCKa cpep;epaQl1R,
TaKa YI CTpeMe)l(a K'bM caMOCTO.HTenHO 3eMep;elICKO ynpasneHJ1e.
OrnosHara 3ap;aqa Ha srop11R Ka611HeT Ha T. Teop;opos e npose)!(p;aHeTO Ha nap-
JiaMeHTapH1111s6op11. Te ce rrpose)l(p;ar s HanperHar MOMeHT- OT RHyap111919 r. s IIa-
PMlK 3acep;asa M11pHara KOHcpepem~M.lI sa nop;rr11csaHeTO Ha p;oroosp11Te. Ha 17 asrycr
1919 r. ce rrpose)f(p;ar rrapnaMeHrapHvire 1136op11 3a XVIII OHC. E3HC cneqensa 85
Matt11aTa, EKTI - 47, EC,Uil - 38, ,UeM0Kpar11qeCKaTa - 28 MaHp;arn, Hapop;Hara - 19,
a ITporpec11sHoJJ116epa11Hara - 8. Jll16epanH11Te rrapr1111, ynpasnR:san11 crpaHara no
BpeMe Ha BOWHara, He IlOJI)l'IaBaT Hl1TO ep;l1H MaHp;aT, KOeTO e TIOKa3aTenHO 3a o6~ecT
BeHv!Te HacrpoeHM.lI s rnep;soeHHa Ennrap11R.
B xop;a Ha re3H cn611r11R e orrpep;eneH c'bcrasa Ha 6nnrapCKaTa p;eneraw.rn 3a M11p.
PeUieHo e p;e11erau;11Rra p;a ce ornas.Hsa or M11H11crnp-npep;cep;aTeJIR T. Teop;opos, a
11neHose p;a ca M11H11crp11re B. faHes, 5L CaK'b30B, An. CTaM6omrwcKH 11 p;nnnoMaTa
M. Capacpos. IlocoqeH11 ca 11 rneCT c'bserH11u;11 - J!Is. Es. fernos, CT. IIaHaperos, reH.
VlB. JlyKoB, ,U. UoKos, Eorp;aH Mopcpos 11 H11Kona Capacpos. ,UeneraQ11R:Ta e npwp;py-
lKetta YI OT 11 eKcrrepT11. TR rrp11cr11ra B IIap11)f( Ha 27 10n11 1919 r. 11 e HacTaHeHa s
xoren "lliaTO Map;p11p;" B rrpep;rpap;11eTo Hboii:H, K'bp;eTo e nocraseHa nop; oxpaHa Ha
~peHcK11 oqrnu;ep:w. qlleHosere H.lIMaT rrpaso p;a HarryCKaT crpap;aTa M 11Mar p;ocT'bTI
caMo fJ.O npeca. He3asuc11Mo OT Tosa p;enerau;uRra 113npa~a p;o KoHcpepeHQMR:Ta 113110-
283
Pocw1a AHze110Ba
)Kemte B pa3Mep Ha 250 neqaTHJll CTpamu~u, 03amaBeHo "J.1cTJ11HaTa 3a o6mrnemuna

cpern;y o'bnrapuR". fellIOB u TI'bllHOMorn;HlllRT MJllHJllCT'bp l.J;oKoB C'bCTaBRT p;Ba MeMoapa
p;o IIaplll)KKaTa MlllpHa KoHcpepeHQJllR, KOJllTO nop;KpenRT yrnnlllRTa Ha 6'bnrapCKara
p;unnoMaQJllR 3a 3ana3BaHe Ha p;oBoeHHJllTe rpaHJllQJll Ha o'bnrapuR. fellIOB ornpaB!l 11
TpeTJll MeMoap, nocBeTeH Ha cpuHaHCOBOTO noJio)KeHue Ha o'bnrapuR.
o'bnrapcKaTa p;eneraQJllR nonyqaBa npoeKTop;oroBopa 3a Mlllp Ha 19 cemeMBp11
1919 r. Toti ce C'bCTOJll OT 13 qacTJll - 295 qneHa, KOJllTO o6xBarn;aT TepurnpHanmm,
cpuHaHCOBJllTe, JllKOHOMH'IeCKJllTe, MaJIQJllHCTBeHJllTe I1 p;p. B'bnpocu. 3a B'b3pa)l(emrn OT
6'bnrapCKa CTpaHa e p;ap;eH 25-p;HeBeH cpoK. Cnep; Bp'b'IBaHeTo Ha npoeKTop;orosopa
Teop;opoB npoI13Harn KpaTKa peq, HanucaHa OT CuMeoH Pap;eB, KORTO e nopep;eH arrerr
K'bM no6ep;uTenuTe p;a 3a'tfeTaT cnpaBep;JilllBJllTe ucKaHJllR Ha 6'hnrapcKI1R ttapop;.
3apap;u J13I1CKBaHeTo oTroBop'bT p;a 6'bp;e o6c'b,n;eH OT npaBJ11TencTBOTO H Hapo11-
HOTO c'b6paHue B o'bnrapuR ce 3aBp'brn;aT Teo.n;opoB, CTaM6onutl:cKJ11 u CaK'b30B. AB
cTpaHaTa npe,n;cTORT u Ka6uHeTHI1 npoMeHJll npep;Bup; pe3ynTan1Te OT napnaMeHTap-
HJllTe J-I36opu 3a XVIII OHC. Ha 2 OKTOMBpu 1919 r. ce OTKpuBa n'bpBaTa H3BnHpe11Ha
cecHR Ha napnaMeHTa u Ha HeR ocTaBKa nop;aBa MHHJllCT'bp-npep;cep;aTenR. Ha 6 oK-
TOMBpK 1919 r. An. CTaM6oJIKHCKK c'bcTaBH KoaJIKI~KOHeH Ka6KHeT (6 OKT. 1919
- 20 Ma:t'i: 1920). An. CrnM60Jiutl:cKJ11 orneH MlllHJllCT'bp-npep;cep;aTeJI e MHHHcrnp Ha
BOMHaTa H ynpaBJIRBarn; MuHJllcTepcrnoTo Ha 06rn;ecTBeHJ11Te crpap;u 11 6naroycrpol!-
crnoTo. AneKcaHp;'bp ,U11M11TpoB e MJllHJllCT'bp Ha B'bTpellIHJllTe pa60TJ11, a U:aHKO EaKa-
JIOB - Ha Hapo,n;HoTo npocBern;eHue. P. ,UacKanoB noeMa MumrCTepcTBO Ha JeMe11em1-
eTo, M. TypnaKOB - MJllHJllCT'bp Ha )KeJie3HI1QI1Te H ynpaBJIRBarn; MuHucrepcrnoro Ha
npaBoc'bp;llleTo. Hapop;HRQJllTe 3ana3BaT CTpapuTe cH MlllHHCTepcrna - M. Map;)Kapos
- Ha B'bHillHJllTe pa60TJ11, ATaHac EypoB - Ha T'bproBttRTa, npoMttIJJJieHOCTra H rpy11a .
.U-p CT. ,UaHeB oCTaBa Ml1HI1CT'hp Ha cp11HaHrnTe. ,UBa M11H11cTepcK11 noprcpeCrna ce
rra3RT 3a eBeHTyanHo pa3IllttpRBaHe Ha KoaJittQHRTa. I1peHe6perHaTH ocraBar ca~to
p;eMoKpaTttTe. Cnope.n; C'brJiallleHHeTo cpopMttpaHeTo Ha Ka611HeTa e B'b3MO)l(HO Hal!-
p;o6pHR I13XO,ll;.
J.13roTBeH0To OT M11H11cTepcK11R C'bBeT o6cTotl:Ho B'b3pa)KeHtte e o6cnp;etto 11 B
Hapop;HoTo c'b6paH11e, HO orn;e Ha 3 HOeMBptt 6'bnrapcKoTo npaBHTencrno e yse110Me-
HO, qe HerOBI1Te B'b3pa)KeHI1R nponrn npoeKTO,ll;OfOBopa ce OTXB'bpllRT.
o'bnrapcKaTa KarnCTpocpa ce c'bp;'bp)Ka B Hbotl:cKHJ.C MttpeH p;oroBop, nop;rrncatt
Ha 27 HoeMBplll 1919 r. OT An. CrnM6on11I1cKJ11. Hbotl:cKHJ.CT MupeH p;oroBop ce cncro11
OT 13 qacTJll, KaTo rrpRKO 3a o'hnrapttR ce OTHaCRT pa3p;en11Te II-VIII. B'hB Bropirn pa3-
p;en ca onpe.n;eneHH rpaHttQHTe Ha CTpaHaTa, OT KORTO ce OTK'bCBaT Tep11rnpm1 c 06I11a
nnom; 11 278 KB. KM, HaceneHa c 6'bnrap11. CaHKQMOHHpaHa e nop;Rn6ara Ha MaKe110-
HHR, I13B'bpllleHa Ha EyKypern;KaTa KOHcpepeHQHR. Ha C'hp6o-xopBaTcKo-cnoBeHcKoro
KpancTBO ce npep;aBaT CTpyMHillKO I1 3anap;mne noKpatl:HHHH, c Uap116pop;CKa oKo-
JIJllR, qacT OT KroCTeH,D;HJICKO, 18 cena OT Tp'bHCKO 11 3HenoncKo, 8 cena or KynCKo. C
f'bpQHR ce noTB'bp)J(p;aBa rpaH11qarn no EyKypern;KHR p;oroBop OT 1913 r., Ha PyMnH11!1
OTHOBO ce p;aBa IO)l(Ha ,Uo6pyp;)J(a. 3anap;Ha TpaKHR, rrpuc'bep;11HeHa K'bM Bnnrap11!1
npu nonpaBKaTa Ha 6'bnrapo-TypcKaTa rpaHJllQa rrpe3 1915 r. ocTaBa nop; cnrnarneH-
cKa oKyrraQHR 11 B HeJ.C ce yCTaHOBRBa Me)l(p;yttapop;Ho ynpaBJieHue. II06ep;Hre1mne
HOBA E'bflI'APCKA /llCTOP/llJl (1878-1944)
ce 3agnm1<aBaT ,n;a oc11ryp.RT Ha Ennrap11.R l1KOHOM11'Iec1<11113na3 Ha EreJ1cKo Mope, HO

rosa He crnBa Hl1Kora. l(.Rna TpaKH.R Bnornep;cTBHe e npep;ap;eHa Ha fnpu;11R.
Knay311Te, 3arnra~11 HaceneHHeTo B OTHeT11Te 6nnrapcK11 Tep11rnp1111 ca npep;MeT
Ha rpeT11 pa3p;en. EonrapHR e 3ap;oJI)!(eHa p;a ce OTKa)!(e OT BCH'IKl1 npaBa Hap; Te3l1 Te-
pwrop1111. HaM11pa~11Te ce TaM 6nnrap11, HaBop1IIHJil1 18 rop;MHM, B p;Berop;mneH cpoK
Morar p;a onpep;en.RT nop;aHCTBOTO CM. AKo 1136epaT 6nnrapcKo nop;aHCTBO B paMKHTe
Ha 12 Mece~a TpR6Ba ,n;a HanycttaT po,n;tt11re cvr Mecra.
BoeHHHTe Knay311 npeMaxBaT 3ap;oJI)!(l1TeJIHara BoeHHa rny)!(6a M B'bBe)!(p;aT p;o-
6poBOJTHO peKpyn1paHe Ha apMMRTa, 'Il1MTO C'bCTaB He MO)!(e p;a Hap;Bl1lllaBa 20 000
11y11rn, crpaHaTa He MO)!(e ,n;a npMre)!(aBa soeHHl1 Kopa611, nop;Bop;H11u;11, BOeHHa 11
MOpCKa aBJ1aD;l1R. vfanoJIHeHHeTO Ha BOeHHMTe KJiay3vl ~e Ce KOHTpom1pa OT cneu;H-
aJIHW Me)K,n;ycoro3Hl1'IeCKl1 KOMl1Cl1M Ha 6nnrapcKa l13p;pn)!(Ka.
EorrrapH.R TpR6Ba ,n;a M3nJiaTH M re)l<Kl1 penapau;m1 B pa3Mep Ha 2 250 MJIH 3JiaTHl1
~paHKa 'Ipe3 nonyro,n;HllIHH BHOCKM B cpoK OT 37 rop;HHH. Ha cncep;MTe HM - KCXC,
PyMoHl1R M fnpu;11.R TpR6Ba ,n;a ce npe,n;ap;ar 70 825 rnaBH p;o6HT'bK, a Ha KCXC M 50
000 T. KaMeHHl1 BofJIH~a B cpoK OT 5 rop;l1HJ1. J13ffhJTHemteTO Ha Te3l1 3ap;oJI)KeHJ1R e
B rrpeporaTl1Bl1Te Ha Me)f(p;ycoI03Hl1'IeCKa KOMJ1CHR enc cep;an11~e Cocl>11R, KORTO e Ha
IT'bJIHa 6onrapCKa 113,n;po)l<Ka.
J136opoT B nep110,n;a 1914-1915 r. e HanpaBeH OT u;ap <Depp;HHaHp; l1 JIM6epanHOTO
rrpaswreJTCTBO Ha Bac:irn Pa,n;ocnaBOB H Hec'bMHeHo Te ca rnaBHJ1Te Bl1HOBHJ1Ql1 3a BTO-
para ttau;110HaJIHa KarnCTpoqia. Hapo,n;oT Hl1 p;aBa Hap; 100 000 )!(eprn11, OKOH'IaTeJIHO
pyxsa Me'ITaTa 3a Hau;110HanHo 06ep;MHem1e, CTpaHara Hl1 l13nap;a B Te)!(Ka Me)Kp;ytta-
po11tta i-13onau;M.R. 06~11Te pe3yJITaTM OT nepMop;a 1912-1918 r. 'IepTaRT Hepa,n;ocTHa
wcrop11'IeCKa nepcneKTJ1Ba 3a u;apcTBO Ennrap11R
JIMTEPATYPA
BrraxoB, T. OrHornemuna Me)l(p;y frnrrrap11R 11 Uettrpantt11re rnn11 ITO speMe Ha soi1m1re

1912-1918. C., 1957.
form16, Y. E'hrrrap11J1 B Me)l(p;yHapop;Hara ITOJT!fTJ1Ka 1914-1915. - vU1EY1, 1974, T. 23.
,I\aMJIHOB, C. E'hnraprrn B'I>B cppeHCKara non11mKa 1878-1914. C., 1985.
,I\aMRHOB, C. E'hrrraprrn JI! 6anKaHCKttre crpatt11 ITO speMe Ha soi1tt11re 1912-1918. C.,
1986.
,I\llIITJTOMarwiecKM p;oKyMeHTM ITO HaMecara Ha E'hnrap11R B espoITei1cKara soi1Ha 1913-
1919 r. C., 1920.
,I\JOHaH, M. E'hrrrapcKoro JIJITO. C., 1993.
J1JTqes, Y1B. E'hnrapMJI M AttraHrara npe3 Ihpsara cseroBHa soi1Ha. C., 1990.
Ka11aposa, B. Y1KoHOMMKara Ha E'hrrrapMJI ITpe3 rop;11tt11re Ha Ihpsara cseroBHa soi1Ha
(1914-1918) - B: IIpo6rreMM Ha HOBara M Hai1-HoBara croITaHcKa 11 Kymyptta Hcroprrn Ha D'.bJT-
rapwJI. C., 1992.
MapKoB, r. forrRMara BOMHa M 6'.brrrapcKJ11JIT KJTIO'I Ja esponei1cK!fJl ITorpe6 1914-1916. C.,
1995.
MwnaHoB, :t:i:!. E'hrrrapcKara apM11J1 npe3 II'.bpBara cseroBHa soi1Ha 1915-1918 r. - BY1C,
1990, KH. 4.
285
Pocw~a AH2e110Ba
OrttRHOB, Eop6arn Ha E3HC nponrn IhpBaTa cBeTOBHa BOiiIHa. C., 1976.

OrHRHOB, JI. BoiiIH11wK0To B'bcrnm1e. C., 1978.
flaHTeB, A, IT. fleTKOB. CAIIJ; 11 Ennrap11R no BpeMe Ha ITnpBaTa cBeTOBHa BOttHa. C.
1983.
Pap;ocJiaBOB, B. En11rap11R 11 rneTOBHaTa Kp113a, <DoToT11nHo 113p;am1e. C., 1993.
C11MeoHoB, C. ~11n110MaTw1ecKaTa 6op6a Ha Ea11KaHJ1Te B'bB Bpn3Ka c HaMecarn Ha Eon
rapwR B cBeTOBHaTa BOiiIHa. - BJ.1C, 1943, KH. 39.
TpmpoHOB, CT. Eonrapo-TypcKaTa KOHBeHQ11R OT 24 aBrycT (6 cenTeMBpw) 1915 r. - Be
KOBe, 1983, KH. 4.
Xp11cToB, Xp. EnnrapHR, EanKaHJ1Te J1 MHpnT. C., 1984.
XV. E'b.i\fAPCKOTO OliIJjECTBO C.i\Etl n'bPBATA

'-'
CBETOBHA BOHHA. YnPAB.i\EHHE HA
E'b.i\fAPCKH.H 3EMEtl£.i\CKH C'bl03
1. npoMeHeHIUIT H npoMemug Ce CBHT CJ\eA n'bpBaTa CBeTOBHa

~
BOHHa
Cnep; IlopBaTa rneTOBHa Bo:Crna EonrapwR ce o3oBaBa B ep;wH npoMeHeH l1 npo-

MeHR~ ce CB.RT. Ilpw 3ana3BaHe, a noHRKora HapacTBaHe Ha pa3p;enemu1 11 pa3nw11rn
- pacoBH w eTHWieCKH, cou;waJIHH, KJiaCOBH w noJIHTM'IeCKH, KynTypH11, pe1111rno3tt1111
TICJt!XOJIOrJtl'IeCKJ/I - 'IOBellIKMTe o6~HOCTJtl HaBCRK'bp;e no 3eMRTa CTaBaT B3a11MOCB'hp-
3aHJtl JtI B3aHM03aBHCJt!MH, KaKTO H11Kora p;o ToraBa. C1t1cTeMaTa Ha Me){(p;yHapoAHHTe
OTHOllleHMR peaJJHO p;o6wBa CBeTOBHJt!Te CJ.1 J/13MepeHMR, np1t1 KOeTO Jtl3B'bHeBponel1-
CKJ/I CJt!JJH KaTo Coep;wHeHHTe ~aTw u ..sinoHJtIR 1t1rpaRT co~ecTBeHa pomI. B Espana
TPM 1t1Mnep1t1w ca pa3pyrneHw. ABcTpo-YHrap1t1R H3'Ie3Ba 3aBwHarn OT norr1t1T1111eCKaTa
KapTa. B PycwR caMop;op)KaBweTo e noMeTeHo or p;Be peBorrrou;ww, npoBep;eHl1 3a no-
MaJIKO OT ep;Ha rop;wHa. Ilap;aT w XoxeHu;onepHwTe B fepMaHJtIR, Kop;eTo ce C'b3,l\aBa
BawMapCKaTa peny6n1t1Ka. 11 CoBeTcKa Pyc1t1R, w no6ep;eHa f epMaHJtIR ca rr11lllett11 oT
CTaTyra Ha BeJIHKH cwnw. B IJ;eHTpanHa w l13TO'IHa EBpona ce TIORBRBaT HOB11 AnplKa-
BH, KOMTO nonyqaBaT B HaCJJe,D;CTBO OT CTapHTe J/IMnepww TIOBe'IeTO OT Hepa3pellll1MJ1-
Te HM Hau;woHaJIHH w cou;waJJHM npo6neMw.
IlopBaTa CBeTOBHa BOMHa e w3pa3 Ha Kp1t13a B eBponewCKaTa u;1t1B1t1JI113al.\l1.R. OT
BOiiIHaTa EBpona J/13JIJ/13a o6HoBeHa, HO He Jtl npe'IJ/ICTeHa, a B MHOro OTHOllleHl1.R 60-
JieCTHOTO J,1 C'bCTORHJ/le ce BJJOlllaBa, Ta CaMO 20 r. cnep; nopBaTa Jtl36yxsa 11 Bropa
BCeCBeTCKa KacanH1t1u;a. Hapop;JtITe ca o6e3BepeHfll, HaCTpoxHaJJJ/I J,1 Hep;oBOJIHl1. ma~,
CK'bTIOTfllR, MHcpnau;mi:, pa3pyxa u;apRT HaBrnKop;e B KOHTJ/IHeHTa. Ilop; C'bMHeHJ1e ca
TIOCTaBeHM MHOro Tpap;wu;woHHJ/I u;eHHOCTJ/I. HacMJIMeTo J,1 crpaX'bT CTaBaT TpaMHl1 xa-
paKTepHCTJ/IKJ/I Ha 06~eCTBeHo-noJIHTH'IeCKHR KJIMMaT. B Me)Kp;yttapop;tt11Te oTHorne-
HJt!R nopBH r1t1 Hanarar no6ep;wTenwre.
HOBA EnflfAPCKA 11CTOPJ1JI (1878-1944)
YcTpo:ikTBaTa Ha rne,n;BoeHHa EBpona e oc'bn:t;ecrneHo Karn cypoBo HaKa3aH11e Ha

rro6e,n;eHMTe. Ha:i1:-rna6MRT OT TRX - D'bJirap11R - e HaM-)l(ecToKo on:t;eTeH. B Ha'!aJioTo
Ha 20-Te ro,n;11H11 K'bM 3ary611JI11Te so:i1:HaTa cTpaHM ce np11Jiara cpopMyJiaTa "yM11poT-
BopeH11e <Ipe3 c11Jia", KOeTo Ha npaKTMKa 03Ha<Iasa "no,n;<I11HeHJ-1:e <Ipe3 c11Jia". 3a np'bB
nor JI M3IlOJI3Ba <Dpamvrn. TIpe3 1923 r. cppeHCKM 11 6eJinu1cK11 BOMCKM 0Kyn11paT Pyp-
cKara o6nacT, 3a .n;a HaKa)l(aT fepMaHMR 3apa.n;11 HeM3Il'bJIHeH11eTO Ha penapaQMOHHM-
re H 3a,[\'bJI)!(emrn. <DpeHCKMTe C'bI03HMQ!ll IOrocnaBMR, qexornosaKMR, PyM'bHMR, a
C'bl.llO H f'bpQl1R J1Ml1T11paT noBe,n;eHJ1eTO Ha roJieMMJI CH noKpOBMTeJI J1 3aeMaT '!eCTO
3an11anmTeJIHM no3l1 K'bM ABcTpMR, YHrapMR, n'bnrap11R 11 An6aHMR. Tipe3 30-Te ro-
AHHM rnaMn110Hl1 Ha arpecuBeH Kypc cTaBaT fepMaHMR 11 J1TaJIMR B Espona l1 5InoHMR
BA3HJI.
Cne,[\ BOifHaTa ce o6pa3yBa cseTOBHa opraHM3aQMR 06m;ecTBo Ha Hapo,n;11Te (OH),
OCHOBaHa Ha xyMaHHJ1 npl1HQJ1Ill1 3a paBHOnpas11e Ha Hapo,!IMTe J1 KaTO cpe,!ICTBO 3a
orra3BaHe Ha MMpa. Bc'bn:t;HOCT TO se,[\Hara ce npesp'bn:t;a B noJI11T11qecK11 opraH Ha no-
6eg1r1re1111Te 11 ce oKa3Ba HaII'bJIHO Hero,[\HO 3a M11poona3sam;orn rn npe,!1Ha3Ha<IeH11e.
ao fOJIRMa CTeneH CJiep; BOMHaTa ca KOMnpoMeT11paHJ1 J1 JIM6epaJIHMTe, J1 p;eMOKpa-
mqHJ!!Te np11HQJ1IIJ1 Ha opraHM3aQMR Ha o6m;ecTBoTo, KOMTO 11 6e3 rnsa Tpy,n;Ho ce
yrnop)!(,!laBaT rrpe3 XIX BeK. cAm, AHrJIMR, <DpaHQMR J1 om;e HRKOJIKO MaJIKM espo-
netlcKJ1 cTpaHM 3aIIa3BaT ,n;eMoKpaTM'IHMTe rn ,!l'bp)!(aBHM ycTpoifcTBa. Te o6a'!e He ca
cn116ose Ha ,n;eMoKpaQMRTa, a ca ocTpos11 cpe.n; Mope OT cTap11 11 11306penrnam;11 ce
HaCHJIHJ1lfeCKJ1 pe)l(J1MI1. I1pop;'bJI)l(J1TeJIHOCTTa Ha CBeTOBHMR KOHcpJIMKT ,[\OHaCR He-
Bl1lK,[\aHH no CBO.RTa MaCOBOCT CTpa.n;amrn J1 Ha cppOHTa, J1 B TJ1Jia. Tosa MHOTOMJ1JIJ1-
0HHO MHO)!(eCTBO xopa e o6xBaHaTO OT orpoMHO He,[\OBOJICTBO J1 03JI06JieHJ1e B KpaR
Ha sol1HaTa 11 Herrocpe,n;cTBeHo rne.n; He.R. C'b6paH11 Ha e,[\HO MJICTO npe3 BOeHHMTe ro-
Al1HH, Boop'b)!(eHI1 I1 BoroBa~M, Te Be'!e 3HaRT KaKBa rpaMap;Ha CJ1Jia ca. AKO ce Ha3o-
sar npl1'IJ1HMTeJII1Te (l1CTI1HCKI1 J1JIJ1 He) 3a TeXHMTe 6e,[IJ1 J1 aKO I1M ce IIOCO'IaT rrpoCTM
l1 JlCHH QeJII1 (npaBJ1JIHJ1 J1JIJ1 He), TO Hac'b6panaTa ce RpOCT 6VI Morna MOn:t;HO ,[\a ca
113nee B e,[\Ha 11n11 .n;pyra rroJIHTM'IeCKa nocoKa.
Katt,[111p;aT11Te 3a B'b3rJiaBJrnaHe Ha Mac11Te He JIMnrnaT. MapKcM3M'bT e np11cno-
co6eH 3a HOBJ1Te yrnoBHR OT BJiap;11M11p J1n11<I JleHMH B'bB cpopMaTa Ha 6omneBM3Ma.
I1ptt Hero ce 3aJiara Ha pa6oTHI1'IeCKaTa KJiaca. TipoKJiaM11pa ce 11 pa60THM'IeCKo-ceJI-
cK11 C'bl03, HO Ha rrpaKTJ1Ka ceJI.RHI1Te ca B IIO,[\TMCHaTO IlOJIO)KeHMe, a ITO BpeMe Ha CTa-
Jll1HCKara KOJieKTJ1BJ13aQJ1R rrpe3 1929-1934 r. ca J136J1TJ1 KaTO KyJiaQJ1 J1JIJ1 J13MMpaT
OT rna,11 MJ1JIJ10HJ1 ceJICKJ1 Tpy)l(eHJ1QJ1. BparoBe ca MMOTHMTe eKcnJioarnTOpCKM KJiaCJ1,
KOHTO rpH6Ba .n;a ce YHl1~0)1(aT B QeJIMR CBRT, 3a KOeTO KaTO C'bI03HJ1QJ1 Ha npoJieTap11-
aTa ca np113oBaHJ1 l1 KOJIOHJ1aJIHJ1Te Hapo.n;11. UeJITa e nocTpORBaHeTO Ha 6e3KJiacoBo
cm-111a1111cr11<IecKo o6~ecTBO Ha Bceo6m;o 6Jiaro,I-1eHCTBJ1e.
cf>aIIIJ13M'bT B p;BeTe MY rrpoRBJieHMR - MTaJIMaHCKMR cparnM3'bM Ha'!eJio c EeHMTO
Myco1111HM 11 repMaHCKI1R HaQMOHaJICOQMaJIM3'bM, npep;BO)!(p;att OT A.n;oncp X11rnep, e
gpyra H,[\eonormr 3a rrpMBJIM'IaHe Ha MarnTe. TyK ce 3anara Ha ttaQMRTa 11 Ha ,I-l'bp)l(a-
Bara. BparoBeTe ca KOMyttl1CTJ1Te, KaKTO l1 eBpe11Te l1 ,I-lpyrn "tten'bJIH01i;ettH11" parn.
1\enra e ornrypRBaHe 6Jiaroc'bCTORHJ1eTO Ha co6cTBeHaTa HaQMR 11 p;'bp)!(aBa <Ipe3 Ha-
narattero Ha HeMHOTO rocrrop;cTso B Esporra l1 rnern.
287
Pocu4a AHzeJZoaa
EomneBMilIKaTa peBomoQMR cnopep; npep;rrncaHMRTa Ha MapKcHCTKo-nemrnm

Ta Mp;eonorMR Hanara B PycMR "p;HKTaTypa Ha nponeTapMaTa" KaTo HOB, HeC'bll\ec1
ByBall.\ p;o ToraBa TOTaJIMTapeH TMTI Ha opraHM3aQMR M ynpaBJieHJ!le Ha 0611\eCTBOT(
To ll.\e peqe TI'bJIHO nop;q11HeH11e Ha BCMqKM cqiepM Ha )f(JllBOTa Ha KOMYHHCTI1'Iem
Ta napTHR, cpacHaJia ce c p;op)f(aBaTa qpe3 p;ewHOCTTa Ha orpoMeH 610p0Kparn:qe1
BOeHHO-TIOJIMQeWCKJll M nponaraHp;eH anapaT. qaCTHaTa co6CTBeHOCT e npeMaJ(HaTi
3aToBa TI'bK BopxyllIKaTa Ha napTHRTa ce npeBp'bll.\a B cBoe6pa3Ha rocnop;crsa111
KJiaca, npMTe)f(aBall.\a Ha npaKTMKa p;'bp)f(aBaTa M Hapop;a. JlJ!lqHoCTTa qiaKTI1'IecK11
HaQMOHaJIM3MpaHa, 3aBJllCJllMa e B'bB BCJ!lqKMTe CM OCHOBHM <l>YHKQJllM OT pe)!(J1Ma 11
nmneHa OT B'b3MO)f(HOCTM 3a caMOCTORTeJIHa M3RBa. MacoBMRT Tepop, Hammier<
6e3ornep;HaTa ,n;eMarornR ca ecTeCTBeHO npMC'bll.\M qepTM Ha Ta3]11 0611\eCTBeHO-TIC
JIMTJ.tqecKa CJllCTeMa.
<PallIHCTMTe 3aB3eMaT BJiacTTa B ¥1TanMR npe3 1922 r. Ha ,D;'bp)f(aBHOTo KopM11J1
B fepMaHMR npe3 1933 r. 3aCTaBaT HaQMOHaJICOQMaJIMCTJllTe. Jt1 B p;BeTe crpam1 ¢a
IIIMCTKMTe napTMJll nonyqaBaT <l>MHaHCOBa M TIOJIMTJ!lqecKa nop;Kpena OT HRKOl1 e11p
KanMTaJIMCTM H no3eMJieHM co6cTBeHMQM. 3a pa3JIHKa OT CoBeTcKa PyrnR qacrnar
co6cTBeHOCT e 3ana3eHa, HO )J;'bp)f(aBaTa MMa TI'bJieH KOHTpOJI B'bpxy CTOTiaHCTBOTC
Haw-roneMMRT noJIMTJ11qecKJ11M11p;eonor11qecKM Bpar cTaBa KOMYHM3M'bT. B 113sem
CMMC'bJI TIORBaTa Ha qialliM3Ma e KpawHO ,D;RCHa peaKQMR Ha paCTRU\OTO crrep; BOWHaT
KOMYHMCTJ.tqeCKo BJIWIHHe B EBpona. <PaIIIM3M'bT 11 HaQMOHaJICOQMaJil13M'bT o6a'!e c
pa3HOBM)J;HOCTM Ha TOTaJIMTapM3Ma M Ha Ta3Jll OCHOBa npMJil1KMTe l1M c 6omneBHO
Ma ca TIOBeqe M TIO-C'bll.\eCTBeHl1. ITpeKJIOHeHJ!leTO npep; BO)f(,lJ;OBeTe, HeHaBI1CTTa K'bl
"6yp)f(Oa3HaTa" p;eMoKpaQMR, napnaMeHTapM3'bM 11 rpa)f(p;aHcKM rno6op;I1 e ttanvrq
np11 BCeKM OT TpMTe pe)f(MMa. <ParnM3M'bT M HaQMOHaJICOQMaJIM3M'bT KOnMpaT CbBel
CKMR MO,D;eJI 3a TI'bJIHO nop;qMHeHMe Ha 06ll.\eCTBOTO OT napnIRTa-p;'bp)f(aBa.
ToTaJIMTapHMRT xapaKTep Ha 6onllleBMrnKaTa M Ha qiallll1CTKaTa c11cTeMI1 noHJJKC
ra yneCHRBa c6JIM)f(eH11e Ha C'bOTBeTHMTe cTpaHM npOTJllB CMCTeMaTa Ha Me)!(p;yttapop
Hl1 OTHOllieHMR, HaJIO)f(eHa M )J;JllKTyBaHa p;o cpep;aTa Ha 30-Te rop;MHM OT crpaHUTe-nc
6ep;MTeJIKM: ,n;eM0KpaT11qH11Te p;'bp)f(aBM AHrnMR, <PpaHQl1R 11 ,D;OHRK'bp;e CAJn. TaK'b
TMTI c6JIM)f(eHMe ce Ha6eJIR3Ba Me)f(p;y CoBeTCKMR C'bI03 11 Y1TaJI11R npe3 20-Te ro1111tt1
Coll.\O ToraBa M Oll.\e npe,n;M Mp;BaHeTo Ha XMTnepMCTMTe Ha BJiacT Me)f(p;y CoseTCKa Py
CMR M BawMapcKa fepMaH11R ce pa3BMBa eqieKTMBHO C'bTPYAHMqecTBo B Mttoro o6na
CTJll, BKJIIQqJ.tTeJIHO B'bB BOeHHOTeXHJ.tqecKaTa, BOeHHOTeopeTJ!lqHaTa M BoeHHOHa)"l
HaTa. Me)f(p;y aBrycT 1939 r. 11 IOHM 1941 r. B nopBHTe p;Be rop;HHM Ha BrnpaTa cseTOBH
BowHa Me)f(,IW fepMaHMR 11 CoBeTCKMR C'bI03 C'bll.\ecTByBaT OTHorneHMR Ha ¢aKTl!'le
CKH c'bI03. Hapep; c "q11cTMR" TOTan11TapM3'bM npe3 20 - 30-Te rop;MHM B EBpona Bl!pe
TI'bCTpOQBeTMe OT ,n;pyrn qiarnMCTKM, aBTOPMTapHM, ,D;MKTaTOpCKM pe)f(MMM.
EanKaHMTe np11 QRJiaTa CH cneQ11qi11Ka cnep;BaT o6ll.\MTe eBponewcKI1 rettp;em-11!1
B IOrocnaBMR M PyMoHMR MOHapxMMTe TpornaT K'bM ycTaHOBRBaHeTO Ha csou 11vrKra
TypM. B TypQMR KeMaJI ATaTIOpK B'bBe)f(p;a eTaTM3Ma, nonyaBTopMTapHo ynpasneHll
KOeTo npMp;aBa M3KJIIOqMTeJIHa ponR Ha p;'bp)f(aBaTa. B f'bpQMR ce pep;RT BoeHHI! npe
BpaTH. ITpeToprrnna 3a IlleCT rop;MHM p;Be HaQMOHaJIHM KaTaCTpoqi11 npe3 1913 11191
r., YHM3eHa 11 pa3opeHa, EomapMR nona,n;a cne,n; BOMHaTa B'bB Bpa)f(p;e6HoTO o6Kp'blKe
.... oo
t1Ull.fi bb/11.fit'G.K.fi Yll,l Ut'Y1)1 (115/15-l:i'H)
Hl1e Ha C'bCe,z:v,1Te Cl1. I1op; orpoMHaTa Te)KeCT Ha MHoro6powmr B'bTpeIIIHl1 l1 B'bHIIIHJ1

rrpo6neMl1 TR He MO)Ke p;a He e nop;aTJil1Ba Ha BJI11JIHJ1JITa (6oJIIIIeB11UlK11, cpaIIIJ1CTK11,
asrop:wTapH11), KOJ1TO 11,!l;aT OT eBponewcKMJI J1)'.leOJIOfJ1'IeCKJ1 J1 IlOJIJ1TJ1'IeCKJ1 KJIMMaT.
BDJJrap:wR ll\e p;ap;e cBOR op11r11HaJieH npmrnc B OTrJie)Kp;aHeTO Ha aBTop11TapH11 ynpa-
BJieHCKM cpopMM 11 Toe o6JICHMMO B Hewm1Te yrnoBHJI. Y'ly)'.IBaHe 11 MHTepec 6yp;11 o6a-
qe rpaC!HOCTTa J1 )KMJiaBOCTTa Ha p;eMOKpaTMlfH:WTe J1HCTJ1HKTJ1 B HeMHOTO 06ll\eCTBO,
KOl1TO ll\e 3ana3JIT tfaK p;o 1944 r. Ba)KHJ1 p;eMOKpaTJ1l.JHJ1 '1epT11 B HeMHl1Te p;'bp)KaBHJ1
crpyKTyp11.
2. Ilpexo~ K'bM caMoCTOHTeAHO ynpasAeHue Ha E.3HC

Haw-3HatfMTeJIHMTe )KepTBM, KOl1TO E'bnrapm1 p;aBa B'bB BOwHaTa, TOBa ca xopaTa.
!05 000 BOWHJ1QJ1 l1 ocp11Qep11 OCTaBJIT KOCTJ1Te CJ1 no 60Crn11Te IlOJieTa J1JIJ1 J13MYipaT
OT 6oneCTJ1 J1 paHJ1Te CJ1. A TOBa ca xopa OT Haw-np0113BO,!J;J1TeJIHaTa B'b3pacTOBa rpy-
rra, KOeTO ce OTpa3JIBa B'bpxy o6pa60TBaHeTO Ha 3eMJITa, p;o6J1BJ1Te OT KOJITO HaMa-
mrnaT, l1Hp;ycTp1-rnTa, 3aHaJITMTe, TpaHcnopT'bT u c'bo6u~eH:WJITa C'bll\O ca B ynap;'bK.
Or ocTaHaJIJ1Te l13B'bH p;'bp)KaBaTa 6'bnrapcK11 Tep1-nopYIYI npYIY!)Kp;aT 200 XHJI. AYIIIM
6e)KaHJ_~Y1 6e3 B'b3MO)KHOCTM 3a npen11TaHue.
OrneH TOBa B cTpaHaTa ce 'IYBCTBa YH113JIBall\OTO np11c'bcTB11e Ha BOeHHM '!aCTM
Ha CnrnaIIIeH11eTo. B'bB B'bTpewHuTe 11 cpYIHaHcoB11Te )'.leJia Ha )'.l'bp)KaBaTa rpy6o ce
HaMeCBaT opraHM Ha no6ep;11Ten11Te KaTo CN03HMtfeCKOTO BOeHHO KOMaHp;BaHe, Me)K-
llYC'h!03HH'lecKaTa KOMl1Cl1JI, PenapaQMOHHaTa KOM11c11JI YI AP· To3l1 orpaHJ1'1J1TeJieH 3a
cyBepemITeTa Ha CTpaI-IaTa pe)KMM ll\e npOC'bll\ecrnyBa ):10 K'bM 1927 rop;11Ha.
KaKTO B no-roJIJIMaTa <raCT OT EBpona, l1 y Hae oneBJIBaHeTo Ha Mac11Te B'bpB11 c
6op3Y1 TeMTIOBe. Vfa6upaTeJIJ1Te p;aBaT JICeH 113pa3 Ha pa3oqapoBaH11eTO CJ1 OT Tpa)'.IH-
[\l10HHY1Te 6yp)Koa3H11 napT1111. Ha npoBep;eH11Te Ha 19 aBrycT 1919 r napnaMe1napHl1
1136opw Te nonyqaBaT o6ll\O 66 MeCTa, 3eMep;eJIQHTe 1>1MaT 85 )'.lenyTaTH, KOMYHl1CTHTe
- 47 M CO~MaJip;eMOKpaTMTe - 38.
TaKa Ha 6 OKTOMBpu: 1919 r. e C'bcTaBeHo KOa1rnu;1rnHHO npamnerrcTBO Ha<reno
cJI11,llepa Ha E3HC Arr. CTaM6orru:ifcKu: 63 , B KOeTo BJIM3aT p;BaMa Hapo)'.IHJI~l1 (M. Ma-
63
AneKcattp;'bp CTaM60JIHHCKH e poµ;rn Ha 1 MapT 1879 r. B c. CrraBOBM~a, Ila3ap1:p1<lllll!KO.
3aB'bpurna n'bpBoHa'!aJJHO y'lwn11111e B pop;HoTo rn cerro w npornMHa3WHTa B rp. l1XTlllMaH. Cneµ;
roaa rrocT'bnBa B 3eMeµ;encKOTo Y'Illllllllllle - Caµ;oBo. Ilpe3 1898 r. 3aBopll!Ba IlneBeHCKOTO rro3a-
po-a1111apc1<0 Y'lllllllllllle. TyK Tow ce CB'bp3Ba c >IHKO 3a6yHoB - ep;lllH OT BlllAHlllTe poKOBOAlllTeJI!ll Ha
obnrapcKJ/lR 3eMep;eJJCKW Hapoµ;eH C'bl03 /E3HC/. 3aTTO'IBa pa6oTa KaTO Y'llllTell B c. BeTpeH, Ila-
3ap/PKWl!IKO. Ilo-K'bCHo cneµ;Ba cpwnococjnrn B rp. Xane Ill arpoHOMCTBO B rp. MIOttxeH - fepMamrn.
Ilopa11w 3a6omrnaHe OT Ty6ep1<yno3a He 3aB'bpurna. Ilpe3 p;eKeMBplll 1899 r. A.JI. CTaM6on!lli1cK!ll e
)\eJTerar Ha yqpep;!llTeJIHJ/lH KOHrpec Ha E3HC, C'bCTOHll ce B IlneBeH. Ilo-KnCHO CTaBa OCHOBaTell Ill
)lbJTroro,[ll1ll!eH rrraBeH pep;aKTop Ha B-K "3eMep;encKo 3HaMe". Ilo y6e)f(µ;eHWR perry6nlllKaHe~, rrpe3
1908 r. CTaM6onlllt'!CK!ll e W36paH 3a Hapoµ;eH rrpeµ;cTaB!llTen Ha E3HC. Karn TaK'bB, TB'bpp;o OTCTO-
HBa rrmrnT!llKaTa Ha HeyTpanwTeT 3a EonraplllR, oco6etto cne,ll Ha'lallOTo Ha BOi1Hara rrpe3 1914 r.
3a aKTHBHa aHTlllBOeHHa µ;eCrHocT, CrnM6onllli1cKlll e KarnpaH KaTO l(erryrnr or XVII-TOTO OHC Ilpe3
1915 r. e OC'b,[leH Ha µ;o)f(WBoTeH 3aTBop. Ha 25 cemeMBp11 1918 r., crreµ; rrpo6!1lBa Ha cjipoHTa rrplll
289
Pocui1a AHzeJZoaa
;i:p1rnpos l1 AT. Bypos) l1 egHH rrporpernsH01m6epan (g-p CT. }J;aHes). Ha 10 OKTOMBp1
_c. r. CTaM6onHI1cKH rrpegcTaBJI qpe3 geKnapaQHJI rronHTHKaTa Ha rrpaBHTencrnoro 1
rrnanpopMaTa My. Te ca c'bo6pa3eHH c rrna'IeBHOTO Me)l(gyttapogHo H B'bTperrrno nano
)l(eHHe Ha cTpaHaTa. fnasmne HerrocpegCTBeHH 3agaqJ1 ca ga ce cMeK'IaT ycnosvi.Rra Hi
MHpa, ga He ce gorrycHe qy)l(ga oKyrraQHJI, ga ce rrogo6pJIT OTHOIIleHHJITa c'bc c'bcegm1
l1 ce o6e3rreqJ1 cHoceH )l(J1BOT Ha Hapoga. B rrnanpopMaTa ca 3acerHaTH rromffviqecKm
)l(J1BOT, HKOHOMHKaTa, o6pa3oBaHHeTo l1 AP· }J;oMHHHpaT COQHallHO-HKOHOMW1ecK11T1
MepKH: 3aCJ1llBaHe Ha rrpOl13BOACTBOTO; ype)l(gaHe Ha l13HOCa l1 BHOCa, B'bBe)l(gaHe Hi
TpygosaTa rroBHHHOCT; rrogo6pJIBaHe l1 rrpHnaraHe Ha 3aKoHa 3a He3aKOHHO rrp11110
6HTHTe 6oraTCTBa; B'bBe)l(gaHe Ha rrporpecHBHo o6naraHe Ha goxog11Te, Kanviran11
Te, HMOT11Te 11 HacnegCTBaTa; HaMarnrnaHe Ha crreKynaTa; cMeK'IaBaHe Ha )KV!l!VIU\HaTi
Kpl13a; pa3BHTHe Ha KoorrepaT11BHOTO geno l1 Kpeg11T'bT. Tipep;smKga ce peopraH11311
paHe l1 geMOKpaTJ1311paHe Ha agMHH11CTpaQ11JITa l1 C'bge6HOTO geJIO,B'bBe)l(gaHe Hi
1136opHocT 3a g'bp)l(aBH11Te 11 o6LQHHCKHTe cny)l(11TellH. B rrporpaMaTa Ha Koam11.111
OHHOTO rrpaB11TellCTBO rrpeo6nagaBaT TO'IKH OT rrporpaMaTa Ha E3HC. TinaT<popMaTi
qepTae peaJI11CTl1'IHa B'bHIIlHa 11 geMOKpaTH'IHa B'bTpe1IIHa IIOlll1Tl1Ka. 06C'b)l(AaHen
Ha geKnapaQ11JITa l1 rrnanpopMaTa Ha Koan11Q110HHOTO rrpas11TeJICTBO ce rnvisa c np11
eMaHeTo Ha 6rog)l(eTa 3a OKTOMBPM 1919 -30 MapT 1920 r. Crnsa JICHO, qe Ha'!anon
Ha KoanMQMOHHOTo ynpasnem1e Ha E3HC He e oKypa)l(HTeJIHO. Hapeg c MCHara 1
JIJIBaTa OII03MQMJI ce IIOJIBa HOBa CMlla - BoeHHHJIT C'bI03.
Ocl>HQMaJIHOTO Ha3BaH11e Ha cl>opMuposaHHeTo e "C'bI03 Ha geJ1:cTBaI.QV!Te 0¢m1e
pu 3a 3aLQMTa Ha rrpocl>ecuoHaJIHMTe HM HHTepecu l1 Te3M Ha oTe'IeCTBOTo''. UeHropn·
Ha BoeHHMJI C'bI03 e B caMHJI I.Qa6 Ha apMMJITa. BoeHHOTO MMHMCTepcrno npas11 en
KpaI.QeHMJI no crrMC'bQ11, rrpegcrnseH11 OT BoeHHHJI C'bI03. B Ha'IaJioTo Ha cerrreMBpl
1919 r. ce rrpose)l(ga TI'bpB11JIT KOHrpec Ha BoeHH11JI C'bI03 l1 MaKap qe opraHi13al.\11i!T:
e Ta11Ha, To11 3acegasa qeT11p11 AHH H TO B'bB BoeHHOTO Y'IHJIHI.Qe. Ha KoHrpeca e rrp11e·
ycrns 11 e M36paHo p'bKOBogcrno, Haqeno c rronK. Cnase11Ko BacHJieB. B Kpa.R Ha 19191
",[(o6po none'; e ocso60.z:1eH OT 3aTBopa. 3ae.r1Ho c P. ,[(acKanos H .r1pyrn Hapo.[IHV! npe.r1craB11ren11,

1'13IIpaTeH OT npaBV!TenCTBOTO .r1a yrosapJI B'bCTaHanV!Te BOMHHL\VI ,[la ce B'bpHaT Ha cppoHTa. TaM TOI
IIO.z:IKpenJI B'bcTaHV!eTo VI cne.r1 HerosoTo noTyrnasaHe npeMV!Hasa B HeneranHOCT. I1pe.r111 Ollie 11a,
rrony'lVln aMHHcnrn, e BKnIO'leH B rrpas11TencTBOTO Ha T. To.r1opos. Karn rronHTVIK or ttoeMBpll 191:
r . .z:IO OKTOMBpV! 1919 r., e MV!HHCT'bp Ha 06~ecTBeH11Te crpa,[IH, II'bTYJ~aTa VI 6naroycTpoikTBOTO, Mil
HHCT'bp-rrpe.r:1ce.r:1aTen, MV!HV!CT'bp Ha BOMHaTa, II'bTH~aTa H 6naroycrpoi:.1cTBOTO B KOam111110HHOTI
rrpaBV!TencTBO Ha 3eMe.r:1enL1J.:1, Hapo.[IHJIL\VI VI nporpernBHO-n1t16epam1 /OKTOMBpV! 1919 - Maf119201
I1pe3 M. Ma:riJ 1920 r. ornaBJIBa CaMOCTOJITenHO npaBJtJTenCTBO Ha E3HC, B KOeTO e H MHHl1CTbp H
B'bHillHV!Te pa6on1. ,[(o M. IOHH 1921 r. ynpasnJIBa MHHV!CTepCTBOTO Ha BOMHaTa. ,[(eMOKpaTH'IHJ1T'
B'b3rne.r:1vi Ha An. CTaM6om1:ri1cKJ.:1 rrpe.z:1H3BVIKBaT He.r:1osoncTBOTO Ha 6yp:l1<0a3H1t1Te napnrn 11 nomr
TVl'lecKM Kporose. Ha 9 IOHV! 1923 r. Ta:riIHara ocp1t1L1epCKa opraHV13aL11>rn "BoeHeH C'bl03" 113Bbpws
soeHeH npespaT. CTaM6on1t1J.1CKV! ce OIIV!TBa .z:1a opraHV!3V!pa KOHTparrpespaT, Ho He ycrn1Ba. He3as11
CV!MO OT yrosopKV!Te Ha CBOV!Te HaJ.1-6nM3KI1Te CV! CopaTHHL\VI, TOM OCTaBa B CTpaHaTa 11 ce yKpHBa I
po,LIHOTO rn ceno CnasoBML\a. 3anoseH e OT }"IaCTHV!l.\V!Te B npespara 11 B Ho~ra Ha 14 cpe111y 1510H1
e 1'13Te3aBaH B Heros11JI co6crneH .z:IOM. B paHHV!Te 'lacose Ha 15 IOHV! 1923 r. An. Cra!.>16om1C1m1 1
Heros11JIT 6paT BacV!n 1'13.z:l'bXBaT. Cne.r1 3apaBJIHeTo, TenaTa HM ca V!3poseHV! VI rnaBV!Te orpR3aH11.
HOBA E'b!IfAPCKA MCTOPMH (1878-1944)
HatianoTO Ha 1920 r. BoeHHMRT Cbl03 yKpenBa no3111vnne rn 11 QapRT ycnRBa ):\a y6e,L\l1
An. CraM6on11J1cKM ):\a Ha3Ha'Il1 Cn. BarnneB 3a Ha'IaJIHI1K Ha KaHI.~enapwRTa Ha BoeH-
Horo Ml1HMcrepcTBO. ,Upyr BM,L\eH n11rap, MaCOH'bT IIerop M11g11neB crnBa Ha'IanHMK
Ha II.1a6a Ha apMMRTa. TaKa BoeHHOTO Ml1HMCTepcrno 11 apMI1RTa ca no):\ cpaKTI1'IeCKMR
KoHrpon Ha n11raTa.
BraKaBa rnTyaQMR E3H C 3ano'IBa l13IT'bJIHeHweTO Ha npwerarn pecpopMa. Yl3Boprn-
Ba ce l13BeCTHO npeycTpoJ1cTBO Ha .L\'bp)l(aBHI1JI anapaT. PeopraHI13I1paHo e MwHMCTep-
craoro Ha B'bTpeIIIHMTe pa6on:i:, KaTO OT a):\MMHI1CTpaTI1BHO-IlOJII1Qe11cKOTO ynpaBne-
Htte ce OT,L\eJIJI "OT,L\enettwe 3a o6I.QeCTBeHa 6e3onarnoCT''. IIogMeHJIT ce c'bc 3eMegenQI1
qacr or oKp'b)l(Hl1Te ynpaB11Tem1 11 0KoJI11J1cK11Te Ha'laJIHI1Ql1. IIo,L\ p'bKOBO,L\CTBOTO Ha
HOBI1R ,L\I1peKTOp Ha Cf0I1 P. ,UacKaJIOB 64 3ailO'IBa He:t:rnara IlOCTeneHHa JIMKBI1):\aQI1JI
qpe3 rrpeXBopnRHe Ha cpyttKQMMTe H KoM M11m1crepcrnoTO Ha 3eMegenweTO.
64
PaitKo Jl:acKaJioB e po)J;eH Ha 21,a;eK.1886 B farna qepKBa B y'l11TeJICKO ceMef1cTBo. 3aB'bpurna
nproscKa rwr.rna3Jll!I B CBJ!Ill\OB, a cne)J; TOBa-cjmHaHCJll B Eepn11H (1907-1912). Cne)J; 3aBp'bll\aHeTO
rn B Eonrapm1 J'IaCTBa KaTO )J;06poBoJiel.\ B EanKaHCKaTa so~rna 1i1 3aB'bprusa lllKona 3a 3arrarn1i1
0¢;c1.1ep1i1. ITo,11 BJIJllRHJl!e Ha U. UepKOBCKJll rrpe3 1913 cnBa '!JJeH Ha E3HC. OT 1914 Y'Iacrna )J;eWHO
Bpa6onra Ha C'bl03a, KaTO C'bTPYAHJllK Ha BeCTH!llK ,,3eMe,lleJICKO 3HaMe" Iii yrrpaB!llTeJI Ha Hapo)J;eH
Mara3HH B CocjmR. I1pe3 1915 e Mo61i1n1i131i1paH. I1pe3 1916 e OC'b,lleH Ha JI!llIIIaBaHe or cso6o)J;a rro
Aenoro Ha ,[\eKJI03J11eposaTa acjiepa. P. ,[\acKanoB e orno6o)J;eH OT 3aTBopa, 3ae)J;HO c'bc CnM6om1"1cK1i1,
Ha 25 cerrT. 1918 1i1 )J;BaMaTa ca 1i13rrpaTeH1i1 OT rrpas11TencTBoro Ha Alr. MaJI!llHOB rrp1i1 B'bCTaHam1Te
soiiHl11.1l1 B Pa.11011n1p JI! KJOCTeH,llJllJI, 3a .11a ce om1TaT ,11a rn y6e,11!!r )J;a ce B'bpHaT Ha cjipoHTa. Kora-
ro rrpwcrnraT B KJOcTeH,llJllJI, BMecTo )J;a Jll3IT'bJIH!!BaT B'b3JIO)l(eHara 3a,11a'!a, ,11BaMaTa peIIIaBar )J;a ce
Bb3Il0Jl3Bar OT CJllTyal.\l1RTa J1 HaCTpoeHJ1!!Ta cpe)J; BOWHl1!.\l1Te. BMeCTO ,11a Bp'bll\aT BOWH!ill.\HTe K'bM
¢poHra, re rJll ITO,llCTpeKaBaT K'bM B'bCTaHvre JI! ro ornaB!!Bar. ,[\aCKaJIOB 3aMJllHaBa caM 3a Pa,110MJ11p,
KbAeTO rrpoB'b3rnaorna Pa,a;oM11pcKaTa perry6m1Ka, oTrrpaBR B1>3BaH!ile K'bM Hapo,11a ,11a R rro,11Kperm
11, Ha'leno Ha pa36yHTysaJIJ11Te ce BOWHJllI.\Jll ce oTrrpaB!I Kl>M CocjrnR. Cne,11 pa3rpoMa Ha B'bCTaH11e-
ro, paHeH, ,[(aCKanoB ce OTTernR B'bB BJ11Towa, a OTTaM - B KoH!!BCKa rrnaHJllHa. TaM ce rrpe,11aBa Ha
HacnrrBall.111Te OT JOT BOWCKJll Ha AHTaHTaTa JI! e Jll3rrpaTeH B CorryH. Cne,11 aMHl1CTH!ITa OT ,11eK. 1918
ro1111Ha Ha yqacrnamITe B'bB BOWHJllllIKJllTe 6yHTOBe ,[(aCKaJioB ce 3aBp'bII.\a B E'bnrap1i1R. 3aeMa M!il-
Hl!CTepcK!il ITOCTOBe B npaBJ1TeJICTBaTa Ha E3HC OT OKTOMBplil 1919 ,110 cjiespyap!il 1923 JI! e HapO,lleH
rrpe11cns11TeJI B XVIII, XIX 11 XX OHC. HeroBJll ca 11,11e1i1re 3a no3eMJieHaTa pecjiopMa, 3a C'b3,llaBaHe-
ro Ha Tpy,110Ba TIOBJllHHOCT JI! Ha OpaH>KeBa rnap.1111R, KO!!TO JIH'!HO ornaB!IBa. Ilpe3 cenre~rnpJ11 1922
opraHH3Hpa KOHrpeca Ha I.\BeKnonpoJ113BO,llJ11TeJIJ11Te B TopHoBo, KOWTO e Jll3JIOJI3BaH 3a pa3roHBaHe
Ha yqpe,lll1TeJIHl1R C'b6op Ha OTI03JllI.\l10HHJ1R KoHCTJllTYI.\HOHeH 6JIOK, Karo Bopxy MHOTO OT y'laCTH!il-
l\llTe BHero e yrrpa)!<HeHo cjiM3!1'!ecKo HaCJllJIJlle. KaTo '!JieH Ha p'bKOBO,llCTBOTO Ha E3HC JI! Ha rrpaBH-
rencTBOTO P. ,[\acKanoB npe.11cTaBJI!IBa pa,1111KanH0To Te'!eHJ11e, KOeTo e 3a JI!llKB!il,1111paHe Ha ,11ewHocTTa
HaBMPO. Ilo Hape)!(,llaHe JllJIJll C IlO,llKpenaTa Ha ,[\acKaJIOB ce rrpe,11rrp:11eMaT Hatf-pellI!llTeJIH!llTe Mep-
KI! Ha npaB1i1TeJICTBOTO Ha E3HC cpell\y BMPO rrpe3 1922 :11 B Ha'!anoro Ha 1923 ro)J;li!Ha, rropa,11:11
Koero BMPO ro ,,OC'b)!(,lla" Ha CM'bpT. Ha 15 )J;eK. 1922 ro,111i1Ha cpell.ly Hero e l13B'bpIIIeH HeycneweH
orr11r 3a y61i1wcTBO. Tipe3 cjieBpyapM 1923 P. ,[(acKanoB e orno60,11eH or rrpas11rencrnoro, a rrpe3 Maw
CTaBa 6onrapCK!il Il'bJIHOMOll\eH Ml1HJllCT'bp (ToraBallIHa Tl1TJia Ha !IOCJiaH!llK) B TI para, K'b,lleTO ro 3a-
sapsa l1 ,[(eBeToJOHCKJll!I npespaT. ,[(acKaJIOB He ce npli!Ml1p!!Ba c'bc CM!!HaTa Ha BJiaCTra B o'bnrap!il!!
II rrocpe,!ICTBOM ,llMilJIOMaT!il'!eCKJllR CJll CTaTYT ce OillilTBa )J;a opraH!il3l1pa Me)l()J;yHapO)J;Ha peaKI.\Jll!I B
ITOAKperra Ha CBaJieHOTO 3eMe)J;eJICKO npaBli!TeJICTBO, HO He nocrnra oco6eH ycnex. HeroBa IlOMOll\c
ce Cb3gasa 3a)J;rpaHlil'lHO npe,11cTaBli!TencTBO Ha E3HC, Koern 3arro'!Ba )J;a lil3,llaBa B qexocnoBaK!il!!
BecTHHK ,,3eMe)J;eJicKo 3HaMe". PawKo ,[\aCKanoB e y6lilT Ha 26 asrycT 1923 ro)J;li!Ha B ITpara OT qne-
291
Pocul{a AH2e110Ba
BoeHHMRT MMHMCTop CrnM6on11i1:cK11 M3Bopurna HOBOB'bBe)l.eHM.fl B'bB BoeHHOT()

MJ1HJ1CTepcTBO: ocpm.~epHTe 11.a He J13IIOJl3BaT ll,'bp)J(aBHI1 rrpeB03HJ1 cpe11.crna 3a Jil1'1Hlf
Hy)J(ll,11, 11.a MM ce OTHeMaT opll,MHapQMTe. 06MJ1CR.f!T ce MepKM 3a rrpeKBanmp11KaI.1Hl!Ta
Ha coKpaTeHMTe ocp11Qep11 (6n1130 2 000 11.yurn). HarrpaBeH11 ca pecpopMH H B'bB soeH-
HOC'b)l,e6HoTo Be,D;OMCTBO.
He e rro~a,u;eH 11 MOHapxwi:ecKHR MHCTMTYT - rrpeMaxBa ce 06po~eH11ero "roc-
rro.u;ap10" K'bM Qap.R:, Hape)J(.u;a ce .u;a ce cHeMaT rropTpeT11Te Ha <t>ep.u;11ttaHA OT ll,'bp)((aB-
HMTe Yl.Jpe)J(,u;eHMR 11 .u;a He ce 113rronsBaT BeH3eJ111Te My.
3arro•rna J13II'bJ1HeH11eTo 11 Ha rrpaBMTencTBeHaTa rrnaTcpopMa Ha 22 HoeMBp11
1919 r. e rrp11eT 3aKOH sa C'b)J;eHe Ha MJ1HJ1CTPMTe, KOMTO OTMeH.R: ep;HOHMeHHHll OT
1880 r. fnacyBa ce 3aKOH'bT 3a co.u;ette 11 HaKa3BaHe BHHOBHHQMTe 3a fhpsarn rne-
TOBHa BOMHa. qJleH 4 rrpep;BM)J()J;a HaKa3BaHe J1 Ha JIJ1Qa, J13B'bpIIIBaJIJ1 cneKyJiaTHBHll
c.u;enKM 11n11 M3CTorrneHM.fl B 0Kyrr11paH11Te 3eM11. Co,u;eHeTo Ha MHHHcTpHTe ce B'b3Jiara
Ha D;op)J(aBeH co.u;, no pe.u;a 3a C'b)l.eHe Ha MMHMCTPMTe, a Ha oCTaHan11Te - no HaKa3a-
TenHMR 3aKOH. IIpe,u;B11p;eH11Te HaKasaHMR ca ,ll;O)J(MBOTeH 3aTBop, CMopT 11 nocraBl!He
MM~eCTBOTO no.u; 3a6paHa. 3aKOH'bT HMa nan11aTJ1BeH xapaKTep, 3a~OTO l13B'bH 06-
cera MY ocTaBaT BMHOBHMTe 3a nopBaTa HaQMOHanHa KaTacTpocpa l1 rrpaBHTeJICTBOTo
Ha Man11HoB OT 1918 r.
O~e npe3 cpeBpyap11 1920 r. ca rrp11eTH l13MeHeHM.fl B 3aKoHa. 3ac:trnBaT ce HaKa-
3aHH.R:Ta J1 BCJ1ll'.KJ1 06BJ1H.R:eM11-6e3 Ml1H11CTp11Te ce npe)l.aBaT Ha BOeHHHTe C'b,L\HJIHlJ1a.
D;op)J(aBHMRT cop; ~e C'bll,11 caMo 611Brn11Te MMHMcTpiit. UenTa Ha M3MeHeHHero e Aa ce
OTKJIOHJ1 MCKaHeTO Ha C'bCe)J;HMTe ll,'bp)J(aBJ1 .u;a HM 60,u;aT rrpe.u;a,u;eHM 3a C'b)l,eHe rrpoBl!-
HJ1JIIit ce Ha TRXHa Tep11Top11.R: 6onraprn11 rpa)J()J;aH11. IIpaBMTencTBOTO HCKa .z:1a rroKa)l(e
Ha B'bHIIIHJ1.fl CB.R:T, qe B'b3HaMep.R:Ba .u;a HaKa)J(e cTporo BiitHOBHJ1Ql1Te 3a BOMHaTa II
BOeHHorrpecT'bTIHJ1Ql1Te.
Ha 31 ,u;eKeMBp11 1919 r. HC e,u;11Ho,u;yrnHo rnacyBa .u;a ce Bos6y.u;11 yrnastto rrpe-
cnep;BaHe cpe~y MMHMCTPMTe OT Ka611HeTa Ha B. Pa.u;ocnaBOB 11 qeTHp11Ma reHepan11.
:Vfa6paH e .u;op)J(aBeH 06B11H11Ten - Kp. IIacTyxoB 11 saMeCTHMQMTe MY AneKcaHA'bP
Pa11.onoB 11 npocp. IIeTKO CTo.R:HOB. Orrpe11.eneH11 ca rnecTMMa 11.enyTaTiit 3a rne.z:1crneHa
KOMJ1CJ1.fl.
E,u;Ha OT co~ecTBeHMTe MepKM Ha KoanMQMOHHOTO npaBMTencrno e C'b3,[\aBaHe-
TO Ha KoHcopQ11yMa. IIpes HoeMBpM 1919 r. e BHeceH 3aKoHonpoeKT 3a ToproB11l!Ta
enc 3opHeHM xpaH11 11 npo113Be)l.eH11.R:Ta OT TRX 11 3a npexpaHaTa. 3aKottonpoeKTDT ce
MOTiitBMpa c Heo6XO)l,J!IMOCTTa 11.a ce CT11My1rnpa npoH3BO)J;CTBOTO Ha xpam1 l1'Ipe3113-
HOC 11.a ce CTa611n11311pa cp11HaHCOBO CTpaHaTa, 11.a ce oc11ryp11 B'b3MO)l(H0 HaM-BHCOKa
QeHa Ha npo113BO)l.MTen11Te 11 ce npeMaxtte crreKynaTa. Tow npell,BM)l()l,a ytipeARBattero
Ha cneQManeH MHCTMTYT OT Hapo11.HaTa, 3eMe)l.eJicKaTa 11 KoonepaTiitBHaTa 6aHKa rro11
Ha Ha BMPO Iilop,llaH U:H~OHKOB. U:H~OHKOB e 3aJioBeH, HO Ha norne,[IBaJIHR C'b,[le6eH rrpo~ec, cneA

pa3KpHBaHeTO Ha Te)KKOTO IlOJIO)KeHJ.1e Ha 6onrapHTe OT MaKe,[IOHJ.1R J.1 OTHOl1Iem1eTO Ha BJiacrnre B
EonrapHR npH 3eMe,[leJicKJ.1R pe)KHM e onpaB,[laH. BonpeKw TOBa, npH HaTHCK u or cTpaHa Ha EenrpaA
e C'b,[leH OTHOBO OT qexocJIOBallIKH C'b,[I H OC'b,[leH Ha 20 fO,[IHHJ.1 3aTBOp, KOHTO He H3Jie)l(aBa rropaAH
CKOpOII1HaTa CH CM'bpT.
?Q?
HOBA E'blII'APCKA J1CTOPI1Jl (1878-1944)
Ha3samreTo Kottcopu;uyM 3a T'bproBMR c'bc 3'bpHeHM xpaHM u npou3se.n;eHMRTa OT rnx.

Kottcopu;uyM'bT MOHOTIOJIM3Mpa M3HOCa Ha 3'bpHeHM xpaHJ1 J1 OCHOBHJ1Te npo.n;yKTJ1 OT
rnx. Epaurno, cmrpT M 6Mpa MO)Ke .n;a ce eKcnopTMpaT M OT 11acTHM T'bprosu;11, HO caMo
c pa3perneH11eTo Ha Kottcopu;11yMa 11 no.n; Heros KOHTpon. li1HcTl1TYT'hT 3aKynysa xpa-
Hl1 rrpJIKO OT npo113BO,ll;l1TeJIMTe, OT Koonepau;l1MTe J1 T'bprOBQMTe, KaTO npe.n;11MCTBO
uMaT Koonepau;1111Te, no TBop.n;o onpe.n;eneH11 M HeJll3MeHHJll u;eHM.
BbTpeurnaTa T'bproB11R ocrnBa CBo6o.n;Ha, c M3BeCTHM orpaHJll'IeHMR - )KJ11Tap11Te
He MoraT .n;a cKna.n;upaT n0Be11e OT 15 x11n. Kr. )KJllTO M 6paurno. IIpeKparnBa ce rna6p;JI-
BaHeTO Ha HaceneHJlleTo c xnR6 no p;bp)KaBHM u;eHJll. 06I11J11HJ11Te cne.n;Ba .n;a ornrypRBaT
esnrn XJIR6 3a 6ep;Hl1Te, HMCKOnJiaTeHJllTe 'IJllHOBHJllQJll, a npu Hy)K.n;a JI! Ha QRJIOTO He-
rrpOl13BO)l;MTeJIHO Hacenett11e. IIpoeKTMpa ce 90% OT neqan6J11Te Ha KoHcopu;uyMa .n;a
o6pa3YBaT "<Pottp; 3a 3acMJIBaHe M Hac'bp'IaBaHe Ha 3eMep;enJ11eTo" M 3aKOH'bT .n;a .n;ewcT-
sa caMo .n;o 1 aBryCT 1920 r. Ee3 C'bll\eCTBeHM M3MeHeHMR 3aKoHonpoeKT'bT e npMeT Ha
30 ttoeMBpM 1919 r. 11 cKopo KoHcopu;MyM'bT ce 011epnsa Karo cBoeo6pa3eH .n;op)KaB-
HO-KoonepanrneH MOHOnOJI 3a M3HOC Ha 3'bpHeHJll xpaHJll.
IlpaBMTeJICTBOTO npaBl1 onMT .n;a pellIJll 11 )KJllJIMil\HMJl B'bilpoc, KOHTO ce Jll30CTpR
crre.n; KpaJI Ha BOHHaTa. IIpe3 RHyap11 1920 re npMeT 3aKoH 3a o6neK'IaBaHe Ha )KJll-
lll1Il\HaTa KpM3a. c Hero ce C'b3)l;aBaT )KJllJIMil\HM KOMJllCMJll JI! )!(JllJIMI1\Hl1 C'b)l;JllJIMil\a.
)j{JtJil1Il\HJllTe KOM11Cl1M l1MaT 3Ha'IJ1TeJIHJll npasa: .n;a 3aKpMBaT 06I11eCTBeHO Bpep;HM
3aBep;eHJllR M TaKl1Ba C'b3p;ap;eHM cne.n; 10 cenTeMBpM 1915 r., .n;a Jll3CeJIBaT cneKyJiaHTM,
rrpecTbIIHJllIJ;l1 11 .n;p. aHT11cou;11aJIHM eJieMeHTM, .n;a crbCTRBaT ceMeMCTBa M .n;a npe.n;oc-
TaBJlT 3a )KJ11JI11tu;a 0CB060.n;ett11Te noMe111eHJ11R. Te onpep;eJIJIT M ttaeMMTe.
All. CTaM6on11J.1:cKH nnaHHpa npoBe)!(.n;atteTo Ha HOBH v136opM, OT KOHTO 011aKBa
E3HC .n;a nony11H a6comoTHO MH0311HCTBo B Hapop;HoTo co6paHJ11e. B KpaJI Ha 1919 r.
TOBa e HeB'b3MO)KH0 3a OC'blQeCTBRBaHe nopap;H TB'bpp;e HanpeniaTOTO noJIO)l(eHHe B
crpattan. Tipe3 D;JIJiaTa rop;vrna B 135 CTa'IKM yqacrnaT oKono 80 XMJI • .n;yrnM. Tipe3 .n;e-
KeMspvr CTa'IHaTa B'bJIHa ,ll;OCT11ra CBOR Bpox. B KpaJI Ha .Meceu;a M36)'XBa 06111a TpaHC-
rropTHa cTa'IKa. EKTI pernaBa p;a R nop;KpenM M p;a noeMe HeMHOTO poKOBop;cTBO. OT 29
geKeMspu ce npoBe)Kp;a 11 Hau;110HanHa noJIVITM'IeCKa cn11Ka 3a np'bB noT B EonrapuR.
TR e rrpeKpaTeHa Ha 3 Rttyap11 1920 r., Ho )KeJie3HJ1111apMTe npop;'bJI)KaBaT .n;a cTatIKyBaT
Hcrre.n; HeR 0111e 55 p;HM. TipaB11TeJICTBOTo .n;e:i1:cTBa TB'bpp;o. To J113non3sa nonvru;MJITa u
apMHJITa, a nony11aBa nop;Kpena MOT 0Kynau;J110HHMTe sot'rcKM Ha CornarneHMeTO. Ha
19 ¢espyapM 1920 r. cTa11KaTa 3aBoprnBa c nopa)!(eHMe.
Be.n;Hara cnep; npuKmo11BaHe Ha crn11KaTa XVIII 06MKHOBeHo Hapop;Ho co6paHJ11e
epa3rryrnarn. Ha rnep;Bar.u;11..sr p;eH l13JIM3a yKa3 3a Ha3HatiaBaHeTO Ha He.n;JinKo Arn-
Hacos 3a MMHMCT'bp Ha 6naroycTpol1cTBOTO 11 AneKcaHp;'bp Pa.n;onos 3a MMHJllCT'bp Ha
npaBOC'bp;MeTo. Tion'bJIBaHeTO Ha npaBl1TeJICTBOTO C'bC 3eMep;enu;Jll 3aTB'bp)l(aBa Bile-
'!aTJieHl1eTO, qe E3HC MCKa HOB11 l136opu c u;en .n;a noeMe caMOCTORTenHo snacTTa. 3a
l10)1fOTOBKa Ha l136op11Te ce p;aBa MV!HMMaJIHMR cpoK - caMO ep;MH Meceu;. 3eMep;enu;M-
Te opraHJll3MpaT CBOMTe pep;m~11. Ha 3 MapT 1920 r. no speMe Ha cKa3KaTa Ha 6enor-
Bap11ee~a rr. Puce B3pvrneH TeaT'bp "Op;eoH': Ha 27 MapT 1920 r. e opraHJll3MpaH HOilleH
0611cK B Coqnrn c ep;Ha u;en - p;a ce 06e3rnaBRT 6yp)l(Oa3Hl1Te napTMM.
293
Pocu4a AHzenoaa
Ha 28 MapT 1920 r. ca rrpoBe)l(,[laT rrapnaMeHTapm1Te J.136op11. 3eMe.z:1enQ11Te rre'!e-
n.HT 110 .z:1erryTaTCKJ.1 MeCTa, HO I1 Te He ca ,[IOCTaTb'-IHJ.1 3a CbCTaB.HHe Ha caMOCTOJITellHO
rrpam1Tencrno. OcTaHaJI11Te MaH,[laTM ce pa3rrpe.z:1en.HT TaKa: ,[(II - 24; HIT- 14; ITJITI-
9; EPC,[(IT - 9; EP,[(IT - 8; HJIIT (reHa,n;11eB11cT11) -3; HJIIT (rreTKoB11cT11) - 3. TaKa
rrapTI1J.1Te OT rrpaBMTencTBeHaTa KoanMQJ.1.lI I1MaT 133 MaH,n;aTa - HanbnHO ,n;ocraTh'IHO
MH03I1HCTBO 3a yrrpasneH11e. BbnpeKM TOBa 01.1~e Ha 29 MapT .r1-p ,D;aHeB no,n;asa ocraB-
Ka. :Vfan113aT 11 HapO.r\HRQHTe M. Ma,n;)l(apoB 11 AT. EypoB. 3eMe,n;encKoTo pbKOBO.z:ICTBO
pernasa .z:1a He ce no,n;asa ocTaBKaTa Ha Ka611HeTa ,n;o CBHKBaHeTo Ha napnaMeHTa.
Ha 15 anp11n 1920 r. ce CBHKBa ITbpBaTa I13BbHpe,n;Ha cern.H Ha XIX OHC. 3a
rrpe,n;ce.z:1aTen e 1136patt AneKcaH,n;bp EoTeB, a 3a rro,n;rrpe,n;ce,n;aTeJI11 KocTa ToMoB 11
Xp11cTo MaHonoB. TaKa E3HC rreqen11 rrbpB11.H TYP B 6op6aTa 3a caMocToRrentto npa-
BMTencTBO. BbrrpeKH TOBa ce npoBe)l(,n;aT 6e3nno,n;H11 nperosop11 3a KoanMQHOHIIO yn-
pasneH11e. E,n;HoBpeMeHHO c TOBa Ha 27 arrp11n ca Kac11patt11 5 .z:1erryTaTI1 KOMYHMCTll
I1 1 rrporpecMCT OT Bpa'-IaHCKJ.1.lI I136op. Cpe,n; OTCTpatteHHTe e reoprn ,l];HMV!TpOB, a
rrporpec11cTbT e He ,n;pyr, a caMM.H ,n;-p CT. ,[(aHeB. Ha 1 Ma:l1 ca Kac11paH11 Oll\e 4 KO-
MYHMCTM 11 3 ,n;eMoKpaTH OT rrnoB,n;MBCKJ.1.H 1136op. TaKa E3HC ycnRBa .z:1a CH ornryp11
e.r1Ha He oco6eHo Ha,n;e)l(,[IHa rrapnaMeHTapHa orropa B cTpeMe)l(a c11 KbM ,n;eMoKpant'l-
Ha snacT c He,n;eMoKpaTM'-IHM cpe,n;CTBa. ITapnaMeHTbT oCTaBa .r10 KpaR BMecrn c 229 c
216 ,n;enyTaTH.
Ha 20 Ma:i1: 1920 r. cne,n; 6ypH11 11 npo,n;bJI)l(HTeJIHJ.1 3ace,n;aHHR Ha 3eMe,n;enCKara
rrapnaMeHTapHa rpyna ca I13Jib'-leHH Heo6xo,n;11M11Te ,n;saMa MI1HI1CTp11 3a norronBaHe
Ha Ka611HeTa - AneKcaH,n;bp 066os 11 CTO.HH 0MapqeBCKI1. TaKa ,n;eseT'-IJieHHOTO e~
HorrapTHHHO rrpamnencTBo Ha E3HC, Haqeno c Arr. CTaM6orr11ilcK11 e B cocraa: An.
CTaM6on11I1cK11 - MMHMCTbp-rrpe,n;ce,n;aTen, MMHMCTbp Ha BbHlliHMTe pa6orn: u ynpa-
BJI.HBarn; M11H11crepcrBoro Ha BOMHara; An. ,D;11M11Tpos - MHHMCTbp Ha Bbrpernmne
pa6or11; U. EaKanoB - MMHMCTbp Ha 06rn;ecrBeH11Te crpa,n;11, IIbT11rn;ara 11 6naroycrpoi1-
cTBOTo; M. TypnaKoB - MMHMCTbp Ha qmHaHCMTe; P. ,D;aCKanoB - MMHHCTbp Ha ropro-
BM.HTa; An. Pa,n;onoB - MMHMCTbp Ha rrpasocb,n;11ero; cr. 0Map'IeBCKH - MVIHVICT'bp Ha
rrpocseTara; An. 066os - MMHMCTbp Ha 3eMe,n;en11ero 11 H. AraHacoB - MHHVIcrop Ha
)l(eJie3HI1QMTe, rrorn;11re 11 renerpaqmre. Ilpas11 Brrel.JarneH11e, qe rroBe'-lero or MttH11cr-
p11Te ca Mna,n;11, 6e3 rron11r11l.JecK11 orr11r. Ka611HeTbT He cpern;a rrporecr11 B crpattara 11
OTBbH. TaKa 3arrol.JBa nepMO.z:lbT Ha caMocTo.HrenHo 3eMe.z:1encKo yrrpasneHVIe.
3. flpomsopequsaTa imeoJ\onm u peqmpMeua ~eiiuocr ua li3HC
OcHOBHMre rrp11HQI1III1Ha11.r1eonornRTa Ha E3HC ca cpopMyn11paH11 or An. CraM-

6on11wcK11. To:l1 Tbpc11 cpe,n;eH IIbT Me)!(.z:IY coQ11an113Ma 11 Karr11TaJII13Ma. Cnope.r1 Hero
o6rn;ecTBOTO ce ,n;en11 Ha cbcnoBMR. Tb:l1 Karo Hal1-ron.HMoro Cbcnos11e B Eonrap1111
e CeJICKOTO (OKOJIO 80% OT HaceneHMero) I1 TbM Karo ,D;bp)!(aBara Cbll\eCTB)'Ba 11 ce
pa3BI1Ba 6naro,n;apeH11e Ha HeroBM.H rpy,n;, TO 11 rron:11r11qecKara BJiacr, crrope.r1 CraM60-
n11I1cK11 611 cne,n;Bano ,n;a 6b.z:1e B Heros11re pbQe. ToBa rn;e oc11ryp11 11crVIHCKO ttapo~o
snacr11e. B 11Hrepec rnaBHO Ha cencKOTO cbcnoB11e e Heo6xo,n;11Mo .z:1a ce npose.z:1ar KOH-
HOBA E'b!II'APCKA J1CTOPJ.1Jl (1878-1944)
KpeTm:1 pecpopM11 B rroJI3a Ha pa3Bl1T11eTO Ha p;pe6HaTa co6crneHocT H npo113Bop;crno.

3ae,11Ho c TOBa Il\e ce OTXB'bpn11 H eKcnnoaTaqHRTa Ha cenoro OT rpap;a, a B non11T11'1e-
cKaTa o6rracT Il\e ,LIOBe,Lle ,LIO OTM11paHero Ha Tpa,11:w1..vrnHHHTe 6yp)l(Oa3H11 napTH11. Te
CbC rnoeTo cna6o BJI11RH11e cnoco6crnaT 3a HanaraHe Ha Jrn'leH pe)l(HM OT CTpaHa Ha
MOHapxa. Bo3rne,L111Te Ha 3eMe,LleJiqHTe ca OTKpHro peny6m1KaHcK11, HO He H3HCKBaT
tterrpeMeHHO rrpoMRHa Ha cpopMaTa Ha ynpaBrreH:we, orn;e noBe'le, aKo qapRT 60,Lle no-
cTaBeH Ha oHoBa MJICTO, KOeTo MY onpep;errJI KOHcnnyq:wRTa. IIpoTHBonocTaBRHero
Ha cemI'leCTBOTO Ha ,L1pyr11re C'bCJIOB11J! 03Ha<JaBa Jtf30CTpRHe Ha npor11Bope'IHRTa c
rpa,!ICKaTa 6yp)J(Oa311R, BKJIIO'l11TeJIHO 11 c Hail:-npep;npHeM'IHBaTa Jtf 'laCT, c HaeMH11Te
pa6orn:wq11, a B IIOJIHT11'1eCKJtf nrraH c rpa,L111qHOHHl1Te Jtf coqHaJIHCTH'leCK11Te rrapT11Jtf.
Hai1-HaKpaR 3eMe,LleJICKara 11p;eonornR 113rrpaBJI cerrRHHTe M cpern;y npeo6nap;aBarn;ara
qacT or HHTeneKryanq11re .
.E3HC 3aCTaBa Ha<Jeno Ha Brracrra B H3KJIIO'IHTeJrno Tpyp;eH MOMeHT. CrpaHara
e c tteypep;eHo Me)J(,LlyHapo,LIHO noJio)l(eH:we, orn;e HeycnoKoeHa crrep; TpaHcnoprHara
cTa'!Ka H cronaHCKl1 pa3CTpoeHa or Tp:wre BOMHH. Oce3areJIHO ce <JYBCTBa 3ary6ara Ha
i(o6pyp;)l(a 11 Ha EenoMopcKa TpaKMR. HaMaJIRBa B cpaBHeHHe c p;oBOeHH11Te rop;HHH
He caMo o6pa6ornaeMaTa 3eMR (c 3,9 MJIH. ,LIKa) H noceBHara nnorn; (c 6,6 MJIH. p;Ka), HO
ce BJIOIIIaBa H Ka'leCTBOTO Ha o6pa6orBaHero Ha 3eMJITa nopap;:w CbKparn;aBaHero Ha
6poR Ha p;o6MT'bKa H He,LIOCTaT'b'IHMR 11 Kpati:Ho H3HoceH 3eMe,11encKH HHBeHrap. CKo-
TOBb,!IHHJIT cpOH,L\ 11 KOJI11Te ca c 25% nop; ,llOBOeHHOTO paBHHrn;e Jtf 6poRT Ha p;o6HT'bKa
npo,!l'bJI)l(aBa p;a HaMamrna, T'bil: Karo EnnrapHR rpR6Ba p;a npep;ap;e roJIJIMO Kon11qe-
crno Ha IOroCJiaB11R, f npq11R H PyMnH11JI.
B npoMHIIIJieHoTo rrpott3BO,LICTBO rnryaqHRTa e no-6naronpmrrHa. IIpe3 1921 r.
TO ,!IOCTHra H11BOTO OT 1912 r., HO ce <JYBCTBa OCT'bp Hep;OCTHr Ha cypoBHHJtf, Mallll1HH
II MallIHHH11 qacr11. 0KaRHOTO C'bCTORHJtfe Ha rpattcnopTa OKa3Ba 3ap;'bp)J(arn;o BJIHJl-
HWe Ha pa3BHTHero Ha l1H,L1ycrp11Rra 11 cencKOTO cTorraHCTBo. BnHllIHOTnproBCKl1RT
6arrattc Ha crpaHaTa e rrac11BeH 11 HMa Banyrna KpH3a. MmpnaqHJITa paCTe cTpeMH-
rerrHo.
CTorraHCKHTe He6naror10ny'l11R ce 3acmrnaT OT ttenocHJIHMTe qmHaHCOBH 3a,Ll'bJI-
lKeHl1R, c K011To e o6peMeHeHa EonrapwR. TR HMa 2,250 MJipp;. 3JiaTHH cppattKa penapa-
1\1111, orn;e 400 MJIH. JIB. 3a,L1'bJI)J(eH11R no BOil:HaTa, TpR6Ba p;a H3rrnar:w qacr OT rypcKHJI
!lnpl!<aBeH ,L\'hJir 3apa,L1J/I repwropwHTe, nony'leHH rrpe3 1913 r., 6JIM30 3 MJip,LI. B'bTpe-
IIIeH ,!l'bJir, OKOJIO 600 MJIH JIB. Hel13IIJiaTeHJ1 peKB113HqJrn OT BpeMeTO Ha BOi1Hara, cra-
pw npep;BoettHM ,L\'bp)l(aBHJ/I ,Ll'hJiroBe w .LIP· OrneH TOB a cTpattara e p;JI'b)l(Ha ,Lia 113,ll'bp)l(a
C'brJiallJeHCKl1Te 0Kyrran;110HH11 BOMCKH ,LIO BJIJ13aHeTO Ha p;oroBopa B CJ.ilia 11 MHO)l(e-
CTBO KOHTpOJIHl1 opraH11 cnep; TOBa, p;a ornryp11 IIOMOID;M M penaTpHpatte Ha nrreHH11-
l\MTe, o6e3Il\eTeHHe Ha C'bKpaTeHHTe ocpwn;epH 11 neHC1111 Ha Bp;OB11qM M rnpaq11, p;a
113/l'bp)l(a HaeMHa apMMJI, p;a H3rrJiall\a l1MOT11, npaBa 1111HTepern, yBpep;eH11 npe3 Boil:-
Haratta nop;aHHD;H Ha C'brJiaIIIeHcK11Te p;'bp)KaB11 u p;p. 06rn;11JIT p;'hnr Ha EonrapMR K'bM
31 MapT 1920 r. e OKOJIO 22 Mnpp;. JIB. <DirnaHcoBara 11 BanyrnaTa KpH3a ce 113ocrpRT
aaeAHO c Te)f(KMTe con;11anH11 npo6neMH - Hep;ocr11r Ha 3eMR, npexpaHa, 6e3pa6oruqa,
lKwmm~Ha KpM3a 11 HenpeK'bCHaTM rrpwToq11 Ha 6e)KaHqM OT 3ary6em1Te Tep11TOp1111.
295
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B TaKaBa o6crnHOBKa E3HC np11cTDnBa K'bM CBOJITa pecpopMeHa .n;euttocT. Ca-

MOCTOJITeJIHOTO 3eMe,n;encKO npaB11TeJICTBO He OIIOBeCTJIBa CBOJITa nporpaMa J1Jll1
rrnaTcpopMa 3a ynpaBneH11e. Tip11eMa ce, qe nporpaMaTa Ha Koan111.~110HHOTO npaB11-
Tencrno Ha An. CTaM6on11ucK11 cny))(11 11 Ha x0Morem-10To. TipaB11TencTBOTO pa3rpo-
I.Qa nmpoKa 3aKoHo,n;aTenHa .n;ettHOCT coo6pa3HO c nporpaMaTa Ha E3HC OT 1919 r.
Tip1rnaraHeTo Ha COQ11aJIH0-11KOHOMl1l.feCKaTa pecpopMeHa nporpaMa Ha E3HC, MO-
.n;epH11311paHeTo 11 ,n;eM0Kpar11311paHeTo Ha cTpaHaTa HanaraT peopraH11311pattero Ha
,ll;bp)!(aBH11Jl arrapaT, OBJia,n;JIBaHeTO Ha o6I.Q11H11Te 11 0Kpb)!(H11Te C'bBeT11. Tio,n;MJIHaTa
Ha 'Il1HOBH11'IecK11JI anapaT ce 113Bopnrna qacT11qHo KaKTO nopa.n;11 He,n;ocT11r Ha no11-
roTBeH11 3eMe,n;enQ11, TaKa 11 rropa.n;11 HJIK011 BbTpenrnonapT11ttHl1 pa3m1l.f11H. IloeMai!-
K11 BJiaCTTa, E3HC He OTMeHJI BOeHHOTO IIOJIO)!(eH11e 11 QeH3ypaTa cpeI.Qy K011TO ce
6op11 KaTO OI103HQ110HHa c11na.
3aKOH'bT 3a Tpy,n;oBaTa II03eMJieHa co6crneHOCT (BC'bl.QHOCT arpapHa pecpopMa)
B'bBe)!(.n;a JIJ1M11T OT 300 ,n;Ka 3a Bna.n;eeHe Ha 06pa6ornaeM11 IIJIOI.QH. TR npe,n;BJ,D!<):\a or-
qy)!(,n;aBaHe Ha Bc11qK11 He o6pa6oTBaHH Henocpe,n;cTBeHo OT co6crneH11Ql1Te rn 3eM11:
H11B1111 n11Ba,n;11 Ha,n; 300 ,n;Ka, rop11 l1 rrac11~a Ha,n; 500 ,n;Ka . 3eMe,n;enQ11Te MoraT .n;a 3ana-
3JIT 3eMJITa c11, aKo ,n;eKnap11paT, qe I.Qe JI M3IIOJI3BaT 3a 11H,n;ycTp11anH11 npe.r:1np11l!T11J1,
CB'bp3aHJ1 C'bC 3eMe,n;eJICKOTO npOI13BO,ll;CTBO, 11Jl11 aKO JI npeB'bpHaT B JI03H, rpa1111tt11
l1 nac11I.Qa. Or orqy)!(,n;eH11Te 11 ,n;op))(aBH11Te ce o6pa3yBa .n;op)!(aBeH no3eMJieH cpott11,
OT KOMTO ce pa3,n;aBaT 3eM11 Ha 6e311MOTH11 11 MaJI011MOTH11 ceJIJIH11, a C'b~O TaKa 11 Ha
XJ1JIJI,ll;J1Te 6e)!(aHQ11 OT OTK'bCHaT11Te 11 .n;a,n;eHJ1 Ha C'bce,n;H11Te crpaHJ1 6omapCK11 rep11-
Top1111. qpe3 pecpopMaTa ce pa3IIOK'bCBaT 11 C'bC11IIBaT rroseqeTO OT MaJIKOTO ypeAeHll
c Mo,n;epHI1 Mero.n;11 11 rexHonor1111 cTonaHCTBa. E,n;HoBpeMeHHO ce np11eMa 11 3aKOH 3a
yBen11qaBaHe Ha Abp)!(aBHl1Te 3eMl1, crrope.n; KOMTO npo.n;a)!(611re Ha 3eMH cne.r:1 17 cpes-
pyap11 1920 r. ce o6JIBJIBaT 3a He,n;eticrn11TeJIH11. Tip11 113II'bJIHeHJ1eTo MM ce .n;orryCKaT
MHoro napyweH11JI.
Op11r11HanHa e npaB11TeJICTBeHaTa 11,n;eJI, 3acT'bIIeHa B np11eT11JI 3aKoH 3a rpy110-
BaTa IIOBMHHOCT. Tow e np11eT Ha 28 Matt 1920 r., a npe3 eceHTa Ha c. r. e 06Hapo11saH
TipaBJ1JIH11K 3a ycTpOttCTBOTO 11 cny)!(6ara Ha rpy,n;oBaTa IIOBHHHOCT. 3aKOHOrrpoeK-
T'bT ce C'bCT011 OT 32 qneHa. Ha 3a,ll;'bJI))(l1TeneH o6I.QeCTBeH rpy.n; rro.n;ne)!(aT Mna.n;e)!(HTe
:Ha.n; 20 r. Bb3pacT, ,n;eBottK11Te Ha,n; 16. TexHMJIT Tpy.n; ce l13IIOJI3Ba B'bB Bcw-1K11 orparnu
Ha CTOIIaHCTBOTO 11 6naroycrpoucTBOTO: cTpOe)!( Ha II'bTJ1I.Qa, )!(II JI11HH11, )!(11Jll11J..\a,
npoKapBaHe Ha KaHaJIM, Bo,n;onp0Bo,n;11, TenecpoHHl1 l1 renerpacpH11 n11H1111, npecyma-
BaHe Ha 6naTa, Kop11r11paHe Ha peK11, o6pa6orKa Ha .n;op)!(aBH11 cronaHcTBa, pa6ora
B Ml1H11, cpa6p11K11 l1 .n;p. Tpy.n;osaTa TIOBl1HHOCT e JIJ1qHa, HMKaKBO 3aMecTBaHe 11nu
orno6o:>K,n;aBaHe He ce .n;onycKa - c l13KJIIO'IeH11e Ha 6onH11Te 11 tte.n;oras11Te. Hel1Hara
npo.n;on:>K11TeJIHOCT e 12 Mece~a 3a M'b:>KeTe 11 6 MeceQa 3a )!(eH11Te, Karo rpu Mecel\a or
T03l1 cpoK ce 3a,n;enJI 3a 06I.Qoo6pa30BaTeJIHa 11 npocpec11ottantta no.n;rornsKa. I1pe11-
BH))(,n;a ce l1 BpeMeHHa rpy,n;oBa TIOB11HHOCT OT 3-28 ,ll;H11 caMO 3a M'b)!(eTe Ha 20-50 r.
Bb3pacT np11 eKCTpeHH o6CTOJITeJICTBa.
?.%
HOBA E'b!IFAPCKA MCTOPMH (1878-1944)
IIpMllO)f(eHMeTO Ha Tpy;o;oBaTa TIOBMHHOCT, pnKOBO;D;eHa OT 3anarnm1 reHepan

v'.IBaH PyceB 65 , 3anoqBa c BpeMeHHaTa. IIpe3 l920 r. TR e ;o;eceTp;HeBHa M ce npoBe:>Kp;a B
rrep110;o;a 1 OKTOMBPM 1920-15 MapT 1921. B HeR yqacTBaT 77 4 000 ;o;yum M MHoro ;o;o-
6posom.~M. Ilo ocpm..~MaJIHM p;aHHM ca npoKapaHM 196 KM HOBM rnoceTa M nonpaBeHM
108 KM cTapM, 435 KM Me)l(;o;yceJICKM TI'bTMll\a M 329 ymn~M, so;o;onpOBO;D;M, TIOCTpOeHM
ca 108 HOBM MOCTa M nonpaBeHM qernMH, Kllap;em~M. Ha MHOro MeCTa ce M3BnprnBa
3anecJ1BaHe. BnB BpeMeHHaTa noBMHHOCT yqacTBaT M yqall\MTe ce. B CTpaHaTa ce npo-
Be)J():la Tpy;o;oBa cep;MMQa 3a yq:wTeJIM M yqeHMQM OT srnqK:w yqwrrMll\a, YHMBepcwTeTa
11 Xy):lo:>KeCTBeHaTa aKap;eMMJI. Te pa6ornT no 6rraroycTpoRBaHeTO Ha yqe6HMTe crpa-
111111 reXHMTe p;BopoBe MJIM no 3arrernBaHeTO. IIpe3 1921 r. e B'bBep;eHa M pe;o;osHaTa
rpyAoBa noBMHHOCT, HO c MHoro TPYAHOCTM M npeqKM. TR cpell\a Bn3pa)l(eHMRTa Ha
C'bCe):\MTe HM, KOMTO JI onpep;eJIJIT KaTO np:wKpMTa BOeHHa opraHM3aQMJI.
IhpBMRT Tpy;o;oB Ha6op ce CBMKBa npe3 1921 r. Cn6:wpaT ce 10 500 Tpy;o;oBaQM OT
BCJ1qKo 47 369 nop;Jie)f(alQM Ha Tpy;o;oBa TIOBMHHOCT. HeroBOTO opraHM3MpaHe e noeTo
or HOBwR ;o;11peKTop Ha Tpy;o;oBaTa noBMHHOCT Xp. CTORHOB, 3eMep;erreQ. Tpyp;oBMTe
'!acrn ca pa3npe;o;erreHM na 73 o6eKTa M3 QRIIaTa CTpaHa. Ilo-Ba:>KHMTe OT TRX ca: OKO-
noBpncTHOTO rnoce Ha Cocp1rn, rnoceTaTa lIIyMeH- IIpernaB, CoqmR-Epe3HMK, Kap-
n0Bo-Krr11cypa-II:wp;o;on, )f(TI JIMHMMTe Tyrroso-Ka3aHJI'bK, CenreMsp:w- Berr:wttrpa;o;,
ropcKwre cronaHCTBa B lOH;o;orra M KaMq11ii:cKaTa rrnaHMHa M AP· IloA HaTMCKa Ha
Boettttara cnrnarneHcKa KOMMCMJI ce BHacRT M3MeHeHMR B 3aKoHa 3a TPYAOBaTa no-
BMHHocr. ,UonycKa ce oTKynyBatte tta rpy;o;osara noBHHHOCT, cHw:>KaBa ce Bn3pacTTa,
ttaMamma ce BpeMeTpaeneTo if. HacTonBa npoMRHa B opraHH3aQMRra if - OCHOBHM
eg11HwQM CTaBaT ap;MMHMCTpaTMBHMTe oKpn3M, pnKOBO.[(eHM or rpy;o;os:w 610pa M OK-
po)J(HW rpy;o;om1 C'bBeTM.
Do BpeMe Ha 3eMep;eJICKOTO ynpaBJieH:we ce nocr11ra cpaKT:wqecKo cra6wrrM3Hpane
Ha neBa M ce npeop;oJIRBa rne;o;soeHttara cronaHcKa pa3pyxa. TI poMettMTe B p;aHnqnaTa
rncreMa crasar qpe3 TPM 3aKOHa - 3a p;aH'bKa Bnpxy 0611\MR AOXOA, 3a p;aH'bKa Bnpxy
65 l1Ban ATanacoB PyceB e po.i:1eH Ha 27 HoeMspn 1872 r. B lllyMeH. 3asopnrna BoenHoro yi:m-
m1111e B Coqm.11 (1892) 11 BoeHHa aKa):leMwJI B CaHKT ITerep6ypr (1900). C11e.i:1 3aBpoll1aHero CJ11 B
E'hllrap1rn 3aeMa pa3JIMqHJ1 rrocrose B apM11.11ra. ITpe3 EanKaHcKara soi1Ha (1912-1913) e Haqa11HwK
Ha I11a6a Ha 8-Ma rrexorna ,[ll1Bl13l1JI. ITo speMe Ha ITopsara CBeTOBHa sot'rna (1915-1918) e HaqaJIHJ11K-
U1a6 Ha Bropa apMMJI (1914-1916), KOMaH,L1l1p Ha Bropa 11 Ha Ce11:Ma rrexorna /J:l1BM311H (1916-1918).
IIpe3 1918 reH. Pyces rrpeMJllHasa B 3anaca. Tofte rnaseH 11:11peKrop Ha Tpy11:osa rros11HHocr (1920-
1921) npl1 npas11rencrnoro Ha Arr. CraM6orrwi1:cKw. AKTJllBeH q11eH Ha BoeHHHH C'bl03 l1 HapOAHWH
crosop, MsaH Pyces e cpe.i:1 ocHOBHMTe opram13aropw Ha ,[(eseTOIOHCKHJI npeBpar rrpe3 1923. C11e.i:1
Hero rot'! e BorperneH MMHHCThp B ,LIB ere rrpaswrerrcrna Ha ,[(eM0Kpar11qecKHH crosop, BOAeHH or An.
l.\aHKOB. Mrpae sa)l<Ha porr.11 B rrpernqaHero Ha conporJ11aara Ha E3HC rne11: npespara J11 B rroryrna-
Battero Ha CenreMBpJ11i1cKoro BocraHMe, KaKro H B norne11:san11re perrpeCMH cpell1y rresm-1ara. C11e11:
pa3Ael!HHero Ha ,[(eM0Kpar11qecKHJI crosop rrpe3 1932 ce BKmoqsa B HapoAHOTO co1111arrHo ,[IBJll:>Ke-
Hl!e Ha ~aHKOB, HO rrpe3 1934 ro HarrycKa. Tou e napo11:eH npe11:cras11ren B XXI (1923-1927), XXII
(1927-1931), XXIII (1931-1934) H XXV (1940-1944) OHC. Cne11: )J;eaerocenreMBp11i1cKJ11JI rrpeapar
rrpe3 1944 Pyces e oco,[leH Ha CMopr 3a yqacr11ero CJll B XXV OHC. ITp11co11:ara e orMeHeHa c Perne-
Hl!e NQ243 Ha BopxoBHHJI Cb.LI or 1996.
297
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cne~HaJIHlil ,[\eKnapaQHH, no.z:1ap;eHH OT ,[\aH'bKOrrJiaTQHTe. Ilpe,LIBH)l(,[la ce Heo6naraeM
eK3HCTeHQ- Mli!HlilMYM OT 3 000 JIB fO,[\lilllieH ,[\OXO,[\ 3a caM qoseK H 5 000 3a cpe11Ho
fOJIRMO ceMeMCTBO. L(oXO,[\HTe Ha,[\ Te3lil pa3MepH ce o6naraT nporpecHBHO OT 2 AO
35%. EpreHHTe OT 30 AO 50 r. ce o6naraT .z:IOII'bJIHHTeJIHO c 10%. 3aKOH'bT 3a AaHoKa
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BeH ,[\aH'bK Bnpxy sclilqKli!Te li!M neqan611. L(py)f(ecTBarn ca pa3p;eJieHH Ha 4 Karerop1111
cno6pa3HO poJIRTa HM B cTonaHcKHR )l(HBOT. Tol1 li!Ma aqrnHHTeT K'bM Koonepal\11HTe
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pynsaHeTo Ha KanY1TaJil1 OT TRX. 3aKOHonpoeKT'bT 3a ,[\aH'bK Bnpxy HMOTHOTO C'bCTO-
RHHe pemaMeHTHpa no C'bI.QeCTBO t133eMBaHeTO Ha qacT OT KaIIHTaJIYITe IIOA cpopMa
Ha e,[\HOKpaTeH rrporpec11BeH ,[\aH'bK, KaTO o6naraHeTO ,[\OCT11ra AO 32%. Tot'! KaKro 11
3aKottonpoeKTa 3a 6nnrapcKH p;np)l(aBeH 5% BnTpellieH 3a,[\'bJI)l(t1TeJieH 3aeM ce np11-
eMaT c MHoro pe3epBlil.
Ilpe.z:1npHeMaT ce nnpBHTe peaJIHH MepKt1 3a HaCTaHRBaHe Ha 6e)l(aHQt1Te 11 o6e3-
neqasaHe Ha nOMHH'bKa HM. 3a KpaT'bK nepYIO,[\ 6po>I Ha 6e)f(aHQt1Te ,[\OCTl1ra 400 Xl1-
JIR,[\H. foJIRMa qacT npHCTHraT c MaJIKO nOK'bl..QHt1Ha YI .z:10611T'bK, a qeCTO J.1 6e3 Hl111\0.
KoHBeHQt1RTa 3a ".z:106posorrHo" H3CeJIBaHe Me)l(AY Enrrrap:trn H fnpQH>I ype)!(Aa 11My-
1..QecTBemne npo6rreM11 Ha 6e)l(aHQHTe OT Eret1:CKa MaKe.z:IOHHR 11 3arra,[\Ha TpaK11J1.
CMeceHaTa KOMHCH>I no np11Jio)l(eH11eTo Ha KOHBeHQMRTa ce yqpe,LIRBa rrpe3 AeKeMBp11
1920 r., a 3anoqsa pa6orn ep;sa npe3 1922 r 11 AO KpaR Ha 3eMe,[\eJicKoTO yrrpasneH11e
p;a)Ke He OQeHRBa 11MOTt1Te Ha 6e)KaHQHTe. 3a 6nrrrap11Te OT JifaToqHa TpaK11>I, MaKe-
.z:IOHlilR, ,[(06py.z:1)Ka t1 3arra,[\HJ1Te noKpal1Ht1Hl1 H>IMa 11 KOHBeHQYIR 11 Te He pa3'111TaT
Ha HJ11..QO. L(np)KaBaTa cnellIHO flil CHa6p;>IBa c IIO,[\CJIOH J.1 HM Tnpor npem1Tatt11e. KoM
MC ce C'b3,[\aBa foopo 3a 3aceJIBaHe Ha 6e)KaHQl1Te, omaseHo OT BYl.z:IHl1R MaKeAOHCKll
.z:1eeQ fbopqe IleTpoB. IIp11eTHRT 3aKOH 3a 3aceJIBaHe Ha 6e)l(aHQl1Te YI o6e3rre'!aBaHe
Ha noMJ1H'bKa HM e on11T QRJIOCTHO ,[\a ce pellIJ.1 6e)KaHCK:trn B'bnpoc. Ilpep;B11)1(Aa ce
oTnycKaHe Ha 3eMR - AO 50 ,[\Ka B norrcKt1Te pal10H11, p;o 80 ,[\Ka B norryrrrraH11HcK11re 11
AO 120 ,[\Ka B nJiaHJ1HCKJ.1Te. 03eMJIRBaHeTO CTaBa 3a CMeTKa Ha ,L\'bp)KaBHl1 11 6e3CTO-
naHCTBeHJ1 3eMt1, MaHaCT11pCKl1, BaK'bcpCKl1 t1 q11cpJIHllIKt1, KOHTO He ce o6pa6ornar.
IlorryqeHarn 3eMR e ocso60.z:1eHa OT ,[\aH'bQt1 3a 5 ro,[\MHH. 3a CTpoe)K Ha )Kt1Jil11.L\a 11 no-
MHH'bqHH crpa.z:111, 3a 3aKyrrysaHe Ha HHBeHTap 11 .z:106HT'bK 6e)KaHQt1Te l1MaT npaBO Ha
3aeM OT :03:0 AO 20 000 JIB. c JIHXBa 1% nO-Bt1COKa OT o6t1KHOBeHaTa. fapaHT11paHJ1 ca
HM 11 .z:1pyrn yrrecHeHMR: 6e3nJiaTeH AnpBen cTpo11TeJieH MaTep11aJI, 6e3nJiaTeH npeB03
Ha noK'bl..QHMHa, .z:10611T'bK, HHBeHTap 11 np. CaM no ce6e c11 3aKOH'bT e CBl1Aerencrno
3a 3arpt1)1(eHocTTa H )l(eJiaHMeTo .z:1a ce HanpaBH MaKct1MaJIHOTO np11 orpaH11'!em1re
B'b3MO)KHOCTt1 Ha CTpaHaTa.
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298
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Ka. B HeJI 'IJieHyBaT caMo C'bI03Hl1 'IJieHoBe Ill KoonepaTJ1IBHl1 c.n;py)!(eHJl!JI. Hau-roJIJIMa
rpw)!(a B o6nacTTa Ha KoonepaT11BHOTO p;eno 6eJcnopHo e KoHcopQillYM'bT. <PopMaJIHO
TOM C'bIQecrnysa OT 5 .n;eKeMBp11 1919 r., HO peaJIHO 3aIIO'-!Ba .n;a <PYHKQJl!OHillpa e.n;Ba
B Ha'-laJIOTO Ha 1920 r. IIo BpeMe Ha JeMe.n;encKoTO npaBJl!TeJICTBO HeroB p;IllpeKrnp e
3eMep;eneQ'bT .n;-p J1JI11R Kapa.n;)l(OB, rop11cT. C'b3)l;aBa ce 11 neT'!JieHeH KOHTpoJieH C'b-
ser Ha KoHcopQ11yMa. II'hpBoHa'laJIHillTe Tpy.n;HoCTJ/l p;oBe)!(.n;aT .n;o rrpoMJIHa. IIpilleT e
3aKOH 3a Jll3MeHeHl1e Ha 3aKOHa 3a 3'bpHeHJ.!Te xpaHI1 Ill npOill3Bep;eHJ1JITa OT TRX Ha 30
HOeMBPill 1920 r .. C'brnacHo Hero B'bHIIIHaTa ThproBWJI c'bc 3npHeHJ/l xpaHJ/l ce MOHO-
rrom13Illpa OT KoHcopQ11yMa. IIo peIIIeHJ/le Ha npaBJl!TeJICTBOTO KoHcopQillYM'bT Mo)!(e
ga rrpe.n;ocTaBl1 'laCT OT xpaH11Te 3a B'bTpeIIIHMJI na3ap. BnTpeIIIHaTa T'bproBJl!R ocrnBa
cso6op;Ha, HO no.n; KOHTpona Ha KoHcopQillyMa. IIornep;HMJIT OTKpillBa mow areHTY-
p11 w 6opC11 Ja c'b611paHe Ha xpaH11Te. IIoCTeneHHO KoHcopQ11yM'bT ce yTB'bp)!(.n;aBa
Karo p;np)!(aBHO-KOOIIepaTl1BHa opraHl13aQl1JI 3a T'bproBl1JI 11 l13HOC caMO Ha 3'bpHeHH
xpamt YcTaHOBRBa npeK11 ThproBCKl1 Bp'b3Kl1 c )!(l1TapcK11 qi11pM11 B IIttpeR, AHBepc,
B11rna 11 .n;p. OT peKOJITaTa npe3 1920 r. B KoHcopQttyMa nocT'bIIBaT Ha.n; 6 XMJI. BaroHa
xpaHw, IIO'ITl1 BCJ1'IKl1 l13HeceH11 B ABcTpillR, fnpQ11JI 11 TypQ11R.
C sa)l(HO 3Ha'leH11e e 3aKOH'bT 3a Bo.n;H11Te c11Hp;11KaTH. Tow Qen11 .n;a ce pa3Bl1e 11
MogepH11311pa 3eMe.n;en11eTO qpe3 C'b3)l;aBaHe Ha HaIIOJ1TeJIHl1 Cl1CTeMl1 11 ornrypRBaHe
Ha eneKTpill'Iecrno. IIopa.n;11 3aTpy.n;tteHl1RTa Ha .n;np)l(aBaTa l13rpa)!(p;aHeTo Ha JI30B11-
p11, eJieKTPOQeHTpaJil1, OTBO)l;Hl1TeJIHJ1 CJ1CTeMl1 Ill .n;p. ce Jll3B'bpIIIBa no KOOnepaTJl!BeH
Ha'!WH OT CI1H)l;l1KaTl1. 3aKOH'bT e pa3pa6oTeH B .n;yxa Ha npycKOTO 3aKOHo.n;aTeJICTBO
3a BO,llHMTe Cl1JIJ1. IIpe.n;BM)l(.n;a o6pa3yBaHeTO Ha BO.D;Hl1 CillH.D;l1KaJIHl1 c.n;py)!(emrn 3a
HarrmrnaHe, npol13BO.D;CTBO Ha eneKTpM'IeCKa eHeprnR, yKpenBaHe Ha pe'IH11 6peroBe
11 rropott, OTBO)l;HRBaHe Ha 6JiaTa J1 MO'IYPJIIllBl1 MeCTa, ornrypRBaHe J1 no.n;p;'bp)!(aHe Ha
rrnasareJIHOCT Ha peK11 l1 np. KaTo C'bCTaBHa qacT Ha JaKoHa e rrp11ern 06IQa p;'bp)!(aB-
Ha rrporpaMa 3a BO)l;l1Te, C'bCTORIQa ce OT 8 rJiaBl1. TR e 11HTepec .n;oKyMeHT, CBl1)l;eTeJICT-
Ba~ 3a aM611Ql1RTa Ha E3HC .n;a 113.n;urne 11KoHoM11'lecK11 11 Mop;epH11311pa cTpaHaTa.
06~ara .n;np)l(aBHa Il0JIVITJ1Ka e HaCO'leHa K'bM 3eMep;eJIJ1eTO, HO B nepcneKTl1Ba 11 K'bM
eneKrp11<P11KaQl1R Ha CTpaHaTa 11 C'b3)l;aBaHe Ha 11H.n;ycTp11R. 3aKOH'bT e rrp11eT pa.n;yIII-
HO OT HaceJieH11eTO 11 CKopo B'b3Hl1KBaT CJ1H)l;l1KaTl1 3a HaIIORBaHe, eJieKTp11<P11KaQl1R
299
Pocu~a AH2enoaa
M oTBo,n;mrnaHe - B qenenape, KpI·f'rnM, CnMBeH, CeBrrtteBo, JioBeq H ,n;p. Cpe.n; Hal1-

H3BecTHHTe u roneMYI CYIH,D;YIKaTYI e "B'bqa" B KpYiqYIM.
URna cepYIR 3aKOHYI ca rnacyBaHYI B o6nacTTa Ha Hapo,n;HoTo npoCBel.I..\eHYie 11 Kyn-
TYPHYITe YIHCTYITY™· C'bc 3aKoH ce yBerrMqaBa Kpe,n;YITa 3a nocTpo11:Ka Ha yqYIJIM~a OT
20 ,n;o 120 MJIH JIB., a npe3 1921 r. Ta3YI I..\Mcppa e y,n;BoeHa. OrneH ToBa Ha 0611\MHHTe ce
,n;aBa npaBo ,n;a ce cHa6,n;RT c p;'bpBeH MaTepMan OT p;'bp)l(aBHYITe ropYI M .n;a ro npeB03BaT
6e3nJiaTHO no )l(eJie3HYII..\YITe. Pa3perneHo e .n;a ce YI3nOJI3Ba Tpy.n;a Ha Tpy.n;oBa~HTe 3a
YI3B'bprnBaHe Ha npe.n;BapttTeJIHMTe pa6oTM. Te3YI ynerneHYIR ca YI3nOJI3Bam1 YI 3a Tp11-
ro.n;MrnH0To ynpaBJieHYie Ha E3HC ca noCTpoeHYI 401 yqYIJIYil.I..\a. BpaTYI OTBapR npe3
yqe6HaTa 1920-1921 r. Oll\e e.n;Ho BYicrne yqYIJIYil.I..\e - T. Hap CBo6o,n;eH YHYIBeprnTeT 3a
noJIYITYiqecKYI YI COQHaJIHYI HayKH. Cnel..\YiaJIHa KOMMCMR no.n;roTBR OTKpYIBaHeTO Ha
noJIMTeXHMKa. YBeJIMqeHa e cy6cM)l;YIRTa Ha BAH.
EM6JIMOTeqHoTo .n;eno C'bl.I..\O ce noJI3Ba c rpYI)l(YITe Ha npaBYITeJicTBoTo. YBeJIM'·IeHa
e cyMaTa 3a 3aKynyBaHe Ha KHYirH OT Hapo,n;HaTa 6YI6JIYIOTeKa. TipYieMa ce 3aKoH 3a
.n;en03ttpaHe Ha neqaTHYI M JIYITorpacpcKH npoYI3Be.n;eHYIR B Hapo.n;HYITe 6u6m10TeK11.
C'bl.I..\ecTByBal.I..\MRT ,n;oToraBa .n;eno3YIT ce yBeJIMqaBa OT 4 Ha 10 6poR (3a Hapo.n;Hara,
TinoB,n;ttBcKaTa M BenMKOT'bpHoBcKaTa 6M6JIMOTeKa), noCTaBRT ce no-BHCOKH 11311c-
KBaHYIR K'bM ocpopMJieHHeTO Ha ,n;eno3MTHMTe neqaTHYI l13)l;aHYIR. fJiacyBaH e 3aKOH 3a
yqpe.n;RBaHe Ha )l;OCT'bnHYI Hapo.n;HYI 6YI6JIMOTeKYI npe3 HOeMBpYI 1920 r. B rpa.n;oBeTe 11
cpe,n;Hl.I..\HMTe ceJia. I1olI3BaHeTo HM e 6e3nJiaTHO YI cnoMaraT 3a nOB)l;MfaHe ,n;yxoBHl1JI
ypoBeH Ha 6'bJirapCKOTO 061.1..\eCTBO.
3eMe.n;eJICKOTO npaBYITeJICTBO npoRBRBa BHMMaHHe M rplil)l(YI 3a .n;eMQYITe Ha H3KY-
CTBOTO YI oco6eHO 3a nYICaTeJIYITe. E.n;Ha qacT OT TRX ca npMBJieqeHH Ha pa6oTa Karo
aTarneTa no neqaTa K'bM neral..\YIYITe YI .n;pyru no.n;xo.n;Rll\M )l;JI'b)l(HOCTH. TaKa MoBKOB e
YI3npaTeH B EyKypel.I..\KaTa rreral..\M.R, a Teo.n;op TpMHOB B Epernay. OpraHYI3Hpa ce Bce-
Hapo.n;Ho qecTBaHe Ha 70-ro.n;mnHYIHaTa Ha J1BaH Ba3oB, yBeJIYiqeHYI ca neHrnHTe Ha
Ba3oB M CTO.RH MMxa:CrnoBCKM, KaKTO M Ha B)l;OBMI..\YITe Ha K. BeJIYiqKoB, Kp. KpncTeB
YI I1eTKO To.n;opoB.
TipMeT e 3aKOH 3a TIOOl.I..\peHMe Ha po.n;HaTa JIJllTepaTypa YI M3KYCTBO. Hero Jil1-c

TepaTypaTa YI M3KYCTBOTO ce nocTaBRT no.n; p'bKOBO)l;CTBOTO YI KOHTpona Ha MMHJ1C-
TepcTBOTO Ha nporneTaTa. B MCTopMRTa npaBMTeJICTBOTO BJIM3a M c npasorrnrnara
pecpopMa. E3HC ce CTpeMM K'bM onpoCTeH M oc'bBpeMeHeH npaBonMc, cno6pa3eH c
roBopYIMYI.R e3YIK. Cnel..\HaJIHO Ha3HaqeHo KOMYICHR OT cpMlIOJI03M, Haqeno c An. Te-
o.n;opoB-EarraH ce npoM3Harn no npaBorrnca. C noCTaHOBJieHMe OT 28 IOHYI 1921 r. ce
B'bBe)l(.n;aT rne.n;HYITe M3MeHeHYIR: 'b M h ce YI3Ba)l(.n;aT OT ynoTpe6a, .RTOBaTa rnarna ce
3aMeHR c E, a cnoMaraTeJIHlil.R rnaroJI c MaJIKa YI roJIRMa HOCOBKa .n;a ce 3aMeHH c A.
HoBMRT npaBonYic ce B'bBe)l(,n;a OT 1 IDJIM 1921 r. 11 e 3ap;'bJI)l(J11TerreH 3a yqHllHll\aTa,
yqpe)l(p;eHMRTa YI neqaTHMTe M3p;aHMR. HanaraHeTo MY cTaBa M'bqHo.
HaiiI-Ba)l(HaTa pecpopMa B o6nacTTa Ha o6pa30BaH11eTo 6e3cnopHo e H3MeHe-
HYieTo Ha 3aKoHa 3a Hapo,n;HoTo npoCBel.I..\eHMe. C Hero ce B'bBe)l(,n;a 3a,[\'bJI)!(HTenHo 11
6e3nJiaTHO ce,n;eMrOAMillHO o6pa30BaH11e 3a Ael..\aTa AO 14-ro,n;MrnHa B'b3pacT. Ornos-
HOTO o6pa30BaHHe BKJIIOqBa J.1 ,[\eTCKO yq11JIJ111.I..\e sa ,[\eQaTa OT 5 ,n;o 7 fO,[\MHM. TinpBo-
HaqaJIHO yqJllJIMl.I..\e (I-IVKrrac) Tp.R6Ba ,[\ace OTKpMe B'bB BC.RKO cello YIJIYI 3a HRKOJIKO
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HOBA E'b!II'APCKA UCTOPJilJI (1878-1944)
C'bCe,[IH11, OTCTORil\11 Ha He IIOBe'-!e OT 3 KM. Cerra, K011TO l1MaT Ha,[\ 20 Ae11a C'bC C'bll\11.ll
6pow )"feHl11\l1 ce OTKp11BaT JII npomMHa31111 (V-VII KJiac). no OTKp11BaHe Ha npomM-
Ha31111 B'bB BC11'IKJII ceJia o611\JIIH11Te ce 3aA'bJI)!(aBaT Aa OTKp11.llT AHeBHl1, Be'IepHJII 11
npa3Hl1'IHJII KypcoBe 3a AeQaTa, HeHaB'bpllII1III1 14 f0,[111Hl1, K011TO H.llMaT B'b3MO)KHOCT
,11a nocell\aBaT npor11MHa3J11.ll. Pa3nrnpRBa ce Mpe)!(ara OT IIeAarom'IeCKJII y'I11JI1111\a 11
riurencK11 l1HCT11TYTM 11 ce no,[\o6pRBaT TexH11Te nporpaM11. B o6rracTTa Ha cpeAHOTO
o6pa30BaH11e HOBOCT e T. Hap. "pearrKa" - II'bpB11Te rp11 Krraca crreA npor11MHa311RTa,
KoRro crnBa npexoA KbM r11MHa311RTa 11 cne1111anH11Te y'I11JI1111\a.
HoB11RT 3aKoH AaBa np11op11TeT Ha npocpernoHaJIHl1Te 11 cne1111arrH11Te )"fl1lll111\a.
I1p11eMaHeTo B TRX cTaBa 6e3 113II11T 11 c no-H11cKa TaKca. HoBOB'bBeAeH11.ll l1Ma 11 B'bB
s11crnern o6pa30BaH11e. XyAo)KeCTBeHo-11H,llyCTp11aJIHOTO )"IMJI1111\e ce npeycTpot1Ba
BXy,llo)!(ecrneHa aKa,[\eMMR, a My311KaJIHOTo yq11JI1111\e B My3uKaJIHa aKaAeM11.ll. B Co-
~11CtcKM.ll ytt11BeprnTeT ce OTKp11BaT ABa HOB11 cpaKyrrTeTa - BeTep11HapHo-MeAl11\MH-
CKl1 u noroCJIOBCK11. MeA11Ql1HCKMRT cpaKyJITeT ce pa3III11pRBa c ABe HOB11 cne1111aJI-
HOCrn:- 3'b6oneKapcTBO J1I anTeKapcrno. B'hB BapHa OTKp11Ba BpaT11 B11cIIIe T'bproBCKO
Y'!Ml!Mll\e.
3ana3Ba ce 11HTepecbT K'hM KyrrTyparn u 113KYCTBOTO. HapoAHOTO c'b6paH11e B3e-
Ma perneH11e 3a noCTpoaBaHe Ha crpaAa Ha Hapo,!IHaTa onepa Ha KOHQernoHHM Ha'-!aJia.
Ype)l{,lla ce npeHarnHeTo Ha rneHHMTe ocTaHK11 Ha II. ToAopoB 11 II. II. CrraBeMKOB OT
'lY:>K6MHa Ha Abp)KaBH11 pa3HOCK11, opraH113HpaHo e T'bp)KeCTBeHoTo MM norpe6eH11e.
rrracysaH e 3aKOH 3a EbrrrapCKl1R apxeoJIOrH'IeCKl1 MHCT11TYT (rorr11 1921), B KaK'bBTO
ce npesp'bll\a E'hnrapcKOTO apxeorrom'-!eCKo APY)!(ecrno, OTKp1.rnaT ce My3eM 11 K'hll\M-
My3e11.
CaMOCTO.llTeJIHOTO ynpaBJieH11e Ha n3HC ce xapaKTep11311pa c l1CT11HCK11 pecpop-
MeH 6yM. PecpopMeHaTa ,[\eMHOCT B ronaMa '-!aCT OT rnyqa11Te Hee c'bo6pa3eHa c Ayxa 11
6yKsara Ha KOHCTl1TYQl1.llTa. Co1111aJIHl1Te HOBOB'bBe):leHl1.ll Ha n3HC ca Kp11T11KyBam1
11 or rpa.r11114J1IOHH11Te 6yp)l<Oa3Hl1 napT1111, u OT KOMYHl1CTMTe. IIp11JIO)!(eH11ern MM ce
113BoprnBa HeKoMneTeHTHo 11 '-!ecTo e conpoBO,lleHo c Kopyn1111R.
Ha 27 cpeBpyapM 1921 r. B Cocp11R np11cT11raMe)!(.r1ycoI03Hl1'ICKaTa KOM11CH.ll B coc-
TaB: rpacp 1llep113e (ct>paH1111a), KoJIBl1H (AHrn11a) H np11HQ Eopre3e (J1TaJIMR)3aeAHO
c }:leBeT'IJieHeH ceKpeTapMaT. 3a 6bJirapCKl1 KOMHcap e onpeAeJieH P. naCKaJIOB, a 3a
Herosu IIOMOI1\Hl1QJII M. CaBoB, H. CrnRHOB M Bl1AH11.ll HKOHOM11CT K. IIonoB. Ha 10
rorr11 1921 HapOAHOTO Cb6paHJ1Ie np11eMa 3aKoH 3a crry)K6arn Ha Me)!(AYC'hI03Hl1'Ie-
cKara KOM11c11a, KOHTO B ocHOBHl1 JI11H1111 IIOBTopR nocTaHOBJieHl1RTa Ha HboMCKl1.ll
,11orosop. IIoCTeneHHO OT 0611\11 npenop'hKl1 u l1311CKBaHH.ll Me)!(AYC'hI03Hl1'-!eCKaTa
KOMl1Cl1.ll npeMl1HaBa K'bM rpy6o BMelliaTeJICTBO B IIOJIJ1Tl1KaTa Ha 3eMeAeJICKOTO npa-
BHTeJICTBO. Ta 11CKa 113MeHeH11e Ha 6IOA)!(eTa 3a 1921-1922 r., OTMRHa Ha peA1111a pe-
~opMu, B'bBeAeHM OT 3eMeAeJICKJIIR C'bI03. CT11ra ce .r10 orpaH11'-!aBaHe AeMHOCTTa Ha
Kottcop1111yMa. KoHcopu;MyMnT rneABa Aa M3KynyBa caMo nmeH1111a, p'b)!(, e'-!eMMK u
cMec. OCTaHaJI11Te 3npHeHJII xpaH11 11 BapuBaTa ocrnBaT np11 pe)!(l1M Ha rno6oAeH 113-
Hoc. IlorneABa npueMaHe Ha 14 cenTeMBp11 1921rHa3aKoHonpoeKT OTMRHa Ha KoH-
cop11uyMa. TaKa eAHa OT ocHOBHMTe AeMoKpaTH'IH11 pecpopM11 Ha E3HC ce npoBaJIR.
301
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I1pe3 HOeMBpH 1920 r. B CTpaHaTa npHCTHra Me)l():IYC'hl03HH'IeCKa BOeHHa KOMf

CH.JI 3a .r1a Ha6mo.z:1aBa KaK B'bpBH pa3op'b)l(aBaHeTo Ha 6nrrrapcKaTa apMHR. Cnrnarn
.r1orosopa 6'bJirapcKaTa apMMR TpR6Ba .r1a ce rne.z:1e .r10 20 000 HaeMHMQH nmoc 10 00
)l(aH):lapMepHR M 3000 ):lynIH rpaHwrna apMHR. I1pe3 l921 r. ce npoBe)l():la KaMnamrn3
Ha6upaHe Ha .z:106poBoJIQH. IIpou;ec'bT e Tpy.r1eH H He oKypa)l(HTeJieH. ,ll;o npoJierra H
1923 r. HaeMHaTa apMMR ,[IOCTMra 21 000 .z:IYUIM l1 e He):IMCQHTIJIMHMpaHa. I1po6JieMttT
c apMMRTa OCTaBaT Heype):leHM M HeJICHM.
4. B'humuonoAnTn'llecKn uuugnaTnBn
OT BCM"IKH no6e.r1eHH .z:l'bp)l(aBM rne.r1 KpaR Ha soCrnaTa o'brrrapHR ce HaMttpa 1
Ha:i1:-HeM3fO.z:IHO noJIO)l(eHMe. TR OTBCRK'h):le e orpa):leHa c'bc CBOM npoTMBHWl\M. Hun
e):IHa .z:1e:i1:cTBMTeJIHa mm TIOTeHu;wamia BeJIMKa CMJia HRMa no TOBa speMe Ba)l(HM MOTt1
BH .r1a 6n.r1e 6Jiaropa3noJIO)l(eHa K'bM EnrrrapHR. 3eMe):leJICKOTO npaBHTeJicTBo C'IMTH
Ba)l(Ha 3a.z:1aqa .z:1a orneTJIW 11 nonyJIRpl13Mpa 6'brrrapCKaTa Hau;110HaJIHa Kay3a B qy)!(6W
Ha. 3a u;eJITa MMHMCTepcTBOTO Ha B'bHUIHWTe pa6oTM pa3noJiara c'bc cneu;waJieH ¢ott1
"3a 3a11111Ta Ha 6'hJirapCKJ1Te Hapo):IHM MHTepec11 J1 3a 3aTI03HaBaHe Ha B'bHWHM.R CBl!'
c 6nJirapCKaTa Hapo.r1Ha Kay3a".
HaqaJioTo Ha caMOCTORTennoTo 3eMe.z:1encKo ynpasneH11e e 6enR3aHo c HOB(
B'hHIIIHOIIOJilifTM"lecKo nopa)l(eH11e 3a Enrrrap11R - 3ary6ara Ha 3anap;Ha TpaKMR. Kott
ipepeHQHRTa Ha c'brnawencKwTe c11n11 B Can PeMO npe3 arrp11n 1920 r. pewasa I.\!IJ!i
TpaKHJI p;o JI11mrnra Ha qaTaJI):l)l(a .r1a ce .z:1ap;e Ha fnpu;wR. CesnpCKlifRT .z:1orosop oKoH
"laTeJIHO y3aKOHRBa TO Ba peUie1-rne. C T03l1 p;orosop E'hrrrap11R nonyqasa Tpatt3HT npe:
f npu;11R H rno60.r1Ha 30Ha Ha Ere:i1:cKo Mope c npHcraHMll.le LJ:e.r1eara"I. 3eMe;n;errcKon
rrpas11TeJicTBO He npeKpaTJIBa npe3 u;en11R nepwo.r1 yc11nwRTa c11 3a npepewasatte H:
TpaKHMCKHR B'hnpoc. J1cKaHeTo MY e .r1a ce l1HTepHau;110Hamrnwpa p. Mapu11a u lKI
JIHHMRTa CswneHrpap;-LJ:e.z:1earaq.
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MO)l(e .r1a 3ano"IHe oipwu;waJIHl1 B'hHllIHononwT11"1ecK11 KOHTaKTlif. Ha 9 asrycr 1920 r
B IIapmK e par11ip11u;11paH .r1orosopa Me)f(.z:IY EnrrrapttR, AHflllifR, <DpaHQHJI, J/Irarrwl!
EeJirlifR 11 C11aM. TaKa ce C'b3):1aBaT ycrros11R 3a HopMaJUI3ttpaHe Ha OTHowenmira H:
EnmapttJI c .r1pyr11Te .z:l'bp)l(aBJif w 3a nptteMaHeTo :H B 06111ecTBOTO Ha Hapo;n;11Te.
3arroqsa pa6oTa 3a KOMrrrreKTOBaHeTo Ha nerau;11wTe. foaseH nyttKT Ha 6omap
cKaTa .r1wrrnoMaQ11R cTaBa Jierau;ttJITa B I1ap11)1(, 3a K'b):leTo 3aM11HaBaT reH. MIAx. Casar
]if IleTKO.n;.IleTKOB. Ilornep;Ba pa3MJIHa Ha ,[llifTIJIOMaTJif"leCKJif npe):ICTaB11TeJIIA c !Oro
rnaBlifR, qexornoBaKlif.JI, AHrn11.JI, J1 Tarr11.JI, Eerrr11.JI. BnnpeKJif orpattuqemrnra npe3 as
rycT 1920 r. 3eMe):leJICKOTO npaBHTeJICTBO TIO,[ITIMCBa TI'bpBaTa CH T'bproBCKa cnoro116:
c qexornosaKJif.JI. CBoeo6pa3HH ca OTHOllieHlif.JITa c Typu;tt.JI 11 Mrra.r1ara C'hBerCKa ll'DP
)l(aBa. Ao 1923 r. He ce ycTaHOBRBaT .r111rrrroMaTJif"leCKlif OTHOUieHJifR c Typl.ltt.R,a caMo 1
cTpaHara npucTwra npaTeHttK Ha KeMaJIHCTKOTO npam1TeJICTBo - D:)l(eBaT A6ac Ee~
Ilo HaCTO.JIBaHe Ha <DpaHI:~Jif.JI TI'bK B CTpaHaTa ce HaCTaH.JIBaT pa36MTJATe qacrn H:
LJ:ettlifKlifH, rro-K'bCHO ce ycTaHOB.JIBa .z:111nnoMaTtt"lecKa MlifClif.JI Ha u;apCKa PyrnR, npe
1920 r. ce HacramrnaT 3Hat.J11TeJIHM t.Jacrn OT pa36Mrara forna apMMR Ha 6apoH BpaH-

ren. ITpMcbCTBMeTo Ha 6enornap;a;el1cKMTe BOMCKM B EomapMR u TRXHOTO Boopo)!(a-
BaHe npep;u3BMKa npoTeCTa Ha CoBerCKa PyrnR. ITocne;a;Hara e HaRCHO, t.Je EonrapMR
e rro;a; ;a;aBJieH11eTo Ha C'bmarueHMeTo u t.Je Me)!(;a;yttapo;a;HoTo iI noJIO)KeHue He 6na-
rorrpirnTCTBa ycTaHOBRBaHeTO Ha p;MnJIOMaTMt.JeCKM OTHOIIIemrn, nopa;a;M KOeTO J1 He
HaCTORBa.
06eKTJ.1BHa cTpaTefMt.JeCKa QeJI Ha 6omapCKara B'bHIIIHa IlOJIMTMKa Me)!(;a;y ,D;BeTe
rneTOBHlll BOMHM e peBM3MRTa Ha HbOMCKHR ;a;oroBop 11 rn ce nperne;a;Ba M3KJHOt.JM-
rentto no MvipeH TI'bT. IJ;eJITa Ha B'bnpornara peBM3HR e ttacot.Jetta B rpvi rnaBHl1 Ha-
rrpaBJieHMR: 1) HaMaJIRBaHe Ha HeTIOCl1JIHOTO 6peMe Ha penapaQMl1Te; 2) npeMaxBaHe
Ha BOeHHl1Te KJiay3M, orpaH11t.JaBaI.QH KOlIJ1t.JeCTBOTO 11 Kat.JeCTBOTO Ha 6'bmapCK11Te
Bnopo)!(eH11 c11JI111 11 caHKQHOH111paI.QM C'bI.QecrnyBattero Ha 06III111pHa ;a;eM111JI11rap11-
3ttpatta 30Ha B TpaK11R; 11 3) peBM311R Ha Tepttropttanm1re Knay3H. Henocpe;a;crneHo
cneg BOMHara o6at.Je JIHnCBaT yrnomrn, 3a ;a;a ce nptt;a;o6v1e KaK'bBTO 111 ;a;a e Harrpep;'bK
Ha BceK.11 OT rrocot.JeH11Te B'bnpoc11. HeI.Qo rroBet.Je - IOrornaBHR, f npQHR u PyM'bHMR
c 06ep;HHeH11 yc11n11R npaBRT BC11t.JKO 3a p;a He p;a;a;ar B'b3MO)!(HOCT Ha E'bmap11R ;a;a ce
C'hB3eMe Karo HepRp;Ko 3aeMaT 3annan111renHa no3HQ11R K'bM HeR.
ITptt Te311 ycnoBHH QeHTpanHa Herrocpe;a;crneHa 3ap;at.Ja Ha 6omapcKoTo npaB11-
rencrno e ;a;a pa3xna6u, a rro B'b3MO)KHOCT ;a;a pa3K'bca 3ap;yIIIaBaI.Q11R o6p'bt.I Ha 1130Jia-
J1M!lTa KaTO rnaBHO ycJIOBl1e 3a IIOCT11raHeTO Ha ocraHam1re CH B'bHIIIHOilOJI11TVIt.JeCK11
11err11. Hal1-recH11 KOHTaKT11 ce T'bprnT c IOrornaB11R. TR o6aqe OI.Qe Ha 6 HoeMBpM
1920 r. 0Kyrr11pa IJ;apvr6po;a;, Eornnerpa;a; 11 CrpyMHIIIKO. CnopH111 B'brrporn HMa 11 c
11pyrara C'bce;a;Ka - f'bpQMR. TaKa yrnn11RTa Ha CraM6on11J1cK11 ;a;a l13Bopru111 npo611B
B aHru6onrapcK11R cppoHT Ha EanKaH11re ocraBar 6e3nno;a;H11. HeI.Qo noBet.Je - npe3
1921 r. ce nonaraT ocHoB11Te Ha MaJIKOTO c'brnarnem1e, t.JHRTO QeJI e ;a;a ce rra311 6aJI-
KaHcKoro craryKBO, C'b3p;ap;eHo c'bc cnep;BoeHHMTe ;a;oroBopu.
CJIO)!(Hara o6craHoBKa He o6e3Kypa)!(aBa CraM60JIHMCKH 11 TOM rrpe,n;rrp111eMa
CBOJJTa crop;HeBHa p;MnJI0MaT11t.JeCKa nop;roroBKa (5 OKT. 1920-14 RH. 1921). Ha 5 OK-
TOMBp11 1920 r. An. CTaM6onui1cKM rroTernH 3a JloH;a;oH, Hat.Jeno Ha 12 t.JJieHHa ;a;enera-
J1H!l. 3a cBol1 3aMeCTHMK B n'bnrap11H onpep;enR An. ,Il;11Mi-1rpoB. B AHrnHR pa3roBapR
c Bttrnm p;op)!(aBHM u rroJI11T11t.JecK11 JIHQa - nopp; K'bp3oH, JI . .IJ;)!(op;a;)!(, c )!(ypHamf-
cra ):()!(. Eayq'bp, 6parnTa E'bKCTOH u ,n;p. IloceI.QaBaT pe;a;11Qa rpa;a;oBe, 11H;a;ycrpuan-
HH rrpegnpHRTHR, KOJie)Kl1, p;aBaT l1HTepBIOTa. .IJ;eneraQHRTa npecTORBa 6Jil130 MeCeQ
HB'bB cf>paHQHH. Cnep;BaT Eenr11H, lJexocnoBaKMR, ITonIIIa 11 PyMoHHH. focTyBaHe B
Eerrrpag e Kareropvtt.IHO OTKa3aHo. B CBORra ;a;urrnoMar11t.JeCKa o6HKOJIKa CraM6on111J1-
CKH wmpopMvrpa eBponetfCKaTa o6ll-lecrneHocr 3a 6omapCKaTa Kay3a vr ;a;orrp11Harn 3a
rrpweMattern Ha E'bnrap11H B 061.QeCTBOTO Ha Hapo;a;11re.
06Il\eCTBOTO Ha Hapo,n;11Te e c'b3p;ap;eHo no peIIIeH11e Ha I1ap111)!(Kara MlllpHa KOH-
¢epem-111R npe3 1919 r. 11 HeroBl1HT ycTaB e t.JacT OT ;a;oroBoprue 3a MHp. E'bmap11H
113JJBJJBa )!(eJiamre ;a;a 6'bp;e rrp11eTa Oil-le npH rro;a;roroBKara 3a CKJIIOt.JBaHe Ha MHpH111R
goroBop. EonrapcKMRT B'brrpoc ce pernaBa e;a;Ba Ha 16 ;a;eKeMBp11 1920 r. IhpBHTe pe-
ADBHM rrpe;a;craBMTemi: Ha cTpaHaTa B OH ca CB. IloMeHOB 11 K. M11HKOB, Ko11ro B3e-
Mary<rncme B 3aKp11BaHeTo Ha HeroBaTa Il'bpBa acaM6JieH. I1p111eMaHeTo Ha E'bmap11R
303
Pocu4a AHzenoBa
B OH e B'bHIIIHonon1t1TJt1qecKw ycrrex 3a 3eMe,[leJicKOTo npaBMTeJICTBO M np1t13Ham1e

3a HeroBaTa M1t1pomo61t1Ba B'bHIIIHa IlOJIJtlTJtlKa, C'bTPY.r:IHJtlqecTBO c BCJtlqKJtl CTpam1 11
c6JimKeHMe c 6anKaHCKJtlTe HapO,[IJtl.
Ycnex 3a D'bJirapm1 e yqacTMeTo :H Ha feHye3KaTa KoH¢epem.i;1t1R (anpwn-Mal!
1922 r).11pe3 Jrnyap1t11922 r. npaBMTencrnoTo nonyqaBa noKaHa OT :V1Tan1t1R Aa yqacr-
Ba B KoH¢epeHI.J;MRTa. Hei1:HaTa nporpaMa 3arnra BcJtlqKw ocHOBHM B'bnpocw Ha B'b3-
CTaHOBRBaHeTo Ha EBpona, HO np1t1 cna3BaHe Ha npe.r:1Bap1t1TenH1t1 yrnoBMR OT crpaHa
Ha rro6e.r:1eH1t1Te: ,[la He ce npoMeHR Bepcai1:CKaTa c1t1cTeMa w ,[lace npweMaT Bcwrn11 cra-
p1t1 .r:1or0Bop1t1 M 3a,[l'bJI)!(eHMR. o'bnrapcKaTa .z:1enerau;1t1R e B C'bCTaB: An. CTaM6omn'fcKV!,
M. TypnaKoB, ,[11t1peKTopa Ha ,[l'bp)!(aBHMTe ,[l'bJirOBe H. Crn.HHOB, .r:1wpe1<Topa Ha )l(eJie3-
HMI.J;WTe Bn. KapaKaIIIeB, rpyna e1<cnepTw. KaTo noMOII.J;HMK 3aMMHaBa noeTa Cepreii
PyMRHI.J;eB. K'hM .z:1enerau;1t1RTa B feHya ce np1t1c'be,[11t1HRBaT n'hnHOMOII.J;HMTe MWH11crp11
OT JloH,[IOH, Eenrpa.r:1 M PMM (.D;. CTaHqoB, K. To.r:1opoB Mr. Pa.r:1eB). OT llapmK np11crnra
JIJtlqHo 11 . .D;. lleTKOB. Ha f eHye3KaTa KoH¢epeHI.J;MR o'bnrap1t1R peanHo He npWABMlKBa
HJtlTO e,[IMH OT Ba)!(HJtlTe B'bnpocJtl, HO e nono)!(eHO HaqanOTO Ha JtlCTJtlHCKJtl MMp, /1'bp-
)!(aBaTa HM e rapaHT1t1paHa OT B'bHIIIHO Hana.r:1eH1t1e, nonyqaBa npaBa KaTo AYHaBCKa
,[l'bp)!(aBa.
Cne.r:1 KoH¢epeHI.J;MRTa B feHya 3eMe.z:1enc1<0To npaBwTencTBO npo,[l'bJI)!(aBa 11a Ha-
CTOJIBa 3a nonyqaBaHe Ha 1t13na3 npe3 aBTOHOMHa TpaKMR. B MMeTo Ha aBTOHmrna
TpaKWJI 6'bnrapCKa .z:1enerau;1t1JI Haqeno c An. CTaM6on1t1i1:cK1t1 yqaCTBa B )KeHeBCKara
cecw.R Ha OH npe3 cenTeMBpM 1922 r. ManKo no-K'bCHO rrpe3 HOeMBpH 1922 r. no HH11-
u;11aT1t1Ba Ha AHrnMR M <PpaHI.J;MJI ce CBMKBa Me)!(,[lyHapo.r:1Ha KoH¢epeHI.J;WR B Jlo3aHa
3a ype)!(,[laHe Ha 6JIJt13KOJtl3TOqHJtl.lI B'brrpoc me,[\ rp'bI.J;KO-TypcKaTa BOMHa Jt1 pe)l(Mi\la Ha
llpon1t1B1t1Te. Ha.z:1e:>K,[11t1Te Ha 3eMe.r:1encK0To npaBwTencTBO ca roneMM. llpeAH Jl03aHa
CTaM6on1t1i1:cK1t1 noceu.i;aBa EyKypeu.i; 11 Eenrpa.r:1. Ha KoH¢epeHI.J;MRTa 6'bmapcKara 11e-
nerau;m1 yqacTBa B pa6oTaTa Ha 1t1KOHOMJt1qec1<aTa KOM11CMJI. B M3no:>KeHMeTo rn CraM-
6onwi1:c1<1t1 nocoqBa 5 rryHKTa OT Y13Toqmrn B'bnpoc, KOMTO 3arnraT E'bnraprrn: 113rra3a
Ha Ere.R, C'b,[16aTa Ha 6e:>KaHu;1t1Te OT TpaKMJI, nono:>KeHMeTo Ha Manu;wHcTBaTa, rnryp-
HOCTTa Ha o6e3op'b:>KeHa o'b11rap1t1R M pe)!(MM'bT Ha llponMBMTe. o'hmapcKMRT Bnrrpoc
e OCTaBeH 3a npoyqBaHe OT cneu;MaJIHa TIO,[IKOMMC11JI II0,[1 rrpe.r:1ce,[laTeJICTBOTO Ha reH.
Bei1:raH. OKoHqaTeJIHOTO perneH11e Ha KOM11CMRTa e Herrp1t1eMJIMBO 3a Ebnrapmi. To
npe,[1B11)!(,[la cne,[IHOTO: f'bpI.J;MR OTCT'bnBa Ha o'bnrap11R no.r:1 HaeM 3a 99 roATAHM rep11-
Top1t1R Ha MOpCKJtlJI 6p.Rr Me:>K,[IY ,IJ;e.z:1earaq 11 MaKpltl 3 Ha 1 KM, Ha KORTO Aa rrocrpoll
rrp1t1cTaH1t1u.i;e; TO .r:1a 6'b,[le rno60.r:1Ho; )f(eJie30II'bTHaTa JIMH11JI, CB'bp3Ball\a obrrrap11R
c .r:1a.r:1eHaTa :H no.r:1 HaeM Tep11Top11.R, u.i;e MttHaBa rrpe3 f'hpl.J;11R M u.i;e npwttaAJielK11 Ha
qy)f(,[111 KOMIIaHJtlJtl.
E3HC rrpo.z:1'bn)f(aBa M11pomo611BaTa B'bHlllHa rro1111TwKa Ha c6nmKettue c IOro-
c11aB11R M OTCTOJIBaHe 3aKOHHOTO npaBo Ha E'b11rap11.R 3a W3Jia3 Ha ERno Mope. ITpo·
neTTa Ha 1923 r. He e 6narorrp11.RTHa 3a pa3BMBaHe Ha .z:106poc'bce.z:1cKwTe orttorueH11!!
IOroCJiaBMJI 3anoqBa KOJIOH113MpaHeTo Ha HRK011 qacTM OT MaKe,[IOHMR cbc cnp611. E
oTroBop BMPO 3ac1111Ba qeTH11qec1<11Te a1<u;1t1w. l10.r:106HM ca OTHOIIIeHWRTa c fnpl\11!!
D'bJirapcKoTo Hace11eH11e e IIO,[IJIO)l(eHo Ha c11cTeMeH Tep op. MHoro 6'bnrapcKTA cerra c~
HOBA E'b!II'APCKA 11CTOPJ1JJ (1878-1944)
113CerreHH no OcTpOBHTe urru B'bB B'bTpenrnocTTa Ha fopr.vrn, a K'b~HTe HM ono)[(ape-

Hl1 mrn 3acerreHtt c rpoQKH npecerrHHQH OT Marra A3vur. 0'1eB11,[IHO e HaMepemreTo .r:1a
ce o6e36omapu 3ana.r:1Ha TpaKHR.
IIpu noce~eHtteTo cu B Eempa.r:1 npe3 HoeMBp111922 r. Arr. CnM6orru:ii:cKH yroBa-
p!! ,n;a ce o6pa3yBa cMeceHa 6omapo-rorocnaBcKa KOMHCVIR, KORTO .r:1a pa3rne.r:1a cnop-
HHre Bonpocu Me)[(AY ABeTe CTpamt. OT 1 ,[10 17 MapT 1923 r. TaKaBa KOMHCHJI 3aCeAa-
Ba B Hurn. EonrapcKaTa 'laCT ce npe.r:1cTaBJIJ1Ba OT ):IBaMa reHeparr~a6Htt noJIKOBHHQH
- Cr. Ho:ii:KoB :u 11. TieTpoB 11 11HcneKTopoT OT norpaH11'1H11 Bo:ii:cK11 An. ,UaB11AOB.
PernaBa ce 3a npeKpaTRBaHe Ha '!eT11Te ):IBeTe CTpaH11 .r:1a 3aCHJIRT Aop)[(aBHaTa BrracT B
rHna Ha 3aCTparneH11Te yqacT'bQ11, oco6eHo B 10ro113TO'IHaTa qacT Ha rpaH11QaTa. Tip11-
eTM ca peA11Qa MepK11 3a ynecHRBaHe Ha co6crneH11Q11Te Ha ABYBJiaCTH11 HMOT11 OT
l\BeTe CTpaH11. Pe30JilOQ11HTe Ha CMeceHaTa KOM11C11JI OT MapT 1923 r. ca 113BeCTH11 KaTO
H11rnKo cnopa3yMemre. CnoroA6aTa cpe~Ha Henp11R3HeHo OTHorneH11e B CTpaHaTa.
Cep1103HO nocT11)[(eHVIe Ha 3eMegeJIQ11Te e rnocHoTO ype)!(gaHe Ha penapaQ1111Te.
Or MapT 1923 r. KOM11cap no penapaQJrnTe CTaBa JI11'1HO Arr. CnM6om1:ii:cKVI (rn:ii: 3a-
MeHR P. ,UaCKaJioB). To:ii: ornaBRBa cneq11aJIHa KOMVICVIR, B KORTO Bll!13a 11 TI. ,U. TieTKOB.
Ha 16 MapT 1923 r. CrnM6on11:ii:cK:u nogn11rna npornKorr c Me)!(.r:1ycoI03HVI'!eCKaTa KO-
~rnorn no penapaQVIOHH11R A'hJir. To:ii: ce pa3gerrR Ha ):IBe qaCTVI: 'laCT A, 550 MrrH 3rr.
~paHKa, KORTO Aa ce M3IlJiaTVI c 5% rrVIXBa, Ha rneCTMeCe'!HVI BHOCK11 B npo):l'brr)[(emre
Ha 60 rOAVIHVI. qacT E, OCTaT'bK OT gorrra, Ko:ii:To HRMa .a;a ce noVIcKa OT Eorrrap11R AO 1
anpHJI 1953 r VI He ~e ce OJI11XBJIBa. BHOCK11Te 3ano'!BaT OT OKTOMBpVI 1923 r. VI Hapa-
CTBaT nporpecVIBHO. KaTo rapaHQHR 3a Te3VI nrra~aH11R ce onpegerrRT npVIxog11Te OT
Ml1THJ1Q11Te.
5. Ono3ugm1Ta (1920-1923)
IIp11 ynpaBJieH11eTo Ha E3HC B cTpaHaTa ce 113BoprnBaT crro)!(H11 norr11T11'!eCKVI

rrpo11eor. BTopaTa no ':IMCJieHocT napT11J1 e EKTI. Bco~Hocr KoMyH11CTVITe HOCRT 11Me-
ro C'bBceM oTcKopo. TexHVIRT I Kottrpec ce C'bCTOVI Me)!(gy 25 VI 27 Ma:ii: 1919 r. 3ano'!Ba
rrpeaoopo)[(aBaHeTo Ha napT:ttRTa c VI):le11Te Ha 6orrrneBVI3Ma. Bo3IlpVIeMaT ce HeroBVITe
peaoJIIOQl10HHVI cpeACTBa - OT MacoBaTa aKQ11R go Boopo)!(eHOTO B'bCTaH11e. EKTI CTa-
sa npe3 l919 r. 11 corrpeAVITerr Ha TpeT11JI KOMYH11CT11'1eCK11 l1HTepHaQVIOHarr. 3ae):IHO
c 6onrneB113VIpaHeTo c:u EKTI nocTenettHo ry6VI CBORTa caMOCTORTerrHocr. TpeT11RT
1mrepttaq110HaJI e B nOAlfl1HeH11e Ha egHa napT11J1 11 Ha egHa Anp)KaBa. Cegarr11~eTo MY
eBMocKBa. CTpaTer11RTa 11 TaKT11KaTa Ha KOMytt11cT11'!ecK11Te napT1111 ce onpegerrR 11
or KM. TiaK OT TaM 3aBVICRT AO rorrRMa cTeneH cnryroT, qnrnaHCOBOTO norro)KeHVIe 11
11op11 )l(J1BOT'bT Ha poKOBOAHVITe KaApVI.
Pe,n;11q11Te Ha E3HC He ca C'bBCeM CTpo:ii:H11. 3ag rrRBOTO Kptrno ua C'bl03a, Halferro
cAn. CraM6on11I1cK:u :u Pa:ii:Ko ,UaCKarroB, BopB11 ornoBHaTa qrreucKa Maca. YMepeHOTO
Kp11no e 3a 3ana3BaHe Ha HRKOH qepTVI Ha 6yp)l(Oa3H11JI ynpaBrreu'!eCKVI norr11TVI'!e-
CKM cr1111 VI ue VI3KJilO'!Ba B'b3MO)[(HOCTTa ga ce Toprn C'bTPYAHVI'!eCTBO Ha gecH11Te
ono3HQl10HHVI noJIVITVIlfeCK:u CVIJIH npvr npoBe)Kgauern Ha norr11r11KaTa Ha E3HC. Ta3VI
305
Pocu4a AH2e1zoaa
rpynupoBKa ce pnKOBop;u OT MapKo TypnaKOB, KoHCTaHTMH ToMOB u Xpucrn MaHo-
JIOB. OcBeH TRX o6aqe C'b~ecTByBa u KpawHo JIRBO Kpuno oT rro-MJiap;u u BJIJ1IRTe11H11
'IJieHoBe KaTo KpyM TionoB, CTORH KaJI'b'IeB, Cnac AynapllIHOB, CTOJIIJI CTec}>aHOB,
AllIMJIIT'bp KeMaJIOB JI! p;p. B Kpa.H Ha 1921 r. Te C'b3p;aBaT TaeH KOMllITeT, HapeqeH KoM11-
TeT 3a ceJicKa p;MKTaTypa, KOHTO e 3a no-peIIIJ1ITenm1 MepKw cpeuw npoTttBHllllV1Te Ha
3eMep;encKoTo npamnencrno w O'IWCTBaHeTo Ha E3HC OT p;ecHMTe w KopyMm1pam1re
eneMeHT:t1 (rpynarn Ha M. TypnaKoB-K. ToMoB). Tipe3 nponeTTa Ha 1922 r. c npaB11-
TeJICTBeHo op;o6peHwe KoMttTeT'bT 3a cenCKa p;MKTaTypa 3anoqBa p;a C'b3p;aBa CBOl1 B'b-
op'b)KeHw np;pa (OpaH)KeBa rBapp;wn), KOWTO rn npwrnoRBaT npaBOTo p;a C'b,ll;RT l1 Aop11
p;a HaKa3BaT C'bC CM'bpT BparoBe :t1 :t13MeHH:t1Q:t1. 3an01IBaT p;a :t13p;aBaT p;ByceAMWIHllK
"CencKw rnac" :w B'b3npweMaT EoTeBtt.H p;eBM3 "Ao6poMy p;o6po p;a npam1, JIOllll1JI c
HO)f(a no rnaBa''. OT Kpan Ha 1922 11 npe3 nnpB11Te HRKOJIKO MeceQa Ha 1923 r. E3HC
e rrop; B'b3p;e1kTBtteTo Ha KoMttTeTa 3a cencKa p;11KTaTypa. 0cHOBH11Te neHttHOBl1 noc-
Ty11aT11 OT Teop11RTa Ha nponeTapCKaTa p;ttKTaTypa ca B'b3rrpweTtt w npttroAemt K'hM
Hy)Kp;ttTe Ha E3HC 3a yCTaHOB.HBaHe Ha cencKa p;ttKTaTypa.
Cpell\y 3eMep;eJICKOTO npaBMTencrno ce BKJIIO'IBa WQ'bpKBarn. TI pe3 1920 r. M11tt11c-
TepcK11R C'bBeT npweMa noCTaHOBJieH11e 3a rrpeMeCTBaHeTo Ha ceJVrnHapwnTa B P1111cKHll
MaHaCT11p. Crpap;aTa Ha ceM11nap11nrn B Coqnrn ce npep;oCTaBR Ha c'b3p;aBa~JIIR ce Arpo-
HOMH1IeCK11 cpaKynTeT Ha CocpmkKttR ytt11Bepc:11TeT. Km1cpnttKT rrpep;tt3BttKa l1 Bnrrpoca
3a CB11KBaI-IeTo Ha Q'bpKOBHo-HaQ110HaJieH cn6op. Cnep; 3an11axaTa Ha CTaM6onHMCKll,
qe CBeTtt.H c11Hop; 11\e 6np;e cMeHeH, ce rrocni:ra KoMnpoMwcno c'brnac11e no cncTaBa 11
3ap;a1I11Te Ha Q'bpKoBHO-HaQttoHaJIH11.H cn6op. B Hero yqacTBaT no npaBo BClll'IKl1 rne-
ll\eH11Ql1 c Bl1CIIIe o6pa3oBaI-rne 11 apX11MaHp;pHT11 11 TpttMa npep;cTaB11Tenw, Ha3Ha'leH11
OT M11n11cTepcrnoTo Ha B'bHIIIHHTe pa60T11. Tio w16op ca p;eneraTwTe na cTaBporrnrna11-
HttTe MaHaCTttptt, p;yxoBH11Te Y<Jl1lIHI.l\a, Ha Q'bpKOBH:t1Te errapXtttt 11 Ha eMHrpaHTCKl1Te
opraHH3aQ:t111. 3acep;anwnrn 3arro1IBaT Ha 7 cpeBpyapw 1921 r. H npop;'bJI)f(aBaT c rrpeK'hC-
BaHtt.H p;o 14 cpeBpyap:w 1922 r. B pa6ornrn MY yqacrnaT 280 AYIII11.
B narepa na rrpoTttBHWQHTe Ha 3eMep;encKOTO npaBttTeJICTBO ce OKa3Ba ir B'b3-
crnnoBeHaTa B Kpan Ha 1919 r. BMPO. Tipe3 rrponeTTa Ha 1920 r. rn 3ano1IBa 'leT-
Htt'IeCKo p;B11)f(em1e B'bB Bapp;apCKa MaKep;oHttR. Tipe3 1011:11 1920 r. T. AneKcaHAPOB
113p;aBa oKp'b)f(HO 3a "aBTOHOMHO yrrpaBnenwe Ha MaKep;onHn''. TioCTeneHHO roi1 ce
yKperrBa B TieTpWIK11R KpaJ1: H 3al10'!Ba p;a opramn:wpa aKQ:t1H rrpOT:t1B 3eMeAeJICKOTO
rrpaB:vrTeJicTBo. TIpe3 1921 r. e y611T TieTpoB 66 , pnKOBop;wTen Ha KoMttTern 3a 1-1acra-
66
feoprH HHKOJIOB IleTpoB e )"ill!TeJI B m11II, CKOIIMe, DMTOmI (1888-1895) l1 ConyttcKaTa
Mb)f(Ka rMMHa311JI (1895-1897). L\bnrOro,!IMllleH qJieH Ha 3a.r1rpaHl1'IHOTO npe,L1CTaBl1Te1ICTBO Ha
BMPO. YqacTHWK e B J1JIMH,L1eHCKo-I1peo6pa)KeHcK0To BbCTaH11e. Cne.r1 Mna.r10TypcKaTa pesomo-
~MH B ConyH 113,llaBa 3ae,L1HO c AHTOH CTpalllMMHpOB CIIl1CaH11e ,,KynTypHO e,!111HCTBO". rro BpeMe Ha
BanKaHCKaTa BOC!Ha, ITeTpoB e pe.r10B11 .r106p0Bone~ B HecTpoeBa poTa Ha 5-Ta O.r1p11HcKa .11pyJK11Ha.
ITo BpeMe Ha ITbpBaTa cBeTOBHa BOJrna e KMeT Ha L(paMa. Cne.r1 BOHHaTa pa60T11 KaTO Ha'!a11H11K
Ha Cny)K6aTa 3a 3acenBaHe Ha 6e)KaH~HTe OT MaKe,L10H11.11, TpaKw.11 11 L(o6py,ll)Ka K'bM B'bHlllHOTO
MMHWCTepcTBo. ITeTpoB CbJ,llaBa 6JIW3Kl1 OTHOllleHMH c An. CTaM6onHwcK11. Y611T Ha 28 JOHH 1921 r.
B Coqmn
306
HOBA E'b!IFAPCKA MCTOPHJI (1878-1944)
HJ!BaHe Ha 6e)l(aHI.~MTe, norne,gBa y6m1:crno Ha OKpn)f(HVfJl yrrpaBMTeJI M OKOlIVfMCKVfR

Ha'IaJIHMK Ha IIeTpH'I. IIpe3 aBrycT 1921 r. e H3.[\a.[\eHa CMnpTHa npMcn.[\a M Ha MMHHC-
rop AneKcaH,gop ,[(uMwTpoB 67 - 3apaAw rrperne.[\BaHeTO Ha 'IeTMTe, ToneplilpaHeTO Ha
¢e.11epanwcTMTe M cpe~aTa MY c HwKona IIaurn'I. IIoCTeneHHO opraHM3aQMRTa Ha T.
ArreKcaH,gpoB Co3,gaBa co6crnetta BJiacT B IIeTpw'IKVt: oKpnr M ro npeBpn~a B CBOJI
aBTOHOMHa TepwTopwR. BMPO KOHTponwpa w Anp)f(H B TIO.[\'IMHeHwe ,gnp)f(aBHwTe w
a.11M11HHCTpaTHBHt1 yqpe)l(,[leHMR, BoBe)f(.[\a co6cTBeH Cb,[\. 06nara HaceneHtteTo c Aa-
H'hl\1111 rno6w.
C11e.r1 BOi1HaTa o6~ecrneHttRT npecTw)f( Ha 6yp)f(oa3HwTe napTttlil na.r1a. IIpasM-
rerrcrnoTo Ha E3HC nonara ycunwR, 3a .[\a He MM .[\a.[\e Bb3MO)f(HOCT .r1a ce CbB3eMaT.
Tp11Te nw6epanHM rrapTww, ynpaBJIJIBaJIM cTpaHaTa npe3 1913-1918 r, ca 06e3rnaBeHw.
O~e Koam1QHOHHOT0 npaBttTencrno apeCTyBa npe3 HOeMspw 1919 r. w .[\aBa no.r1 Cb.I:\
Ml1H11CTpMTe OT Ka6wtteTa Ha .r1-p Banm Pa,gornaBoB Karn nptt'IMHli!TeJIM u BMHOBHM-
1\H 3a BrnpaTa HaQHOHaJIHa KaTaCTpo¢a. IIopa.11w Hl1CKHJI rn o6~ecrneH npecTH)f(
6yp)!<Oa3HHTe napTMH npaBJIT OTIHTM 3a yKperrBaHe qpe3 o6e.[\MH11Tellmi ,[\ettCTBMJl.
I1pe3 HOeMspw 1920 r. Tprne JIM6epanHH naprnii: ce o6eAMHJIBaT B Ha1-'ttOHanm16e-
parrHa napTttR c o6~a nporpaMa u opraH 13. "He3a8uCuMocm". Cb~aTa ro,[\MHa .[\BeTe
611swii: pyco¢1rncKM napTww - Hapo.r1HaTa H IIporpecvrsH011w6epanHaTa, ynpaBJIJIBa-
JIH CTpaHaTa npe3 EanKaHcKMTe BOHHM OT 1912-1913 r., Cbll\O ce o6e,[lttHJIBaT. HOBaTa
rrapr11JI ce Hapwqa 06e,gr.rneHa Hapo.r1HonporpernsHa napTHJI c o¢vt1-'ManeH opraH 13.
"J(eH"("Mup" u "E'bl12apw1" cTaBaT rnoMaraTenm1).
OT cpe,gaTa Ha 1921 r. noCTerreHHO 3anoqsa .r1a ce Cb3,[\aBa opraHM3a1-'~lll, Hape-
qeHa "Hapo.r1ett croBop" M npe3 rrponeTTa Ha 1922 r. rn seqe e peaneH nonvrrnqecKM
¢aKT. OrnoBHOTO RAPO ce ¢opMwpa B Co¢wll VI B Hero Bm13aT: An. fpeKoB, 6MBIII
1111nrroMaT, e.r1i-rn OT poKOBO,[\HTeJIMTe Ha Cbe.[\HHeHvre TIOTIOHeBM ¢a6puKH; AneKcaH-
Anp UaHKOB, IIeTKo CTattHOB, .HttaKM MonnoB, AT. Eypos vr AP· OT 06HIIII, fpmop
Barnrres, AH.r1pei1 lIRn'IeB M AP· OT ,UII, 3anarnMTe reHepanu MsaH JlyKoB M MBaH
Pyces, 3anarn11Te nonKOBHMQM KMMOH feoprneB, To.r1op Ko)f(yxapoB w AP· soeHHM,
67 AneKcaH11;»p TeHeB ,[t;HM~ITpoB e pop;eH npe3 1878 B ceno CnoKOll\Ml\a, K!OCTeHp;iincKo. Tipe3
1895 3aBopurna nep;arorw'!ecKo yq111111111e B K!OcTeHp;wn, cnep; KOeTO e yqwTen B 6nM3KMTe cena Ho-
sowrntto, fopHa Ko3HHQa, KopHwHa, Eo6os p;on M lllaTposo. ITpe3 1899 yqacTBa B ornosasaHeTO
Ha E3HC, OT 1901 e 'IJieH Ha HefOBHH YnpaBIITeJieH C'bBeT, a OT 1910 - ceKpeTap Ha opraHM3al\HHTa.
!Ipe3 T03M nepwop; B3eMa y'laCTwe w B pa6oTaTa Ha BMPO, KaTO e 6m13'bK c rpynarn Ha J!He CaH-
AaHcKH. Karn ep;MH OT sop;a'lwTe Ha E3HC, ,UMMHTpos e 113fo1paH 3a ttapop;eH npep;CTaBMTen OT 1908
AO CMoprra CM, c J13KJI10'lem1e Ha XV OHC, no speMe Ha M36opwTe 3a KOeTo e M3npareH B JaTBopa
3a noJIOBMH rop;wHa. B XVII OHC TOM e npep;cep;aTen Ha napnaMeHTapHaTa rpyna Ha E3HC 11 ep;MH
ornati-aKTWBHMTe nponrnmn.~M Ha BJIM3aHeTO Ha EonrapHH B ITopBaTa cseTOBHa sot!Ha. ITpe3 1919
n11m1rpOB CTaBa MJ1HJ1CT1>p Ha B1>TpeIIIHJ1Te pa60TM J1 Hapop;HOTO 3p;paBe B npaBJ1TeJICTBOTO Ha An.
CraM6onwi1cKJ1. B KpaH Ha 1919 l1 Ha'!anorn Ha 1920 poKOBop;w HarnncTBeHOTO npeKpanrnaHe Ha
TpattcnopTHaTa CTa'!Ka. I1pe3 1921 crnsa Ml1Hl1CT'bp Ha BOi1HaTa. Tol1 npasu onMT:H p;a orpaHM'l:H
Aeirnocrra Ha BMPO Ha TepuTOp:HHTa Ha El>nrapuH, 3apap;u Koern Ha 22 OKTOMspu 1921 e y6HT B
KottaBcKaTa nnaH:HHa no ttape*p;aHe Ha T. AneKcattp;pos.
307
Poculia AH2e11oea
Brrap;ttMl!lp PyMeHOB w ,a;p. OT MaKep;oHCKl!ITe p;et1Ql!l. TRxHaTa nrranpopMa HaCTmrna 3a

CTIJIOTRBaHe Ha 6yp:>1<.0a3l!IRTa, 3a p;a BJie3e TR perm1TeJIHO B porrRTa Cl!l Ha poKOBO):\Ha
KJiaca B :>KMBOTa Ha o6~eCTBOTO, Ta p;a ce OTHeMe BJiaCTTa Ha 3eMep;eJIQMTe 11 ):\a ce
oTcTpaHl!l KOMyttl!ICTJ/lqecKaTa onacHoCT. Te npenopnqBaT COQl!larreH Mwp w crrpaBe):l-
Jil!IBOCT, KaTo Ha p;op:>KaBaTa l!l Ha ep;Ha Cl!IJIHa BJiacT 0Tpe:>1<.p;aT KmoqoBa p01rn 3a rroc-
Tl!lraHeTo Ha Te3tt QeJIH, BKJI. l1 KaTO 6op;aT HaKopHeHl!l HRKOH MaTepwaJIHH HHTepern
Ha 6yp:>1<.oa3HRTa (cerrCKa w rpap;cKa).
Ha 6 rorrw 1922 r. rnep; npop;'bJI:>Kl!ITeJIHH nperoBopl!l e C'b3p;ap;eH KoHCTHTYLIJIIOH-
HHR 6rroK. ToBa e HOBa napTHHHO o6ep;MHeHwe OT ,UeM0Kpan1qecKaTa, 06e,a;vrneHaTa
Hapop;Honporpecl!IBHa l!l Pap;wKarrHa napTttR. Ep;Hw OT Hat'I-l!l3BeCTHttTe npep;cTamne-
Jil!l Ha Hapop;HHR croBop - AT. EypoB (06ep;m-IeHa napTHR), A. nJinqeB, rp. BaCJllneB
(,UeMoKpaTwqeCKa napTwR), yqacTBaT B nperoBopwTe 3a o6pa3yBaHe Ha KoHCT11TYl1H-
oHeH 6rroK l!l BJil!l3aT B HeroBoTo poKOBop;cTBO. KoHCTl!ITYQMOHHHRT 6rroK npoKJiaMH-
pa KaTO CBOR Qerr ycTaHOBRBaHeTo Ha naprraMeHTapeH pe:lKHM c'brrracHo TopHOBCKara
KOHCTlllTYQHR. 06pa3yBaHeTo MY e ycnex l!l KOHCOJil!l,IJ;aQl!IR Ha 6yp:>Koa3HHR narep B
cTpaHaTa. ErroK'hT 3anoqBa npe3 aBrycT nop;roTOBKa Ha MacoBl!l aKQHH. Uema e ):lace
p;eMOHCTpwpa CHJia l!l BJIMRHtte cpep; MaCl!ITe l!l p;a ce B'b3p;et1CTBa Bopxy Qap.R: l1 OCTaHa-
mue OTI03Hl_\l!IOHI-m Cl!IJIH. 3eMep;ellCKOTO npaBl!ITeJICTBO npe,a;npl!leMa 6op3H vi penrn-
TeJIHVI MepKl!l 3a CMa3BaHe Ha 6yp:lKOa3HaTa OTI03l!ll_\l!IR.
Ha 17 cenTeMBpl!l 1922 r. 6noKOBvtTe napTvtvt HacpoqBaT rnot1 MacoB cb6op B
TopHoBo. To3VI co6op C'bCTaBJIRBa qacT OT MacoBaTa aKQH.fI 3a rrerarrno rnamrne Ha
3eMep;errcKOTO npaBvtTeJICTBO. Ha Hero TpR6Ba p;a npvtc'bcTBaT qeHTparrHHTe 6wpa
Ha ,UeMoKpaTvtqecKaTa, 06ep;vrneHaTa Hapop;nonporpecvtm-ia vt Pap;11Kam1aTa rrapnrn,
qrreHOBeTe Ha Bl!IClllvtTe MM napTvtHHM C'bBeTvt, p;enyTanne, MJiap;e)l(KvtTe VIM rpyrnr }[
MaKcvtMarreH 6pot1 Texnvt npviBop:lKeHvtl_\l!l. OqmqviarrHvtRT p;HeBeH pep; BKJIIO'!Ba pe•rn
Ha Arr. ManvtHOB, AT. EypoB vt CT. KoCTypKOB 11 npvteMaHe Ha pe30llIOl_\11R. 3a Cb111HJI
p;eH l!l B C'b~VIR rpap; 3eMep;errcKvtRT C'bI03 o6RBRBa CBMKBaHe Ha KOHrpec Ha UseK-
rronpovt3BO,IJ;MTeJIHJ1R C'bI03. ,Uon'hJIHvtTeJIHO 3a 17 cenTeMBp11 B TopHoBo ce Hacpoqsa
KOHrpec Ha J1HBaJI11,IJ;HTe, c11pal_\l!1Te 11 B,IJ;OBJ11_\l1Te OT BOHHJ1Te. <PaKTvt'leCKM rpyrnrre
Ha KoHCTMTYQlllOHHl!IR 6noK He ycn.R:BaT p;a CTl!lrHaT p;o TopHOBO, Bop;aq11Te HM ca )Kec-
TOKO MarrTpeT11paH11. MH03J1Ha OT TJIX CKopo HanycKaT CTpaHaTa nopap;w CTpax OT
68
3a :>Kl!IBOTa Cl!l. Cpep; rnx ca AT. EypoB, MB. rernoB, fp11rop Bac11rreB , TI. TieTpomrq H
68 fp11rop Bac1rnes e poAeH Ha 6 JOJI11 1883 B ceno PaAOBO, TpoHCKO. Y'l11 rrpaao B Co~11l1cK11R
yH11aepC11TeT 11 3aBopnrna B )KeHeBa rrpe3 1904. IhpaoHa'IaJIHO '!JieH Ha E'bnrapCKaTa pa6orn11'!ecKa
co11wanAeM0Kpan1'!eCKa rrapTwR, rneA EaJIKaHcKwTe aoii!Hw Toiil ce rrp11cneAWHRBa K'bM ,Uil Or 1919
AO 1932 fp. Barnnea e peAaKrnp Ha B. ,,IIparrope11", CB'bp3aH c .UII. IIpe3 1923 ce rrpwc'he,1111HJ1Ba K'hM
,QeM0KpaT11'IeCKfi!R croaop, 3aeAHO c KpwnoTo Ha .UeM0KpaTJ11'!ecKaTa rrapT11R, BOAeHo OT AH. nJ1nqeB.
IIpe3 1930-1931 e M11H11CT'bp Ha 3eMeAeJI11eTo 11Anp)KaBH11Te11MOT11 B Heroawa Ka6wHeT. Tipe3 30-
Te rOA11Hfi! Barnnes Y'IacTBa B fi!3AaBaHeTO Ha en. ,,B'b112apCKa 3eMR" (1931-1932) w ,,Ha1111J1 u 3eMR"
(1933-1934) 11 e cpeA BOAa'I11Te Ha AeMoKpaT11'!HaTa OII03111_\11R B CTpaHaTa. YMHpa Ha 7 HOeMBpll
1942 r. B Coqma.
HOBA E'bJIFAPCKA J1CTOPJ1JI (1878-1944)
AP· Te o6pa3yBaT 3a,7:1rpaHM'IHM 6ropa M 3arro'!Bar rrporraratt,7:1a cpell\y 3eMe,7:1eJicKOTO

rrpaBHreJICTBO.
E3HC rrpo,l:l'bJI)f(aBa HacrbrrJiettwero cpell\y 6yp:>Koa3HHre rrapTHH. Ha 19 Ho-
eMBpw 1922 r. e rrpoBe,7:1eH pecpepeHAYM 3a C'b):lette Ha Ka6MHenITe Ha J1B. feIIIoB
(1911-1913), ,7:1-p CT. ,natteB (1913) l1 An. MaJIHHOB (1918) 3a oforneHMre 11 Bo,7:1eH11
softHH w rrorne,7:1BaJIMTe rn KarncTpocp11. 3a C'b):letteTO rnacyBar 647 313 AYIIIM cpern;y
223 584. Pe3ynrnTMTe rroKa3Ba rnnaTa Ha E3HC w EKII w TOranttoTO rropa:>KeHwe Ha
6noKa. MH03MHa (12) OT Hatt-BM,l:IHHre Boga'rn Ha OII03MQWJITa or11BaT B IllyMeH-
CKIUI 3aTBOp.
TopHoBCKMTe c'b6MTMR M pecpepeHAYM'hT Bttarnr o6par w B crpaTerHRra Ha 6yp-
lKOa3mne IIOJIMTM'!ecKM CMJIH. B TexHwre cpeg11 B'h3HHKBaT l1 6op3o 3arro'IBa ga ce
pa3BHBa MHeHMeTo, qe e HeB'b3MO)f(HO CBamrneTo Ha E3HC ,7:1a ce W3BopIIIM c neraJIHM
cpegcTBa. PeUiaBa~a ponR 3aIIO'IBaT ,7:1a 11rpaRr Boettttwre. OrneH Bpo3KMre rn c 6yp-
lKOa3HHTe rrapTMM M Hatt-Be'!e c HapogHH.il croBop re pa3rronarar 11 enc co6cTBeHa
crpo:rAtta M ,7:106pe B'bOp'b)f(eHa opraHM3aQH.R.
Cne,7:1 BOttHaTa roJI.RMa qacT OT ocpwQepwre ocraBar B'hH OT Ka3apMHTe, oKa3BaI1:-
Klf ce B 6ep;cTBeHO MaTepMaJIHO l1 YHW3eHo o6rn;ecTBeHO IIOJIO:>KeHHe. Ilpe3 OKTOMBpl1
1919 r. ce C'b3p;aBa BoeHHMJI c'bI03 (Boettttara mira), KOMTO BKJIIO'!Ba ocpwQepw OT ap-
MttRra w 3arraca. CnI03'bT ce M3rpa:>Kga Bopxy KOHcrr11parHBHl1 rrpHHQHIIH. PnKOBog-
crnoro MY rrop;p;np)f(a TeCHH Bpn3KM c KOMaHgBaHeTo Ha apMH.RTa M cpaKTH'IecKH TR ce
aaMHpa nop; HeroB KOHrpon. IIpe3 1920 r. rrpaBHTeJicTBoro pa3ryp.R BoeHHHR C'hl03 w
ro{1 MHHaBa B HeneraJIHOCT. ToBa BpeMe e l13IIOJI3BaHo 3a 3arnraHe Ha pegHQHTe 11 113-
fo1crp.Rtte Ha IIOJIMTWiecKMTe B'h3rne,7:111. HatJeno Ha nwrara e rpo:rAKara Ma:rAop H11Kona
Pa'!eB, nogrr. KMMOH feoprMeB M Mat'iop ,naM.RH BentJeB.
Ha pecpepettp;yM EKII rnacyBa B e,7:1MHHa n11cra c E3HC. Cneg pecpepeH,7:1yMa OT-
HollleHH.RTa Me)f(p;y E3HC M EKII Tpornar B rrpoTttBonono:>KHa rrocoKa.
6. Il'hTHT K'bM 9 IOHH
0Kypa)f(eH OT rro6e,7:1aTa B pecpepeH,7:1yMa OT Ha'IaJioTO Ha 1923 r. 3eMegencKHJIT

C'hl03 Bee rro-peUIHTeJIHO Tpnrna K'hM HanaraHe Ha aBTOpttrnpHo ynpaBJieHtte. Ycrro-
pe):IHO c TOBa rrpop;'bJI)f(aBa npoQeC'bT Ha Hel13IIOB.R):laHOTO npeBoOpo:>KaBaHe Ha C'bl03a
clf):lewre Ha JieHMHM3Ma. 3aMMCTBaMKM peBOJllOQHOHHara JIOrHKa Ha JieHHH, opaH:>Ke-
BlfTe My nornep;oBaTeJIM onpep;eJI.RT cenCKara ,l:IHKrarypa KaTO BHCIIIa cpopMa Ha ,7:1eMo-
Kpa11w.R, 3arn;oTo cenRHMTe ca orpoMHOTO MH03HHCTBO Ha Hapo,7:1a. CoCJIOBHara Teo-
pHR ce npeo6pa3yBa B KJiacoBa. PoKOBO,l:IHTenwre Ha E3HC npecraBar ,7:1a rne,7:1aT Ha
Hero Karo opraHM3aQMJI Ha BCM'IKM ceJIJIHM, a KaTO C'bl03 Ha rpygoBOTO MaJIOWMOTHO
cenJI'!ecrno.
3eMe,7:1encK0To npaBMTencrno pa3rryCKa Ha 12 MapT 1923 r. XIX OHC 11 3ano'!Ha
rroworoBKa 3a HOBM M36opM. H.RKOJIKO p;etta no-Komo l13JIM3a yKa3 Ha 22 anpMn ,7:1a ce
nposegar 3aKoHop;aTeJIHM M36opM 3a XX OHC. QqaKBa ce re ,7:1a 6ogar crreqeneHH c ro-
ll!!Mo MH03MHCTBO. J1 3a p;a 6op;e TO KOJIKOTO ce MO:>Ke no-y6egHTeJIHO, npe,7:1w p;a 60,l:le
pa3rryrnaTo, co6pattMeTo rnacyBa cneQMaJieH He,7:1eM0Kpar11qeH HOB M36HpaTeneH 3a-
309
Pocut~a AHzenoBa
KOH, o6naro;a;eTeJICTBalQ E3HC. UenTa e ;a;a ce y3aKoH.11 no T03H Ha'IHH nnaH.11paHara
,[\HKTaTypa. Ilpe;a;.11 J136op.11Te B'b3MO)l(HOCTHTe 3a ny6JIH'IHJ1 .113.llBH Ha 6yp)l(Oa3HHTe
napT.11..11 .11 Ha EKTI ca no'ITliI H3QRJIO napan.113.11paH..11 qpe3 Hac..11n.11e. ,Upyra xapaKTeptta
qeprn e KomppoHTaQHRTa Me)l(;a;y E3HC .11 EKTI. Pe3ymaT.11Te OT .1136op.11Te, npoBe-
;a;eH.11 B ycnoBHR Ha Tepop .11 ManrnHaQ.11.11, ca TaKHBa, KaKBHTO ce oqaKBaT. E3HC c
557 459 (54,12%) 6naro;:i;apeH.11e Ha .1136.11paTeJIHHR 3aKoH nonyqaBa noBe'le OT 50% or
..1136.11paTeJI.11Te. MaH;:i;aTHTe ce pa3npe;a;eJIRT TaKa: E3HC - 212, EKTI - 17, KoHcnny-
QHOHeH 6JioK - 15, CoQHaJI;a;eMoKpaTH'leCKaTa napTHR - 1.
Cne;:i; ..1136op.11Te Ha 22 anp.11n MapwoT Ha E3HC KbM ):IHKTaTyparn npo;:i;omKaBa c
yc.11JieH TeMn. ApecTHTe Ha KOMYHHCTH .11 6yp)l(oa3HH no11.11T.HQH npo;a;'bJI)l(aBar. Tipll
ToBa nonm1<eH.11e BoeHHHRT C'bI03 B3eMa peweH.11e ;:i;a HaHece .113npeBapBaIQ y;:i;ap Karo
opraH..113.Hpa npeBpaT. Ba)l(Ha npM'IHHa 3a no;:i;roTBRHHR npeBpaT e .11 He11;0Bo11crnoro
Ha BOeHHMTe cpe;a;.11 OT HMWKOTO cnopa3yMeHHe, KOeTO npeQeHRBaT KaTO npeHe6pe-
)l(eHHe K'bM co;:i;6aTa Ha MaKe;a;oHHR .11 KaTO HaQHOHaJIHO npe;a;aTeJICTBO. KoMyttMCTll-
Te, OT e;a;Ha CTpaHa, no;a;QeHRBaT B'b3MO)l(HOCTTa 3a OC'blQeCTBRBaHe Ha npeBpar, a OT
;a;pyra, c'bc 311opa;a;cTBO o'laKBaT c6110C'bKa Me)l(;a;y "rpa;a;cKaTa .11 ceJICKaTa 6yp)!(oa31rn''.
Hafl:-nowo ce op.11eHT1i1paT B o6CTaHOBKaTa 3eMe;a;errQHTe. Te HMaT ;a;ocTaT'b'IHO rne11e-
HMJI 3a roTBelQJil.ll ce 3aroBop, HO He Ji!M o6polQaT HY)l(HOTO BHHMaHJile. ,UeHRT 8 IOHH
e MHoro TIOKa3aTeJieH 3a naCHBHOCTTa, ;:i;e3opraHH3aQJi!RTa Iii HaHBHOCTTa Ha ynpaBJJl!-
BalQJi!Te. MlilHlilCTopoT Ha npaBOC'blJ;lileTo Cnac ,Uynapli!HOB e B CJililBeH. A1111eKcaH11op
066oB OTTioTyBa 3a IlneBeH, XplilcTo CTORHOB e np.11 QapR B'bB BpaHa. CaMMRT CraM-
6oJililMCKH B HOIQTa Ha npeBpaTa e B po;:i;HoTo cw ceno CrraBoB11Qa, 6e3 ;a;a rro.r10311pa
H11lQO .11 pa60TJi1 Bbpxy rrpoeKTa 3a KoHCTMTYQlilR.
IlpeBpaT'bT e Ha3Ha'IeH 3a HOlQTa Ha 8 cpelQy 9 IOHlil. Tofl: ce OC'blQeCTBRBa npo!jJe-
ClilOHarrHo. IUa6oT Ha onepaQlilRTa e B ;:i;oMa Ha reH. J1. PyceB. Ilp11cbcTBaT Oll\e norrK.
l1B. BnJIKOB, K. feoprneB, Xp. KampOB, np0<p. An. UaHKOB OT Hapo;:i;H11R crosop,
JI116eparr'bT EoRH CMlilJIOB, pa;a;li!KaJI'bT IleTbp ,U1i!M11TpoB, ;a;eMoKpaT'bT Brr. MorrrroB,
Hapo;:i;HRK'bT UBRTKO Eo6oweBCK.H Iii COQlilaJI;a;eMoKparn ,U11Mo Ka3acoB 69 • Yrpwttra
69 ,IJ,HMO Ka:JacoB e pogeH B TpRBHa Ha 17 cerrT. 1886 w 3aaopurna rnMHa3l1R B Pyce. Or 1907
go 1910 e yqwTen, a cneg TOBa an113a B poKOBogcTBOTO Ha EonrapcKWR yq11Tenc1<11 Cbl03. To~r yq11
nwTepaTypa l1 3aBoprnaa rrpaao B CY(l918). Ka3acoa crnaa qneH Ha EPC,UIT rrpe3 1902, a or 1919
yqacTBa B HeMHOTO J..\eHTpanHO pnKOBOgCTBO. Tol1 e rrpegcegaTen Ha crnqHl1R KOMl1TeT no BpeMe
Ha ronRMaTa TpaHcrropTHa CTaqKa OT 1919-1920, HacwnCTBeHO rrpeKpaTeHa OT rrpaB~!TeJICTBOTO Ha
An. CrnM6onwl1c1<11. Cneg ,UeaeTOJOHCKl1R rrpeapaT OT 1923 Ka3acoa e Ml1Hl1CT'bp Ha )l(eJie3HIAl\lfTe,
ITOII.\l1Te l1 TenerpacpwTe (1923-1924) B rrpaawTeJicTBOTO Ha An UaHKOB OT KBOTaTa Ha EPCL\I1 (rn.
c.). OT 1924 go 1928 e rrpegcegaTen Ha Co103a Ha 6onrapc1<11Te )l(ypHanwcrn. ITpe3 1926 e l13KmoqeH
OT EPC,UIT (III. c.) w C'b3gaaa HOBa napTl1R - COJ..\WangeMOKparnqeCKa cpegepal..\Wli. ITpe3 1927 JI Ha-
rrycKa w ce BKnJO'IBa B HOBOC'b3gageHl1R Kpor ,,3BeHo ". Tol1 oCTaBa TaM go 1934, Koraro ce np11cbe-
gwHRBa Ja l13BeCTHO apeMe K'bM HapogHoTo COJ..\WanHo gBW)l(eHwe, ornaBRBaHo OT An. L(aHKOB. Or
1935 go 1936 e rrocnaHWK B IOrocnaawR. ITpe3 1943 Ka3acoa ce BKnJO'!Ba B 0TeqecTBemrn rjipoHT ll
cneg ,UeBeTocenTeMapwl1cKl1R rrpeapaT npe3 1944 crnaa Ml1Hl1CT'bp Ha nporraraHgaTa. Toti ocrasa B
npaawTencTBOTO go 1947 w 3aeMa pa3nl1'1Hl1 gpyrw gn'b)l(HOCTl1 go 1953, cneg Koero ce oTTenrn or
06ll.\eCTBeHl1R )l(l1BOT l1 rry6nw1<yaa HRKOJIKO MeMoapHl1 KHl1fl1. YMwpa Ha 28 10n11 1980 r. B Cocjmll.
HOBA E'h!II'APCKA J1CTOPJ1JI (1878-1944)
3aBapsa CTOJI11IJ;aTa OBJia,IVIHa OT npespaTa):\)K1111Te 6e3 )!(eprn11. B'bnpeK11 OTJIM'rnaTa

00,IlfOTOBKa Ha npespaTa, Ha MHOfO MeCTa 113 u;.irnaTa CTpaHa ce OKa3Ba C'bnpoT11Ba,
B KOJITO cnope,n; HRK011 ,n;aHHM yqacTBaT Hap; 100 000 AYIII11 OT TineseHcKo, lIIyMeH-
cKo, T'bpHoBcKo 11 T. H .. CaM CTaM6on11J1c1<11 3acrnBa tta'!erro Ha 3Jie B'bOp'b)!(ett11Te
rn CIJO,Il;B11)f(H11IJ;11 OT IJa3ap,D;)f(l1llIKO, HO e 3aJIOBeH 11 crre,n; 11HKB11311Q1111 e ca,n;11cT11qHo
y6ttT Ha 14 IOHII!. }KepTB11 CTaBaT o~e CTOT11IJ;11 3eMe,n;erru;11.
B ycrrosmITa Ha rne,n;BoeHHa pa3pyxa 11 noKpyca E3HC ce on11rna ,n;a npoKapa HOB
ffbT B 11CTOp11'-IeCKOTO pa3B11T11e Ha E'bnrapm1. I1o BpeMe Ha CBOeTO caMOCTORTeJIHO
ynpasrreH11e TOM 113B'bpnrna ,D;'bJI601<11 pecpopM11, HO ,n;onyCKa 11 cep1103HI1 noJI11T11qe-
cKH rpeIIIKl1.
JUffEPATYPA
ABpaMOB, A. Tiorr11Tw<IeCKaTa cTpaTerm111 TaKTt1Ka Ha EKIT 1903-1923 r. C., 1974.

ATaHacoB, )K., H. qaKnpoB. Ji1cTOp1111 Ha 6nnrapcKoro o6pa30BaH11e. C., 1970.
Een, .D:)l(oH ,n:. AneKcaHAnp CnM6on11i1cK11 11 EnnrapcK1111r 3eMe.r1errcK11 Hapo.r1eH C'DI03
1899-1923 r. C., 1993.
EepoB, JI. CoQ11arrHa oCHoBa Ha pe)!rnMa Ha .63HC rrpe3 1918-1923. - J1Tip, KH. 4, 1972.
E11pMaH, M. <PopM11paHe 11 pa3BHTl1e Ha 6nnrapcK1111nporreTap11aT1878-1923 r. C., 1983.
EmKHHOB, B. Ennrap:irn Ha KOHcpepeHQt1JITa B feHya 11 JI03aHa (1922-1923). - B: C6opHt1K
B qecr Ha aKa):I. Xp. Xp11cTOB. C., 1976.
EmK11HoB, B. 3arraAHa TpaK1111 B .r111rrrroMar11qeCKaTa 6op6a 1918-1924 r. - B: J13cne;wa-
H11J1 no 6nnrapcKa 11cTop1111. BnHrnHaTa rromIT11Ka Ha .6nnrap1111 1878-1944 r. C., 1978.
l3mKKOB, C., B. BacHJieB, B. TiacKaJieBa, L(B. To.r1op0Ba. J1cropmr Ha EnnrapCKaTa aKa):le-
Ml1JI Ha HayK11Te 1869-1969. C., 1971.
BeneB, A. fnaBHH pecpopM11 Ha 3eMe.r1errcK0To npaBwrerrcrno. C., 1977.
BeneB, A. n poCBeTHaTa t1 KYJITypHaTa ITOJIJ1TJ1Ka Ha rrpaBJ1TeJICTBOTO Ha Arr. CTaM6orr11i1-
CKl1. C., 1980.
farryttoB, T. TpeTt1RT Anp)l(aBeH C'DA 1921-1923. - J1Ilp, KH. 5, 1996.
feHOBCKt1, M. AneKcaHAnp CnM6orrwi1cK11 0T6rrw30 H or.r1arreKo. C., 1982.
reoprneB, B. MacOHCTBOTO B D'bllfap1111. C., 1986.
reoprneB, B. HapOAHt1JIT CfOBOp 1921-1923 (K'DM HaqaJIHara HCTOpHR Ha cparnH3Ma BD'b!I-
rap1rn). C., 1989.
fpHropoB, .6. KnM Bnrrpoca 3a B3at1MOOTHorneHHJITa Me)!(.r1y EKIT w .63HC rrpe3 rrep110Aa
1918-1923 r. - B: Ji1J1Ji1 Ha EKTI. T. 54. C., 1985.
L(HMHTpOB, r. .6e)l(aHCKl1JIT rrpo6rreM l1 yrrpaBJieH11ero Ha .63HC 1920-1923 r. - J1Ilp, KH.
I, 1979.
L(11M11rpoB, J.1. <PpeHcKaTa AMITJioMaQHR HyrrpaBrremreTO Ha .63HC. - B: An. CraM6orrwi1-
cK11. :>K11Bor, .r1erro, 3aBeTM. C., 1980.
L(o6p11HoB, .ll IIocJieAHMRT Qap Ha rrrraHHHHTe. farorpacp11qeH oqepK 3a T. ArreKcaH,!lpOB
1881-1924. c., 1992.
MoBKOB, J1. XpoHHKa Ha eAHO QapysaHe. C., 1989.
KocareB, IlorrMTHKaTa Ha E3HC no 6e)l(aHCKHR Bnnpoc 1919-1923. - J1J1J1, T. XXVI.
KpanqeB, ,n:. J13MHHaT TI'bT. J136paHw cnrww. C., 1992.
KyMaHOB, M. HwwKaTa cnoro,ll6a OT 1923 r. - BeKoBe, 1972, KH. 5.
311
Pocuu,a AHielloBa
MapKoB, r. IIapona "Cafo1''. 3arosop:i-'!Te JI! npespaTJl!Te Ha BoeHHJl!R C'bl03 1919-1936. C.,
1992.
Mypas11es, K. Co6J1IrnR JI! xopa. C., 1992.
IIaHattoToBa, K. K'DM B'bnpoca 3a CTOIIaHcKaTa non11TJ11Ka Ha Koanm.~110HHOT0 11 caMocrn-
RTenHoTo npaB11TencTBO Ha E3HC 1919-1923 r. - B: Jifacne;JJ,BaH11R no 6'DnrapCKa ucrnpm1. T.
x. C., 1990.
IIaHattoToBa, K. IIonHTMKaTa Ha 3eMe;JJ,encKoTo npas1.nencTBO 3a MO;JJ.epH113al\11R JI! pa3BH-
T11e Ha cencKocTonaHcKoTo npo113BO;JJ,CTBO. BeKOBe, KH. 5, 1983.
IIaHattoTosa, K. Pe3ynTaT11Te OT arpapHaTa peqwpMa Ha 3eMe;JJ,encKoTo npaBJl!Terrcrno
1920-1923 r. - BeKoBe, KH. 4, 1983.
IIeTposa, ,U. E3HC 11 MOHapxM'IeCKMRT HHCTMTYT 1919-1923 r. - J.1IIp, KH. 4, 1989.
IIeTposa, ,U. CaMocTORTenHoTO ynpasnemte Ha E3HC 1920-1923 r. C., 1988.
IIonos, CT. Ee3C'bHMI.\M. C., 1992.
Pa;JJ,ynos, CT. YnpasneH11e Ha E3HC JI! 6'bnrapcKaTa 6yp)l(Oa3MR. C., 1981.
Cnacos, JI. IIpaBHTencTBOTO Ha E3HC, 6'bnrapo-c'bBeTcK11Te OTHoweHMR 11 pycKHTe 6e-
noeMHrpaHrn. - J.1IIp, 1979, KH. 2.
CTaM:6on11t1cKM, An. )K11soT, ;JJ,eno, 33.BeTJI!. C6opHJ1IK CTaTHM. C., 1980.
CTaM6om1t1cKH, An. IIom1TM'IecK11 napnrn HnH c'bcnoBH11 opraHM3al\HM. <DoTOTHTIHo H3-
;JJ,am1e. C., 1990.
CTaM6om1t1cK11, An. IIp11Hl\HTIJ1ITe Ha o'bnrapcKllRT 3eMe;JJ,encK11 C'bl03. <DoTOTHnHo 11311a-
HV1e. C., 1990.
CTott'IeB, II. AneKcaHA'DP CTaM6onHttcKH H;JJ,eonor Ha Ape6HocenCKaTa ;JJ,eM0Kpa111rn.
- J.1I1p, KH. 1, 1975.
Tatt'IeB, E. ,U'Dp)l(aBHo-npaBHMTe B'b3rJieAH Ha An. CTaM6onut1cKH. C., 1984.
Tonanos, Bn. IIocell.leH11eTo Ha An. CTaM6on11t1cK11 B'bB BenHK06p11TaHHR. - Bos: BoHW-
HaTa non11TV1Ka Ha o'bnrap11R 1878-1944 r. C., 1978.
Xa;JJ,)1(11H11Konon B. 11 AP· CTa'IH11Te 6op611 Ha pa60THJ1I'IeCKaTa Knaca B Eonrap11J1. C.,
1960.
XVI. t{EMOKPATHIIECKH.HT CfOBOP

l1 HEfOBOTO YilPABAEHHE (1923-1931)
1. IlbpBO npaBHTeJ\CTBO, Ha'leJ\O c npOllJ. fueKcaHA'hP ijaul\OB

(1923-1926)
ITpeBpaT'hT Ha 9 IOH11 1923 r. e .n;pacnPrno rrpoTll[BOKOHCn1Tyu;:110HHO Aei'icTBHe,
HO e rrocpe~HaT c o.n;o6peH:11e :11 rrorry'IaBa rro.n;KperraTa Ha Brn'IK:H 6yp:>I<0a3HJA rrap-
T:H:H. JII3B'hplll:11TeJ1:11Te Ha rrpeBpaTa - BoeHH:HRT c'hI03 :11 Hapo.n;H:HRT crosop cocTaB!IT
caMOCTORTeJIHO rrpaB:HTeJICTBO, 3a KOeTO ce OII:HTBaT .n;a BHylllaT, qe :HMa Ha~JAOHaJI
HO crrac:11TeJieH xapaKTep, l13KapBaMKI1 ro IIO-lll:HpOKO rrpe.n;CTaB:HTeJIHO, OTKOJIKOTO

e. <l>aKT e, qe B Ka6:11HeTa ca BKJIIO'IeH:H rrpe.n;cTaB:HTeJI:H Ha pa3JII1'IHI1 IIOJIJATJA'leCKl1
qiopMau;:11:11, 06e.n;:11HeH:H OT :11.n;eRTa 3a rrpeMaXBaHe Ha ycTaHOBeH:HR OT 3eMeAeJICKOTO
HOBA E'bHTAPCKA MCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
rrpaBv:ITencTBO nom:1T11qecKM M 11KoH01mqecKM peg. IIpaB11TencTBOTo e B'b3rnaBeHo

or 6e3napTMMHJ1.R croBopwcT npocp. AneKcaHgnp QaHKoB 70 (9 IOHM 1923- 4 J'rnyap11
1926). CncTaB'bT MY e cnegmrn: npocp. An. QaHKOB - MMHMCTnp-npegcegaTen, MM-
Hl1CTDP Ha BO:t1:HaTa (noeTo OT reH. J.1B. BnnKoB) M ynpaBmrna~ M11H11cTepcTBOTO
Ha B'bHllIHJ1Te pa60T11 11 M3noBegaHmna (3aeTO OT XpwcTO KancpoB); reH. Ma. PyceB
- Ml1HMCTnp Ha BnTpellIH11Te pa60T11 M HapogHoTo 3gpaBe, Emrn CMunoB - Ml1HMCTnp
Ha rrpaBOC'b):\I1eTO, n. Ka3aCOB - M11HI1CT'bp Ha )!(ene3HHQ11Te, IlO~I1Te I1 TenerpacpI1Te,
5.!HKO CTmrnqoB - MI1Hl1CTnp Ha o6~ecrneHI1Te crpag11, n'bTH~aTa I1 6naroyCTpo£1-
crnoTO, npocp . .RHaKM Monnoa - MMHHCT'bp Ha 3eMegem1eTO 11 Anp)!(aBHMTe MMOTM
11 yrrpaBn.HBa~ MwHttcTepcrnoTO Ha HapogHOTO nporne~em1e 3aeTO OT npocp. QaH-
KOB), IIeTnp To~opoB - MMHMCTnp Ha cp11HaHrnTe 11 QB. Eo6orneBCKM - MvIHHCTnp Ha
ThproBMHTa, npoMMIIrneHocTTa I1 Tpyga. IIog nnmrnH KOHTpon Ha BoeHHaTa mrra ca
IIOCTaBem1 BOeHHOTO, B'bTpellIHOTO J1 OT'-IaCTJ1 B'bHilIHOTO MMHMCTepcTBO. 0CTaHa7IJ1-
re MMHMCTPM ca He caMo qneHose Ha HapogH11H crosop, HO M Ha pnKOBO):\CTBaTa Ha
rrer OT Tpagm.woHHMTe napTMM. Tosa o6cTOHTeJicTBo np11gaBa M3BecTHa noJIMTMqe-
cKa pa3HOpogHOCT Ha Ka6uHeTa.
IIpegBvDK):\a ce peBH3ttpane Ha arpapHaTa pecpopMa Ha E3HC. nnp)!(aBaTa CTaBa
ap6ttTnp B co~11aJIHI1Te KompJII1KTM. J.13MCKBa ce crra3BaHe Ha TPYAOBOTO 3aKoHoga-
rerrcrno M ce o6e~aBa C'b3):\aBaHeTO Ha HOBH 3aKOHH B TI0713a Ha pa60THJ1~HTe J1 3aHa-
JIT'IMMTe. IIpegBJ1)Kga ce B'bBe)KgaHe Ha '.\moro Te)!(KO o6naraHe Ha BHCOKMTe goxogu.
3a OT6eJIH3BaHe e, qe BTIOCJie):\CTBHe BCH'IKO TOBa e H3Il'bJIHetIO. IIpaBHTeJICTBeJJaTa
rrporpaMa e H3}:\'bp)Ka}Ja Bnpxy Ha'laJiaTa Ha TopHOBCKaTa KOHCTHTYQHH. nei:tCTBMHTa
Ha pe)!(MMa o6aqe ganeq He ca TaKHBa KaTo ce 3ano'lHe c HaCHJICTBeHOTO MY ugsaHe
Ha snacT H ce CB'hplll11 c pa3npasaTa MY c HeroBHTe noJIMTH'lecKM npoTHBHMQM. Ha-
Ka3BaHeTo Ha npoTHBHH~MTe ce M3BoprnBa OT BMPO H BoeHHMH c'bI03. KoMaHgHa
70
ArreKcauµ;op U:auKOB e po,n;eH Ha 29 JOHJ/I 1879 r. B OpHXOBO. 3aB1>pnrna nu.ma3J/IJI B Pyce.
YtJ11 rrpaBo B Cocp11wcKJ11JI yHJ11BeprnTeT (1901-1904) J1111KOHOMJ/1Ka B MroHxeH, Epecnay/BpmvraB
11 EeprrHH (1904-1907). IIpe3 T0311 nepHO;LI TOW qrreHyBa B EPC,UIT, HO npe3 1907 R HanyCKa. Crre;11
3aBp'bll\aHeTo c11 B E1>rrrapJ11.R e 'IJ/IHOBHJ/IK B EHE J11 B MHHJ/lcTepcTBOTO Ha T'hprOBJ/IJITa J/I 3eMe,n;errJ11-
ero. OT 1911 ,n;o 1923npeno,n;aBa11KOHOMJ11Ka B CocpHwCKJ/l.R YHJllBeprnTeT. ITpe3 1921 UaHKOB e cpe;11
ornoBarerrJ11Te Ha Hapo,n;H11J1 croBop. Tow yqacTBa B no,n;roTOBKaTa Ha ,[(eBeTOJOHCKJ/IJI npeBpaT npe3
1923 t1 cne,n; Hero ornaBRBa Koanm:.(JllOHHOTO npaB11Tencrnorn na ,[(eM0KpaTJ11qecKJ11J1 croBop. Pa3na-
ADT Ha KoanJ/IJ..(11.RTa, Bo,n;eHa OT IJ;aHKOB, 3ano'!Ba Oll\e cne,n; CenreMBpHttCKOTO B'hCTaHJ/le - ToraBa JI
HarrycKaT npJ11B1>p)l(eHl1'-1J11Te Ha Man11HoB 11 EPC,,UIT(rn. c.). I10;11 HaTJ/ICKa Ha MacoBoTo B1>TpernHo He-
JIOBOJICTBO 11 Me)l(,n;yHapo,n;HoTo 0611\eCTBeHo MHeHJlle, npe3 1926 An. UaHKOB e OTCTpaneH OT npeMJ/1-
epcKtill nocT OT yMepeHOTO Kp11no B ,[(eM0KpaTJll'JecKJ11J1 croBop, Haqeno c AH;11peti JlJinqeB 111 ArnHac
Eypos. Towe npe;11ce,n;aTeJI Ha napnaMeHTa AO 1930, a ,n;o Kpall Ha ynpaBneHJ/leTO Ha ,[(eM0KpaTw1e-
cK11J1 CfOBOp - M11Hl1CT'bp Ha npOCBeTaTa. IJpe3 1932 ce OT,n;en.R OT ,lJ;C CfOBOp J/I OCHOBaBa HapO,D;HO
COijtla/!HO ,D;BmKeH11e, KOeTo e 3a6paHeHO, 3ae,n;Ho c OCTaHanJ/ITe nonJ/ITJ/l'IeCK11 napT11Jll, npe3 1934.
Cne,11 C'hcTaB.RHeTo Ha npas11TeJICTBOTO Ha K. MypaBJ/leB Ha 2 cemel\IBPH 1944 UaHKOB 3aMJ/IHaBa 3a
B11eHa, K'h,n;ero cpopM11pa TIO,;LIKperrnHO OT repMaHJ/IJI npaB11TencTBO B 113rHaHJ/le. Towe OC'b,D;eH 3a;11oq-
HO Ha CM1>PT OT Hapo,;LIHM.R C"b,D;. IIp11c'b;L1aTa e OTMeHeHa c PemeHJ/le N°243 Ha B1>pXOBHJ/IR C'h/:I Ha PE.
ITpe3 l949 An. IJ;aHKOB e np11Hy,n;eH ,n;a HanycHe ABCTpHH 113aMJ11HaBa 3a ApJKeHT11Ha, K"b}:leTO OCTaBa
110 Kpa11 Ha JKJ/IBOTa rn. YM11pa Ha 27 JOJIJ/I 1959 r. B EyeHoc Awpec.
313
Pocmia AHzenoaa
pom:1 Hrpae MaJIKa rpyna OT reHepa1rn H cTapurn oqmu;epH, HapeKrrH ce6e cu "KoH-
BeHT': Hal.Jeno c reH. Jt1BaH BnJIKOB71 . IIpaBHTerrcrnoTo He B3eMa perneHHe 6e3 cwna-
cHeTo Ha KoHBeHTa. C11ep; rrpeBparn oCBeH CrnM6orrHMCKH ca y6HTH MHHHCTop Crrac
,IJ;yrrapHHOB (rrpH OIIHT 3a fo1rcrno), cocpMMCKHR KMeT KpyM IlorroB. Ilocpep; forn ,11eH
e 3acTpemrn Ha 26 aBrycT 1923 r. B Ilpara PawKo ,lJ;aCKarroB, KOMTO no TOBa speMe
e p;Hrr110MaTH<JeCKH rrpep;cTaBHTerr B qexocnoBaKHR. TaM TOM poKosop;H 06pa3ysatto
3ap;rpaHHl.JHO rrpaBHTerrcTBo H rrpep;cTaBHTerrcrno Ha E3HC.
Bep;Hara crrep; 9 IOHH H CTHXHMHO, H u;erreHaco<JeHo 3ano<JBaT p;ewcTBHH 3a crrno-
TRBaHe Ha 6yp)l(Oa3HHTe rrorrHTHl.JeCKH CHJIH. OpraHH3aTopHTe Ha rrpeBparn OT Bo-
eHHHR C'bI03 HMaT HeranmHO OTI-IOllleirne K'bM CTapHTe rrapTHH H ce HaCOl.JBaT K'bM
C'b3p;aBaHe Ha HOBa rrorrHn1qecKa cpopMau;HR, KORTO p;a CJIY)l(H 3a onopa Ha Ka61mera.

Ilop;o6HH ca HaMepeHHRTa H Ha npeMHepa. TaKa o~e rrpe3 IOJIH 1923 r. 3arroqsar rrpe-
rosopHTe 3a o6ep;HHeHHe Me)l(p;y Hapop;HHR crosop H napTHHTe OT KoHcrnTyl\11011-
HHR 6rroK. IIperoBopHTe ca Te)l(KH, HO Ha 10 asrycT e o6pa3yBaHa HOBa ep;1rnna rrap-
THR c HaHMeHOBamteTO )J;eMOKpaTHl.JeCKH croBop c rrel.JaTeH opraH ",lJ;eMOKpam'!eCKll
croBop''. B He.R BJIH3aT Hapop;HHR croBop, )];II, Pap;HKarrHaTa napTHR H 06ep;1rneHara
Hapop;norrporpecHBHa napnrn. Ilocnep;sa cpopM11paHe Ha u;eHTparrHHTe H Mecrmrre
fr opraHM. 3a pa31111Ka OT Tpap;Hu;110HHHTe rrapTHH u;eHTparrnoTo 610po HHMa rrpe11-
cep;aTe11. ,1J;eM0KpaT11l.JeCKl1.RT CfOBOp He e MOIIOIIapnrn, a KOHcpep;epau;HH 11Jl1" J10PH
He~o rro-x11a6aBOTO - KOaJIHIJ;HR OT rrapT11H. qaK Ha l OKTOMBpH 1923 r. B'bB Bpo3Ka c
71
J1Bau B'l>JIKOB e poAeH B Ka3aHJibK Ha 31 .RH. 1875. 3asbprnsa BoeHHOTO yqum1ll1e B Co¢1rn
rrpe3 1896, rneA Koern cJiy)l(H B apnrnepirnTa. IIpe3 1909 3asbprnsa reoAe3H.R B H11KonaeBcKara re-
Hepam:11a6Ha aKaAeMH.R B CaHKT IIeTep6ypr. IIo speMe Ha fianKaHcKaTa so"frna Bbl!KOB yqacrna B06-
caAaTa Ha 0Ap11H, rneA KoeTo rrperroAaBa BbB BoeHHOTO yq11J1Hll\e. IIpe3 ITbpBaTa cseTOBHa ao!rna
rny)l(H B ll\a6a Ha Brnpa 6bnrapCKa apM11.11 (1915-1916), KOMaHABa 44-rn rrexoTeH rronK (1916-1917)
11 e Ha'lal!HHK-ll\a6 Ha 7-Ma rrexoTHa AHBl13H.ll H 10-Ta rrexoTHa AHBH3H.ll (1917-1918). CneA aolrnme
J!IsaH Bbl!KOB e AHpeKTop Ha KapTorpacpcKH.ll HHCTHTyT. Tol1 e eAHH OT ocHoBaTel!HTe Ha BoeHHllH
CbI03 rrpe3 1919 l1 HffOB npeACfAaTel! OT 1920 AO 1928. AKTHBeH yqacTHHK B LJ:eseTOIOHCKJ,UI npespar
rrpe3 1923, CllfA Hero BbJIKOB CTaBa BOeHeH MHHHCTbp l1 e rrpoH3BeAeH B reHepan-MaCrnp. IT011 He-
fOBO p'I>KOBOACTBO ce rrpoBe)l(AaT MaCOBHTe perrpec1111 cpell\y nes1111aTa, rrorneABam1 Ceme~rnpHf1-
CKOTO BbCTaHHe (1923) 11 aTeHTaTa B '-lbpKBaTa CseTa HeAen.11 (1925). IIpe3 BrnpaTa rronoa11Ha Ha
20-Te fOAHHH Bbl!KOB e 06s11H.11BaH B rroKpOBHTencTBaHe Ha KpHl!OTO Ha J!Is. M11xal1noB np11 pa3-
pacTBall\HTe ce KbpBaBH Me)l(Ayoco6111111 BbB BMPO. BbJIKOB ce rron3Ba cbc rnnHaTa ITOAKpena Ha
11ap fiop11c III, KOl1To Ha H.llKOl!KO ITbTH ocyernBa OITHTHTe 3a l13Ba)l(AaHeTo MY OT Ka611ttera. Tipe3
1928 Bbl!KOB e rrpo113BeAeH B reHepan OT rrexoTaTa. To:tf 06.11B.11Ba pa3rrycKaHeTO Ha BoeHHHJI C'bl03,
CHl!HO KOMrrpoMeTHpaH ITOl!HTH'leCKH l1 npaKTH'leCKH pa3rraAHal! ce, rropaAH B'bTpeIUml pa3Horna-
C:l1.ll. Me)l(AYBpeMeHHO BbHIUHHRT HaTHCK 3a OTCTpaH.RBaHeTo Ha Bbl!KOB ce 3ac11naa 11 no apeMe
Ha rrperosop11Te 3a CKl!IO'IBaHe Ha CTa611n113a11110HeH 3aeM rrpeM11ep'bT ce cbrnarnaa Aa ro 113sa1111
OT rrpaBHTel!cTBOTO. B Ha'laJIOTO Ha 1929 B'l>l!KOB e Ha3Ha'leH 3a rrocnaHHK B Y1Tan11.11 l1 ocraaa Ha
T03l1 ITOCT AO 1934. IIpe3 T03l1 rrepMOA TOl1 Hrpae aKTHBHa pon.11 B rrper0Bopi1Te 3a CKl!IO'IBaHe Ha
6paK Me)l(p;y 11ap fiop11c III 11 rrp11H11eca .ll:)l(oBaHa Casol1cKa. Cnep; 1934 JIIB. BonKOB ce orrerrr!I or
0611\eCTBeHH.ll )!(HBOT. IIpe3 1954 TOl1 e OC'bAeH Ha CMbpT no rrpo11eca 3a "arrpHl!CKHTe C'b611r11J1" OT
1925 r. IIopaAH uarrpeAHanaTa MY B'b3paCT, rrp11c'bAaTa e 3aMeueua c 20 roAHHH 3aTBop l1 rotl yM11pa
ua 20 arrp11n 1962 B 3aTBopa B CTapa 3aropa.
314
HOBA E'bflI'APCKA MCTOPMJ! (1878-1944)
Ha6moKaBall.ll1Te napnaMeHTapH111136op11 ce ny6n11K}'Ba npep;1136opHa nnanpopMa Ha

t:(eM0KpaT11'-!eCKl1R croBop c nporpaMHl1Te Ha'Iana 3a ynpaBneH11·eTo Ha p;np)l(aBaTa.
PnKOBop;cTBOTO Ha EKll Oil.le ce Hacna)l(p;aBa Ha 6op611Te Me)l(p;y "p;BeTe Kpwna Ha
6yp)l(Oa3l1.RTa", KoraTO ro HaCTl1fa Ha KOMMHTepHOBOTO Heop;o6peH11e. feHepanHl1RT
ceKpeTap Ha Kl/1 Bac11n KonapoB 72 ce 3aeMa p;a npoMeH11 napTw:ihraTa nwHwR. ToBa e
OC'bll\eCTBeHO Ha opraHl1311paHO OT Hero C'bBeII..1aH11e Ha I.J,K Me)l(p;y 5 l1 7 aBrycT, KOeTO
B3eMa peweHHe 3a Bp;11raHe Ha aHT11npaB11TenCTBeHo B'hCTaH11e. Cn3p;aBa ce BOeHHO-
rexm1qec1<11 KOMl1TeT 3a npoBe)l(p;aHeTo MY na'Ieno c KocTa JlHKOB. llpo1<naM11pa1-iaTa
11en Ha B'bcTaHweTo e He HanaraHe Ha p;11KTaTypa Ha nponeTapl1aTa, a yCTaHOBRBaHe Ha
pa6oTHl1'IeCKO-cencKO npaBl1TeJICTBO.
I1pe3 BTopaTa nonoB11Ha Ha aBrycT ce noCT11ra cnopa3yMeH11e Me)l(p;y EKll l1
BMPO. EKll ce 3ap;'bn)J(aBa p;a He Bp;wra B'bCTaHl1e B I111p11HcK11R Kpail:, cpell.ly Koern
BMPO o6ell\aBa CBOR HeyTpan11TeT. B xop;a Ha nocnep;Banwre c'b6VITl1R VI ep;mrTe M
1-1pyrn:re He cna3BaT noeT11Te aHra)l(l1MeHT11. E'hrrrapcKl1Te KOMYHVICTl1 o6ocHoBaBaT
pernemieTo c11 3a B'bCTaHwe enc 3ano'IHaJiaTa Ha 9 I-OHVI "1<p113a no B'hnpoca 3a Bnac-
rra': HO Ba)J(HM ycnoBMR l1 np11'-I11H11 3a B'hCTaHMe B CTpattaTa JIVIIICBaT. B E'hnrapwa,
KaKTo VI B QRJia EBpona rnep; 1921 r., ce n6eJIR3Ba 6'hp3o cnap;aHe Ha MacoB11Te p;Bl1-
JKemrn c peBOJil-OQMOHHa opweHTaQMR.
B'hcTaHl1eTo ce nop;roTBR Hecp'b'-IHO. B no-ronaMaTa qacr OT cTpanaTa p;opw KO-
MYHHCTHTe He nocpell\aT pewemieTo c eHTycwa3'bM. JtfaBeCTHa roTOBHOCT 3a MacoBo
72 Bacirn KonapoB e pogeH Ha 28 101rn 1877 r. B IllyMeH, 3aaopurna mMHa3HH B'bB BapHa HOT
1895110 1897 e y•rnTen B H11Korron, Kogero ce BKJJJO'IBa B EPC.[(IT. Crregaa rrpaao B EKc aH ITpoaaHc
H3aBnpurna B )KeHeBa (1900). Crreg 3aapou~aHeTO rn B EorrrapuH e agsoKaT B IllyMeH, a OT 1904
- BTirroBAHB. Crreg pa3genHHeTo Ha EPC.[(11 ocraaa B poKoaogeHara OT.[(. Enaroea EPC.[(IT (T. c.) 11
or 1913 AO 1923 e HapogeH rrpegcraauren OT Ta3H rrapTHH. Korrapoa yqacrna B EarrKaHCKHTe BOMHH
mo nnaceH ocjnu~ep. Ilpe3 1919 e 1136paH 3a ceKperap Ha UK Ha EKIT Ha MHCTOTO Ha 3a6orrerr11H fe-
oprn KHpKoB. PoKOBOAH 6onrapCKara gerrera1111H Ha II H Ha III KOHrpec Ha KoM11HrepHa rrpe3 1921 11
1922. Tipe3 1922 craaa HeroB reHepaneH ceKperap 11 Ae:ticrna KaTO TaK'bB go 1924, B3eMaMKJ1 yqacn1e
BKOHrpec11Te Ha KOMnapT1111 or fepMamrn, J1rarr11H, <PpaHl\HH, HopaernH, tiexornosaKttH, M0Hro-
rr1111H11pyrn. Crreg .[(eBeTOJOHCKHH rrpeapaT B EonrapttH rrpe3 1923 rrp113oaasa EKIT K'bM Boopo)!(eHa
6op6a cpeuw pe)!(11Ma Ha An. ~aHKOB, Ho He cpell\a TIOAKpena. IlpucT11ra HerrerarrHo B EonrapHH B
Ha'lanorn Ha aarycT 11 3aep;Ho c feopr11 .[(uMttrpoB Harrara perneHHeTO 3a BAHraHe Ha CerrTeMBpHfr-
cKoro B'bCTaH11e. Cneg HeroBHH Heycrrex 3aM11HaBa 3a lOroCJJaBHH, a OTTaM - 3a ABCTpHH, Kogero
opraHH311pa apeMeHHO 3agrpaHH'IHO npegcraBttTerrcrno Ha EKIT. B Kp<UI Ha 1923 ce apoll\a B Moc-
KBa. CrreA CMopTTa Ha )J;. EnaroeB rrpe3 1924 B. Korrapoa 3acTaBa Ha'leJio Ha 3agrpaHwrnoTo 610po Ha
UK Ha EKIT (T. c.). Cnep; na:Hn1111rCKJ1H npo11ec (1933) TOfl e 113MeCTeH OT T03J1 IIOCT OT rrp11gofornrrn
MelK11yHapoAHa nonynHpHocT r. .[(11M11Tpos. Ilpe3 rneABall\11Te ro,n;11H11 Korrapos 3aeMa pa3Jil1'1HH
ttay'IHH 11 nom1T11'!eCKJ1 nocTose B C1>seTCKHH C'bl03 11 KoMHHTepHa. 3aspnll\a ce B Eorrrap1-rn rrpe3
1945 H rogHHa rro-K'bCHO cTasa rrpep;cep;areJI Ha HapOAHOTO co6paH11e. To:H poKOBOAH 6omapcKaTa
~errera~11H Ha IlapmKKaTa MUpHa KOHcpepeHl\HH npe3 1946. Cneg rrpeMaxsaHeTO Ha MOHapxrrnTa B
EMrapHH e npep;cep;aTen Ha BpeMeHHOTO npegcegaTeJicrno Ha perry6nuKaTa ( 15 cemeMsp11 1946 - 7
HOeMBPJll 1947) 11 J13II'bJIHHBa cpyHK1\11J1Te Ha A'bp)!(aBeH rnasa AO np11eMaHeTO Ha KOHCTl1TY1\HHTa OT
1947. Crre.n; CM'bpTTa Ha r. ,[(HMHTpoB B. Konapos ornaBHBa rrpas11TeJICTBOTO, HO caMHHT TO:ti yM11pa
tta2311Hyap111950 r. B Co4>11H. IlopsoHa'!aJIHO e norpe6aH AO MaB3oJieH Har. .[(HMHTpos, a rrpe3 1990
ocraHKJllTe MY ca npeMeCTeHH B Co4>1111cK11Te 11eHrpanH11 rpo611ll\a.
315
Pocuu,a AH2eJ10Ba
y<'IaCTJ-le J1Ma B CeJICKJ1Te paHOHJ1, K'b,D;eTO O~e He e CJIOMeHO )l(eJiaHMeTO 3a Conponrna

cpe~y HanaraHeTo Ha ;a;eBeTOIOHCKMR pe)l(MM. TaffHaTa 3a npe;a;cToR~OTO B'bCTamre
C'blQO Hee ona3eHa 11 npaBMTeJICTBOTo B3eMa C'bOTBeTHH npe;a;BapHTeJIHM MepKvL Ha
12 cenTeMBpH noJIMQMRTa apeCTyBa oKono 2 500 Haff-;a;eJ.fHH KOMYHHCTM H3 r.vrnara
cTpaHa. Me)l(;a;y TRX e OTroBopHHK'bT 3a BOeHHO-TeXHw1ecK0To ocHrypRBaHe Ha snc-
TaHHeTo - K. 5IHKOB.
Ha 15 cenTeMBpH UK B noJIHO npoT11Bopeq11e c KOHKpeTHHTe yrnoBHR npel\e-
HRBa, qe B'bCTaHMeTo e HeH36e)l(HO. UenH neT ;a;Hw rne;a; TOBa, Ha 20 cenTeMBp11, UK
OTHOBO ce Co6wpa, 3a ;a;a H36epe fnaBeH peBOJIIOQHOHeH KOMHTeT, C'bCTOH~ ce OT B.
KonapoB, r. AwMwTpoB H faBpHn feHoB. Aarnrn Ha B'bCTaHHeTo e onpe;a;eneHa 3a 22
cpeI.Qy 23 cenTeMBpw. Me)l(;a;yBpeMeHHO o~e Ha 13 cenTeMBpw B'bCTaBaT B c. MbrmDK,
Ka3aHJI'bllIKO, Ko;a;eTo 3a qeTHp11 qaca e ycTaHoBeHa pa6oTHwqecKo-cencKa Bnacr.
Cne;a;BaT 11 ;a;pyrn HeycnellIHH B'bCTaHwqecKw ;a;ettcTBHR B Crnpa 3aropa, Hosa 3aropa
w OKOJIHHTe cena, B l.JwpnaHcKo w Ka3aHJI'bllIKO. Haff-;a;o6pe opraHH3HpaHo w Haii-Ma-
COBO e B'bCTaHMeTo B CeBep03ana;a;Ha BonrapwR. B T03H Kpaff TO e 06.R:BeHo Ha 22 cen-
TeMBpw Beqeprn. Ha 23 c:t>ep;a;wHaH;a; (MoHTaHa) e npeB3eT OT B'bCTaHwqecKvrn otpRI\
Ha XpwcTo MwxatlnoB, a Ha 24 BepKOBHQa - OT oTpR;a;a Ha 3aMcpwp IlonoB. Cnll\11RT
;a;eH B BepKOBJ1Qa npwcTwraT poKOBO,D;MTeJIHTe Ha B'bCTaHHeTO B. KonapoB H r. ,[(11M11-
TpOB. Ha 25 cenTel\rnpu no;a; poKOBop;cTBOTO Har. feHoB 2000 Boopo)l(eHw w 1000 He-
Boopo)l(eHM B'bCTaHHQM aTaKyBaT w oBna;a;RBaT rapa BofrqwHOBQM. I1pe3 cnep;Ball\v!Te
p;Hw oTpRp;'bT Ha non AH;a;petl Bop;w O)l(eCToqeHw 6oeBe Ha rapa BpycapQH.
fnaBHMRT peBOJIIOQMOHeH KOMHTeT CH J136wpa 3a cep;aJIMI.Qe rp. c:t>epp;wHaHp;, a 3a
QeHTop Ha B'bCTaHMeTo - CeBepo3ana,n;Ha BonrapwR. He e Heo6xo,n;11Mo crrel\ttaJIHO
BOeHHO o6pa30BaH11e 11 onwT (HRMaT r11 11 Bo,n;aq11Te Ha 6yHta), 3a ,n;a ce pa36epe, 'le
B'bCTaHMeTo e JIHllleHo OT noBceMeCTHOCT w Ha,n;e)l(,n;H 3a ycnex. CTpaTerw:1ecK11Rr 3a-
MHC'bJI Ha aKQHRTa ,n;oKOJIKOTO ro MMa e npecTonHo HawBeH. BocTaHweTo ce sp;ma no
Hape)l(,n;aHe Ha ep;Ha qy)l(,n;a cwna, 3a~0To KJ.1 ,n;etlcTBa no,n; ,n;wKTOBKaTa Ha sop;a'!vne
Ha C'bBeTcKaTa ;a;np)l(aBa. B xo,n;a Ha Boopb)l(eHaTa aBaHTIOpa Het'IHMTe poKOB01111re-
JIH noK pa3q11TaT Ha Kpat'IHo o6TernaTwTe OTHOllleHMR Ha BomapwR c ,n;pyra crpatta
- IOrornaBHR. Cne,n; AeBeTOIOHCKMR npeBpaT OT Bempa,n; 11,n;BaT 3annaxvr 3a soeHHO
HaxJiyBaHe c QeJI B'b3CTaHOBRBaHe Ha 3eMe,n;encKOTo npaBMTeJICTBO. BocTaHvr'lecKJm
BO)l(,D;OBe MMaT HaMepeHwe ,n;a ce onpaT Ha IOrornaBcKa no,n;Kpena. OCBeH TOBa c pa3pe-
llleHwe Ha 6enrpa,n;cKMTe BJiaCTH B Henocpe,n;cTBeHa 6JIH30CT p;o rpaH11QaTa ca C'bcpe-
,n;oTOqeHM cpopM11poBaHMR Ha eM11rp11pan11 npHBop)l(eHMQH Ha B3HC. BocTaHHl\HTe
o6aqe He C'bYMRBaT ;a;a OBJia,n;eRT HR:KaK'bB 3Ha'IJ1TeJieH yqacT'bK OT rpaHHl\aTa Karo
6a3a 3a HaCT'bnJieHMe K'bM CocpwR.
3a Tp11-qeT11p11 ,n;HH BOMCKaTa B'b3CTaHOBRBa npaB11TeJICTBeHaTa BJiacT B'bB <!>ep-
,n;11HaH,n;cKa, JloMcKa, BenornaTHHcKa 11 OpRXOBCKa OKOJI11R, BonpeKw xpa6pata c'brrpo-
THBa Ha no,n;Be,n;ett11Te OT KOMYHHCT11qecK0To pnKOBo,n;cTBO B'bCTaHHQH. Ha 28 11 29
cenTeMBp11 qaCT OT TRX 3ae,n;Ho c Bo,n;aq11Te cw npec11qaT rpaH11QaTa c IOrocnaBHR. B.
KonapoB 11 r. A11M11TpoB ce p;o611paT ,n;o Bwetta, OTKo,n;eTo 113npaI.QaT ornopeHo nHCMO
,n;o pa6oTHHQHTe J1 ceJIRHMTe B Bonrap11R. B Hero ce Ka3Ba, qe 6op6arn npop;'bJI)l(aBa
11 Ha cMeJI11Te 6opQ11 ce npenopoqBa ,n;a p;np)l(aT rnaBaTa cw J13npaBeHa. Pe)l<WM'bT ce
HOBA E'b!II'APCKA 11CTOP11H (1878-1944)
pa3IIpaBH c IlOBaJiemne CM npoTMBHVIQVI c TepopMCTMqHo yc'bpp;Me M V13JIH1UHa )KeCTO-

KOCT. Cnopep; p;aHHM Ha EKTI M36MTVITe npe3 cemeMBpM 1923 r. ca oKorro 5 000 p;ylllM,
a MHOfO IlOBeqe ca apecTyBaHVITe VI V13Te3aBamne. c p;eWCTB11HTa C11 BJiaCTVITe C'b3p;a-
BaT noqBa 3a KOHTpaHaCMJIVIH.
Me)Kp;y noJIMTMqecKMTe p;eMQM Ha pe)!(HMa HHMa ep;MHOMMCJIMe. l13B'bH CroBopa
ocrasa M3BeCTHMH noJIMTMK HuKorra feHap;ueB. C'hc cMeJiaTa CM rpa)Kp;aHCKa no3VIQMH
row rn no3BOJIHBa p;a KpMTMKyBa pe)KMMa. Cnopep; Hero B E'hrrrapMH TpH6Ba p;a VIMa
11se napTMM. Ep;HaTa qucTO 6yp)Koa3Ha 11 p;a BKmoqBa np11B'bp)!(eHHQMTe Ha 06ep;11-
Hettara Hapop;HonporpecMBHa, ~eMoKpaTuqecKaTa, HaQMOHarrrru6eparrHaTa 11 qacT OT
Pa):IHKarrHaTa. ~pyraTa JIHBa TpH6Ba p;a o6xBaHe rremne pap;MKarru M COQMarrp;eM0Kpa-
n1. KaTO nopBa cnnKa feHap;MeB o6pa3yBa napTMH "Hapop;Ho ep;MHCTBo" c'bc cB011
rrp11s'bp)KeHMQM HaQVIOHaJIJIM6eparrM. Tiop;KpenaTa MY 3a nocTpap;arr11Te OT pe)!(VIMa
rrpei:1pe1UaBa cop;6aTa My. feHap;MeB e pa3cTperrHH B AoKTOpCKaTa rpap;MHa Ha 30 oK-
TOMBp11 1923 f.
Ha 18 HOeMBpVI 1923 r. ca npoBep;emr naprraMeHTapH11 ~136op11 3a XXI OHC, KO-
lfTO ca cneqerreHVI OT npaBMTeJICTBOTO c noMOll\Ta Ha Tepop 11 cparrlliMqrnKaQMVI. OT
1136paHMTe 24 7 Hapop;HM npep;cTaBV1Tem1 172 ca HeroBM nornep;oBaTeJIH, 30 MecTa
rronyi:rnBa E3HC, 29 MeCTa - EPCATI. lli. c), 8 MeCTa EKTI, 6 MecTa - HaQHOHaJIJIM-
6epanHaTa napTMH VI 2 MeCTa 3a napnrn "Hapop;Ho ep;11Hcrno''. KoHcnITyupaHeTo Ha
rrapnaMeHTapHa rpyna Ha AeMoKpaTuqecKMH crosop sop;M p;o pa31U11pHBaHe Ha noJIM-
r11'!eCKaTa MY onopa VI ro napnaMeHTapM3Hpa. AenyTaT11Te OT rpynara o6aqe B npoTM-
Bopeqvre c pa3r10pep;6V1Te Ha KOHCTHTYQMHTa, noeMaT 3ap;'bJI)!(eHMeTO p;a He ce IIOJI3BaT
OT rrpaBOTO CM Ha 3aKOHOp;aTeJIHa HH11QManIBa 6e3 npep;sapHTeJIHO pa3rJie)!(p;aHe Ha
npe):IJIO)!(eHMHTa VIM B rrapnaMeHTapHaTa rpyna.
ITpe3 ynpaBJieHMeTo Ha croBopHCTKOTo npaBHTeJICTBO 6ene311Te Ha npeop;OJIHBa-
He Ha rnep;BoeHHaTa CTonaHcKa KpM3a p;o6JIM)KaBaT peaJIHM oqeprnHMH. HanuqueTo
Ha MHoro6po11HO caM03ap;OBOJIHBall\O ce ceJICKO HaCeJieHMe He p;aBa B'b3MO)KHOCT Ha
l1H~JiaQ11HTa p;a ce pa3BV1XpV1 c TaKMBa TeMTIOBe, KaTO Te3M Ha MOp;epHM p;'bp)!(aBM KaTO
fepMaHMJI. ToBa TI'bK cnoMara 3a pa3QBeTa Ha 6aHKOBOTO p;eno. Cpell\y cneKyJiaTMB-
Hlfil KanHTaJI npaBMTeJICTBOTO pearnpa c'bc 3aKpHBaHe Ha CoqrnwCKaTa 6opca. Aerro-
B11re Kp'broBe ce 3ap;oJI:>KaBaT p;a VI3Bop1UBaT onepaQMM c qy)!(p;H nrraTe)!(HH cpep;crna
caMo c pa3pellieHVIe VI nap; KOHTpona Ha EHE vr TO npu p;oKa3aHa crnnaHcKa Hy)!(p;a
11110 Kypc, onpep;eneH OT EHE. ~'bp:>KaBaTa ce HaMeCBa KaTO perynarnp VI Ha qacT OT
BbHIIIHaTa H OT BoTpelUHaTa ToproBMH. OrpaH11qaBaHeTo Ha BHoca ~eJIM cnecTHBaHe
Ha BaTiyTHM IlOCT'bTIJieHMH VI nop;o6pHBaHe Ha T'bproBCKMH 6arraHC Ha CTpaHaTa. Tipe3
Matt 1924 r. coc 3aKOH p;vrBM3HMTe onepaQVI11 ce MOHOTIOJIM3HpaT OT EHE 11 rno6op;-
c
Hara BarryTHa ToproBMH ce JIVIKBV1p;11pa OKOHqaTeJIHO. Ta3VI MHpKa npaBl1TeJICTBOTO
ysenwrnBa BanyTHMH pe3epB Ha p;op:>KaBaTa, cTa6MJIH3Mpa 6'hrrrapcKHH JieB M CM oCM-
rypsIBa B'b3MO:>KHOCTH 3a np.sIKa HaMeca B CTOTiaHCKVIH 11 <P~rnaHCOBHH )!(VIBOT.
ITpe3 1924 r. C'bC 3aKOHMTe 3a 3a6paHa Ha BHOCa Ha CTOKVI, KmITo He ca II'bpBa He-
o6xo):ll1MOCT, VI 3a 6op6a enc CK'bTIOTVIHTa npaBMTeJicTBoTo 3aC11JIBa cBoH KOHTpon Hap;
BbTpenrnaTa VI B'bHlUHaTa ToproBHH. Ilo GfJiaTa Ha 3aKOHa 3a 6op6a C'bC CK'bilOTMHTa
ce Cb3,[\aBaT KOMVICapcTBa, KOMTO MOHOTIOJIV1311paT T'bproBHJITa c xpaHHTeJIHM npop;y-
317
KTW Ha B'bTpelllH11.H na3ap. Do T0311 Ha'I11H g'bp)l(aBaTa 3ano'IBa ga onpegen.R ~emm
. l1 ga cnegaa np11H~11n, HeC'bBMeCTl1M c np11naraHl1JI B AOBOeHHl1Te fOAWHl1 CTOnaHCKl1
n116epan113'bM.
DpaB11TeJICTBOTO Ha geBeTOIOHQl1 He ycnJIBa ga CKJIIO'Il1 T'bproBCKl1 goroaop c
Hl1TO egHa g'bp)l(aBa, HWTO ga nonyq11 B'bHilleH 3aeM. Toaa ce oTpa3JIBa He6narorrp11-
.HTHO Ha qmHaHCOBOTO C'bCTOJIHl1e Ha CTpaHaTa. 3aTOBa npaB11TeJICTBOTO yaenw1aBa
0Tp11'IaH11Te OT 3eMegeJIQt-ITe KOCBeHH gaH'b~l1. To OTMeHJI nporpec11aHo-nogoxogH11JJ
gaH'bK 11 B'bBe)l(ga no3eMJieH Hanor 3a ceJIJIHl1Te, c KOeTo gaH'b'IHOTO MY 6peMe Hapa-
CTBa c 25%. 3a OCTaHaJil1Te COQWaJIHl1 rpyn11 ce 3ana3Ba IIOAOXOAHOTO o6naraHe Karo
ce CM'bKBa MHOfO HHCKO AOJIHaTa rpaH11~a Ha fOAWillHl1.H np11xog, c KOeTO ce 3arnraT
BCl1'IKH gpe6noco6CTBeH11'IeCKl1 rpagCKl1 CJIOeBe.
3anoqaa peBl13WJI Ha pecpopM11Te Ha E3HC. 3aKoH'bT 3a TpygoB11Te 3eMegerrcK11
CTOnaHCTBa OT 1924 r. Bp'b~a noJIOBl1HaTa OT OTHeT11 3eMl1 OT 3eMegeJIQ~ITe Ha 611-
Bllll1Te WM co6cTBeH11Q11. 3ana3eH e np11HQHn'bT, 'le 3eMJITa np11HagJie)l(11 Ha Te311,
KOWTO .II o6pa6oTBaT. 3eMegeJICKOTO npm13BOACTBO AOCT11ra l1 HagM11HaBa npegBO-
eHHl1Te Cl1 noKa3aTeJil1. 0T'Il1TaMKW cpaKTa, qe CTpaHaTa e 3ary6mia CBOJITa )!<11THllI.\a
- IO)l(Ha ,Uo6pyg)l(a, e O'IeB11AHO rrogo6pRBaHeTo Ha cencKOTO cTorraHCTBO. ToBa ce
nocT11ra qpe3 yaen11'IaBaHe Ha rroceBHl1Te nno~11, KaTo ce pa3opaaaT Mep11 tt nacm11a
l1 ce rrpecylllaBaT 6naTa, B'bBe)l(gaT ce HOBH, rro-rrpogyKTl1BHl1 copToBe cencKocrnrratt-
CKl1 pacTeH11J1 11 HOBl1 nopog11 :>Kl1BOTHl1. HacT'bnBaT Ka<JeCTBeHH VI3MeHemrn B ceJI-
CKOCTonaHCKaTa npogyKQl1.H no nocoKa Ha yBeJIH'IaBaHe go611Bl1Te Ha TeXHW-leCKl!Te
KynTyp11 (naMyK, TIOTIOH, MaCJIOAaMHl1 paCTemrn, 3axapHo QBeKno).
ITpaa11TencTBOTO HMa nporpaMa 11 no B'bnpoca 3a KoonepaQ1111Te. ,U'bp)f(aBHll!IT
KOHTpon TYK ce oc'b~ecTB.HJ?a rnaBHO qpe3 MexaHtt3Ma Ha KpeA11Ta. Do C'bll.\HH Ha'l11H
ce npoae:>KAa KoonepaTl1BHaTa nonHTl1Ka 11 no OTHOille1me Ha gpe6HaTa 6yp)f(Oa311JI B
rpaAOBeTe. c npttBl1Jier1111 ce nOJI3BaT 3aHa.HT'Il1l1 11 ToprOBQW, KOWTO CHMnanimrpaT
Ha npaBHTeJICTBOTO. Dpw pe:>K11Ma ce yaenw'IaBa 6po.H Ha 3eMegencK11Te Koonepa111m,
KaKTO 11 Ha nonyn.HpHwTe 6aHKW w KpegHTH11Te KoonepaQw11 B rpagoBeTe. BnB Bp'h3Ka
c pa3BWTJ1eTO Ha KoonepanIBHOTO ABJ1:>KeHJ1e npe3 1924 r. rrpaBJ1TeJICTBOTO Ha npo~.
An. UaHKOB pa3Kpwaa B Cocpirn Bwcllla KoonepaTWBHa IllKOJia coc 3aAa'-la ga rrogror-
Bw "go6pe TeopeT11'-1ecK11 11 npaKT11'IecK11 AeMQl1 3a poKOBogeHe Ha KooneparttBHOTO
gB11:>KeH11e B cTpaHaTa''. KypcoT e ABerog11IlleH. DpenogaaaTen11 B He.II ca An. UaHKOB,
npocpecop no IIOJil1TH'IeCKa HKOHOMH.H, H3BeCTHl1JI CTaTJ1CTJ1K rrpocp. ,U11M~IT'bp M11-
IllaHKOB, 51. Monnoa, KoorrepaTWBHW.H geeQ J1n11J1 Dana3oB, CnaB<JO 3aropoa M gpyrn
113T'bKHaT11 6onrapcK11 npocpecop11 w AeMQl1 Ha KoonepanIBHOTO ABl1:>Ke1rne. Ao KpaJJ
Ha ynpaaneHweTo Ha Ka611HeTa B IllKOJiaTa ce o6yqaaaT 80 AYill11.
CrreQ11anHo BHl1MaHwe ce OTAeJI.H Ha <Jl1HOBHl1<JeCTBOTO. 3agen.RT ce 3Ha'IHTerrtt11
cpegcTBa 3a yBen11qaBaHe 3arrnaT11Te Ha A'hp:>KaBHl1Te cJiy)fmTen11, rpmKtt ce rrorrarar
3a coQ11anH11Te HM np11go611aK11. l!11HOBHl1Ql1Te rrony1-rnaaT yBeJI11<JeH11e Ha 3arrrranm
c 80% c Qen Aa ce C'b3AaAe Anp:>KaBeH arrapaT, <JY:>KA Ha KopynQl1.HTa.
CneQHaJieH o6eKT Ha coQ11anHaTa non11T11Ka ca BOeHHJ1Te, 11311rpan11 peIIIaBall\a
ponR B npeBpaTa Ha 9 10H11 1923 r. Ha 9 arrp11n 1924 r. XXI OHC rnacyaa 3aKoH 3a so-
.., , n
HOBA ED!IfAPCKA J1CTOPJ1Jl (1878-1944)
eHHOTO }"Ili1JH1IIJ;e. c Hero BoeHHOTO yqmrnru;e e IIOBMIIJeHO B paHr Ha BMCIIIe BOeHHO

Y'Hf JI Mill; e.
AKTyaJJ:H3Mpa ce pa6oTHVPiecKoTO 3aKoHogaTencTBo. Oco6eHo MRCTO 3aeMa 3aKo-
HbT 3a o6IIJ;ecTBemne ocwrypoBKM OT Mar1: 1924 r. C Hero ce perrraMeHTwpaT ycnoBM-
JITa 3a rnrnIIJ;aHe Ha neHCliIM no crnpocT 11 MHBaJIMAHOCT. B TI'hpmrn rnyqa:r1: ce M3MCKBa
HaB'hpIIIBaHe Ha 60 fO,[\MHM M B'hB cpoH):\a 3a oorrypRBaHe ga ca BHaCRHM 3aCTpaXOBKM
s npog'hJI)!(eHue Ha 21 rOAMHM, a B'bB BTopMR - He no-MaJIKO OT TPM rogMHM. C'hrnarno
3aKoHa ocwrypuTenmrn goxoA ce cpopM11pa OT cpegcrsa Ha pa6ornuquTe, pa6ornga-
rem1Te w A'hP)f(aBaTa, KaTo nocneAHaTa o6e3neqasa He rro-MaJIKO OT 50%. YBemrtJaBa
ce ornycK'bT 3a pa)f(AaHe OT 8 Ha 12 ce):\MML\H.
3a np'bB Il'bT npaBMTeJICTBOTO Ha npocp. I(aHKOB npaBM OIIHT ):\a perrraMeHTHpa
na3apa Ha rpyAa. C rrracyBaHMR 3aKOH 3a HaCTaHRBaHe Ha pa6ora M omrypRBaHe Ha
6e3pa6oTHMTe TO C'b3AaBa g'bp)f(aBHa 6opca Ha Tpyga M 3aKpHBa 'IaCTHMTe TaKMBa,
Karo orrpeAeJIR Ha'IMHMTe 3a ycrpor1:BaHe Ha pa6oTa w 06e3rretJaBaHe B rnyqar1: Ha 6e3-
pa6ornqa.
I1pe3 1924 r. Ka6MHeT'bT ce OIIMTBa ga rapaHTMpa J;IHTepemTe Ha egpMTe 1'IHAYC-
rp11aJiqM qpe3 npHeMaHe Ha HOB 3aKOH 3a T'bprOBCKO-MHgycTpMaJIHMTe KaMapM, c KOM-
TO KaMapwTe ce rrpeBp'bIIJ;aT B C'bBeru;areJIHH opraHM K'hM CTOIIaHCKMTe MMHHCTepcrna.
CMnarno T03H 3aKoH qneHoBe Ha T'hproBCKO-MHgycTpuarrHM KaMapM MoraT Aa 6'bgar

co6crneHM[\M, rrpuTe)f(aBaIIJ;M rrpeAIIPHRTHR c MOill;HOCT Hag 10 KOHCKM CMJIM MJIM M3-
non3Baru;H rpyAa Ha:r1:-MaJIKO Ha 20 pa60THM[\M, T. e c Hero ce H3KJIIO'IBaT gpe6mITe
~a6p11'IHM npeAnpMRTMR. IIpaBurerrcTBoTo npoRBHBa nogqeprnHo BHMMaHMe K'hM
pa3Bl1TMeTo Ha npocpecwoHaJIHOTO o6pa3oBamre. To npoMeHR 3aKoHa 3a npocpemo-
Hanttoro yqeHMe OT 1907 r. H B'bBe)l(ga T. Hap. AOII'hJIHMTeJIHM npaKTM'IeCKM YtJMJIMru;a.
C T03l1 3aKoH pa6oTOAaTenwre ce 3ag'hJI)f(aBaT ):\a orno6o)l(gaBaT OT pa6orn He3aB'bp-
lllMJIMre npocpecMOHaJIHO }"IMJIMru;e MJIM rHMHa3MR pa60THM[\l1 M CJiy)l(aru;w OT 14 ):\0
21-rog11IIJHa B'b3pacr, Kouro Morar ga noceru;aBaT npe3 pa6oTHO BpeMe u 6e3nrraTHO
)lace o6y'IaBaT B rrpaKTM'IeCKHTe yq11m1ru;a.
11pH Te3M 6naronpMRTCTBaru;M CTOIIaHCKl1 ycrroBMR CTpaHara e B HeCTa6MJIHO
B'hrpenrno C'bCTORHMe, Koero ce A'hJI)f(M Ha:r1:-Be'le Ha rrorrMTM'IecKM npM'IMHM. KoH-
~JIMKT'hT Me)f(AY croBopMCTMTe M KOMYHHCTM'IeCKaTa napTMH B C'bl03 c rpyna JieBM
3eMegerrqM He ry6u CBORTa ocrporn u noHRKora np11go611Ba qepTM Ha rpa)l(AaHcKa
sol1tta.
EKIT He rneMa Kypca Ha B'bop'h)l(eHa 6op6a. Ha n'hpBaTa rn HenerarrHa KoHcpe-
pem(HR Ha Burorna 16-17 Mafr 1924 r. rn B3eMa perneHHe, qe peBoJIIO[\HOHHaTa KpM-
3a He e npeoAOJIRHa M qe ca Hamrqe ycnomrn 3a HOBO B'hcrnmre. Bc'hru;HocT raKMBa
yrnoBMR npe3 Ma:r1: 1924 r. ca oru;e IIO-HMill;O)l(HH OT Te3M npe3 cenreMBpM 1923 r., HO
Bncratt11ern e HacpotJeHo 3a cerrreMBpM 1924 r. Ilo C'hlll;OTO BpeMe H 3a,[\rpaHH'IHO-
ro 6IOpo Ha E3HC IIOAfOTBR caMocroRrerrHo B'hCTaHHe 3a rrporrerrn Ha 1924 r. Karo
pa3'!Mra Ha noMOIIJ;Ta Ha IOrocnaBHR, a ycrnHOBRBa M Har1-rncHo C'hTPYAHM'IecTBo c
pnKOBogcTBoro Ha EKII.
EKIT ycBORBa neHMHOBMTe nocraHOBKM 3a C'b'IeTaBaHe Ha rreraJIHMTe u Henerarr-
mm ¢opMM Ha 6op6a, Karo ynopMTO T'bpCH II'bTHru;a 3a TRXHOTO npMJJO)l(eHMe. Ilpe3
319
Pocu4a AH2e11oaa
anp11JI BJIJ13a B CJ1Jla 3aKOH 3a 3an.t;J1Ta Ha ,[\'bp)f(aBaTa J1 B'bpXOBHJ1RT KaCaQJ10HeH C'bll

B'b3 ocHoBa Ha HeroB11Te '!JieHoBe noCTaHOBRBa pa3TYPRHeTo He caMo Ha EKTI, HO TaKa
corn;o Ha poKOBO,[\eH11Te OT HeR I1apT11R Ha TPYAa, Ha KoMyH11cT11'!eCKl1R MJia,[\e)l(Klf
C'bl03, Ha pa6oTHJ1'lecKaTa KoonepaQJ1R "Orno6o)f(,[\eHwe" 11 Ha 06rn;1i1R pa60THw-1ecK11
Cl1H,[\HKaJieH C'bl03. l1Myrn;ecTBaTa Ha Te3J1 opramnaQJ1l1 ca KOHcp11cKyBaHl1.
Pa3npaBaTa Ha pe)f(ttMa c KOMYHMCTw-1ecK11Te cpopMaQJ1l1 l13JIJ13a ,[\ane1:1 113B'bH
TB'bp,[\e pa3nrnpeHl1Te paMKJ1 Ha cypoBJ1Te 3aKOHO,[\aTeJIHJ1 MepKl1. 3a1:1ecrnBaT TIOJlll-
TJ11:leCKl1Te y6wiil:cTBa, opraHl13HpaHl1 OT xopa Ha BoeHHMR C'bl03. CocpwticK11Te yn111.111
cTaBaT TBopAe onarno MRCTO 3a l13BeCTHJ1 KOMYHl1CTH. KyprnyM11Te Ha y611Ii1:~11 no-
BaJIRT ,[\enyTaTJ1Te ,[(HMO Xa):l)f(J.1,[IMMOB, To.r1op CTparnHMttpoB, XapanaMnl1 CToRHOB,
KOHTO .r1pa3HRT pe)f(MMa coc cMeJioTo CH nose.r1ettwe B Hapo):IHOTo co6pam1e. B npec-
TpenKw l1lll1 OT l13CTpenl1 OT 3aca,[\a HaMwpaT CMopTTa CH Bon1:10 J1BaHoB, EJ.1)1(0 EaKa-
JIOB, .RKo ,[(opocHeB l1 .r1pyrl1 KOMYHMCTH1:1ecKJ1 cpyttKQHOHepH. 3aCTpeJIRH e 11 e,[\11H OT
BO):la':IHTe Ha 3eMe.r1encKaTa JieBttQa TieTKO ,ll I1eTKOB 73 . He e norn;a.r1eH w BO,[\a'lbT Ha
HaQHOHaJIJIJ16epanHaTa napTttR HHKOJia fetta):IHeB, KoroTo croBopwcTttTe no,[\o311pn,
1:1e ce .r1eiil:cTBJ1RTa cw rn;e pa3e):IJ1Hl1 l1 oTrna6l1 6yp)f(oa3mrn nonwT111:1ecKJ1 narep.
0TBeTHJ1Te .r1eiil:cTBvrn Ha KOMYHMCTl11:1ecKJ1R BoeHeH narep, ):IHKTyBaHJ.1 OT Ko-
MHHTepHa, He 3aK'bCHRBaT. Y6wTw ca areHT-npoBoKaTopoT HHKOJia Ky3ttH':leB 11 npa-
BJ1TeJICTBeHl1R .r1enyTaT J1 npe.r1ce.r1aTeJI Ha .r1py)f(eCTBOTO Ha CTOJIJ.11:1Hl1Te )f(ypttaJil1CTll
npocp. H11Kona MwneB. Ha 14 anpHn 1925 r. B npoxo.r1a Apa6aKoHaK Qap Eop11c III c
aBTOMo6vma c11 nona.r1a Ha 'leTHJ11:1ecKa 3aca.r1a, yCTpoeHa OT aHapxwcTKaTa qera Ha
Hema TyMaHrenoB. KaTo 3ana3Ba XJia):IHOKpoBHe w coo6pa3MTeJIHOCT QapRT CbYMllBa
,[\a l136erne CMopTTa. B 1:1eTaTa l1Ma KOMYHHCTH, HO noKyrneHHeTo He e nnaH11paHo OT
KOMYHl1CTJ11:1ecK0To poKOBO):ICTBO, 3a KoeTo ABopeQ'bT e yBe):loMeH.
,[(pyr e ClIY1.JaRT c reH. KoHcTaHTJ1H f eoprneB - e):IHH OT ocHoBaTeJittTe Ha Bo-
eHHM.lI C'bl03 l1 npaBHTeJICTBeH ,[\enyTaT. Tow e J136paH 3a )f(epTBa OT KOMyttHcTw1e-
CKl1.lI BOeHeH QeHT'bp orn;e B Ha'!aJIOTO Ha anpl171 KaTO Tepopl1CTJ11:leCKl1RT MepH11K e
B):IHrHaT Bl1COKO 11 TopcH YHHll.t;O)f(ettweTo Ha npaBHTeJICTBOTO w .r1enyTaT11Te. 3Hae
73 IleTKO ,IJ;. IleTKOB e po,neH Ha 4 Mali! 1891 r. B Coqnur. Ci,rn e Ha ):(wMWT'bp TieTKOB wEKarep11Ha
Pw3oBa, cecTparn Ha ):(wMWT'bp Pw3oB. EpaT MY HwKona TieTKOB Cbll\O e sw,nHa nonwrn•1ecKa cjrnrypa.
IT.):(. ITeTKOB e npwsop)l(eHWK Ha E3HC 0111e rrpe,nw ynpasneHweTo Ha CrnM6on11Ii!CK11, HO ocjrn'-111an-
HO crnsa •meH Ha cbJ03a e,nsa npe3 1923. OT IOnw 1920 e Ha ,nwrrnoMaTw-1eCKa cny)l(6a B ITap111JK. I1pe3
1922 y'-!acrna B KOHcpepeH411RTa B feHya 3ae,nHo c'bc CrnM6on11Ii!CK11. OT KpaR Ha 1922 r. e 1111peK-
TOp Ha ITon11Tw-1ecKwR oT,nen Ha MwHwcTepcrno Ha B'bHlllHwTe pa6oTw. ITo speMe Ha ):(eseroJOHCKlfR
npespaT e apecTysaH. Cne,n ocBo6o)l(,nasaHeTo MY rrpe3 IOnw 1923 ce 3aeMa c B'b3CTaHOBilBaHero Ha
MecTHwTe opraHw3a4ww Ha E3HC. ITpe3 aBryCT C'bll\aTa ro,nwHa npweMa npe,nno)l(eHwero Ha QK Ha
EKIT 3a e,nwHeH cppoHT cpe111y pe)l(wMa Ha An. I(aHKOB. ITo,n Herosa pe,naK411R 1i13n1i13a rropB111i1T 6po~
Ha opraHa Ha E,nwHHwR cppoHT BeCTHWK ,,3a111wTa" (no-K'bCHO npewMeHyBaH Ha ,,HapO):IHa 3aI1111ra").
Cne,n pa3rp0Ma Ha CenTeMBpwlilcKoTo B'bCTaHwe ornaBRBa neBw4arn Ha E3HC. ITpe3 HOeMsp111923
e w36paH 3a Hapo,neH npe):ICTaBwTen c nwcTarn Ha E):lwHHWR cppoHT. OT napnaMeHTapttara rp116yHa
pa3ofom'-laBa penpecwwTe Ha pe)l(wMa Ha Crosopa. 3acTpenRH Ha yn114a"MocK0BcKa" Ha 14 !OH~
1924 r OT npaBwTencTBeH areHT Ha wMe KapKanallleB. Y6we4bT e 3anoseH OT nonm-111i1Ta Ha Mecrorr·
pecTonnettweTo, HO cne,n KaTO ce nerwTwMwpa c'bc cny)l(e6Ha KapTa Ha 06111ecTBetta 6e3011arnocr, f
ocso6o,neH.
HOBA E'b/II'APCKA J1CTOPJ1ff (1878-1944)
ce, qe B Q1ipKBaTa "CBeTa Hep;em1" ce H3B1ipnrnaT onenaTa Ha BCH'IKH no'IHHaJIH oT

emna Ha p;1ip)f(aBaTa, a TaM OIQe OT KpaH Ha 1924 r. c noMOIQTa Ha nop;KyneHHJI KJIM-
cap IIeT'bp 3ap;ropcKM ce CKJiap;wpaT roJIJIMo KOJIH'leCTBO B3pHBHH MaTepwarrw. Ha
14 anpwn oKoJio 8 'laca Be'leprn reHeparr'I:iT e 3aCTpeJIHH. OneJioTO MY e Ha 16 anpwn
B KaTep;parraTa "CBeTa Hep;errH''. Ha Hero npwc'I:iCTBa rorrJIMa 'lacT OT norrwTH'leCKHH
11 BOeHeH eJIHT. 0'1aKBa ce Ha crry)l(6aTa p;a npHC'I:iCTBa H u;apHT, HO TOM He Hp;Ba. c
HalJaJIOTO Ha oneJIOTO p;eTOHaTOp1iT Ha MOHTHpaHaTa B3pHBHa MaIIrnHa e 3ap;eticT-
BaH. MoIQHa eKCTIJI03HH B 15,23 'I. c'I:i6apH u;eHTpaJIHHH Kynorr B'I:ipxy npen'I:iJIHeHaTa
c ttapop; Q1ipKBa. ITop; pa3BaJIHHHTe Hal\rnpaT CM1ipTTa rn Hap; 150 p;yum, BKJI. )l(eHH,
11e1\a, B1i3pacTHM xopa. PaHeHwTe ca Hap; 500. IIo ep;Ha crry'lati:HOCT OT MHHHCTp11Te
y6ttTH HJIMa. 3Ha'IHTeJIHO e ypoHeH QBeT'I:iT Ha 61inrapCKOTO BOMHCTBO - rOJIJIMa 'laCT
OT reHepaJIHTeTa M MHOfO oqrnu;epw. I1ory6eHH ca TPHMa p;erryTaTH H MHOfO npep;-
cTaBMTeJIH Ha HHTeJiwreHQHHTa.
PeaKQHHTa Ha pe)f(HMa e CTpaurna. 3a KpaTKo speMe ca apeCTysaHH oKono 13 000
l\YlllM, noJIOBHHa OT KOHTO ca C'I:ip;eHH H OC'I:ip;eHH. BoeHHHTe C'I:i,IJ;HJIHIQa pa6ornT c
Il'bl!Ha CMJia H H3,IJ;aBaT MHO)f(eCTBO CM1ipTHH rrpHC'I:i)J;H no 61ip3aTa npoQep;ypa, KOHTO
Begttara ce H3JI'bJIHHBaT. TpHMa OT oc'I:ip;eHHTe B rrpou;eca no aTeHTaTa 3a Ha3Hp;ami:e
ca ny6rrH'IHO o6eceHH B CoqrnH. KoMyHMCTH'leCKaTa rrapTHH H rreBHTe 3eMep;eJIQH ry-
6!!T ttati-p;eti:HHTe CH xopa. Pa3rpoMeH e soeHHHHT QeHT1ip Ha KOMnapnrnrn, Ha'leJio
c HeroBHJI p1iKOBO,[IHTeJI K. 5IHKOB. foJIJIM e 6poHT Ha H3B1ipIIIeHHTe 6e3 C'I:i)J; H rrpw-
C'blla y6wticrna. Cpep; y6wTHTe no TaK'I:iB Ha'IHH ca BH)J;HHTe rresw 3eMep;eJIQH HwKorra
IleTpttHH H ,UHM. fp1iH'lapos. Ep;sa crrep; TOBa srracn1Te QHHH'IHO BKJIID'IBaT HMeHaTa
l1M B CM1ipTHHTe npHC'I:i,[IH Ha npoQeca no aTeHTaTa. B TOBa BpeMe Ha HaCHJIHe 'laCT
OT MHTeJI11reHQHJ1Ta 3a nopep;eH Il'I:iT B 61:inrapCKaTa HCTOpHH noHarn c )J;OCTOMHCTBO

KpocTa Ha Hapop;HOTO CTpap;aHHe. Ornne'leHH w Tati:Ho H36HTH ca noeTHTe feo Mw-
neB, XpwcTo 5IceHoB, Cepreti PyMHHQeB, )i(ypHarrwcT'I:iT J/:!orncp Xep6CT. Bnocrrep;crnwe
KOMYHHCTHTe r11 Hape)f(p;aT B CBOJI naHTeOH, HO Te He ca KOMyttHCTH. Pe)l(l1M'I:iT rw 3a-
Tpvrna, 3aTOBa 'le He ce npHM11pHBaT c HerosaTa )l(eCTOKOCT, 3aIQOTO B,IJ;HraT rrrasa B
3a!I.\MTa Ha )l(epTBHTe 11 Hati-Be'le 3apap;w pa3o6nw'laBaIQaTa 6e3'IOBe'IHOCTTa MY MOIQ
Ha TllXHOTO TaJiaHTJIHBO cJioBo. EKIT cpopMaJIHO rneMa Kypca Ha B1:iop1:i)l(eHa 6op6a
HaMocKoBCKOTO C'I:iBe~aHHe npe3 1925 r. H Ha B11eHCKHH nneHyM npe3 1926 r., a TOBa
eBpeMe, KoraTO TH e JIHUieHa OT B'I:i3MO)f(HOCTH 3a p;eti:HOCT.
C'b611THHTa npe3 nepHop;a 1923-1925 r. HarnernBa o6cTaHOBKaTa p;o KpaeH npe-
11en. L(o QapH p;ocnuaT rnyxose 3a rorneH npespaT npe3 nponeTTa 11 JIHTOTO Ha 1924
r. OT reH. >KeKoB. 3ap; Hero CTOHT nwu;a, CB1ip3aHH c HaQ110Hannw6epanHaTa napTHH,
rpyntt OT ,UeMoKpaTH'leCK11JI crosop H E3HC. ,Uo npespaT He ce CTHra, HO COH,IJ;a)l(HTe
craBaT rnrHaJI 3a MOHapxa.
EypHoTo speMe, B KOeTo ynpaBJIHBa ,UeMoKpaTH'leCKHHT crOBop, He p;onp11Harn 3a
yKperrnaHeTO MY KaTo MO~Ha noJIHTH'leCKa rnna, KaKTO e nnaHHpaH. B KpaH Ha 1923 r.
II HalJaJIOTO Ha 1924 r. OT HerOBHTe pep;oBe 113JIH3aT noBe'leTO OT p;eMoKpaTHTe 11 pap;11-
Karr11eM0KpaTHTe, KOMTO B'b3CTaHOBHBaT caMOCTOJITeJIHOTO CM rrapT11MHO C'I:iIQecrny-
BaHtte. B oHOBa, KOeTo ou;eJIJIBa OT ,UeMoKpaTH'leCKHH crosop, npop;'I:iJI)f(aBaT p;a C'I:i)l(H-
TencrnaT rpynH c pa3JIH'leH noJIHT11'1ecK11 npo113xop; H B'b3rrrep;11. CaMHTe Te ce HapH-
321
Pocuu,a AH2eJ10Ba
tiaT "nneMeHa''. Ilpocp. UaHKOB BO,[\M nneMeTo Ha "qwcTMTe" croBopwcTM(,[\olll1mre o·

Hapo):IHMR croBop). IlneMeTo Ha AH,[lpe:M JfanqeB ce CbCTOM rnaBHo oT ocnHamtTe 1
CroBopa ,a;eMoKpaTM, a TOBa Ha AnHac EypoB CbCTaBJI.HBaT T. Hap. "napTMMHM cpe1111'
B CroBopa. Te o~e OTHatiano He no3BOJI.HBaT Ha UaHKOB .a;a CTaHe "weep" Ha napnrnra
KaTo MY Bpo3BaT poQeTe c pa3Hopo,[1HO no cocTaB UeHTpanHo 610po. He3aBMCWM<
OT TOBa, ,a;oKoM cpe,a;aTa Ha 1925 r. TOH B ,[lop)l(aBaTa 11 B napTMHTa ):laBaT "qucrwre'
croBopwcTH, CBop3aHH TRCHO c BoeHHMR C'bJ03.
IlpeBpaT'bT Ha 9 !OHM 1923 r. BJIOlliaBa B'bHllIHOITOJIMTM'IeCKOTO ITOJIO)l(emre H<
CTpaHaTa. IOrornaBCKOTO npaBMTeJICTBO npweMa co6MTMRTa B EonrapwR OT IOHM 192:
r. KaTo y.a;ap Bopxy HbOMCKMR ,[\oroBop u HwrnKOTO cnopa3yMeHwe. Ha rpattw11ara G
CTpynaHM 3HatIMTeJIHH BOMCKOBM qacTM, O'IaKBall.\M 3an0Be,a; 3a HaXJiyBaHe B crpattara
AHrnMR M <PpaHQMR He ,[\onycKaT rorornaBcKo Hana,[\eHwe, HO noJio)l(eHwero Ha Eon-
rapwR ocTaBa norno M nopa):IM npo):l'bJI)l(aBa~uTe KOHTaKTM Me)l(.a;y Eenrpa,[1, ArMtta 11
EyKype~ Ha aHTM6onrapcKa ornoBa.
Ilpe3 ,a;eKeMBpM 1924 r. 6onrapcKMR npeMwep noce~aBa IOrornaBMR. Ornostt11J11
Bonpoc B'bB BO,[\eHMTe pa3fOBOpI1 e 3a ype)l(,a;aHe Ha eMwrpaHTCKM.H Bonpoc. 06J1KOJIKa-
Ta npo,a;oJI)l(aBa c BM3MTa B PyMoHMR npe3 co~MR MeceQ. TyK UaHKOB BO)];M pa3roBopM
c pyMoHCKMR BoHrneH MMHMCTop Mott LJ:yKa u c npeMwepa Mott EpaTMaHy. Cneg rosa t
npweT Ha ay.a;weHQMR OT Kpan Kapon B Cwtta.H. BonpeKM pa.a;yrnHMR npweM pyMnHCKH-
Te ynpaBJIRBa~M OCTaBaT 6e3M'bJIBHJ1 no Bonpoca 3a 6onrapCKOTO MaJIQMHCTBO.
IlpaBMTeJicTBOTO Ha npocp. An. UattKOB M3ITOJI3Ba peBOJIJOQTllOHHMre cn611rm
KaTO rrpeTeKCT, 3a ,[\a M3BOIOBa npaBOTO Ha pe)l(MMa .a;a CBMKBa 3anacH.Hl\l1 3a 3arI33·
BaHe Ha BoTpernHMR pe,[1 npoTMB 3annaxaTa Ha 6onrneBM3Ma. IloCTeneHHOTO, npaKTl1·
qecKo M3MeHeHMe Ha BOeHHTl!Te Knay3M Ha HbottcKVIR .a;oroBop ce npeBpoll.\a B rnasm
Henocpe,[\CTBeHa B'bHllIHOITOJIMTM'IeCKa 3a,a;aqa Ha croBopwcTKOTO npaBTl!TerrcTBo. 3,
nopBM noT 6onrapcKM npe):ICTaBMTeJI npwcocrna Ha KOHcpepettQMR Ha npegcraswre
JIMTe Ha ManKaTa aHTaHTa B EyKype~ OT 9 .a;o 11 Matt 1925 r. qexornoBaKMH, PyMoH111
M IOrocnaBMR M3Ka3BaT no):IKpena Ha 6onrapcKMR pe)l(MM, Ho ce 06.HBRBar nporm
yBeJIM'IaBaHeTO Ha BOeHHMTe M BOeHHaTa ITOBMHHOCT. l13BoprnBaHeTO Ha npo6trn I
HbottcKMR .a;oroBop He MO)l(e .a;a ce oco~ecTBM.

CroBopwcTKOTO rrpaBMTencTBO M3ITOJI3Ba BCeKM onMT 3a pernaBaHe Ha BnH!llHO
noJIMTM'IeCKMTe CM npo6neMM. TaKa rne.a; MacoBOTO M36MBaHe Ha 6orrrapw or c. Top
we, LJ:paMcKo,npe3 ronw 1924 r. c nocpe,a;HMtiecTBOTO Ha OH e no.a;nwcaH nporoKOJI'b~
KancpoB-IlOJITllTMC 3a 3aKpwna Ha MaJIQMHCTBaTa B EonrapMR u B fopQMH. B Hero 113'
pM'IHO ce rrpM3HaBa 6onrapCKaTa HaQMOHaJIHa npMHap;Jie)l(HOCT Ha CJiaBRHCKOTO Hace
neHMe B ErettcKa MaKe,a;oHMR. Ila.a; HaTMCKa Ha Eempa.a; rpoQKMR napnaMeHr orKa3Bi
.a;a paTMcpMQMpa rrpoTOKOJia. PernaBa~a pon.H 3a TOBa MMa IOrornaBMR. Crura ce 11<
OT30BaBaHe Ha rpoQKMR IT'bJIHOMo~eH MMHHCTop B CocpMR.
Ilpe3 OKTOMBpM 1925 r. BOMCKOBM qacTH Ha rpoQKM.H reH. <Peo.a;opoc TiaHraJIOI
0Kyn11paT IleTpM'IKO. 0KOJIO 10 000 rpoQKa apMM.H 3aB3eMa TepwrnpMR c cppoHT 31
KM llIMpOtIMHa M 10 KM B ,[\oJI60'IJ1Ha. IlorpaHMtIHaTa CTpa)l(a OTCT'bITBa, )];OKaro rrpwc
TMrHaT no,a;KpenneHMR. Ha noMo~ ce npMTMtiaT OTP.HAM Ha BMPO. feHeparr BoJIKOJ
JIM'IHO noeMa KoMaH,a;BaHeTo Ha 06e,a;11HeHMTe CMJIM. EonrapcKoTo npaBTl!Terrcrso c1
HOBA E'bflI'APCKA I1CTOP/IIJ! (1878-1944)
orKa3Ba .n;a npMJIO)!(JII no.n;rornemrn oT reHepanmui: ~a6 nJiaH 3a Boopn:>KeH OTnop. To

ce o6pb~a 3a 3a~JIITa KbM OH J1I Brne.n;crnue HeroBaTa HaMeca KOHcpm:.tKT'bT e npe-
o.n;omm. Ilpe3 ,n;eKeMBptt 1925 r. CoBeT'bT Ha OH nptt3HaBa fnpQHR 3a BHHOBHa u R
3a.n;om1<aBa .n;a 3anJiaTH Ha Ebmaprrn B ,n;ByMece'l:eH cpoK 50 MHJIHOHa JIB.
Ha 18 OKTOMBptt 1925 r. EomapttR H TypQHR no.n;mrrnaT .n;orOBop 3a npirnTeJI-
crso, npOTOKOII-npHJIO)!(eH:t:.re K'bM Hero H KOHBeHQHH 3a ycTaHOBHBaHe Ha )l;MTIJIOMa-
T11qecKM onroweHHR. Cbc CKJIIO'leHMR npoTOKorr ce on1eMa B'b3MO)!(HOCTTa Ha 6'brr-
rapc1<11Te 6e)!(aHQH .n;a ce 3aBopHaT no ,n;oMoBeTe CM. J1MOTMTe Ha Hanyrnarr11Te O.n;-
p11ttcKa TpaKMR no BpeMe Ha EarrKaHCKMTe BOMHM CTaBaT co6cTBeHOCT Ha TypcKaTa
.n;op)!(aBa 3a CMeTKa Ha TypcKMTe HMOTM B npMC'be)l;MHeHMTe K'bM EorrrapMR rne.n; 1912
r. 3eMVL IlpaBOTO Ha co6cTBeHOCT 3ana3BaT CaMO 6e)!(aHQHTe OT npe.n;11 1912 r. M Ma-
JJOa3MMCKHTe 6'bJiraptt, KOHTO ca MaJIO'IMCJieHa rpyna.
2. Bropu croBopucrnu Ka6uueT ua Almpeu kfll'leB (1926-1931 r.)

OT JIRTOTO Ha 1925 r. "napT11r1mne cpe.n;11" B CroBopa 3ano'l:BaT .n;a np11.n;o611BaT
llO-fOJIRMO BJIHRHMe H .n;a JII3MeCTBaT KOMnpoMeTMparrHTe ce c penpeCMBHWR cw CTWJI
rrpttB'bp)!(eHHQH Ha L(aHKOB. 3ae,n;Ho c TOBa "napTMMHWTe" npwc'be,n;MHHBaT YCMJIMRTa
rn KnM Te3r:.r na ono3HQMRTa 3a W3BbpwBane Ha npaBHTerrcTBeua npoMJIHa. BoH OT
crpaHaTa L(aHKOB C'blQO He ce pa.n;sa Ha nonyrrRpHocT. CneQMamw AHrrrHR oKa3Ba
3Haq11TerreH HaTJIICK 3a HeroBaTa CMRHa. Ha 28 ,n;eKeMBpw 1925 r. TI'bJIHOMO~HHQH Ha
T. Hap. rpyna Ha 70-Te - .n;enyTaTW OT rraprraMe1napHOTO MH03HHCTBO - ,n;aBaT yrrTM-
MaryM Ha L(aHKOB wrrw .n;a npeyCTpow Ka6m1ern 3a 48 'Iaca, MJIH .n;a no.n;a,n;e ocTaBKa.
Crre.n; KaTO L(aHKOB He HaMwpa no,n;Kpena cpe.n; apMMRTa M MOIIapxVI'leCKMR MHcnrTyT
0611BHBa 'l:e ~e no.n;a.n;e ocTaBKa H npenop'b'IBa 3a rnor1 npr:.reMHMK AH,n;per1 Jfanqes.
Ha 4 H11yap11 1926 r. npocp. An. L(aHKOB rro.n;asa ocTaBKa Ha npaBMTerrcrnoTO CM. Crre.n;
rro.n;ttacm1eTo Ha ocTaBKaTa Qap Eopuc III ce KOHcyrrTupa c npe.n;ce,n;aTeJIR Ha HC To-
.n;op Kyrres OTHOCHO JIHQe, KoeTo .n;a c'bcTaBM HOBMH MwmrCTepcKM c'bBeT. Kyrres c'b~O
rrperrop'b'IBa JIRTI'leB, KaTO TIOJIMTWK, TIOJI3Ba~ ce c .n;oseptteTO Ha naprraMeHTa.
HonoTo, BTopo nope.n; crosopwcTKO npaBMTerrcTBO, e c'bcTaseuo OT "napTHMHMTe
cpe.n;ii" c MMHMCT'bp-npe.n;ce,n;aTeJI AH,n;per1 JIRn'leB 74 (4 RHyapr:.r 1926- 29 IOHM 1931). B
74
AH;a;peii: JlHn'leB e po;a;eH Ha 30 HOeMBpM 1866 r. B rp. PeceH, MaKe;a;om1J1. Y'IM rMMHa3MR B
E11TOJI!I,CorryH MITrroB,n;HB. 3asnpnrna ¢1rnaHcoBH 1>1 crnrraHcKM HayKw B U1opHx, .6eprrHH H ITapmK.
Cne11 3aBp'bII_\aHero cM B EnrrrapHR pa6orw B MHHHcrepcrnorn Ha ¢wHaHCMTe. Y'!acrna aKTHBHO B
MaKe)IOHCKOTo ocso6o,n;HrerrHo ,n;BH)!(eHJ1e. E;a;HH or so;a;a'!wre Ha .[\IT. Hapo,n;eH rrpe;a;crasmerr B XIV
(1908-1911), XVI-XIX (1913-1923) w XXI-XXIII (1923-1934) OHC. Bo;a;aq Ha 6nrrrapCKara ;a;errera-
~1rn, KO!ITO 110.n;m1rna CorryHcKoro 11pH1vrnpwe Ha 29 cerrreMBpH 1918 r. ITpe3 MapT 1923 r. 3ae;a;Ho c
ApyrnTe MJ1HMCTpt1 OT Ka6wHera Ha MaJIMHOB e TIO)J;Be;a;eH 110.n; orrosopHOCT OT .[\'bp)!(aBeH C'b;ll Karo
eAl!H OT BHHOBHHQHTe 3a BTOpara HaQHOHam1a KaracTpocpa. Y'!acrna B C'b6opa B TnpHOBO (ce11reM-
Bp111922 r.), apecryaaH e YI e XBnprreH B 3arnopa. E,n;wH or rrw.n;epMTe Ha K0Hcrnry11110HHMR 6rroK M
aKrnBeH 6ope11 11porY1B 11paBY1rerrcrnoro Ha CTa1v16omrticKM. Crre;11 BoeHmrn npespar Ha 9 IOHH 1923
r. eocso60;11eH, yqacrsa B C'b3;llaBaHero Ha .[\eM0KparM'lecK11!! croaop H crasa e;a;11H OT Heros11re rr11-
Aep11. E1111H or ocHoBarerrYfre Ha CnI03a Ha 3eMe,n;errcK11re KoorrepaQHYI 11 Ha Cn103a Ha 11011yrrRpHY1Te
6aHKH. YM11pa Ha 8 HoeMBpYI 1933 r. B Co¢11R.
323
Pocu4a AH2eJ10Ba
Hero BJIM3aT: AH. lIRIJl·IeB - MMHMCTbp-rrpe,n;ce,n;aTeJI M MMHMCTbp Ha B'bTpeIIIHMTe pa6o-

TM M Hapo,n;HoTo 3,n;paBe, AT. EypoB - MMHMCTnp Ha B'bHIIIHMTe pa6oTM M M3II0BeAam1-
RTa, HvtKoJia Haii:,n;eHoB - MMHMCTbp Ha Hapo,n;HoTo rrporne~eHMe, rrpoqi. Bn. MonnoB
- MMHMcTbp Ha clivrHaHCMTe, reH. l1B. BnJIKOB - MMHMCTbp Ha BOii:HaTa, QB. Eo6orneBcK11
- MMHMCTbp Ha TbproBMRTa, rrpoMMIIIJieHOCTTa M Tpy,n;a, rrpoqi. To,n;op KyneB - MHH11c-
Tbp Ha rrpaBocn,n;MeTo, ,UvtMMTbp XpvrcToB - MMHMCTbp Ha 3eMeAeJivteTo M ,n;np)l(aBmm
MMOTM, Cn. BacmreB - MMHMCTnp Ha o6~ecrneHMTe crpa,n;vr, II'bTMI~aTa w 6naroycrpow-
CTBOTO, K. feoprvteB - MMHMCT'bp Ha )l(eJie3HMQMTe, IIO~MTe M Tenerpaqii.1Te . .UaBaHeTO
Ha MaH,n;aT Ha nw,n;epa Ha rrapnaMeIITapHoTo MH03l1HCTBO Qenw ,n;a IIOK<l)l(e, qe B crpaHaTa
ce crra3BaT rrpoQe,n;ypnwTe 113MCKBaH11R Ha rrapnaMeHTapHaTa rrpaKT11Ka B C'bOTBercrn11e
c Tpa,n;HQ11MTe Ha 3ana,n;HoeBporretkK11Te ,n;eMoKpaQM11. "1111cT11Te" croBop11cT11 11 rnnp-
3aH11Te c BoeHH11R C'bI03 He ry6RT HarrnnHo II03MQ11l1Te c11. ITpoqi. QaHKOB craBa rrpe11-
ce,n;aTeJI Ha Hapo,n;HoTo cn6paH11e, a BOeHeH Ml1Hl1CTnp e reH. J1BaH BnnKoB. foJIHMa e
pon>ITa Ha rrpe,n;cTam1Tem1Te Ha Tpa,n;11Ql10HH11Te napT1111, C'b3,n;an11 ,UeM0KpaTw1ecK!illl
croBop. Tp11Ma OT MVIHMCTpvrTe OT rrpe,n;mnHMR KaforneT yqacTBaT 11 B T0311, Koero e
rrpM3HaK 3a l13BeCTHa rrpvteMCTBeHOCT Me)l(,n;y ,n;BeTe npaBMTeJICTBa.
HoBOTO rrpaB11TencTBO ,n;eKnap:wpa qen1p11 HaJie)l(a~11 3a,n;atI11. ITnpBaTa e BHa-
CRHe Ha ycrroKoeH11e B'bB BnTpernHorron11T11'!ecK11Te 6op611. Ka611HeT'bT o6ell.\aBa 11a
rrpoBe)l(,n;a IIOJIMTl1Ka Ha M11p l1 Ha JIORJIH11 I1 ,n;o6p11 OTHOIIIeHMR c BCl1'IKl1 ,n;np)J{aBJil.
,Upyra 3a,n;a'la e 6np3o 11 eqiwKacHo pernaBaHe Ha 6e)l(aHCKWR Bnrrpoc. ITpaBwTencrno-
TO aKQeHT11pa 11 Bnpxy HaMepeH11eTo c11 ,n;a HaMep11 rrapH'IHa rro,n;Kperra (3aeM) 3a Ha-
cnptiaBaHe Ha rrp0113BO,ll;CTBOTO.
B o6nacTTa Ha CTOIIaHCKaTa l1 COQl1anHaTa DOJIJ1Tl1Ka BTOpOTO croBopwcTKO rrpa-
BMTeJICTBO rrpO,ll;'bJI)l(aBa HaCOKWTe Ha rrpe,n;IIIeCTBa~OTO ro. J13,n;a,n;eHM ca peAMI.\a
3aKoHo,n;aTenHw aKTOBe 3a 3aKp11na 11 Hacnp'IeH11e Ha MecTHaTa MH,n;yCTpMR. BoAell.\11
JIM'IHOCTl1 B cTorraHcKaTa rron11T11Ka Ha rrpaB11TencTBOTO ca lI>Irr'leB 11 ATaHac EypoB75,
75 ATauac BypoB e po11eH B fopHa OpHXoB11~a Ha 30 JIH. 1875. Y'I11 B po11mrn rn rpa11 Iii B Arrpirno-
BCKaTa rnMHa311JI B fa6poBo. 3aBnpruBa rrpaBo 1111KOHOMJilKa B Cop6oHaTa B Ilap11)!( npe3 1903. C11e11
TOBa yq11 B lllBefl~ap11J1 11 AHrrr11J1. Crre11 3aBpnmaHeTo c11 B Ennrap11J1 pnKOBOl\11 crpo11re11crnorn tta
)!(eJie30II'bTHaTaJil1Hl1JI Co4>11J1-KIOCTeH)\l1JI 11 yqacTBa B yrrpaBJieHl1eTO Ha pe1111~a npe11npHJITllJI - MJilH·
HOTO EnnrapcKo a~110HepHo 11py)!(eCTBO, EnnrapcKa ThproBcKa 6aHKa, 3acTpaxoBaTeJIHO 11pylKecrno
o'bnrap11J1, AK~l10HepHO 11py)!(eCTBO EJIJIO Mope 11 11pyrn. Y'IaCTBa KaTO 1106poBOJie~ B EanKaHCKJilTe
BOHHl1 11 IlnpBaTa cBeTOBHa BOHHa. Karn aKT11BeH )\eJITerr Ha Hapo11naTa rrapT11J1 EypoB e MMHHcnp
Ha ThproBMJITa, rrpoM11wneHocrra 11 Tpy11a B rrpaB11TeJICTBOTO Ha CT. ,[(aHeB (1913) 11 Arr. CraM6om1~1-
cK11 (1919-1920). Crre11 ,UeBeT010HcK11R rrpeBpaT rrpe3 1923 ce BKJIIO'IBa B ,UeMoKpaTM<IeCKHJI croBop lil,
Hape11 c AH. JIRII'IeB, orrraBJIBa HerOBOTO yMepeHO Kp1rno. Ilpe3 1944 ce BKJIIO'IBa Karo MHHHCT'bp 6e3
rropTCl>eflrr B rrpaB11TerrcTBOTO Ha K. MypaB11eB (2-9 cerneMBp11 1944), o6pa3yBaHO Karo norne11eH om1r
11a ce rrpe110TBpaT11 Harra11eH11eTo Ha CnBeTcKMJI C'bI03 cpemy .6nrrrap11R. Cne11 ,UeBerncerrreMBpY1l1cKH11
rrpeBpaT EypoB e OC'b)\eH Ha e11Ha ro1111Ha 3arnop OT Hapo11H11R C'bl\. Ilp11cn11arn e OTMeHeHa c PeweHHe
N2172 Ha BnpXOBHMR C'bA OT 1996. Cne11 ocB06m1<11aBaHeTo rn rrpe3 1945 TOH ce rrp11cne1111HJ1Ba K'bM
OII0311~11RTa cpemy KOMYH11CTl1'IeCKOTO rrpaB11TeJICTBO. Ilpe3 194 7 ce 06.HBRBa cpemy CM'bpTHara npu-
C'b)\a Ha H. IleTKOB 11 e 11HTepH11paH B ,UpRHOBO, 3a 113BeCTHO BpeMe e 113IIpaTeH B KOH~eHTpa11JilOHHJIJ!
narep Kpafl: ,UynoBo. Ilpe3 1950 e apecTyBaH 11 )\Be ro1111H11 rro-K'hCHO e OC'b)\eH Ha 20 roAJiJHlll 3arnop.
vfaJie)!(aBa IIp11C'b)\aTa Cl1BlliyMeH11 Ila3ap)\)!(l1K, K'b)\eTO yM11pa Ha 15 Matt 1954.
HOBA E'b!IFAPCKA J1CTOPJ1Jl (1878-1944)
KOl.fTO MMaT co6cTBeH nornep; 3a HaCOKJIITe Ha 6'bnrapcK1t1JI npoTeKL~JIIOHJII3'bM. IIpa-

Bl.fTeJICTBOTO He npimara 3aKoHa Ha UaHKOB 3a rpyp;oB1t1Te 3eMep;eJICKJII crnnaHCTBa.
3aKp1t1Ta e foaBHaTa p;1t1peKu;1t1JI Ha Tpyp;oBMTe 3eMep;eJICKJII crnnaHCTBa. IIpoMeHJI ce
ornoweHMeTo K'bM Koonepa111111Te. Ha 1 anp1t1JI 1926 r. ce C'b3p;aBa B'bpxoBeH Koone-
par1t1BeH C'bBeT c npep;cep;aTeJI K11p1t1n IIonoB. IIopap;1t1 JII3TWiaHe Ha cpoKa Ha p;e:rl.tcT-
BHero Ha 3aKoHa Ja Hac'bpqeH1t1e Ha :trnp;yCTp1t1JITa OT 1909 r. IIpe3 1928 r. e np1t1eT HOB
TaK'bB. 3aKOH'bT npop;'bJDKaBa np1t1HQ:t1Illt!Te Ha npoTeKQJIIOH:t13Ma Ha 6'bnrapcKaTa p;'bp-
)!(aBa. CBeTOBHaTa JIIKOHoM:wqecKa KpM3a cnara CBOJI oTneqaT'bK :w B'bpxy E'bnrap:11JI.
TaKa npe3 1930 r. e o6JIBeHo C'bCTOJIHltle Ha "npernTeHocT" 3a pep;1t111a 1t1Hp;yCTp:wanH1t1
KJJOHOBe, KOeTO HM OTHeMa npoTeKQ:WOHY!CTJIIqHJIITe 06nar1t1.
Pe3yJITaTHa e eHepr11qHaTa noJI1t1T1t1Ka Ha MJIIHJIICT'bpa Ha JeMep;en1t1eTo ,ll;1t1MHT'bp
XpHcTOB Ja Mop;epHM3MpaHeTo Ha cencKoTo crnnaHCTBO. Tp:w ca KmoqoB1t1Te p;yM:w KO-
HTO xapaKTep11311paT npaB:wTeJicTBeHaTa non11T1t1Ka - 3HaH1t1e, Kpep;1t1T :w na3ap. K'bM
MHHl.fcTepcTBOTO Ha 3eMep;en:weTo ce C'b3p;aBaT cpoHp;oBe Ja CTMMyn111paHe Ha pa3JIJ.1qH:w
3eMep;eJICKJ.1 npOM3BOp;CTBa, Ja IlOCTpOJIBaHe Ha eneBaTOpltl c 11en o6neKqaBaHe l13HOCa
Ha 3'bpHeH:w xpaH:w. IIpoyqBaT ce :w ce onpep;enJIT pa:rl.toHJII 3a JIIHTeH3MBHO npoM3BOp;-
crno, KaTo 3a TaM JaMMHaBaT arpoHOMJII. IIpe3 p;eKeMBp1t1 1927 r. ca np111eT:w p;Be MJIIHHC-
TepcKl.f noCTaHOBJieHMJI - n'bpBOTO e 3a p;ocTaBKa OT E3E Ha 3eMep;encKJII :t1HBeHrnp,
KOMTO ce pa3p;aBa Ha nocoqeHMTe OT MJIIHHCTepcTBOTO ceJICKJII CTOnaHJII c 20% HaMaJie-
Hl1e. BropoTo noCTaHOBJieH:we e Ja 3aKynYBaHe Ha n1011epH0Bo ceMe 1t1 npep;ocTaBJIHeTO
MY c 30% no-HMCKa 11eHa Ha cTonaHM c p;oKa3aHJII Hy)!(p;ltl OT cpypa)!(. MwHMCTepcTBOTO
Ha 3eMep;en11eTo pa3nonara c 3Haqi1TeneH foo,r:p1<eT 11 pa3pa6orna nporpaMM 3a pa3BM-
rwero Ha nT1111eB'bp;CTBOTO, oBorn;apcTBOTO, 6y6apcTBOTO M rrp. IIp1t1pop;arn JII3Mrpasa
11orna wera Ha 6'bmapcKMTe cTorraH11. CywaTa OT 1928 r. It! nocnep;Banorn rrpe3 c'brn;aTa
fO,llHHa pa3pyII1MTeJIHO LI11prraHCKO 3eMeTpeceH111e HaHaCJIT 3Haq:wTeJIHl1 rn;eT11. 3a p;a
HaMaJJJII HeraTMBHOTO OTpa_)l(eHMe Ha CTOilaHCKaTa t1 rrp1t1pop;HaTa KpH3a npe3 p;eKeMBpM
1930 r. rrpaBMTeJICTBOTO yqpep;JIBa p;11peKQ:WJI "XpaHOl13HOc" 3a t13KynysaHe Ha 3'bpHe-
HH xpaHJII Ha 11eHJ.1 3HaqJ.1TeJIHO Il0-BJ.1COKJII OT 11eH1t1Te Ha CBeTOBHMJI rra3ap.
IIpe3 nep11op;a B ocHOBHM JIMHMM npMKJIJOqBa M3rpa)!(p;aHeTO Ha cnep;soeHHaTa
Kpep;l.fTHa c:wcTeMa. B cTpaHaTa p;e:rl.tcTBaT oKono 140 6aHKJII. OrnoBH1t1re ca: E'bmap-
cKa rnproBcKa 6aHKa, Kpep;MTHa 6aHKa, EanKaHcKa 6aHKa, <PpaHKo-6enrn:rl.tcKa 6aHKa,
BaHKa 3a Hapop;eH Kpep;MT, Ji1TaJio-6'bJirapCKa T'bprosCKa 6aHKa 1t1 E'bmapCKa reHepan-
Ha 6aHKa. 3ac:wnnaT ce no3Ml\Mlt!Te Ha qp1<p;1t1JI Kan1t1TaJI B 6'bmapc1<aTa 1t1KOHOM1t1Ka.
11y)!(,llJIIJIT Kan:wTaJI np1t1Te)!(aBa MOHOilOJia B npo1t13B0p;CTBOTO Ha 3axap, K'bp;eTO Bop;e-
11.\aTa poJIJI npwHa,rvie)l<M Ha cppeHcKJIIJI 1t1 qernKMJI Kan1t1TaJI. IloqTJII QJIJiaTa T'bproB:WJI
Ha e,11po It! p;pe6Ho Ha 3eMep;eJICKl1 Mallilt!HJII, MeTaJIJII, neKapcrna, aBTOM06un1t1, pap;uo-
arraparn M np. ce OC'bl..lleCTBJIBa OT qy)!(p;M aKQMOHepHM p;py)!(eCTBa. JifaHOC'bT Ha TIO-
TIOH e Cocpep;oToqeH B p'bu;eTe Ha OCHOBaHMTe c MTaJIMaHCKM KanuTaJI "OpueHTa6a1<0"
11 c aBcrpu:rl.tcKw - "HwKoTeR''.
ITpaB:WTeJicTBOTO Ha JfanqeB npeMaxBa p;'bp)!(aBHaTa HaMeca B'bB B'bTpenrnaTa 1t1
B'bHIIIHaTa T'bproBlilR. C'bJp;ap;eHwTe OT Il'bpBMJI croBopucTKJII pe)!(JIIM KOMucapcTBa no
325
Pocuu,a AH2e11oaa
npop;OBOJICTBl1eTO ca 3aKp11Tl1. I1pe3 1928 r. ee B'b3CTaHoBeHa 11 rno6op;HaTa T'bprOBlUI
c Ba11yTHl1 cpep;cTBa. PR3KO ce yBenwrnBa yqacnteTo Ha Tpyp;oB11 0TpRp;11 B 113rpa)1q~a
HeTo Ha Il'bTl1~a, MOCTOBe, )KeJie30il'bTHl1 Jil1Hl111, KopeKQl111 Ha peKl1 11 p;p.
LJpe3 3aKOHa 3a p;'bp)KaBeH KOHTpoJI B'bpxy 'IaCTHl1Te l1Hp;ycTp11aJIHl1 npep;rrp11-
RTt1R npaBt1TeJICTBOTO IlOTB'bp)Kp;aBa npe):lTIO'It1TaH11eTo Cl1 K'bM IlOBl1IIIeHa pom1 Ha
p;'bp)KaBaTa B cTonaHcKHR )Kt'IBOT. Yct1Jil1RTa Ha CroBopa He ocTaBaT 6e3 pe3ymar,
OI.Qe noBe'!e qe n'bpB11Te HRKOJIKO rop;11H11 OT ynpaBrreH11eTo MY C'bBnap;aT c HaW-3Ha-
'Il1TeJIHOTO CJiep;BOeHHO CTOilaHCKO C'b)Kl1BRBaHe 11 c 6rraronp11RTHa Me)Kp;yHapop;Ha
11KoHoM11'!ecKa KOHIOHKTypa. CKpoMHl1, HO B11p;11M11 ca yc111111RTa 3a Hac'bp'iaBaHe Ha
HayKaTa 11 o6pa30BaH11eTo. Hatf-3Ha'!11TerrH11 11 Hai1:-nrrop;oTsopH11 ca yrnmrnra Ha
npaBl1TeJICTBOTO 3a HOpMaJil1311paHe Ha B'bTpeUIHOilOJil1Tl1'IeCKt1R )Kl1BOT.
I1pe3 ¢eBpyap11 1926 r. e rnacysaHa aMHl1CTl1R. TR e qacTl1'IHa 11 yrnoBHa. 01
ocso6op;eH11Te 7 000 3aTBopH11Ql1 caMo 1157 ca no 33.I{ 11 orneH TOBa yrnoB11eTo e B
cpoK OT 3 r. p;a He ce 113B'bpUIBaT no1111Tw1ecK11 npecT'bnJieH11R. B npoT11BeH rny1-ial1
nJIIOC HOBaTa np11C'bp;a Te Tp.H6Ba p;a )J;Ol13Jie)KaBaT 11 CTapaTa. AMHl1CTl15ITa n03BOJU!Ba
Ha CTOTl1Ql1 eM11rpaHT11 p;a ce 3aB'bpHaT B E'b11rap115I.
0TKa3'bT Ha npaBI.J:TeJICTBOTO OT 6pyTaJIHl1Te MeTO)J;l1 Ha npep;11IIIHl15l pe)Kl1M 11
CTOilaHCKOTO CTa6111111311paHe Ha CTpaHaTa IlOCTeneHHO BO)J;RT p;o ycnoK05IBaHe Ha rro-
Jil1Tl1'IeCKl15l KJil1MaT. EKIT, HaM11paI.Qa ce 113B'bH 3aKoHa, C'bl.QO HaM11pa B'b3MO)!(HOCTl1
3a 1135IBa. TR pa3no11ara c'bc rno11 ne'!aTHl1 opraHM. OI.Qe npe3 JIRTOTO Ha 1925 r. ca
B'b3CTaH0BeH11 HewH11Te npo¢c'bI0311 nop; Ha11MeH0BaH11eTo He3aB11c11MM pa6orn11'-1e-
CKt1 npo¢ec110HaJIHl1 C'bl0311. BopBM 11 npoQec 3a 113HaMMpaHe Ha rrera11H11 cpopM11 Ha
npoRBJieH11e Ha EKII. IIpe3 ¢espyap11 1927 r. ce pa)Kp;a nerarrHaTa o'bnrapCKa pa6or-
Hl1'IeCKa napT115l, p'bKOBop;eHa ¢aKTl1'IecK11 OT EKII. Ha naprraMeHTapH11Te 1136op11
npe3 Matt 1927 r. KOMYHl1CTMTe ycnRBaT p;a BKapaT '!eTMpMMa CBOM npep;cTas11rerr11 B
naprraMeHTa.
B KpaR Ha 20-Te rop;MHl1 EKII 11 EPIT B CTpaHaTa ca ornaBeH11 OT cpaBmnerrHo
Mrrap;M xopa. Me)Kp;y THX M 3ap;rpaHM'IHOTO npep;CTaBMTeJICTBO B'b3HMKBaT pa3Horrra-
Cl15l, KOMTO npepacTBaT B KoH¢JIMKT. Bnornep;cTBMe B'bTpeUIHMTe KOMyH11crw-1ecK11
p'bKOBop;11Terr11 ca Hape'IeH11 "11es11 ceKTaHTM". Bc'bI.QHOCT 11p;eWHM pa3Jil1'Il1R MelK-
p;y "B'bTpernH11" M "B'bHIIIHM" no C'bI.QeCTBO H5IMa. 3ap;rpaHM'IHl1Te ca C'b~O TOJIKOBa
"11eB11" M C'bl.QO TOJIKOBa "ceKTaHT11'', KOJIKOTO M Q5IJIOTO KOMMHTepHOBCKO ;IJ;Bl1)KeH11e
ToraBa. IIIecTl15IT KOHrpec Ha KoMMHTepHa OT 1928 r. M nornep;Ba1111Te ro npe3 1929
M 1930 r. nJieHyMM Ha J1KKJ1 o65IBJ-IBaT 3a rJiaBeH spar Ha KOMYHMCTl1Te co1..111arr11e-
MOKpaTM'IeCKMTe 11 ceJICKl1Te )J;Bl1)KeHMR, KOMTO C'bOTBeTHO ca HapeqeHM co1..111arr~a
IIIl1CTKM 11 arpo¢aIIIMCTKM. Ta311 JIMHMR c np1111e)KaI.QMTe if KJIMrneTa e crrep;BaHa or
6'brrrapcKV:ITe KOMyttl1CTl1 MB CTpaHaTa, 11 B'bH OT HeR. IIpoTMBonocrnBRHe Ha p;pymre
rreB11 c111111 qepTae nepcneKTMBaTa Ha caMOM30JiaQMH Ha KoMyH11cT11Te B CTpaHara.
HopMaJIM311paHeTo Ha no1111T11'!ecKaTa aTMoc¢epa B E'hmapwR no pa3Jil1'IeH tta-
'IMH ce oTpa3.HBa Ha p;pyr11Te no1111T11'!ecKM c111111. KaTo QRJIO noJIMTM'IeCKaTa Kapr11Ha
ce OTJIM'IaBa c pa3TIOK'bCaHOCT, 6op11'IKaHl1.H, e)K611 Me)Kp;y napTMMTe M B'bTpe B caM11Te
HOBA E'b!II'APCKA UCTOPJ1Jl (1878-1944)
rrapnn1. T'bpCRT ce 11 ce CKJTIO'rnar HerpaJ1H11, a qecTo 11 6e3rrp11H~11rrH11 Koan11~1111.

XapaKTepHo 3a BpeMeTO e B'b3Bp'b~aHero Ha E3HC B neraJTHl1JI rron11r11qecK11 )KJ1BOT.
Orr11r11Te B TOBa OTHorneH11e ,n;o BpeMero Ha Brop11R croBop11cTK11 pe)KJ1M ca 6e3ycrrern-
Hl1. Tipe3 UaHKOBl1H Tepop rro-,n;eJ1H11re yqacrH11~11 oT KOM11renue 3a cencKa ,n;11Kra-
rypa 11 11eB11Te 3eMe,n;e11u;11 ca cp11311qecK11 yH11~o)!(aBaH11. 0He311, Kouro ot1eJTJIBaT, ca
op11eHT11paHJ1 K'bM rro-Tpa,n;11u;110HHJ1 B'b3rne,n;u OT 6yp)!(Oa3HO,z:t;eMoKpaTl1'IeCKJ1 Bl1,Lt;.
<PparMeHrapHOCTTa He oTM11HaBa 11 E3HC. )lo KpaJI Ha 1926 r. ce ocpopMRT HJIKOJTKO
53HC, KOJ1TO ce pa3MJ1HaBaT caMO IIO Bbrrpoca ,n;aJTJ1 ,n;a ,n;eJ°icTBaT caMOCTOJITeJTHO,
111rn aKo He - c neBu unu ,n;ecHu rrapnrn.
E3HC "Crapa 3aropa" ce ocpopMR rrpe3 1923r.11 e ornaBeH OT ,lJ,11MWTbp ,lJ,parueB.
53HC "Opam1<eB" e 3a c6JTtt)KeHwe c ,n;ernwre 6yp)!(oa3Hl1 rraprwu 11 e HatJeno c Kocra
ToMOB. CKopo B p'bKOBO,z:t;CTBOTO Ha E3HC "Bpa6qa l" ce Hanara ,lJ,11Ml1T'Dp fwqeB,
K'bM KoroTo ce rrp11c'be,z:t;11HJIBa KoHCTaHTWH MypaBweB. Tosa e HaJ°i-MacoBara opraH11-
3aL111JI Ha 3eMe,n;enu;11Te. OT 1928 r. 3arro'!Ba ,n;a ce ocpopMR 11 ,n;pyro reqem1e oKono B.
"ilnaOHe", HatJeno c ,n;-p feopru MwxaunoB ,lJ,wMwrpoB (feMero).
OT OCTaHaJIJ1Te OII03J1~J10HHl1 Cl1lll1 c HaM-3Ha'IJ1TeJTeH asropwTeT ce IIOJT3Ba ,lle-
MOKpaT11'IecKaTa napT11JI. HeJ°iHWTe p'bKOBo,n;wrenu An. Man11HoB, HwKona MyrnaHoB
11 ,n;p. ce CMJITaT 3a 6'b,n;e~ pe3epB w HaM-BepoRTeH Harne,z:t;HWK Ha cr0Bopwcr11Te B'DB
snacrra. OtJeBw,n;Ho e o6aqe, qe co6cTBeHwTe cunu Ha ra3w rraprwJI ca He,n;ocraT'b'IHl111
'le rn TpR6Ba ,n;a T'bpcu C'bI03Hl1~l1. Cot1wan,n;eM0Kparw'IeCKara rraprwJI e B yrra,z:t;'bK
HaJ1-,n;ecHJ1JIT rron11T11qecKw cpnaHr ce 3aeMa or opram13wpaHw wnw HeopraHW3l1-
paHM JIW'IHOCTJ1 c aBTop11TapHw, cparnucrKw 11 .zwyru HaCTpoeHWJI. Cpe,n; rnx ca: E'bn-
rapCKw Hapo,n;eH C'bI03 "Ky6paT'; "E'bmapCKa ttapo,n;Ha 3a~11ra"(C'DI03 Ha 6'bnrapCK11-
re qiaurncr11), C'bI03 "Cn11BH11u;a'; rron11Tw'!ecKw Kp'Dr "3Betto". TionwrwqecKWJIT Kp'br
"3setto" ce KOHCOJIJ1,Lt;11pa OKOJTO lll11IHOCTTa Ha 611BJ11l1.ll 111l1pOK COL1J1alll1CT ,lJ,11MO Ka-
3aCOB rrpe3 1927 r. CKopo K'DM Hero ce npexB'Dpmn crosopucr11re 11 soeHH11re 0Ko110
K11MoH feoprn:eB 11 ,lJ,aMHH Be11tJeB. 3Bettapure ce o6JrnJisar 3a II'DJTHOTO JTWKBw,n;upaHe
Ha 6yp)Koa3Hata ,n;eM0Kpa~11R, rrne,n;wpaT 3a yrs'Dp)!(,z:t;aBaHero Ha rnnHa BJTacT, oc'b-
111ecTBJIBaHa OT "en11Ta Ha Ha~wRTa"
rro speMeTO Ha BTOPOTO CfOBOp11CTKO npaswreJTCTBO Me)!(,n;yttapo,n;HOTO IIOJTO)!(e-
H11e Ha E'Dnrap11H rrpo,z:t;'DJT)KaBa ,n;a 6'b,n;e MHoro CJIO)!(HO. 06~oTo cra6wnw3wpaHe B
Espona e 03HaMeHyBaHo c HacT'bIIBaHeTo Ha HOB erarr B'DB B'bH111Hono11wrwtJecK11Te
OTHOIIIeHWH Ha KOHTJ1HeHra. Tipe3 OKTOMBpl11925 r. ce IIO,Lt;IIWCBaT JioKapHCKJ1Te CIIO-
pa3yMeHl1H Me)l(,n;y <PpaHu;11R, AHrmrn, :V1Ta11wJI w fepMaHMJI. ,lJ,oroBopwTe rapaHTwpaT
rpaHl1LIMTe Ha 3arra,n;Ha EBpona (npe,n;w BCJ1'IKO cppeHcKo-repMaHcKara qpe3 PeJ°iHCKl1.ll
rraKr) w npMB'bp3BaT rro-curypHo AHrnWH K'DM <t>paH~WR B rnyqaJi Ha BOMHa. Bc'D~
Hocr qpe3 PeJ°iHCK11JI rraKT AHrn11R ,n;oforna po11Jira Ha ap611r'bp B repMaHo-cppeHc1<11Te
OTHOIIIeHMH. f epMaHMH II'bK 3a rrp'bB II'DT ce rpeTwpa Karo paBHa c rro6e,n;11TeJT11Te OT
Bofrnara. JI11rrcaTa Ha rapaHu;11vr 3a l13TO'IHJ1Te repMaHcKw rpaHl1Lll1 rro,n;Konasa c11ryp-
Hocrra Ha Man1<11re crpaH11 B UeHTpa11Ha 11 IOro113TOtJHa EBpona.
327
Pocuu,a AH2e11oea
ITpaBHTerrcTBOTO Ha AH. JfanqeB 3aeMa no-He3aBHCHMa H HacTDnaTerrHa rro311-

u;11rn cnpRMO IOrocrraBHR H HCKa OT HeR no,n;o6pRBaHe norro:>KeHtteTo Ha 6orrrapcKoro
MaJIQJIIHCTBO. ToBa ,n;oBe:>K,n;a ,n;o BJIOIIIaBaHe Ha OTHOIIIeHJIIRTa H ,n;o norrHoTo 3arnapRHe
Ha 6onrapo-rorocrraBcKaTa rpaH:vi:u;a. ITocrre,n;BaT ,n;Be KOHcpepeHQHH B ITJ1IpoT (cpeapya-
ptt, cenTeMBpJII 1929), Ha KOJIITO ce ype:>K,n;aT BJIICR~HTe BonpocJII Me:>K,n;y ,n;BeTe CTpaHl1.
ITpJ1IeTH ca pe,n;J1Iu;a ,n;oKyMeHTH. Cpe,n; rnx ca: "ITpaBJIIJIHJIIK 3a rpaHwrnarn crry)!(6a" 11
"ITpaBJIIJIHJIIK 3a non:vi:u;ewcKHTe MepKH H o6JieK':laBaHeTO Ha npeMJIIHaBaHeTO Ha rpa-
HJIIu;arn''. Ha 14 cpeBpyapJ1I 1930 r. B CocpJ1IR ce rro,n;nJ1IcBaT "KoHBeHu;HR 3a JIHKBHAa1111.R
Ha ,n;ByBnacTHHTe JIIMOTJII,, J1I "Cnopa3yMeHtte 3a no,n;,n;op:>KaHe Ha ,n;o6pJ1IR pe,n; l1 rn-
rypHocT Ha rpaHJ1IQaTa''. ITpe,n;Btt:>K,n;a ce JIJ1IKBJ1I,n;au;J1IRTa Ha ,n;ByBrracTHJIITe JIIMOTJtI ,[\ace
OC'b~eCTBJII OT CMeceHH KOMHCHH B cpoK OT 2 fO,ll;HHJII. Coe cnopa3yMeHJIIeTO 3a rro~
,ll;'bp:>KaHe Ha ,n;o6pttR pe,n; H cttrypHOCT Ha rpaHJIIQaTa Ha noCTORHHa CMeCeHa K0Ml1Cl1.R
ce no3BOJIRBa ,n;a ,n;ewcrna B o6cera Ha ,n;ByBrracTHJIIR pawoH, KOHTO o6XBall.\a rro 10 KM
B ,ll;'bJI60':IJIIHa OT ,n;BeTe CTpaHH Ha rpaHJIIQaTa.
Ee:>KaHCKJIIRT noToK OT fpou;Ka TpaKHR H MaKe,n;omrn B H3BeCTHa cTeneH ce ,[\'bJI-
:>KJII Ha noJIHTJIIKaTa Ha rp'bQKJ1Te npaBJIITeJICTBa 3a CJIICTeMHO o6e36'brrrapRBaHe Ha Te311
o6nacnt. 3a pa3peIIIaBaHeTo Ha cnopHHTe JIIKOHOMH':IeCKH B'hnpocJII Me:>K,n;y Eomap11.R
11 f'hpQHR ce no,n;nHcBaT cepHR OT cnopa3yMeHHR. Ha 9 ,n;eKeMBPJII 1927 r. e rro,[\rr11-
caHa cpHHaHcoBaTa cnoro,n;6a MoJIJIOB-KacpaH,n;ap:vi:c, KORTO ype:>K,n;a nrrall.laHuRra Ha
3a,n;'hrr:>KeHHRTa Ha ,n;BeTe CTpaHJII e,n;Ha K'bM ,n;pyra 3a o6e3~eTRBaHe Ha 6e)!(aHQHTe 3a
H30CTaBeHHTe OT TRX HMOTJ1 B ,n;BeTe CTpaHJ1. f 'hpQJIIR B'bnpeKJII noeTHR aHfa)!(l1MeHT,
o6B'bp3Ba B'bnpoca c penapau;HJIITe H He H3n'bJIHRBa KOHBeHu;HRTa.
ITpoMRHaTa B 06~J1IR eBponewcKJII KJIHMaT J1I ,n;J1InJI0MaTH':IeCKaTa aKTJtIBHOCT Ha
EarrKaHJIITe neKo noBJIIIIIaBa 3Ha':leHHeTo Ha EonrapHR B Me:>K,n;yHapo,n;eH nrraH. EA11H-
CTBeHaTa npaKTJII':IeCKa JII3fO,n;a, KORTO CTpaHaTa MO:>Ke ,n;a H3BJie':le OT TOBa, e ,n;a ce 113-
,n;ewcrna B'bHllleH 3aeM 3a ype:>K,n;aHe npo6rreMa c 6'bnrapcKHTe 6e:>KaHu;H.
B KpaR Ha 1926 r. B'hnpeKH npoTHBo,n;e:McTBHeTo Ha coce,n;ttTe 3aeMoT e ornyrnar.
C'hc co,n;ewcTBHeTo Ha aHrnJIIMCKaTa ,n;ttnJioMaQJIIR, JIOH,ll;OHCKJIITe cpJ1IHaHCOBJ1I Kpnro-
Be H no,n; noKpOBJIITeJICTBOTO Ha 06~eCTBOTO Ha Hapo,n;HTe 6'brrrapcKaTa ,n;np)J(aBa
CKJIIQqBa 3aeM B pa3Mep Ha 2,4 MJIH. JIHPJII CTepJIJIIHfH JII 4,5 MJIH ,n;onapa, eMHTl1paH B
JioH,n;oH J1I Hro MopK np:vi: 7% JIMXBa coc cpoK Ha nrra~aHe 40 ro,n;11HH. 3a ,[\a ce ycra-
HOBH KOHTporr no ynoTpe6arn Ha 3aeMa, B Eorrrap:vi:R np:vi:cn1:ra cppeHCKMR qmttaHrncr
PboHe IIIapoH. 3aeMoT e H3norr3BaH no npe,n;Ha3Ha':leH11e. Cnc cpe,n;crnarn OT Hero 6e-
)J(aHQHTe ca CHa6,n;eHH c )J(J1JIH~a 11 HHBeHTap, OTBO,ll;HRBaT ce 132 000 xa 3a6JiaTeHa
3eMR, KORTO co~o ce npe,n;ocTaBR Ha 6e)J(aHu;ttTe. TaKa 31 195 6e)J(aHCKH ceMe:i'.i:crna
nonyqaBaT 3eMR c o6~a nno~ Ha,n; 1 MJIH ,n;Ka. IToBe':le OT 60 MJIH JIB ce H3pa3XO,[\Bar
3a noCTpORBaHe Ha )J(HJIH~a 3a 6e)J(aHQHTe. 'lJacT OT 3aeMa OTHBa 3a IIOCTpORBaHe Ha
)J(n H llIOCeMHH n'hTH~a.
Ilocrre,n;Ba OTMRHa Ha BoeHH11R KOHTpon B'bpxy D'bJiraprrn. Ilpe3 cemeMBp11

1926 r. fepMaHHR e np:vi:ern 3a ':IJieH Ha OH, a npe3 ,n;eKeMBp11 c. r. e npeMaxHaT aoeH-
HHR KOHTpon B'bpxy apMHRTa FL Ilo-KocHo e B,n;HrHaT BoeHHHR KOHTpon OT Ymap11R.
328
HOBA E'bflI'APCKA MCTOPMJl (1878-1944)
Ha 31 Mati: 1927 r. IlocnamPieCKaTa KoHcpepem~MR pernaBa CornarneHCKHTR JIHKBH-

11a~l10HeH opraH B EomapHR .n;a ce 3aKpMe. PerneHHeTO HMa yrnoBeH xapaKTep. ,[(o 30
!OHM npaBI1TeJICTBOTo TpR6Ba .n;a l13TI'bJIHI1 I13I1CKBaHHRTa Ha CornarneHcKHR opraH
no OTHOUieHHe Ha 6'bmapCKaTa apMHR, B npoTHBeH CJiytiaM I1ornaHJ1'IeCKaTa KoHcpe-
peH~l1R c11 3ana3Ba npaBoTo .n;a 3a.n;op)!(I1 eKcnepTH B Eorrrap11R. TipaBHTeJicTBoTo Ha
JIRrPieB l13TI'bJIHRBa nocrnBemtTe ycnoBHR. I1pe3 aBrycT 1927 r. KoHcpepeHQHRTa Ha
rrornaHHQHTe B IlapJ1)K l13Tenrn CornarnettcKMR JIHKB11.n;aQ110HeH opraH OT Eomap11.s:r
M aoeHHH.R KOHTpon e OTMeHeH.
Ha 29 Mati: 1927 r. ce npoBe)!(;::t;aT 1136op11 3a XXII OHC. KoaJIHQHRTa Ha ,[(eMo-
KparntJ:ecKHR croBop c HaQHOHaJIJI116epanHaTa napTHR ycn.s:rBa .n;a cnetJ:eJIH 44,16% OT
rrracoBeTe Ha yqacTBaJIHTe B 1136opa. ToBa no3BOJIRBa Ha ynpaBJIRBa~aTa napTHR .n;a
CM ornryp11 napJiaMeHTapHo MH03l1HCTBO - 173 CfOBOpI1CTKI1 .n;enyTaTJ1 OT BCH'IKO
273. Cne.n; H36opHTe opraHH3aQHOHHOTo l1 noJIHTHtJ:eCKOTO C'bCTORHHe Ha napTHRTa
ce rrpoMeHR 3HatJ:HTeJIHO. OpraHH3aQHOHHOTO OTCJia6BaHe ce nptt.n;py)!(aBa J1 OT cep11-
03Ha epo3J1R Ha TIOJIMTM'IeCKaTa QRJIOCT Ha npaBHTeJICTBOTO. I1oCT'bilKJ1Te Ha npaBH-
TeJJCTBOTO 3a nonytJ:aBaHe Ha CTa6J1Jil13aQJ10HeH 3aeM CTaBaT IlOBO,ll 3a J136yxsaHe Ha
rnecrMecetJ:Ha npaBMTeJicTBeHa Kpl13a.
I1pe3 1928 r. npaBHTeJICTBOTO HCKa HOB 3aeM, HapetieH CTa6HJIJ13aQl10HeH. YlHJ1-
I.1MaTOpl1 3a B3eMaHeTo MY ca B'bHlIIHH.R MHHHCTop EypoB 11 cp11HaHCOBHR MHHHCT'.bp
MorrnoB. IIonytJ:aBaHeTo Ha 3aeMa ce HaTbKBa Ha roneMM Tpy.n;HoCTH. CepHRTa aTeH-
rar.11 Ha BMPO opraHl13MpaHH npe3 BTOparn noJIOBMHa Ha cenTeMBpH l1 HatJ:aJIOTO Ha
OKTOMBpH 1927 r. ce l13TIOJI3BaT 3a HaTHCK. AHrJIHR o6pn~a BHMMaHHe, tJ:e Cn.n;6aTa Ha
11cKaH11.R HOB 3aeM 3aBHCl1 OT B3eMaHeTo Ha MepKM cpe~y BMPO. CKopo ce TIORBRBa
MHOBO 3aTpy.n;HeHMe. EKcnepTHTe OT 06~eCTBOTO Ha Hapo.n;11Te IlOCTaBRT ycJIOBHR 3a
ornycKaHeTo Ha 3aeMa. Te McKaT .n;a ce HanpaBRT KopeHHl.f npoMeHM B EHE, aBTOHO-
MeH MHCTHTYT c l13QRJIO ):lop)!(aBeH KaTIMTaJI. Cnope.n; rnx Hai1:-.n;o6parn rapaHQHR 3a
caMOCTORTeJIHOCTTa Ha EHE I.Qe 60.n;e npeo6pa3yBaHeTO 11 B aKQMOHepHo .n;py)!(eCTBO
c '!aCTeH KaTIMTaJI. 1.{pe3 TaKaBa pecpopMa QeHTpanHaTa 6orrrapCKa 6aHKa I.Qe 60.n;e
11orrMTl.ftJ:ecKa He3aBMCMMa M I.Qe cTaHe tJ:acT OT eBponei1:cKaTa 6aHKOBa c11cTeMa. EoJI-
rapttR HeC'bfJiaCHa c npoeKTa npeKparnBa nperoBOpMTe. Ha 3 MapT 1928 r. K. reop-
mea rro.n;aBa ocTaBKa no):I npeTeKcT, tJ:e He BCH'IKH tJ:JieHoBe Ha Ka611HeTa ca .n;op)!(am1
B Te'!emrn c ycnoBM.RTa Ha 3aeMa. Ha 10 MapT 1928 r. 6nrrrapcKMTe npe.n;cTaBli!TeJIJi!
1101\IIMCBaT B )J{eHeBa npoTOKOJI 3a ycnoBli!RTa Ha 3aeMa. TiocTHrHaTa e e.n;Ha e.n;HHCTBe-
Ha OTCT'bnKa- npeo6pa3yBaHeTo Ha EHE .n;a He cTaHe He3a6aBHO. JfantJ:eB TpR6Ba .n;a
peum /\Be Tpy.n;HM 3a):latJ:M - ):la rronoJIHli! Ka6MHeTa Ii! .n;a B'b3CTaHOBli! napnaMeHTapHaTa
1101\Kpena. EBporra Be):IHara npe.n;ynpe)!():laBa, tJ:e BCRKa npoMRHa B cocTaB Ha MMHJi!c-
repcKMR C'bBeT MO)!(e ):la ce oKa)l{e KarnCTpocpanHa 3a .n;oBep11eTo K'bM Eorrrap11.s:r. ToBa
ycKopRBa peUiaBaHeTO Ha Ka611HeTHaTa KpM3a.
Ha 12 cenTeMBpM 1928 r. e cocTaBeHo HOBO npaBJi!TerrcTBo Ha ,[(eMoKpaTtttJ:eCKMR
croaop. B cocTaBa MY e HanpaBeHa caMo e.n;Ha npoMRHa - oBaKaHTeHoTo MRCTo e 3ae-
ro or ParnKo Ma.n;)!(apoB. B HaqarroTo Ha RHyapli! 1929 r. 3a .n;a ornryp11 eMMTHpaHeTO
329
Pocu4a AHzenoBa
Ha 3aeMa npaBMTeJICTBOTO ce pa3AemI M c reH. J1BaH BoJIKOB, KaTO MMHMCTepcTBOTO
MY rroeMa reH. HMKOJia EaKopA)f<MeB. TpattccpopMau;1trnTa Ha EH.6 crnBa c pecpopM11,
KOMTO R A06JIM)KaBaT ITO cpyHKQMM 11 CTaTYT AO eBporrerlrCKMTe u;eHTpaJIHM eMMCMOHHl1
6aHKM. EH.6 HMKora He crnBa qacTHO aKQMOHepHo Apy)KeCTBO. HeMaJIKa 3arnyra 3a
TOBa MMaT A. JlRn'leB, AT. EypoB M Bn. MonnoB, KOMTO ycrrRBaT Aa OTCTORT cne1111-
cpH'IHMR CTaTyT Ha EH.6 no BpeMe Ha nperoBopHTe. Ilpw Te3M o6cToRTeJicTBa B'b3H11K-
Ba J1rroTeKapHa 6aHKa, KORTO l133eMBa cpyHKQlt!MTe Ha 3aKpHTl1R l1ITOTeKapeH KJIOH Ha
EH.6. KoM 1928 r. B pe3ynrnT Ha C'h3AaBaHeTo Ha J1noTeKapHa 6aHKa 'IY)KA11R Kar111ra11
Hapacrna OT 150 MJIH (1927) Ha 400 MJIH.
B KpaR Ha 1828 r. ABe esponeC1cK1t1 1t1 eAHa aMep1t1KaHCKa 6aHKOBa rpyrra eM11r11par
cyMa c HOMMHaJIHa CTOMHOCT 5,5 MJIH JI11p11 CTepJI1t1Hr11, KORTO 6omapcKaTa Aop)!(aBa
ce 3aA'bJI)KaBa Aa Bpo~a KaKTO B MHpHo, TaKa 11 B'bB BOeHHO BpeMe B npOA'bJ1)1(eH11e
Ha 40 fOA11HM npvr 7,5% HOM11HaJIHa H 8,65% peaJIHa JIMXBa. 3Ha'111TeJIHa qacT OT Hero
ce H3pa3XOABa 3a rronpaBRHe Ha ~eTMTe, rrpvr'IMHeH11 OT pa3py1mneJ1HOTo 3eMerpece-
HMe B IlJIOB,ll;MBCKO !ti B "lh1prraHCKO, pa3pa3MJIO ce npe3 C'b~aTa fOAHHa. II0J1y'lemm
3aeMM HMaT 06~0 B3eTO 03ApaB1t1TeJIHO 3a 6onrapcKOTO CTOITaHCTBO 3Ha<JeH11e.
OT 1929 r. ce pa3pa3RBa cBeTOBHa Kp1t13a Ha rnpoxrrpo113BOACTBO, KORTO oco6eHo
3Jle ce oTpa3.RBa Ha 3eMe)l;eJICKlt!Te CTpaHl1 KaTO b'bJirap11R. 3eMe)l;eJICKOTO npOH3BOA-
CTBO TYK He HaMaJIRBa, a ,ll;Op1t1 ce yBeJIH'laBa, HO u;eHMTe Ha 3eMeAencK11re npmnse-
AeHMR crraAaT 6JIM30 ABa IT'bTltl ca!'vto 3a e)l;Ha rOAHHa. HaMaJieHaTa noKyrrareJ1Ha cno-
co6HocT Ha ceJICKOTO HaCeJieHMe AOBe)f(Aa ,ll;O CTarHaIJ;l1R B npOM11llIJieHOCTTa 11 rp11-
KpaTHO HaMaJIRBaHe Ha B'hHlllHaTa roproB11R Ha cTpaHara. Hau;1t10HaJIH1t1RT AOXO,!\ Ha
CTpaHaTa OT 46, 6 MJIH. JIB npe3 1926 r. crra)l;a Ha 26, 3 MJIH. JIB. npe3 1932 r., a AOXO,[\lITe
Ha rnaBa OT HaceJieH11eTo - noBe'le OT )l;Ba IT'bTl1. EpoRT Ha 6e3pa6oTHMTe AOCr11ra 100
000 AYllll1.
3ary6wTe Ha qacTH1t1Te n11u;a OT qvrprraHCKOTO 3eMeTpeceH11e M Ha ,ll;op)f(aBara Karo
IJ;RJIO ca orpoMHM. 3aTOBa EomapvrR HacTORBa 3a OTJiaraHe Ha 1t13rrJ1a~aHero Ha pena-
pau;110HHHTe BHOCK11. ToBa BpeMe C'bBITaAa c rrpweMaHeTo Ha rrnaHa "Mottr" 3a HaMa-
JIRBaHe Ha repMaHcK11Te perrapau;1111, KoraTo e perneHo no np11Hu;1t1n Aa ce pes11311par
T. Hap H3TO'IH11 penapau;vrvr, Me)K,ll;y KOHTO vi 6omapcKHTe. Cne)l; npo,ll;'bJ1)f(l1TeJ1Hl1 11
TPYAHH nperOBopM Ha 20 RHyap11 1930 r. MMHltlCTPMTe EypoB 1t1 Bn. MoJIJIOB rro,I1n11c-
BaT B Xara cnoro)l;6a 3a cpwHaHcOBMTe 3a)l;'bJI)KeHMR Ha EnnrapMR. CrropeA ycJ10B11Rra
:H OT 1 anpwn 1930 AO 31 MapT 1966 r. 6omapCKaTa ,ll;op)f(aBa TpR6Ba Aa 1t13rrJ1arn: pena-
pau;vrw Ha o6~a cyMa 420 MJIH 3JiaTHM cppaHKa.
1930 ro)l;MHa ce oKa3Ba TPYAHa 3a rrpaBHTeJICTBOTO. AKTMBM31t1paT Ad1Hocrra rn
B. "!lol.f.". 06JIHKbT Ha Jib'IMCTMTe ce onpeAeJIR or A11.
croBopMCTKMTe )l;erlru;11 OKOJIO
UaHKOB, K. f eoprMeB M Xp. KancpoB. Te OTKp11To KpMTMKyBaT Ka611HeTa, qe HRMa cro-
naHcKa rron11T1t1Ka. BnornaBa ce Me)KAyttapo,ll;HOTO 11 qrnHaHcoBo noJIO)KeH1t1e Ha crpa-
HaTa. HapacTBa HeAOBOJICTBOTO cpeA o6~ecTBOTO OT noJIMTMKaTa Ha npaB1t1Tencrso-
TO. IIope,ll;HJ1Te aTeHTaT11, M3BoprneHM OT BMPO, npe,ll;J13BJ1KBaT He caMo Kottcpn11Kr B
6omapo-roroCJiaBCKMTe OTHOllleHJ1R, HOH npoTeCT Ha npe,ll;CTaBMTeJ11t1Te Ha BeJJl1KHTe
330
HOBA E'b!II'APCKA UCTOPMJ! (1878-1944)
rnm1 B Cocp11R cpew;y ,[\e:CrnocTTa Ha opramf3aQ11>ITa. Arrp11rr 1930 r. ,[\OHarn rra,[\aHe

Ha 37IaTHOTO rroKp11T11e Ha rreBa ,[\O 36% - rnTyaw.rn, C'b3,[\aBaw;a orraCHOCT OT Kpax Ha
6bnrapCKaTa MOHeTa.
3a 113,[\11raHe Me)l{,[lyHapo,LIH11R rrpecT11)1{ Ha rrpaB11TeJICTBOTO 11 TyIII11paHe Ha B'b-
rpeIIIHOTO He,[\oBorrcrno JlRrr'IeB cMeH>I IIIecr11Ma Mvrn11CTp11 (15 Maw 1930 r). CpeA
HOB11Te M11Hl1CTp11 ca Arr. UaHKOB (Ha rrporneTaTa), HeroB11Te CoMHW7IeH11Q11 ,[(11M11-
Tbp M111uattKOB (MHH11CTop Ha ToproB11>ITa, rrpoM11IIIJieHOCTTa 11 TPYAa) 11 feoprn
L(aHa11rros (M11H11CTop Ha 06~ecrneH11Te crpa,[111, rrornw;aTa 11 6rraroyCTpmkrnorn) 11
JKypHarr11cT11Te fp11rop Bac11rreB (MvIH11CTop Ha 3eMe,[\err11eTO H ,Llop)l{aBHHTe 11MOT11) 11
ITerKo CrnitHOB (M11H11CTop Ha )l(eJie3H11QVITe, rrow;11Te 11 Terrerpacp11re). M11H11CTop Ha
npasoco,L111eTo CTaBa KoH'IO M11rraHoB. TipoMett11Te rrernT11MHpar QaHKOBaTa rpyna
BbB s11cwara 113Ilo7IH11TerrHa BJiaCT. Te ca cornacysamr c ,Llop)KaBH11>I rrraBa, Kor1:ro
nocrerreHHO rrp11,L10611sa Hapacrnaw;a porr>I B ,LlopJKaBaTa.
KpaRT Ha 1930 r. MHHaBa TIO,[\ 3HaKa Ha ro,[\e)Ka 11 rnaT6ara Ha Qap Eopvrc III c
L(JKoBaHa CaBor1:cKa. TipeJII0,[\11RTa KoM He>I e ,[\onra. ,[(:>KoBaHa 11 Eopvrc ce cpew;aT 3a
11bpB11 nor Ha 25 cerrTeMsp11 1927 r. rrp11 rrocew;eH11e Ha 6onrapcK11>I Qap B J1Tarr11>I.
Uap>IT rrpaBH cOH,[la)l{M B 11rnn11aHCKOTO KparrCKo ceMettcrso, rrpoy<rna QopKoBHHTe
yrnomrn 3a 6paK Me)l{,Lly KaTOJIM'-!Ka l1 rrpaBocrraBett. Tipe,L1rro:>KeH11ero rn Qap Eop11c
III rrpaBH rrpe3 RHyapu 1930 r. B PHM no BpeMe Ha csar6ara Ha KHR3 YM6eprn - 6paT
Ha L()KoBaHa. CBaT6eHaTa QepeMott11R ce rrpose:>K,[\a crropeA KaTOJI11'feCKH o6peA Ha
25 OKTOMBp11 B KaTe,[\paJiaTa "Catt <PpaH"!eCKo" B Arn3H. Ha 31 OKTOMBp11 6paK'bT e
3arnop.a;eH l1 c npaBornaBeH o6pRA B Kare,n;parrara ''Am~Kcatt.a;op HescK11". .[\)1{0Ba11a
CasottcKa CTasa QapMQa J/.roaHHa. l1Mrro3aHTHHTe Top:>Kecrna He ca B CoCTO>IH11e ,[\a
rrpwrnyIIIaT He,[\OBOJICTBOTO OT 11KOHOMH'feCKOTO C'bCTO>Imre Ha CTpaHara.
Tiocrre,[\HMTe MeceQM OT yrrpasrreHHeTO Ha ,[(eM0KpaT11'IeCKHR crosop ca e,[\H11 or
rral1-rpyAH11Te. B Ha'IaJioTo Ha arrp11rr 1931 r. no 11II11Q11aT11Ba Ha E3HC "Bpa6qa l"
Ce):\eM Oll03l1Ql10HH11 rrapT1111 KOJieKT11BHO OC'b:>K,[\aT B rraprraMeHTa BoTpeWHOTIOJI11-
mqecK11R Kypc Ha cronop11cTKOTO rrpasinerrcrno. Cow;11re rrapr1111 BHarnr Ha 8 an-
pwn 1931 r. ,[\eKnapaQMR 3a He,[\OBepue Ha rrpamrreJICTBOTO 11 113,[\11raT MCKaHe 3a HOBa
B/laCT, orrpm-ra Ha ,[\OBep11eTO Ha Hapo,[\a. He 6e3 TIOMOll.\Ta I-Ia QapR Ka61111eT'bT yrn>IBa
Aaw36erne 6naMa. Kp113arn 3anoqsa Ha 18 arrp11n 1931 r., Koraro vl3T11'fa 3aKOHO,[\aTerr-
mrn MaH,[\aT 11 e 3aKp11Ta rrorne.a;ttara ceorn Ha XXII OHC. Uap Eop11c III 11pe,L1rrp11e-
Ma npe,L1Bap11rerrH11 KottcyrrTaQ1111 c rr11,L1ep11re Ha oceM orro311Q110HH11 rrapnaMeHrnpH11
rraprw11 3a cocTamrne Ha rrpaB11TeJICTBO. Crrep; p;orrr1111 Mo'IMTenmr cpe11111, Jl>Irr'IeB Ha
30 arrp11rr 1931 r. OTHOBO IlOJIY'IaBa 3a,D;atfa p;a C'bCTaB11 rrpaB11TeJICTBO, B KOeTO no Hac-
TOJlBaHe Ha ,Llop)l{aBH11R rrraBa BJI113aT HaQ110HaJin116epamne E. CM11JIOB (M111111crop
Ha TbproB11RTa) M Xp11cTo CTaTeB (MHH11CTop Ha 3eMe,[\eJI11ern).
EAHOBpeMeHHO c TOBa crrep; CJIO)l(Ha rrop;rorn11Temra pa6ora 1111HTeII311BH11 rroJI11-
T11qecK11 KOHcynTaQ1111 B KpaR Ha Mar1 1931 r. E3HC "Bpa6"!al ", E3HC "Cnpa 3aropa':
L(eMOKpaT11'IeCKaTa rrapT11R, HaQHOHHaJitt6epanHarn rrapr11>I 11 Pa,L111KaJip;eM0Kpar11-
'leCKara rrapTMR ce crropa3yMRBaT 3a Co3,[\aBaHe tta orro311Q1tIOHHa KOaJI11Q11>I Hapop;ett
331
Pocu4a AHzenoaa
6noK. B ITpoBep;em1Te ITapnaMeHTapm-1 J.f36opu 3a XXIII OHC, ITpoBep;eHH Ha 21 IOHM

1931 r. ,D;eMoKpaTH'IecKHRT croBop ITpeTopITRBa ITopa)l{eHwe. :Vfa6opHaTa ITo6eAa e 3a
HapoAHHR 6noK, KOMTO rreqe7111 47, 6% OT u36upaTeJI11Te.
TaKa c'b3p;afleH11RT ,lJ;eMoKpaTH'IecKH croBop ITO pep; npH'IHHH crr113a OT nomnii-
qecKaTa CQeHa. Cpep; rnx ca pa3Hopop;Hl1R C'bCTaB, opraHl13aQHOHHaTa H noJIHTM'IecKa
p;e3HHTerpaQHR Ha napTHRTa B KpaR Ha 20-Te rop;l1HH Ha xx BeK H 6op6wTe Ha pa3-
JIH'IHHTe rpyrrupoBKH B croBopa. BnHIIIHaTa H BoTpeIIIHaTa nonHn1Ka Ha p;BeTe croBo-
pwcTKH npaBHTeJICTBa p;oKa3BaT JIIOUIKaHHRTa, Korre6aHHRTa H HeycTaHOBeJ-IOCTTa Ha
6onrapcKHR noJIMTH'IeCKH )l{HBOT. Cnep; p;op)l{aBeH npeBpaT H yITpaBneHHe c Ha'leHKtt
Ha aBTopHTapn11 TeHp;eHQHH rronHTH'IeCKOTO Hacurrue Tpyp;uo OTCT'bITBa npeA Heo6-
xop;HMOCTTa OT rpa)l{p;aHCKH MHp H o6ru;ecTBeHa CTa6HlIHOCT.
Jll1TEPATYPA
EepoB, JI. CoQ11aJIHO-HKOHOMJ1'1ecKara o6craHOBKa B Eorrrap1rn B HaBe'IepJ11ero Ha Cen-

reMBpJ1111cKOTO B'bC:TaHire 1923 r. - Tpyp;oBe Ha BJ.1Ji1 "Kaprr MapKc''. T. 3. C., 1973.
BaomeB, B. 3a rrraBHHTe cpaKropu Ha ttHp;ycrpuaJIHJilR nop;eM npe3 nep11op;a Ha BpeMeH-
Hara u qacrwrna cra6urrwJaQJllR Ha KanJ11rarruJMa B EorrrapJ11R 1925-1929 r. - Ji1Ji1Ji1. T. 11. C.,
1962.
BacurreB, fp. Eerre)!(KJ1 Ha p;en.R. C., 1991.
BacwrreBa, M. CenreMBpm1cKoro BocraHwe - "3a" urru "nporuB" - J.1crop1rn, 1994, KH. 3.
Ba'IKOB, ,D;. EorrrapcKHRT cra6wrrttJaQttoHeH JaeM oT 1928 r. - HITp, KH. 4, 1994-1995.
feoprtteB, B. B rrarepa Ha p;eBeroJOHQHTe B naBe'IepweTo 11 ITO BpeMe Ha CenreMBp:wi1cKoro
Bocran11e 1923r. - BeKoBe, KH. 4, 1973.
feoprweB, B. Eyp)!(oa3HHRT nom1r11qecK11 cppoHT B EorrrapJ11R B HaBe'IepHero Ha CemeM-
BpttifcKOTO Bocranwe 1923 r. - fop;. na CY Kn. III -11crop1rn, 1972/73. T. 16. C., 1975.
feoprneB, B. MaconcrBoro B Eorrrap11R. C., 1986.
feoprneB, B. Hapop;H:WRT croBop 1921-1923. C., 1989.
,D;ttM11rpoB, r. Ee)!(aHCKHRT 3aeM OT 1926. - li1ITp, KH. l, 1984.
,[(11MwrpoB, IT. Eopwc III Qap na EorrrapwR 1894-1943. C., 1990.
MoBeBcKa, M. ITpoTOKOJil>T KarrcpoB-ITorr11rwc (1924) B 6orrrapo-rpoQKHTe ornornemrn.
- B: EorrrapHR w EarrKaHHTe 681-1981. C., 1982.
MoQoB, ..sI. YnpaBrren11e na ,lJ;eMoKpaTtt'IecKHR croBop. - li1ITp, 1948-1949, KH. 1:w3-4.
Ka3acoB, ,D;. L1CKptt OT 6ypnw rop;wnw. C., 1987.
KorreB, B. ITpop;oBorrcrBenara Kp113a B EorrrapttR npeJ 1924-1925. - Mwnarro, KH. 4, 1994.
KoceB, ,[(. BnHIIIHara noJIHTHKa Ha EorrrapttR npH ynpaBrren11eTo Ha AHp;peif JfantJeB
1926-1931. C., 1995.
KoceB, ,[(. 0THOIIIeHMRTa Me)!(p;y EorrrapwR 11 KCXC OT 9 JOHM 1923 p;o 1925 r. - VIEVI,Il,
1983, KH. 35.
KyMaHOB, M. BoJCTaHOBRBane Ha p;wnrroMaT11'IecK11re OTHOllleHHR Me)!(IW obnrap1rn u
TypQ11R (1923-1926). - li1ITp, KH. 2, 1971.
KyMaHOB, M. IOrocnaBMR 11 p;eBeTOJOHCKMR npeBpaT npe3 1923 r. - BeKoBe, 1973, KH. 5.
KyMaHoB, M. ,[(eBeTOJOHCKOTO npaBttTeJicTBO 11 naprraMenrapnttRT HHCTttTyr. - B: DbJira-
p11R 1300. li1HCTHTYQ111111 p;op)!(aBHa Tpap;ttQJilR. c., 1983.
HOBA E"bflI'APCKA MCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
JieoH11,n;os, A. Perrapau;110HHaTa rron11T11Ka Ha BrnpoTo crosop11cTKO rrpas11TeJicTBo 11

rpa6HTeJICK!1Te )l;OMOrBaHl1R Ha Me)K,n;yHapo,n;Hl1R l1MIIepHaJIH3'bM 1926-1931 r. - J/IIIp, KH. 2,
1966.
JJeqes, B. E'bnrapcK!1Te Hapo,n;Hom16epann Ha Kp'bCTOII'bT. IIapnrnTa "Hapo,n;Ho e,n;11H-
mo" (1923-1925). BT, 1996.
MaJil1HOB, An. IIo,n; 3HaKa Ha oCTpaCTeHw 11 orracH11 rron11rnqecK11 6op6n. C., 1991.
MapKOB, f. Ilapona "Ca6.11''. 3arosop11Te u rrpesparnTe Ha BoeHHl1R C"bI03 1919-1936 r. C.,
1992.
MwnKoBa, cl>. PeaKu;110HHl1RT 3aKoH 3a 3alJ.1HTa Ha ,ll'bp)Kasarn KaTo l13KJIIO'IHTeJieH HaKa-
meneH 3aKoH B E'bnrap11.11 rrpe3 rrep110,11a 1924-1934 r. C., 1973.
Mi!TeB, ti. cI>am11cTKl1RT rrpespaT OT 9 IOHl1 l1 IOHcKOTo aHTmpaIIIwcTKO B'bCTamre. C.,
1973.
HarnH, )K., JI. Eepos, CT. [(oHeB, K. fopos. J/1crnpm1 Ha HKOHOMH'leCKaTa Ml1C'bJI B E'bJI-
rapn.11. T. I. C., 1971; T. II. C., 1973.
HayMoB, f. IIon11T11qecK11Te 6op611 B ,[(eM0KpaTw1ecK11.11 crosop rrpe3 yrrpasneHwern Ha A.
JIJmqes.-J/IIIp, KH. 6, 1969.
HayMoB, f. ATeHTaTbT B KaTe,11panarn "Cs. He,11en.11" 16 arrp11n 1925. C., 1989.
He,11es, H. An. CrnM6omnkKl111 3arosop'bT. C., 1988.
IleTpos, JI. IleTpR'IKHJIT 11Hu;11,11eHT OT 1925 ro,11uHa. - BJ/IC, KH. 6, 1994.
ITorrrreTpos, H. Twrronorw11 Ha OCHOBHI!Te IIOJil1TH'!ecK!1 rroTOI.111 B 6'bnrapcKOTO o6lJ.1e-
crno 1918-1944. - Errox11, KH. 3, 1994.
ITnpBaHOBa, P. IIporpaMaTa Ha ,[(eM0KpaT11qecK11JI crosop. - l/IIIp, KH. 6, 1987, 26-39.
ITnpBaHosa, P. cI>opM11paHe Ha rrpaswTeJICTBOTO Ha A. Jfarrqes (4. 01. 1926). - J/IIIp, KH.
II, 1991.
ITnpsaHoBa, P. ,[(eMOKpaT11'lecKHRT crosop l1 Herosorn yrrpasneH11e. - J/IIIp - 1994/1995,
KH. 3, 19-49.
Pa,11ynos, CT. C'b3,n;asaHeTo Ha ,[(eM0KpaT11'lecKl!JI crosop. - HT Ha AOHCY. T. 64. C.,
1974.
Pa,11ynos, CT. ,[(eMoKparnqecKHRT crosop rro speMe Ha [(aHKOBl1JI pe)KHM (1923-1925 r.)
-HayqHw Tpy,11ose Ha AOHCY. T. 79. C., 1976. Cep1rn wcrnpHJI.
Ca3,11os, ,n:. 11 ,n;p. Mcrnp.11.11 Ha Tpernrn 6'bnrapCKa ,ll'bp)KaBa. C., 1993.
CrracoB, JI. CTorraHcKa 11 co1111aJIHa rron11T11Ka Ha Crosop11cTKl1Te rrpaswTeJicTBa 1923-
1931 r. - B: IIpo6neMH Ha HOBaTa H HaM-HOBaTa crnrraHCKa wcrnp11JI Ha E'bmapwJI. C., 1992,
CroJIHOB, B. C'b3,llaBaHe H xapaKTep Ha ,[(eM0KpaT11'1eCKHJI crosop. - fKMJI. T. l, 1977.
CroJIHOB, B. IlopBHRT ,11enern:ioHcKH Ka6HHeT Ha An. [(aHKOB. - fKMJI - J/IEKIT. T. 2. C.,
1982.
CroJIHOB, B., B. Terras11qapos. IIonHTl1'1eCKaTa amepHaT!1Ba 9. VI. 1923-4. I. 1926 r. C.,
1992.
Xp11cT030B, H. Ilo ,1111p.11Ta Ha 6e3CJie,11Ho 113qe3HaJIHTe. C., 1977.
I.(aHKOB, An. Eonrap11.11 B 6ypHo speMe. CrroMeH11. C., 1998.
I.(aHKOB, An. Moern speMe. MeMoap11. C., 6. r.
qeuJMe,ll)Kl1eB, fp. IIonHTH'leCKl1 CIIOMeHl1. c., 1988.
XVII. "KOPABATA tlf,MOKPAIJHH"
HA HAPOtu-fHH 6AOK (1931-1934)
1. cflopMnpaue ua :Ka6uueTa
I1pe3 1929-1933 r. CBeTbT e o6xBaHaT OT Heno3HaTa ,n;oToraBa no Mall\a6wre rn

CTonaHCKa KpJ.13a. DI J1Ma BCeo6xBaTeH xapaKTep l1 3aCJira BCl1'lKJ1 OTpaCJUI Ha HKOHO-
Ml1KaTa. B Ennrapm:i nnpBHTe c11MnToM11 Ha Kpl13aTa ce n6eJUI3BaT B KpaR Ha 1929 r.
3a pa3JIHKa OT pa3Bl1THTe l1Hp;yCTpl1aJIHJ1 ,Il;'bp)!(aBJ1, y Hae Ha11-cepl103Hl1 y,n;apH ITOHa-
CJI cencKOTO CTonaHCTBO. ToBa ce o6yrnaBJI OT 06cTOJITeJ1cTBOTo, 'le B npeAXOAHJITe
rop;l1Hl1 ceJICKOTO CTonaHCTBO e B OCHOBaTa Ha 6nnrapCKJ1JI CTonaHCKJ1 IlOAeM. B crpa-
HaTa He ce CnKpall\aBa rrpoH3BOACTBOTO, a ce YBeJ111'laBa, pa3Ull1pRBa ce pa3Mepa Ha
06pa60TBaeM11Te rrno~11, yBeJUI'laBa ce o6eMa Ha pacnuenHaTa npOAYKQHR.
B HHAYCTPl1RTa KpH3aTa ce rrpoRBJIBa no CBoeo6pa3eH Ha'll1H. Y Hae 3a pa3JJH-
Ka OT 1rn,n;yCTp11aJIH11Te ,n;np)KaBH He ce cn1ra ,n;o ,n;pacTH'lHO HaMaJIJIBaHe Ha o6eMa
Ha 11H,n;ycTp11aJIHOTO rrpoH3BO,Il;CTBO. Kp113aTa He 3arnra B e,n;HaKBa cTeneH BCWIK~t
6paHilIOBe. KayqyKOBaTa, TeKCTl1JIHaTa, CT'bKJiapcKaTa 11 xapT11eHaTa :trn,n;ycrp1111 ca
rrpocrrepHpa~11, T'btt Karo 3ap;oBOJIJIBaT MaJIKa '!aCT or BnTpellIHHJI na3ap H rrpu Ha-
MaJieHl1JI BHoc, Te ca o6naroAeTeJICTBaHH. Hat'1-3acerHaT11Te ca MeTaJIHara, xpam1rerr-
HO-BKycoBaTa 11 nonoHeB11Te l1HAYCTpH11. TpeTa rpyrra 3arra3Ba npol13BO,LICTBOTO OJ.
TaK:trna ca Ko)KyxapCKaTa, AnpBoo6pa6oTBa~aTa H ,n;ofornHaTa l1H,L\ycrpHw.
MKOHOMJ1'leCKaTa KpH3a OKa3Ba He6naronpHRTHO OTpa:>KeHwe Bnpxy TbproBl1JI·
Ta, 6aHKOBOTO ,n;eno 11 ,n;np)!(aBHl1Te qmHaHcl1. BHOC'bT H 113HOC'bT ce CB11Ba. Yserrw1e·
tt11e B l13Hoca 6ene:>KaT )Kl1BOTl1HCK11Te rrpOAYKT11, IIJIOAOBeTe 11 rpo3AeTO. BbB BHOG
HaCT'bIIBaT CTPYKTyptt11 rrpoMeH11. YBeJ111'laBa ce oTttocwrenmrn ARJI Ha cyposumm
3a CMeTKa Ha l1HAYCTpHaJIH11Te CTOK11 l1 CTpmueJIH11Te MaTep11aJIH. Ha H3ITHTam1e t
rrocTaBetto 11 6aHKOBOTO AeJio. ManK11Te 6aHK11 11MaT Hatt-MHoro TPY.L\HOCTH - 'lac1
OT TRX cpan11paT, ;r1pyr11 ce BmrnaT B rro-roneMH. Ha.M-Te)KKO e C'bCTORHMero Ha )lop
:>KaBHJ.Ue cp11HaHCl1. I1pe3 1931-1932 r. 6IOA)KeTHl1JI Aecp11u;11T AOCTHra 1,5 MIIp,n; JIB
Oce3aeMo ce qyBcTBa tte,n;ocr11ra Ha BanyTa.
MKOHOMJ1'leCKaTa Kpl13a CJiara CEO.JI OTITe'laT'bK cpep; 6nnrapcKOTO 06.lI{eCTBO }
yrrpaBJI.RBa~11Te. B Kpa.R Ha 20-re 11 Ha'laJioTo Ha 30-Te rop;l1HM 6nnrapcKoro o6llle·
CTBO e B oco6eHo C'bCTO.RHwe. I1onwr113au;11J1Ta MY HapacTBa Bl1AMMO, B He,llpara MY ce
pa3Bl1BaT pa3Horroco'!Hl1 rrpou;ec11. CrorraHcKaTa Kp113a rroB11IllaBa 11Hrepeca K'hM rro-
JIHTl1Kara Ha ITOBe'!e xopa l1 KaKTO HaBCRK'bp;e ,n;oBe)K,n;a ,n;o HapacTBaHe Ha ITOII>Ip113a-
u;11J1Ta. B neBMR Kpa:t1 Ha rron11r11'ieCKaTa cKana CTORT EKI1 11 neraJIHOTO H npo.sisneH11e
EPI1 c MJia;Lle)!(KHTe cw opraH113au;1111.
Kpa:H:Harn ,n;ecmru;a ce 3aeMa OT xopaTa Ha All. UaHKOB. Tipe3 Maiil 1932 r. Te 113m1-
3aT OT ,[(eMoKparn'IecKMR crosop 11 o6pa3)'BaT Hapo1wo cou;i-mrno ,n;B11)1(eH11e (HC,[().
To HapacTBa ,n;o K'bM 100 000 ,n;ynrn. ,[(BM)l(eH11ern B3eMa Ha Boopo)l(eH11e on11Ta, 11,n;e-
l1Te I1 IlOJU1TI1'IeCKI1Te rnranpopMI1 Ha I1TaJrnaHCKI1R cpaIIII13'hM I1 Ha repMaHCKI1R Ha-
I.\l10HaJicou;11aJII13'bM. J1Ma 11 pa3HI1 ,n;pyrn npocpaIIIMCTKM opraH113au;1n1 KaTO Coro3
tta 6onrapcKv1Te Hau;woHaJIHI1 nernoHM "Mna,n;a Eonrap11R': EonrapcKMR C'b!03 "Po,n;Ha
1 1
3all.\V!Ta : "Ky6paT '.
MoJI'IaJIMBO w B CRHKa BoeHHaTa n11ra BHMMaTeJIHO Ha6nro,n;asa IIOJIMTM'IeCKMR
lKHBOT. Coe 3ana3eHMR nopo'IeH ,n;eseTOIOHCKM onMT BoeHHMRT coro3 MMa roToBHOCT
ga l13Jie3e OTHOBO Ha nomn11'IeCKaTa cu;eHa, B CJIY':iaiil 'le npeu;eHM TOBa 3a Heo6xo,n;11-
MO. Jfararn He e e,n;MHHa. Cpe,n; HeR ce pa3BMBaT 1wp11 HRKOM npoTMBOMOHapx11'IeCKI1
rett,11eHI_\I1I1. Hatt-BJIMJITeJIHaTa Herosa 'laCT - ocp11u;epwTe oKono KwMoH feoprneB w
}laMRH Ben'IeB, e w,n;e:H:Ho w JIM'IHOCTHO CBop3aHa c nonMTM'!ecKMR Kpor "3seHo''. Tio-
JIHTtt'!eCKMRT Kpor "3BeHo" e opraHI1311paH no 11Hwu;11ar11sa Ha 611BIIII1R cou;rrnn,n;e-
MoKpaT ,n;eseTOJOHeu;a JJ,. Ka3acoB. JJ.eseTOIOHCKa e 11 Tpa,n;11u;11RTa B nonwTM'!eCKOTO
MHCJieHe Ha 3BeHap11Te. Te KaKTO w u;aHKOBMCTMTe pa3BMBaT 11,n;e11 OT speMeTo Ha Ha-
po,!1Hl1R crosop, HO B MaJIKO no-,n;pyra HacoKa. "3seHo" oTptt'Ia ,n;eMoKpaTwrno-nap-
naMeHTapHaTa c11cTeMa, KORTO Hapw'Ia ",n;11KTaTypa Ha T'hJIIIan''. 3seHaprne ca npo-
nm TopHOBCKaTa KOHCTI1Tyu;11R w napTttl1Te. Ha'!eno Ha snacTTa Te 11cKaT ,n;a BM,ll;RT
"l1HTeJieKTyanHI1R enMT Ha Hau;vtRTa''. Ce6e rn, KaKTO HaBpeMeTO HRKOM crosop11cT11,

CMRTaT 3a IIOJII1TI1'IeCKI1 eKcnepTI1, a He BJiaCTOfOHl\11. Tiopa,n;tt TOBa Te CM OCTaBaT
T'bKMO OHOBa, KOeTO ce HapM'IaT "noJIMTM'IeCKH Kpor" H He ce CTpeMRT ,n;a IIOJIY':iaT
HHKaKsa .Macosa no,n;Kpena. Csnp3aHocTTa HM c BoeHHMR C'h!03 MO)l(e ,11a rn npesopHe
rrp11 e,11Ho ,n;eBeTO!OHCKO pa3BV!TI1e Ha Hell\aTa B "ttHTeJieKTyanHHR emn" Ha BJiaCTTa.
ITonRp113au;M.iITa B 6nnrapcKOTO o6ll\ecrno HRMa TaK'bB OCTop xapaKTep, KaKTO B
11pyrn 6anKaHCKI1 11 espone1'1cKM CTpatttt. MH03l1HCTBOTO OT xopan, MHTepecysarn;u
ce OT IIOJIHTI1Ka, He ce np11coe,n;HHRBaT HHTO K'bM KpaiilHaTa nem1u;a, HI1TO K'bM Kpaiit-
Hara,11ern11u;a, ace rrpw,n;np)f(aT K'bM nose'!e l1JIH no-MaJIKO Tpa,n;viu;uoHHH ,n;eM0KpaTH-
qecK11 npttttu;wnw. YKpenBaT w pa3Jil1'IHMTe opraHMJau;ww Ha E3HC. C HaM-3Ha'IwTeJI-
Hara o6ll\eCTBeHa no,n;Kpena e E3HC "Bpa6'!a l" no,n; cpaKTM'IeCKOTO so,11aqecTBo Ha
n. f11qes. OpweHrau;mna Ha no-rOJIJI.MaTa qaCT OT ceJIR'IeCTBOTO K'bM "Bpa6'!a l" ,n;o-
HllK'b,!le e IIOBJII1HHa OT o6e,n;HRBaHeTo Ha ceJIR'IeCTBOTO cne,n;cTBvte pa3pyIIIHTeJIHOTO
11eCrcrntte Ha Kp113aTa. HapacTBa BJIMRHMeTo 11 Ha 3eMe,n;enu;11Te OT secTmtK "Tina,n;tte",
Ko11ro npe3 1932 r. 06pa3ysaT Ollie e,n;11H 3eMe,n;enCKH coI03 c HattMeHOBaHMeTO E3HC
'l\J1. CTaM6onwr1cKw". Me)f(,n;y pa3JIH'IHHTe 3eMe,n;encKM C'b!03I1 C'bll\ecrnysaT noCTo-
RHtt116op11'!KaH11R, HeTpar1HI1 c,n;py)l(eHHR, npeJIHBaHHR Ha 'IJieHCKaTa Maca KaTO HaM-
3Haql1M l1 BJII1HTeJieH CM OCTaBa "Bpa6qa l ''.
JifKOHOMM'IeCKaTa KpI13a 3a)l;oJI6oqasa pa3HOrJiaCI1HTa I1 6op6ttTe B ,[(eMOKpa-
r11qecKI1R croBop. Ha 20 arrp11n 1931 r. JfanqeB rro,n;asa ocTaBKa. Uap Eop11c B'b3Jia-
ra Ha Jitt,I:lepa Ha ,n;eMoKparwre An. ManHHOB ,n;a cocras11 Koanwu;woHeH Ka6uHeT, B
Kotiro .r1a yqacrna 11 Jl,eMoKparwqecKMRT crosop. Tiopa,n;w rrpeKoMepHM npereHu;1111 Ha
335
Pocw1a AH2eJ10Ba
CfOBOpMCT11Te 3a MMHMCTepCKJt[ Kperna ycmrnRTa Ha ManMHOB 3a C'bCTaBRHe Ha npe-

x_o,n;Ho rrpaBMTencrno rrporra,n;aT. Ha 5 Mau 1931 r. rronMTJif<JeCKaTa KpM3a rrp11Kn10•rna
- lIRII'-IeBMRT Ka6MHeT e peKOHCTpyMpaH Jt[ ca Hacpo'-IeHJt[ rrapnaMeHTapHM M36op11 3a
21 IOHM c. r. Orro3m~MOHHMTe Ha BTopoTo croBopttcTKO rrpaBMTencTBO rrapTMH -~eMo
KpaTM'-leCKaTa Ha An. ManMHOB M H. MyrnaHoB, E3HC "Bpa6qa l" Ha .D;. fHqeB, PaAtt-
KarrHaTa Ha CT. KocTypKoB, HaQMOHannM6epanHaTa Ha .D;. Bnp6eHoB M E3HC "CTapa
3aropa" cpopMMpaT KoanHQMRTa Hapo,n;eH 6rroK. B CBORTa npe,n;1136opHa nnanpopMa
Hapo,n;HMRT 6rroK o6e~aBa ,n;a pemaMeHTMpa HaMecarn Ha ,n;op)f(aBaTa B rrpmBBOA-
CTBOTO Jt[ B ,n;eCrnocTTa Ha MOHononMTe, ,n;a OCMrypM Ha HaceneHMeTo neCHO ,[\OCTbneH
Jt[ ,n;onrocpot.IeH KpegMT rrpM HaManeH nMXBeH rrpoQeHT, ga B'b3CTaHOBJt[ rrporpernBHO
rrogoxogHoTo o6naraHe, ga cnpe npoQeca Ha o6e33eMnRBaHe, ga 0CB06og11 ce11cK11re
CTOIIaHJt[ OT JIMXBapcKHR KaIIMTaJI, ga rrogo6pM rrono)f(eHMeTO Ha pa6oTHM'-!eCTBOTO M
HaMaJIM 6e3pa6on1QaTa. EnoK'bT CM rrocTaBR 3a Qen 3arra3BaHe Ha TopHoBcKaTa KOH-
CTMTYQMR, geMoKpaQMRTa M rrapnaMeHTapM3Ma. B 0611acTTa Ha B'bHllIHaTa no1111111Ka
KOanMQMRTa geKnapMpa, qe ~e ce CTpeMJ.1 K'bM ycTaHOBRBaHe Ha OTHOllieHHR Ha Mttp
Jt[ pa36MpaTenCTBO C'bC C'bCegHMTe Jt[ Hec'bcegHMTe ManKM J.1 roneMM gop)f(aBH Ha 6a3a-
Ta Ha 3a'-!MTaHe Ha HaQMOHarrmrn cyBepeHMTeT M rrpM3HaBatte npaBaTa Ha Ebnrapm1,
rapaHTMpaHM M c MMpHMTe goroBopM. B rrrraTcpopMaTa ,lJ;eMoKpaTw'-leCKHRT crosop e
TpeTMpatt KaTo" gop)f(aBHa M HaQMOHaJJHa orracHoCT" M cBaJJRHeTo MY OT BnacT 11 cpop-
MwpaHeTo Ha HOBO npaBMTeJICTBO e Jt[3BegeHO KaTO OCHOBHa IIOJJHTJt['-!ecKa 3aga11a.
Ha 21 IOHM ce rrpoBe)f(gaT rrapnaMeHrnpHM M36opM 3a XXIII OHC. OT o6ll.\O m-
6pam1Te 272 Hapo,n;HM npe,n;cTaBMTeJJw 72 MaHgarn B3eMa E3HC "Bpa6qa l", 64 Man-
,n;aTa - ,lJ;eMOKpaTMl.JeCKJt[RT CfOBOp, 40 MaHgaTa - ,lJ;eMoKpaTJ.1'-!eCKaTa napnrn, 30 MaH-
,n;aTa - HaQHOttannw6eparrttaTa rrapTMR, 9 MaHgaTa - HaQMOHarr11w6epanHaTa naprttH
(o6ep;MHeHa), 4 MaHgaTa - Hapo,n;HonM6epanHa rrapTMR, 5 MaHgan - CoQttanAeMo-
KpaTM'-lecKa rrapTMR, 8 MaH,n;aTa - T. Hap MaKegoHcKa rpyrra, 31 MattgaTa - Pa6onrn-
'-lecKaTa napTMR, 7 MaHgaTa - Pap;MKanHaTa rrapTwR, w no 1 MaHgaT - E3HC "Crapa
3aropa" l1 "HaQMOHarr-cencKHRT Tpyg''. Tipe,n;cegaTeJJ crnBa CTecpaH CTecpaHOB.
Ha 29 rou:u 1931 r. c YKa3 NQ 11 e cpopMMpaHo npaBHTeJICTBOTO Ha l.JeTttpttCTpan-
HaTa KOaJIHQMR (M3B'bH Ka6MHeTa ocTaBa E3HC "CTapa 3aropa") c MMHHCTbp-npeA-
cegaTen ArreKcauµ:'I>p Marr:uuoB (29 IOHl1 - 12 OKTOMBpl1 1931). B rrpaBMTeJICTBOTO
BnM3aT o~e An. MarrMHOB (,n;eMoKpaT) KaTo MMHHCT'bp-npegce,n;aTen M Ml1Hv1crop na
B'bHIIIHMTe pa6oTw, Ml1HMCTop Ha BoTpernHMTe pa6oTw l1 Hapo,n;HoTo 3gpaBe H. My-
rnanoB (,n;eMoKpaT), Ml1HHCTop Ha cpunaHCMTe ,n;-p ArreKcaH,n;op fMprnHoB (geMoKpar),
MMHl1CT'bp Ha 3eMe,n;eJJl1eTO ,1J;l1Ml1T'bp f Ml.JeB ("Bpa6qa l "), Ml1HJt[CT'bp Ha rrpornerara
KoHcTaHTl1H MypamteB ("Bpa6qa l"), M1'1Hl1CTnp Ha o6~ecrneHMTe crpagM, TI'hT1111\a-
Ta M 6rraroycTpoI1:cTBoTo feoprn IIIop)J;aHoB ("Bpa6qa l"), Ml1HMCTop Ha npaBOC'hll,M-
eTo ,lJ;MMMTop Bnp6eHoB (HaQMOHaJJnM6eparr), MMHMCTop Ha ToproBHRTa, npoM11ll!·
JJeHOCTTa Jt[ Tpy,n;a feoprM TieTpOB (HaQl10HaJJJIJt[6epan), Ml1HMCT'bp Ha )f(ene3Hl11\MTe
336
HOBA E'bJJIAPCKA J1CTOPJ1Jl (1878-1944)
ITOil\WTe J1 renerpaqmre CroRH KoCTypKoB (paAHKaJI), MWHWCT1>p Ha Bot'rnara reH.

AneKcaHA'hP KMcbOB, 6wmn Ml1HWcTDp OT Ka6uHera Ha JfarrtJ:eB.
CaMo rpu MeceQa rro-K'bCHO Ha 12 OKTOMBpvr 1931 r. MHHHCT1>p-rrpegcegarenn
ManWHOB rrogaBa ocTaBKa w MRCTOTO MY e 3aern OT H. MymaHoB 76 • An. fvrprvtHOB
rroeMa IIOCTa MJ1HJ1CT'bp Ha B1>TpeIIIHHTe pa60TJ1. Orno6ogeHOTO OT Hero cpvrHaHCOBO
MMHHCTepcTBO e 3aeTo OT goToraBaIIIHHR rrpegcegaTen Ha HapogHoTo co6paHvre C.
CrecpaHoB. An. MaJIHHOB II'bK 3aeMa HeroBoTo. PoKaAHTe 3arnraT caMo geMoKpanue
Mce o6ornoBaBaT enc 3gpaBoCJIOBH11Te rrpo6neMl1 Ha ManvrHoB.
2. IlpaBHTeACTBeHH Mep1m Ba npeo~O.l\HBaHe Ha IlOC.l\e~H!,!HTe OT
HKOHOMH1Iec1rnTa KpH.3a
IIpo6neMJ1Te Ha cTpaHaTa ca MHoro l1 cepH03Hl1. HerrocpegcrneHaTa HaM-Ba)f<Ha

3aAa'Ia Ha rrpaBHTeJICTBOTO e 61>p30 l1 ecpHKaCHO B'I>Be)!(AaHe Ha MepKH 3a orpaHH-
'!aBaHe Ha pa3pyrnMTeJIHOTO geMCTBHe Ha Kpvr3aTa l1 3a 03ApaBRBaHe Ha cpi:rnaHCHTe,
Karo ce HarrpaBw B'b3MO)f(HOTO 3a o6neKtJ:aBaHe Ha ttaceneHHeTo. YgapHTe Ha KpM3aTa
ttali-re)!(KO 3arnraT cenm-rnTe H 3eMegencKoTO crnrraHCTBO. Ha 15 IOJIJ1 1931 r. rrpa-
BttrencrnoTo YTB'bp)f(gaBa Hapeg6a, c KORTO rrpoA'I>JI)!(aBa AeMHOCTTa Ha AHpeKQHR
"XpaHOH3Hoc" J1 pa3IIIHpRBa o6neK'Iemrnra 3a 3np1rnnpoH3BOAHTenHre. 3arrnall\aHe-
ro B 6poi'i: Ha BCJ11IKJ1 BJ1AOBe xpaHH ce yBem1tJ:aBa OT 50% Ha 70%. c HapeA6aTa ce B'b-
BelKAaT l1 o6neK1IeHJ1R rrpvr J13IIOJI3BaHe Ha rronytJ:aBaHHTe B pa3Mep Ha 30% AaH'btJ:HH
6ottoBe. C TRX MoraT ga ce rrna~aT gaH'bI~Hre - 100 6otta 3a 120 JIB., Aa ce norarnBar
)IDJiroBe B EonrapcKa 3eMegencKa 6aHKa, a B ClIY'JaM 'le ocraHar neorroJI30TBopeHl1 ga
ce ocpe6pRBaT.
76 H11Korra MymaHoB e poi:1eH Ha 12 arrp. 1872 r. B ,UpJIHOBo. 3aBopnIBa rrpaBo B EKc aH IIpo-
BaHc, <PpaHI.IMJI, rrpe3 1893. Ilpe3 cJie):IBall\MTe ro):IHHM e C'b/:\MR H npoKypop B Crapa 3aropa l1 BapHa
(1893-1896) H ai:1a0Kar B Pyce (1897-1908). BKJIJO'IBa ce B ,UeMoKpaTM'!ecKaTa napTHJI Me MMHHC-
rop Ha Hapo):IHOTO rrpoCBell\eHJi!e (1908-1910) H Ml1HHCTop Ha BoTpeIIIHHTe pa60TH (1910-1911)
BnpaBMTeJICTBOTO Ha An. MaJil1HOB. Cne):I IlopBaTa caeTOBHa BOttHa, Me)!():ly 1918 H 1919, e rro-
cne11osaTeJIHO M11H11crop Ha 06ll\ecrBeH11Te crpa):IM, II'bTl1ll\aTa l1 6naroycTpo:ikTBOTO, Ml1Hl1CTop Ha
JKeJie3Hl11\11Te, IIOll\HTe 11 renerpaqrnTe 11 Ml1Hl1CT'bp Ha BoTpeIIIHMTe pa6orl1 H HapO):IHOTO 3):1paBe
BnpaBHTeJICTBara Ha All. MaJil1HOB 11 T. Teoi:1opoa. 3ae):IHO c MHoro i:1pyrn Bo):la'lM Ha OTI03l11\l1JITa
roll e H3IIpaTeH B 3arsopa npe3 1922. Cnei:1 ocso6o)!():laBaHero rn ocTaBa s Kpl11IOTO Ha ,UII, Koero
He ce BKIIIO'IBa B L(eMOKpaTM'IeCKMJI crosop. Ilpe3 1931 BJIH3a B npaBHTeJICTBOTO Ha HapO):IHl1JI 6noK
Karo M11Hl1CThp Ha BorpeIIIHJi!Te pa60TJi! Ji! Hapo):IHOTO 3):1pase, Karo Ha 12 OKTOMBpl1 ornaBJIBa rrpa-
BWTeJICTBOTO 11 113TI'blIHJIBa ra3l1 ):\II'b)l(HOCT ):IO npespara OT ,[\eseTHa):leceToMa:ikKli!JI npespaT npe3
1934. MyIIIaHoB yqacrsa B KaMTiaH11Rra 3a cnarnsaHero Ha 6onrapcK11Te espe11 11 yqacTBa B npas11-
rerrcrsoTO Ha K. Mypaimes, Koero npasli! norne):leH OTIMT i:1a 1136ertte Harrai:1eH11eTo Ha CoseTCKMJI
C'bl03 cpell\y Eo1Irapm1, 3a Koero e oco):leH or r. Hap. ,,Hapo):leH Co/:\" Ha e):IHa roi:111Ha 3arsop. Cnei:1
orno6o)J(AaBaHero rn npe3 1945 B'b3CTaHOBJIBa L(II. Ilpe3 1947 e 11HTepH11paH B TopHoso, a npe3
1949-B ceno 3arpai:1. Ha 10 Maw 1951eapecTysaH11 y6m OT ,Uop)!(aBHa rnrypHocT.
337
Pocu4a AH2e1waa
I1opa;rv1 3aournaHe Ha cnap;a Ha QeHwTe Ha 3opHeHwTe xpaHw Ha Me)l(p;yHapoAHM-

Te rra3apw rrpaBwTeJICTBOTO Ha Hapop;HWR 6JioK ce rrpwHy)l(p;aBa c p;pyra Hape,I16a OT
JIRTOTO Ha 1931 r. p;a HaMaJIW W3KyIIHWTe QeHw 3a KWJiorpaM Ha mueHWQaTa OT 4 JIB. Ha
3,40 JIB., Ha po)l(Ta, eqeMwKa, oBeca w ~apeBWQaTa OT 3 JIB. Ha 2,60 JIB., Ha rrpocoTO Ha
2,80 JIB. I1pe3 OKTOMBpw 1931 r. no WHWQWaTwBa Ha H. MyrnaHoB Hapop;HoTo co6pa-
Hwe rnacyBa 3aKOH 3a W3MeHeHwe w ,IIOII'bJIHeHwe Ha 3aKoHa 3a 3aKyrryBaHe 11 ropro-
BWR enc 3opHeHw xpaHw. C Hero Hapop;HWR 6JioK 3arra3Ba p;wpeKQWR "XpaHOl13Hoc"
w 3aKOHop;aTeJIHO yrnop)l(,IlaBa B'bBep;eHwTe c Hapep;6wTe rrpoMeHw B pa6oTaTa ~IM. C
p;e-CrnocTTa cw p;wpeKQWR "XpaHoW3Hoc", OT ep;Ha cTpaHa, crroMara 3a crrarnsaHe Ha
3opHonpOW3BO,IIWTeJIWTe OT pa3op.RBaHe, HO OT ,11pyra, CWJIHO o6peMeH.RBa p;op)l(aBIIMJI
6IOp;)l(eT. 3ary6wTe OT M3HOCa Ha xpaHW Ha IIO-HWCKW QeHW, OTKOJIKOTO ca 3aKyrreHM
3a peKOnTaTa OT 1930-1931 r., B'b3JIW3aT Ha 357 000 000 JIB., a OT 1931-1932 r. - Ha 856
400 000 JIB.
ITpaBwTeJICTBOTO Ha Hapop;HWR 6JioK ce orrMTBa p;a pernM M M3KrrroqwTerrtto rpyA-
HW.R rrpo6rreM 3a p;oJiroBeTe Ha 3eMep;eJicKwTe cTorraHM. ITo TOBa BpeMe qwrnettocrra
Ha ceJI.RHMTe-p;JI'b)l(Irn~w e Hap;800 000 p;yrnw, a pa3MepoT Ha ,Il'bJifOBeTe WM - OKOJIO
12 MJIP JIB. Ha 12 arrpMJI 1932 r. rrapJiaMeHT'bT rrpMeMa BHeceHWR OT ,U. fwqeB 3aKOH 3a
3aKpwrra Ha 3eMep;erre~a-cTorraHWH. C Hero ce npaBRT OTCT'bIIKTtl Ha cerr.RHHTe, npMre-
)l(aBam;M p;o 250 p;Ka 3eMR w wMam;w p;om 200 000 JIB., HarrpaBeH p;o 1. 01. 1931 r. Ao 6
MeCeQa OT p;aTaTa Ha BJITtl3aHe B CWJia Ha 3aKOHa BCeKM ,IIJI'b)l(Hl1K WJIW Kpe,IIWTOP MO)!(e
p;a IIOWCKa OT MWpOBMR C'b,IIM.R CKJIIQqBaHe Ha "3eMep;eJICKTtl KOHKopp;aT''. Cop;W.RTa Ji!Ma
rrpaBo p;a pep;y~Mpa p;onra p;o 50%, aKo Kpep;MTOpoT e cornaceH MO)l(e w IIOA Ta3Jil rpa-
Hl1~a. CpoKoBeTe Ha M3IIJiam;aHe ce orrpep;eJIRT coo6pa3HO cyMaTa. 3aKOH'bT crrupa
"Bc.RKaKBM W3II'bJIHMTeJIHM p;eMCTBWJi" cpem;y ,IIJI'b)l(HWKa, rrpM IIOJIO)l(eHwe qe ce crra3-
BaT orrpep;eJieHMTe cpoKoBe 3a rroraornaHe Ha ,Il'hJira. HapyrnaBatteTo WM aBTOMarwrno
aHyJiwpa KOHKopp;aTHOTO crropa3yMeHwe. ,Uo cpeBpyapw 1933 r. oKoJio 34 000 AJI'h)!(-
HW~M rrop;aBaT MOJI6w 3a o6JieKqaBaHe Ha 3ap;'bJI)l(eHl1JiTa WM. 3aKOH'bT 3a 3aKpI1Jia Ha
3eMep;eJie~a-cTorraHMH He ype)l(p;a Bonpoca 3a p;onroBeTe Ha 6oJirapcKwTe ceJI.RHVI, HO
ycrroKOJiBa o6CTaHOBKaTa.
I1pe3 1933 r Bonpoc'hT 3a 3ap;'bJI)l(eHWRTa ce aKTyaJIM3Mpa OTHOBO. C pernasa-
HeTo MY ce 3aeMa JiwqHo MMHMCTop-rrpep;ce,11aTeJIR H. MyrnaHoB. Coe cnp;e!llcrBMeTO
Ha 6aHKepM TOM rrop;roTBR 3aKoH 3a o6neKqaBaHe Ha ,IIJI'b)l(HW~MTe w 3a3ApaB.RBaHe
Ha Kpe,IIMTa, KOMTO rnep; C'brnacyBaHe c <l>wHaHCOBTtlJi KOMWTeT Ha 06~eCTBOTO Ha
Hapop;MTe BHacR B Hapop;HoTo co6paHMe. Ha 31 p;eKeMBpw 1933 r. 3aKOH'bT e npMer.
ITpernep;BaHaTa QeJI c Hero e p;a He ce p;orryCKa ype)l(,IlaHeTo Ha Borrpoca 3a ,Il'bJifOBere
p;a CTaBa 3a CMeTKa Ha Kpep;wTOPMTe. B T03M CM Bl1,II 3aKOH'bT HaII'bJIHO OTfOBapJI He
caMO Ha WHTepecwTe Ha Kpep;TtlTOPMTe, HO Ttl Ha W3MCKBaHl1.RTa Ha ¢>wHaHCOBl1.R KOMM-
TeT Ha OH p;a He ce Bpep;M Ha W3IIJiam;aHeTo Ha B'bHilIHl1Te 3ap;'bJI)l(eHWR. ToBa yrnosue
ce rrocTaBR OT ¢>MHaHCOBMR KOMMTeT Ha OH, 3am;0To, poKOBop;eHo OT )l(eJiaHJ!IeTO 3a
IIO,IIIIOMaraHe Ha "rrpOW3BO,IIJilQTtlTe CJIOeBe", c l1,IIBaHeTO CM Ha BJiaCT rrpaBHTeJICTBO-
TO Ha Hapop;HMR 6JioK B'bBe)l(p;a p;aH'bqHa aMHMCTMR. I1pe3 HoeMBpM 1931 r. e npMer
3aKoH 3a orrpom;aBaHe Ha rno6MTe 3a rrpeKMTe p;aH'b~Ttl, p;aH'bKa Bopxy MaTepwam1Te,
338
HOBA E'b!JfAPCKA MCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
OT KOl1TO ce Bap11 paKl1R l1 aKQl13a 3a Bl1HOTO. Ilo-K'bCHO ce onpol'-\aBaT ,IJ;'bJDKl1Ml1Te

11aH'bQl1 3a nep110,a;a 1925-1930 r ,a;o 1000 JIB, 3a noCTpap;aJI11Te OT 1!l1pnaHcKOTO 3eMe-
rpecem1e - p;o 10 000 JIB. Ilpe3 1932-1933 r. c'bc 3aKoH 3a 6IOp;)l(eTa npaB11TeJicTBOTO
orno6o)l(p;aBa OT II03eMJieH HaJIOf B'bB BCRKO 3eMep;eJICKO CTOIIaHCTBO nopmue 100
l(Ka, 3acenr c'bc 3'bpHeHJ1 xpaHH, Bapvrna l1 Jil1Bap;11, ,a;o 10 JI03R l1 2 p;Ka. 6ocTaHl1. C
rrp11naraHeTo Ha Ta311 MRpKa npaB11TeJICTBOTO pernaMeHnrpa C'bl'-\ecrnyBal'-\OTO cpaK-
r11'!eCKO IlOJIO)l(eHl1e Ha He TIJial'-\aHe Ha TI03eMJieHl1JI p;aH'bK OT 6oJirapcKl1Te ceJIRHl1,
rropa,a;11 l13KJIIOqJ1TeJIHO Te)l(KOTO HM qnrnaHCOBO IlOJIO)l(eHHe. Ilpe3 1927-1928. rrp11-
XO):\l1Te B p;op)f<aBHHR 6IO,IJ;)l(eT OT T03H ,a;aH'bK ca 700 MJ1Jil10Ha JIB., a npe3 1929-1930.
- 56 MJ1JIHOHa JIB.
Ilpe3 IOHl1 1933 r. rrp11 OTKp11rn npOT11Bop;el1cTB11e OT cTpaHa Ha ,UeM0KpaT11qe-
cKara napnrn E3HC "Bpa6qa l" ycnHBa p;a npoKapa B napJiaMeHTa 3aKOH 3a H3Me-
Hettl1e l1 ,!l;OII'bJIHeHl1e Ha 3aKOHa Ha Tpy,a;oBHTe 3eMep;eJICKH CTOTiaHCTBa. 0CHOBHHRT
MOTl1B Ha BHOCHTeJIR - MMHl1CTopa Ha 3eMep;eJil1eTo B qernopTMR 6JIOKOB Ka6vrneT K.
MypaB11eB, e ,a;a ce crrpe pa3opaBaHeTo Ha ,a;pe6H11Te 11 cpe,a;Hvr ceJIHHYI. Crrope,a; TO-
rasaunuITe MKOHOMl1CTl1 no BpeMe Ha Kpr-13aTa 3eMMTe rn 3ary6BaT OKOJIO 200 000
cerr11H11. 3aKOH'bT rrpep;BYDKp;a o3eMJIRBaHeTo p;a ce M3Bopurna OT cneQJrnJieH rro3eMJieH
¢oHA cpel'-\y 3arrJial'-\aHe Ha 20% OT CTOMHOCTTa Ha 3eMRTa B npop;'bJI)l(eHYie Ha 20 r. 3a-
KOH'bT e 6e3 oco6eH ecpeKT 11 3aJIO)l(eHaTa B Hero 11,IJ;eH 3a co3p;aBaHe qpe3 o3eMJIHBaHe
Ha MaJIOMMOTHW J1 6e3HMOTHl1 ceJIJIHH Ha ")l(M3HeHocnoco6Hl1, Tpy,a;oBM 3eMe,n;eJICKH
crorraHCTBa" He ce pean11311pa.
YCKopnaaHeTo Ha npoQeca Ha TpaHccpopMaQMH B ceJicKocrnnancKOTO rrpOM3BO,IJ;-
crso OT 3opHeHM K'l>M TeXHMqecKM KYJITyp11 e ep;vrH OT Ba)l(Hl1Te JIOCTOBe 3a rrpeop;o-
mrnaHe Ha Kp113aTa B 6oJirapcKOTO ceJIO. Ilopa,a;11 TOBa npaBHTeJICTBOTO C'bC cepvrn OT
3aKOHM, KaTO 3a HaCopqaaaHe ceeHeTO Ha 3axapHo '-\BeKJIO, 3a BHHaTa, 3a IIO,!l;IIOMa-
raHe Ha opM30IIpOM3BO,IJ;WTeJIMTe, 3a yperym1paHe '-\eHHTe Ha p030BHJI QBHT M rrp., ce
om1rna p;a CTMMYJIMpa pa3BWTHeTo Ha T03H npoQec.
MHp;yCTp11aJIHaTa IIOJIHTMKa Ha Hapo,n;HHH 6JioK ce 6a311pa Ha ,n;ae H3XO,l.l;Hl1 Haqa-
na - 3arnnBaHe Ha .n;op)f(aBHOTO pernaMeHTMpaHe l1 HaMaJIHBaHe Ha npecpepeH'-\MHTe.
HaqanoTo Ha rroJIMTMKaTa Ha CoKpal'-\aBaHe o6JiarwTe 3a rrpoMHll!JieHocTTa ce nocTaBR
or tl Mwllla:ti:KOB rrpe3 1930 r. Ilpvr yrrpaaJieHwern Ha Hapo,n;HwR 6JioK TR npw,n;o6vrna
KOHryp11Te Ha Kypc, HacoqeH K'bM orpaHvrqaBaHe Ha vIH,l.l;yCTpWaJIHl1JI npoTeKQMOHM-
3bM. BoBe)l(p;a ce ap;BaJiopHa TaKca (c'bOTBeTcTBal'-\a Ha cTOMHocTTa) B'bpxy 6e3MWT-
H1111 BHOC Ha cypoBMHJ1 M MalllMHM B pa3Mep Ha 8-25%. Ilpe3 npoJieTTa Ha 1933 r. CJie,n;
ABe yBeJI11qeHMR TR Hapacrna Ha 10-60%. HaMaJIHBa ce rpaHWQaTa Ha neqaJI6arn 3a
Hacop'!aBaHwTe rrpe.n;rrpwRTMR. ITpeMaxBaT ce o6JieKqeHl1RTa npvr rrpeao3 Ha CTOKl1
HMarmrn11 no E.ZJ)K. C'bKpal'-\aBa ce cn11c'bKa Ha 6e3MHTHO BHarnHvrTe cypoB11H11 vr
Apyrw MaTep11aJIM 3a HH,n;ycTpMRTa. 0THeMaT ce Ha OKOJIO 120 rrpe,n;rrpl1RTWR o6JieKqe-
Hl!.RTa no 3aKoHa 3a Hac'bpqaaaHe Ha MecTHaTa HH,D;YCTPHR OT 1928 r. YBenvrqaaaT ce
M11rara 3a BHOC Ha MalllMHM 3a rrpoMMlllJieHJ1Te npe,n;np11RTWR.
ITpe3 1933 r. rrpaBMTeJJCTBOTO Ha H. MylllaHoB pa3pa6orna 3aKoHonpoeKT 3a 11H-
A¥crp11HTa, B KOMTO ce rrocTaBR KaTo YCJIOBHe 3a ITOJI3BaHe Ha o6Jiarn npe,n;rrp11RTWHTa
Pocuiia AHzelloBa
Aa rrpMeMaT orrpeAeJieHo Konw-1ecTBO KBam1cpl1QHpaHa pa6oTHa pnKa l1 Aa 3a,n;0Bo1rnr
HY*AHTe CH c ropMBa H cypoBHHl1 OT MeCTeH rrpon3xo.n;. CrropeA 3aKoHorrpoeKTa or-
roBapm.r~MTe Ha Te3l1 l13HCKBaHl1.lI rrpeAIIPH.lITl1.lI MOraT Aa BHaC.lIT cypoBl1Hl1 11 CK'blla
TeXHMKa, rroJI3BaT o6neKqeH rrpeBo3 no E)J)K c l13KmoqeH:w.lI Ha ropMBa :w roToBa npo-
AYKQM.ll. ,[(aBa ce rrpaBo Ha rrpoM:wrnneHoTo MHHMCTepcTBo Aa rrpoyqBa ¢a6p11KHre
B Texm1qecKO l1 CTOIIaHCKO OTHOllleHMe, Aa H3l1CKBa 3a,n;'blI)KJ1TelIHl1 MH,n;ycTpHaJIHH
MeTOAl1 l1 Aa orrpeAelI.lI KaqecTBOTO Ha CTOKMTe, o6JiaCTTa Ha T.lIXHaTa crreQJ1am13al\Hll
:w Aa KOOp):IHHMpa rrpo113BOACTBOTO MM. Hero,1wBam1eTo Ha rn:wpoK Kpnr crnrraHCKH
Ae:ti:QM AOBe*.n;a AO l13BeCTHI1 KopeKQMM. He3aBMCHMO OT HarrpaBeHoTo OTCT'brrneH11e
3aJIO)KeHaTa B 3aKoHorrpoeKTa HAeH 3a pernaMeHTHpaHe H Texm11qecKo rrpeB'bopn)l(a-
BaHe Ha MH,n;ycTpJ,rnTa e rrpaBMlIHa. Tipe3 AeKeMBpl1 1931 r. e rrpHeT 3aKOH 3a KOH-
Tpon Bnpxy KapTenHTe l1 MOHorronHHTe QeH11. OcHoB1-ia QelI Ha T03l1 3aKoH e pema-
BaHe Ha 3JI060AHeBHl1.lI Bnrrpoc 3a CHM)KaBaHe QeHMTe Ha l1HAYCTpI1alIHl1Te 113,n;en1111.
B HaqanoTo Ha KpM3aTa MHAYCTpHanHHTe KapTenH y Hae ca 15. Tio-l13Becnrn OT rnx
ca 3axapHH.lI KapTen, KapTennT Ha carryHeHHTe ¢a6pHKl1, Ha 6HpeHl1Te ¢a6p11K11, Ha
pacpMHep:i.nne 3a pacTHTerrH11 Marna H AP· Te o6XBall\aT 1/5 OT CTOMHOCTTa Ha rrpo-
l13BOACTBOTO l1 MHBeCTMpaHM.lI Karr11TalI B Ha6moAaBaHaTa li!HAYCTpli!R. KapTemm
IIOA.D;'bp)KaT IIO-Bl1COKli! QeHH 3a CBOMTe H3Aelil1.lI. TipeABHAemne B 3aKOHa caHKl\lnl
crrp.HMO T.lIX ca He3Haq1uenHM, Ho <JiopMaJIHOCTll!Te AOCTaT'bqHo, 3a .n;a rrpe.n;rro'Ierar
rroBeqeTo OT KapTen:wTe Aa ce pa3rrycHaT, a ocTaHamne ):la 3aK0Hcrr:np11paT .n;eii:11ocrra
Cli!. C rrpeMaxBaHeTo Ha KapTemne rrpaBMTencTBOTO He pernaBa Bnrrpoca 3a 1\eHHTe
Ha HHAYCTpHarrm1Te cToK11. Tip11 ycTaHoBeHH.lI Ml1TH11qecKM rnpnxnpoTeKll,HOHH3'bM
roneMMTe npeATIPlil.lITJ1.lI Ji! 6e3 ):\a ca KapTelIHJ1 rrpOA'bJI)KaBaT Aa ce Anp)KaT KaTO MOHO-
TIOlIJ1CTH Ha B'bTpernHH.lI na3ap.
TIpe3 cenTeMBpl1 19 31 r. npaBHTencTBOTO B'b3CTaHOBHBa C'b3;JJ;aAeHoTo c'bc 3aKo-
Ha 3a o6lieKqaBaHe Ha npOAOBOlICTBHeTO l1 HaMalIHBaHeTO Ha CK'bTIOTH.lITa OT 1924 r.
fJiaBHO KOMHcapcTBO no rrpOAOBOlICTBHeTo. L!pe3 Hero TO B'bBe)KAa HOpMHpam11\em1
3a 3axapTa, ra3Ta, QHMeHTa, rB03AeHTe, canyHa l1 AP· Tipl1 TOBa KOMHcapcTBOTO He ce
orpaHnqaBa caMO B onpeAelI.lIHe Ha QeHJ1Te Ha CTOKHTe OT II'bpBa Heo6XOAHMOCT. ITo~
KOHTpolI ca nocTaBeHH H QeHHTe Ha l1H):lyCTpMalIHl1Te l13Aelil1H. Me*AY 11,eH11Te m
eApo l1 Ape6Ho ce ycrnHOB.lIBa MaKCMManHo AonycTMMa pa3lIMKa OT 10%. ET11Ker11re c
QeI-rn Bnpxy CTOKl1Te CTaBaT 3aA'blI)KJ1TeJIHJ1. Cnc 3aKOH e B'bBe,n;eH MOHOTIOJI 11 Bnpxy
TnproBli!RTa c po3oBo Marna.
I1paBl1TencTBOTO Ha HapoAHl1.lI 6noK pa3BMBa aKTMBHa ):leMHOCT l1 B o6rracTTa Ha
B'bHllIHaTa TnprOBl1.lI. TyK rnaBHa HeroBa 3aAaqa e IIOCTMraHe Ha TIOJIO)l(l1TeJIHO can.n;o.
Cpe;i::i;cTBaTa, c KOMTO TO ce cTpeMM Aa peanl13Mpa Ta3l1 CBO.ll Qen, ca: HaMaJIHBaHe Ha
BHOCa qpe3 orpaH:wqaBaHe Ha BaliyTHaTa TnprOBH.lI l1 pa3llll1p.lIBaHe Ha l13HOCa no-
cpeACTBOM CKlIIOt:IBaHe Ha KOMIIeCaQl10HHH CAelIKl1, Klil1p11HfOBl1 cnoro.n;fo.1, TnproB·
CKM AOfOBOpl1 l1 rrp.
I1pe3 OKTOMBpM 1931 r. EHE B'b3CTaHoB.HBa OTMeHeHM.lI npe3 1928 r. KOHrpon
Bnpxy TnprOBM.lITa c qy:>KAa BanyTa. L!pe3 Bp'bll\aHeTO K'bM BanyTHl1H pe)l(l1M Ha All
IJ;aHKOB, HO B MHoro no-CTpora cpopMa, rrpaBMTelICTBOTO ycn.HBa Aa orpaH11q11 BHOCa
HOBA E'bHI'APCKA J1CTOPJ1JI (1878-1944)
M ,!10 fOJIRMa CTeneH ,n;a ypaBHOBeCJ1 T'bproBCKil!R Ill nJiaTe:>KeH 6arraHC Ha CTpaHaTa Ill ,n;a
1rnKB11,n;11pa ocTpll!R He,n;ocTHr OT qy:>K,n;a BarryTa. IIpe3 1932 r. Ka611tteT'bT Ha H. Myrna-
HOB np11nara .11 T. Hap. "KoHT.11HreHT11paHe" Ha BHoca, KaTo orpaH.11qaBa Toprosu;11Te ,n;a
BHaCJIT caMO nOJIOBil!HaTa OT peam1311pamrn OT rnx BHOC npe3 1931 r.
Eonrap11R CKJIID'IBa KJI.11p.11ttr0Ba cnoro,n;6a 11 ToproBCKM ,n;oroBop c fepMaH11R
(1932 r.), c lOrornaBMR - KJI.11p11Hr0Ba cnoro,116a 11 :>Kerre3on'bTHa KOHBeHIJ;ll!R (1933 r.)
tt nproBCK.11 ,n;orosop ( 1934 r). Hape,n; c TOBa ca no.r1n11caH11 ToproBcK11 .r1orosop11 o~e
c '-IexornoBaK11R, Typu;.11R, :V1Tarr11R, ABCTp11R. IIpe3 1931-1934 r. ce BO,ll;RT pa3r0Bop.11
c npe.r1crnB11Ten.11 Ha CCCP 3a yCTaHOBRBaHe Ha ToproscK11 Bpo3Klll. OuosopoT Ha
MocKBa e B'b3CTaHOBRBaHe Ha OTHOIIIeHil!JlTa B n'blleH o6eM - HKOHOM.11qecK11 .11 IIOll11-
mqecK11, T. e. ,n;11nJIOMaT11'IeCKl1.
IIpe3 1933 r. npaB.11Tencrnorn B0,[111 ycneIIIHO nper0Bop11, OTHaqarro caMo c rep-
MaHcK11 qrnpM11, a cne,n; TOBa .11 c qexocJIOBaIIIK11, aBCTp11t°ICK1111 yHrapcKl.f 3a CKJIIQq-
BaHe Ha KoMneHcaQMOHHa c,n;eJIKa cpe~y 3arre)l(aJ111Te OT 1928-1931 r. 6onrapCK11 TID-
TIOHW. IIpe3 asrycT 1934 r. c,n;enKaTa e no,n;n11caHa. 06~aTa crnr1HocT Ha .flOCTaBKlitTe e
909 950 000 JIB . .11 TR ce pa3npe,n;eJIR KaKTo rne,[IBa: fepMaHl.fR 631409131 JIB., ABCTp!itR
-156 535 198 JIB., qexocnoBaK11R - 81804762 JIB, Ymap11R 40 203 647 JIB. Cpe~y .r1er1:-
HOCTTa Ha BCRKa e,n;Ha OT Te3.l1 cyMH D'bnrap11R IIOJiyqaBa TOBapirn xrra,n;11JIHH BarOH11,
il'bTHlitqecKlit BarOH.11, MOTpMClit lit BaroHlit 3a coqmr1:CKY!Te TpaMBa.11, napH!it 11 MOTOpH!it
BaJI.RIJ;W 3a n'bTHOTO CTpOHTeJICTBO.
IIpe3 1929-934 r. QeHTpanHoesponer1:cKlitTe ,[lop:>KaBH - fepMamrn, ABcTpHR, J1rn-
mr.R, IIomna, qexocnoBaK!itR, YHrapirn, lllBe(1u;apwR, npo,n;'bJI:>KaBaT .r1a 3aeMaT nopBo
M.RCTO B 6onrapcKHR T'bproBCK!it o6MeH. Ha BTopo MRCTO ca 3ana.r1HoeBponer1cKYITe
crpaHw - BeJilitK06p1itTaH1itR, <t>paHIJ;H.l:l, EenrwR, J1cnaH11R, XoJiaH,n;11R, JlroKceM6ypr
Ha Tpern MJICTO ca 6anKaHCKlitTe ,n;op:>KaB11 C'bC ClitJIHo 3aHM:>KeH p;RJI. B o6rracTTa Ha
B'bHIIIHaTa noJilitTMKa poJIJITa Ha f epMaHYI.l:l B CTPYKTyparn Ha 6onrapcKlit.l:l cTOKoo6MeH
ce 3acwJIBa. B C'bl.QOTO BpeMe ce yseJiwqaBa w 3Ha'leH11eTo Ha KllHp!itHroBMTe cnoro.r1611
11 KOMIIeHcaQlitOHmue c,n;eJIKlit. IIp11'IlitHaTa 3a ToBa e HeB'b3MO:>KHOCTTa Ha o'bnrapirn
rno6o,[IHO ,n;a T'bprysa Ha Me)K,n;yHapo,n;H11Te na3apw nopa,I:llit Jil.fncarn Ha BaJiyTa.
B aHT11Kp11311cHaTa c.11 noJilitT11Ka Hapo,I:IH.11.l:l 6JIOK OT,[leJIJI 113KJIIO'l11TeJIHO BHil!Ma-
H11e Ha CTa611n11311paHeTo Ha p;'bp)!(aBHI.fTe qmHaHclit. IIpw peIIIaBaHeTo Ha T0311 npo-
6rreM npaB11TeJICTBOTO Ha H. MyIIIaHOB ce 3aTPY.flHJIBa OT ,n;Be o6cTOJITerrcrna: peIII11-
MOCTTa MY ,n;a 6'b,n;e "qecTeH nnaTeQ" no B'bHIIIHlitTe ,n;orrrose 11 OT HeB'b3MO:>KHOCTTa
'1pe3 ):laH'bl.1;11 ,n;a non'bJIBa ,D;'bp)!(aBHil!.l:l 6IO,[l:>KeT. 3aToBa TO HacoqBa ,n;eMCTBlll.l:lTa Clll B
rptt HanpaBJieH11R - CKJilOqBaHe Ha B'bHIIIeH 3aeM, B'bBe:>K,n;aHe Ha CTpor1111KOHOMlitl1 B
6JO,!l)KeTHaTa ccpepa 11 nocT11raHe Ha Me)K,[lyHapo,n;H11 cnopa3yMeHil!.l:l 3a o6rreK'laBaHe
Ha nna~aHil!RTa no B'bHIIIH11Te 3aeM11 11 penapau;1111.
H. MyIIIaHOB ce onMTBa ,n;a noJiyq11 3aeM qpe3 <t>rrnaHcoB11JI KOMMTeT Ha 06~e
CTBOTO Ha Hapo,n;11Te, KaK'bBTO e OTnycHaT Ha ABCTp11.l:l crre,n; 3anO'IBaHeTO Ha CBe-
TOBHaTa 11KOHOM11'IeCKa Kp1na. OT )KeHeBa nocTaB.l:lT KaTO ycrroBYie 3a OTnycKaHeTo
Ha 3aeM M11H11 IlepHVIK ,n;a ce npeB'bpHaT B aKu;110HepHo .r1py)l(ecrno 11 Ha EA)K ,n;a ce
npe.11ocTaBVI n'bJIHa He3aBVICVIMOCT. Te3VI 11cKaH11JI ca HeVI3n'bJIHI1Mlll 3a o'bnrap11R,
Pocw1a AHzeJZoaa
ynpaBmIBaHa OT qeTBOpHa KOaJU1QLUI B ycnoBMJ'!Ta Ha Te)l(Ka HKOHOMMqeCKa KpJ.13a.

13e3pe3yJITaTHH ce oKa3BaT 11: ycHJUUITa 3a noJiyqaBaHeTO Ha Me)l(A)'liapoAeH KpeA11T
B pa3Mep Ha 3901 MMJI. JIB. no npoeKTa Ha gupeKTopa Ha Me)l(AyttapoAHOTO 6ropo Ha
TPYAa AJI6epT ToMa 3a 6op6a cpeIIW 6e3pa60THQaTa.
KaTO OTKa3BaT Aa nOMOrHaT Ha l3onrapm1, Me)l(AyttapOAHHTe cpHHaHCOBM MHCTl1-
TYQHH He npeCTaBaT ga HaCTOJIBaT 6onrapcKOTO npaBHTeJICTBO Aa ycrnHOBH pe)J(11M
Ha ApacTMqHJ1: MKOHOMHH, 3a Aa MO)l(e Aa CM nna~a BHOCKMTe no B1>HllIHHTe A1>nf0-
Be. Tipe3 1931-1932 r. enc 3aKoHa 3a Anp)l(aBmrn 6IOA)l(eT ce BoBe)l(AaT YAP1>)!(Kl1 or
3anJiaTHTe Ha q11:HOBH11:Qli!Te B nOJI3a Ha Anp)l(aBaTa AO 5% 3a B1>3Harpa)!(geHJ.1JI AO
2000 JIB. HAO 10% HaA 2000 JIB. ITo-KoCHO Te3H npoQeHTH ca npoMeHe1rn OT 2% AO
14% 3a 3anJiaTHTe HOT 2% AO 7% 3a neHCHHTe. Tipe3 1933-1934 r. YAP1>)1(KJ.1Te B noll3a
Ha Anp)l(aBHOTO coKpoBH~e ce yBeJI11qaBaT OT 3% AO 20%. Do T03M HaqHH OT q11HoB-
H11qecKwTe 3anJiaTH ca cnecTeHH 506,3 MHJIHOHa JIB.
Tipe3 IOJIH 1932 r. Coe 3aKOH ce C1>3AaBa K1>M 13313 <PoHA 3a noKpHBaHe Ha 6IOA)J(eT-
HHTe 3ary6w, HaHarnHH OT AMpeKQHR "XpaHOH3Hoc''. <PoHAoT npoco~ecrnyBa AO 20
RHyapH 1934 r. B Hero ce Hafo1paT cpeACTBaTa OT BoBegeHH TaKCOBH MapKV! OT 1 JIB.
3a Kr. THnOB xm16 H 1,60 JIB. JIYKC03eH, TaKCH 3a ToproBHRTa c 6pall1Ha H TeCTeHV! 113-
geJIHR, rJio6w, KOHcpwcKaQHH H np. TaKa npaBwTeJICTBOTO 3acTaBR BcHqKvi cnoeBe Ha
o6~ecTBOTO Aa ce BKmoqaT B nonoJIBaHeTo Ha 6IOA)l(eTHHR AecpHQlilT. He e OTM11Har
w noJiwn1qecKHRT eJIHT. UwBHJIHaTa JIHCTa Ha Qap 13opwc III e HaMaJieHa. C no 20% ca
CHH)l(eHH 3anJiaTHTe Ha MHHVICTpw H BJiaAHQH, c no 15% AHeBm'!Te Ha AenyTarnTe.
HapeA c TOBa npaBHTeJICTBOTO BOAH yc11JieHw nperoBopw 3a ype)!(gaHeTO Hape-
napaQHOHmrn Bonpoc, oTcpoqBaHe Ha nJia~aHHRTa no AOBOeHHHTe AnlifOBe. I1pe3
IOJilil 1932 r. Ha npaBwTeJICTBOTO MY ce yAaBa Aa cKmoqu H cnopa3yMettwe 3a HaMa-
JIRBaHe Ha TpaHccpepwpaHVITe B qy)l(6HHa cyMu no nJia~aHHRTa Ha npegBoeHHVIre 11
ABaTa CJieABOeHHH 3aeMa c 50%. c HOBO cnopa3yMeHHe OT IOJIH 1933 r. noraCJIBaHero
Ha cneABOeHHHTe 3aeMH e cnpRHO, a Tpattccpepa no ocTaHaJIHTe e cBeAeH Ha 25%. I1pe3
1932-1933 r. B cneACTBHe Ha Te3H ABe cnopa3yMeHHR Ha Anp)l(aBmIR 6IOA)!(eT ca crrec-
TeHH 674 MHJIHOHa JIB.
AHT1i!KpH3HcHaTa noJIHTHKa Ha HapoAHHR 6JioK He e nocneAOBaTeJIHa TJI e npo-
AYKT Ha TPYAHO nocTHrHaT B qeTBopHaTa KoaJIHQHR KoMnpoMwc no cTonaHCKli!Te B'b-
npocw. BnnpeKH H3nOBRABaHwTe OT 6JioKoBwTe napTHH npwHQHnw Ha Tpag:l1!..\l10H-
HaTa AeMOKpaQHR H HKOHOMwqeCKa CB06o;n;a npoBe)l(;n;aHaTa OT npam1TeJICTBOTO no
BpeMe Ha Kp113aTa CTonaHCKa nOJIHTMKa npeACTaBJIRBa "cMeCHQa OT JIH6epan113al.\!1JI
Ha CTOnaHCTBOTO L1 3ana3BaHe Ha HHTepBeHH3Ma B MKOHOMli!KaTa''.
TipaBHTeJICTBOTO 3all.\HTaBa npHHQHnMTe Ha napJiaMeHTapHaTa geMOKpal.\!1JI.
ITpw HeroBOTO ynpaBJieHwe ce 3acwJIBa poJIRTa Ha HapoAHOTO cn6paHwe vi Ha Hero-
BHTe KOMHCHH, pa3ll1MpRBaT ce npaBaTa Ha MeCTHHTe opraHH Ha caMoynpaBJieH11e.
To npeAnpweMa rnHpoKM MepKw 3a QeHTpaJIH3HpaHe Ha MeCTHOTO caMoynpaBneH11e
w no;n;qwHRBaHeTo MY Ha A1>p)l(aBHaTa ap;MMHMCTpaQHR. TaKa ce npeMaXBaT Mecrn11re
opraHH, KOHTO ;n;y6JiwpaT B ;n;ei1HOCTTa CH QeHTpaJIHMTe L1 ce noCTMraT MKOHOMV!l1. c
II'bJIHa rn:na ce npo.RB.RBa nnypamt3M'bT B neqarn. 3aeAHO c TOBa Ka6JrneToT Ha HapoA-

Hl1.fl 6noK He npoMeH.R anaparn 3a Harnm1e, HaCJieAeH OT croBopa, 3aTia3BaT ce KaAplne
B 11011u1i;irnTa u B "06111ecTBeHaTa 6e3011arnoCT''. Haparna110To Hanpe)l(eHue B cTpa-
HaTa AOBe)!(ga ynpaBJI.RBa1I1l1Te AO TIOCTeIIeHHO 3aCMJIBaHe Ha pe11pecuuTe l1 aKTJ1BJ1-
3!1paHe Ha noJIJ1QJ1.RTa B 6op6arn cpe111y CTa'IKJ1Te, MJ1TJ1HfJ1Te J1 AeMOHCTpaQJ1J1Te.
3. E'b..uapu.a u npoMeumgaTa ce Me:mJ(yuapoAna noAHTuqecKa

KonrouKrypa
,Uo K'bM 1933 r. npo6neMUTe Ha B'bHIIIHaTa IIOJil1TJ1Ka He CTO.f!T B QeHTopa Ha AeM-

HOCTTa Ha 6noKOBOTO npaBvrTeJICTBO. He oco6eHo aKTMBHaTa AvrnnoMaTW-IeCKa pa-
6oTa e Hacol.feHa rnaBHO K'bM noAnoMaraHe yrnnvr.f!Ta 3a pa3peIIIaBaHe Ha npo611eMl1-
re, B'b3HMKBaII.IH OT MKOHOMM'IeCKaTa Kpv13a. He11ocpeACTBeHO CBnp3aHJ1 c T.RX ca H
gel1crnu.RTa 3a o6neKl.faBaHe Ha nIIall\aHvr.f!Ta no B'bHIIIHvrTe 3aeMvr.
ITo BpeMe Ha Kptt3aTa 3a Eonrapu.fl e M3BnHpeAHO Ba)l(HO Aa HaMepvr B'bHIIIHM na-
3ap11 n CBOHTe 3eMeAeJICKH npoM3BeAeHvr.R l1 TIOTIOHM. EAHHCTBeHaTa Anp)l(aBa, KO.RTO
rrpo.f!B.f!Ba HHTepec K'bM 6onrapCKM.R M3HOC, e fepMaHMJI. J1MeHHO no BpeMe Ha Kpvr3a-
ra 3aIIO'IBa HapaCTBa1110To cTonaHCKO o6Bop3BaHe Ha Eonrapw.R c fepMaHvr.R.
CTonaHCKOTO Co'IeTaBaHe Ha MHAYCTpwanHa enc 3eMeAeJICKa cTpaHa HMa CBOHTe
1106pH CTpaHM. EAHOTIOCO'IHOTO o6Bop3BaHe c fepMaHM.R o6aqe Kpue rone.Mu onac-
HOCT11. B nepcneKnrna 6orrrapcKoTo cTonaHCTBO MO)l(e Aa ce npeBopHe B npuAaToK
Ha repMaHcKoTo. ToBa noK HeMwHyeMo Ille AOBege AO nonuTM'IecKu npwTeCHeHM.fl.
Bn3MO)!(HOCTMTe 3a HanaraHe Ha repMaHCKOTO noJIMTM'IecKo BJIM.RHMe B Ennraprrn ce
yseJI11'IaBaT nopaAM CoBnagaHeTO Ha rnaBHMTe B'bHIIIHOnOJIMTM'IeCKH QeJIJ1 Ha ABeTe
crpamt. EnrrrapcKaTa p;vrnrroMaQM.R no Heo6XOAMMOCT pa3'IMTa, qe sceKM npo6wB Ha
fepMaHM.R B'bB BepcaffcKaTa cwcTeMa 6w Mornrr B H.RKaKBa CTeneH Aa o6naroAeTencTBa
11 n'bllrapw.R.
l1ABaHeTo Ha XwTJrep B fepMaHM.R AMHaMu3upa M3KJilO'IMTerrHo MHoro Me)!(AyHa-
po11n11Te OTHoilleHM.R B EBpona w Ha EarrKaHMTe. CnAeHo e Ha TpMMa 6orrrapw Aa M3M-
rpaRT l13BeCTHa pon.R B repMaHCKaTa BoTpeIIIHOnOJIMTM'IeCKa HCTOpH.R no OHOBa Bpe-
Me. Ilo BpeMeTO Ha KpM3aTa TIOJI.RpM3al.IH.RTa B repMaHCKOTO 06111ecTBO e AOCTHrHarra
BpoxHaTa cw TOl.fKa. Ha 30 RHyapM 1933 r. Xwrnep e Ha3Ha'IeH 3a KaHqnep. Ha 5 MapT
1933 r. ca Hacpo'IeHM naprraMeHTapHM u36opw. ITo6eAaTa Ha HaQHOHancoquanucTMTe
Brnx C'bBCeM He MO)!(e ga ce CMRTa 3a curypHa. TBnpAe cuJIHM ca CoqwanAeM0Kpa-
rw1eCKaTa w KoMyHMCTJ1l.feCKaTa napTM.R. ToraBa XwTnep w fhopuHr C'b'IMH.RBaT eAHa
ornal1-roneM11Te non11TJ1l.feCKl1 npoBoKaQJ1M Ha BeKa. Te Hape)!(AaT noAnanBaHeTo Ha
crpa11aTa Ha Paffxcrnra Ha 27 cpeBpyapu. ToBa Aerro e npun11caHo Ha KoMyttHCTH'IeCKa-
ra rrapT11.fl, KO.RTO 6vrna geffcTBana B noma Ha IIIwpoKa Me)!(AyHapoAHa KOHcnwpaQM.R,
p'bKOBOAeHa OT KoMMHTepHa. ITo C'bll.IOTO BpeMe B fepMaHHR HerreranHo npe6wBaBaT
Pocu11a AHeenoaa
reoprn ,1.J;lifMlifTpOB77 (ceKpeTap Ha 3arra,a;HoeBporrettCKOTO 6ropo Ha KM), Enaroi1 ITo-
IIOB H Baclifn TaHeB. Te ca apecTyBaHlif lif Bopxy nix e xsoprreHo o6BMHeHJifeTO, t:Ie no
JifHCTPYK~Hlif Ha KJ1 ca KOHTponuparrM H3II'bJIHeHlifeTO Ha KOMlifHTepHOBCKHR 3arosop
OT repMaHCKlifTe KOMYHlifCTM.
77
feopru ~HMlnpoB e po11:eH Ha 18 IOHW 1882 B c. Koaa'ICBJ..\11, ITepHWlllKO. J1Ma 7 6parn 11
cecTp11. 'IeT11p11 ro11:11ttw no-KoCHO ceMewcTBOTO MY ce npece1Taa B Cocjm.R. ITpe3 1894, Oll\e 12-ro-
AWllleH, nopaAW 1Twnca Ha cpeACTBa JaTIO'IBa pa6oTa KaTo c1ToBoc1TaraTe1T B nelfaTHWL\aTa Ha HHKona
IT1mepoa. TaM ce nelfaTa opraHoT Ha JIIT Ha B. PaAOCITaBoB ,,HapoAHW npasa". ITpe3 1902 ,[(HMmpoB
cTaBa 'llTeH Ha EPC,UIT. C1TeA pa311en1TeHweTO Ha napTW.RTa Ha pyceHCKW.R KOHrpec Ha 6 m1rn 1903,
,I(wMwTpos ce opweHT11pa K'hM TecttwTe co11wa1TwcT11 OKOITO ,I(. 01Taroea w npe3 1909, Ha 21 IOJJH, era·
sa '!ITCH Ha UK Ha napTw.RTa Ha M.RCTOTO Ha TC)l(KO 3a601Temrn faspwlT feoprnes. Tow e aKTHB11cr
11 Ha 06ll\W.R pa60TH11'!eCK11 C11HA11Ka1TeH coI03. ,I(11M11Tpos poKOBOA11 CTa'IKaTa Ha neptt11wK11re
M11Hb0p11, 3aTIOlfHalTa Ha 18 IOHl1 1906 11 npOA'blT)l(WITa 35 AH11. 3apaA11 Ta311 CTa'IKa Ha 4 IOJJH Tofte
apecTyBaH 3a nopBW TI'bT. ,I(o6111T HaL\WOHalTHa W3BCCTHOCT, f. ,I(l1M11Tp0B CTaBa AeTIYTaT CJJe/111360-
pwTe Ja XVI OHC (24 HOeMsp11 1913), KoraTO e caMo Ha 31 rGAlllHl1 11 cTaBa Hal1-11-ma11:11.RT ttapo11ett
npeAcTaB11Te1T B 11apcTBOTO. Ha nap1TaMettTapHwTe 6aHKl1 Tot1 e 6e3 npeK'bCBaHe 10 ro11:11tt11 -110
1923. KaTO ttapoAeH npeACTaB11Te1T 1136.Rrsa Mo61111T11Ja111rnTa no speMe Ha ITopBaTa cBeToBHa sof1·
Ha. ,I(enyrnTcK111.RT 11Mytt111TeT MY noJBOIT.RBa 11:ocTDn AO sol1HWL\111Te Ha Co1TyHcK111.R cppoHT, K'bl\eTo
BOA11 aKTl1BHa aHTlllBoeHHa arnTaJ..\111.R cnopeA nocTaHOBKl1Te Ha EPC,I(IT (T. c.). 3a Ta3111 rn 11eii11ocr
e ocnAeH Ha CTpor T'bMHlll'ICH Jarnop 111 1Te)l(111 lfeT11p11 Mece11a B CocjJ11I1cK11..R 11eHTpa1TeH Jarnop, or
29 asrycT AO 16 AeKeMap1111918 r. Y'!acTBa B naprnt1H11.R KOHrpec Ha 28 Mat1l919, KoraTO EPC)U1 (r.
c.) ce npe11MeHyaa Ha EKIT (T. c.) 11 Ml1Hasa Ha KoM11HTepHOBCKW no311111111. ITpe3 11:eKeMsp11 C'blJ.\aTa
ro11:11ua e cpeA opram1JaTop11Te Ha TpaHcnOpTHaTa cTa'!Ka. Cpe11: opraH11JaTOp11Te e wHa cbnposo11w-
1TaTa SI BCe06ll\a TIOITl1TW'lecKa CTa'!Ka (29 ACKCMBplll 1919 - 3 .RHyap11 1920). ,I(l1M11Tp0B ce BKJllOYBa B
ACWHOCTTa Ha KoM11ttTepHa 11 caop3att11 c Hero opraH11Ja1111111 111 TIOAKpen.R 601TllleB111Ja11111.Rra Ha EKn.
ITpe3 1923 3aeAHO c B. KolTapos ornaB.RBa 11Hcn111p11paH0To oT KoMl1HTepHa CenTeMBp111C1CKo B'bCTa·
tt11e. CITeA tteros11.R pa3rpOM 6.Rra B I0rocnas111.R, a OTTaM - B AacTp11.R. ,I(111M111Tpos cTasa aKnrn11cr
Ha KoMytt11cT11lfecK111.R 111HTeptta11110Ha1T (KoM11HTepHa), KaTo 113Bopll1Ba "KoHcn11parnsttaAeii11ocr" B
ll1Bet111ap111.R 11 fepMaH11.R. ,I(ocT111ra 11:0 nocTa poKOBOAHTerr Ha uerosoTo 3anap;HoesponeiiCKo 610po.
Hal1-K'hCHO OT 1927 C'hTPYAHW'll1 Ha C'bBCTCKl1Te Tal1Hl1 cny)l(6111 (fITY). BKJTIOlflllTelTHO KaTO ocp1111ep
3a cspo3Ka c BMPO. Ha 9 MapT 1933, JaeAHO c H.RKOITKO Apyrn KOMYHlllCTlll, ,I(11M111Tpos e 06s1111eH
OT HaL\110HaJT-COL\11alTl1CTl1lfeCKOTO npaBl1TCITCTBO Ha fepMaHlil.R B opraHlll3111paHeTO Ha no11na11BaHe·
TO Ha Pat1xCTara, 113BopllleHO OT TICl1XW'ICCKl1 HeBMCH.RCM11.R 6111Blll '!ITCH Ha XOITaHACKaTa KOMnap·
T11.R Map1.rnyc Batt ACP JI106e, HO l13TIOIT3BaHo KaTO npeTeKcT oT Ha1111cT11Te Ja )l(eCToKa pa3npasa c
OTI0311L\110HHl1Te rrapT1111 . .D;lilM11TpOB BO,Il;l1 CBO.RTa 3all\11Ta Ha opraHl1311paHl1.R npo11ec B J1aiim111r, E
KO.RTO pa3061T11•1asa cpallll13Ma KaTo 1111:eo1Torn.R. CseToBHaTa o6ll\eCTBeHocT 0Tprauw3111pa ny6m1qm
npoTecT11 cpell\y cKa1ToTTeH11.R no1T11T11'lecK11 npo11ec. Mat1KaTa Ha ,I(wM11TpoB JaM1rnaaa 3a <llpatt
L\11.R, K'bACTO Ha M11Tli1Hfl1 11 co6paHW.R ce 06.RB.RBa 3a OCB060)1(,Il;aBaHeTo Ha Cl1Ha Cl/I. B JlOHllOH 01
113secTH11 UABOKaT111, )f(ypHa1T11cT11 11 11:e.RTe1T11 Ha repMaHcKaTa KOMYH¥ICTl1'!ecKa napT111.R e opram1
311paH KOHTpa-npo11ec. ,I(11M1i1TpOB, TaHeB w ITonoB ca oco11:eH11 Ha 9 Mece11a Jarnop 3apa1111 rosa, q1
npe6111sasaT HeJaKOHHO B fepMaHlil.R c cjla1TllllllBlil nacnopT11 c 11en KOHcnlilpaL\111.R, HO ca onpas11am
ITO o6BlilHCHJil.RTa B na1Te)I( Ji! OTili!T 3a CBaJT.RHe Ha npaBlilTCITCTBOTO. ,I(11M11TpOB e l13TIOJT3BaJJ cpanw111
lllBeC!11apcK11 nacnopT, HO no apeMe Ha TIO)l(apa ce HaM11pa B'hB BITaKa OT M10HxeH Ja Eepn11H. Eon
rapcKOTO npas11Te1TCTBO OTKaJBa Aa r11 npweMe B Eonrapw.R c1Tep; 11131Te)l(aBaHeTo ua npwco11ara. 3a
Ml1HaBaT Ja CCCP, KnAeTo ca nocpell\HaT11 KaTo repow. IT01Ty'laBaT coBeTcKo rpa)l(;i:iattcrso 11 ocra
HOBA E'bfffAPCKA UCTOPUJI (1878-1944)
Henocpe,n;cTBeHaTa QeJI e nocrn:rnaTa. B ycnoBrHITa Ha pa3Bl1Xpl1lll1R ce MacoB

repop HaQl10HancoQ11an11cT11Te BKapBaT B PaiixCTara Heo6xo,n;11MoTO MM Konw-recrno
genyTaTl1. Ha norne,n;BaJI11R npoQec 6nmap11Te ce ,n;np)!(aT M'b)!(eCTBeHo 11 ,n;ocToiiHo.
):\pn3Kl1, KpacHopeqJ1BJ1 l1 OTKpOBeHO KOMyttl1CTl1'IeCKl1 ca pe'Il1Te Ha f. ,lJ;l1Ml1TpOB
rrpep; cn,n;a. Toti y6e,n;11TeJIHO pa306n11tJaBa npoBoKaQl1RTa c nop;nanBaHeTO Ha Paii-
xCTara. B EBpona 11 B'bH OT HeR ce pa3rpn~a Macoso p;Bl1)!(em1e B 3a~11Ta Ha nop;cn-
/1MMl1Te. ,IJ;op11 6nnrapcKl1RT Qap TaMHO xo,n;arniicrna npep; fbop11ttr 3a onpaB,n;aBaHeTO
Ha ,U11M11TpOB. Cnp;nT He MO)!(e ,n;a HaMep11 p;oKa3aTencrna 3a BmraTa Ha TPl1MaTa 11 e
rrp11Hy,n;eH ,n;a rn onpaB,n;ae. Cne,n; Karn 6nmapcKoTo npas11Tencrno MM OTKa3Ba p;a ce
3aBnpHaT B cTpaHaTa, Tpl1MaTa nonyqaBaT C'bBeTCKO rpa)!(p;aHCTBO l1 3aMl1HaBaT 3a
CnseTCKl1R C'bI03 npe3 cfleBpyap11 1934 r.
Ha 20 IOHl1 1931 r. aMep11KaHCKl1RT npe311p;eHT Xysop l13lll13a c npep;J1o)!(eH11e p;a
ce crrpaT TIJiaI.QaHl1>1Ta Ha BCl1'IKl1 ,!l;'bJirOBe l1 penapaQl1l1 3a cpoK OT 1 r., C'Il1TaHO OT
1 10n11 c. r. ,n;o 30 IOHJ1 1932 r. ITpe3 HoeMBp11 1931 r. Eonrap11H l1 fnpQHH nop;n11csaT
cnopa3yMeH11e, c KOeTo rpnQKOTO npas11TeJicTBo np11eMa M3IIJia~aHeTO Ha 6nmap-
CKMH penapaQMOHeH ,n;nm ,n;a 6n.n;e oTcpotieHo 3a 1 r. cornarno XysopOBMH nnaH. C
Hero fnpQMR ce aHra)1<11pa .n;a M3TI'bJIHM 3ap;'bJ1)!(eHl1HTa CM no crroro.n;6arn "MonnoB-
Kacpatt.n;ap11c" 11 l13TIJiaTM nonara~11Te 11 ce BHOCKl1. Bnocnep;crn11e o6aqe rpnQKOTO
rrpaBMTeJICTBO CBnp3Ba I13TI'bJIHeHMeTo Ha 3ap;'bJI)!(eHMHTa CM IIO cnoro.n;6aTa c nna~a
HeTO OT 6nnrapCKa CTpaHa Ha ,n;oJI)!(MMitTe it penapaQitit. 3asop3Ba ce cnop, fopQitH
orcTOHBa Te3aTa, qe 3ap;'bJI)!(eHitRTa l1 no crroro.n;6arn ca .n;op)!(aBeH .n;onr it cnep;oBaTeJI-
HO ce BKJIIOqBaT B o6cera Ha XysopOBitH nnaH, a 6onrapcKoTo npasitTencrno, qe TOBa
BaT TaM AO KpaR Ha BTopaTa CBCTOBHa BOi1Ha. TaHeB MITorroB ITO-K'hCHO ca perrpernpam1 OT pe)!{MMa
Ha Cramm, 3apa,!111 l13BeCTHl1 CaMOIIp113HaHMR, KOHTO rrpaBRT no BpeMe Ha rrp011eca, M ca 113rrpareHM
BKOH1vrnreplil. TaHeB yi\mpa B KOHI.1l!arepa, a Enaroti ITorroB rne1113 f0/1MHM B rrarepure Ha fYJIAf
ce 3aspoll.la 6oneH B Eonrap11>111 Harrurna crroMeH11re cu, KOMTO ca M3HeceHM raiirno M orrretJara~rn B
ITaptt)I( rrpe3 1983 r. OT l13,!laTeJICTBO ITeeB & ITorrOB. To311 rrp011ec e rrorne,[\HMRT B fepMan11>1, C'bCTa-
BeH or C'h,!\11M OT cTap11>1 (He3aBl1CMM OT Xurnep) C'hA Paiixczepuxm. feoprn ,U11MMrpoB ce 3a!I1MTaBa
caM Ha rrpo11eca, KaTo OTKa3Ba rrpasoro rn Ha CJiy)Ke6en 3all.l~lTHMK. CMerrMHT MY rnosecen c6JI'hC'bK
c XepMaH fhopwnr 11 Kpacnope'mBaTa MY 3ani11rHa rrne11oapu>1 crre<1errsar na ,UmvrnrpoB MC)!{,!\yHa-
pogHa M3BCCTHOCT. Cnep; nai1'III.111f, feoprn ,[(11Ml1TpOB ce rrpeBpollja B CHMBOJI 3a MC)!{,!lynapO,!IHOTO
KOMYHl1CTw1ecKo AB11)f(CHl1e. 3aeMa MRCTOTO Ha Barnrr KorrapoB KaTo poKOBOAHTerr Ha KoM11HTepna
(1935-1943) 11 Ha EPIT (K). B MoCKBa poKOBOAH Me)!{,!lyHapo,!IHMR OTAeJI Ha UK Ha Bcec'hI03Hara
KOMYHl1CTl1tJecKa rrapT11>1 ( 6omrreBl1KM) 11 e ,[\erryTar B C'bBeTCKl1R rrapnaMCHT ( 193 7 -1945). 3aBpo-
llla ce B Eomap11>1 rrpe3 1946 M omaBHBa EPIT (K), KORTO rrpe3 1948 ce rrpeMMeHyBa Ha EKIT. ITpo-
BelKga MaKe,!\OHl1Ja1111R Ha Hacenem1eTo B EnaroeBrpa,!1CKl1 oKpor. ITpe3 1948 cosercKMRT o<t>u111103
BfCTHMK ,,ITpaBp;a" rry6n11KyBa Kpl1TWIHa CTaTl1R 3a HCfOBHTe l13Ka3BaHl1R B rroma Ha EanKaHCKa-
ra ~e11epa11l1>1. feopm ,Il;:11M11TpoB yM11pa Ha 2 mn11 1949 B caHaropuyMa ,,Eaps11xa" Kpaiil MocKBa.
M~ia npeAIIOJIO){(eH11>1 (HerroTB'bp,!leHM), 'Ie e oTposeH no Hape)!{,[\aHe Ha Crarr11H 3apaAl1 rorrHMaTa
My nonyrrHpHOCT B cpe,!111Te Ha Me){(,!lyHapO,!IHOTO KOMYHMCnl'lCCKO ,[\BJ1)KCHJ1e l1 ITOJ!l1TMKara My Ha
c6n11)1(aBaHe c IOrornaBli!R (11 .n;op11 06e,n;11H>1BaHe B EanKaHcKa ¢eAepa11u>1), poKOBOAeHa OT Hei1H11>1
tteKoHrponMpaH OT CCCP KOMYHl1CTW'lecK11 BO,!\atJ TMTO. T>1rroro My e l13JIO)f(eHo B MaB3oneiil B Co-
¢1rn, a rne.n; nopB11Te ,n;eMoKpaTl1'lHl1 rrpoMeH11 e rrorpe6aHo B UeHTpanHMTe co¢MiilcKl1 rpo6uuia
npe3 1990. MaBJOJieRT e pa3pyrneH Ha 21 asrycr 1999 r.
345
e 3a)l,'bJI)KeHMe Ha rpnll;KOTO rrpaBMTeJICTBO K'bM qacTHM JIMD;a - 6nnrapCKM 6e)l(aHl_\J1,
nopap,M KOeTO He MO)Ke rpnll;KMRT p,'bnr p,a 6np,e KOMIIeHcMpaH 3a CMeTKa Ha 6nmap-
CKMTe penapau;MM. I1pe3 p,eKeMBpM 1931 r. H. MyrnaHoB rroce~aBa Typu;MR. Uema e c
TypcKo nocpep,HMqecTBo p,a ce ypeART cnopHMTe Bnnporn Me)Kp,y BnnrapMR M f npl\H!I.
MMrnRTa Ha 6nnrapcK11R rrpeMMep npMKmoqBa 6e3 pe3ynrnT. BnnrapMR e npirny):letta
p,a ce 3a,JWBOJIM c nonyqeHMTe OT fnpu;MR p,o 31 p,eKeMBpM 1930 r. 246 383 309 JIB. rro
crrorop,6arn "MonnoB-KacpaHp,apMc''. I1pe3 JOHM 1932 r. Ha KOHcpepeHQMRTa B JI03a-
Ha repMaHCKMTe penapau;MM ce aHynMpaT, cnep, KOeTo ce ype)Kp,a M Bnrrpoc'bT T. Hap.
"M3ToqHM perrapau;MM" Ha ABcTpMR, EnnrapMR M YHrapMR. C TOBa npMKJIIO'IBa T. Hap.
II'bpBM penapau;MoHeH ernrr Ha 6nnrapcKaTa peBM3MOHMCTMqHa TIOJIMTMKa.
Ha 30 RHyapM 1933 r. Ha BnacT B fepMaHM.R Mp,Ba XMrnep. I1pe3 cpeBpyap11 c. r.
qexocnoBaKM.R, PyMnHM.R M IOrocnaBMR rrop,rrMcBaT OpraHM3aD;MOHHMR rraKT Ha Man-
KaTa aHTaHTa. c Hero Te rrpeu;M3MpaT IIOJIMTMqecKMTe M BOeHHMTe CM p,orosopeHOCT\1
M C'b3p,asaT 06~ opraH 3a p,eticTBMe "ITocTO.RHeH C'bBeT''. Ha 7 JOHM 1933 r. no rrpeA-
JIO)KeHMe Ha MyconMHM e napacpMpaH 3a T. Hap. "ITaKT Ha qeTMPMTe" Me)Kp,y J!1Ta1111R,
f epMaHM.R, AHrnMR M <PpaHu;MR 3a nop,enRHe Ha Esporra Ha ccpepM Ha BJntRHHe. ITo-
pap,M OTKa3 Ha <PpaHu;MR p,a ro paTMcpMu;Mpa naKT'bT He ce peaJIM3Mpa. Cn~HR Mecei-1
KOHcpepeHD;MRTa no pa3op'b)KaBaHe B )KeHeBa pa3pewasa Ha repMamrn p,a YBeJJJ1'1J1
cyxonnTHMTe rn rnnM OT 100 000 Ha 200 000 3a cpoK OT 5 p,o 8 r. I1pe3 JOJIH ce 11011-
TIMCBaT JioHP,OHCKMTe KOHBeHD;MM 3a onpep,en.RHe Ha arpecopa. ITo rrpep,Jio)l(eH11e Ha
rpnu;KM.R npep,crnBMTen B )KeHeBa H. ITonMTMc e BKJIJOqeHa Knay3a, Haco'IeHa cpell.\y
Ennrapm:i, crropep, KO.RTO 3a arpecop ce 06.RBRBa BrnKa P,np)KaBa, OT 'IM.RTO Tep11Top11!1
npeMMHaBaT qeTM Ha TepMTOpMRTa Ha p,pyra P,'bp)KaBa.
I1pe3 1933 r. CCCP M <PpaHD;M.R p,eticTBaT 3a M3pa)Kp,aHe Ha J13rnqeH rraKr, 3a .ria
ce rapaHTMpaT no OTHorneHMe Ha fepMaHMR. 3a p,a ce ocMrypM cnpRMO I1TaJIHR, <PpaH-
D;M.R npaBM COHP,a)KM 3a C'b3P,aBaHe M Ha Cpep,M3eMHOMopcKM rapaHu;110HeH naKr 11 3a
p,a ro nop,cMJIM enc C'bBeTcKo yqacTMe npep,nara rraKT'bT p,a 6np,e npop,'bJI)l(eH B lfep-
Ho Mope. TaKa ce pa)Kp,a MP,e.RTa 3a qepHoMopcKMR rraKT. I1pe3 1933 r. pyMnHCKH!IT
B'bHIIIeH MMHMcTbp H. T11TynecKo roBop11 3a EanKaHcKo JioKapHo, a TypcKMR B'bHilleH
MMHMCTnp P. Apac 3a BanKaHCKM naKT. I1pe3 1934-1935 r. ce o6cn)KP,a M npoeKr 3a
C'b3)l,aBaHe Ha ~yHaBCKM rraKT.
I1pe3 JI.RTOTO Ha 1933 r. Ha MKOHOMMqeCKaTa KOHcpepeHD;MR B JIOHP,OH Mal!J1HOB
ycTaHOB.RBa, qe EBpona e o6xBaHaTa OT "naKTOMaHMR" M qe Bnnrap11.R e 3ao611Ko11eHa
OT "HeraTMBHa rronMTMKa". IT. HetiKoB, TI'bJIHOMo~eH MMHMCTnp B AT11Ha, J13T'bKBa, 'le
p,ewcTBM.RTa Ha rrapTMMTe B ynpaBJIRBa~M.R Hapop,eH 6noK MO)KeJIM p,a ce cpaBHRT cbc
"C'bTPYAHMqecTBOTO Ha paK M ~yKa, 6e3 open''. ''AKO e BRpHo - TIM Ille TOM - qe Bnrpern-
HaTa TIOJIMTMKa Ha ep,Ha CTpaHa o6ycnaB.R M B'bHIIIHaTa, TpR6Ba ):la Ka)KeM, qe ITO roBa
BpeMe y Hae JIMTICBaxa BCRKaKBM ):\aHHM 3a ep,Ha pa3yMHa MP,eMHa B'bHllIHa IIOJIJ1TJ1Ka''.
EnnrapcKM.RT MOHapx CBnp3Ba Ha):le)K):IMTe CM 3a M36aBneH11e OT oqeprnBali\ara ce
Me)K):lyttapo):IHa M3onau;MR B c6JIM)KeHMeTo c IOrocnaBMR. Ha 18 cerrTeMBp11 1933 r. l_\ap
BopMc M Kpan AneKcaHp,np ce cpe~aT Ha Eenrpap,cKaTa rapa. EnJJrapCKMRT B1Ia):lere11
M3pa3RBa )KeJiaHMe 3a yCTaHOBRBaHe Ha "McKpeHo pa36MpaTeJicTBo''. Kpan A11eKcaH-
P,np 3a.RB.RBa, qe nonMTMKaTa Ha IOrocnaBM.R ce 6a3Mpa Ha HerroKnaTMMO cna3BaHe Ha
346
HOBA E'b!II'APCKA .MCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
11orosop11Te. Tow o6eru;asa .n;a He nos,n;11ra ,n;1rnacnr<1ecKI1R npo6neM. Ha 3 OKTOMBpI1

rorornaBCKMR Kpan 11 u;ap Eop11c so,n;RT pa3rosop B EsKrnHorpa,n;. IJ;ap Eop11c I1CKa ,n;a
frI,AaT OTCTbIIeHM Ha Ennrap11R IJ;apI16po,n; I1 IfopoT I1 oTKpI1TI1 6'bnrapcKM Y'II1JIMI1\a
111\'bpKBM B MaKe,n;oHMJI. Kpan AneKcaH,n;'hp I13T'bKBa, qe Te3M 3eMM I1MaT CTpaTerI1-
'!ecKo 3Ha'Iett11e 3a rorocJiaBcKaTa c11rypHocT I1 qe BrnKa MI1HMMaJIHa TepI1Top11aJIHa
rrpoMRHa Ha 6nnrapo-rorornaBCKaTa rpaHMI..J;a Il\e norny)1<11 3a npe,n;RBRBaHe Ha Te-
p11ropI1aJIHI1 rrpeTeHI..J;l1l1 OT E'hnrap11.R: K'bM ocTaHaJI11Te A'hp)!(aBM. To:H OTXB'bplIR I1
11cKaHeTo 3a 6nnrapcK11Te yq11JI11Il\a 11 I..J;'bpKBI1 B MaKe,n;oHMR, 3anwrn oTKpI1BaHeTo
HM 11\e B'b3po.n;w cKp11TaTa 6op6a Me)!(.n;y 6'hnrap11 VI c'bp6V1. Kpan AneKcaH,n;'hp 3aRBR-
sa, qe e,n;wH MCTMHCKM TpaeH C'bI03 e HeB'b3MO)!(eH 6e3 npeMaxBaHeTO Ha BMPO. Ha
rpeTaTa cperu;a, C'bCTO.R:Jia ce OT 10 .n;o 13 ,n;eKeMBpM 1933 r. B Eenrpa,n;, u;ap Eopwc He
rrponycKa .n;a ,n;eKJiap11pa, qe e eMaHu;11rr11pan CBORTa noJIMTVIKa OT Ta311 Ha 6all\a rn.
Toi1 no,n;qepTasa, qe ru;e pucKysa rnasaTa CH, HO Il\e npeMaxHe MaKe,n;oHcKMR KOMMTeT.
Kpan AneKcaH,n;np yBepRBa 6'hnrapcKMR sna,n;eTeJI, qe HRMa ,n;a npas11 HI1Il\O, c KOeTo
11a ro 3arpy,n;HM. B Eenrpa.n; MywaHoB 11 IOrornaBCKHRT MVIHVICT'bp-npe,n;ce,n;aTeJI 11 MVl-
HHCT'bp Ha B'hHIIIHMTe pa6oTM E. MeBTM'I ce cnopa3yMRBaT ,n;sere cTpaHM ,n;a CKJIIO'IaT
TbproscKM .n;orosop, BeTepwttapHa KOHBeHI.~HR, Aa onpocrnr rracnoprHHR pe)!(MM 11
I10A06pRT C'bo6ru;11TeJIHI1Te Bp'b3Kl1.
Ilpe3 ecettTa Ha 1933 r. EyKypell\ .n;e:Hcrna 3a "npesp'bJl\aHe rpaH11u;11re Ha rreTre
6anKaHCKl1 .n;np)J(aB11 B Herrop;Bl1)!(Hl1''. Ilo,n; ,n;eBI13a "EanKamrTe 3a 6anKaHu;11re" IOro-
cnascKoro rrpaswTeJICTBO ce cTpeMH ,n;a np11,n;a.n;e Ha npoeKT11paH0To 6aJIKaHcKo cno-
pa3yMem1e aHTMMTaJIMaHcKa Haco'IeHocT. Ilo OTHOllieHHe Ha E'hnrap11R ce oqepTasar
11se JIHHMM: rorocJiaBcKo-TypcKa - ,n;a He ce 6'hp3a c u;en npVIBJIH'IaHero M B naKra, 11
pyM'hHCKo-rpnu;Ka - 3a He3a6aBHO CKJIIO'IBaHe Ha EanKaHCKHR rraKT, 6e3 He:HHo yqac-
me. Ha 30 OKTOMBpI1 1933 r. Ha napaxo.n;a "CrecpaH l.J:en Mape" Hap. ~yHaB 11 Ha 25
-27 irnyap11 1934 r. B CwHaR Kpan Kapon II M T11TynecKo npe,n;narar Ha u;ap Eop11c H
MywaHOB EnnrapwR .n;a ce BKJIIO'IM B npoeKTHpaHHR Ha aHrHpeBH3MOHHCTM'IHa ocHo-
sa rraKT. IJ;ap Eop11c l1 MyIIIaHOB OTKa3BaT, 3all\OTO rosa 03Ha'IaBa ,n;a ce npeno,n;n11we
Hboi1cKHR .n;oroBop.
Ha 4 cpeBpyap11 1934 r. B Eenrpa.n; MHHI1CTp11Te Ha B'bHllIHHTe pa6or11 Ha PyM'h-
HllJI, IOrornaBMR, ['bpI..J;MR l1 Typu;11R napacpVlpaT, a Ha 9 cpespyap11 1934 r. B AmHa
0~111111aJIHO rro.n;rrwrnaT IlaKT 3a pa3611parencrno Ha EanKamne, rroRrn11reneH npo-
TOKOJI H ceKpeTHO .n;orr'hJIHem·re, c KOeTo Typu;1rn ,n;eKnapV1pa, qe He ce attra)!(11pa .n;a
Y"acrna B .n;el1:crn11.R:, HacoqeHM cpell\y CCCP. CKJIIO'Iemrnr EaJIKaHCKI1 naKT e aHTI1-
pes113110HwcTM'IeH M e ttacot.JeH cpell\y Ennrapirn.
Ilpe3 cpespyap11 1934 r. u;ap Eop11c e Hacnp'IeH B fepMamrn OT X11rnep 11 fbo6enc
11a rrpo,n;'bJI)KH IIOJIHTMKaTa Ha c6JI11)!(eH11e c IOrornaBHR. Ha 4 MapT Kpan AneKcaH-
Aop VI u;ap Eop11c BO,ll;RT pa3rosop B'bB BJiaKa OT rapa Mna,n;eHosau; ,n;o Eenrpa,n;. Ilpe3
rrporreTTa Ha 1934 r. 0611KOJIKa B Esporra npaBH 11 Mywanos. Cne,n; 3aBp'bll\aHeTO rn B
Ha'!anoro Ha Maw Tow o6c'b)J(,ll;a B CocpMR c Mesmq B'hnpoca 3a no,n;nVICBaHe Ha ,[\Oro-
sop 3a Hetrana,n;eHMe.
Ilo speMe Ha yrrpaBJieH11eTo Ha Hapo,L\HHR 6noK npas11rencrnoro c no,[\Kpenara
Ha urnpoKaTa o6ru;ecTBeHocT rrpe.n;np11eMa pew11TeJIHH MepKH, KOHTO cn11paT MaKe,n;oH-
CKllTe 6parny6w11:crna 11 spnru;aT crroKo:Hcrs11eTO no cocpV1:HcK11re yn11u;11. B ynap;'bK e
347
Pocu4a AH2en0Ba
TpaKI1HCKaTa opraHI13aQI1R, KORTO Ce CaMopa3IIYCKa CJiep; 19 Matt 1934 r. VfaBeCTHO op-

raHI13aQI10HHO pa3pacrnaHe rrp11p;o61rna ,Uo6pyp;)!(aHcKaTa peBOJIIOQI10HHa opraH113a-
QI1R, HO TR e B IIJieH Ha JieBOCeKTaHCTBO, 'II1MTO rnaBeH HOCI1TeJI e ,UI1MI1T'bp faHeB.
YMepeHaTa p;eMoKpaTI13aQI1R no BpeMe Ha Hapop;HI1R 6noK C'b3,ll;aBa 6narorrp11RT-
H11 B'b3MO)!(HOCTI1 3a I13QeJIRBaHe Ha 061..QecrneH11Te paH11 oT 1923-1925 r. Ka6rrnenr
o6aqe HHMa HCHa CTpaTer11H 3a rrpeO)WJIRBaHe Ha J1KOHOMl1'IeCKaTa KpI13a I1 T03l1 Heye-
n ex rrop;poHBa rrpecTM)!(a Ha rrapTI1MHOTO yrrpaBJieH11e. ToBa H3'IeprrBa 061..QecrneHoTo
,n;0Bep11e B rrpep;HMCTBaTa Ha rrapnaMeHTapHaTa p;eMoKpaQHR. A B H3TO'IJ-IaTa tJaCT or
EBporra HapacTBa I1HTepec'bT K'bM HOBI1Te rroJI11T11tJecK11 Mop;eJI11 Ha cpawH3Ma B !.1ra-
JIHH I1 HaQHOHaJICOQI1aJII13Ma B fepMaIII1H, KO:t1TO J13rJie:>Kp;aT ITO-ecpeKTI1BH:t1 rrpw ycra-
HOBRBaHeTO Ha B'bTpeweH pe,n; I1 rrp11 rrpeop;OJIRBaHeTO Ha :t1KOHOMH'IecKaTa Kpt13a.
4. liAOKbT H 0Il03H!!m1Ta
B yrrpaBJieHHeTo Ha 6noKa C'bI.QeCTByBa npweMCTBeHocT enc cr0Bop11cr11re B

rrpHHQI1IlI1Te 3a ype,n;6a Ha ,n;np:>KaBaTa I1 B'bB cpyHKQI10HI1paHeTO Ha HeHHHH opramt-
3'bM. EnoKapvrTe, KaKTo vr croBop11cT11Te, rnacyBaT orpaH11tJeHa noJI11T11tJeCKa aMH11c-
TI1H. VI ,n;BaTa pe:>K11Ma npecne,n;BaT KOMYHI1CTHTe, HO HM ,n;aBaT B'b3MO:>KHOCT 3a no1rn-
TI1tJecKa 11 rretJaTHa I13RBa.
Do oHoBa BpeMe Hap11tiaT yrrpaBJieHHeTo Ha Hapo,n;mrn 6noK "KopaBa p;eMoKpa-
QI1R''. To HaHCTttHa e TaKoBa. EJI0Kap11Te 11,n;BaT Ha BJiaCT c RCHO t13pa3eHo HaMepe-
HHe ,n;a ,n;ei1:cTBaT pern11TeJIHO 3a "3aTB'bp:>Kp;aBaHeTo Ha Mttpa 11 pe,n;a B ,n;np)!(aBara''. Ha
npaKTHKa yM11poTBopeH11eTO Ha CTpaHaTa ce OC'bI.QeCTBRBa qpe3 penpecHBHH MepK11
cpeuw KoMyH11cT11Te, ,n;oKaTO K'bM cpawwcTKMTe opraH113aQ:t1H OTHowei-rneTo ce snwc-
Ba B Tpap;I1QHOHHI1Te cxeMI1 Ha 6yp)!(Oa3HaTa p;eMOKpaQHR. <DallIHCTKHTe opraHl13a-
QI1J1 He rrpe,n;cTaBJIRBaT Herrocpe,n;cTBe1-ia onacHOCT 3a pe,n;a B ,n;op:>KaBaTa 11 3a snacTTa
Ha 6noKa. Te 11MaT MaJIKO rrpe,n;CTaB11Ten11 B Hapo,n;HoTo cn6paH11e w HHKaKBW B op-
raHHTe 3a MeCTHO caMoynpaBJieHHe. THxHaTa KpecJIHBa rrporraraH,n;a 11 wyMHme l1M
c6opHI.Qa Bee 01..Qe He ttapywaBaT c HeI.Qo cep1103HO KOHCTMTYQI10HHI1R nopHp;'bK.
C KOMYHMCTI1Te HeI.QaTa CTORT MHatJe. Te pa3rroJiaraT c'bc CMJIHa napJiaMemap-
Ha rpyna B Hapop;HoTo cn6paHHe. Ha 061..Q11HCKI1Te tt36op11 npe3 1932 r. rrony'laBaT
MHoro rnacoBe. B pe,n;11Qa ceJia KOMYHHCTMTe coyMHBaT ,n;a C'b3p;a,n;aT CBOH KOMYHH.
Pa3rpoM11TeJieH 3a 6JioKa e pe3yJITaT'bT OT l136opwTe 3a Cocp11i1:cKw o6Jl.\l1HCKH C'bBeT
Ha 25 cerrTeMBpM 1932 r. EPI1 rreqe7111 16 000 rnaca cpeI.Qy 10 000, nop;a,n;eHw 3a Ha-
pop;HMR 6JioK. OrneH TOBa KOMYHHCTHTe ca p;o6HJII1 3Ha'IMTeJieH orr11T B C'btJeTaBaHeTO
Ha JieraJIHHTe c HeJieraJIHI1Te cpopM11 Ha 6op6a. TexHHTe ,n;ei1:cTBHH tJeCTo HapyrnaBaT
rpaHMQHTe Ha KOHCTI1TYQI10HHO yCTaHOBeHHR pe,n;. I1o,n;KJia)!(,n;aHHTe OT rnx CTa'lKW w
,[\eMOHCTpaQMM pe,n;oBHO np11p;o611BaT npoBoKal_\HOHeH 1'1 aHTJ1KOHCTHTYQl10HeH rro-
JIJ1TM'IeCKl1 xapaKTep.
0TroBopnT Ha npaBMTeJICTBOTO C'bl..QO e JIMWeH OT KOHCTHTYQHOHHa ranamHoc1.
To 6np3o yrnoRBa KoMyH11CTl1'IecK11Te crroco611 3a C'b'IeTaBaHe Ha 3aKoHmr 11 tte3a-
KOHHI1 cpep;crna 3a 6op6a cpeI.Qy EKI1, EPI1 M nop;onetJHMTe MM opraHH3aQtrn. Cpeli\y
rnx ca B'b36yp;eHI1 pe,n;wl_\a rrpol_\ecw no 33,U. I1pe3 IOHI1 1932 r. e 3aBe,n;eH np011ec cpe-
HOBA ED!IfAPCKA MCTOPJ1Jl (1878-1944)
Il1Y UK Ha EKII 11 UK Ha EKMC, rrp11 Koern rro.r1rne.r1cTBeH11Te ca rro.r1rro)l(eH11 Ha MH-

KBM3WQMM. I1pe3 C'bIQaTa ro.r111Ha Coqmtl:cKWRT oKp'b)l(eH Ch,[I Karnpa 1t136opa Ha 15 OT
19-Te KOMYHMCTM, J136paHJ1 3a C'bBeTHMQM B CTOJiltl'rnaTa 06ll(1t1Ha. Tipe3 arrpwrr 1933 r.
Bb3 ornoBa Ha 'IJI. 20 OT 33,U e KarnpaHa rraprraMeHTapHaTa rpyrra Ha EPTI.
:VfaB'bHC'bp;e6HMRT Tepop ce npaKTMKYBa OT rrorrWQMRTa YI OT BMPO. J1Ma crryqa11
Ha y6Y1tl:crna Ha KOMYHMCTM B norrYIQWRTa, a YI no yrrY1Q11Te Ha CoqrnR. Me)l(,[ly )l(epT-
BMTe, 3aCTpenJJHM Ha ynMQaTa, ca ceKpeTapRT Ha UK Ha EKTI HY1Korra Kocpap,[l)l(YleB 11
ceKpeTapRT Ha UK Ha EPII IIeTKO HarreToB.
Tipe3 1930 r ce C'b3p;aBa C'hI03'bT Ha 6orrrapcK11Te HaQYIOHaJIHYI rrernoHYI, cpaBHYl-
rerrHo MacoB M C'bc CTpotl:Ha opraH113aq11R. TioRBRBaT ce Oll(e opraHYl3aQMJ1Te "Mna-
Aa EorrrapJ.rn" (1932), "E'hnrapcKM HaQYIOHarreH C'bI03 (1933) YI HaqY10HaJIY1CTY1'IeCKa
6onrapCKa pa6oTHM'IeCKa napTMR (1932). Te3YI cpopMY1poBaHY1R crrope.r1 H. TiorrrreTpoB
AaBaT 06n11Ka Ha aBTOp:tuapH11Te TeH,[leHQYIYI B EorrrapYIR rrpe3 30-Te ro,[IMHM. XapaK-
repHHTe MM 6ene3M ca: YTBop)J(,[laBaHe Ha BopxoBHaTa porrR Ha A'hp)l(aBaTa, coQYlaJieH
MMP w COQManHa crrpaBe.n;n11BocT, Haq110HaJIH3'hM, oTrrop Ha neBYITe cwnYI.
Tipe3 1933 r. C'bI03'bT Ha 3arraCHY1Te ocpY1qepw (C30) rrpaBH 6e3ycrrerneH OIIYIT .r1a
o6e,[IMHYI "Ky6paT': "Po.n;Ha 3all(MTa" YI "EorrrapcKM cparnud'. B narepa Ha paTyBall(MTe
3a tta.r1rrapTMMHOCT 11 CMRHa Ha norrY1TY1'IecKaTa rncreMa Hatl:-3Ha"!mvrn ca Hapo,[IHOTO
co11warrtto p;BM)KeHMe Ha UaHKOB, "3BeHo" u Tatl:HMRT BoetteH C'hI03. UaHKOB ce CTpe-
MM .r1a rrpeB'bpHe HC,U B MacoBa rrapTYIR. ,[(BYl)l(ettuern ce OKa3Ba M Ha:ti:-npYIBJieKaTeJI-
Hara cpopMaQMR 3a xopaTa c ttaJ.1:-KpaCrnu .r1ernu B'h3rrre.r111. B Hero BlIM3aT qJieHoBeTe
Ha "Po.r1tta 3aIQMTa': HaQMOHHanm16eparruTe Ha Xp11cTo CrareB, a B Ha"!anorn Ha 1934
r. rrpeMMHaBa roJIJJMa rpyrra OT "3BeHo", Ha"!erro c ,nuMo Ka3aCOB M AceH UaHKOB YI
Ap, KaKTo M .n;ecHMTe 3eMep;eJIQM oKono K. ToMoB M Xp. MaHorroB. Ta:ti:HMRT BOeHeH
Cbl03 (TBC) B CRHKa Ha6n10.n;aBa IIOJIMTM"!eCKMR )l(YIBOT B crpattara. Ha"!erro Ha cpop-
Mal\HRTa cpaKT11qecKM CTOM HeroBM.R rroJIHTYl"!eCKYI ceKpeTap ,UaMRH Berr"leB 78 . Mrra-
78 )J;a.MJIH Berr'leB e po,n;eH Ha 4 MapT 1883 r. B fa6poso 11 3asopnrna BoeHHOTO yq11mrn~e rrpe3
1903. Tio BpeMe Ha EanKaHCKMTe BOMHH e KOMaH,n;Hp Ha para, a rrpe3 TiopBaTa cserosHa BOMHa - Ha
nexorna 11py)!(i1Ha. I1pe3 1919 e cpe,n; ornosaTemITe Ha BoeHmrn C'bJ03, a or 1922 e 'IJieH Ha poKO-
BOJICTBOTO MY,
)J,. Ben'leB rrncTBa B opraHH3HpaHeTO Ha )J;eseroJOHCKl1JI rrpespar rrpe3 1923, cne,n; KOMTO e Bop-
HaT B apMtt:JITa. Toif e noMOll(Hl1K-Ha'laJIHl1K, a OT 1927 - Ha'!allHHK Ha BoeHHOTO Y'!Hmm~e. I1opa1111
KOHcp1111KT c BOeHHHR Ml1HHCTop VlB. BollKOB rrpe3 1928 OTHOBO e ysorrHeH OT apM11JITa H yqacrsa
B'bB B'b3CTaHOBJIBaHeTo Ha BoeHHMR C'bJ03. I1pe3 1932 3aBoprnsa rrpaso B CY EmI3'bK 110 3seHo,
Be11<1es yqacrna B rro,n;roToBKaTa Ha ,UeseTHa,n;eceT0Maf1cK1111 rrpespaT rrpe3 1934. B Ha'larroro Ha 1935
e orcrpaHeH OT poKOBOACTBOTO Ha BoeHHHJI C'bl03, a rrpe3 JOJTl1 e H3roHeH B IOroc1rnBHJ1. B Kpa!! Ha
ro111111ara rof1 ce Bpoll(a B cTpaHara, apeCTysaH e He ocoAeH Ha CMopr 3a rro11rorosKa Ha p;op)l(aBeH
npespar. Tio-KoCHO rrpMcn,n;aTa MY e 3aMeHeHa c AOlKHBOTeH 3arsop, a rrpe3 1940 e aMH11crnpaH.
Ilpe3 1943 .[(. BeJI'leB ce BKJIJO'lBa B p;eifHOCTTa Ha O<!> cppoHr Karo rrpep;cras11ren Ha 3BeHo. Toif
yrncrsa B rrop;roTOBKaTa Ha .[(eBeTocerrre!YrnpHfICKHJI rrpeBpaT rrpe3 1944, cne,n; Kotfro e rros11rneH B
reHeparr 11 CTaBa BOeHeH MMHHCTnp. I1pe3 cerrTeMspH 1946 e orcrpaHeH OT rrpas11rerrcrsoro 11 e Ha-
:IHa'!eH 3a rrornaHMK B lllseif~apmi. Cne,n; KaTO e orno6o,n;eH OT T0311 rroCT rrpe3 1947, rof1 orKa3Ba ,n;a
<e sopHe B EnnrapMR, 3a KOeTo MY e OTHeTo 6onrapcKoro rpalK,n;aHcTBo. YM11pa Ha 25 J1Hyap11 1954
JloB ©paHl\l1R.
Pocu4a AH2e1101w
g11Te oqrnu;ep11 CbCTaBm1BaT ocHOBHaTa MY •rneHcKa Maca, 3arrn3eH e K0Hcn11panrnmrn

xapaKTep Ha opraH113au;mna 11 roTOBHOCTTa ga ce HaMec11 B cny•rnJ.1 qe npeu;ett11 rosa
3a Heo6XOAJ1MO. I1pe3 HOeMBp111933 r. Ha nopegHl1R KOHrpec u;eHTpanHOTO poKOBO):\·
CTBO e ynonHoMotu;eHo ga pa60T11 3a HaMeca B ynpasnemteTo qpe3 soeHeH npespar,
aKo B'bTpeIIIHOTO nono)!(eH11e npog'bn)!(aBa ga ce Bnornasa. B npoeKu;1111Te Ha nomm1-
qecK11R ceKpernp ,[(. Ben'leB 3HaeH e J1 eBeHTyanHJ1R npeM11ep - K. reopr11eB.
OrneH BCJ1'1KO gpyro snacTTa 113xa6RBa ynpasnRBatu;11Te. I1p11 ynpasnett11ero Ha
,[(eM0KpaT11'1ecK11R crosop 11 HapogH11R 6noK 113n113a Ha.RBe Kp113arn B Tpag1111110H-
H11Te 6yp)!(Oa3Hl1 napT1111. I1pe3 MaJ.1 1932 r. ,[(eM0Kpan1qecK11RT crosop ce pa311ensa
Ha ,[(eM0KpaT11'1ecK11 crosop - nnoiu;ag "CnaseJ.1Kos" Ha'leno c lIRn'leB 11 Bypos 11
,[(eM0KpaT11qecK11 crosop (C11tt crosop) Ha An. :U:aHKOB, npe11MeHyBaH B HapooHoco-
4i1anHo oaw1ceHue (HC,[( - anp11n 1934r.). Cpeg Hau;110Hann116epan11Te cppaKu;111111Mar
r. ITeTpOB, ,[(J1M11T'bp Bop6eHOB, EOJ'IH CM11noB, Xp11CTO CrnTeB. CTORH KocrypKOB,
npocp. feopr11 feHoB, AHren CTaHKOB ornaBRBaT oTgeJIHl1 pag11KaJIH11 Te'lett11JI. Ha 21
MapT 1932 r. 3eMegencKJ1RT Kp'br "IJnagHe" 113n11n OT E3HC "Bpa6qa 1" 11 Ha Kott¢e-
peHu;11R B Cocp11R e yqpegeH E3HC 'i\n. CmaM6onuucKu" c n11gep H11Kona ITerKoB.
Ha 6 RHyap11 1933 r. e rnacysaH HOB 3aKoH 3a aMH11CTl1RTa. C Hero ce aMH11crnpar
3eMegenu;rtITe-ervrnrpaHTl1. I1pe3 cpespyap11 ce 3aBp'btu;aT H. ArnHacoB 11 Xp. CroJrnos,
a npe3 MapT K. TogopoB 11 An. 066oB. I1pe3 ttoeMBp11 1933 r. E3HC ''An. CnM60-
JIJ/lMCK11" Ill pag11KaJIH11Te eneMeHTH OT E3HC "Bpa6'1a 1" C'b3AaBaT T. Hap. 06eouHeH
E3HC. EPCJ{II, KaKTO B MHHaJIOTO, CJ/! ocrnsa Mano6poJ.1Ha. OT 6yp)!(oa3HJ/!Te 11,I1pe6-
Ho6yp)!(oa3HJ/!Te napTillJ/l HaM-Cl1JIHJ/l 11 aBTop11TeTHJ/l ca/{eMoKpamui-tecKama napmw1,
E3HC "Bpa6qa l" Ill 06eA1-rneH E3HC.
B cpegaTa Ha 1932 r. npoTJ/!Bope'IJ/lRTa B npas11TeJICTBOTO Ha Hapogmrn 6noK ce
3aCJ/lnBaT 11 yBepeHo BOART K'bM pa3no)l(eHille. Y E3HC "Bpa6'1a 1" Kpem-1e y6e)l(,!le-
HJ/leTo, qe HerOB11RT CTa)l(aHTKJ1 nep11og B ynpaBJieHJ1eTO TIOA HaCTOMHJ/llJeCTBOTO Ha
,[(eM0KpaT11'iecKaTa napT11R Be'le e npeMillHan c ycnex, 'le 3eMegenu;11Te ca ,I1am1 i:1oc-
TaT'b'IHO AOKa3aTenCTBa 3a cnoco6HOCTTa CJ1 ga np11C'bCTBaT 11 pa6ornT B rpa,!1111111·
OHHaTa c11cTeMa, paMK11paHa OT T'bpHOBCKaTa KOHcT11Tyu;HR. ITopaAH TOBa re 11cKaT
nogKOHTponH11Te l1M M11Hl1CTepcTBa ga ce yBen11'1aT OT Tp11 Ha 'leT11pH, 3a ga orrosa-
pRT Ha AeMcTBHTenHaTa HM Te)l(eCT B napnaMeHTa. B c'btu;OTO speMe ManKvire rrapr11vt
Ha pag11Kam1Te 11 Hau;110Hann116epan11Te, B'bnpeK11 'le npo.n;'bn)!(aBaT .u;a ce pa311ensar,
HRMaT )l(enaHJ/le ga ce pa3genRT c TI03l1D;H11Te CJ1 B rrpaBHTeJICTBOTO, )J;OKaTO II'bK 11e-
MOKpaT11Te HaCTORBaT ga 11MaT so.u;eiu;a ponR B Hero. B KpaR Ha ro.n;11HaTa "Bpa6'!a
1" 11cKa OT Koan11u;110HH11Te c11 napTHbop11 rrpeHape)l()J;aHe Ha M11H11cTepcK11JI C'bBeT,
TaKa 'le 3eMe.n;enu;11Te ga rrony'laT egHO OT M11H11CTepcTBaTa C'bC CTOTiaHCKO 3Ha'!eH11e.
Ha 28 .n;eKeMBp11 1932 r. Tp11MaTa 3eMegencK11 M11H11cTp11 rrogaBaT ocTaBKa rropaAH
He)l(eJiaH11eTo Ha .n;eM0KpaT11, Hau;110Hann116epan11 11 pa.n;11Kan11 ga ygosnernopJir 11c-
KaHeTo Ha E3HC. 3eMegencK11RT c'bI03 rronyqasa MttHHCTepcTBOTO Ha Topros11Jira,
npoM11IIIneHOCTTa H Tpyga, 3aeTo OT ,[(HMHTop f11'IeB. MypaBHeB ornaBRBa Ml1Hl1C·
TepcTBO Ha 3eMe.n;en11eTo 11 .D;'bp)l(aBHHTe l1MOTH, a Beprun .D:11MOB ocTasa Tl1TYJIJIP Ha
M11H11cTepcTBOTO Ha 06tu;eCTBeH11Te crpa.u;11, TI'bTHtu;aTa H 6naroyCTpoJ.1crsoro. IIp11
AeMoKpan1Te rrpoMeH11 HHMa, caMo HaQMOHarrm16epamne ry6RT rrpecTM:>KHOTO T'bp-

roBcKo MMHMCTepcTBO.
,UHM cneA rrpoMemne B Ka611HeTa, E3HC rrocoqBa, qe peKOHCTPYKQMRTa He ro
yAOBJieTBopHBa. I1apTl1HTa pa3rrorrara c 275 ):lerryTaTM, a MMa caMo TpM OT 10 MMHMC-
repcKM rrocTa. TaKa CTaBa HCHO, qe E3HC crre):\Ba CBORTa Qerr rroeTarrHo. B HaqaJioTo
Ha 1934 r. HaHBe l13JIM3aT rrapTM3amivrnaTa M 3rroyn0Tpefo1Te B MMHMCTepcTBOTO Ha
)l(eJie3HMQl1Te, rroI.QMTe 11 TerrerpacpuTe. MwHMCT'bp CT. KoCTypKoB He MO:>Ke ):la OBJia-
Aee cuTyaQMRTa 11 TIOAaBa ocTaBKa. HRMa M ce):IMHQa KoraTO ocTaBa RCHO, qe QapRT
3aMeHH soeHmrn Ml1Hl1CT'bp reH. ArreKcaH):l'bp KHCbOB c rrpe):lce):laTerrH Ha TawHMR BO-
eHeH C'bI03 reH. AttacTac BaTeB. Be):IHara 3eMe):leJIQHTe McKaT o~e e.L(HO MMHMCTepCKo
Kpecrro. Ha 15 Maii 1934 r. H. MywaHoB rro):lasa ocTaBKaTa Ha Ka6HHeTa. E'brrrapMR e
B norrHTw1ecKa 11 npaBMTeJICTBeHa KpM3a. PeweHHeTo il cTaBa no HeKOHCTMTYQMOHeH
!I'bT.
UaHKOBOTo ABl1:>KeHMe e c HapacHarro caMoqyscTBMe M He Kp11e HaMepeHHeTo CM
Aa y6eAM QapR Aa MY B'b3JIO)KM c'bcTaBRHeTO Ha rrpaBMTerrcrno, KOeTO ):la npOM3Be):le
l1360pH l1 Aa HaJIQ)l(J1 HOBa IlOJIMTMqeCKa CMCTeMa, KJIOHR!l\a K'bM TOTamtTapeH TMI1. 3a
21 Maw B CTOJIJ1QaTa e HacpoqeH KOHrpec Ha HapOAHOTO COQMaJIHO ):\BH:>KeHMe, HeI.QO
Karo "rroxoA K'bM Cocp11R': KOWTO ):la HaKapa Qap Eop11c III ):la MY rrpe):la):le KopMHJIOTO
Ha yrrpaBJieH11eTO. Me)K,IWBpeMeirno BoeHHMRT C'bI03 pewaBa B'brrpoca c Ha3HaqaBa-
Hero Ha noArorneHl1R rrpeBpaT 3a 19 Maw 1934 r. B 2,40 qaca c rraporra "Ca6R''. TaKa
CoqmR M QRJiaTa CTpaHa OC'bMBaT ITO,[( BJiacTTa Ha BOeHHMTe 6e3 ):la ce rrporree KarrKa
KpoB. A l1 B HRMa IlOJIMTHqecKa CMJia MJIM <fiaKTOp c )KeJiaHMe M BOJIR 3a rrpOTMBO):\eW-
CTBl1e Ha rrpeBpaTa.
JIJ1TEPATYPA
EepoB, JI. CTorraHCKaTa rrmrnT11Ka Ha Hapo;n;H115! 6noK. - MITp., KH. 3, 1964.

BacwneB, B. K'bM B'bnpoca 3a rrpOM11llllleHara Kp113a B b'bnrap1rn OT 1929-1934 r. 11 0Tpa-
JKett11ero w B'bpxy noJio)l(eH11eTo Ha pa60Tttw1eCKara Knaca. - HITp, KH. 2, 1957.
BacwneB, B. 3a non11Twc1ecKaTa o6craHOBKa B Evnrap115! tterrocpe;n;cTBe110 cpe;n; napnaMeH-
rapm1Te 1136op11 OT 21JOHl11931. - J1J1J1. T. 19. C., 1967.
fop;n;eB, K. :Ei'brrrap1rn 11YHrapwR1923-1941. C., 1988.
~aMRHOBa, E. Eorrrap:wR 11 IIonllla 1918-1941. C., 1982.
~11M11TpoB, 11. E'brrrapo-:wTan11aHCKH rronm11'1ecK11 omollleH115! 1922-1943. C., 1976.
lifoattoB, M. I1on:wT11'!ecK1111rp11 c B'bHlllHHR ;n;bnr. bbnrapcK11 cJO)KeT11 Ha cTorraHCKll Kp11-
31111B'h3Xo;n;1929-1934. C., 2001.
Kal\apKoBa, B. I1KOHOM1'I'JecKHTe OTHOllleH115! Ha o'bnrap1151 c 6anKaHCKHTe ,!11>p)KaB11 B
nep11o;n;a Me)K,!\y ,[\BeTe CBeTOBH11 BOWHH (1919-1941). C., 1989.
Maw1eB, Kp. IOrocnaBirn 11 Me)K,!\yHapo,!IHMTe omoweHMR Ha EanKam1Te 1933-1939 r. C.,
1989.
MapKOB, r. Evrrrapo-repMaHcK11ornolllemrn1931-1939. C., 1984.
HayMoB, r. C'b3,[\aBaHe Ha Hapo,!IHl1R 6noK 11 11;n;BaHero MY Ha Bnacr. - fo;n;. Ha CY - V1,!1e-
onorll'iecK11 KaTe,!\p:w. T. 59.
351
Pocw1a AHzeno6a
HayMOB, r. AHTt1Kpl13l1CHa 3aKOHOAaTenHa AeWHOCT Ha HapOAHl1.R 6noK (1931-1934)
- J1Ilp, KH. 6, 1973.
HayMoB, r. CencKOTO ABW)l(eHwe B frhnrapwR (1929-1934). C., 1975.
HewKoB, TI. CnoMeHw. C., 1990.
IleTposa, ,lJ;. J136opHaTa nnanpopMa Ha HapoAHWR 6noK. - BeKoBe, KH. 4, 1975.
IleTposa, ,lJ;. E3HC no speMe Ha l1KOHOMJ1l.IeCKaTa Kpw3a. C., 1980.
IleTposa, ,lJ;. C'b3AaBaHe Ha HapOAHOTO coQwanHo ABl!)l(eHwe. - J1Ilp, KH. l, 1994/1995.
CnacoB, JI. Ilpo6neM11 Ha HosaTa 6'bnrapCKa 11crnp11R. t.IaCT III. C., 1992.
CTecpaHoB, Xp. IlapnrnTa Ha 6'bnrapcK11Te paA11Kam1 B ynpasneH11eTo Ha HapoAHH!I 6nm
1931-1934 r. - BeKoBe, KH. l, 1980.
CrnwnKosa, A. EKII 11 HapOAHl1R 6noK. - J1J1J1 Ha EKII. T. 38.
Crnl1nKosa, A. K'bM xapaKTepwcTJ1KaTa Ha HapoAHJ1R 6noK. - J1J1J1 Ha EKII. T. 24.
CToRHOBa, P. 06~ecTBeHo-nonl1Tl1'!ecK11Te B'bJflieAH Ha ,UeM0KpaT11'!ecKaTa naprm
(1931-1934 r.). - J1Ilp, KH. 11, 1989.
XVIII. 061.J!ECTBEHO-HKOHOMH'-IECKO H
IlOJ\HTH4ECKO PA.3BHTHE HA libJ\fAPH.R
B HABE4EPHETO HA BTOPATA CBETOBHA
"-'
BOHHA 1934-1939
1. tleBeTHa~eceTOMailgu Ha BAaCT
Ha 19 Maw 1934 r. e "13BbprneH rrpespaT OT BoeHHMJIT Cbl03. B 5 '"I. cyTpi-rnra K.

feoprues u reH. ITeHqo 3naTeB ca rrpueTM OT QapJI. Y ce6e cu HOCJIT ,[\Ba .r10KyMeHTa
- yKa3 3a Ha3Ha'iaBaHe Ha HOBOTO rrpaBMTeJICTBO u aKT 3a a6.r1uKaQMR. B rnyi-1aw 'le
QapRT He rro.r1rr11we rrbpBMJI, rrpespaTa,[l)Kl1J1Te ca roTOBM .r1a ro rrp11HyART .r:1a no~rrnwe
BTOpMJI.
B HOBOTO rrpaBHTeJICTBO, Haqeno c K11MoH feopr11es 79 , BO,[\eI.Qa ponR urpaRrxopa-
Ta Ha BoeHHHR CbI03 l1 Ha "3setto" (19 Maw 1934-22 JIHyapu 1935). YrrpasrrRBaB cncras:
79
KMMOH feoprl1eB e poAeH Ha 11 asr. 1882 r. B ITa3apA)l(JIK. 3asoprrrna BoeHHoro yq11mrn1e B
CocpHR rrpe3 1902. YqacTBa B EanKaHCKl1Te BOHHl1 KaTo KOMaHAHP Ha poTa J1 B fiopsara cseTOBHa
sot!Ha KaTo KOMaHAitp Ha APY)l(l1Ha. Ilpe3 1920 e ysonHeH OT apMWRTa c 'il1H ITOATIOJJKOBHHK. Toi'1 e
cpeA oCHoBaTenwTe Ha BoeHHl1R C'bI03 (1919) 11 Ha HapoAHl1R crosop ( 1922). YqacrBa B opraH113Hpa·
HeTO Ha ,UeseTOIOHCKJ1R npespaT npe3 1923, a cneA Hero e cpeA poKOBOAHTeJIHTe Ha ,[(eMOKparn'!eCKM
crosop. 3aeMa TIOCTa MHHl1CT'bp Ha )l(eJie3Hl1Ql1Te, TIOII~l1Te 11 TenerpacpHTe B TI'bpBOTO npasmellCTBO
Ha AHApew JlRrr'!eB (4 J1Hyap11 1926 - 3 MapT 1928). B Ha'!anorn Ha 30-Te roAHHl1 K. feoprnes e cpeA
poKOBOAWTemtTe Ha Ilonl1Tl1'!eCKl1 Kp'br 3BeHO, B3eMa aKTl1BHO yqacTwe B ,[(eBeTHageceroMaikKllR
rrpeBpaT rrpe3 1934 11 ornaBJIBa C'bcTaBeHOTO CJieA Hero rrpaB11TencTBO. B Hero TOH e M11m1crnp Ha
B'bHlliHl1Te pa60Tl1 11 l13ITOBeAaHl1JITa (19 - 23 Ma}! 1934) 11 M11Hl1CT'bp Ha rrpaBOC'bAHero (23 Maii
1934 - 22 J1Hyap11 1935). J13IT'bJIHRBa AIT'b)l(HOCTTa Ml1Hl1CT'bp Ha Boi1HaTa Ha 19 Mat'1 1934. Ommm
HOBA En!ITAPCKA MCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
KlllMOH feopr11eB - MJ1Hl1CTop-npe,D;ce,D;aTerr M MMHMCT'bp Ha npaBOC'b,IJ;MeTo, IIeTop

Mlll,D;MJieB (BeJIMK MaYicTop Ha MacoHcKaTa JIO)!(a M npe,D;ce,D;aTerr Ha CoI03a Ha 3anaCHM-
re oqrnu;epH)- Ml1Hl1CT'bp Ha B'bTpeIIIHJ1Te pa60Tl1 l1 Hapo,D;HOTO 3,D;paBe, npocp. J!HaKM
MorrrroB - Ml1HMCTop Ha Hapo,D;HOTO nporneru;eHMe, IIeTop To,D;opoB - MMHMCT'bp Ha
¢11lHaHCMTe, KoCTa EoR,IJ;)!(MeB( 6aHKep) - MMHJl!CT'bp Ha TbproBMJITa, npoMMIIIJieHoc-
rra 11 Tpy,D;a 11 ynpaBJIJIBaru; MMHl1CTepcrnorn Ha 3eMe,D;err11ern 11 ,D;op)!(aBH11Te 11MOTl1,
HJ11Korra 3axap11eB - MMHMCT'bp Ha 06ru;ecrneH11re crpa,D;11, TI'bT11ru;ara M 6rraroycTpOM-
crnoTo M ynpaBJIJIBall.I MMHMCTepcrnorn Ha )!(eJie3H11u;11re, noru;MTe,TerrerpaqrnTe M
re1IecpoH11Te. BKmotJeHH ca Ollie reH. IIeHtJO 3JiaTeB KaTO BoeHeH MMHJKT'bp M KoCTa
DaTOlIOB (,IJ;OTOraBa TI'blIHOMoru;eH Ml1Hl1CT'bp B IIap11)!() - Ml1Hl1CT'bp Ha B'bHIIIHl1Te pa-
6orJ/l 11 113TIOBe,IJ;aHMJITa. B npaBMTeJicTBoro "3BeHo" e npe,D;craBeHo OT K. feoprneB, II.
To.r1opoB, II. M11,D;11JieB, K. EoJI,D;)!(MeB,K. EaTorrOB; TBC - OT reH. II. 3JiaTeB, ,D;eCHMTe
3eMe,D;eJiu;11 OT H. 3axap11eB 11 HC,[( OT 51. MorrrroB.
Oru;e Ha C'bl.IJ;MR ,IJ;eH l13JIM3a YKa3 NQ 5, c KOMTO ca 113BoprneHJ/l CTPYKTYPHM npo-
MeHJ/l B M11H11cTepcK11JI C'bBeT. Yqpe,D;RBaT ce ,IJ;Be HOBM MlllHMCTepcrna. IIopBoTO e
MlllHMCTepcTBO Ha Hapo,D;HOTo cTonaHCTBO 11 ce C'b3,IJ;aBa qpe3 cnJl!BaHero Ha M11H11c-
repcTBOTO Ha ToproBJ1RTa, npoMMil!JieHOCTTa M rpy.r1a M MvrnlllcrepcTBOTO Ha 3eMe-
11enJ11eTo 11 ,D;'hp)!(aBHMTe MMOTM. Brnporn e MlllHl1CTepcrno Ha coo6ru;ett11Rra, C'b3,IJ;a-
l\eHo qpe3 CJIJ1BaHeTO Ha MMHMCTepcTBOTO Ha )!(eJie3Hllll\l1Te, IIOIIJ;l1Te Ill TerrerpaqrnTe
wMHHMCTepcTBOTO Ha 06ll.lecTBeH11Te crpa,!IH, II'bTlllIIJ;aTa M 6naroycrpowcTBOTO. B
KparKMJI rrep110,IJ; Ha C'bll.\eCTByBaHeTO Ha ,[IBeTe 11HCT11TY1\llll1 crpyKTYPHlllTe 3BeHa Ha
or11enHMTe BJieJIM ce MMHl1CTepcTBa 3arra3BaT CBORTa caMOCTORTeJIHOCT 6e3 Hl1KaKBl1
rrpoMeHM. ToBa 6JiaronpMRTCTBa M pa3,IJ;eJIRHeTO MM OTHOBO rrpe3 1935.
TiporraraH,IJ;HaTa Mail!MHa Ha pe)!(MMa e rryrnara Ha BMCOKH CKOpOCTJ/l. IIpeBpa-
T'bT e rrpe,D;CTaBeH KaTO peBOJIIOIJ;l1JI, KORTO ru;e pa3pyrnM peTporpa,D;HaTa IIOlll1TM'IeCKa
rncreMa Ha ,IJ;l1KTaTypaTa Ha "qvirnaTa" M Ha "TonrraTa''. 06e1u;aBa ce HaCT'bIIBaHeTo Ha
HOBa epa, KoraTO Ha MJICTOTO Ha TeCHorrapTMWHMR l1 KJiaCOB eroJ/l3'bM ru;e ce yCTaHOBl1
ynpaBrreHMe B 11MeTo 11 B MHTepeca Ha 1\RJiaTa Hau;viR. Ha ,llop)!(aBara vi Ha 1'I3II'bJIHl1-
renttara BJiaCT ce OTpe)!(,D;a rrpe,D;11MCTBeHO MJICTO. I1KOHOMMKaTa ru;e 60.r1e ,D;l1p11)!(l1-
patta OT ,D;'hp)!(aBaTa 11 TO c o6y3,D;aBaHe Ha "napa3HTmrn 11 crreKynaTHBeH Karr11Tarr''.
Bnacrra ru;e ce yrrpa)!(HJIBa OT KOMIIeTeHTHl1 rrpe,D;CTaB11Ten11 Ha rron11TMtJecK11JI en11T.
L\np)f(aBaTa r.u;e B'h,IJ;Bop11 cou;11aJieH MHp, BKlIIOtJMTemrn 11 qpe3 B'bBe)!(,D;aHe Ha Koprro-
panrnH11JI rrp11H~J1TI. J1 KaTO Bpox Ha BCM'IKO TOBa on11caHaTa CMCTeMa Ha yrrpaBneH11e
ce rrpe,D;cTaBJI KaTo B'b3Bpor.u;ane Ha Tpa,D;MIJ;MJl!Te Ha Bn3pa)!(,D;aHeTo, rrpeK'bCHaTl1 OT
3a C'h3,l:jaBaHe Ha noJI11Tvr<JeCKa rncTeMa OT cpa1I111CTKl1 r11rr cpe~aT corrponrnara Ha 11ap Eop11c III u
npea 1935 rpyrrara Ha feopmeB e oTcTpaHeHa or yrrpaBrreH11ero. Tipe3 rne,11Ba~11re ro,1111H11 roti: ce
c6JrnJKaBa c rreB11u;aTa 11 OT 1943 e B poKOBO,llCTBOTO Ha Oct>. Crre,11 ~eBeTocemeMBpmkKHR rrpeBpaT
npe3 1944 ornaBRBa 62-poro 11 63-Toro rrpaB11rencrno Ha Eorrrap1rn. Or 1944 ,110 1962 3aeMa pa3Jil1'I-
HH rrocroBe B M11I-1l1CTepcK11JI CbBeT, KaTo rrpe,11craB11ren Ha Koam111110HHJ1Te rrapTHbop11 Ha EKI1 B
O. YMnpa Ha 28 cemeMBp11 1969 r.
353
Pocu~a AHze1wBa
T'bpHOBCKaTa KOHCTl'IT~~:Ul c HeHHl'!Te 11p11BHeceHl1 OTB'bH l1 HeCBOHCTBeHl'l Ha 6'bJ!·

rapcKaTa ,n;yrneBHOCT 11p11Hu;111111.
KpacHope1i11B11 ca ,n;eflcTBl'IRTa Ha ,n;eBeTHa,n;eceT0Maflu;11. Te Bep;Hara 3axBalllaT
,n;a pyrnaT 3aBapeHaTa c11cTeMa. XXIII Hapo,n;HoTo c'b6paH11e e pa311ycHaTO, 6e3 .n;a ce
110CTaB.ll B'b11poca 3a HOBl'l 1136op11 l1 HOB 11apl1aMeHT. 3aKOHHOCTTa Cl'! 11paB11TeJICTBO-
TO ocHoBaBa Ha 'ill. 47 OT KoHCTl'IT~l'IRTa, c11ope,n; KOHTO "aKo 611 ,n;'bp)l(aBaTa .n;a ce
3a11l1aurna OT HRKOR B'bHIIIHa l'llll'l B'bTpeurna 011acHOCT, TO M1-rn11cTepcKHH C'bBeT...
MO)l(e ,n;a 113,n;aBa Hape,n;611 11 ,n;a 11paB11 pa311ope)f(p;aH11R, KOl'ITO 11MaT 3a,n;'bmKHTeJIHara
Cl'llla Ha 3aKoH': OT 19 Mafl 1934 r. p;o Mafl 1938 r. 6'bllrapcK11Te 11paB11TeJicTBa 3aKOHO-
,n;aTellCTBaT 110 'ill. 47. MHoro Tpy,n;Ho e ,n;a ce ,n;oKa)f(e, qe Te ,n;eflcTBaT B ycnoBIDITa Ha
B'bHIIIHa l'llll'l B'bTpeurna 011acHOCT. 3lloyrroTpe6aTa c 'Ill. 47 11paB11 Te3l1 11paB11rencTBa
110Jiytte3aKOHHl1.
qpe3 'Ill. 47 ,n;eBeTHa,n;eceTOMaHCKH.llT pe)f(l'!M Cl'! 11p11cBO.llBa npaBaTa Ha 3aKo-
Ho,n;aTeJIHaTa BllaCT 11 3a110'1Ba ,n;a 113,n;aBa Hape,n;611, 11Ma1.Ql1 c1rna Ha 3aKoH. HaH-3Ha-
'll1TellHaTa Hape,n;6a-3aKOH e Ta3l1 OT 14 IOHl'l 1934 r., c KORTO ce 3a6paHRBaT BCM':!KH
11on11T11'1ecK11 11apnrn 11 opraH113an;1111. IIpellIO,Jl;l'l.ll K'bM l13II'bllHeH11eTo e caMopa3rryc-
KaHeTo Ha 11olll1Tl1'1ecK11.ll Kp'br "3BeHo" Ha 30 Mafl. Hape,n;6aTa-3aKOH 3a 3a6paHa Ha
11apnn1Te He ce 11p11llara c e,n;HaKBO yc'bpp;11e K'bM BCl'l'IKl'l 11ol111T11'1eCKH c11n11. T03H
,n;eKpeT e HaCO'leH npe,n;11 BCH'IKO 11pOTl1B 6yp)f(Oa3Hl1Te l1 ,n;pe6Ho6yp)f(Oa3HJ1Te rrap-
Tl'IH. To:H 3acRra l1 PII, HO cpeI.Qy KOMyttHCTM'lecKOTo p;Bl1)f(eH11e ocTaBa ,n;a ,n;eiicrna
1131111Tamrn I.J;.llllO ,n;eceT11lleT11e 3aKOH 3a 3aI.Ql1Ta Ha ,n;'bp)f(aBaTa. IIapTHHHl'!Te BeCTHH-
u;11 11peycTaHOB.llBaT J13llJ13aHeTO Cl1, "3eMep;ellCKO 3HaMe" l1 "Pa,n;MKall" l13p;aBaT caMO
110 ,n;Ba-Tp11 6poR, a "M11p" 11pO,n;'bll)l(aBa ,n;a H3lll13a 6e3 11peK'bCBaHe.
3a llHKBl'l,ll;HpaHe Ha 11apTl1J1Te l1 l133eMBaHe Ha l1MyI.QeCTBaTa l'IM e C'b3p;ap;eHa
c11eu;11al1Ha 11paB11TellCTBeHa KOMl'ICl'l.ll. BcRKa 11apTH.ll Clle,n;Ba ,n;a p;eKllap11pa B orrpe.n;e-
lleH cpOK CBOJ1Te l1MYI.QeCTBa, KOJ1TO 110CJie ca KOHcpl1CKYBaHJ1 l1 ,n;a npe,n;a,n;e apXHBHTe
c11 Ha nol111u;e:HcK11Te BllaCTl'l. Ha 6yp)f(Oa3Hl1Te napTHHHl'l Bop;a'IH ce p;aBa B'b3MO)!{-
HOCT 3a 3ap;Kylll1CHJ1 pa3rOBOpl1 l1 C'b611paHJ1.ll, BHJ1MaTellHO Cllep;eHJ1 OT BJiaCTHTe.
KoraTo o6aqe KOHTaKTMTe Me)l(,n;y nollHTHI.J;HTe B3eMaT aHT1111paB11TellcTBeHa HacoKa,
Te 6:11BaT 11peK'bCBaHJ1, a 110JIJ1Tl1I.J;l1Te CTporo 11pe,n;yrrpe)f(p;aBaHJ1, J1HTepH11paHH HJ!H
3aTBapRHl1.
3ae,n;Ho c TOBa ca 11peMaXIIaTJ1 KOHCTl1T~J10HHJ1Te npaBa 3a rno6o,n;a Ha CJIOBO-
TO, c,n;p~eHHRTa, Ha MHC'bllTa. B'bBep;eHa e u;eH3ypa. Bc'bI.QHOCT KOHCTHTyI.J;HJITa, 6e3
ocpm.~HallHO ,n;a ce OTMeHR, Ha 11paKTHKa He ce cna3Ba B HaH-Ba)f(Hl'ITe 11 qacTH.
Ha:H-cypoBo pe)f(HM'bT ce OTHacR K'bM KOMyttHCTl'!Te. Pa3rp0Mem1 ca KOHCIIHpa-
THBHHTe KOMyttl1CTJ11ieCKJ1 rpyrr11 B apMH.llTa. B Ha'lallOTO Ha 1935 r. Ha 110,Jl;C'b,ll;HMaTa
cKaMeHKa B'bB BOHHHIIIK11Te npou;eCH cR,n;aT 520 ,n;yIIIH. li13B'bH c'b,n;e6HaTa pa3rrpaBa
npo,n;'bll)f(aBa ,n;a 6'b,n;e B xo,n;. BMPO C'bl.QO no11a,n;a 110,n; 3aKoHa. Hef1Hl1 ,n;di:u;11 ca apec-
TYBaH11. Ha11'bllHO ca lll1KB11,n;11paH:11 l1 llerallHHTe opraH113an;1111 Ha MaKe,n;oHCKHTe,
TpaKJ1HCKJ1Te J1 ,n;o6py,n;)f(aHCKJ1Te 6'bmap:11.
MHoro CHlleH y,n;ap e HaHeceH B'bpxy MeCTHOTO caMoyrrpaBlleH11e, OT KOHTO TO He
MO)f(e ,n;a ce B'b3CTaHOBl1 ,n;o 1944 r. Ha cellCKHTe KMeToBe e noBepeHa 11o'ITH r(Jinara
HOBA E'b!IfAPCKA JiJCTOPf!JJl (1878-1944)
IIbnHoTa Ha BJiacTTa. CaMMTe KMeTOBe ca Ha3Ha'laBaHVI H no):l'IHHeHH Ha QeHTpanHaTa

aAMHHHCTpaQMR. OT rnx ce H3HCKBa i:1a 60):\aT enc 3aBopIIIeHo BHCIIIe rpa)!():laHcKo
HnH BOeHHO o6pa3oBaHHe H ):la ca HaBopIIIHJIH 30 ro):IHHH. TaKa ce orpaHM'laBa IIIHpe-
~aTa ce napn13aHJ:QI1Ha B MeCTHOTO ynpaBJieH11e. HoBHTe KMeTOBe o6aqe ca nocpe~
Ham KaTo "qY*AO nrno" B cencKaTa cpei:1a. Te He no3HaBaT npo6neM11Te Ha cenorn,
HHTO AOPH npe611BaBaT nocTOJIHHO B noBepeHHTe HM MeCTa. IIoseqeTo OT TRX me):laT
Ha TIOCTOBeTe CM KaTO TpaMTIJII1HI1 3a CKOK B Kap1t1epaTa. IIo T03I1 Ha'IHH B ceJiaTa ce
Haca)!():\a TpattHO OT'IY)f():laBaHe, He):\OBepHe H spa)!():le6HOCT K'bM Anp)!(aBaTa.
c Hapei:1611Te 3aKOHI1 3a ceJICKHTe H rpa):ICK11Te o6~HH11 OT 3 H 20 aBryCT 1934 r.
3BeHap11Te C'b3,[\aBaT HOB THTI o6~I1HCK11 C'bBeTH. B TRX IlOJIOBHHaTa OT C'bBeTHHQl1Te
ca H3611paT 3a cpoK OT neT fO):\HHH, a OCTaHan11Te T. Hap. "npe):ICTaBHTeJIHl1 C'bBeTHH-
I.\11': BJIH3aT B C'bCTaBa Ha o6iQHHCKHTe CoBeTH no npaBo. Tosa ca KMeT'bT H HerOBHR
IIOMO~HI1K npI1 rpap;CKI1Te o6~HHH, rnaBHHR yqHTen HJIH AI1peKTOp'bT Ha yq11n11~e
TO, Me):\I1QI1HCKI1JIT I1 BeTepI1HapHHRT neKap, arpOHOM'bT, neCHM'IeRT, TeXHI1K'bT, no-
CO'leH OT OKOJII1ttCKliIJI Ha'laJIHI1K, CBe~eHMK'bT, npei:1cTaBI1TeJIRT Ha KOonepaQHl1Te,
orrpep;eneH OT co6paH11eTo Ha ynpaB11Tenm1Te HM cosem. TOBa ca see I1HTen11reHTH11
xopa, enc 3HaHI1JI 11 orr11T B pa3JI!1'1HH o6nacnr. TaKa ce nos11Uiasa KOMIIeTeHTHOCTTa
Ha o6~I1HI1Te, HO TOBa CTaBa 3a CMeTKa Ha TRXHOTO caMoynpasneHHe.
Bee no C'biQaTa lllilHMR Ha QeHTpam13aQHR e Bosep;etta pecpopMa Ha Tep11TopH-
arrHO-a):IMHHI1CTpaTI1BHOTO p;eneHMe. 16-Te oKpora ca npeo6pa3yBaHI1 B cep;eM 06na-
cr11-Cocp11ttCKa, Bpa'IaHcKa, ITneseHcKa, lllyMettCKa, IInosi:111scKa, CTapo3aropcKa H
5ypraCKa, Ha'leJIO c o6JiaCTHI1 ynpaBHTem1, Ha3Ha'leHI1 OT MHHHCTnpa Ha BoTpeIIIHVITe
pa6om. Co3):\a,[\eHI1 ca 84 OKOJIHlil, a 2 552-Te cencKM o6~HHH ca yei:1pem1 B 837. ,[(e-
BeTHa):leceToMattcKMJIT pe)f(HM 3ano'IBa 11 nm:poKoo6xsarno pecpopM11paHe Ha Anp-
JKaBHHR anapaT. Tott HaMCTMHa CTpai:1a OT napnr3aHcKa aHapx:irn, HeKoMneTeHTHOCT
11 tteecpeKTMBHOCT. YBoJIHeHM ca Hap; 6 000 'IHHOBHHQH. IIop; n03yttra 3a cnpaBRHe c
aHapXHRTa I1 HeKOMIIeTeHTHOCTTa BC'b~HOCT ce l13BopIIIBa I1 'IHCTKa Ha IlOJIJ1TI1'1eCKH
tte6rrarm-rni:1e*p;H11 3a pe)f(MMa JIMQa, KaTo HOBOHa3Ha'leHMTe qecTo He ca no-crroco6-
H11re. Cnei:1 19 Matt Bee rraK ce Ha6enR3Ba Hapacrna~ CTpeMe)!( 3a H3p;11raHe Ha Anp-
JKaBHHR CJIY)f(I1TeJI KaTO CIIeQI1aJII1CT, eKcnepT B CBORTa o6naCT.
Ha 9 IOHM 1934 r. c Hapep;6a-3aKOH e yqpep;eHa ",[(11peKQI1R 3a o6~ecrneHa o6Ho-
sa''. TR e p;HpeKTHO rrop;'IHHeHa Ha MHHHCTop-npep;cei:1aTeJIR. ITpoB AHpeKTop CTaBa
IIerKo IIeH'leB (cnep; TOBa noJIK. KparnM11p Kones, Mai1op IIeT'bp ITomnaTeB). Cnc-
TOH ce OT 4 OT):leJia - 3a HaCO'IBaHe Ha neqaTa, 3a QeH3ypHpaHe Ha ne'laTa, 3a o6u,ecT-
BeHo B'b3Ill1TaHl1e I1 3a B'bHIIIHH Bp'b3KH. 0THa'laJIO 06~ecTBeHaTa o6HoBa cpyHKQJ10-
Hl!pa KaTO QeHTpaneH Anp*aBeH MHCTMTYT enc cei:1am1~e B crpap;aTa Ha Hapop;HoTO
Co6paHHe, a OT 1 p;eKeMBpH c. r. ce rrpI1CT'bTIBa K'bM I13rpa)!():laHe Ha Het°IHH KJIOHOBe
B rrpoBMHQMRTa. CrropeA rrpaBHJIHHKa B'bB BCRKa o6naCT H OKOJIHR ce HaJHa'laBaT
~e11rem1, npRKO IIO,[\'IHHeHM Ha o6JiaCTHHJI 11m1 OKOJIVIMCKJ1R Ha'laJIHI1K. ,[(11peKQI1R-
ra 1!3AaBa ocp11Q1103a B "HoBM AH11': rrponaraHAHpa HgeHTe Ha 6e3napTHi1HoTO ynpa-
BrreHJt1e H OC'b!QeCTBRBa KOHTpOll Bopxy KymypHHTe npoQeCH B CTpaHaTa. l!pe3 HeR
Pocu11a AHzenosa
rrpaBMTeJICTBOTO JIJ1KBJ1)1;11pa OCTaT'b[\MTe OT caMoyrrpaBJieHMeTO B o6pa30Bam1ero.

Y•rn:JI:W~HMTe HaCTORTeJICTBa ca 3aMeHeH:W OT KOMMCMM, orJiaBRBaHl1 OT KMeTOBeTe.
Pep;:wqa rMMHa3MM ca 3aKp:wT:w. Ha TRXHO MRCTO ca ocHoBaH:w peanH11 y<IMJIMI.IW c Tp11 -
rop;11ll.IeH cpoK Ha o6y<IeH:we.
CTorraHcKaTa :w coq:wanHaTa non11T:wKa Ha p;eBeTHap;eceT0Maf1q11 e rron3ornopna.
Te rrpop;nJI:>KaBaT B'b3XOp;R~aTa mnrnR 3a pnKOBO)J;CTBO Ha MKOHOMMKaTa OT p;np)!{a-
BaTa. BnBe:>Kp;a ce p;np:>KaBeH MOHOIIOJI Bnpxy rrpOI13BO)J;CTBOTO J1 TnproBl1RTa c TIO-
TIOH, MMHepanH11Te Macna, crr11pTa, cn11BoBaTa paKMR, conTa 11 p;p. li13BeCTHM rptt)Kll ce
rronaraT 11 3a qrnHaHCOBHR Kan11TaJI. Ha11-3Ha'IHMO Meponp11RTMe e cnttBaHeTO Ha 19
6aHKJ1, KOMTO IIO)J;IIOMOrHaTH OT p;np:>KaBaTa, o6pa3yBaT 6a11Ka "EnnrapcKM Kpep;ttr''. B
coq11anHaTa o6nacT ce npep;np11eMaT CT'bIIKM 3a nop;noMaraHe Ha pa60Ttt11q11Te tt 3a-
HaRT'IMMTe. Op11nrnaJIHa qepTa Ha pe)f(MMa e npoRBeHoTo OT Hero Cl1JIHO nooll\pe1rne
Ha KoorrepaTMBHOTO )J;BJ1)f(eH11e.
Ep;MH OT OCHOBHMTe MOMeHTM B p;eBeTHap;eceTOMaHCKMR pe)f(MM e Mp;eRTa 3a BCe-
o6xBaTHO opraHM3MpaHe Ha HaceneHMeTo B Ka3110HHM C'bCJIOBHl1 opraHl13aQvm Ha pa-
6oTHHQMTe (BT. Hap. EnnrapcKH pa6oTHH'leCKM C'bI03), Ha irnp;ycTp11anq11Te, Ha Tnp-
roBQMTe, Ha ceJIRHMTe (B CnI03 Ha 3eMep;encKo-CTonaHCKHTe 3ap;pyr11) 11 np. Orp;em10
OT TRX B npocpec110HaJim1 opraHJ13a[\l1H ca BKJIIO'leHH M Anp)f(aBH:WTe HaeMHHQv! - pa-
6oTHHl_\J1 VI CJIY)f(MTeJIVI. 3aMVIC'bJI'bT e Te3VI opraHVl3aQHM, C'b3p;ap;eHM no VITaJittal!CKll
06pa3eq, p;a 3aJierHaT B OCHOBaTa Ha IIOJIVITH'leCKaTa CVICTeMa Ha CTpaHaTa - OT Ti!X
p;a ce Vl3Jl'b'IBa OCHOBHaTa 'laCT OT 'IJieHOBeTe Ha 6np;e~HR rrapJiaMeHT VI Ha Mecrnme
caMoyrrpaBrreHcK:w opraHH, Texm1 rrpep;cTaB11TeJIV1 p;a 6np;aT BKJIIO'leHVI B p;np)l(aBmm
VIHCTMTYQHVI, KOVITO p;a pnKOBO)J;RT CTOIIaHCKVIR )f(J1BOT Ha CTpaHaTa.
IlpaB:WTeJICTBOTO BHaC.fl 3Ha'IVITeJieH rrpVIHOC B peaJIVI3HpaHeTO Ha JIHHHHTa 3a pn·
KOBO)J;I-IaTa pOlIR Ha p;np)KaBaTa B HKOHOMVIKaTa. To C'b3p;aBa pep;Hl_\a HOBVI HHcnny-
QMH KaTO IloracuTerrHaTa Kaea, Vlrpae~:w rrocpep;HM'leCKa ponR Me)f(p;y Kpep;ttrnpttre 11
p;rrn:>KHMl\HTe, 6aHKaTa "EnrrrapcKH Kpep;:wT" c pell.IaBa~oTo yqacnre Ha p;np)KaBara E
HeR, p;Ba p;np:>KaBHH MOHorrorra - TIOTIOHeBVl.fl VI crrVlpTHVIR. Oco6eno 3Ha'lenwe ce rrpH·
p;aBa Ha C'b3p;ap;eHaTa rrpe3 rrporreTTa Ha 1934 r. EnrrrapCKa 3eMep;errCKa VI Koonepar11B
Ha 6aHKa. TR Tp.H6Ba p;a cTaHe MO~Ha cpm-iaHcoBa MHCTVITYL\VIR, KORTO p;a nop;noMar<
6nnrapcKaTa Koorrepaqirn VI p;a crroMara 3a yKpenBaHeTo Ha Kpep;iua . .IJ:eBernap;ecero-
MaHqVI npep;rrpHeMaT aKTMBHVI p;eHCTBVIJ! 3a JIVIKB:Wp;MpaHe Ha 6e3pa60TV1QaTa B rpa110
BeTe, C'b3p;aBaHKM T. Hap. TPYAOBVI rpyn11 Ha 6e3pa60THV1Te, KOVITO rrop; pnKOBOACTBO
TO Ha ocpV1qep11 OT CTpmtTeJIHVI BOHCKVI pa6oTRT Ha BOeHHOCTpaTerVl'leCKVI 06eKT11, m
peMOHTa Ha II'bTHaTa VI )f(eJie30II'bTHaTa Mpe:>Ka, no 6rraroycTpo11cTBOTO Ha Hacenemm
MecTa 11 rrp. Orn;e rro-ll.IVlpOKO rrpop;nrr:>KaBa p;a ce npVlrrara rrrraHoBoTo Ha'lano -pa3pa
6oTBa ce rreTrO)J;Vlll.IeH rrrraH 3a pa3BJ1TVle Ha ceJICKOTO CTOIIaHCTBO .
.IJ:eBeTJ-Iap;eceTOMaMCKVIRT pe:>KMM Hapep; c BC:W'IKM HOBOB'bBep;eHVIR rronara H HOBI
yp;apeHVIR Bnpxy 6nrrrapcKaTa B'bHll.IHa rrom1T11Ka. ToJ/r cvi nocTaBR 3a 3ap;atJa Aa ycra
HOBH vtcKpeHo rrp:w.HTerrcTBO c IOrocrraBHR, c6rrm1<eH:we c <PpaHqHR VI B'b3cTaHOBRBam
Ha p;:wrrJI0MaT11qecKHTe OTHOll.IeHMR cnc CnBeTCKMR C'bI03. KpailrHaTa qen Ha npas11
TerrcTBOTO e C'b3p;aBaHe Ha ocTa Eerrrpap;-CoqrnR-AHKapa qpe3 c6JIVl)!(aBaHe c !Oro
rnaBVIR 11 nop;o6pRBaHe Ha OTHoll.IeHMRTa c Typwrn enc C'bBeTCKO nocpep;m1tJecrno.
HOBA E'b!II'APCKA MCTOPMH (1878-1944)
HoBOTO npaBMTeJJCTBO B'b3CTaHOB.lIBa ,D;MIIJJOMan1'-!ecK11Te OTHoIIIeHM.ll enc Cn-

BeTCK11.ll C'bI03 Ha 23 IOJJM 1934 r. I1pe3 aBrycT ,D;BeTe npaBMTeJJCTBa ce cnopa3yM.l!BaT
sa 6nnrapcKM nnJJHOMOIQeH MMHMCTnp B MocKBa ,n;a 6n,n;e Ha3Ha'-!eH npocp. ,U11M11Tnp
M:wxan'!eB, a 3a cnBeTcK11 npe,n;cTaBMTen B Coqm.ll Cf>eo,n;op PacKOJJHMKOB. OrnoBaBa
ce 6nnrapo-C'bBeTCKa KaMapa, 'IM.l!TO QeJJ e ,n;a Q)f<J1B11 TnproBCK11Te OTHOIIIeH11.ll Me)J(-
rw ,D;BeTe CTpaHM.
TioeMa ce Kypc Ha cnTPYAHM'-!ecrno c Cf>paHQ11.ll. :>KecrnBeTe Ha 6nnrapCKaTa ,n;11-
rrnoMaQMR He HaM:wpaT O'IaKBaHMR np11eM B'bB cppeHCKaTa CTOJJ11Qa.
TipaBMTeJICTBOTO ce opMeHn1pa K'bM c6JJM)KeH11e c IOrornaBM.ll. To 3a6paH.l!Ba
BMPO M oCTaHaJ111Te HaQMOHaJJHoocB060,n;11TenH11 opramnaQ1111. Bop;a'!nT Ha Ma-
Ke,110HcKaTa opraHM3aQM.ll Ji1BaH MwxaiirroB nprn y6e)!(I11.I:\e B TypQ11.ll. I1pe3 Mai\:
1934 r. ca CKJIIO'!eHM BeTep11HapHa KOHBeHQ11.ll 11 TnproBCK11 ,n;oroBop C'bC 3ana,n;HaTa
HM cnce,n;Ka. Ha ocp:wQ:warrHo noceIQeH11e B Eorrrap11.ll OT 27 ,n;o 29 cenreMBpM 1934 r.
rrpttcT11ra rorornaBCKMR Kparr ArreKcaH,n;op, KOMTO BO,D;M TaMHM nperoBop:w c Qap Eo-
pttc III. IloCT:wra ce cnmao1e 3a oTKpMBaHe Ha TPM HOBH nponyCKaTerrm1 nyHKTa, 3a
orrpocrnBaHe Ha nacnopTHMTe cpopMaJIHOCTM 11 3a npoY'-!BaHe Ha Bonpoca 3a CBop3-
saHe Ha 6omapcK:wTe :w rorocnaBcK11Te )!(eJie30II'bTHM mm11M Me)J(,n;y BM,D;HH-HeroTMH
11 f10erneBo- KyMaHoBo.
Ha 9 OKTOMBp:w 1934 r. H.l!KOJIKO ,D;HH rne,n; noceIQeHMero rn B Eorrrapirn, Kpan
AneKcaH,D;np e y6:wT B Maprnmrn 3ae,n;Ho c cppeHCKH.ll B'bHIIIeH MHHMCTop JI. EapTy.
l.\ap Eop11c III He onrna Ha norpe6eHMeTO MY B Eerrrpa,n;. 3a ,n;a pa3cee HenpM.llTHOTO
B!Ie'faTJieH:we OT T03M cpaKT, npe3 HOeMBpH Qap.ll Ha3Ha'faBa 3a Ha'faJIHHK Ha CBO.l!Ta
KaHQerrap1rn r. Kboce:wBaHoB, ,n;onpttHecorr 3a c6JIM)!(aBaHeTO Ha EorrrapM.ll MIOrorna-
BllR Karn II'bJIHOMOIQeH MMHMCTop B Eerrrpa,n;. IIpe3 ,n;eKeMBpH c. r. M3HeHa,n;BaIQo 3a
HeroB npHeMHMK e onpep;eneH npep;ce,n;aTeJI.ll Ha 6orrrapo-10rocrraBCKOTO ,n;py)J(ecrno B
EonrapM.lln. Ka3aCOB.c Te3M CM ,n;eiicTBJ1.ll 6nrrrapcKH.llT MOHapx He ycn.l!Ba ,n;a npo-
MeHM oTHorneHtteTo Ha ynpaBJI.l!BaIQHTe KporoBe B Eerrrpa,n;. OcrnBa c'bMHeHMeTo, qe
1..1ap Eop:wc III e 3aMeceH B MaprnncKM.ll aTeHTaT.
,UeBeTHap;eceTOMaML:\M ce noKa3BaT ,n;o6p~1 pyIIIttTeJIM Ha naprraMeHTapHo-nap-
rnt'rnarn CHCTeMa. Cn3Mp;aHMeTO B'bB cpaIIIHCTKM CTMJI, BoIIpeKH H.lIKOJ1 CIIOJIYKM, HM
ce or,n;aBa 3Ha'!MTerrHo no-Tpyp;Ho. To3M pe)!(MM He MO)Ke ,n;a ce oKa'-!ecTBM Karo cpa-
Illl!CTKM nopap;M Haw-npoCTaTa M O'!eBM,D;Ha npM'IHHa, 'fe He C'bYM.lIBa ,n;a CTaHe TOTa-
llHTapeH. A ToBa He MY ce oTp;aBa nopa,n;tt rrMnca Ha Heo6xo,n;MMM BoTpernttonorrMTM-
qecK11 l1 B'bHillHOTIOJIMTM'IeCKH npe,n;nocTaBK11 3a ynpa)!(H.lJBaHe Ha IIIHpOKOMaIQa6HJ1
HaCl1JI11.ll. TBnpp;e npeceH e BCe OIQe CIIOMeH'bT OT K'bpBaBMTe C'b611Tl1.ll npe3 1923-1925
r. L(eBerna,n;eceTOMaifl:\M He pa3nonarar c IQO-ro,n;e corrH,n;Ha COQttarrtta 6a3a. BnnpeKM
yrnn11.lITa Ha pe)KMMa Ha 6nmapCKaTa "BoeHHocparnMCTKa ,D;l1KTaTypa" He H. ,n;ocTMraT M
11pym Ba)J(HM cparn:wcTKM 6ene3M. T.ll Hee aHTMCeMHTCKa Ml1306IQo HrrunrnaT KaKBMTO
Ii )\a ca HaQMOHaJIMCTH'IeCKM cpo611H Ha e,n;irn eTHOQeHTpM3'bM, OT KaK'bBTO BC'b!QHOCT
ellllllleHa. J1 np:w HeR, KaKTO M np:w ,n;eBeTOIOHCKaTa BJiaCT, Bl1pe.l!T MHOro MaCOHM.
Crre,n; 19 Matt 1:\ap Eop:wc III e nocrnBeH B npuTerneHo noJio)KeHue. Bo,n;a'-!MTe Ha
pelKHMa - K. f eoprweB M oco6eHo maBHaTa cpurypa Ha BoeHHH.ll C'bI03 - norniiHM.ll
~aMRH Berr'IeB, ca 3Jie HaCTpoem1 K'bM 1:\ap.ll. OcHOBHaTa rpH)!(a Ha Eopuc III no TOBa
BpeMe e Aa cn6vtpa rrorrymipHocT 3a ce6e CM. Toti rrpeoAOJIRBa nwrnaTa CM Harnaca 11
3aIIO'iBa Aa M3IIOJI3Ba BCRKaKBM rry6mt'iH:W rroBOAM, 3a Aa rrony'iaBa c:wMrraTMM 3a oco-
6aTa cJtI :w 3a MHCT:WTYQ:WRTa, 'iHMTO HOCMTeJI e. l/1 ycrnrna. 1.(apRT ocHoBaTeJIHO CMJITa,
qe BpeMeTo pa6oT:w 3a Hero :w rropaAH pacrnrn;:wTe rrpoMoHapxM'ieCKH HaCTpoemrn B
o6rn;ecTBOTo, a M rropaA:W pa3B:WTMeTo Ha pa3JIO)KHTeJIH:W npoQec:w B pe)KMMa. C L\apcKa
6narornoBMR orr:WT'bT Ha K. f eopnreB :w ,U. Ben'ieB Aa B3eMaT BoeHHOTo M:WHMCTepcrno
:w Aa ro ornaB:w ,U. Ben'ieB rrporraAa. IloA rraTpoHa)Ka Ha rrp:wHQ KMpMn rrpe3 IOHH 1934
r. ce C'b3AaBa TepopMcTwrna ocpttQepcKa opraH:w3aQMR 3a 6op6a rrpoTMB BnttJIHwero
Ha BoeHH:WR C'bl03 B apMMRTa, Hape'ieHa UYK (1.(eHTpanHo yrrpaBJieHMe KMpttn). Ollie
no Ba)KHO e, qe eAMHCTBO HJIMa M B peAMQMTe Ha BoeHHMR C'bI03 - MaTepvtaJIHaTa rnna
Ha rrpeBpaTa. B Hero ce Ha6eJIR3BaT Tpw Kpttna - npoMoHapxvt'iecKo, aHTMMottapxw-
qecKo M yMepeHo. YMepeHoTo Kptrno Ha JIMraTa B JIMQeTo Ha BoeHHMR MvIHMCTop reH.
Il. 3JiaTeB npeMMHaBa Ha npOMOHapXH'ieCKM II03MQMM M MCKa QRJIOCTHaTa OCTaBKa Ha
rrpaBHTeJICTBOTO. Ha HOl.L\HO 3aceAaHMe Ha BoeHHMR C'bl03 e pemeHo K. feoprneB 11a
IIOAaAe OCTaBKaTa Ha Ka6MHeTa, KaTO C'bCTaBRHeTO Ha HOBOTO ce B'b3JIO)KH Ha rrpe11-
CeAaTeJIR Ha BoeHH:WR C'bl03. Ha cnrn;oTo 3aceAaHMe ,U. Ben'ieB e oTcTpaHeH OT rrocra
CM B JfaraTa. IlpeMlilep'bT HayqaBa 3a peweHHRTa eABa cyTpMHTa Ha 22 RHyapw 1935 r.
BcH'iKO rrpMJIM'ia Ha :W3BnpmeH nix rrpeBpaT.
2. Ka6HHeTbT ua reu. fleH"l.IO 3AaTeB (22 smyapH-21anpHA1935)
KaforneT'bT e o6pa3yBaH OT rrpoMoHapx:w'ieCK:w HaCTpoeH:w AettQM Ha "BoeHHl1JI

C'bl03" M rpa)KAaHCKM eKcrrepn1. 1.(apRT rreqeJIM rrnpBaTa CM 6MTKa HaA BoeHHMJI C'bl03.
Jhmrna :w 3BeHapCKarn c'bcTaBKa. IlpaB:wTeJICTBOTO e Ha3HaqeHo c YKa3 N2 21 or 22
RHyapM 1935 r. yrrpaBJIRBa B C'bCTaB: reH. IleH'iO 3naTeB 80 - MHHMCT'bp-rrpe;a;ce11areJJ
M MMH:WCT'bp Ha BOtfHaTa, KoCTa EaTaJIOB - M:WHMCT'bp Ha B'bHllIHMTe pa60T11 11 JA3-
rroBeAaH:WRTa, rronK. KpyM KoneB - MHH:WCT'bp Ha B'bTpemH:wTe pa6oT:w M Hapo11ttoTO
3ApaBe, reH.-Matfop ToAop PaAeB - M:WfiHCT'bp Ha HapOAHOTo rrpornel.L\eH11e, M11xa-
:WJI KaneHAepoB - M:WHMCT'bp Ha rrpaBOC'bA:WeTo :w ynpaBJIRBarn; MMHMCTepcrnorn Ha
cp:wHaHc:wTe, rrpocp. J!HaKM MonnoB - MMH:WCT'bp Ha HapOAHOTO cTorraHcrno 11 H11Ko-
na 3axapMeB - M:WH:WCT'bp Ha cno6rn;eH:WRTa. CeAMMI~a rro-K'bCHO rrpocp. ;a;-p Jl!o6eH
,UMKOB rroeMa M:WH:WcTepcTBOTO Ha rrpaBOC'bA:WeTo, a M. KaneHAepoB crnBa cpvrnaH-
coB MMHMCT'bp. Ka6vrneT'bT e II'bpB:WRT OT T. Hap. rrpeXOAHH Ka6:wHeT:W, 'il1JITO 11en e
80
feHepan-netiTeHaHT Ile11110 l1nanon 3rraTeB e pop;eH Ha 2 HOeMBpw 1883 r. B Enetta. Tofr 3a-
Bopurna BoeHHOTO Y'IWRJ.111\f B CocjlJ.1.R npe3 1903 J.1 cny)f(J.1 B KaBanepu.s:rrn. Y<iacTBa B oaJJKaHCKJATe
BOtiHw u B ITopBaTa cseTOBHa sotiHa. Cne;a; sotiHuTe KOMaH;a;Ba nocne;a;oBaTenHo H.RKOJIKO KOHHll
nonKa, a OT 1928 ;a;o 1934 e 1.rncneKTOp Ha KOHHWJ.\aTa. E;a;wH OT poKOBOAWTenwTe Ha BoettHJAH C'bJ03,
3naTeB yqacrna B ,[(eBeTHa;a;eceToMatiCKu.s:r npespaT npe3 1934 u cne;a; Hero crnsa soeHeH M11tt11cnp.
Toti ornaB.RBa rpynarn B'bB BoeHHJ.1.R C'bJ03, KO.RTO no11Kpen.s:r J.\ap Eopuc III u oTcTpatt.s:rBa K. feoprneB
J.1 Kp'bra "3seHo" OT npaBJ.1TfJICTBOTO. B Ha'laJIOTO Ha 1935 TOiil e 3a KpaTKO MJ.1HJ.1CT'bp-npe11ce11aren,
cne11 KOeTO npeMWHaBa B 3anaca J.1 ce OTTern.s:r OT CTOJIJ.1TJ.1'lfCKl1.R )f(J.1BOT. YMwpa Ha 24 IOJil1 1948 B
Cocjll.1.s:r.
HOBA E'b!II'APCKA UCTOPIDI (1878-1944)
11a KOHqeHTp11paT u;.irnaTa nomrni:qecKa BJiacT B p'bu;ere Ha u;ap Bop11c III l1 HeroBOTO
06Kp'b)l(eH11e.
C'bin;IDIT ,n;eH e ny6nHK}'BaHa ,n;eKnapau;m1, B KOJITO ce Ka3Ba, qe npaB11TeJICTBOTO
~e npo,D;'bJI)f(aBa ,n;a pa3Bl1Ba ,n;eBeTHa,n;eceroMaJ1:cK11Te 11,n;e11. T'bKMO npaBHTeJICTBeHa-
ra npoMJIHa o6aqe nporoHBa OT BnacTTa xopara, HaJ.f-HpKo cpopMyn11pan11 n,n;e11Te Ha
19 MaJ.f l1 pa60T11n11 HaJ.f-yc'bp,n;Ho 3a oc'brn;ecTBJIBaHeTo HM. Te ca 3BeHapHTe 11 npoTH-
BOMOHapX11cT11Te OT BoeHHl1JI C'bI03, Haqeno c ,D;aMJIH BenqeB. ,D;'bp)KaBHHJIT anapaT 11
rronHQHJITa 6'bp3o ca npoq11cTeH11 OT TeXHH npHB'bp)l(eHHQH. Ha 8 cpeBpyap11 1935 r.
,U. BenqeB e l13KmoqeH OT BoeHHHJI C'bI03.
YMepeH11Te l1 MOHapXHCTHTe CBaJIHT 6opncocpo6nTe. YMepeHHTe npeo6na,n;aBaT B
rrpaBHTeJICTBOTO l1 He Kp11JIT aM6HJ._\J1J1Te CH ,n;a ycTaHOBJIT TpaJ.fHa p'bKOBO,D;Ha poJIJI Ha
BoeHHHJI C'bI03 B ynpaBJieH11eTo. Cnope,n; u;apcKara cpopMYJia e pe,n; H Ha YMepeH11Te, 11
Ha 11enIDI BoetteH C'bI03 ,n;a 6n,n;aT nmneHH OT HaMeca B noJIHTHKaTa. 3a J13IT'bJIHeHHeTo
Ha ra311 3a,n;aqa He MO)f(e noBeqe ,n;a ce pa3qnra Ha ecTeCTBeHHJI xo,n; Ha pa3BHTHe Ha
c'1>6HTHJITa l1 ce ttanara p;Bopeu;nT ,n;a nrpae ,n;eiicTBeHa ponH.
IIpe3 cpe,n;aTa Ha 30-Te ro,n;11HH B'bHIIIHOITOJIHTnqecKOTo Hanpe)l(eHHe B EBpona
pacre. Cne,n; l1Tan11aHcKaTa arpernJI B ErnonHJI npe3 1935 r. OH rnacyaa HKOHOMH-
qecKH caHKq1111 cpem;y Ji1Tan11J1. BnnrapHH e Me)l(,n;y crpaH11re, KOHTO npneMaT non11-
THKara Ha cattKu;1111. PerneH11eTo H He ce B3eMa neKo. ToraBa Y.IraJIHH Bee rn;e Meqra ,n;a
B'1>3rnaBl1 He,n;oBOJIH11Te OT M11pH11Te ,n;oroBopn crpaHH 11 OT HeJI o'bnrap11H MO)l(e ,n;a
oqaKBa, aKo He ,n;pyro, TO noHe MopanHa no,n;,n;pn)l(Ka. BnnrapcKaTa ,n;nnnoMaQHJI ce
pernaBa ,n;a nocTaB11 Ha p11cK Ta3H no,n;,n;pn)l(Ka, 3a ,n;a 3aCTaHe 3a,n; CK'bnou;eHHHJI 3a HeJI
np.HHl\Hil 3a 3aKp11na Ha ,D;'bp)l(aBHJ1Jl cyBepeHHTeT Ha MaJIKJ1Te ,ll;'bp)l(aBJ1 OT CTpaHa
Ha Me)l(,n;yttapo,n;HaTa opraH113au;m1. Ha 16 MapT 1935 r. fepMamrn OTXBnpJIJI e,n;Ho-
crpaHHO BOeHHl1Te KJiay311 Ha BepcaJ.fcKHJI M11peH ,n;oroBop 11 B'bBe)l(,n;a 3ap;'bJI)l(J1TeJIHa
soeHHa nOBl1HHOCT. AHrnl1JI l1 <l>paHQHJI He pearnpaT.
CnpHMO CnBeTCKl1JI C'bI03 rrpaB11TencTBOTO Ha reH. II. 3nareB ce pa3rpaH11qaBa
or IIOIIHTHKaTa Ha ,n;eBeTHa,n;eceT0MaJ1:u;11. To 3a6paHJIBa npo,n;a)l(6ara Ha C'bBeTCKH
BeCTHHI.1;11 J1 pa3npocTpaHeH11eTO Ha C'bBeTCKJ1 cpHJIMJ1, He B3eMa MepKH cpern;y ,n;eiicT-
Ba~.HTe Ha 6'bnrapcKa Tep11TopHJ1 aHTHC'bBeTCKH Tepop11cr11qH11 opraHH3au;11n. IIpa-
BHrencTBOTO OTXB'bPJIJI l13ro,n;HaTa C'bBeTCKa ocpepTa 3a IlOCTpOHKa Ha pa,n;11onpe,n;aBa-
ren rrp11 BaKapen l1 np11eMa no,n; HaTl1CKa Ha repMaHCKOTO npaBHTeJicTBo ocpepTaTa Ha
HeMCKaTa cp11pMa "TenecpyttKeH':
Ka611HeT'bT Ha reH. IT. 3naTeB e cna6, 6e3 o6rn;ecrBeHa nog,n;pn)l(Ka H np11 BoiicKa,
pa3Kone6aHa B non11T11qecK11Te c11 npe,n;noq11TaHHJ1. B Haqanoro Ha anpm1 1935 r. AJr..
l(aHKOB, K. f eopr11eB, Bna,n;11M11p HaqeB, HnKona ¥JIMHJieB, Bac11n KapaKynaHOB 11
A11M.HT'bp IIopKOB ca 3aTo'leH11 Ha ocTpoB CB. AHacTac11J1 B BypracKHJI 3aJIHB 3apa,n;11
o6BHHeHHeTo, qe 3acTparnaBaT c11rypHOCTTa Ha HOBaTa ,D;'bp)f(aBa. B 3HaK Ha npoTecT
cpe~y CBOeBon11eTo Ha Ml1H11cnp-npe,n;ce,n;aTeJIJ1 "u;aHKOBHCTHre" MHHHCTPH JlHaKH
MorrnoB 11 Jiro6eH ,[(11KOB no,n;aBaT ocTaBKH. KnM TJIX ce npncne,n;HHHBa MHHHcnpnT
Ha B'DHIIIHHTe pa6oni: K. EaTOJIOB. YMopeH, reH. II. 3naTeB no,n;aBa ocraBKaTa Ha Ka-
Pocu4a AH2eJ10Ba
6JrneTa. C'hrnacHo QapcKHJI cQeHapwI1 c oCTaBKaTa Ha reH. 3nares cw oTwsa H Taiimrn

BOeHeH C'bl03.
2. npaBHTeACTBO, uaqeAo c An.z:tpeii Tomes

(21 anpuA-23 uoeMBpH 1935)
KafomeT'bT e 06pa3ysaH oT soeHHH w rpa)l{gaHcKw JIHQa, noggp'b)l{HHQH Ha ~w

JITa 3a KOHQettTpHpaHe Ha nonHn1qecKaTa snacT B p'bQeTe Ha Qap Eopwc III. To£'! e
sTopm1 OT T. Hap rny)l{e6HH, npeXOAHH Ka6wHeTw. B H3CJieABaHHRTa CH Benw-1Ko fe-
oprnes TO'-IHO onpegenR C'b3AaJioTo ce noJio)l{eHwe KaTo QapcKH KOHTpanpespar. Cbc-
TaB'bT Ha npaswTeJICTBOTO e CJieAHHR: AHgpeI1 Towes 81 - MHHHCT'bp -npeAcei:1aren,
feoprH KboceusaHos - MHIHICTnp Ha S'bHWHHTe pa6oTH H H3nosegaHHRTa, reH.-Ma-
I1op PawKo ATaHacos - MHHHCT'bp Ha S'bTperuHHTe pa6oTH H Ha HapoAHOTO 3ApaBe,
reH.-Mawop Togop Pages - MHHHCT'bp na HapoAHOTO npocseu~e1u1e, MapKo PRcKoB
- MHIIHCT'bp Ha qmnaHCHTe, Anren Kaparbo3oB - MHIIHCT'bp Ha npasoC'hAVIeTO, reH.-
Mawop CTecpaH QaHes - MHHHCT'bp Ha soI1HaTa, CTowqo MowaHOB - MHHVICTnp 11a
napoAHOTO cTonaHcTso 11 ToAop Ko)l{yxapos - MHHHCTnp Ha c'bo6u\emrnra.
B Ka611HeTa HMa npeACTaSHTeJIH Ha BoeHHH.fl C'bl03 OT MOHapxH'-lecKoTo Kpuno,
HO Te HRMaT BOAell\a poll.fl. Ha TRX e S'b3JIO)l{eHo ga H3KopeHRT noJIHTVI'-lecKoTO Bm1-
mrne Ha 1rnraTa. CToKa3aTeJIHO 3a 6'bgeu~HTe HaMepeHH.fl Ha qapR e sKnro•rnaHeTO Ha
TPHMa 6e3napTHMHH cneQHaJIHCTH. Hatt-Sa)l{HHRT Me)l{gy TJIX e B'bl!WHHRT MVIHHcnp
feopr11 Kboce11saHoB. Tow e cnoco6en AHTIJIOMaT OT Kap11epaTa, fornm nnnHoMOJl1eH
MHHHCT'bp s egHa OT HaM-TPYAHHTe 6aJIKaHCKJ.1 CTOJIHQH - EenrpaA, J.1 6HSlll HaqaJIHl!K
Ha gsopQosaTa KaHQenap1rn. To-Ci ce OTJIH'-lasa c'bc cnoKottcTsHe H H3T'bH'-leH:w rroxBa-
TH Ha pa6oTaTa CH, a ocseH TOSa e y6egeH npoTHSHHK Ha geMOKpaTJ.1'-IHOTO ynpaBJie-
HHe c MHOfO napTHJ.1.
CTpas11TeJICTSOTO Ha A. Tornes :ingasa MaHHcpecT, TIOATIHCaH OT QapJI, c Koi1rc
npOS'b3fllaC.HSa qe H.flMa Aa OTCT'bTIJ.1 OT geJIOTO Ha 19 Matt J.1 ll\e S'bBeAe HOBa KOH·
CTHTyq:i.rn. CT'bpsaTa qacT e npegHa3Ha'-leHa 3a apMHJITa, a STopaTa 3a nomtn1qecKHTE
napTHH. BegHara ce ycell\a o6aqe npoMRHaTa.
KafomeT'bT npeAnpHeMa CTporH MepKH cpell\y 3seHap:i.1Te. TexHHTe 113):\aHHR "BoJ-
xod" H B. "Hoau dHu" ca cnpe1rn. ,U11peKQHJITa Ha o6ll\eCTSeHaTa o6nosa e pa3rype11a
KHMOH feopr1t1es e g'bp)l(aH g'hnro speMe HHTepHHpaH. Dp11 HeJ.13.flCHeHH 06cTOJ1Te11
cTsa 3anoqsaT ga 3arwsaT soennwTe OT C'bI03a. Ha 23 cenTeMspH pnKOSO):ICTBOTO m
81 AKag. Attp;pe:il: Cmmos Tomes e 6onrapcKw gwrrnoMaT, yqeH 111 non111r111K. To:i1 e po11eH 11a ll
arrp111n 1867 r. B Hosa 3aropa. Yqw B Ogp1rn 111 3asopnrna ecrecTBeH111 HayK111 B )KeHeBa H EpmKceJ
( 1891 ). Cneg TOBa e yq111ren B ConyHcKaTa 6onrapCKa M'b)J(Ka mMHa3111H, B Crap a 3aropa, B'bB Bapm
w B'hB BoeHHOTO yqwn111I11e B Cocp~rn. Or 1903 e TDproBCKW npegcras111ren Ha BonrapHH B fo1ronR
IIocnegosarentto e nocnattwK B l!eptta ropa (1905-1906), fop~wH (1906-1908), Cop611111 (1908-1913)
OCMaHcKara 111Mnep1rn (1913-1914), illse:i1~apwH (1915-1916), Ascrpo-Yttrap111H (1917-1919) wAa
crp111H (1919-1920). YM111pa Ha 10 Httyap111 1944 B Cocp111H.
HOBA E'bJITAPCKA MCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
CbI03a rrpu3oBaBa .D; BeJPieB p;a ce 3aBopHe OT EenrpaA u 3acTaHe HatJeJio Ha aKQIUI 3a
csamrne Ha rrpaBuTeJicTBOTo. Ta3u rrpH6op3aHa cToIIKa Ha aHTMMOHapxucTu u yMe-
peHu BoB BoeHHMJI C'bI03 ynecHJIBa QapR B pa3rrpasaTa MY c nuraTa. Ha 2 oKTOMBpu ,I(.
BeJI'IeB BJIU3a Tat°rno B EomapuR OT IOrornamrn 11 e 3aJioBeH. ApecTysaHu ca Hap; 400
11yurn oqmQepu oT KpunoTo Ha ,I(. Ben'IeB 11 Ha rroJIK. Kp. Ko11es, 3BeHapu 11 p;eti:Qu Ha
E3HC "II11ap;He''. IIpaBMTeJICTBOTO o6RBRBa BOeHHO rro11o)!(eH11e u BA11ra HeBoo6pa-
3HMa rnyMoTeBttQa, 3a p;a H3IIOJI3Ba rnyqal! 3a CbKPYIIIHTeJIHa pa3rrpaBa c BoeHHl1R
Cbl03, KOMTO OT TOBa BpeMe Ha rrpaKTUKa rrpecTaBa ,[\a 60,[\e IIOJIJ1Tl1'IeCKJ1 ¢aKTOp
B CTpaHaTa. B rrocne.n;BaJI11JI rro-KoCHO rrpoQec ,I(. Be11tJeB, K. CTaH'IeB, K. KoneB u P.
Ka11eH.n;apoB ca oco.n;eHu Ha CMopT. U:apRT 3aMeHR CMopTH11Te rrp11cop;M c ,[\O)!(l1BOTeH
3arnop. ApeCTyBaHM ca ow;e .n;-p r. M. ,I(:wM:wTpoB (feMern) OT E3HC "Ilna,[\He" u reH.
B11. 3auMoB, KOMTO ca orrpaBp;aHu.
IlpaBuTencTBOTO Ha AH. TorneB rrop;roTBR rrpoeKT 3a HOBa KOHCTMTYQHR. IlpoeK-
TbT e tt3pa6oTeH OT eKMII, Ha'IeJIO c rnaBHl1R ceKpernp Ha BoHlllHOTO Ml1HJ1CTepcTBO
HwKonaw HuKoJiaeB. C Hero ce QeJIH p;a ce peIIIaT p;Ba Borrpoca - ,[\a ce yTBopAH 6e3-
napTHWHa cwcTeMa u ypep;u rrpo6neMoT 3a rrpecTOJIOHarne,[\:weTO. Ilpu H3pa6oTBaHeTO
MY ca Jt3IIOJI3BaHJ1 KOHCTMTYQHM Ha 16 Apyrn Aop)!(aBH c AHKTaTOpcKM pe)!(HMM. B
npoeKTa ce rrpe.n;Btt)f(.n;a Ilap11aMeHToT Aa 6oAe 3aMeHeH OT 3aKOHOAaTeJIHO co6paHue
OT 120-150 .n;yrnJI!. 3a cpoK OT 'IeTHptt f0,[\l1Hl1 w;e 6b,[\aT :t136upaHH rrpe}:\CTaBHTeJIJ.1
OT J.136upaeMUTe 'IJieHOBe Ha o6ru;HHCKHTe CbBeTJ.1, a OCTaHaJIHTe - 6HBIIII'1Te MHHHC-
Tbp-rrpe.n;ce.n;aTeJIJt, peKTopoT Ha CY, rrpeACe,[\aTeJIRT Ha EAH, yrrpaB11TeJIHTe Ha EHE
11 E3E, rrpe.n;cTaBuTeJIMTe Ha KaMapwTe, Ha reHepamrTe OT 3arraca :w rrp. w;e BJIM3aT
no rrpaBo. IIpep;BU)f(p;a ce Co3,[\aBatteTO Ha HOB opraH - 3aKOHO,[\aTeJieH CoBeT, KOW-
ro rrpep,BapuTeJIHO .n;a ce rrpott3Harn no BceKH 3aK0HorrpoeKT. Ha rrpaBHTeJicTBoTO ce
npeAOCTaBJ! rrpaBO Ha 3aKOHOp;aTeJIHa HHHQHaT11Ba. IlpeMaXBa ce rnacyBaHeTO Ha AO-
Bep11e Ha rrpaBuTeJICTBOTO. CBo6op;arn Ha CJIOBOTO, neqaTa, co6paHHRTa u opraHH3a-
1111wTe ce orpaHM'IaBaT B paMKUTe Ha 3aKOHa. IlpoeKTbT yTBop)!(AaBa Jil1KBVIp;:wpaHeTO
Ha o6ru;UHCKOTO caMoyrrpaBJieHtte.
Ilpe3 HoeMBpu 1935 r. rrpaBHTeJicTBoTo l13p;asa HapeA6a-3aKoH 3a Co3p;aBaHe Ha
3eMe,[\eJicKo-cTorraHcKu 3a.n;pyru. J1p;eJITa e qpe3 l13rpa)!(p;aHeTO Ha Ka3ttOHHHTe ce11-
CKOCTorraHcKu opraHM3aQMJ1 .n;a ce orpaHH'IH BJIHRHHeTO Ha 3eMe,[\eJIQHTe H KoMy-
H11cT11Te B cenaTa. Y<Ipe.n;uTeJIHMJIT HM KoHrpec ce rrpoBe)!(,[\a npe3 ¢eBpyapH 1937 r.
Ka611HeToT rrpaBu orruT .n;a Co3p;ap;e u Ka3HOHHa MJia,[\e)!(Ka opraHH3aQH.l!. 3a Ta3u QeJI
eIl03BOJieHa .n;et°IHOCTTa Ha HJ!KOH 3a6paHeHJ.1 OT ,[\eBeTHa}:\eceTOMaMQH opraHl13aQJ.1li1
Karo EomapcKu HaQJi!OHaJIHH nemoHM, PaTHHQH 3a 3aw;urn Ha 6omapw;1rnaTa u AP·
Ilpe3 1935 r. Bo3 OCHOBa Ha perneHH.l!Ta Ha KOH<!JepeHQHRTa B CTpe3a (J1TaJIHR)
3a rrp113HaBaHe paBeHCTBOTO Ha Boopo)!(aBaHeTO Ha f epMaH11R, a cow;o :w Ha ABCTpHR,
YHrapHR l1 J1TaJIHJI 6011rapcKOTO rrpaB111TeJicTBo 3arrotJBa AeWCTBHJI 3a Boopo)!(aBaHe
Ha 6bJirapCKaTa apMUJ!. 06:w;arn 'IHCJieHOCT Ha apMHRTa ,[\OCTHra 31 reHepaJIH, 2 615
o~HQepH l1 51 226 BOMHHQH. Bot'rnurnKH.l!T cocTaB no poAOBe BowcKa e cJie,[\HHR: ne-
xora - 32 053, KaBanepHR - 4 661, apTHJiepHR - 9 880, Ji1H)KeHepHH BOWCKH - 3 925,
Bo3AYUIHH BOMCKH - 227, cp110T - 480. Coru;aTa fOAHHa EonrapHR rronytJaBa OT J1TaJIHR
14 neKH TaHKa "AHca11.n;o" l1 14 Te)KKOTOBapmr MornpHH KOJIH "PaAa" li1 o'IaKBa Aa if
361
Pocu11a AHzenoaa
6'bp;aT ,n;ocTaBem1 OT 'l!exocnoBaKHH 200 KapTe'IHHQH H 25 000 CHap.11,n;a. Crropep; Bo-
eHHOTo MHHHCTepCTBO 3a II'blIHOTO KOMIIJieKTOBaHe .H B'bOp'b)KaBaHe Ha apMmITa ca
Heo6xop;.HM.H IIO'iTH 35 Mllpp;. JIB.
Ilpe3 MaH 1935 r. fhopnHr e Ha rroce~eHne B B'bnrap11.11. IJ;ap Bopnc III MY rrpe,11a-
Ba KOHKpeTeH IIJiaH 3a ,ll;OCTaBKa Ha CaMOJieTH, TaHKOBe .H Te)KKa apT11nep11.11. fbOpHHr
rrpe,n;nara fepMaH.HH ,n;a OTrrycHe Ha B'hnrap11.11 3aeM, IIJiaTHM 3a cpoK OT 10 rop;HHH.
IJ;apHT H rrpasHTeJICTBOTO rrpep;IIO'iHTaT rroKyrrK.HTe Ha op'b)K.He p;a CTaBaT no Klrnpwttr
HJIH Ha KOMIIeHcau;noHHH Ha'iaJia. IIpe3 IOJIH Ha BoeHHOTO MHHHCTepcTBO ca oTrryctta-
TH 342 MJIH. JIB 3a BOeHHH ,ll;OCTaBKH OT fepMaH.HH. 3a p;a He ce o6B'bp)Ke ep;HOCTpaHHO
c fepMaHHH, B'hnrap.H.11 CKJIIO'iBa 3aeM c Ji1Tamrn 3a 1 Mnp,n;. n11p11. IIop'b'iBa B Ilorr-
rna 76 6o:HH.H CaMOJieTa, 60 TOHa 6apyT H BO,ll;.H rrperoBopH 3a o~e BOeHHH p;OCTaBKH.
Me)K,n;YBpeMeHHO MHHHCTepcKHH C'bBeT OTrrycKa rrpe3 HOeMBpH 1935 r. BTOPH Kpe,11wT
3a BOeHHH ,ll;OCTaBKH B pa3Mep Ha 360 MJIH. JIB.
IIpaBHTencTBOTO rrpoA'bJI)KaBa Bop;eHHTe pa3rOBOpH c ct>. . PacKOJIHHKOB 3a ,11oc-
TaBKa Ha rrpoT.HBOB'b3p;yrnHH op'bp;H.11 OT C'bBeTCKHH C'bI03. HarrpaseHo e rrpe,a;nmKe-
HHe 3a BOeHHH ,ll;OCTaBKH Ha KOMIIeHcau;noHHH Haqana HJIH Ha Kpep;HT 3a cpoK OT neT
rop;HHH. Te3H rrperoBop.H, KaKTO H pa3rosopnTe 3a CKJIIO'iBaHe Ha nproBCKH p;oroaop
rrporrap;aT. ToBa p;aBa ocHoBaH.He Ha C'bBeTCKHH C'bI03 p;a HarrpaBH rrorpeurnm1 H3BO,ll,
qe E'hnrap11.11 e o6B'bp3aHa c Pa:Hxa.
C'b6HTH.JITa OKOJIO "BoeHHaTa KOHCIIHpau;H.11" H3XafoIBaT OKOH'iaTeJIHO rrpaBHTe/1-
CTBOTO Ha A. TorneB. C IIOMO~Ta Ha MOHapxncntTe reH. Bn. 3aHMOB rro,n;roTBJI ycTaB,
B KOHTO ce rrpoKapsa Hp;eHTa 3a CJIHBaHe Ha C'bl03HOTO H apMeHCKOTO poKOBO,ll;CTBO.
YcTaB'bT e rrpHeT .H reH. 3aHMOB e H36paH 3a rronHTH'ieCKH ceKpeTap. IIpe,n;cep;aTeJI no
rrpaBo CTaBa reH. CT. IJ;aHeB, KOHTO oTp;aBHa e Bpar Ha oqmu;epcKaTa opramf3al\Hll.
IIocnep;BaT YBOJIHeH.HH 11 yttH3HTeJIHH pa3MeCTBaHHH Ha rrpHB'bp)KeHHQHTe Ha Kpal1:-
HOTO H yMepeHOTO KpHnO Ha JIHraTa.
IIapTHHTe rrocpe~aT c o,n;o6peH11e csanHHeTo Ha BoeHHHH C'bI03 OT snacT. Te ce
pa3p;BH)l(BaT H IIOBO,ll; 3a TOBa e KOHCTHTYQHOHHHH rrpoeKT. Me)Kp;yrrapTHHHHTe KOH-
TaKTH ca TB'bpp;o 3a B'b3CTaHOBHBaHe Ha T'bpHoBcKaTa KOHCTHTYQHH. B II'bCTpaTa M0-
3aJ1:Ka ce OTKpO.JIBa OIIHTa 3a C'b3p;aBaHe Ha o6~eCTBeHa CHJia rrop; Ha.HMeHOBaHHeTO
B'hnrapcK.H Hau;HoHaneH cl>poHT. 3a Hero pa6oT.JIT xopa OT u;apep;BopcKoTo Kpnno Ha
BoeHHHH C'bI03 OKono MHHHcnp P. ATaHacoB H yMepeHHHT reH. BJI. 3aHMOB. To3H
OIIHT ce rrposan.11, a H TOH He ce BIIHCBa B rrnaHOBeTe Ha MOHapxa.
Ilpe3 eceHTa Hep;oBOJICTBOTO OT rrpaBHTencTBOTO Ha TorneB e Bceo6m;o. Byp:>Ko-
a3HHTe rrapTHHHH lIHp;epH 3aIIO'iBaT COH,ll;a)K.H 3a rrpe,n;rrpneMaHe Ha C'bBMeCTHa a~Hll
rrpe,n; u;ap.11 3a CMHHa Ha rrpaB.HTencTBOTO. ,[J;oKaTo YMYBaT, Hacnrrsa H3KYCTBeHo npe-
p;H3BHKaHa Kp113a B rrpasnTencTBOTO. IIocnep;oBaTenHo rro,n;asaT ocTaBKH MHmrcrpa-
Te M. PH3KOB 11 T. KmKyxapoB. Ha 23 HOeMBpH 1935 r. TorneB rrop;asa ocTaBKara Ha
rrpaB.HTeJICTBOTO.
HOBA E'b!JI'APCKA UCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
4. YnpaBAeHne Ha Ka6uHeTHTe Ha f eopru KbocensaHoB

(1935-1940)
23 HoeMBp11 1935 r. e ccpopMupaH 6e3napn1eH KaforneT, o6pa3}'BaH OT rpa)l(-

Ha
11aHCKM M BOeHHI1 p;eCn.~11, npoBe)J(p;all.\M TIOJIMTJ,1KaTa Ha p;Bope11a (23 HOeMBpH 1935
- 4 JOJIH 1936). Dpam1TeJICTBOTO e Ha3Ha'!eHo c YKa3 Ng 473 OT 23. XI. 1935 r. 11 ynpa-
BJU!Ba b'bJirap11.R B C'bCTaB: feoprH KboCeHBaHOB 82 - MMHMCT'bp-npep;cep;aTeJI l1 MH-
HVICTnp Ha B'bHllIHJ1Te pa6on1 M M3TIOBep;aHMHTa, 0. 3. reH. feoprn CanoB - MMHMCTnp
Ha BnTpeurnwTe pa6oTw 11 Hapop;HoTO 3p;paBe, o. 3. reH. Mnxaurr MoBOB - MMHMCTnp
Ha Hapop;HOTO npoCBell.\eHMe, K11pvm fyHeB - MMHJ!ICTnp Ha cpMHaHrnTe, ,[(MMMTnp
ITerneB - Ml1HMCTnp Ha npaBocnp;uern, rett.-MaMop XpMcTO JlyKoB - MMHMCTnp Ha
BOMHaTa, ,[(11MMTnp BnJieB - MMHVICTnp Ha Hapop;HOTO CTOIIaHCTBO, MH)I(. Cnac fa-
HeB - MMHVICT'bp Ha 06ll.\eCTBeHMTe crpap;H, TI'bTHll.\aTa M 6naroycTpoCrcTBOTO M ],IH)J(.
KoHCTaHTMH CTOHHOB - MMHHCTnp Ha )l(eJie3HM'-IMTe, TIOll.\MTe 11 TerrerpaqmTe. Cnopep;
Crn(!qo fpnH'IapoB c nnpBoTo npaBMTeJICTBO Ha KboceMBaHoB ce IIOCTaBH Ha'laJIOTO
tta 11apcK11 pe)J(l1M B Enmapvrn. OrnoBaHue 3a TOBa MY p;aBa cpaKTa, qe e no-Ba)J(eH
xapaKTepa Ha BJiaCTTa, OTKOJIKOTO C'bCTaB'bT Ha IIO)J;'IHHeHJ!!Te npaBMTeJICTBa.
HoBMRT Ka6vrneT e c TIO'ITM HaTI'blIHO o6ttoBeH cncTaB OT HeJ!l3BeCTHJ!I B noJIMTM-
Kara xopa, KOMTO MJ1HaBaT 3a cne11HaJIHCTM. Ha 2 MapT 1936 r. BOeHHMHT MMHJ!ICT'bp
- reH. XpucTo JlyKoB, 06.RB.RBa pa3TYPHHeTO Ha BoeHHMH C'bI03, ny6m1'IHO nop;Harn
1!3BY1Hem1eTo Ha apMM.RTa 3a HaMecaTa ir B IIOlIHTM'leCKMH )J(HBOT Ha CTpaHaTa M Tnp-
lKecrneHo o6ern;aBa, qe TOBa TIOBe'!e He ll.\e ce IIOBTOpH. Eyp)!(Oa3HHTe napTMM MaKap M
3a6patteHM rrpop;'bJI)J(aBaT p;a Bop;HT rronynerarrHo Chll.\ecrnysaHe enc 3HaHJ!leTO M rrop;
Ha)130pa Ha BJiaCTMTe.
IToJIMTM'!ecKaTa cpep;a B EnmapuH npop;'bJI)l(aBa p;a e aMopqrna 11 6e3IIJIOp;Ho no-
mrrnKaHcrnarn;a. Dopap;11 TOBa MaJIKo H3HeHap;Ball.\O ce IIOHBHBa npe3 MaM 1936 r.
KOH'-1eHTpa1111R OT rreT rrapTMM - E3HC "Bpa6qa i ·: Co11J!laJip;eM0KpaTM'!ecKaTa rrap-
nrn, Ha11110HaJimr6epanHaTa rrapTMH Ha EoHH Cvrnrros, Pap;HKaJIHaTa napnrn Ha f. IT.
feHOB M ,[(eM0KpaT11'IecK11.R croBop. KoaJIJ!l'-lvrnTa p;o611Ba HaMMeHoBaHJ!leTO "DeTop-
Ka" VI Ha 1 IOHM rrop;aBa ap;pec p;o 11apH. Ap;pec'bT KpaTKO M TO'IHO OIIl1CBa C'b3p;ap;eHOTO
crreg 19 Mai1: 1934 r. HeHopMaJIHO rroJIO)J(eHMe. HacTOM'IMBO ce M3MCKBa B'b3CTaHOBH-
BaHeTO Ha KOHCTl1TY~l10HHl1.R pe)J(J!IM no MHJ!l'-lvfanIBa Ha 11apH ..[(TI caMOCTOHTeJIHO
pa3BHBa up;eHTM'IHM c Te3H Ha TieTopKara MCKaHMH. MaJIKMTe "napTMM Ha pep;a" C'bll.\O
82 feoprH MsattoB Khoce1rnaHoB e po,n;eH Ha 19 1rnyaptt 1884 r. B ITell\epa. 3asopurna npaso B

ITapHlK (1905). Pa60TI1 B ,ll;MTIJIOMaTH'leCKHTe npe,n;cTaBVJTeJICTBa Ha oDJirapHJI B PHM (1912), Uap11-
rpa11 (1913-1915), Eeptt (1918-1920), Eeprr11H (1920), ITapHJK (1923-1924) 11 EyKypell\ (1925). Crre.n;
TOBa e rrocrre,n;oBaTeJIHO ffbJIHOMOll\eH MHHIICTDP B fopL\H!I (1926-1931), PyMoHHJI (1931-1933) M
!OrocrraBHJI (1933-1934). 3a HJIKOJIKO MeCeL\a npe3 1934-1935 KhoceMBaHoB e Ha'!aJIHHK Ha KattL\e-
rrapu11ra Ha L\ap Eopuc III, crre)J, Koern cTaBa BoHllleH MMHMCThp B rrpaBHTencTBOTO Ha AH)J.peC! To-
IIJeB, a B Kpa!I Ha fO)J,MHaTa I1 Ml!HMCrbp-rrpe)J.Ce)J,aTeJI. B Kpa!I Ha 1940 r. e Ha3Ha'!eH 3a IloJIHOMOU\eH
MWHHcrop B lliseC!11ap11H, K'b)J,eTo OCTaBa 11 rne.n; ,[(eserocenreMsp11C!cKHJI rrpespaT npe3 1944. YMupa
Ha 27 10n11 1960 r. B Illsetl:11ap11R.
rw cnoAeJUIT. KoMyHHCTHTe ITOAKpern1T li!CKaHli!RTa 3a B'b3Bpn~aHe Ha KOHCT:t1TY~M
RTa. Bn3Ht1KBa onacHocT OT o6eAWHem-Ie Ha QRJiaTa ono3t1QHR (6e3 ABH)KeHJ.1eTo Ha
Arr. UaHKOB) cpe~y QapeABopcKHR pe)KWM. ToBa npwHy)KAaBa QapR ornoBo Aa :t13ne3e
t133aA Kyrrwcli!Te. J!I T031i! IT'bT TOM t13t1rpaBa porrRTa Cli! yMerro.
Ha 6 IOHW 1936 r. EopHc III 3ano•rna cepm1 OT ayAweHQWH c BOAaq11 Ha naprM-
l1Te. Tott pa3roBapR c TRX noOTAeJIHO, KaTo npeHe6perna Harr11q11eTo Ha IlernpKara.
UapRT B'hBe)KAa noJIHTl1Ql1Te B o6c'b)KAaHeTo Ha l13BnHpeAHO CJIO)KHaTa MaTepHR 3a
C'b3AaBaHe Ha umpoKO KOaJIHQJ10HHO npaBJ1TeJICTBO ITOA HeroB KOHTporr. Pe3ynTaT'bT
OT IOHCKOTO IlOJIJ1TJ1qecKO pa3ABH)KBaHe e, qe Ha 4 IOJIJ1 e np0113BeAeHa eAHa He3Ha'IM-
TeJIHa Ka611HeTHa peKOHCTPYKQHR.
BTopoTo npaBJnencTBO ua Khoce11BauoB c'b~o 11Ma npexoAeH xapaKTep l1 ro
HanpaBo rn ro 3aRBRBa (4 10nu: 1936 - 23 OKTOMBpu: 1936). CncTaB'hT e crreAHl1RT:
r. Kboce11BaHoB - MWHHCTnp-npeACeAaTerr H Ml1HHCTnp Ha B'bHlllHWTe pa60T11, Msatt
KpacHOBCKl1 - Mt1Ht1CTbp Ha BnTpernmne pa6on1 11 HapoAHOTo 3ApaBe, ,[(HMl1T'hp
MwrnaC!KoB - Mt1Hl1CT'bp Ha HapoAHOTO npoCBe~em1e, Kwp11rr fyHeB - Mt1H:t1CTDp Ha
qmHaHc11Te, AHrerr Kaparb030B - Ml1Ht1CT'bp Ha npaBOC'hAWeTo, reH. Xp11crn JlyKoB
- MWHHCTnp Ha BOMHaTa, ,[(wM11TDp BnneB - Mt1Ht1CT'bp Ha TnproBWRTa, npoMMillne-
HOCTTa 11 TPYAa, PaAW BacwrreB - Ml1Hl1CT'bp Ha 3eMeAenweTo w Anp)KaBmne l1MOTH,
HH)K. Cnac faHeB - MHHWCTnp Ha 06~ecTBeH11Te crpaA11, nnT11~aTa w 6rraroycTpot'!-
cTBOTO w ToAOP Ko)KyxapoB - Ml1Hl1CT'bp Ha )KeJie3Ht1QttTe, no~wTe 11 C'h06ll.\eHl1RTa.
IlpaBWTeJICTBOTO cw nocTaBR 3a QeJI Aa w3pa60T111 HOB w36wpaTeJieH 3aKoH H Aa rrpo-
BeAe 3aKOHOAaTeJIHJ1 t136opw AO KpaR Ha OKTOMBpt1. I1paBJ1TeJICTBeHaTa nporpaMa OT-
pa3RBa ycrroBWRTa, HaJIO)Kem1 OT UaHKOB B nper0Bop11Te MY c Kboce~rnaHoB. B np11-
C'hCTBHeTo Ha r. Kboce1.rnaHOB Me)KAY npocp. UaHKOB t1 Qap Eopwc III e nocnirnaro
cnopa3yMeHtte npe3 cenTeMBpw- OKTOMBp11 1936 r. Aa ce npoBeAaT napnaMeHTapH11
t136optt. Ilpe3 JIRTOTO MOHapX'bT e B fepMaHt1R t1 CJieA 3aBpn~aHeTO Ct1 o6RBRBa, qe
t136optt HRMa Aa t1Ma npeABt1A HeRCHaTa B'bTpelllHa J1 B'bHilIHa G1TyaQt1R.
I1pe3 JIRTOTO t1 eceHTa Ha 1936 r. Ha npaKTt1Ka ca B'b3B'bpHaTH KOHCTt1TYQl10HHl!-
Te npaBa J1 CB060At1 OTHOCHO CJIOBOTO, neqaTa t1 Cn6paHHRTa. IloJIJ1Tt1qecK:t1Te OIJill
113pa3RBaT MHeH11R, t13JIH3aT napTttMHW t13AaHt1R. Bn3cTaHOBRBa ce opraH:t13a~l10H

Hl1R napTt1eH )Kt1BOT. I1pe3 JIRTOTO noqTJ1 BCt1qKt1 napTt1H npoBe)KAaT KOHcpepeH~~IH.
Ha KOWTO t13rOTBRT 11 nptteMaT cBow nrraTcpopM11. PaCTe caMoqyBcTBHeTo Ha naprl1M-
Te. ,UeM0KpaT11qecKaTa napTHR AeMCTBa caMOCTORTeJIHO, HO ycnopeAHO c TiernpKara.
Hapacrna 3HaqwMOCTTa Ha EPII.
EAHOBpeMeHHO c TOBa B Ka6wHeTa ttapacTBa pernttMOCTTa 3a B'h3CTaHOBRBaHe Ha
6e3napTt1MHJ1R My xapaKTep. UapRT np11eMa TOBa BJ1)KAaHe. 3a r. KboceHBaHOB Hee
TPYAHO Aa npeAl13Bt1Ka HeAOBOJICTBOTO Ha ABaMaTa Ml1Hl1CTpt1 QaHKOBt1CT:t1 Ko)J(yxa-
poB w MwrnattKOB.
Ha 23 OKTOMBpH 1936 r. e t13BnprneHa nopeAHaTa Tpern peKOHCTPJ'KQHJI Ha npa-
BHTeJicTBOTO Ha f. KhoCeJrnaHOB, C KORTO TO B'b3Bp'b~a HaTI'bJIHO 6e3napT:t1MH:t1R Cl!
o6rrwK (23 OKT. 1936 - 21 Ma:if: 1937). Ha MRCTOTO Ha QaHKOBl1CT.t1Te ca BKJIIO'IeHl1 A-P
Hli!Korra II. H11KorraeB KaTo MHHWCTnp Ha HapOAHOTO npoCBe~eHwe 11 M11xa11rr HoBOB
KaTO MJ1Hl1CT'bp Ha )!(eJie3Ht1QJ1Te, TIO~J1Te J1 Tenerpacp11Te. B HOBOTO npam'ITeJICTBO c
HOBA E'bllI'APCKA l1CTOPJ1Jl (1878-1944)
rrpoTeK1-'l-H1 Ha MHHHCT1>p-rrpe.n;cep;aTeJIR 3a Ml1HHCT'bp Ha B'bTpeIIIm1Te pa6oT!1 e Ha-

3Ha'!eH J!lBaH KpacHOBCKH, KOi1:To ce npeBpol1-'a B p;Rrna poKa Ha npeM11epa B 6op6a-
Ta 3a HaJiaraHe Ha 6e3rrapTHMHOCTTa B ynpaBJieHMeTO Ha CTpaHaTa. OTTyK HaceTHe
nocTOBeTe Ha BrracTTa 3.n;paBo, MaKap w He BMHarn BM,D;HMO ce noeMaT OT 1-'ap Eop11c
III. YcrnHoBeHHRT pe)f(HM .n;oCKopo ce Hap11'!aIIIe "MoHapxo¢aIII!13oM': HO TOBa onpe-
gerreH11e He e TO'IHO. Bn3MO)f(H0 e B e.n;Ha MOHapXMR .n;a HMa ¢aIII!13'bM KaTO l/1TaJIHR
Harrp11Mep, HO HHKO.R yBa)f(aBal1-'a ce6e cw MOHapx11qecKa p;oKTptrna He 611 .n;onyrnarra
CMM61103aTa Me)f(.n;y MOHapXH.R H ¢aIIIl131>M. Bo3,D;l1raHeTO Ha MOHapxa B'bB ¢ropep 611
o3Ha'!aBaJio CHH)f(aBaHeTo MY B pattr. Ha KOM MOHapx 611 MY npwrpR6Barro .n;a 60.n;e
BO,D;a'I .n;opw Ha HaM-TOTaJIMTapHaTa napT11R, crre.n; KaTO TOM no .n;e¢11Hl11-'MR OJll11-'eTBO-
pRBa B ce6e cw e.n;MHCTBOTO Ha 1-'RJlaTa Ha1-'MR?
JlMHM.RTa Ha pnKOBO):\HaTa porrR Ha .n;op)f(aBaTa B 0611-'eCTBeHO-IIOJll1Tl1'1eCKMR
lKMBOT Ha CTpaHaTa npO,L\'bJI)f(aBa .n;a B'bpBM B'bB B'b3XO,Il;Rl1-'a IIOCOKa. Crwra ce p;o IIO'l-
Tl1 II'bJIHa perrraMeHTa1-'l1.R Ha MKOHOMl1'!eCKMR )!(J1BOT 11 AO e¢eKT11BHO peryrr11pal1-'a
porrR Ha .n;np)f(aBaTa B OTHOllieHl1R Me)!(.n;y Tpy.n;a l-l Karrwrnrra. Ho BC!1'1KO TOBa, l1 .n;opw
Oll\e rro-.n;o6pe opraHH3HpaHo, e npwcn11-'0 He caMo Ha TOrnmuapHwTe, Ho 11 Ha Hai1:-
geMoKpaTM'IH11Te .n;np)f(aB11, oco6eHo B Haseqep11eTO 11 no speMe Ha Broparn cBeTOBHa
BOMHa. Ta3:11 .n;np)f(aBHa rrorrwTHKa .n;onp11Harn 3a 6op3oTO rrpeo.n;orrRBaHe Ha nocrre.n;-
CTBl1RTa OT KpM3aTa, 3a 3apa)f(.n;aHeTO Ha BH,Il;l1M CTOIIaHCKl1 no.n;eM, 3a no.n;o6pRBaHe Ha
06ll\OTO )f(H3HeHO paBHW~e B CTpaHaTa.
Ilpe3 1936 r. 1-'ap Eopwc III o6RBRBa Mo.n;epH11311paHeTO Ha apM11RTa 3a 3ap;aqa OT
rropsocTeneHHO 3Ha'!eHwe. ToBa BKJIIO'!Ba noB11IIIaBaHe Ka'!eCTBOTO Ha yMeHl1RTa Ha
0¢111-'epJ,fTe l1 Ha OCTaHamITe 'IHHOBe, Ha'!l1HHTe Ha KOMIIJJeKTyBaHe 1'! ynpaBJiem1e Ha
pogoBeTe BOMCKH, ycnBnpllieHcTBaHe Ha BOeHHaTa AOKTpHHa, ):\OCTaBRHe Ha Mo.n;epHo
Boopo)!(eH11e H .n;p. ITpe3 C'b~aTa rogwHa BoeHHOTO Ml1Hl1CTepcTBo pa3pa6oTBa 5-ro-
llWllleH nnaH 3a H3rpa)f(gaHe Ha 3gpaBa 11 6oecnoco6Ha apMttR. IIpegBl1)!():\a ce rr'hJIHO
B'b3CTaHOB.RBaHe Ha Ha6opHaTa CHCTeMa 11 B'b3 OCHOBa Ha HeR yBeJil1'!eHJ1e Ha 'IJ1CJie-
Hl1R C'bCTaB Ha BOMCKOBHTe '!aCTM, M3rpa)!():\aHe Ha BOeHHl1 o6eKTJ111 Ha npei:1np11RT!1R,
rna6p;RBaHe Ha apMH.RTa c Mo.n;epHa TeXHHKa qpe3 BOeHHl1 ):\OCTaBKl1 OT qy)!(6J1Ha.
B pelliaBaHeTo Ha e)f(e):IHeBHHTe Bnnpocw Ha HacerreHtteTo crry)!(11TeJI:11Te-cne-
11wan11cT11 B .n;np)f(aBHHTe Be):\OMCTBa ce OKa3BaT no-KagopHM OT npe):\11IIIHJ1Te nap-
Tl13aHCKM Ha3Ha'!eHHR. 3aTOBa M 6e3napT11MHMTe pe)!(MMH norry'laBaT cpaBHl1TeJIHO
umpoKa o6~ecrneHa nogKperra. ITp11 TOBa xapaKTepHttRT 3a 6orrrapcKoTo 0611-'eCTBo
IIOJil1Tl1'!eCKM rrnypaJIJ131>M ITO):\ Hai1-pa3JIJ1'1HJ1 ¢opM11 J1 C'bC 3HaHMeTO Ha ):\'b p)!(aBHM-
Te 11Hcr11Ty1-'1111 B11pee p;o 1944 r. Ha npaKTHKa ynpasrreHHeTO Ha EopHc III np11rr11qa
Ha aBrop11rnpeH JIM'leH pe)f(MM. L(apRT npoKapBa l13MeHeHl1R, c KOHTO ¢opMaJIHo B1>-
BeJK.n;a Hapop;HoTo cn6paH11e B no):\'ll1HeHo norro)!(eHHe, npvi KoeTO M11H:11cTepcK11RT
C'bBeT e oTroBopeH caMo npep; Hero.
IlpaBMTeJICTBOTO 3aIIO'!Ba IIO):\fOTOBKa Ha 0611-'HHCKH M360p11. 3a 1-'eJITa e l13pa-
6oreH HOB H3611paTeJieH 3aKOH, KO°CITO MaKCMMaJIHO ):\a CTeCHM B'b3MO)f(HOCTMTe Ha
orro3111-'l1RTa. Hapep;6aTa-3aKOH e ny6mrKyBaHa Ha 18 RHyap11 1937 r. Cnopep, HeR
KaHAMAaTyp11Te 3a 06~11HcK11 CbBeTHl11-'l1 TpR6Ba ga ce nocTaBRT egHorrwrno. KaH-
llWAaTHTe He MoraT p;a ce 113p;11raT OT napnrn 11 opraHM3a1-'Ml1. Cne1-'warrHo ce Ha6rrRra,
Pocu4a AH2eno6a
qe KaHp;V1p;aTV1Te He TpR6Ba p;a Vl3nOBRp;BaT "KOMYHVICTVl'IeCKVI VI aHapXVl'IeCKVI :ttge11"

VIJIVI "npoTHBOp;op)KaBHVI pa36V1paHV1R''. Cnc 3aKoHa ce yBeJIVl'IaBa o6pa3oBaTeJIHl1R
QeH3 Ha KaHp;V1p;aTV1Te, KOVITO TpR6Ba p;a ca M'b)Ke Hap; 30-rop;VluIHa Bo3paCT. Yrn'hp-
)K,Il;aBaHeTo Ha KaHp;Hp;aTa ce B'b3Jiara Ha KMeTa, Kot1:To p;a rapaHTVlpa JIORJIHOCTTa MY
K'bM pe)KVIMa. 3a6paHRBaT ce BrnKaKBVI aHTV1npaBV1TeJICTBeHV1 arVITaQVIVI, npep;Bl1)!{):1aT
ce MHOro6pot1:HVI caHKQVIVI 3a HeVl3n'bJIHeHVleTO Ha 3aKOHa. 3aKOH'bT pa3urnpRBa 113611-
paTeJIHVITe npaBa VI Bopxy OM'b)KeHHTe )KeHV1-MaMKVI. 06JIBRBa ce, qe Vl36opJ.1Te ~e ce
npoBep;aT B pa3JIVl'IHHTe 06nacTV1 npe3 tieTV1pV1Te Hep;eneHVI p;HVI Ha MeceQ MapT. Tosa
p;aBa B'b3MmKHOCT p;a ce KOHQeHTpVlpaT 3Haq1nenm1 nOJIV1Qet1:cKV1 qaCTVI TaM, Kogero
ce npoBe)Kp;aT V136opV1Te.
0n03VILV10HHVITe CVIJIH C'b~O ce TOTBRT 3a Vl36opV1Te. TieTOpKaTa ce cnopa3yMHBa
3a C'bBMeCTHVI p;et1:CTBVIR c EKTI, nn
VI qaCT OT E3HC "Tinap;He''. TR nop;roTBR "BceHa-
pop;HO VICKaHe" 3a Bo3CTaHOBRBaHe Ha TnpHoBcKaTa KOHCTVITYQVIR, KOeTo e np11ero
KaTo nnanpopMa 3a BCVl'IKVI HecpaurncTKVI napTVIH VI rpym1. 3anotIBaT p;a ce C"b3gasar
KOHCTVITYQHOHHH Kny6oBe no MeCTa. TieTopKaTa V13pa6oTBa opV1nrnaneH H36opeH
nJiaH, Kotho e op;o6peH VI OT OCTaHaJIJ.1Te on03HQVIOHHl1 CVlml. KoHCTl1TYQHOHHl!Te
Kny6oBe arV1TV1paT p;a He ce 113,Il;IffaT KaHp;Mp;aTVI, a B V136opV1Te p;a ce yqacrna c rro-
3YHT 3a B'b3CTaHOBRBaHe Ha KOHCTHTYQVIRTa, c Hep;et'rcTBVITeJIHa foonenrna 11rr11 c 611n
nnVIK. J1p;eRTa e no T03H Ha'IVIH V136opV1Te p;a ce npeBopHaT B p;onVITBaHe p;o Hapoga no
KOHCTVITYQHOHHHR Bonpoc. TieTopKaTa ce Hap;RBa p;a nonyqJtI p;Ba MVIJIMOHa no3yma 11
TaKa p;a npVIHYAVI p;Bope~a VI npaBVITeJICTBOTO p;a B'b3CTaHoBRBaT KOHCTVITYQl10HH!!H
pe)K11M.
J136opHV1Te pe3yJITaTVI nOJIVIBaT on03M~VIRTa C'bC CTyp;eH p;yrn. TipoBegeHJ1 B yc-
JIOBVIR Ha TepopVICTVl'IeH HanrcK OT CTpaHa Ha BJiaCTVITe, M360pV1Te p;aBaT CJie):\Hl!Te
pe3yJITaTVI: OT rnacyBaJIVITe 1 799 980 M36V1paTeJIV1 CaMO 363 902 TJiacyBaT c JI03YHr 11
Hep;et°ICTBVITeJIHVI 610neTV1HH, a 1 436 078 VIJIVI noBeqe OT 80% - c p;et1:cTBJ1TeJIHl1 6IOrre-
TVIHl1. Pe3ynTaTV1Te noKa3BaT, qe e B'b3MO)KHO p;a 6op;e Vl3rpap;eHa HoBa non11rwieCKa
CVICTeMa, B OCHOBaTa Ha KORTO p;a 3aJierHe "6e3napT11MHOCTTa"
1IeTB1lpTOTO npaBJfTeJICTBO Har. Kboce:uBaHOB (21MaH1937-28 nuyap:111938)
3ana3Ba Rp;poTO Ha npeM11epCKaTa rpyna, HO ep;HoBpeMeHHO c TOBa nop;rnnBa ippaK-
QVIRTa Ha reH. nyKoB. OT CTapHR Ka6V1HeT ca CMeHeHVI TPMMa MVIHVICTPVI VI Ha TeXHl1-
Te MeCTa ca Ha3HatieHVI ep;VIH TBopp; npVIBnp)KeHVIK Ha KboceV1BaHoB - EaHKO EaH-
KOB VI p;BaMa np:vrnnp)KeHHQVI Ha pecpopMVI B paMKMTe Ha TopHOBCKaTa KOHCT11TY1\11il
- AneKcaHp;op 0THRHOB 11 ,[(vrMVITnp EopoB (ocHoBaTeJI H npnB pe1<Top Ha BV1cillero
Y'IVIJIVl~e B CBVl~OB).
Pe3yJITaTV1Te OT 06~V1HCKV1Te H36opV1 p;aBaT yBepeHocT Ha npaBVITencrnoro ga
npV1cTonV1 K'bM nop;roTOBKa Ha napnaMeHTapHVITe H36opV1. KoMVICVIR nop; npegcega-
TeJICTBOTO Ha J1B. KpacHOBCKVI :113pa60TBa npoeKT 3a HOB V136V1paTeJieH 3aKoH. I1pe3
IOJIVI 1937 r. rnt1: e o6cnp;eH B Ka6:vrnern. Me)K.zw p;BeTe rpynVI B Hero Vl36yxBar ocrp~i
pa3HOTJiaCVIR. Cnep; aKTVIBHaTa HaMeca Ha ~ap EopV1c III e nocTVITHaT KOMnpoMHC. Ha
22 OKTOMBpVI 1937 r. e ny6nV1KyBaHa Hapep;6arn-3aKoH 3a napnaMeHTapHVITe J.136opH.
B HeR e Vl30CTaBeHa p;V1peKTHaTa peBVl3:Vrn Ha TopHoBcKaTa KOHCTVITYQHR.
- - - - - - - - HOBA B'DJII'APCKA MCTOPM.H (1878-1944)
Crrope,n; Hape,n;6arn-3aKoH MHHHCTpli1Te HOCJ.!T orroBopHocT npe,n; napnaMeHTa,

f!O B c11yqa:i\i: Ha 611aM co,n;6arn HM pernaBa u;apR, KOMTO e ap6HT'bp Me)f(,n;y TPHTe Blla-
CTH - 3aK0Ho,n;aTe11Ha, Ji13II'blIHHTe11Ha Ji1 co,n;e6Ha. EpoRT Ha p;erryTaTHTe ce HaMa11J.1Ba
OT 274 Ha 160. J.13Ji1CKBaHeTO K'bM KaHp;Hp;aTHTe 3a Hapop;HH npep;CTaBJi1TelIJi1 e p;a ca Ha-
BbpIII1i111Ji1 30 ro,n;HHH, ,n;a ca OT6Hl1Ji1 BOeHHa cny)f(6a, p;a He ca C'bp;eHJil, p;a JilMaT Haqa11HO
o6pa3oBaHHe H orrpe,n;e11eHo 3aHJ.£THe. J136HpaTelIHJi1 npaBa ce npep;oCTaBRT Ha )f(eHJi1-
re H Ha CTy,n;eHTHTe. BceKH KaH,n;lilp;aT perJilcTplilpa KaHp;lilp;aTypaTa CJi'I ep;HOlIJilqHo H B
eAHa KOllerHJ.!. J.13611paTel1HHTe KOllerHJil ce c<t>opMlilpaT npoH3BOlIHO OT 20 p;o 40 XH-
IUIAH Ji136HpaTelIJil, TaKa qe p;a ce y11eCHJil Ji136HpaHeTO Ha npaBJilTelICTBeHJil KaHp;lilp;aTJil.
~36opli1Te ca Ha3HaqeHH 3a qeTlilPlilTe Hep;e11eHJil p;Hlil Ha MapT 1938 r. IIpaBHTencTBe-
f!ara nporpaMa B rrpe,n;li136opHaTa KaMnaHJilJI ce npep;cTaBJI KaTO "HoBa p;eMoKpan;lilR"
5e3 "naKOCTHOTO Hac11ep;CTBO Ha napT1i13aHCTBOTO': a "cTerHaTa Iii )l;JilCQJilillIJilHJilpaHa':
rrponlilTa OT 11,n;eRTa " 3a o6r.qecTBeHa co111i1p;apHocT''. J13T'bKBa ce nplilHQlilII'bT 3a 6e3-
11aprHHHOCT Ha yrrpaB11eHHeTo nplil Hap;Mor.qlile Ha npaBJi1Te11cTB0To Hap; Hapop;HOTO
c'b6paHlile.
I1pe3 1rnyap11 1938 r. Hape.n;6aTa-3aKOH 3a nap11aMeHTapH1i1Te Ji136oplil e npoMe-
f!eHa. l13II'blIHHTelIHaTa BllaCT e IlOCTaBeHa Hap; 3aKOHOp;aTelIHaTa, HO cper.qy TOBa e
orMeHeHo H3HCKBaHeTo KaH,n;Hp;aTJilTe 3a p;enyTaTJil p;a He ca 3acernaTJil OT Hapep;6aTa-
JaKOH 3a 3a6paHa Ha rrapTHJilTe. TaKa ce Ha11ara pap;lilKalIHJilJI BaplilaHT Ha KbocelilBaHOB
Ja noT'brrKBaHe Ha TopHoBcKaTa KOHCTlilTYQlilJI cper.qy omap;aHe Ha 3a6paHaTa 3a p;ew-
~Hre Ha 61i1BllIHTe rrapTHH ,n;a yqacTBaT B nap11aMeHTapH1i1Te Ji136oplil.
IleTHHT Ka61rneT ua K.I>oce1rnattoB (28 JrnyapH 1938 - 14 uoeMBpH 1938) e
WMoreHeH KaforneT OT e,n;JilHOMJilIIIlleHJilQJil no OCHOBHHTe B'brrpoCH Ha p;'bp)f(aBHaTa
ypeA6a. l1311Ji13aT reH. JlyKoB H cnop;Blil)f(HlilQHTe MY EopoB Iii OrmrnoB, p;oKaTo npe-
MHepa ry611 caMo CBOR qoBeK KpacHOBCKJil. BKmoqeHH ca: reH. Teop;oCH .[(acKa110B
- Ml1HHCT'bp Ha Boil:HaTa, H. H1i1K011aeB - MlilHHCT'bp Ha B'bTpernHHTe pa6oTJil, CTOJIH
HttKvrq,opoB - Mli1HHCT'bp Ha TDproBJilJ.!Ta, J1111i1J.1 Ko)f(yxapoB - MHHHCT'bp Ha rrpaBo-
CbA11eTO, rrpo<l>. feoprH MaHeB - MlilHJilcT'bp Ha npocBer.qeHJileTO.
IIpaBHTeJICTBOTO TpecKaBo roTBJil nap11aMeHTapH1i1Te Ji136oplil, HO vrMa npo611eMJil
crrpep;cTaBJ.!HeTo Ha co6cTBeHJi1 6e3naprnnHH KaHp;Hp;arn. Ilopap;H TOBa TO npep;rrplil-
eMa 3HaqJ1TeJIHH ycHJIHJ.! ,n;a rrp1i106r.q1i1 rOlIJIM 6po:i\i: nplilB'bp)f(eHJilQJil Ha 6HBIIIJi1Te Il011Jil-
THqecKJi1 rrapTHJil, rnaBHO xopa OT MeCTHO 3HaqeHJile. HaMHpaT ce MHoro 11Hn;a, KOJilTO
ce IIO,[l,[laBaT Ha yx<l)l(BaHHJ.!Ta Ha pe)f(JilMa rrpep;lil BCJilqKo nopap;lil KapHeplilCTJilqHJil C'b-
o6pa)f(eHJilJ.!. ToBa e H 6e11er 3a ynap;oK Ha 6yp)f(Oa3Hli1Te rrapTlillil.
3a li136opHTe ce roTBH H orro3JilD;lilJITa. TR C'bYMJIBa ):la 3arra3Jil rroCTlilrHaTOTO Ha
06rn;11HCKJi1Te Ji136opli1 e,n;HHCTBO. I1pep;Ji136opHaTa 6op6a HOCJil HanpernaT xapaKTep
11 ce rrpoBe)l(,n;a B ycnoBHR Ha Tepop. TaKa npe3 MapT 1938 r. rrpaBHTe11cTBOTO oc'b-
I11eCTBRBa yttHKaneH eKcrrepHMeHT - npoBe)f(p;a 3aKoHo,n;aTelIHJil Ji136oplil 6e3 napTlillil.
Orro3.l1Qli1J.!Ta rronyqaBa llIHpoKo rrpep;cTaBJilTencTBo B HC. OT 160 p;erryTaTJil 97 ca
rrpaBHTe11cTBeHM, a 63-orro3MQJilOHHlil. B p;encTBJi1Te11HocT rrap11aMeHTapHaTa KapTHHa
erro-c110)f(Ha. CTo M rreT,n;eceT OT BClil"IKJilTe p;erryTaTH B Mli1Ha110To ca q11eHyaa11Jil B
no1111T.11qecKJil rrapTHH. IIpaBHTencTBeHoTo MH03Ji1HCTBO Hee ep;lilHHO.
Pocu4a AH2e11oaa
Cnep; qenfp:wrop;:wurno npeK'bCBaHe Hapop;HoTo co6pamie nop;HOBRBa p;et:rnocrra

rn:. XX.IV OHC e OTKpwTo Ha 22 Mat:i: c TPOHHO CJIOBO Ha u;ap Eopwc III. 3a npegceAa-
TeJI e 1136paH CTot:l:qo MyrnaHOB. fJiaBHaTa u;en Ha npaBwTeJicTBOTO e p;a ce rnac)'BaT
113p;ap;eH11Te CJiep; 19 Mat:i: 1934 r. Hapep;6w-3aKOHl1 l1 c TOBa p;a ce neran11311pa pe)l(l1M'bT.
UenTa e nocTwrHaTa.
OT CBOR CTpaHa ono311u;wJITa B n:wu;eTo Hat1:-BetJe Ha E3HC "Bpa6qa l" l13Hao1
npwHu;wnHa 6op6a 3a B'b3CTaHOBRBaHe Ha TopHOBCKaTa KOHCTIHyu;wR 11 CBop3am1-
Te c HeR rno6op;w w npep;w BCW-IKO rno6op;aTa Ha rnoBOTO 11 Ha netJaTa. Ono3Hl\Ml!Ta
npO.llBJrna CBOR rpap;wBeH p;yx, KaTO nop;Kpern1 HJIKOJ!I TIOJie3Hl1 npep;JIO)l(eHJrn Ha MH0-
3l1HCTBOTO.
Tipe3 HoeMBpw 1938 r. u;ap Eop:wc III nora3Ba OCHOBH:WRT npw11u;11n Ha Harrara-
HaTa aBTop:wTapHa CJ!ICTeMa - 3a Hap;MOl..l\Me Ha l13TI'bJIHl1TeJIHaTa BJiaCT Hag 3aKOHO-
p;aTeJIHaTa. B napnaMeHTa e 6naM11pa1-1 qnmaHCOBWR MMHMCT'bp K11pwn fyHeB 11 TOBa
p;oBe)l(p;a p;o OCTaBKaTa Ha Ka6MHeTa.
llleCTOTO npaBHTeJICTBO (14 HOeMBpH 1938-15 4>esp. 1940) l1Ma rnep;Hl1R C'bC-
TaB: r. Khoce11BaHOB - MWH:WCT'bp -npep;cep;aTeJI 11 Ml1Hl1CTop Ha B'bHIIIHHTe pa6orn
:l1 113n0Bep;amuna, o. 3. reH. HwKoJia Hep;ea - Ml1Hl1CTop Ha BoTpernH11Te pa6onr w
Hapo):(HOTO 3,[(paae, npocp. EorgaH <t>wnoB - Ml1Hl1CTop Ha HapogHoTo npocBell\em1e,
,Uo6pH EO)l(HJIOB - MHHMCT'bp Ha cp11Hanc11Te, Bac1rn MwTaKOB - Ml1Hl1CTop Ha npaBo-
C'b):(:HeTo, reH. Teogocw .[(aCKaJioB - Ml1Hl1CTop Ha Bot:l:HaTa, g-p CnaBtJo 3aropoB - Ml1-
Hl1CTop Ha ToproBWJITa, npoMMWJieHocTTa 11 Tpy,n:a, J1BaH EarpJIHOB 83 - MHHI1CTop Ha
3eMegenweTo 11 g'bp)l(aBHHTe l1MOTI1, HH)I( . .[(wMHTop BacwneB - MMHMCTop Ha o6ll\ecr-
BeH:HTe crpap;11, TI'bTl11..l\aTa :l1 6naroyCTpot1:cTBOTO J,f TieT'bp fa6poBCKH - Ml1Hl1CTbp Ha
)l(eJie3Hl1D;HTe, TIOl..l\MTe M Tenerpaqn1Te.
TipaB:HTeJICTBOTO npO):('bJI)l(aBa I13rpa)!(,[(aHeTO Ha Ka3HOHH:l1Te npocpernoHaJJHW
opraH:w3au;1111. Ha 28 11 29 Maw 1939 r. no 11m1u;11aT11Ba Ha Ml1Hl1CTopa Ha Borpern-
Hl1Te pa60T11 11 p;wpeKTop Ha IllyMeHcKa o6JiaCT Ka3aHaKJil1eB, B'bB BeJIHKO TopHoBo
ce npoBe)!(ga Tp:Hp;eceTXMJIJip;eH cencKocTonaHcKw co6op. YKpenBa :w ce ocpopMR l\ll-
JiocTHl1.ll 06m1K Ha EonrapcKl1.ll pa60THWiecK11 C'bl03, Ha 061..1\11.ll C'bI03 Ha 6omapCK11-
Te m-1,n:yCTp11anu;11, Ha CoI0311Te Ha 3aHaRT'IJ!IMTe 11 Ha Topr0Bu;11Te.
83 11BaH Earp11HoB e poi:1eH Ha 17 OKTOMBpM 1891 B c. Bo):leH, Pa3rpa):ICKO. Toti 3aBopurna Bo-
eHHOTO )"Il1JIJ!I~e B Coqnrn 11 r1aCTBa B EaJIKaHCKHTe Ji! TiopBaTa CBeTOBHa BOt°!Ha Karo ocp1111ep OT
apr1111epmrra. Tipe3 1919 r. e yBoJIHeH c '!11H Mat°mp. Tipe3 rnei:1Ba~11re ro):IIIHJ!I roJ71 BJJH3a B ttaC1-
611M3KOTO 06Kp'b)l(eH11e Ha u;ap Eop11c III Ji! ocraBa 611113'bK c Hero AO KpaH Ha )l(HBOTa My. B Ha'larroro
Ha 20-re Earp>IHOB yq11 rrpaBo B CY 11 arpoHOMCTBO B Jiatim_\Hr. Tot"! ornosaBa e):IHO or nopB11Te Ha-
Y'IHO opraH11311paHJ!I JeMei:1e11cK11 crorraHCTBa B Eomapmr -Max3ap naurn Kpati Pa3rpai:1. Or 1938110
1944 e npei:1cei:1are11 Ha 06~11>I C'b103 Ha 3eMei:1e11cK11re cronaHCKJ!I 3a/:lpyrn. EarpRH OB e MHHHCT'hp Ha
3eMei:1e1111ero l1 /:l'bp)l(aBHY!Te 11MOTl1 B rpeTOTO 11 '!eTB'bpTOTO rrpaB11TeJICTBO Ha r. Kboce11BaHOB l1 B
rrpasY1re11crnoro Ha E. 11110B. TI pe3 JI>Iroro Ha 1944 rot"! ornaBJrna 60-roro rrpas11rencrno Ha o'hnra-
pmr Ji! 3arro'!Ba rrperoBopw 3a CKJIJO'!BaHe Ha rrpwM11p11e c Be11wK06pwraH11>I 11 CAIQ. Ha 2 cenr. 1944
Earp>IHOB ce OTTerJI>I, 3a ):la 6'b):le C'bCTaBeHO HOBO rrpa.BY!TeJICTBO, Karo IIOCJie):leH OIIHT 3a npe110-
rnparnBaHe Ha Harra):leHwero Ha CoBeTCKY!>I C'b103 cpe~y Eo11rap11>I. C11ei:1 rrpespara or 9 cenreMsp11
Earp>IHOB e cpei:1 oc'b):leHwre Ha CM'bpr or r. Hap. Hapoi:1eH C'b):I. Toti e eKJeKyrnpaH Ha l cpespyapH
1945. Tipe3 1996 rrpwc'b):laTa e OTMeHeHa c PeIIIeH11e N2 172 Ha BopxoBHJ!I>I C'b/:I.
HOBA E'bflI'APCKA l1CTOPJ1Jl (1878-1944)
ITocTerreHHO ce JIMKBM,n;MpaT neranHMTe opraHM3aQMM Ha pa3TypeHMTe napnrn 11

ce HaC'bp'IaBa pa3BMTI1eTO Ha po,n;omo611m1Te I1 Tpa;a;MQI10HHO Ha;a;rrapTMMHHTe - 'IH-
TaJIHIQa, KoorrepaQMM H rrp. CrropTHHTe, Kymypmue, pen11mo3HHTe, KoorrepaTHBHH
llP· opraHM3aQHH ce rrocrnBRT rro;a; Hap;3op. Bnpxy rre'IaTa e HaJio){(eHa QeH3ypa. ,Ihp-
)l(aBaTa ce HaMeCBa B pa6oTMTe Ha B'hnrapcKaTa rrpaBoCJiaBHa Q'bpKBa M rrpe3 1937 r.
eK3apxMI1CKHR ycTaB e rrpoMeHeH. 3arnnsa ce pen11mo3HOTO 06pa3osam1e B Y'IMJIH-
~aTa. Q'bpKBaTa e rrpeB'bpHaTa B C'bCTaBHa qacT Ha HOBaTa CMCTeMa.
B EBporra cKopocTHO ce pa3BHBaT cn6HTHR, KOI1TO ysepeHo BO;a;RT ;a;o H36yXBa-
HeTO Ha HOBa fOJIRMa BOMHa. I1po6JieMv!Te Ha BnHIIIHOIIOJIMTH'IeCKaTa opHeHTaQMR
1106JirnaT BCe IIO-fOJIRMa Te){(eCT B pa3BHTHeTO Ha IIOJIHTHqecKMTe CHJIH H BnB B3aHMO-
OTHOWeHHRTa Me){(,n;y TRX. I1pe3 rrponeTTa Ha 1939 r. TiernpKaTa Ha npaKTHKa He C1J-
~ecrnysa. I10,n;rr11cBaHeTo Ha repMaHO-CnBeTCKMR rraKT OT 23 asrycT 1939 r. rrpep;H3-
Bl1KBa rrpoMRHa B rro3HQMHTe Ha EKTI. EKTI o;a;o6pRBa rraKTa H cno6pa3HO c HacoKMTe
Ha CnBeTCKaTa IIOJIMTI1Ka rro,n;nara Ha Rpocrna KpHTHKa rrapTHH H rpyrrHpOBKM c aH-
rrro-cppeHCKa opHeHTaQMR. ITapTMRTa ce OTTerJIR OT IIOJIHTHKaTa Ha C'bTPYAHH'IeCTBO
c OIT03HQMRTa J1 J13,ll;Mra Ha rrpe,n;eH rrJiaH H3Il'bJIHeHMeTO Ha q11cTO COQMaJIHM 3ap;a'IM.
Ha 1 cerrTeMBpM 1939 r. c HaxnysaHeTO Ha repMaHCKM BOMCKH B Tionwa 3arrotJBa
BropaTa CBeTOBHa BOI1Ha. ITpe,n; ,n;sopeQa B'b3HMKBa Heo6xo;a;MMocTTa OT rro-rrJI'bTeH
KOHTpon B'bpxy BJiacTTa. HC c nrnpoKo rrpe;a;crnseHa ono3MQMR Mc HernrypHo M Hey-
sepeHo MH03MHCTBO MO)Ke B 6'h,n;eIQe ;a;a C'b3p;asa Hey;a;o6crna B npose){(;a;aHeTO Ha B1>-
rpenrnarn M B'bHWHaTa rroJIMTMKa, HacoqBaHa OT QapR. Tipe3 OKTOMBpM XXIV OHC e
pa3rryCHaTo. :Vfa6opMTe 3a HOBO OHC ca Hacpoqem1 B He;a;eJIMTe OT KpaR Ha ;a;eKeMBpM
1939 r. ;a;o KpaR Ha RHyapM 1940 r. B xo;a; c OJ:Qe no-roJIRMO ycnp;a;Me ca nyCHarn BCM'IKM
Il03HaTJ1 IIOXBan1 3a rreqeJieHe Ha I136opI1 OT cTpaHa Ha rrpaBMTeJICTBOTO.
Ba){(Ha ponR B rrpe,n;M36opHaTa KaMnaHMR npM;a;o6MBaT KOHQeIIQirnTe Ha rroJIMTM-
qecKMTe CJ1JIJ1 ITO B'bHlllHaTa IIOJIJ1TJ1Ka. foJIRMaTa 'IaCT OT 6yp){(Oa3HaTa OII03J1QJ1R e
3a HeyTpaJIMTeT Ha CTpaHaTa, HO c aHrJio-cppeHCKa opI1eHTaQJ1R. TipaBMTeJICTBeHaTa
rrnaTcpopMa C'bll\O HOCI1 HeyTpaneH xapaKTep, HO C'b06pa3eH c repMaHCKaTa II03J1QJ1R.
3ae;a;Ho c ToBa ce M3T'bKBaT ,n;o6pMTe B3aMMOOTHOIIIeHMR enc CnBeTCKMR C'bI03, HacT'b-
mrnu rne,n; rro,n;m1CBaHeTo Ha repMaHO-C'bBeTCKMR rraKT. KoMyHMCTMTe ce rrpoI13HaCRT
ocrpo rrponrn AHrnttR 11 <I:>paHQHR KaTO no;a;naJIBa'IM Ha BOI1Ha M HacTORBaT 3a c6Jrn-
lKeHue M C'bl03 c'bc C'bBeTCKMR c'bro3.
ITpaBMTeJICTBOTO c 58% OT rro;a;a,n;eHMTe rnacose rronyqasa Heo6xo;a;MMOTO MY
MH03MHCTBO B HC, B KOeTo BKapBa 140 OT o6J:Qo 160 ,n;enyTaTM. KoMyHMCTMTe MMaT 10
11erryrnTH, E3HC "I1nap;He" - 5 ,n;erryTaTM, a E3HC "Bpa6qa l" - HMTO e;a;HH. B rrpe;a;Mrn-
Horo Hapo,n;Ho C'b6paHMe .E3HC "Bpa6qa 1" J1Ma HaM-MHOfO MaH;a;aTJ1 OT OII03HQHRTa
-29. Ha 15 cpeBpyapM 1940 r. KboceMBaHoB rn no;a;aBa oCTaBKaTa no "3;a;paBOCJIOBHI1
np11qJ1HI1" M e M3rrpaTeH KaTo II'bJIHOMOIQeH MHHMCTnp B lllBel1QapMR. MHHMCT'bp-
npegce;a;aTeJicKMRT rrocT e 3aeT OT rrpocp. Eor;a;aH <PMJIOB.
OcHOBHOTO B cToIIaHcKaTa 11011u:Tu:Ka Ha 6nnrapcKaTa ):lnp){(aBa rrpH rrpaBM-
rerrcrsaTa Ha r. Kboce:irnaHOB e no-HaTaTnlllHO pa3rpnIQaHe J1 3a):l'bJI6o'IaBaHe Ha
/l'hp)l(aBHaTa HaMeca B HKOHOMMKaTa Ha CTpaHaTa. HacT'bIIMJIMRT CTOIIaHCKJ1 IIO):leM
/IOBe)l():la ):10 CTa6:irnM31i1paHe Ha qmHaHCMTe J1 yBeJIM'IaBaHe Ha rrpI1XO):IJ1Te B ):l'bp){(aB-
369
Pocuu,a AH2enoaa
H.11.H 610,rp1<eT. ToBa c'b3p;aBa B'b3MO)l(HOCT.l1 3a no-pe3yJITaTHO pernaBaHe Ha HRK011 or
HaH-Ba)l(HHTe npo6JieM.11 Ha 6onrapCKaTa p;'bp)l(aBa 3a MOMeHTa: yCKopeHoTO npeB'h-
op'b)l(aBaHe Ha apM.11.HTa, pa3rpnrn,aHe Ha J1HTeH3J1BHO CTpaTerwieCKO CTp011TeJICTBO,
C'b3p;aBaHe Ha Heo6xop;11M11Te pe3epB11 c ornep; Ha np116JI11)1(aBarn,aTa BOHHa. Em 3all\O
yrrpaBmrnarn,.11Te cpep;.11 ca 3a.11HTepecoBaH.11 p;bp)l(aBaTa p;a B'b3p;ei7IcTBa B MaKrnMarrHa
CTerreH 3a no-HaTaT'blllHOTO pa3BJ1T.l1e Ha HKOHOMJ1'IeCKJ1R nop;eM.
Hat:i-xapaKTepeH 3a 1<pep;.11THaTa noJIHTHKa e rrpoBe)l(p;aHH.HT Bceo6xBaTeH KOH-
TpoJI OT EHE Bnpxy p;eHHOCTTa Ha '-laCTHHTe 11 T'bproBcK11Te 6aHKJ1. 3acmrna ce 3Ha-
'-leH.11eTo Ha 6aHKa "EoJirapcKw 1<pep;11T", KORTO ce rrpeBp'b~a B cTa6wJieH Kpep;11rnp 3a
ep;p11Te qrnpMw B TnproBHRTa u HHlWCTPlrnTa. TioCTenemm Kpep;HT'bT CTaBa Tpy11no-
p;ocT'bneH u ce oTrrycKa np11 MHoro B11co1<11 JIHXBVI. Ep;Ba B Ha'!aJIOTo Ha 1937 r. Hapo11-
HOTO cn6pa1-rne rrp11eMa 3aKOH 3a I-IaMaJIRBane na m1xBen11R rrpoQeHT 3a B'hTpewmm
p;op)l(aBHH 3aeMw, 1<oeTo oKa3Ba noJIO)l(J1TeJIHo BJIJ1RH11e. B 6aHKOBaTa c11cTeMa Karo
Tpai71Ha TeHp;eHQH.H ce HaJiara JIHKB11p;V1paneTo Ha He)l(l13Hecnoco6n11Te 6aHK!1. ITpe3
1935 r. '-laCTHHTe 6aHKH ca 99. B Ha'!aJioTo Ha 1939 r. Te ca 87, KaTo 16 OT rnx ca B rrpo-
Qec Ha 0611..~eCTBeHa JIVIKB11p;aQV1JI, a p;pyrVI 30 B IlOJIO)l(eH11e Ha cpaKTJ1'1eCKa JIHKB!1,!1a-
QVIJI. Cpep; '-laCTHJ1Te 6aHKH HaH-MOlll,Ha e EonrapcKa ToproBCKa 6aHKa. no KaII11Tal!OB
pecypc TR ce Hape)l(p;a Ha BTOpO MRCTO cnep; Kpep;HTHa 6aHKa, B KORTO rrpe3 1938 r.
p;op)l(aBaTa VIMa 83%.
,D;op)l(aBHHTe cpV1HaHCJ1 ca B Te)l(KO C'bCTORHHe. TioCTeneHHO 610p;)l(eTmrn geqm-
QJ1T c~ rrpeop;OJIRBa c pelllUTeJIHH Meponp11RTVIR KaTO npoBe)l(p;aHeTO Ha B'bTpernmt
3aeMV1, HaMaJIRBaHe Ha l13p;po)l(KaTa Ha Tiorac.11TeJIHaTa Kaea, yBeJI.11'laBaHe Ha napw1-
HOTO 06porn,eH11e u p;p. EJiarop;apeHwe Ha B3eTwTe MepK.11 OT 1936 r. HaTaT'bK 610,ri)Ke-
T'bT Ha CTpaHaTa CTaBa 6aJiaH01paH, 3a KOeTO CIIOMara H HaCT'bIIVIJIJ1JI rrop;eM B !1KO-
HOMHKaTa.
fJiaBeH l13TO'-IHJ1K Ha p;oxop;11Te Ha p;op)l(aBaTa OCTaBaT T. Hap KOCBeH!1 gaHbljvl.
OcHOBHaTa '-lacT OT KOCBeHwTe p;aH'bQH ca MHTHH'-lecKwTe o6JiaraHHJI, aKQJ1311Te, rep-
60B.11JI HaJior 11 T. Hap. p;'bp)l(aBH11 npV1B11Jierw11. 3aep;Ho c TOBa rJiaBHaTa rrpwrnHa 3a
yBeJI11'-leH11Te npwxop;u Ha p;op)l(aBaTa e HaCT'bilHJI11JI 111<0HoM11'-leCKH rrop;eM, KOMTO
p;oHacJI l13BecTHO nop;o6peH11e B )1(113HeHoTo paBirnrn,e Ha 3Ha'-111TeJIHa '-laCT OT Hacerre-
H11eTo: yBeJIVl'-laBa ce KOHCyMaQ11JITa, pa3llII1pJIBaT ce B'bTpelllHHJI 11 B'bHll1HJ1Jl CTOK00-
6opoT u TOBa p;aBa Bep;Hara rnoeTo 0Tpa)l(eH11e Bopxy pocTa Ha p;op)l(aBH11Te np11Xo,11;1.
Hat:i-rorrRM p;RTI B pa3xop;HaTa '-lacT Ha 610p;)l(eTa 3aeMa norarnBaHeTo Ha p;op)!(aBH11re
p;'bnroBe. B T0311 rrep11op; p;'hp)l(aBaTa He e B cocTomrne p;a norarnBa p;orrroaeTe, rn H3-
TIJiarn,a CaMO JIHXBHTe no TJIX. Hy)l(p;HTe Ha OT6paHaTa VI CTpaTefVl'-leCKOTO CTpo11rerr-
CTBO HaJiaraT p;a ce B3eMaT Bee HOBVI VI HOBVI 3aeMV1. B KpaJI Ha 1938 r. p;bp)l(aBaTa HMa
13 700 MJIH JIB. B'bHllleH J.1 8 300 MJIH. JIB. B'bTpellleH p;'bJir.
,D;op)l(aBHaTa TIOJIVITHKa B o6JiaCTTa Ha ceJICKOCTOTiaHCKOTO rrpOV13BO):\CTBO ce
npoBe)l(p;a Hatf-Be'-le '-1pe3 ,D;11peKQ11JITa 3a 3a1<ynJBaHe 11 113HOC Ha 3'bpHeH11 xpam1.
B cpep;aTa Ha 30-Te rop;V1H11 Hapep; c MOHonoJia Bopxy 3opHeHo-xne6HV1Te Kyrrryp11
TJI OC'blll,eCTBJIBa 11 T'bproB11JITa C'bC CJI'bH'-IOfJiep;OBO ceMe, opI.130BaTa- apna, KOHOITa 11
naMyKa. OT 1939 r. )J;upeKQ11JITa pa3ru11pJIBa 3Ha'-IV1TeJIHO CBOJITa p;ei71HocT, KaTo 06-
HOBA E'b!IIAPCKA MCTOPMJl (1878-1944)
xsa~a J13KyrryBaHeTo Ha u;apeB11u;aTa, el.feM11Ka, oseca, perrnu;aTa, p11u;11HoBOTO ceMe,

BbJIHaTa 11 KIOCIIeTO OT MaCJIO,!l;aHH11Te ceMeHa. I1o T0311 Haq1rn TR pa3rp'b~a ,n;eHHOCT,
HeII03HaTa ,!J;OToraBa 3a e,n;HO CTOIIaHCKO yqpe)l(p;eH11e B LI;RJiaTa 11CTOp11R Ha 6yp)l(Oa3-
Ha EomapmI.
KpyrrHo Meporrp11RT11e OT arrp11n 1937 r. e C'b3p;asaHero Ha 3eMep;eJicK11Te KaMa-
pw. UeJITa e .n;a ce rro.n;rroMortte MwmtcTepcTBOTO Ha 3eMep;enwero rrpw orrpep;eJIRHe
Ha OCHOBH11Te HaCOKJ1 Ha ceJICKOCTOIIaHCKaTa IIOJIMTMKa Ha CTpaHaTa. CoCTaB'bT Ha
KaMapwTe e OT 30 M36opHM mru;a 11 TPHMa, Ha3Haqasamr OT MHH11CTepcTBOTO. OceM
OT M360pH11Te ce 113Jl'b'IBaT OT ceJICKMTe Koonepau;MM, oceM - OT o6~MHMTe M 14 - OT
3eMeT\eJICKO-CTOIIaHCK11Te 3ap;pyrw. I1o T03M Ha'IMH ce u;emr M3p;11raHeTO aBTOpMTeTa
Ha 3ap;pyrnTe.
3a6eJie)l(MTeJieH rrop;eM B pa3mnwero Ha MMHMcTepcTBOTO Ha 3eMep;enweTo Ha-
CTbIIBa rrpe3 HOeMBp11 1938 r. c Mp;BaHeTO Ha MsaH EarpRHOB 3a Heros MMHMCTnp. B
rrpop;'bJI)KeH11e Ha e.n;na rop;1rna 3eMep;eJICKMRT MMHMCTnp ycrrRBa p;a rrpoKapa pe.n;wu;a
3aKOHM: 3a r10BMII.IaBaHe Ha 113KYIIHMTe u;eHM Ha HRKOM ceJICKOCTOTiaHCKM npOM3Bep;e-
Hlrn, 3a oc11rypRBaHe Ha rro-eBTMH Kpe,n;wT 3a ceJicKocTorraHcKM Hy)l(p;11, 3a ynectrnsane
crpowTeJICTBOTO Ha ceJICKOCTOIIaHCKM crpap;w, 3a nop;o6pRBaHe Ha HRKOM Ba)l(H1111H-
11ycrpwaJIHJ1 KYJITyp11. Pa3pa6orna ce HOB neuop;wwen nJiaH 3a pa3BMTHe Ha cencKOTO
cronaHCTBO.
MH,n;ycTp11aJIHaTa rromtTHKa Ha 6nmapCKaTa p;bp)l(aBa npw Ka6m1eTMTe Ha Kboce-
1rnaHoB rrpo.n;'hJI)KaBa JIMHMJITa Ha p;eBeTHap;eceroMafru;w 3a npeMaxBaHe Ha npoBe)l(p;a-
Hara IIOBel.fe OT 40 rop;m-rn TIOJIMTHKa Ha "HacbpqaBaHe Ha MeCTHaTa npOMMillJienoCT",
KaKro M 3a rro-rnBKaBo rrpwJiaraHe Ha c11cTeMaTa Ha "npernTeHoCT''. Ha 27 asryCT 1936
r. e ny6n11KysaHa Hape.n;6ara-3aKOH 3a HHp;yCTpMRTa. Cnopep; MHHMCTnp Bones TR ce
6a3upa Ha TPM OCHOBH11 rrpttHu;Hrra: pernaMeHTau;uR, pau;woHaJI113au;wR M Hacop'Ie-
H11e. Har"r-.n;o6pe H D;RJIOCTHO e 113RBen rrpwm~MII'bT Ha pemaMe1-nau;MJITa. ~np)KaBH11-
re opraHw rrp11.n;o611BaT rrpaBo .n;a o6RBJIBaT "npeCMTeHoCT", p;a p;asaT pa3perneH11e 3a
OTKpMBaHe Ha HOBO npe.n;npHRTMe 11JI11 pa311I11pRBaHe Ha C'b~ecrnysa~o, 113MeHeHMe
Ha npmt3BO,[\CTBOTO MJIJ1 npeMeCTBaHe Ha npep;np11RT11e OT ep;11H paJioH Ha CTpaHaTa
B11pyr. JhtHMJ!Ta Ha pau;1110Hamnau;1rn BKJIIO'IBa l13BeCTIIM 113MCKBaHl1R 3a KOHTpOJI no
reXHOJIOrMJ!Ta, CTaH.n;apT113aD;11JITa M cneu;waJIM3aD;MHTa Ha npOM3BO,[\CTBOTO, pa3pa-
6ornane Ha nJiaHoBe 11 nporpaMH 3a no.n;o6pRBaHe Ha npov13sop;crneHl1H npou;ec H np.
Te He ce pernaMeHTHpaT TO'IHO, a 3By'IaT IIOBel.fe KaTO IJO)l(eJiaHMH. mo ce ornarn p;o
HacbpqaBattero, TO ce 113pa3JIBa B 06JieKl.feH11R 3a npw.n;ofornaHe Ha TepeHM 3a CTpow-
rencrno M rrptt o6JiaratteTo c .n;aHnu;w, npw ornrypRBaHero Ha Mecrnw cypoBMHM 11 Ha
11op)!(aBH11 rropo'IKH. li1KOHOM11l.fecK11RT Bo3xop; Jiwqw M TYK. Ep;pwTe npep;npHHTMH B
llHl\YCTpHRTa ce yBenwrnBaT OT 891 rrpe3 1934 r. Ha 2 164 npe3 1939 r. Coornornrnwe-
ro Me)l(p;y JieKara 11Te)KKara111-I,!J;yCTp11R e 77:23 B noJI3a Ha JieKaTa. Ha:Cr-roJIRM e p;eJI'bT
HaxpaHMTeJIHO-BKYCOBaTa, a HaH-MaJI'bK Ha CT'bKJiapCKaTa npOMMllIJieHOCT.
3a npoB TI'hT B 11cTop1rnra Ha Eonrap11R ce npwcTnnBa K'bM u;RJIOCTHa pernaMeH-
Tal\MH Ha BoTpenrnara ToproBHR. B KpaR Ha 1936 r. e np11eTa Hapep;6aTa-3aKoH 3a
BorpenmaTa ToproBHR. C tte.1-1 ce C'b3p;asa Bwcrn ToproncK11 C'bBeT K'bM MMHMCTep-
Pocu4a AHze110Ba
CTBOTO Ha ToproB11.HTa KaTO HeroB KOHCYJITaT11BeH opraH. ,Uop)J(aBaTa HaJiara CTpor

KOHTpon Bopxy B'bHI.UHaTa ToproB11.H. BHOC'bT 11 113HOC'bT ce poKOBO)J;RT OT .II;11peKI.jl1JI
Ha B'bHI.UHaTa Topromrn. ,U11peKQl1J1Ta np11p;o611Ba npaBoTo p;a opraH11311pa 3a,Il;'blDKl1-
TeJIHO 113HOC11TeJI11Te OT p;a,n;eH 6paHI.U, ,n;a pernaMeHT11pa QRJiaTa rnxHa B'bHlllHOT'bp-
fOBCKa ,n;eti:HOCT. qaCTH11Te 113HOC11TeJI11 ce o6naro,n;eTeJICTBaT qpe3 C'b3p;a,n;emrn rrpe3
1935 r. EKcnopTeH 11HcT11TyT. BoHI.UHOToproBCK11RT cToKoo6opoT ce yBeJiwrnsa 2,5
TI'bT11. Ha,n; 60% OT BHoca 11 Ha,n; 56% OT 113Hoca Ha Eonrap11R ce OC'bI.QeCTBRBa c fepMa-
H11R Ha 6a3aTa Ha CKJiroqeHa KJI11p11HroBa cnoro,n;6a. ,lJ,ocTaBRT ce BaroHM, rrapaxOAH,
CTOMaHa, KaM110Hl1, Xl1M11qecKl1 TopoBe, CT'bKJIO, KayqyK l1 np., a ce l13HaOI Meco, rp03-
,n;e, IlJIO,Il;OBe, 3eJieHqYQl1, Bl1HO, TIT11Ql1 l1 TfOTfOH.
BonpeKM cep1103Hl1Te CTI'bHKH, KoonepaTMBHOTO p;eno npo,n;omKaBa ,n;a ce pa3-
pacrna. B CTpaHaTa ,n;eti:crnaT 6rr1130 3000 KoonepaQ1111, B KOMTO qrreHyBaT tta,n; 1 MnH.
6orrrapcK11 rpa)J(,n;aHM 11 np11Te)J(aBaI.Q11 Kan11Tarr Ha,n; 5 Mrrpp;. JIB. KoonepaQl111Te 3a-
noqBaT ,n;a ce 113RBRBaT B'bB B'bHI.UHaTa T'bprOB11R rJiaBHO c 113HOCa Ha nnop;oBe, TIOTIOH,
naI.UKyrr11 11 po3oBo Marna. Te 3aCHJIBaT HenpeK'bCHaTo rno11Te no3MQHl1 11 B l13Kyrry-
BaHeTo Ha ceJICKOCTonaHCKa npo,n;yKQl1R.
XapaKTepHo 3a nep110,n;a e 3ac11rren0To CTpo11TerrcTBO. To e CB'bp3aHo Hail-Be'le
c roJIRMOTO pa3I.U11peH11e Ha n'bTHaTa 11 )l(eJie3on'bTHaTa Mpe)l(a. AKo OT Orno6mKAe-
H11eTo ,n;o 1939 r. cpep;Horo,n;11I.U110 ca CTpoeHM no 271 KM n'bTHI.Qa, TO rrpe3 rrep1101ia
1935-1939 r. ce CTpo.HT ro,n;11I.UHO OT 350 ,n;o 700 KM. Cpe,n;Horo,n;11I.UHO ce 113rpa)l(AaT11
no 58 KM. )J(eJie30n'bTH11 JIHHMH. C Hape,n;6a-3aKOH ce C'b3p;aBa cneQMarrtta p;i-1peK1\l1!l
Ha CTpOe)l(l1Te Ha npRKO rro,n;q11HeH11e Ha M11HHCTepcKHR C'bBeT l1 Herro,n;Brracrna Ha
napnaMeHTa. TaKa ce QeJI11 p;a ce ocHryp11 npRKOTO poKoBop;eHe OT CTpana Ha A'hp)l(a-
BaTa Ha BOeHHOCTpaTen1qecKOTO CTpo11TeJICTBO. ,Uop)l(aBHl1RT ceKTOp B TpaHcrropra
e naC1-c11rrHo pa3B11T. Hati:-rorrRMO ,n;op)l(aBHO npe,n;np11RT11e e EorrrapcK11 p;'bp)l(aBHl1
)l(eJie3Hl1Ql1, Ko,n;eTo npe3 1939 r. pa6ornT Ha,n; 20 000 ,n;yI.U11. I1pe3 1936 r. ce rrona-
raT OCHOBMTe Ha 6onrapcKoTo ,n;op)J(aBno Kopa6onrraBaHe no peKa ,UyHaB. Y'lpeAeHo
e EorrrapcKo peqHo ,n;py)J(eCTBO. ,D,op)J(aBHO e 11 npep;np11RT11eTo "TpaMBaeH Tpattc-
nopT" - CoqmR.
KaforneT11Te Ha Kboce:i-rnaHoB ce on11TBaT ,n;a nocTaBRT no,n; KOHTporra eAirncrne-
HMR KJIOH B TpaHcnopTa, OCTaHaJI 113B'bH ,n;op)l(aBH11.H ceKTOp - aBTOM06l1JIHl1JI. Tipe3
1939 r. B Eonrap11.H MMa 4 877 Korr11, OT KOHTO 1 650 KaMMOH11. Bo3 ocHoBa Ha Hape11-
6a-3aKoH OT 1935 r. ca C'b3p;a,n;eH11 Tpl1 opraHa 3a ynpa)l(HRBaHe Ha ,n;op)l(aBeH Ha):l3op
- OT,n;en 3a aBTOM06mrn11Te coo6I.QeHM.H, CoBeT 3a aBTOMofornH11Te coo6~eHHJI Iii
IJ;eHTparrHa aBTOM0611JIHa :i-rncneKQM.H.
B pe3yrrTaT Ha npoBe)J(p;aHaTa OT npaBMTerrcTBaTa Ha Kboce11BaHOB rrorr11rnKa Ha
aKT11BHa ,n;op)l(aBHa HaMeca B pe,n;MQa OTpacJIM Ha J1KOHOMJ1KaTa ce OT6eJIJI3BaT Haft-
B11COKJ1 CTaTMCTl1'-IeCKJ1 ITOKa3aTen11 3a u;eJIJ1R Me:>K,n;yBoeHeH nep110,n;. TiocTHrHaT e
cpe,n;Horo,n;:i-nneH poCT Ha npOMJ1lllJieHaTa npo,n;yKQJ1.H, KOHTO e e,n;MH OT HaM-Bl1COKl1Te
He caMo Ha EaJIKaHMTe, HO 11 B EBpona. TaKa npe3 1937 r. Eonrap11R c JieKoTa rrpeoi:10-
JI.HBa np113HaQJ1Te Ha o6xBaHaJiaTa CBeTOBHOTO CTonaHCTBO Kp113a.
HOBA E'bflfAPCKA J1CTOPJil5l (1878-1944)
B Haseqep11eTo Ha BTopaTa csernsHa soti:Ha no):I pbKosop;crnoTo Ha n;ap Eop11c III

11 r. Kboce11saHoB 6T>rrrapcKaTa )1;11rrrr0Man;m1 nocrnra 3a6eJie)!(11Tenm1 pe3ynTan1.
TiopBmIT ycrrex 11,D;Ba c yqacT11eTO Ha Eonrap11JI Ha Tipon11sHaTa KOHcpepeHQl1JI
B MoHTpbo. Tipe3 1936 r. Typn;11JI ITOB):ll1ra Bnnpoca 3a oTMJIHa Ha KOHBeHI.\l1JITa 3a
pe)f(l1Ma Ha TipoJil1Bl1Te l1 TJIXHaTa ):leMl1Jil1Tap113an;11JI npe):IBl1):1 HaCT'bITl1Jll1Te Ba)!(Hl1
l13MeHeHl1R B Me)!(p;yHapO):IHaTa o6cTaHOBKa. TaKa crre):I MHO)!(eCTBO COH):la)!(l1 ce CTl1ra
110 CBl1KBaHeTo Ha 22 JOHl1 1936 r. B MoHTpho Ha KOHcpepeHQl1JI. EonrapCKaTa ):lnp)!(aBa
e rrpe):ICTaseHa c p;eneran;11R, pnKOBo):leHa OT rrramnrn ceKpeTap Ha M11H11cTepcTB0To
Ha BbHIIIHl1Te pa60T11 p;-p H. H11Konaes. lfaK Ha 21 IOJil1 c. r. ce no):ln11csa KOHBeHQl1R
3a TipoJil1BJ1Te, KORTO e B Cl1Jia l1 ):10 ):\Hee. TiocTaHOBJiemrnTa :H oc11rypRBaT Ha EbJI-
rap11R KaTO qepHOMopcKa p;bp)!(aBa np11s11Jier11pOBaHO TIOJIO)!(eH11e no OTHOIUeH11e Ha
He'lepH0MopcK11Te p;op)!(aBM. Pa3Kp11saT ce B'b3MO)KHOCTl1 3a npoMeHM B o6nacTTa Ha
6onrapcKoTo Boopo)I(aBaHe. Ha:t1:-Ba)!(HOTO e, qe c no):ln11caHaTa KOHBeHQl1R ce ocb-
11\eCTBRBa Ml1pHa peBJ13J1R Ha JI03aHCKl1R ):IOfOBOp OT 1923 r. l1 ce Cb3):1aBa npen;e):leHT
3a Ebnrapvrn.
Tiornep;sa nop;m:tCBaHe Ha 6onrapo-10rocnaBcKl1 naKT. Ha 24 RHyap11 193 7 r. B
Eerrrpa):I M11naH CToRp;l1HOBl1'! l1 r. Khoce11BaHOB TIO):ITil1CBaT naKT 3a "se'!Ho" np11-
HTeJICTBO Me)I(p;y Eonrap11R l1 IOrornaBirn, C'bCTORII\ ce OT ):IBe Knay311: "llJieH nnps11.
IUe corn;eCTsysa Hepylll11M M11p l1 HcKpeHo l1 Be'!HO np11RTeJICTBO Me)!():ly Uapcrno
o'bJirap11R 11 KpancTBO IOrornaBirn. qJieH BTOptt. HacTORII\l1RT ):IOrosop Il\e 6b):le paT11-
~m:-1ttpaH l1 paTmp11KaQl1J1Te rn;e 6op;aT pa3MeHeHl1 BbB Bb3MO)!(H0 Hati:-KpaT'bK cpoK''.
ITaKTbT MaJIKO nopa3xna6sa o6poqa oKono EonrapttR, MaKap qe He OTMeHR 3a):lbJI)!(e-
Hl1!1Ta Ha IOrornaBMR K'bM EarrKaHCKOTO cnopa3yMeHtte B crryqat1 Ha Heras KOHcpm1KT
c Eonrap11R. To:t1: oc11rypRBa non11Tvr'lecK11 Kpe.r111T Ha 6onrapCKoTO npas11Tencrno 3a
OC'bll\eCTBRBaHe Ha npeTeHQ1111Te MY Ha ceBep l1 Ha 10r. Tip11 TOBa c Hero Eonrap11R He
ce oTKa3Ba OT BKJIJOqeHMTe B npep;en11Te Ha IOrocrraB11R 6onrapcKH 3eM11. Uap Eop11c
III ocTaBR oTKp11T npo6rreMa 3a Uap116po.r111 Eornnerpa.r1.
Ha 31 rorr11 1938 r. Kboce11saHoB 11 ynnJIHOMOII\eH11RT OT EanKaHcKOTO cnrrra-
rneHtte reH. MeTaKcac nop;rrncsaT B ConyH cnopa3yMett11e, Koern OTMeHR soeHHVITe
orpaH11'!eH11R 3a Eorrrap11R OT Hbo:t1:cK11R .r1oroBop. Cnopa3yMettl1eTO 3a):l'bJI)!(aBa ):IO-
roBapRII\l1Te ce cTpaHM p;a He np116RrnaT ):IO rnna B'bB B3al1MOOTHOllieHl1RTa rn. TaKa
CorrYHCKOTO cnopa3yMen11e no corn;ecrno e Ml1ptta pes113l1JI Ha Ba)!(Ha tJaCT OT Hbot1-
CKl1JI ):lorosop. OT 3HaqeH11e e, qe c Hero EonrapttJI He noeMa HOBM aHra)!(J1MeHT11 l1
He npoMeHR p;oTorasallIHOTo c11 0Tp11QaTeJIHO OTHOllieH11e 3a yqacT11e B EanKaHcKl1R
rraKT. Cnoro;a;6aTa lll1KB11p;11pa ;a;eM11rr11Tap11311pattaTa 30Ha B TpaKMR (ycTaHOBeHa oT
llo3aHcKaTa KOHcpepeHQl1JI). C TOBa ce yKpenBa rpbn;KaTa l1 TypCKaTa rpaH11n;a TaM l1
ce 3arnnsaT TI03l11.\l1l1Te Ha fopl.\11R 11 Ha Typn;i:rn. E.r1HospeMeHHO c TOBa c neran11311-
pattero Ha Boopo)I(em,1eTo Ha Eorrrap11R np11KJIIO'!Ba srnp11R BOeHeH eTan OT 6onrap-
CKara peBl13MOHMCTJ1qHa noJIMTl1Ka. Brn'!KO TOBa e nocT11rnaTO B paMKMTe Ha TPMTe
0CHOBH11 npl1Hll;l1Ila Ha 6orrrapCKaTa B'bHIUHa IIOJIJ1Tl1Ka - Ml1p, Heo6Bbp3aHOCT l1 He-
yrparr11TeT, T. e. 6e3 )I(eprn11 OT 6onrapCKa crpaHa.
Pocw1a AHzenoBa
Ha 30 cenTeMspu 1938 r. poKOBO,ll;l1TenuTe Ha npasuTencTBaTa Ha fepMaHl1JI, li1ra-
'JIHJI, AHrmrn l1 <PpaHQHJI nop;nurnaT MronxeHCKOTO c'brnarneHHe. X:wTnepttcTure 6e3-
nperrnTcTBeHo 3aB3eMaT Cyp;eTcKaTa o6nacT OT qexornosaKl1.f!. EsporreI1cKttTe Me)l(-
p;yHapop;HH OTHOilieHl1Jl HaBJIH3aT B HOB eTan, Bop;e~ K'bM Ha'-!aJIOTO Ha orrycTOllU1TeJJ-
Hl1Jl rneToBeH IIO)Kap, KOMTO l136yxBa ep;wHap;eceT Meceqa rnep; croBopa B MroHxeH. B
MroHxen XwTnep l13TI'bJIHJIBa oc110BHOTO OT "naqttoHaJIHaTa" CM rrporpaMa. CMRra ce,
qe fepMaHMJI ce e o6ep;ttHMJia B eTHM'-lecKwTe CM rpaHMQM. Bepcai'1cKMTe orpaHtt'-lemrn
rrpecTaBaT p;a c'b~ecTBysaT 3a HeJI. Ha 15 MapT 1939 r. repMancKttTe BOMCKl1 oKymrpar
OCTanaJJaTa '-!aCT OT qeXOCJIOBaKMR. ">Ktt3HeHOTO rrpocTpaHCTBo" npeCTaBa p;a 6011e
caMO ccpepa Ha IIOJIMHI'-!eCKlil Ii! HKOHOMJll'-!eCKl1 li!HTepecH. 3ano'-1Ba HeroBOTO cpaKTl1-
'-!eCKO 3aBOIOBaHe. ITO T031il Ha'-!l1!-1 HJJI03l1l1Te, '-le C lil3Il'hJIHeJI11eTO Ha "Haq1rnHam1ara"
nporpaMa XJ11TnepHcTKa eKcnaH3l1JI u~e frhp;e npeKpaTe1-1a, ca noMeTeHH. B EBpona ro-
peu~oTo p;HxaHwe Ha Hp;Bau~aTa sol1Ha 3ano'-!Ba .r1a ce qyscTBa oce3aTem10.
Ha KOHTHHeJHa C'b~eCTByBaT Tplil qeHT'bpa Ha CMJia: aHfllli!HCKO-cppencKHR 6JJOK,
fepMaHHR M CCCP l1 C'bOTBeTHO Tplil B'b3MO)KHH KOM6vmaQHlil Me)Kp;y rnx. TI01111n1-
KaTa Ha BenMKHTe Cli!JIH CTaBa M3B'bHpep;Ho )J;BYJIM'-!Ha w sepono:-.uia. ITpe3 nporrena
l1 Jl.f!TOTO ce BO,!J;.f!T a11rno-cppeHCKO-C'bBeTCKlil, anrno-repMaHCKH l1 repMaJiO-C'bBeTCKH
nperosopi-1. 0Ka3Ba ce, '-le np11 cJIO)KHaTa 06cTa1IOBKa B Espana M CBeTa, 1-1al1-M11oro
rna11cose 3a ycnex MMa KOM6m-iaQH.f!Ta Me)K,n:y TOTaJIMTapmne )J;'bp)KaBJll.
Ha 23 asryCT 1939 r. J/IoaKHM cpoH PH6e1nporr Ii! Ba'-leCJiaB MonornB no,n:m1rnar
p;oroBop 3a HeHarrap;e1me. CeKpen1aTa '-!aCT Ha p;orosopa pemaBa cop;6arn Ha Tiomua,
rrpJ116aJITli!MCKl1Te p;op)KaBM M cpaKTH'-leCKH na Eecapa6HR 11 CesepHa EyKoBmia. LJ:oro-
BopoT pernaBa l1 c'bp;6aTa Ha MJ11pa. Ha 1 cenTeMBpH repMaHCKJllTe sol1cKM HaxrryBaT
B ITonma. Ha 17 c. M. rH cne,n:BaT C'bBeTcKHTe BOMCKH, KOHTO oKynMpaT "rnoRTa" qacr
OT ITonrna. ITorne.r1naJIHTe crropa3yMeHJllJI l1 C'bBMecnrn p;el1cTBJllR Ha fepMaHMR vi Co-
seTCKMR C'bI03 ocpopMRT OTHOllleHM.f!Ta li!M )J;O C'bTPYAHlil'-!eCTBO B'bB cpopMH, 6mBKH
)J;O cpaKTlil'-!eCKlil.fl C'bl{)3,
ITpH 3aTIO'-!BaHeTo na BTopaTa rneTOBHa Boi'ma Eonrap:irn 3arra3Ba neyrpamner.
Bnnpoc'bT 3a B'b3Bp'b~aHeTo Ha IO)KHa ,Uo6pyp;)Ka CTOH Ha nopso M.f!CTO B 6nmap-
cKaTa B'bHilIHOIIOJIHTM'-!eCKa nporpaMa 3a MttpHa peBl13HR. BpeMero He e rrogxogirnxo
3a Henocpep;CTBeHl1 p;el1cTBHJI no pernanaHeTo My. 3arra3BaHeTo Ha cttryp1rncrra Ha
cTpaHaTa e rnaBHa rpH)Ka Ha p'bKOBO)J;HTemITe 1-Ja 6onrapcKaTa B'bHilIHa TIOlll1THKa.
Te H3TIHTBaT Hep;oBeptte K'bM BCl1'-1Kl1 c'bcep;H Ha EonrapHR. CTpax BHyIIIaBa rypCKara
BOeHHa 3annaxa B TpaKl1R. B Cocp:trn ca y6ep;errn B C'b~ecTBynaHeTo Ha anrn6nmap-
cKo c'hrnamem1e Me)Kp;y Typqtt.R H PyMoHHR. EomapcKoTo rrpaB:wTerrcrno e 11mpop-
MHpaHo 3a rrp11roToBJieHHRTa Ha TypcKHR, rp'hQKHJI H pyMoHCKHR reHepaJIHJll u1a6ose
3a KoneKTHBHa rrpeBaHTl1BHa aKQHR rrpoTl1B Eonrap11a, c QeJI p;a R neyTpaIIl13Hpar
B CJIYl.f al1 Ha repMaHcKo Hanap;en:we cpe~y PyM'hHHR HJIH Ha HTaJJMaHcKo - cpeuw
f'hpl\!'1.fl.
EomapcKttTe yrrpaBHML\11 ca TB'hpp;e 3arpH)KeH11 3a Kpal1HMR 113xop; or BOMHaTa 11
3a 0Tpa)KeH11eTo MY B Eomap1rn, KOeTo MO)Ke p;a 6op;e cnp;601-1ocno. JhI'-IHO Qap Eoplllc
III ne Bapsa B rro6ep;aTa na repMaHL\l1Te. OrpoMHOTo rrpep;11MCTBO, Koern J11Ma fepMa-
HOBA E'bJII'APCKA J1CTOPJ15l (1878-1944)
HHH B IOroH3TO'rna EBporra B Ha'Ial!HHH rrepHOA Ha BOWHaTa, TJiaCKa Eomap1rn ITOA06-

HO Ha YttrapHH, IOroCJraBHH l1 PyMoHHH K'bM c6m1)1(eH11e c cparmicTKHTe Aop)l(aBH.
I1o.z:1rr11rnaHeTo Ha repMaHo-coBeTcKMH AOrosop BHarn 3aTOrrlIHHe B 6omapo-c'b-
BeTcKHTe OTHOIIIeHJ1Jl. ITaKT'bT OKa3Ba AO ~13BeCTHa CTerreH B'b31ll1par.qo B'b3Aetl:CTBl1e
sopxy BOeHHaTa 3arrnaxa Ha 6omapCKaTa IO)l(Ha l1 ceBepHa rpaHMQa. 3a6el!H3Ba ce
[lporpec B pa3Bl1Tl1eTo Ha 6onrapo-coBeTcKl1Te l1KOHOMl1'IecKM, KYlITYPHH H cnoprnH
KOHTaKTH. EonrapcKOTO rrpaBHTeJICTBo BHJ1MaTel!Ho M36HrBa rro-rnrno c6J1M)l(eH11e
enc CoBeTCKHH C'bI03 Ha ll07111Tl1'IeCKa ornoBa, AOP11 KoraTo ce npe.z:1nara KOHKpeTHa
[lOAKpena no Bonpoca 3a IO)!(Ha ,Uo6py.z:1)1(a. To ocor.qecTBHBa nnaH11pamne Tp11 3a.z:1-
rpaHJ1tfHW MHCHH. ITopBaTa e Ha MHHWCT'bp-rrpeACe):laTel!H J1 MMHJ1CT'bp Ha B'bHIIIHHTe
pa6oTtt r. Kboce11saHOB B fepMaHJ1H, srnpaTa Ha npe.z:1ce.z:1aTel!H Ha HapO.z:IHOTO co6pa-
HHe CT. MoIIIaHoB B'bB <t>paHQHH w AHrnMH 11 TpeTaTa Ha 24 AenyTarn B CCCP.
B HatfaJioTo EonrapHR HHMa .z:1pyra al!TepHanrna ocseH HeyTpan11TeTa. Cne.r1 rrpe-
viaxsaHeTo Ha penapaQm1Te l1 soeHmITe orpaHMtfeHMH ce pa3611pa, qe 11.z:1sa speMe 3a
[10CTaBHHe Ha HOBH QeJIH. Or.qe Ha 19 arrp1rn 1939 r. r. KboCel1BaHOB pa3rrpoCTpaHHBa
~o 6omapcKJ1Te npe.z:1cTas11TeJ111 s qy)l(6J,rna ceKperna .z:IMpeKTHBa ITOA Ng 19, s KOHTO
f!3Jiara 11 cTenettysa 6onrapcKttTe 11cKaH11H: IO)l(tta JJ:o6py.r1)1(a, EenoMopCKa TpaKHH B

rpaH11QHTe OT 1913 r. H eseHTyanHo 3ana):IHMTe noKpalIHMHW. Tosa e TPYAHO rrocTM-
)!(HMa QeJI, Ho He l1 He.z:IOCTl1)!(HMa. 3aTosa CocpMH 3arroqsa yMel!o .z:1a M3II0713Ba rrpoTH-
BOpetf11HTa l1 .z:1a co611pa .z:IWBW.z:leHTJ1. Botl:HaTa o6aqe Ha6m1)1(aBa 6omapcK11Te 3eM11.
B .z:IHHaMtttfHaTa Me)!():lyHapo.z:1Ha o6cTaHOBKa 6e3rraprntiH11H QapcKw pe)l(MM .z:10-
6Jirna rro-roJIHMa c11rypHocT. Uap- Eopwc III rroeMa B CBOM poQe Cn.z:16MHHTe Ha Enma-
p1<rn B'bB BHXopa Ha 3anO'fHaJ1aTa BOtl:Ha.
JU1TEPATYPA
EonrapcKtt KOHCTl1T)'lilH:I l1 KOHcn1Tyl\110HH11 npoeKTH. CocTasmeJIH B. MeTOA11eB, JI.

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JJ:11M11Tpos, TI. Eopttc III l\ap Ha EonrapHR 1894-1943 r. C., 1990.
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M11rea, Bn. YTB'bP)!(AaBaHeTo Ha MOHapxo-cpaurncTKaTa AMKTaTypa B E'bnrap1u1 npe3

1935-1936 r. 11 UaHKOBOTO ABI1)!(eH11e. -JifTip, 1967, KH. 6.
M11rea, Bn. UaHKOBOTO ABH)!(eH11e 11 pa3Bl1Tl1eTo Ha MOHapxo-cpaIIJ11cTKaTa Al1KTaTypa s
EMrapn.11 npe3 1937-1939 r. - fCY- <l>lif<l>. T. 63, KH. 3. C., 1969.
M11rea, Bn. <l>aIIJ11CTKl1 MnaAe)!(Kl1 opraH113aQ1111 11 non11Tw1ecK0To pa3Bl1Tl1e Ha Enrrra-
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(HoeMap11 1935 - cenTeMBpl1 1939 r.). - B: Tipo6neM11 Ha HoBaTa 11 Ha:Ct-HoaaTa crnnaHcKa 11
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- - - - - - - - HOBA E'bJITAPCKA UCTOPUJl (1878-1944)
XIX. HAljHOHAAHO-OCBOEOtlHTEAHOTO
JlBH/BEHHE HA EbAfAPHTE (1919-1939)
Ha 27 HOeMsp:w 1919 r., s naplil)KKOTO npe.n;rpai:v1e Hhot'!, poKoso.n;li!Temn Ha 6oJI-

rapCKaTa p;eneraQMR 3a MlilpHaTa KOHcpepeHQlilH lil Mli!HlilCTop-npe.n;ce.n;aTeJI Ha Eonra-
pirn An. CTaM6onlili1:CKM, rnara no.n;nlilca cw no.n; TeKcTa Ha MlilpHlilH .n;orosop. MaKap .n;a
ce C'IMTa 3a "MlilpeH p;orosop': BonpocHlilHT aKT e ,ll;lilKTaT, HaJIO)KeH OT cTpaHli!Te-no6e-
Al1TeJIKM B'bB soi1:HaTa. Hbot'!cKlilRT MlilpeH .n;orosop li!Ma 3a Qell He YMlilpoTBopHBaHe Ha
EanKaHMTe, a cse)l<,r~aHeTo Ha Eonrapli!R .n;o srnpoCTeneHeH cpaKTop nplil pernasaHeTO
Ha 6anKaHCKMTe npo6neMlil, p;o noJIO)KeHlileTo Ha sacan Ji! 3aJIO)KHJilK Ha cBOli!Te coce.n;lil.
J1MeHHO nap; HaTMCKa Ha IOrornaBlilR, fopQlilH lil PyMoHlilH ca 3aoCTpett:w pep;li!Qa KJia-
Y3l1 Ha p;orosopa. IIo speMe Ha MlilpHaTa KoHcpepettQlilH cpenw Eonrapli!H e pa3ropHa-
ra nrnpoKoMall.la6Ha nponaraHp;Ha KaMnaHJilH 3a Het'!HoTo MopaJIHO p;lilcKpe.n;li!TlilpaHe
npe.n; Me)!(p;yHapop;HaTa o6ll.IHOCT. Cnopap;lill!Ha no.n;Kpena Ji! C'h'IYBCTBJile CTpaHaTa Hlil
nonriasa ep;MHCTBeHO OT p;eneraQMMTe Ha CAIU Ji! Ha I1TaJIJilH, KOMTO ce poKOBO,ll;HT OT
CBOJ1Te JilHTepec:w M BITOCJiep;CTBMe OTCT'bnBaT OT D03lilQHJi!Te Clil no pep;lil[\a Bonpocv1 Ji!
Hatt-Belle 3a pa3rrpe.n;eneHMeTo Ha ocnopBaHMTe Tepli!Topwlil.
Tio ClilJiaTa Ha Hbot'!cKMR p;orosop OT Eomapli!H ca OTHeTlil CTpyMlilllIKa o6naCT,
JO)l(Ha L(o6pyp;)Ka, 3anap;Hli!Te noKpat'!Hli!Hlil /UapH6po.n;cKo Ji! Eornnerpap;cKo/, HHKOJI-
KO cena B KyncKo. 3anap;Ha TpaKlilR - 6omapCKaTa span K'hM Cpep;lil3eMHOMoplileTO
- co~o e OTHeTa M noCTaBeHa nap; cornarneHCKO ynpasneHJile, a no-Komo npe.n;a.n;eHa
Ha fnpI\li!R. Tosa e ep;Ha oT Hai1:-Te)KKJi!Te norne.n;li!I\M OT Ha[\MoHaJIHaTa KaTacTpocpa.
OrneH Tepli!Top:waJIHoTo pa3nOK'bCBaHe Eonrapirn e o6peMeHeHa c penapaQlillil, 3a.n;on-
JKeHl1H Ji! e pa3opo)l(eHa.
B pe3ynTaT Ha KaTacTpocpaTa M pa3nOK'bCBaHeTO, B cso6o.n;HaTa l!acT Ha 0Tel!eCT-
soro HaMlilpaT crraceHMe CTOTMI\M Xli!JIJ1,ll;M 6e)KaHQH, npoKy.n;eHM OT po.n;HHTe CM MeCTa
11 HMOTlil s MaKep;oHMR, L(o6py.n;)Ka, TpaKMH H 3anap;Hli!Te noKpat'!HMHlil. THXHOTO Hac-
ramrnaHe B EonrapMR e p;on'bJIHHTeJIHO 6peMe 3a M3TO~eHaTa 6onrapcKa MKOHOMMKa,
yse1rn<Jasa ce 6e3pa60TMQaTa M CO[\HaJIHOTo Hanpe:>KeHHe. Or .n;pyra CTpaHa, eMH-
rpaHTHTe, opraHM3MpaHM B CBOM .n;py)!(eCTBa, npep;cTaBJU!BaT 3Hal!HTeJIHa noJIMTM'!e-
CKa rnna c peanHa Te)l(eCT B 06I[\ecTBeHo-noJililTH'lecKMTe 6op611 MB o<JeprasaHeTo Ha
HaCOKMTe Ha B'bHIIIHaTa noJIMTMKa. 11MeHHO Te npe.n;cTaBJIJ1BaT OCHOBHaTa CO[\MaJIHa
6a3a 11 HeM3'1eprraeM Kap;poBM pe3epB Ha HaQl10HaJIHOOCB06o.n;HTeJIHOTO ,ll;BM)KeHHe.
BropaTa HaQMOHaJIHa KaTacTpocpa KOMnJIHQ11pa p;onoJIHHTeJIHO 6onrapcKHH Ha-
l.\110HaJieH Borrpoc. BceHapop;HHR 11.n;ean Ha HaQHHTa - Het'!HoTo o6ep;HHeHHe B paM-
1<11re Ha ep;Ha p;op)KaBa e cep:wo3HO M 3a p;omo KOMnpoMerttpaH. EonrapHH M3nap;a
BAonrorop;m1rna Me)l(p;yHapop;Ha M30Jia[\MH, nocraseHa B'bB cpaKTM'!ecKa HeBo3MO)K-
Hocr ,Ila nop;noMara B Heo6xop;MMaTa creneH 6op6ara Ha 6omapi1Te, ocTaHaJIH 113B'bH
OTe'·leCTBOTO. qeCTO 6omapcKaTa nOJIMTMKa e M3Hyp;BaHa p;a npaBM Te)KKM M Heno-
Cl1JIHI1 KOMnpOMl1Cl1 c Ha[\110HaJIHJ.1.ll B'bnpoc, 3a p;a 3aTia311 He3aBl1CJ1MOCTTa Ha CTpa-
HaTa. BrnqKo TOBa, c'bqernHo c p;pyrn, cneI(mlrnqHJ1 cy6eKTMBHM cpaKTop11, ycno)KHR-
Ba pa3BJ1Tl1eTO Ha HaI(MOHaJIHOOCBo6op;J-1TeJIHOTO )J;BJ1)!(eHMe, l13npaBR ro npep; HOB11
npo6neMlit lit Heno3HaTlit p;o MOMeHTa TIOJilitT1itqecK11 ClitTyaI(litM. ToBa Hanara p;11cpepeH-
I(litaI(11R Ha I(eJIMTe M cpep;cTBaTa, 3aTpyp;HRBa Koopp;litHaI(litRTa Me)!(p;y oTp;eJIHl1Te tta-
I\litOHaJIHoocB06op;11TeJIHM )J;Blit)!(eHl1R.
BnnpeKlit He6naronp11RTHlitTe yrnoBlitR, 6nmapcKoTo HaceneH11e M3B'bH poAI1Ha-
Ta, eM1itrpaI\l1RTa B Ennrap11R He ce npMM11pRBa c noJio)!(eH11eTo. B rop;litHMTe Me)l(AY
p;BeTe CBeTOBHl1 BOHHl1 Te npop;'bJI)!(aBaT p;a BO)J;RT repoMqHa 6op6a B 11MeTo Ha CBOeTo
orno6o)!(p;eH11e lit HaI(litOHanHo 06ep;1itHeH11e. IIop; pnKOBO)J;CTBOTO Ha CBOMTe opratt11-
3aI(MM - BnTpeurna MaKep;oHCKa peBOJIIOI\110HHa opraH113aI(11R (BMPO), BnTpernttara
TpaKlitHCKa peBOJIIOI\l10HHa opraHH3aI(l1R (BTPO), BnTpeurnarn p;o6pyp;)!(aHCKa peso-
JIIOI\litOHHa opraHl13a[\11R (B,D;FO), 3anap;HOTIOKpa11HCKaTa peBOJII0[\110HHa opraH!13a-
I\litR (1it3BeCTHa TIOA MMeTo "BnpTon") 11 HRKOlit no-He3HaqlitTeJIHl1, X11JIRA11 6nnrapcK!1
naTplitOTl1, npep;cTaBlitTeJilit Ha Bc11qKJ1 COI(l1aJIHl1 CJIOeBe lit TIOJII1Tl1qecKl1 Cl1Jll1, OTAa-
BaT CMJIM B MMeTO Ha o6uw6nmapCKl1.ll litp;eaJI.
<PopMMTe Ha HaI(110HaJIHoorno6op;1itTeJIHaTa 6op6a ca ocHOBHO p;se: Henera;rna
Bnopn)!(eHa 11 neraJIHa 3a 113BOIOBaHe Ha MaJII(l1HCTBeHlit npaBa 3a 6nnrapcKoTo Ha-
ceJieHMe B IOrocJiaBMR, fnpI\HR lit PyMnH11R. TaKlitBa npaBa ca npep;s11p;eH11 B caM!1R
MMpeH p;oroBop, HO nplitJIO)!(eHMeTO Ha C'bOTBeTHMTe KJiay3M e OCTaBeHO Ha BOJU!Ta Ha
no6ep;11TeJI1itTe lit qecTo He ca npoBep;eHM Ha npaKTlitKa. Helit3TI'bJIHeHo ocTaBa 11 yow-
BliteTo B p;oroBopa 3a ocMrypRBaHe Ha 6nmapcK11 M3Jia3 Ha ERJIO Mope. He3as11rnMo,
qe Te31it TIOJIO)!(eHlit.ll OCTaBaT cp11KI\HR, Te np11p;aBaT JienITMMHOCT Ha HaI(l10HaJJHOO-
CB06op;11TeJIHaTa 6op6a, OClitryp.RBaT B'b3MO)!(HOCT Aa ce BO)J;M JieraJIHa Me)!(p;yttapOAHa
nponaraHp;a c Hap;e)!(p;a 3a npoMRHa Ha cTaTyKBOTO nplit M3MeHeHlite Ha yrnosmna.
OrneH HeneraJIHlitTe opraHM3aI(1111, Bop;eI.Qlit Bnopn)!(eHa 6op6a, ca C'b3p;aAeHl1 11 ne-
raJIHlit Ha eMlitrpaI\MRTa B Ennrap:irn. Te M3TI'bJIHRBaT poJIRTa Ha CTpaTernqecK11 T11J111
pe3epB, opraHlit31itpaT nponaraHp;aTa, MopanHaTa M MaTepMaJIHaTa nop;Kpena Ha ttene-
rantt11Te opraHlit3aI(l11it.
OcHOBHa o6eKTl1BHa npep;nocTaBKa 3a Bn3pa)!(p;aHeTo lit no-HaTaT'blllHOTO pa3-
BMTlite Ha 6nmapCKOTO HaI(MOHaJIHOOCBo6op;litTeJIHO )J;BM)!(eHMe e npoBe)l(AaHaTa OT
Eempap;, ATlitHa M EyKypeI.Q noJilitTlitKa Ha ClitCTeMHO o6e36nnrapRBatte enc cpeACTBa-
Ta Ha p;eHaqlitoHaJilit3aI(MRTa M acMMlitJiaI(litRTa, 6e3ornep;eH 11KoHOMMqecK11, MopaneH
M cp1it31itqecKlit Tepop. IIo ClitJiaTa Ha MlitpHHTe p;oroBoplit Ha Enmap11R ca ttaJIO)l(eH11
pa3n11qHJt1 cnorop;611 3a T. Hap. "p;o6poBOJIHa" pa3MRHa Ha HaceneHM.RTa, a BCbll\HOCT

3a y3aKoHeHo o6e36nnrapRBaHe Ha HRKOM OT o6nacTlitTe- Erei1CKa MaKeAOHl1R, 3a-
nap;Ha TpaKlitR M p;p. Pa3pe)!(p;aHeTo 11 JilitKBMp;11paHeTo Ha 6nnrapcK11R eneMeHT ~en11
ocBeH BclitqKo p;pyro lit p;a JIMUJlit 6nnrapcKaTa p;np:>KaBa OT litCTopwi:ecKlit lit ernw1ecK11
apryMeHTlit nplit o6oCHOBaBaHe Ha HeHHlitTe 3aKOHHJ1 npeTeHI(litlit.
J1 T'bi1 Karn 6a3arn Ha 6nmapcKMR p;yx B MaKep;oHMR, TpaKlitR lit Ao6py):l)l(a e
yqe6HoTo M KYJITYPHOTO p;eno, 11MeHHO KynTypttlitTe lit nporneTHM litHCTl1TYI\l1l1 nops11
noHaCRT yp;aplitTe. EnnrapcKlitTe Y'J:litlIMI.Qa, q11rnn111.Qa, I\'bpKBM ca MacoBo 3aKp11sa-
Hlit, litHTeJilitreHI(MRTa nporoHBaHa 11 cp1it31itqecKlit YHlitl.QO:>KaBaHa, Ha Hacenem1ern 11 Ha
378
HOBA E'bflI'APCKA l1CTOPJ1Jl (1878-1944)
Mllap;e)l(I1Te HaCI1JICTBeHO e HarraraH B ocpl11\J1alIHOTO l1 611TOBO 06IT1yBaHe '·lpKp; e3l1K,

3a6paHeH11 ca 6onrapc1<11Te Tpap;MQMOHHM Hapop;Hl1 npa3HMQM, 0611'1a11, necHl1 11 T. H.
Ha HapyllIMTenMTe ce HarraraT Hati:-cTporn HaKa3aHMR.
J1KOHOMM'leCKOTO ITOJIO)!(eHMe Ha HacerremITe c 6'brrrap11 o6naCTl1 e np11paBHeHO
):10 TOBa Ha KOllOHManHaTa eKcnnoaTa[\MR, 3aKOHMTe l1 KOHCTMTYl\MRTa Ha C'bOTBeTHa-
ra cTpaHa cpaKTM'leCKI1 He p;eti:cTBaT TYK. ,[(aH'b'IHaTa rncTeMa e p;orr'bJIHMTeJIHO ycno)!(-
Hetta, 3a6paHeHM ca BCRKaKBM ITOllMTM'leCKl1 npORBM l1 opraHJ13a[\MM, 3a KOMTO MO)!(e
;iia ce npep;nonara, 'le ca C'b3p;ap;eHJil Ha 6orrrapCKa eTHM'leCKa ornosa.
B OTIIOllieH11eTo Ha TPMTe p;op)!(aBM, B KOMTO )!(l1BeRT KOMrraKTHM Mac11 6orrrap-
CKO HaceneHMe, ce Ha6nrop;aBa M3BeCTHa pa3Jil1Ka, a OT CBOR CTpaHa TOBa ITOJIO)!(eHJ1e
ce oTpa3RBa Ha cpopMMTe M MHTeH3MTeTa Ha Ha1vrnHarrHoorno6op;11TerrHaTa 6op6a.
,UoKaTo B IOrornaBMR ce pa3'1MTa npep;MMHO Ha yCKopeHaTa 11 npoBe)!(p;aHa c TB'bP/:ll1
MepKH p;eHal(MOHaJIM3al(MR, TO B fnpl\MR 11 PyMoHIUI, o6cTORTeJICTBara HanaraT Ha
rrpaBMTeJICTBeHMTe KporoBe B Te3M crpaHM TaKTMKaTa Ha CMCTeMHO o6e36onrapRBaHe
11 rrop;MRHa Ha HaceneHwero, C'bOTBeTHO c rpol\KO 11 pyMoHCKO. J1 TaKa, C'b3p;ap;eHoTo
crrep; Hboti:cKMR p;oroBop c'bCTORHHe Ha TepwrnpwarrHo pa3nOK'bCBaHe Ha EorrrapwR,
o6ptt'laHe Ha KOMITaKTHM MaCM 6onrapCKO HacerreHwe Ha Hal\WOHamrn ITOTHCHJ1'1eCT-
BO B C'bCep;HMTe p;'bp)!(aBM ca OCHOBHMTe o6eKTJ1BHM npeAITOCTaBKJ.1 3a TIORBaTa It! pa3-
Bl1TJ1eTO Ha 6onrapc1<0To Hal(MOHarrHoorno60AttTeJIHO p;Btt)!(eHwe cnep; ITopsara rne-
TOBHa BOWHa.
1. B MaKe~oH1rn
B rop;MHMTe rnep; ITopBaTa rneTOBHa sor1:Ha Hal\l10HarrHoorno6oAvITerrHoTO ):IBM-

lKeHwe Ha MaKep;OHCKHTe 6nrrrapw HaBJIJ13a B HOB J1 no CMJiaTa Ha l1CTOptt'leCKJ1Te C'b-
611rMR oKa3aJI ce nocnep;eH eran B csoero pa3BJ1TMe. XpoHorron1'leCKMTe paMKW Ha
erarra ca 1918-1934. B T03J1 eran RC.HO ce o6oco6RBaT BoTpeIIIHH xpoHonorw1ecK11
rpaHMQM, KOMTO o6oco6RBaT no-MaJIKJ.1 no):\rrepMOAvL ITopBMRT o6xBall\a rop;Mm1re
1918 (B'b3CTaHOBRBaHe Ha BMPO) w npop;'bJI)!(aBa Aa 1924 r. (y6Mti:CTBOTO Ha HettHMR
so;iiaq Top;op AneKcaHp;poB). BropMRT 3ano'!Ba OT 1924 r. w ropHara rpaHM'-\a 6erre)!(M
e;iitto /:lpyro y6w:Wcrno - TOBa Ha p;pyrnR M3BecreH BOAa'I Ha BMPO - reH. AneKcaH):lop
ITpororepoB Ha 7 IOJIM 1928. TpeTMRT 3asopIIIBa c pa3nycKaHeTO Ha BMPO crrep; npe-
spara Ha 19 Ma:i1: 1934 r. 06nwK Ha nocnep;HMR no):lnepMop; p;aBa pa3'-lenrreHMeTO B'bB
BMPO M Me)!(p;yoco6HaTa BO:i1:Ha Me)!(p;y o6oco6irnMTe ce p;se KpMna: "MMxal1rroBMCTM"
11 "rrpororepoBMCTM''.
ITop;nMcBaHeTo Ha ConyHcKoTo npMMMpwe H l13Jil13aHeTO Ha EorrrapMR OT sot'rna-
Ta 3aBapBa MaKep;OHCKOTO peBOllIO[\MOHHO )l;BM)!(eHJie B C'bCTORHMe Ha p;e3opraHM3a-
I.\lf.fl l1 JIMnca Ha onpep;eneHa nonMTM'leCKa nporpaMa. B KpaR Ha 1918 r. ce npoBe)!(p;aT
Cn6paHMR Ha eMwrpal(HRTa, KOMTO B'b3TipHeMaT KaTO TI03Hl\HR 6e3KOMnpoMJ1CHOTO
rrp11c'bep;HHRBaHe Ha Ma1<ep;oHMR K'bM EonrapHR Ha 6a3aTa Ha Hel1HHTe HeocnopHMM
11cropH'leCKM M eTHH'lec1<11 npaBa. OcHoBaHMe 3a T03H, KaKTO ce oKa3Ba HeonpaB):laH
OIITl1MM3'bM, npep;cTaBMTeJIY!Te Ha eMHrpa[\MRTa 'lepnRT Hatt-Be'le OT ITOBe):\em1eTO Ha
CAII( M YlTaJIMR, KOMTO B T03H MOMeHT ce ornarnT 6rrarocKJIOHHO K'bM 6onrapcKVJTe
Pocu11a AH2enoaa
HaQHOHaJIHH npo6neMH. Cn3AaBa ce HeBRpHaTa npeACTaBa, 'le Ha nper0Bop11Te 3a MMp

cnopHHTe Bnnpocw IQe 6nAaT o6eKTHBHO Tpen1paHH w EnnrapHR He IQe 6nge npeKo-
MepHo HaKa3aHa. He CTHXBa H onaceHHeTo, 'le CnA6aTa Ha MaKeAOHHR HRMa ga 6bAe
perneHa no T03H Hal1-6naronpi.rnTeH Ha'IHH. HRKOH AeHQH Ha 6wBrnaTa "neBHQa", C'-IM-
TaT, 'le npeABHA Ha oco6eHHTe o6cTORTeJICTBa, B KOHTO ce HaMwpa Ennraprrn, MHoro
no-AaJIHOBHAHO e aKO MaKeAOHCKaTa Kay3a ce OTAeJIH OT 6nmapcKaTa Anp:ll<aBHa rro-
m!THKa w ce H3AHfHe HAeRTa 3a o6oco6RBaHeTo Ha MaKeAOHHR KaTo caMOCTORTentta
MHOroHaQUOHaJIHa (Ho no C'blQeCTBO 6nnrapcKa) Anp:ll<aBa Ha EanKaHHTe no rrogo6ue
Ha lllBei1:QapHR YI IlOCTaBeHa nOA npoTeKToparn Ha 061QeCTBOTO Ha HapogHTe.
BnorneACTBHe HMeHHO T03H Jio3yHr e B'b3IlpHeT B nporpaMaTa Ha BMPO - ttaCt-
cwnHaTa H aBTOpHTeTHa opraHH3aQHR Ha MaKeAOHCKOTO peBOJIIOQHOHHO ABinKett11e.
KaTo H3AHra no3yHra 3a He3aBHCHMa MaKegomrn BMPO H3XmKAa OT pa3fa1patte10,
qe caMOCTORTeJIHa H rapaHTHpaHa OT B'bHilIHH BMelliaTeJICTBa TR o6e3ne'-!aBa rrpe}:\11
BCH'IKO CBORTa TepHTOpHaJIHa QRJIOCT H B'b3MO)f(HOCT 3a CnxpaHeHHe Ha 6nnrapCKl1ll
eneMeHT. I1 aKo He npegnonara HaQHOHaJIHoTo 06eAHHem1e Ha 6nmapcKHR ttapoA B
paMKHTe Ha eAHa Anp)f(aBa, Bee naK e B HeroB HHTepec, 3alQOTO rapaHTHpa gyxosttoTO
eAHHCTBO H QRJIOCT Ha HaQHRTa.
Cneg nognwrnaHeTo Ha MHpHHR AOroBop, AeWQlil Ha MaKeAOHCKOTO pesomoI.111-
0HHO ABH)f(eHJ,Ie, TIOAKpenRHH OT 3Ha'IHTeJIHa 'IaCT OT eMHrpaQHRTa ce opuettrnpaT
K'bM Henerantta Bnopn)f(eHa 6op6a. Tiog pnKOBOACTBOTO Ha ToAOP AneKcattgposK·I 11
All. TipoTorepoB - 'IJieHOBe Ha UK Ha BMPO OT 1911 r. 3anotJBa B'b3CTaHOBRBatteTO
Ha BMPO. TinpBaTa 3agaqa Ha UK e Aa npHBeAe B H3BeCTHOCT HamPIHHTe KagpH Ha
opraHH3aQHRTa, Aa rn: rpyn11pa w pa3npeAeJIH. B3eMaT ce MepKH 3a cn6upatteTO Ha
HeoGxoAHMOTO opn)f(He, MYHHQHH w o6MYHAHpoBKa. B onpegeneHH pal1oHH, 6nvi30
84
ToAop ArreKcaHApos e poAeH Ha 4 MapT 1881r.B11111rrc1<1u1 KBapTan Hoso ceno. Ilpe3 1898 r.
3aB'bpurna 6'hnrapcKoTo rreAarorwiecKo yqim11111e B CKom1e, cneA KOeTo e yq11TeJI B Koqau11, Kparo-
Bo, c. B11Hl1J..\a 11 I.n11rr. EABa 15-roAmneH, Xp. MaTOB ro rroKp'bcTBa 3a '-IJieH Ha BMOPO. Ilpe3 1903 r.
AneKcaHAPOB ce 0Tm1qasa KaTo pRA'bK pbKOBOAl1TeJI l1 opraHit3aTop ua KO'-!aHCKl1JI peBOJJJOL\HOHeH
OKp'br. ApeCTysaH OT TypcKl1Te BJiacn1 Ha 3 MapT 1903 r. l1 0111e Cbll.laTa HOll.I IIOA yc11lleH rrom11-1eC1-
CKH KOHBOH l13rrpaTeH B CKorriie. TaMOIIIHl1JIT H3B'bHpeAeH C'bA ro OC'b)!(Aa Ha rreT fOAl1lI!eH crpor
T'bMHl1'-!eH 3aTBOp, HO rropaAl1 AaAeHaTa CJieA 13 MeCeJ..\a aMHl1CTl1JI TOH e OCB060AeH OT 3arnopa npe3
arrp11n 1904 r. HacKopo rneA TOBa e Ha3Ha'-!eH 3a yq11TeJI B I.n11rr. T. ArreKcaHAPOB 3aeAHO c Togop
Jia3apos l1 M11IIIe Pa3s11ropos AeHOHOll.IHO pa60T11 3a opraH!13l1paHeTo Ha 111urrcKJ1J1 pesoJJJOL\l!O-
HeH paHOH. Pe3yJITaT11Te OT HeroBaTa aKTl1BHOCT ca 3a6eJIJI3aHl1 11 OT TypcKllTe Bllacnt, K011TO npe3
HOeMsp11 1904 r. MY 3a6paHJIBaT Aa yq11Tencrnysa. Ha 10 RHyap11 1905 r. Kbll.laTa MY e 3arpageHa
OT MHoro6poeH acKep, HO TOH ycrrJIBa Aa ce l13Illl'b3He OT BOHCKOBl1JIT KOpAOH 11 BeAHara ce np11Cb-
eAl1HJ1Ba K'bM '-!eTaTa Ha Pa3s11ropos, Ha KORTO cTaBa ceKpeTap. Pa3KJiaTeHoTo MY 3Apase ro Kapa
Aa cTaHe yq11TeJI B Eyprac rrpe3 1906 r., HO Hayqasai1K11 3a repo11'-IHaTa CM'bpT Ha Pa3BmopoB, roil
HarryCKa yq11TeJicTBOTO 11 BeAHara 3aJ'vll1HaBa 3a MaKeAomrn. Ilpe3 HOeMBpH 1907 r. T. AneKcaHgpoB
e l136paH 3a OKpb)!(eH BOHBOAa OT Tpenrn KOHrpec Ha CKOIICKHJI peBOlIIOJ..\HOHeH OKpnr. Ha 2 aBrycr
1909 r. TYPI..\l1Te OTHOBO rrpasRT orrHT 3a HerosoTo apecTysaHe, HO l1 T03l1 II'bT He ycrrRBaT. Ilpe3 npo-
JieTTa Ha 1910 r. TOI) 0611KaJIJ1 c qeTa CKOIICKl1JI peBOlIIOJ..\l10HeH OKpbr H pa3Bl1Ba ycrreIIIHa 11ef1HOCT
3a 3ac11nsaHeTo Ha opraHH3aJ..\HOHHOTO AeJio. B Ha'-!aJioTo Ha 1911 r. AneKcaHApOB cTaBa 'IJJeH ua UK
Ha BMPO. Ilpe3 1912 r. e BOHBOAa B KyKyIIIKO l1 ConyHcKo, K'bAeTo H3BbpIIIBa peAHJ..\a ca6ora)l(HH
1:i;o rpamrn;aTa ce cocpe,n;oTotJaBaT xopa w opo:>1me, C'b3,[\asar ce KaHarrw 3a TRXHOTO

npexsopmrne. IIpe3 QJ'IJiaTa 1919 r. 3HatJ11rerrHw Boopo)!(eHW aKL\MW He ce npe,n;npwe-
MaT, T'bH KaTO ce W31.JaKBa perneHMeTO Ha MMpHaTa KompepeHQMR. B KpaR Ha fO,[\WHaTa
cb,n;6arn Ha MaKe,[\OHMR e W3RCHeHa, a BMPO HaTI'bJIHO B'b3CTaHoseHa w rorosa ,n;a
3arrotJHe 6op6a.
B npo11eca Ha csoeTo B'b3CTaHOBRBaHe BMPO Bo3rrpow3Be)!(,n;a crapara cw opra-
HH3aQWOHHa cTpyKTypa w poKOBO,[\HM opraHM. Bwclll poKoso,n;eH opraH e KOHrpecoT,
Ho cpaKTWtJecKW TI'bJIHa srracT ttMaT 1.JJiettosere Ha UK - T. ArreKcaH,n;pos, All. Tiporo-
repos85 w IIeTop lJaynes. Oll\e B ro,n;HHWTe npe,n;11 soi!Hara T. AneKcaHopos ce Harrara
KaTO Haif-eHeprttl.JeH t1 aBTOpt1TeTeH BO,[\al.J:, TI03Wl\MR, KORTa ycrrRBa ,n;a 3aTia3:t-I B crre,n;-
Ball.\WTe ro,n;wHw. Cornactto ycrnsa ce,n;aIIMLl\eTo Ha UK e B MaKe,n;oHMR M sceKM Heras
qneH e ,[\JI'b)f(eH noHe rneCT Mece11a B ro,n;ttHara ,n;a rrpe611sasa Ha opraHM3al\MOHHara
repttropw>I. BTop11 no 3HatJeHMe poKoso,n;eH opraH e 3a,n;rpaHM1.JHOTO npe,n;craB:t-!Terr-
crno (3II) coc 3a,n;aqa ,n;a so,n;w rrponaraH,n;Hara ,n;ei!Hocr ,n;a opraHM3ttpa eMwrpaqvrnra
~ p;a npe,n;cTaBJIRBa BMPO B qy)!(forna. B pa3JIM1.JHO speMe tJlleHose Ha 3K ca xopa
DT HHTerreKTyaJIHt1R eJit1T Ha MaKe,[\OHMR, KOMITeTHTHM B nom1n1KaTa, c 06ll\eCTBeH
~pecTW)!( t1 Bllt1RHt1e.
MaKe,n;oHwR e pa3,n;eneHa Ha pesomo11110HHM oKpo3M coc coorsernttre poKoso,n;-

flll! oprami: so:Hso,n;w, nyHKTOBW Ha'l:aJIHMl\M, 6ot'rnM }1HcrpyKryp11 w T. H. Bos BCRKO
opraHM3HpaHo OT BMPO HaceJieHo MRcTo, or Mecrnoro Hacerrem1e (B pe,n;Mqa crryqatt
fie caMO OT 6oJirapcKOTO) e ccpopMMpaHa BbOpb)!(eHa MMlIMI.\MR, KORTO MO)!{e ,n;a 60,n;e
~ef1crBHJ1 cpell\y TypcKHTe snacn1, KaTo ITO T03H Ha'!Irn ITO,!IITOMara 6onrapCKaTa Kay3a B EarrKaHcKa-
ra Bol1Ha. To:C! e B llla6a Ha Tpern 6pma.r1a Ha MaKe,!10HCKOTO OIT'bJI'!eH11e ITpe3 1913 r., a ITO speMe Ha
MeJK,11yco103HJ1'!eCKaTa sofrna ne):IHO c '!eTH Ha BMOPO ITOATIOMara OcMa TYH,!1)f(aHcKa ,!111BH3J1JI.
Cne,111913 r. opraHll3ttpa peson10I.1HOHHaTa ):leHHocT Ha BMPO. ApeCTysaH Ha 4 HOeJ\oIBPH 1919 r. OT
npasi-1rerrcTBOTO Ha CTaM6om1f1cKH, ToAOP ycrrJ1sa ):la tr36Jlra Ha 13-TH C'bll\HJI Mece1111 ITpe3 rrpo-
nerra Ha 1920 r. 3aM11Hasa c 'leTa 3a MaKe,!10HJ1JI, K'b):lero HaHoso B'b3CTaHOBJIBa OpraH113aI.111J1ra l1
nocraBJI ITpeA cseToBHOTO BHHMaHtte HeperneHHJI MaKe):IOHCKl1 BoITpoc. CTaHarr )f(eprna Ha 3arosop
AneKcaHgpos rra):la rrosaneH OT rrpe):laTencKH KYPilIYM B c. Cyrapeso, B ITOJIHTe Ha I1Hpi-rn Ha 31 asr.
1924 r.
85 ArreKcaH~'bp HHKonoB TipoTOrepoB e pogeH Ha 23 ¢es. 1867 r. B OxpH,!1. ,Uo6posorre11 B
Cpb6cKo-6onrapcKaTa so:C!Ha, qneH Ha BMOK, BOAH '!era ITO speMe Ha fopHOA)f(yMat'icKOTO B'bCTa-
H11e (1902) H VImrn,[leHCKOTO BnCTam1e (l 903). llpe3 1887 r. 3asopll1Ba BoeHHOTO Y'!Hm111.1e B Coqr11J1.
Ope3 1911 e H36paH 3a 3arraceH 'lneH Ha 1.1,K Ha BMOPO, ITpe3 1912 r. yqacrna B ctjiopMHpaHeTo Ha
MaKe):\OH0-0,[lpHHCKO OIInJI'leHI1e, Ha 11-Ta ITeXOTHa MaKe):\OHCKa AIIBl13HJI ITpe3 1915 r. H Ha llrraHHH-
CKara ):111BJ13IIJI rrpe3 1916 r. Tipe3 flopsara cseTOBHa sofrna e KOMaHAHP Ha Tpera rrexorna 6ptrra):la
Ha E111rna):\ecera MaKe,[IOHCKa ,[111BH3IHI H yqacrna B cpaJKeHl1JITa ITpH KpHBOJiaK, rpaAe1111 DOf):\aH-
QH. B 1916 ro):\HHa e KOMaH,[IHp Ha llrraHl1HCKaTa AHBI13HJI, a ITO-K'bCHO e Ha'!aJIH11K Ha 6orrrapcKHTe
soi'IcKtt B MopascKo (Cnp611J1). llpe3 1918 e KOMeH):laHT Ha CotjJHJI 11 poKOBOA11 IToTylllaBaHeTo Ha
Brra11afrcKoTO BnCTaHHe. Ha3Ha'leH e 3a .r111peKrop Ha ,U11peKI.1!1J1Ta 3a crorraHcK11 rpHJKH 11 o6ll\eCT-
Betta npegBH):\JIHBOCT (CfOll), KOJITO e rrpnB OITJ1T 3a ,!1'bp)f(aBHO ITJiaHHpaHe B yrnoBHJITa Ha BO:C!Ha.
Crre11 y611frcrnorn Ha T. ArreKcaH.r1pos rrpe3 asrycT 1924 3ae):IHO c Vls. M11xafmos 3acTasa Ha'!erro Ha
BMPO. IIoCTerreHHO BJIH3a B KoHcj:>mIKT c MwxafmoB 11 e y6wT OT crro):IBl.f)f(J1l.IH Ha MHxafmos, HatJe-
no cKMpHn ,UpaHroB Ha 7 JOHH 1928 r. B Cocj:>11J1.
Pocuiia AH2e110Ba
Mo6un11s11paHa rrp11 Hy)l(p;a. Easosarn B'bOp'b)l(eHa cmrn Ha BMPO l1 Hefrna saKOHHa

c
ropp;ocT e 'ieTHWieCKaTa l1HCTl1TYQl1R. rrop;o6Ha apMl1R l1 B TaK'bB pasMep He pa3ITO-
Jiara Hl1TO ep;Ho p;pyro HaQl10Ha1rnoocso6op;uTeJIHO p;Bl1)1(eH11e Ha EarrKaH11Te. llernre
Ha BMPO ca KOMrrrreKTysaH11 OT orr11THl1 11 3aKaJieHl1 s 6HTKJ1Te 6or1Ql1 11 ce C'bCTOJlT
OT 10-15 .rlYllIM. 3a rro-roJieMJ1 aKQl1l1 ce o6ep;l1HRBaT Cl1JIJ1Te Ha HRKOJIKO 'ieTJ1 l1 MeCT-
HaTa Ml1Jil1Ql1R. BrnKa 'IeTa l1Ma csoii par1oH Ha p;eiicTs11e 11 sa,11a'Ia rrpe,1111 scw1Ko Aa
rrop;p;'bp)l(a ,11yxa Ha HaceneH11eTo, ,11a sop;u pasysHasaHe, p;a ca60T11pa Meporrp11RTl1JlTa
no ,11eHaQ110HaJI113aQl1RTa 11 KOJIOHl13aQl1RTa Ha 6orrrapcKoTo HacerreHue. Ilo rrp11tt1111n
'ieT11Te 11s6RrsaT cpa)l(eHl1RTa, HO KoraTo r11 rrp11eMaT, p;eiicTsysaT yMerro 11 rn neqe-
JIRT. Haii-Ba)l(Harn rrpe,11rrocrnsKa sa ycrrexa Ha 'ieTHU'ieCKaTa ,11ei1HocT e 1U11poKaTa
rro,11Kperra Ha HacerreH11eTo, KoeTo rl1 cHa6,11Rsa, yKp11sa 11 ,11asa s11Harn HaspeMeHHa
:irncpopMaQHR sa rrpH,LIB1'1)1(BaHeTO Ha cpo6CKl1Te TIOTepl1.
Ilopsarn rorrRMa ocpaHs11sa Ha BMPO B'bB Bap,11apCKa MaKe,110Hl1R sarro"!Ba rrpe3
rrporreTTa Ha 1920 r. ,Uo6pe soopo)l(eH11, qeTMTe Ha opraH113aQl1RTa sarro'isaT MacoBo
,11a rrpeM11HaBaT rpaHJ1QaTa H ,11a sop;RT cpa)l(eHl1R c'bc cpo6CKHTe sofrcK11. P'hKOBOA-
CTBOTO Ha BMPO C'b3Hasa, qe e HeB'b3MO)l(HO p;a HaJIO)l(H orno60)1(,11eH11eTo Ha MaKe-
AOHl1R caMo coc cso11Te CHJil1. OcHOBHaTa QeJI Ha B'bOp'b)l(eHaTa 6op6a B MaKe,11ott1111
e ,11a ,11eMOHCTpupa pe1U11TeJIHOCT 11 crroco6HocT sa 6op6a. I1p11Hy,11eHa ,11a so,rv1 rrap-
Tl13aHcKa soiiHa (a reorpacpcKH MaKe,110Hl1R e rro,11xo,11R~a sa Tosa), QeHTparrHaTa BJJacr
B Eenrpa,11, KaKTo cMRTa poKOBOACTBOTO Ha BMPO, MO)l(e ,11a ce rroKa)l(e rro-cKJJOHHa
,11a npepasrne,11a noJil1Tl1KaTa c11 11 p;a rrp11JIO)l(M ,11orosopa sa rrpasarn Ha MaJIQl1Hcrnara
no OTHOIUeHl1e Ha 6'bJirapcKOTO HaceJieHHe. Te3H OTCT'bnKH ca )l(eJiaHJ1 OT cTpaHa Ha
BeJIJ1KJ1Te Cl1JIJ1, KOHTO J1MaT l1HTepec OT sanassaHeTO Ha Ml1pa l1 CTIOKOHCTBl1eTO Ha
EanKaHMTe. J1sxo)l(,11af1K11 OT ropH11Te c'bo6pa)l(eH11R, BMPO ce CTpeMl1 6op6ara Aa
,110611e llIHpoKa Me)l(,11yHapo,11Ha rnacHocT, np11sHaH11e H MopanHa rro,11Kperra. B rorrJI-
Ma CTeneH O'iaKBaHl1RTa Ha BMPO ce oKassaT onpas,11aHl1 l1 ecpeKT'bT OT 6op6ara Ha
BMPO B MaKe,11omrn e sHa'IHTeJieH. Pep;HQa esporreiicKH )l(ypHaJIHCTH l1 o6ll\ecrne-
HHQH o6po~aT BHl1MaHl1e Ha MaKe,110HCKHR Bonpoc, l1Hl1Ql1aTHBHTe Ha BMPO l1 ttei1-
HHRT Haii-asTopuTeTeH sop;a'i see no-'IeCTo sarro<IsaT p;a ce cpe~aT Ha CTpaHHl\ine Ha
ne'IaTa. B MHoro6pottHl1 l1HTeps10rn, T. AneKcaHp;pos 11 ,11pyrn BHAHl1 p'bKoso,1111rn111
Ha BMPO nop;po6Ho 11snaraT nnaTcpopMaTa Ha opraHM3aQl1RTa: Hesas:HrnMa MaKeAO-
HHR rro,11 rapaHQl1RTa Ha BerrHKl1Te c11n11 11n11 aBTOHOMHO ynpasJieH11e sa BapgapCKa
MaKe,110Hl1R B paMKl1Te Ha IOrornaBitIR, HO rrp11 TBopp;u rapaHQm1 sa MaJI1\l1HCTBemm
KYJITYPHl1 npasa Ha 6orrrapcKoTo HaceJieH11e.
I1pes JIRTOTO 11 eceHTa Ha 1920 r. rroJIO)l(eHMeTo Ha cpo6cKHTe snacTl1 s MaKeAO·
HMR CTasa KpttT:W'IHO. OT sana,11 no npep;sap:i.neJIHO cnopasyMeH11e c BMPO HaXJiyBa1
'ieTJ1Te Ha an6aHcKaTa corrpoTusa, a OT l13TO'lHaTa rpaHMQa - Ha BMPO. 06xBattan
B KJie~M BJiaCTJ1Te He MoraT p;a ce cnpaBRT c noJIO)l(eHMeTO :w OTrosapRT ep;:WHCTBeHO (
Tepop, naJie)l(M 11 MaCOBH eK3eKyQit!ItI Hap; MMpHOTO 6nJirapcKo HaCeJieH:We.
PesoJIIOQ:WOHHaTa p;ettHOCT Ha BMPO o6xsall\a C'bll\O 11 sasJia,LIRHaTa OT f'hpl.\tH
qacT Ha MaKep;oH:WR, HO TYK :WHTeH3MBHOCTTa Ha BnOp'b)l(eHHTe aKQl111 e 3Ha"!tiTeJJ·
Ho no-rna6a. 3a pasn11Ka OT Bapp;apCKa MaKep;omrn, s EreiicKa, rpoQK:WTe BJiaCTl1 o
nocTaBRT sa QeJI He p;eHaQ:WOHaJius:wpaHeTo, a o6es6nrrrapRBaHeTo Ha o6nacTTa. A 3~
HOBA E'b!II'APCKA J1CTOPJ1.H {1878-1944)
roBa ce M3IIOJI3Ba sceKw rroso,n; w Hatt-Be"l!e "l!eTmt"l!eCKine Hana,n;emrn Ha BMPO. flo-

pa,n;w rosa opraHM3al\MRTa YMMIIIJieHo orpaHM"l!asa ,n;eti:Hocrra rn B ErettCKa MaKe,n;o-
Hl1JI. flpe11eHRBattKM omna or MMHanoro, poKOBo,n;cTBOTO Ha BMPO ,n;o6pe pa36vtpa,
qe co,n;6ara Ha MaKe,n;omrn 3asurn npe,n;vt BCM"l!KO or pa3BMTMeTo Ha Me)l(,n;yHapo,n;Hara
rroJIMTMKa w 6op6ara 3a Ha,n;Mo111vre Me)l(,n;y roneMMTe ,n;op)l(aBM.
Or ,n;op)l(asure no6e,n;MreJIKM BoB soi1Hara Karo Bo3MO)l(eH Col-03HMK Ha BMPO ce
oqepTaBa e,n;MHCTBeHO I1TaJIMR, KOJITO e He,n;OBOJIHa OT npeKoMepHOTO pa3IIHtpeHMe Ha
Cop6vrR (IOrornaswR) B nocoKa KoM A,n;pvtarvrKa. Ha Ta3vt 6a3a e ecrecTBeHo Me)l(,n;y
BMPO u uramrnHcK:wre rny)l(6M ,n;a ce ycTaHOBJIT KOHTaKTM. Karo M3TIOJI3yBa BJIMJIH11-
ero Ha I1raJIMR Bopxy an6aHCKara conpoTMBa B KocoBo (a co1110 u nocpe,n;H11"l!ecTBOTO
Ha 3ana,n;HoTpaK:wttcK11re ryp1111) ce nocrura cnopa3yMeHvte c An6aHcKara peBon1-011vt-
OHHa opraH113a1111JI (HoeMBp11 1920 r.). OCBeH c I1ranvrJI M KocoBCK11JI peBon1-011vroHeH
KOMvrrer, BMPO ce cTpeM11 ,n;a Co3,n;a,n;e 06111 6noK Ha Ha11vroHaJIHoocB060,n;wTeJIHMTe
.L\Bvt:>KeH:wJI B IOrocnas11JI. Bo,n;JIT nperoBopu c HJIK011 -qepHoropcKw cenapaTMCTM, c
MJOCl-OJIMaH11re B .6orna 11 Hatt-Be"l!e c XopBaTCKOTO OCBo6o,n;vrTeJIHO ,D;BM:>KeH:we, npe,n;-
craBJIJIBaHO or XopsarcKara ceJICKa rraprvrJI 11 HeMH11JI, Bo,n;a"LI CTenaH Pa,n;vr"LI.
CrerraH Pa,n;11-q J1 xcrr np113HaBaT no np11Hl\MTI npaBaTa Ha 6omapcKOTO Hacene-
Hl1e B MaKe,n;oHMR, r. e. Hero C"l!MTaT 3a "npaBM cnp611" M C'blllO ToprnT co,n;eJ1:crn11ero
tta,n;pyrure Ha11110HaJIHOCTM B IOrornamrn. flpe3 1921 r. B vtHTeH311TeTa Ha "l!eTHM"l!e-
cKaTa ,n;ewHocr Ha BMPO ce Ha6n1-0,n;asa B11,n;11Mo, cna,n;aHe. flpvr"LI11HaTa e, -qe cpe111y
opraHvt3aQJ1JITa ce IIOJIBJIBa HOB npoTMBHMK, T03M nnT OT cpe,n;aTa Ha caMOTO MaKe-
.L\OHCKO ,n;sw)l(eHwe. Ha BropwH BeJI11K co6op Ha MaKe,n;oHcKaTa eM11rpa1111H (1920 r.)
qacr OT ,n;eneran1Te ce or11enBaT 11 nocraBJIT OCHOBvtTe Ha HOBa opraHM3al\11JI, KOJITO
np11eMa uMero "cpe,n;eparwsHa''. Hd'rn11JIT JI03yttr e He3aBvtrnMa cpe,n;eparvtBHa MaKe-
.L\OHMJI npw noJIHO M paBHO )"laCT11e Ha BC11"l!KM HaceJIJIBalllM JI Hapo,n;HOCT11, KOJITO
ga rrorny)l(w 3a coe,n;MH11TeJIHO 3BeHo Ha 60,n;e111aTa .6anKaHCKa cpe,n;epa1111JI. Ha"LI11H'bT,
no KOWTO e Co3,n;a,n;eHa cpe,n;epar11BHara opraHvt3aQMJI, Hei1HaTa nporpaMa w no-Hara-
Tb111Ha ,n;ettHOCT, ,n;aBaT OCHOBaH11e ,n;a ce CMJITa, -qe no,n;TMK'bT K'bM pa311enJieHMeTO e
no cKopo nw-1eH, OTKOJIKoro w,n;eeH. B peson1-011vtoHHaTa ,n;ewHocT Ha cpe,n;epar11crvrre
6op6aTa cpe111y BMPO 3aeMa MHoro no-roJIJIMO MJICTO, oTKOJIKOTO 6op6ara cpe111y
nopo6vtreJIJI . .6JIM3K11 ,n;o cpe,n;eparwcrwTe ca vr ,n;ei111vt or 6vrBIIIaTa, T. Hap. "cepCKa" op-
raHH3al\11H Ha ..s!He CaH,n;aHCKM Ha"l!eno c T. flaHvtl\a. OrnoBHOTO opo)l(Me Ha cpe,n;e-
paTHBHara opraHw3aQ11R cpe111y BMPO e 06B11HeHvrero, -qe no,n; no3yHra Ha aBroHo-
MHJira TR ce 6opM 3a rrp11cne,n;11HJIBaHero, Ha MaKe,n;oH11JI K'bM Eomap11R. HJIKOM or
Bo.r1aqvrTe Ha cpe,n;eparucr11re ca 6n113K11 copaTm111vt Ha T. AneKcaH,n;poB, HO pa3K'bC-
BaH11 OT Hey,n;oBnersopeHw aM6MQMM, ,n;pym vt3BnpIII11llvt npecTnnneH11JI, re rrpeHe-
6pernaT ,D;J1CQMIIJIJ1Hara J1 ,!l;'bJira CM Ha peBOJil-01\MOHepM M CTMfaT ,n;o OTKpMTO Hal\MO-
HaJJHO npe,n;areJICTBO. I1oJio)l(eHwero ce ycJIO)l(HM oco6eHo rne,n; Karo npaB11rencrnoro
Ha E3HC ce HaMerna BnB BnTpeIIIHwre pa6oTM Ha MaKe,n;oHcKoro ,n;Bvt:>KeH11e. Haco"l!-
sai1K11 BoHIIIHaTa rronwTwKa B rrocoKa KoM TpaK11JI, 6omapCKoro npaB11rencrBo ce
Ha.L\JIBa Ha 1-0rocnasCKaTa no,n;Kpena, a 3a ,n;a JI nony-qu TpJI6Ba ,n;a Heyrpan11311pa no
HJIKaK'bB Ha"l!MH BMPO. B nw11ero 11MeHHO Ha cpe,n;epanMcT11re e HaMepeH HY)l(H11JI 11H-
crpyMeHr 3a BnTpenrnoro ,n;e3MHrerpwpaHe Ha QJIJIOTo MaKe,n;oHCKo ,n;Bvt:>KeHwe w no-
383
Pocut{a AH2eJ10Ba
CTaB.irneTo MY no.a; rrpam1TeJICTBeH KOHTpon. Omtn1Te .a;a ce rrocnffHe HRKaKBO pa3-

6J11paTeJICTBO Me)l(.a;y rrpaBJ11TeJicTBOTO 11 BMPO He gaBaT pe3ynTaT. Harrpe)l(em1ero ce
113ocTp.H cne.a; orr11Ta Ha cpe.a;epan11cTJ11Te .a;a rrpeB3eMaT opraHJ113aQl1RTa Ha Teprnpmna
Ha MaKegoHHR . .JlfaBnprneHJll ca y6m1cTBa Ha HRKOl1 Bl1,ll,HJll aBTOHOMJllCTKM pnKOBo-
,D,MTeJIJll B Ennrapu.H. Be,D,Hara cne,D, 3aBp'b~aHeTo OT MaKegoHJllJI, pnKOBO):ICTBoro Ha
BMPO eHeprwrno ce 3aeMa c JIJllKBl1,L1MpaHeTO Ha BnTpernHHJI cppoHT. Ilpe3 1921 r.
eK3eKyTopJ11Te Ha BMPO rrpoCTpensaT fbopqe IleTpoB, MMHMCThp'bT Ha B0Tpewm1re
pa60TM A.JI. ,lJ,MMMTpOB, HRKOM OT no-BM,ll,Hl1Te BO):lat.JM Ha cpe,D,epaTMCTJllTe.
HeycnerneH e 11 onMT'bT Ha nocne):IHHTe .r:1a ce HaCTaHJIT Ha opramt3aQ!t!OHHara
TepuTopu.H. Tnl1 KaTo He pa3nonaraT c Heo6xo,D,ttMaTa 6a3a JI! c no.a;KpenaTa Ha Ha-
ceneH11eTo, t.JeTJ11Te JllM ca 6np3o pa36MTM OT noJIMQeHCKMTe cpn6CKM qacr1t1. Cne11
nopa)l(eHl1eTO qacT OT TRX OTKpl1TO npeMMHaBaT Ha cpn6cKa cny)l(6a KaTO KOHTpa-
t.JeTHJllQJll cpeLIW BMPO. B Hat.JaJioTo Ha 1923 r. e JIMKBJ11,D,ttpaH 11 pa3KOJI'bT cpe.r:1 eM11-
rpaQJ11JITa l1 cpaKTJ1t.JeCKJll cpe,D,epaTMCTMTe Karrl1TYJIMpaT KaTO M,D,eHHl1 nponfBHl1!_\l1
Ha BMPO, KOJITO OTHOBO ,D,OMJl!Httpa B MaKegoHcKOTO ocB060,D,J11TeJIHO .a;B1t1)1(eH1t1e.
Ilpe3 nponeTTa Ha 1922 r. BMPO rrpe,D,npJ11eMa HOBa ocpaH3l1Ba B'bB Bap.r:1apCKa
MaKe,D,OHMR. B cpe,D,aTa Ha IOJIM ~a6'bT Ha BMPO OTHOBO ce rrpeHarn Ha 10rocnaaCKa
TepuTopJ11R. I(eJIMRT pal1oH Ha l13TOK OT p. Bap,D,ap e B TpeCKaBa no,D,roTOBKa 3a aKrnB-
HJll 6ol1HM .a;el1cTBJllJI no.a; no3yHra 3a aBTOHOMMJI Ha MaKe,D,OHl1R. OT an6aHcKara rpa-
HMQa HaxnyBaT an6aHCKMTe t.JeT11, KOMTO ,D,eHCTBysaT c'brnacyBaHo c BMPO. B KpaJI Ha
1922 r. rrpaBJ11TeJICTBOTO B Eenrpa,D, o6RBRBa Harpa,D,a 3a rnasaTa Ha T. AneKcaH.r:1pos.
Oco6eHo orracHa 3a Eenrpa,D, e 3acJ11JIBa~aTa ce TeH,D,eHQM.i:t K'bM c6JIM)l(eHJ11e Me)!(11y
BMPO JI! X'bpBaTCKOTO ,ll;BJll)!{em1e, B JIMQeTO Ha xcrr. Ho Me:>K,D,Y ):IBeTe opraH!tl3al.\l111
C'b~ecTsyBa e.r:1Ha C'b~ecTBeHa pa3JIMKa. ,UoKaTo CT. Paguq e npttB'bp)l(eH!t!K Ha ne-
raJIM3Ma B rroJIHTMt.JecKaTa 6op6a, T. AneKcaH.a;poB e y6e,D,eH, qe neraJIHMre cpe.r:1crna
Tp.H6Ba ,D,a ce C'bt.JeTaBaT c HeneraJIHJll.
B Kpa.H Ha 1922 JI! rrpe3 rrponeTTa Ha 1923 r. HaCT'bTIBa pR3Ka eCKaJiaQ1t1R B Harrpe-
)l(eHJ/leTO Me)l(,D,y E3HC M BMPO. E,LIMH OT noBO,D,MTe e H1.1rnKaTa cnoro.r:16a, KORTO
C'b,ll,'bp)l(a Knay3u Hacot.JeHJll npoTJllB BMPO. 0TroBopnT Ha opraHJ/13ar.vrnra e Kpac-
ttopet.JttB - aTeHTaT cpe~y CTaM6onul1cKM B Hapo,D,Hl1JI TeaT'bp. Cne.r:1aaT a3a11MH11
3aKaHJll, rrpe,D,yrrpe)l(,D,eHHJI, 3arrnarnJ11TeJIHJ11 rrucMa OT BMPO ,D,O npaBMTencraoro 11 r.
H. B Ta3M Kpal1Ho HarrperttaTa o6CTaHOBKa Ha 7 Mal1 rrpaBJllTencTBOTo 1t13Bnpwaa ap-
ecTJll Ha BJll,ll;Hl1 .a;eti:QJll Ha MaKe,D,OHCKaTa eMJ11rpaQl1JI 3a KOMTO ce 3Hae, qe ca rnop3am1
c BMPO. C QeJI ,D,a 0T611e ot.JaKBattarn ocpaH3JllBa Ha rrpaBJ11TeJICTBOTO BMPO apeMeH-
Ho rrpeycrnHOBJIBa t.JeTHJ/lt.JecKttTe aKQl1Jll B'bB Bap,D,apcKa MaKe,D,oHMR M cncpeAOTO-
qaBa HaJIMt.JHHTe CJ.1 CJ.1JIJ.1 no rrpoTe)!{eHJ11e Ha rpaH11QaTa 3a oT6J.1BaHe Ha eaeHryanHo
IOrocnaBcKo Harra,D,ett11e. B ycJIOBJllJITa Ha 3ac11JIBa~a ce Bpa:>K.a;e6HocT Me)!():ly 133HC 11
BMPO, rrpJ11 TBnp.a;oTo HaMepeHJ/le Ha rrpaBiueJICTBOTO ,D,a rrocTJ.1rHe pa3611parencrao
c IOrocnaBJ.1JI, KaTo )l(epTBa MaKe,D,OHCKOTO peBOJIIOQJ.10HHO ,D,BM)l(ett11e ytiacr1t1ero Ha
BMPO B ,UeBeTOIOHCKJ.1.lI npeBpaT e npe,D,onpe,D,eJieHo. B caMoTo J.13BnprnaaHe Ha rrpe-
BpaTa Ha 8 cpe~y 9 IOHJ.1 1923 r. BMPO He B3eMa yqacTJ11e, HO c ,D,eti:cTB!t!JITa Cl1 cpell\y
rrpaBJllTeJICTBOTO, aHra)l(J.1pati:KJ.1 HerOBMTe CJllJIJll Jll BHl1MaHMe TR J/13B'bprnsa e.r:111H OT-
BJIJ.1t.Ja~ MaHbOB'bp J.1 Ha npaKTMKa ynecHRBa aBTOPJ.1Te Ha rrpeBpaTa.
HORA EnflI'APCKA MCTOPMH (1878-1944)
CJieA .D;esen1 IOHlit BMPO ce Ha;:vrna Ha o6paT s 6omapo-roroCJiascKlitTe orno-

ruemu1 lit ):\aBa TI'bJIHaTa clit IIOJIKpena Ha npamiITeJicTBoTo Ha An. UaHKOB. CKopo Ha
T. AneKcaHJlpos MY e C'bJleHo Jla M3)!(VIBee rop'-!VIBO pa3oqaposaHV1e. 3a ]\a 3aKpenV1
B'bHIIIHOTO Clit IIOJIO)!(eHlite, npaBMTeJICTBOTO Ha ~c e npVIHyAeHO ):\a npO,l:\'bJl)KM B'bHIII-
HaTa noJIMTlitKa Ha E3HC no OTHoIIIeHV1e Ha IOroCJiasm1, KOJITO HenocpeJICTBeHo CJie]\
npespaTa 3annanrna c oTKpMTa soeHHa HaMeca. IIorne):\sa pa3pVIB Me)!(JIY BMPO VI
npamnencTBOTO Ha crosopa, a OpraHVl3al_\MJITa BJIVl3a B nperosopVI c EKII, KORTO
roTBH B'bCTaHlite cpenw pe)!(MMa Ha JleBeTOIOHL\VITe. IIocnrrnaTO e cnopa3yMeHV1e 3a
HeHaMeca Ha BMPO B'hB B'bCTaHMeTo npVI yCJioBVle, qe TO He ~e 3acerne TepVITOpMRTa
Ha ITVlpMHCKa MaKeJIOHMR - 6a3aTa Ha BMPO.
IIo C'b~OTO speMe Bopxy pa3BVITMeTo Ha MaKeJIOHCKOTO pesoJIIO!_\VIOHHO ;D;BVl)!(e-
Hl1e 3ano<Isa ]\a oKa3Ba csoeTo B'b3,l:\et'rcTBVle eJIVIH HOB cpaKTOp - C'bBeTcKaTa VI KO-
M11HTepHoBcKaTa noJilitTlitKa VI Het'rn:wTe CTpaTenrqecKM VIHTepern Ha EanKaHVITe. Ha
KaKBO ce ocHosasa 3aClitJieHlitRT VIHTepec Ha KoMVIHTepHa :w CCCP K'bM MaKeJIOHCKOTO
AB11)!(eHlite? I1pe3 1921-1922 r. B Espona ce 3a6eJIJ13BaT HRKOH npV13Hal_\H Ha cTa6mrn-
3aI..\11R VI OTcna6saHe Ha litHTeH3litBHOCTTa Ha KJiacosaTa 6op6a. Oco6eHo e xapaKTepHo
roaa 3a pa:t'loHa Ha UeHTpanHa Espona, K'bJleTO e Haco<IeH rnasmrn y;n;ap Ha cseTOB-
ttara nponeTapcKa pesoJIIO!_\HR. 3a p'bKOBOJIIIHTe cpeJIVI Ha KoMHHTepHa cTasa RCHO,
qe rpR6Ba ]\a ce T'hpCHT HOBlit C'bI03HH!_\H li1 3ao6HKOJIHH MapIIIpyr:w Ha CBeTOBHaTa
peaoJIIO!_\HR. KaTo e):\HH OT Te3H HOBH MaprnpyTH KoMHHTepH'bT na6eJIJI3Ba IOro113-
TO'!Ha Espana lit cne.qHaJIHO pati:oHa Ha EaJIKaHHTe. :Vfa6litpaHeTO Ha EaJIKaH:wre 3a
ITJJaq}:\apM Ha CBeTOBHaTa peBOJIIO.l_\litJI ce o6yrnaBR OT HaJIH'!HeTO Ha pe}:\Hl_\a CTpaTe-
fl!'leCK~I lit TaKTlit'!eCKlit 6JiaronplitRTHli1 yrnoBHJI H Ha II'bpBo MJICTO Ha CHJIHH H MaCOBH
ttaqHOHaJIHOCBo6oA~ITeJIHlit JIBH)!(eHMR KaTO BMPO. Te3VI Hal_\VIOHaJIHH JIBH)!(eHHR :w
BbOp'b)!(eHHTe litM cpopMa.l_\Hlit MoraT ):\a ce H3IIOJI3YBaT KaTO ):\eTOHaTOp Ha KpexKOTO
6anKaHCKO pasHosecwe :w OTTYK 3a IIOJIIIaJIBaHeTo VI Ha Espana.
Ji13XO)KJlaMKlit OT Ta3lit c'bo6pa)!(eHlitR poKOBOJICTBOTO Ha KoMHHTepHa e np:wHy-
AeHO ]\a o6opHe no-roJIRMO BHVIMaHHe ua EanKaHV1Te H cneqwaJIHO Ha Ha.qlitoHaJIHHJI
Bbnpoc. Ha npose):\eHlitTe s KpaR Ha 1922 r. cpopyM:w Ha KOMYHHCTM'-!eCKoTo JIBH)Ke-
1me, ce TIOCTaBR 3a):\a'!aTa ):\a ce IIOJIKpenJI 6op6aTa Ha IIOJITHCHaTHTe Hal_\HoHaJIHOCTH
Ha EaJIKaHCKlitR nonyocTpos, JIOPH ce ):\onyCKa, qe B OTJleJIHH rnyqa:w HaqV10HaJIHHR
Bbnpoc MO)J(e ]\a litMa rrpe,l:\litMCTBa npeA co.qwaJIHHR.
To3H HOB TIO,I:\XO.L\ Ha KoMlitHTepHa K'bM HaqvroHanmrn Bonpoc Ha EaJIKaHHTe no-
rryqasa Rp'bK lit3pa3 B npoMeHeHOTO oTHorne1me Ha EKII K'bM BMPO. Me)!(JIY JIBeTe
opram13a.l_\litlit ce yCTaHOBRBaT OTHOIIIemrn Ha T'bpTIHMOCT VI ,l:\OpH C'bTPY.LIHH'-!eCTBO,
Ko11ro ce 3ac:wnsaT B Haseqep:weTo Ha npespaTa. CJie]\ ~esenr IOHH Ta3H TeH]\eH!_\HR
rrpo,!l'bJI)!(aBa lit 3anoqsa ):\a npMA06litsa KOHKpern:w H3MepeHHR.
I1pe3 IOHlit 1923 r. Jlenera.qlitR Ha BMPO noce~asa MocKBa :w pa3rosapR c po-
Koao,1111TeJilit Ha KoMlitHTepHa :w Ha C'bBeTcKaTa Jl'bp)!(aBa ITO npo6JieMHTe Ha Ha.q:wo-
Ha1rnoocso60,L1litTeJIHOTO JIBlit)KeH:we na EanKaHMTe. UeJITa Ha KoMHHTepHa e Jla ycTa-
HOBH KOHTaKT c BclitqKlit Ha.l_\litOHaJIHOOCB06o]\MTeJIHlit JIBH)!(eHHR Ha EaJIKaHI1Te H ITO
Bb3MO)!(HOCT ):\a flit TIOCTaBlit TIO]\ CBOH KOHTp071, 3a ):\a H3TIOJI3ysa IIOTeH.l_\HaJI'bT HM B
Pocui.,ia AHie11oaa
npep;CTORJ.rlaTa CBeTOBHa rpa:>Kp;aHCKa Bo:Crna. Oco6eH MHTepec B TOBa OTHOIIIemre 3a

KoMMHTepHa npep;CTaBJIRBaT BMPO M xcn Ha CT. Pap;wI.
B MocKBa Ha p;eneraTMTe Ha BMPO e o6e~aHa MopanHa M MaTepuaJIHa noMOli\,
HO p;o KOHKpeTHM p;oroBopeHOCTM He ce CTMra. OT CBOR CTpaHa BMPO Bop;vr npero-
BOpHTe c Hap;e:>Kp;a p;a TIOJIY'IM Ta3M TIOMO~ no nop;o6ue Ha OHa3H, KORTO nony'IaBa OT
C'hBeTcKa Pye:trn p;BM:>KeHHeTo Ha KeMaJIMCTMTe B Typ~HR. Bp'h3KMTe cu c'bc CCCP 11
KoMMHTepHa BMPO CMRTa p;a M3IIOJI3yBa M KaTo BMp; IIIaHTa:>K npep; BeJIMKMTe rnn11,
KOMTO npep; 6onrneBH3HpaHeTo Ha EaJIKaHMTe 6uxa npep;no'IeJIM p;a HaJIO)!(aT Ha
Eenrpap; vi Anrna HRKOM OTCT'bIIKM B p;yxa Ha J.VrnpHHR p;oroBop.
Peanen M3pa3 Ha p;o6pHTe B3aMMOOTHorneHMR Me:>1<p;y BMPO H EKTI e H nocT11r-
HaTOTO cnopa3yMeHMe B'bB Bp'b3Ka enc CenTeMBpm1:cKOTo B'bCTaHMe. Cnopa3yMemr-
eTo e roJIRM IIOJIHTH'IeCKH H TaKTH'IeCKM ycnex 3a EKI1, noHe)l(e c Hero ce HeyTpam1-
311pa 3IJa'IHTeJIHa 6ovma CMJia, KORTO MO:>Ke p;a ce M3IIOJI3YBa OT npamtTeJICTBOTO 3a
npoTMBop;ei1cTBMe.
P'hKOBop;cTBOTO na EKTI He cna3Ba cnopa3yMe1rneTo c BMPO M p;aBa Hape)!(Aa11e
p;a ce Bp;vrrne B'bCTaI-rne MB TiupHHCKa MaKep;oHMR. TaKa cnopa3yMeHMeTo ce npoBaJrn,
a OTHOIIIeHMRTa Me)!(p;y EKTI M BMPO - noMpa'IeHM. He ce 3Hae KaKBM ca MOTMBl1Te Ha
napTHJIHOTO pbKOBO,ll;CTBO p;a He cna3M B'bTipOCHOTO cnopa3yMeirne, HO CaMJ!51T cjiaKT
roBopH 3a CKJIOHHOCT K'bM aBaHTIOpHCTM'IeHM p;e:CICTBMR 11 HeJIORJIHOCT K'bM napnrbo-
pa. Ta3H HeJIORJIHOCT HMa CBOMTe npORBJieHMR MB 60.n;e~OTO pa3BMTMe Ha OTHOilleHJl-
RTa Me:>Kp;y KOMYHMCTM'IeCKOTO M Ha~HoHaJIHOOCBo6op;MTeJIHOTo p;BM:>Ke1rne. BnrrpeKH
B'h3HMKHamne 3aTpyp;Hemrn, KOHTaKT'bT c BMPO Hee npeK'bcHaT. KoM Hero npoHBH-
Ba HIITepec M caMaTa BMPO no pep;11~a npH'IMIHI OT Me:>1<p;yHapop;eH M BoTpell111oup-
ram13a~MOHeH xapaKTep. Cpep; TRX ca: BJIOIIIaBaHe Ha on1orneHMRTa Me)!(p;y BMPO 11
U:aHKOB nopap;u B'bHlllHaTa TIOJIMTMKa Ha p;eBeTOIOH~MTe HaCO'IeHa K'bM c6JIM)!(eHJre c
IOrornaBMR 3a cMeTKa Ha MaKep;omrn M BMPO, yKpenBaHe qpe3 KoMHHTepHa 11a
Bpn3KMTe c p;pyruTe Ha~MoHaJIHoorno6op;uTeJIHM p;BH:>Kemrn Ha EanKaHHTe; rronyqa-
BaHe, MopanHaTa M oco6eHo MaTepwaJIHaTa nop;p;po:>KKa Ha CCCP, oco6etto rne11 Karn
:VhaJIMR 3aTIO'IBa p;a ype:>Kp;a CBOMTe OTHorneHMR c IOrornaBMR; HeyTpamt3Mpa11e10 rra
peHeraTMTe-cpe.n;epaJIMCTM, Hap; KOMTO KoMMHTepHa MMa M3BeCTHO BJIMRHHe.
0KOH'IaTeJIHOTO BJIM3aHeTo Ha BMPO B ep;MHHHR 6aJIKaHcKw peBOJIIOl\li!Ormr
cppoHT e ocpopMeHo npe3 anpwn-Maii: 1924 r. B'hB Bue.Ha c nop;nurnaHeTo Ha T. Hap.
Maii:cKH MaHucpecT Ha BMPO. B 3aKJIIO'IMTeJIHMR eTan Ha nperoBoprne ce otiepnBa 11
pa3JIHKMTe B nop;xop;a Ha p;BeTe cTpaHM, no 3a T. AneKcaHp;poB e K'hCHO p;a OTCTDTIBa.
:VfanpaBeH npep; HenocwJIHMTe yrnom-rn Ha .n;pyrarn CTpana M YKJIOH'IMBOTO 11 HeHCK-
peHo noBep;eHMe Ha CBOMTe .n;pyrapu OT U:K Ha BMPO, TOM pe11IaBa p;a He TIOAffHll!e
JIH'IHO Maii:cKMR p;oKyMeHT, KaTo oCTaBR TOBa Ha C'bBecTTa Ha .n;pyruTe 'IJieHoBe Ha po-
KOBO,ll;CTBOTO. Tiop; Ma1rn¢eCTa nop;nMC'hT Ha T. AneKcaHp;poB e p;o6aBeH no nonHOMo-
~He OT TI. qayneB M An. I1poTorepoB. C TI'bJIHMR TeKcT Ha MaHmpeCTa ArreKcaH11poB
ce 3ano3Ha ep;Ba rnep; 3aBpo~aHeTo cu B EonrapMR. Ho 3a p;pyrarn cTpatta - BKIT 11
KoMMHTepHa, Maii:cKMRT MaHu¢eCT e romIM ycnex. Tiy6rruKyBaHeTo Ha Matt11cpecn
03Ha'IaBa OTKPMTO o6RBRBaHe OT CTpaHa Ha BMPO Ha Bo:Cma Ha npaBMTeJICTBOTO Ha
386
HOBA E'b!IfAPCKA J1CTOPJ1Jl (1878-1944)
An. UaHKOB rrponrn KoeTO Bel.le ce 6op.RT EKII vr E3HC. Cne.r1 rro.r1rrvrrnaHeTo Ha Mat1-
cKvr.R MamrcpecT e Ha6eJI.R3aH l1 Kpafrnvr.R cpoK 3a 1n6yxsaHeTO Ha HOBOTO BbCTaHvre
- Mecen; cerrTeMBpl1 1924 r.
EKII l1 KoMHHTepHa He ycrr.RBaT .r1a l13IIOJI3yBaT TaKTvrqecKoTO rrpevrMy~ecTBO
KoeTo l1M ce AaBa c aKTa Ha Maf1cK11.R MaHmpeCT. TexmrnT, B ocHoBaTa cvr nesvrqapcKvr,
~OKTpl1HepCKl1 IIO,[IXOA KbM MaKe,[IOHCKOTO ,[IBH)f(emre WM rrpequ ,[la rrpeqeH.RT peaJIHO
C'bOTHOIIIeHl1eTo Ha Cl1JI!1Te BbB BMPO vr ,[lace CTpei\rnT He KbM CbI03 c Ta3l1 opraH11-
rnqvr.R, KORTO o6eKTMBHO oTvrBa KbM pa3pHB c UaHKOB, a KbM Hei1HoTo rro.r1q11HeHvre vr
rrMHO OBJiaA.RBaHe. B Ta3l1 Bpb3Ka EKII vr KoMvrHTeHbT pa3rJie)!(,[laT MaHvrcpeCTa KaTo
iarror 3a JIORJIHOCT OT cTpaHa Ha pbKOBOACTBOTO Ha BMPO vr cpe.r1cTBo 3a H3HYABaHe
Ha see rro-roneMl1 OTCTbIIKl1. C n;en pbKOBOACTBOTo Ha BMPO .r1a 6b,[le oKoHqaTeJIHO
~11CKpe,[1l1Tl1paHO rrpeA 6bmapcKOTO rrpaBHTeJICTBO vr Me)K,[lyHap0,[1HaTa o6~ecTBe
HOCT, BbrrpeKl1 :>KeJiaH11eTo Ha UK Ha opram13aqvrRTa HerOBH.RT TeKcT e rry6nHKyBaH.
riornegBa orrp0Bep*e1-me OT T. AneKcaHApoB 11 Arr. Ilpornrepos H 06BHHem1e BbB
~arrurncpm<an;uR, HO OT TPl1MaTa qJieHoBe Ha UK e.r111HcTBeH T. AneKcaH.r1pos He e rro-
~rrncan Jll1'1HO B'bIIpOCHl1.R AOKy1v1e1n.
Tiy6nuKan;:trnTa Ha MamrcpeCTa Cb3,[laBa BbTpeurno Harrpe)f(eHire B CTpaHaTa vr Bb-
rpe BbB BMPO. IlpaB11TeJICTBOTO e cepvl03HO 3arp11)f(eHo 3a rrose.r1em1eTO Ha BMPO
Brnyqafr Ha HOBl1 OIIl1Tl1 OT CTpaHa Ha EKII 11 53HC ):la ~ypMysaT snacTTa. BbTpe
B'bB BMPO ce C'b3,[laBa orro3MD;H.R cpe~y T. AneKcaH.r1poB Haqeno c AneKO BacvrJieB.
PoKOBOAl1TeJIRT Ha rroMOll\HaTa opraHM3aqH.R Ha BMPO B IlvrpHHCKa MaKe,[IOHH.R A.
BarnrreB e l.!OBeK c Hl1CKa KynTypa H Mopan, He11ttTemrreHTe11, HO c orpOMHa aM6!11.~l!.R
~1 lKa)!(.r1a 3a BJiacT. 3acTaHaJI Haqeno Ha 3Ha'1MTeJIHa Bbopb)KeHa cwna B cKopo speMe
rolr 3arrol.!Ba ,[lace l.!YBCTBa Bcecvmett M He3aBMCHM, M3Bbpurna pe.r1wn;a 31Ioyn0Tpe6J,1 c
rnropv1TeTa Ha BMPO c n;en JIMl.!HO 06naro.r1eTencrnysatte. Ilo,[ITHKBaH H ttacbpqasaH
OT CBO.R IlOMOll\HMK 6MBIIIH.R IIOJTKOBHMK r. ATanacoB, TOii 3arrol.!Ba ,[la CH rrp11CBO.RBa
~YHKD;Hl1 !13B'bH HeroBaTa KOMIIeTeHD;H.R 11 ,[lace cTpeMl1 KbM rro-rrpeAHO M.RCTO B pb-
KOBO,[ICTBOTO Ha BMPO.
B KpaR Ha aBrycT 1924 r. e HacpoqeH KottrpecbT Ha CepcKH.R peBOJTIOD;HOHeH
JKpor, Ha KOWTO T. AneKcaHAPOB Bb3Ha1v1ep>rna .r1a rrowcKa OT A. BaotJTeB cMeTKa 3a
lt3BoprneHHTe ,[leRHl1.R. 3a n;enTa AneKcaHAPOB cb6Hpa ):10KyMeHn1 rr .r1pyr goKa3aTeJI-
crneu MaTepwan, 3a .r1a ru rrpeACTaBH npeA Cb,[la Ha opraml3an;~rnrn. AneKo 311ae 3a
HaMepemrnTa Ha T. AneKcaHAPOB M B3eMa 1v1epK11 3a HerOBOTO npeMaxBaHe. Ha 31
asryCT 1924 r. Ha II'bT 3a MecnrocTTa "JiorroBo" B Tinpm1, KbAeTo 3ace.r1aBa KmrrpecbT,
~BaMa OT qeTHMD;MTe Ha AneKo, H3rrpaTeHM KaTo so.r1aqvi Ha AneKcan.r1poB ro 3,1CTpen-
Bar B rpn6.
Cbc CMnpTTa Ha T. AneKcaH,[lpoB ce cnara Kpat1Ha1-iai1-AHHaMHqHH.R vr narnTeH
CbC C'bfo.ITMR eTarr OT pa3BI1TI1eTO Ha MaKe,[IOllCKOTO peBOJTIQD;l1011HO ABI1)Ke11t1e CJle,[1
OopBaTa rneToBHa BOifHa. Hai1-xapaKTepHOTO 3a T03!1 rrepwo,n; e aKnrnHaTa peBomo-
~HOHHa .r1efrnocT Ha BMPO B MaKeAOHHH, yc11n11JITa Ha opran113an;irnn ,[la cpopMHpa
06~ aHTwcpn6CKl1 cppoHT Ha He,[IOBOJIHHTe B IOrocnamrn, Aa HaMepH rnrypen 11 ,n;oc-
rammo MOll\eH B'bHIUeH rroKpoBMTeJT. B Ta3!1 cvr .r1ei1110CT opra11113an;mrra nocrnra
Pocuu,a Att2enoaa
orrpep;eneH11 ycnex11, HO Hai1-3Ha'I11TeJIHl1R e, qe He p;aBa Ha rneTa p;a 3a6paBVI 3a MaKe-
p;oHCK11R Bbnpoc 11 3a CTpap;aHVIRTa Ha MaKep;OHCK11Te 6bllrapt1.
HenocpecTBeHo rnep; y6VIi1CTBOTO Ha T. AneKcaHp;poB 3ano'IBa pa3'Il1CTBaHe Ha
cMeTK11Te. Ha 12 cenTeMBp11 p;BeTe rpynVI c11 yCTpot'maT cpew;a, KORTO 11 ep;HVITe, 11
p;pyrnTe Bb3HaMepRBaT p;a rrpeBbpHaT B KbpBaBa ceq Hap; npOT11BH11IJ;HTe CH. I1o-6op-
311 ce oKa3BaT rrornep;oBaTeJIVITe Ha T. AneKcaHp;poB. BbJIHaTa Ha y6v1i1cTBaTa ce pa3-
rrpocTVIpa H B qy)f(611Ha. I1pe3 p;eKeMBp11 B MirnaHO e y611T rr. qayneB, o6RBeH 3a npe-
p;aTeJI, "rroAKyneH" OT 6omueBVIK11Te. Ha 8 Mai1 1925 r. no BpeMe Ha npep;cTaBnemre
BbB BHeHCKVIR "EypITeaTbp" Mett'Ia KbpHVI'IeBa, 6bAern;a cbnpyra Ha J1B. MVIxaunos,
rrpoCTpenBa T. I1att11u;a. TaKa ¢eAepan11cTMTe VI neBVI'Iap11Te OKOH'IaTeJIHO cJIH3aT 01
cu;eHaTa KaTo cpaKTop B MaKep;oHcKoTo peBOJIIOIJ;MOHHO p;B11)f(em1e. Ha HbpBo BpeMe
B MAet°maTa nnanpopMa Ha BMPO He ce tta6JIIOAaBaT Cb1.QeCTBem1 l13MeHeHVIH. KaK-
TO 11 npeAJ1 Kpai1HaTa u;en Ha opraHl13aIJ;l1RTa Cl1 OCTaBa Cb3AaBaHeTO Ha ep;HHHa He-
3aB11Cl1Ma MaKeAOHCKa Abp)f(aBa c paBHl1 npaBa 3a BCl1'IKl1 HaCeJIRBarn;M .fl Hapogno-
CT11. I1pep;Bl1A peaJIHV!Te ycJIOBl1R pbKOBO)J;l1TeJil1Te Ha opraH113aQI'1RTa Bee 110-'IeCTC
l13TbKBaT Ha rrpeAeH nnaH Ml1HHMaJIJ13HpaHaTa rrporpaMa: 1iau;110Ham-m-Kymyp1111
rrpaBa Ha 6bnrapcKoTo Hacenem,1e, cnHpaHe noJIVITMKaTa Ha AeHau;110HamnaQvt.fl H B'b-
Be)f(AaHe na HopMaJIHO 6yp)f(Oa3HO-AeMOKpaTH'IHO ynpaBJieHHe B MaKep;oHvrH. B pe
AHIJ;a H3RBJieHJ1R npeA 6bnrapCKaTa 11 eBponei1CKaTa npeca npeACTaB1nem1 Ha BMPC
3aRBRBaT, qe TR e roToBa Aa CJIO)f(l1 opb)f(Me, aKo cpb6cKoTo npaB11TeJicTBO npwnolK~
AOroBopa 3a 3aII.J;HTa Ha MaJIIJ;VIHCTBaTa no OTHOllleH11e Ha MaKeAOHCKHTe 6nmap11. I
T03J1 nyHKT CbII.J;eCTByBa CXOACTBO Me)f(AY npoBe)f(AaHaTa OT npaB11TeJICTBOTO Ha Arr
UaHKOB non11THKa no MaKeAOHCK11R Bbnpoc H BMPO. Ho pa3Jil1'Il1RTa ca roneM11 Il\C
ce OTHarn AO MeTOA11Te no KOVITO Aa ce nocT11rHe np:r.rnaraHeTo Ha p;oroBopa 3a Marr
IJ;l1HCTBaTa. JJ:oKaTO rrpaB11TeJICTBOTO Ha JJ:C KaTO IJ;RJIO pa3'Il1Ta Ha p;o6paTa BOJ!Jl H;
IOrornaBHR 11 HaMecaTa Ha OH, TO BMPO, KaKTO 11 npeA11, CMRTa Aa HarrmKvr TOBa C'b1
c11naTa Ha opb)f(l1eTo.
I1pe3 cpeBpyap11 1925 r. B I1VIp11HcKa MaKep;oH11R ce npoBe)f(p;a VI pep;oBeH KOH
rpec Ha BMPO, Koi1To rroTBbp)l{AaBa Ml1Hl1MaJIHaTa nporpaMa 11 cpep;cTBaTa 3a noc
T11raHeTo H. I1o OTHOllleH11e Ha cpopMaTa, KORTO Aa A0611RT BbOpb)f(emne p;el1crn11~
ce c6JibCKBaT ABe pa3JI11'IH11 rrreA11rn;a. I1o-CTapVITe Kap;pH Ha'Ieno c Arr. ITpornreprn
11 f. IJorrxpVICTOB rrpop;bJI)l(aBaT Aa HaCTORBa 3a CTapi.1Te cpopMH - 'IeTH, urnpoKa op
raHH3au;110HHa Mpe)f(a, MacoBa opraH113au;irn 11 rrp. I1pe3 1925-1927 r. yrnoBHHTa
MaKeAOH11R Be'Ie ca rrpoMeHeH11. B HaceJieH11eTo HaCTbnBa yMopa 11 OT'IaRHHe or nos
ceMeCTH11R Tepop Ha cpb6cK!t!Te BrracT11. YrHeTRBa-rn;o p;ei1cTBa 1.1 Cb3HaHviern 3a 6e3
rrepcrreKT11BHOCTTa Ha 6op6aTa. HarraAeH11RTa Ha qenue, 6e3 Aa 110AnOMaraT c Hl1Il\
HacerreH11eTo rrpeA113Bl1KBaT rneA ce6e c11 :>KecToK11 perrpec1111, H3Te3amrn wB KpattH
cMeTKa HOB11 6e:>KaHu;11 KbM Ebnrap11R.
HaceneH11eTo BbB BapAapcKa MaKeAOH11R 3ano'IBa Aa 113pa3RBa HeAOBOJICTBO o
'IeTH11'IeCK11Te HanaAeH11R, K011TO 3a Hero ca 113'Ieprran11 CBOR CMHC'bJI. Tosa HaCTpoe
H11e Ha Mac11Te e HanpaBeHo AOCTORtt:He Ha UK Ha BMPO 'Ipe3 pa3y3HaBatJ.HTe Ha op
raHl13aIJ;HHTa. B Ta311 o6CTaHOBKa B Hai1-MJiaAHR 'IJieH Ha UK Ha BMPO - I1s. MwxaCr
HOBA E'DJII'APCKA J1CTOPJ1Jl (1878-1944)
JIOB, Cn3pRBa M):\eRTa 3a rrpoMRHa B TaKTJi!KaTa. BMeCTo rnyMHJi!Te, ):\eMoHcTpaTliIBHlil,

cbrrpoBOl\eHM c'bc cpa)!(eHliIH, HaxnyBaJIJiIH Ha '!eTlil, TOM rrpep;nara peopraHH3aQJi!H Ha
6a3aTa Ha ):\'bn60KO 3aKOHcnlilplilpaHJil "TpOMKJ.1" Ji! "neTOpK.11': KOMTO 3ae):\HO c rrpex-
BbpneHH OT EnnrapMR aTeHTaTop.11 p;a M3BbpIIIBaT Harrap;eHMH Ha):I OT):lenHM nM'IHOCTM,
cb6oTa)f(H H AP· IIOA06HM aKQlirn. To3w Ha'IliIH Ha 6op6a oTroBapH Ha rrpoMeHeHwTe
yrnoBMR, HO cpell\a cnrrpoTwBaTa Ha rro-CTapwTe Kap;pw Ha BMPO ..
Ha Ta3H 6a3a Me)!(l\Y J1B. MwxaMnoB Ji! An. IIpornrepoB 1136yXBa OTKpliIT KOH-
qmwKT. 0Kono M11xaMnoB ce crrnoTHBaT Mna.r1wTe, He):\oBonHw OT yMepeHOCTTa w .r1w-
nnoMaTM'IHOCTTa Ha crnpwTe .r1eMQW. Ha rnx liIM MMnoHwpa TBbpp;wH Kypc Ha MB. Mw-
xaJ/rnoB, 6e3 C'bo6pa3HBaHe c 6'bnrapCKaTa IIOJH1TV!Ka, 6e3KOMpOMWCHOCT B cpe,LICTBaTa
3a nocTMraHeTo Ha KpaMHaTa Qen. MB. MlilxaMnoB ycnHBa Ha npaKTWKa .r1a .z:IOKa)J(e
npep;wMcTBaTa Ha rrpe}:\naraHaTa OT Hero TaKTWKa. B rrepwo.r1a 1926-1928 r. Tepopw-
CTMTe Ha BMPO liI3BnpurnaT cep.11H ecpeKTHW aKQlillil, KaTO noKa3BaT 6e3npHMepeH re-
poM3'bM 11 )f(epTBOroTOBHOCT. Y6.11T.11 ca reH. KoBa'!eBM'I, B. IIpen.11'!, M. KanaMaTKeB,
paHeH e IllwKa Jla3H'I - MvIHHCTbp Ha BbTpernH.11Te pa6oTH Ha IOrocnaBMH. 0THOBO
ce 3aroBopBa 3a Be3):1eCbll\aTa BMPO, KOHTO npoHJi!KBa p;oplil w B rrpaBHTencTBeHHTe
Ka6HHeTH B Eenrpal\.
YcrreruttHTe aTeHTaTH IIOBHIIIaBaT caMO'IYBCTBlileTO Ha MB. MHxaMnoB w MY cne-
qeJIBaT HOBH rrpHB'bp)l(em1QH. OT KpaH Ha 1927 r. Ji! Ha'lanorn Ha 1928 r. TOM 3ano'!Ba
,11a MWCJIH 3a ttanaraHe Ha rnowTe pa36HpaHJi!H Ha QHnaTa opraHH3aQHH. Ha3pHBa HaM-
¢aTanHHRT KOHcpnHKT B MaKe):\oHCKOTO peBonIOQliIOHHo ,[\BJiI)J(eHJile. OrneH YTB'bp)J(p;a-
BaHeTo Ha HOBaTa TaKTJilKa KaTO OCHOBHa cpopMa Ha 6op6a MliIXaMl!OB ce CTpeMJil KbM
npoMeHH B yCTaBa Ha BMPO, KOHTO .r1a MY no3BonHT, 6Hp;eJ/IKJiI 'IJieH Ha L(K Ha opra-
HM3aQHRTa ):\a He rrpe6limaBa Ha opram13aQJi!OHJ-IaTa TepliITOpliIH, Kb):\eTo BCbll\HOCT
ce BO,Lllil B'bOp'b)l(eHaTa 6op6a. KoHcpm1KT'bT CTaBa HBeH B npoQeCa Ha IIO,LlfOTOBKaTa
Ha VII pel\OBeH KOHrpec Ha BMPO rrpe3 1928 r. C11e.r1 Karn He ycnHBa p;a ce HallmKlil
no 3a.z:1KynHceH Ha'IHH Hal\ ocTaHanwTe '!neHoBe Ha L(K, MB. MHxaJ/rnoB ce pernaBa
Ha KpaMHa CT'bIIKa. Ha 7 IOnH 1928 r. no HeroBo Hape)J():\aHe e npoCTpenHH rnaBIIliIH
MY onoHeHT B IJ;K Ha BMPO - reH. An. IIpoTOrepoB. ToBa y6HJ/1cTBO liIMa cpaTanHlil
norne,a;HQH 3a BMPO KaKTO B'bB BnTperneH, TaKa JiI B Me)J(,a;yHapop;eH acneKT. An. IIpo-
rorepoB e nH'IHOCT c eBporre:MCKa Jil3BeCTHOCT Ji[ 3Ha'IMTeneH aBTOPJiITeT KaTO Jil3T'bKHaT
Bo,11aq Ha MaKe):\OHCKOTO l\BM)l(eHMe. HeroBoTO Heo6ocHoBaHo y6H:i1crno rrpel\H3BHK-
Ba ,[\bn60KO pa3oqapoBaHJi!e cpep; OHe3Jil cpe,Lllil B eBponeJ/1CKaTa 06ll\eCTBeHOCT, KOJi!TO
rro,11p;np)l(axa Kay3aTa Ha rropo6ena MaKe):IOHMR M ce CTapaHT C'bc mnaTa Ha rrepoTO
l1JIM cnc CJIOBOTO ):\a R no):\IIOMornaT. CneAy6mkTBOTO Ha IIpoTOrepoB p;o HaQJi!OHan-
mrn KOMJi!TeT Ha MaKe,D;OHCKli!Te 6paTCTBa ce rrony'IaBaT p;eceTKJiI IIMCMa OT BM,!J;I-IM eBpo-
rreMCKJil o6ll\eCTBeHHQliI, )l(ypHanHCTH, ytJem1, nonWTliIQlil, ropHCTlil. B rnx Te M3Ka3BaT
B'h3MYll\eI-IJi!eTo cw OT y611:Mcrn0To w 3aRBHBaT, 'le OTTerJIHT rrop;KpenaTa m 3a BMPO.
TaKa y6Mi1cTBOTO Ha Arr. TipoTorepoB rnnHo I-IaKnpHHBa Me)l(,n;yttapop;HliIH aBTopHTeT
Ha BMPO. BparoBeTe yMeno H3IIOII3YBaT y6m1:crnoTOTO, 3a p;a H p;McKpel\HTli!paT.
Oll\e rro-3Ha'IHTeJIHH rrocne):ICTBHH y6mkTBOTO MMa Bnpxy MaKe,[IOHCKOTO oc-
Bo6op;MTemm ,[IBH)l(eHHe H eMwrpaQli!HTa B Ennrapli!H Ji! no rneTa. ~o T03M MOMeHT
Pocu11a AH2e11oaa
TH 6e3pe3epBHO M c roTOBHOCT IlO):\KpenH HerrerarrHaTa peBOJilOD;MOHHa opraHM3al.\l1!!,

KaKTO c MaTepr.rnrrHM cpe):lcTBa, TaKa M c Ka):lpM. AporaHTHOTO y6MttCTBO Ha 3arny)l(11-
mrn .r1eeu; Ha MaKe):\OHCKOTO peBOJIIOD;HOHHO ):IBM:lKeHMe no.r1et1:cTBa KaTo IIIOK. B pe-
3ynTaT HaCTbilBa MaCOBa ananrn, ):\e3MHTepecMpaHe OT peBOJIIOD;MOHHOTO ):\BM)l(eH11e,
KoeTo no-KbCHO npepacTBa B CbnpoTMBa cpern;y ):IMKTaTypaTa Ha MB. MMxaftrroB Bop-
raHM3aD;MHTa. BepeH Ha cBOMTe MeTO):IM 3a HarraraHe Ha BOJIHTa CM, MMxawnoB OTHOBO
CM rny:lKM c Tepop, 3a .r1a CM ocMrypM KOHTporra Ha):\ eMMrpau;MHTa. Hecbrnacmne c
HerOBJ1Te ):\eMCTBMJI ce OTTermlT, KOJie6JIMBHTe ca cnnallleHM, HO c HaCMJIMe M np1rnyi:ia.
B pe3yrrTaT ce Cb3):\aBaT 6rraronpHHTHH npe.r1nocTaBKM 3a Bb3pa:>K):laHeTo Ha neBw-1ap-
CTBOTO, KOeTo 3ary6Ba no•rna CJie):\ Cb6MTMHTa OT 1924 r. TaKa y6mkTBOTO Ha 7 IOJll1
1928 r. 6eJie)l(M TparwrnaTa pa3Bpb3Ka Ha e):\l1H ):\bllro Ha3p>rnarr KOHcpllMKT, B KOMTO
rrwrnaTa aM6l1D;MH H HeTorrepaHTHOCT Ha.r1.r1enHBa Ha):\ MHTepecMTe Ha orno6oginen-
HaTa 6op6a. ,D;o T03H MOMeHT, MaKap H IlOCTaBeHa npM M3BbHpe):IHM o6cTOHTerrcTBa,
BMPO ycnHBa c u;eHaTa Ha )l(epTBl1 M rrraBHO c 6e3npMMepHl1H repoM3bM Ha pegoBHTe
CM 6owu;M, .r1a nOMbp)l(a IIIHpoKMTe c11 Bpb3KM c HacerremteTo, non3Ba ce c Me)l(gyHa-
po.r1eH aBTOPl1TeT KaTO HaD;MOHaJIHOOCBo60.r1uTeJIHa opraHM3aD;MH, e):\MHCTBeH 3aKo-
HeH npe.r1cTaBMTerr Ha 6brrrapCKo HacerreHMe B MaKe):IOHMH.
Crre.r1 1928 r. MMxawrroBHCTKaTa BMPO ce Harrara KaTo ):IOMMHl1parn;a B MaKe,!\OH-
CKOTO peBOJIIOD;l10HHO ):\Bl1)1(eHMe KaTO BoBe:lK):\a HOBl1Te MeTO):\M Ha 6op6a. MuxaCIJIOB
He Cl>YMHBa ):\a 3ana3M Haw-u;eHHOTO OT MMHaJIOTO -IIIMpOKHTe Bpo3Kl1 c HacerreHuero
B MaKe):\OHHH l1 Me:lK):lyHapo):IHl1H aBTopMTeT Ha BMPO. MMxawnoBMCTKaTa BMPO ce
npeBpo111a B rrwrna, KOHCnMpaTMBHa, u;eHTparrl13HpaHa opraHM3aD;l1H, no):\tJHHeHa Ha
BOJIHTa Ha CBOH 1IIecp. ATeHTaTMTe, BKJIIOtJl1TerrHo H y611t'1cTBOTO Ha Kpan ArreKcaH):lbp
npe3 1934 r. B MapcMmrn He ):laBaT o•rnKBaHMH OT MB. MMxat'rnoB ecpeKT. Te ca ocbi:ie-
HM KaKTO OT o6rn;ecTBeHOCTTa, TaKa l1 OT HacerreHl1eTO, KOeTO M3IlMTBa Bopxy rbp6a
CM OTMbrn;em·IeTo.
B EorrrapttH BMPO ry6M MHoro OT npeCTM:lKa cu l1 opeorra Ha 6opeu; 3a rno6o,!lara
Ha MaKe):loHMH. Ee3nap):IOHHocTa Ha MB. M11xawrroB KbM cyBepeHMTeTa Ha CTpaHara,
KOHTO MY ):laBa 3aKpMrra M no.r1rnoH, KbM aBTopr.1TeTa M ):IOCTOMHCTBOTO Ha ocp.111.\Man-
HMTe 6brrrapcKM BJiaCTM M oco6eHO K'hM BOeHHl1Te, MY cneqeJIBa MHOro npoTHBHMI.\11
B HHKOM cpe):IM, KOMTO ):\OCKopo ca cpaHaTM'IHM npMBbp:lKeHttD;M Ha MaKe):\OHCKaTa Kay-
3a l1 npaBJIT BCJ1'IKO 3a ):\a JI IlO):\IlOMOrHaT.
,[J;HM crre;a; y6Mt'ICTBOTO Ha ITpoTorepoB MuxawrroB 3ae.r1Ho c BepHMTe CH xopa OT
.r1erreraTMTe M36paHM 3a VII KOHrpec Ha BMPO npoBe)l(;a;aT cenapaTMBeH Kottrpec, Kott-
TO HanorrHo onpaB;a;aBa MB. MttxawrroB 3a y6Mt'ICTBOTO Ha HeroBMH .r1pyrap or UK Ha
BMPO, Hern;o noBe'Ie, M3Ka3Ba MY 6rraro.r1apHocT, qe e cnacMJI opraH:r.nau;MHTa OT ITpo-
TorepoB. Ha KoHrpeca MMxaftrroB no;a;Harn Bepc>rn 3a c'hyqacn1eTo Ha ITpororepoB B
y6Mi1CTBOTO Ha T. ArreKcaH;a;poB. Ee3 MHoro pa3MCKBaHMH TH e npMeTa M crasa ocHoBa
Ha nponaraH;a;HaTa ;a;eftHOCT Ha MMxat'rnoBMCTKaTa BMPO, rny:lKM 3a onpaB,n;attue npei:i
o6rn;ecTBeHOCTTa B EbrrrapttH M tJy:lK6MHa. KoHrpecbT M36ttpa MB. MttxaftnoB 3a qneH
Ha UK Ha BMPO 3ae.r1Ho c MB. KapaH;r(:lKyrroB 11 CTp. Pa3Bl1ropoB. OcTaHamne gBaMa
'IJieHoBe Ha 6MBIIIMH UK ITonxpttcTOB M IT. lllaH;r(aHOB, KOHTO He ce HBHBaT Ha KOH-
- - - - - - - - HOBA Fi"b!lfAPCKA J1CTOPJ1H (1878-1944)
rpeca ca o6J:rneHu 3a U3KJIIO'Iem1 OT opram13a1vrnTa. C T03W aKT pa3QennettweTO ce

1!3Bopurna cpopMaJIHO 'Ipe3 caHKQWHTa Ha Kompeca.
lIIaH.n;aHoB 11 IlonxpwcTOB 3ae,n;Ho c 'IJieHoBeTe Ha 6wBllieTO 3IT ce o6oco6HBaT B
OT)l;eJIHa opraH113aQWR, KOHTO MaKap w MaJio6poCrna, OCJiaHRHKl1 ce Ha MOpaJIHOTO Cl1
rrpeB'b3XO,D;CTBO, fIOBe)l(,n;a 6op6a cpe~y Mwxati:JIOB. lllaH,n;aHOB 11 r. flonxp!ilCTOB npo-
/jbJDKaBaT ,n;a ce rro.n;m1CBaT Karn UK Ha BMPO, opraH11311paT 113p;aBaHeTO Ha opratta
Ha opraH113aQ11RTa B. "CBo6ooa unu CMbpm", c'b~o KaKTO 11 M11xati:noB1i1cTWTe. Omn'bT
11M .n;a rrpoHUKHaT B IlwpHHCKa MaKe,n;oHHH o6a'Ie e ocyeTeH. B cpa)l(emre c 'leTHTe
Ha MHXaMJIOBJ1CT11Te, rrpoTorepoBHCTHTe p;aBaT MHOro )!(epTBM 11 ce OTKa3BaT OT TOBa
Ha'lttHaHue. B cpe.n;11Te Ha eMurpaQrrnrn Te cpe~aT Co'lyBcrn11e, Ho TexHHTe Cl1Mna-
TW3aHT11, 3annaureH11 OT MHXaMJIOBHCTMTe, He CMeHT ,n;a ce 113HBHT. He ca no-ycneurnw
fl yrnn11.11Ta MM 3a opraHJ13HpaHeTo Ha 'l:eTHH<JeCKa p;eCmocT B'bB Bapp;apcKa MaKe.n;o
Hl!H oTK'bM An6aH11.11. 3aMMC'bJI'bT Ha npornrepoBHCTHTe e p;a crra3HT npMHQMna Ha B'b-
rpellIHOCTTa 11 Ha Ta311 ornosa ,n;a .n;HcKpe,n;1n11paT Ms. Mwxatl:noB, Koti:TO caM 6wp;et1Kw
'!JieH Ha UK Ha BMPO HJ1Kora He e cT'bnBaJI c opo)l(l1e B poKa Ha opraHH3al.\llfOHHaTa
rep11rnpu.11, TaKa KaKTo MY noBeJIRBa ycrnsa Ha opraHJlf3aQt-IRTa.
flpoTorepOBJ1CTJ1Te, KOJ1TO 3ana3BaT Bp'b3K11Te CH c 6oJirapCKHTe fIOJ!WT11'1eCKW
cpe.n;w Ha .n;eno ce y6e)l(.n;asaT, 'le yrnoBMHTa ca M3MeHeH11 11 I13HCKBaT KopeKQMH B
rrporpaMHMTe Ha'!aJia Ha .n;s11)1(ett11ern. Te C<JHTaT, 'le MaKe,D;OHCKI1HT Bonpoc e BopHaT
~rnoro Ha3a.n;, .r1op11 3a.n; 113xop;ttarn rn TO'!Ka. ,UoKaTO npe3 BpeMe Ha TypcKOTO wro ce
ITOCTaBR BonpOC'bT 3a TIOJI11TW'leCKa, HaQJlfOHaJIHa cso6o,o;a, cera MaKe,D;oHCKWTe 6oJI-
rapw ca 3aCTpaurem1 OT ,o;eHaQWOHaml3aQ11H, ym1~o)!(em1 ca TexH11Te KynTypH11 H .n;y-
xosm1 11HCTI1TYT11, rrp113HaT11 B MWHaJIOTO OT TypcKaTa BJiaCT. Tosa, KOeTO npep;11 .n;0a-
11eceTl1Ha f0):111H11 ce HBRBa KaTO Ml1H11MaJIHO HCKaHe (yq11n11~a, QbpKBH, e3l1K I1 np.)
cera seqe ce npesporn;a e,D,Ba nu He B QeJI, nporpaMa. Jh1.n;epMTe Ha npornreposwc1 wre
rrop;qeprnsaT, 11e MaKe.n;oHCKMRT Bonpoc e cTaHaJI esponeti:cKw, '-laCT or roneMHH npo-
6rreM 3a MaJIQHHCTBaTa 11 KaTO TaK'bB paHo 11JIW K'hCHO ~e 60,n;e TIOCTaBeH Ha )l;IleBeH
pe.n;. L{oTorasa Tp.116sa .r1a ce 0T611sa sceK11 on:HT 3a p;eHa11110Hamr3a1111R, 3a .n;a MO)!(e
B Heo6XO,ll,11MJ1JI MOMeHT MaKe,D,OH11R .r1a nporOBOp11 C'bC CBOH co6crseH 6omapcKl1
mac. TaKa rrp0Torepos11cn1Te pa3rne)l(,D;aT 6op6ara Ha MaKep;OHCKOTO oc0060.n;11rem10
/1Bl1)!(eH11e B ):IBe ttanpasnemrn: 3arra3saHe Ha 6omapcKoTO Ha11110HaJJHO C'b3Hmrne Ha
HaceneHMeTO H BKJI10'1BaHeTO Ha MaKe)l;OHCKl1R Bonpoc B Kpora Ha p;pyrwre MaJIL~JilH
:rneHl1 rrpo6neMH s Esporra. B csmne Bo3rnep;11 npornrepos11cTJ-1Te ce ,IJ.06m1)f(aBaT
~o OHe311 6ypJKOa3HW Kp'broBe B D'bJirapJ-JH, KOHTO B'h3npJ-JeMaT TI'bTR Ha MWp11aTa pe
~1!3l1H, qpe3 cne'!eJIBaHeTo Ha 6narosoneHJ-JeTO Ha Cl1JillfTe no6e.n;rneJJKl1 B'bB aothrnra.
3nB BbHUIHOilOJIHTJf'1eCKO OTHOUieHJlfe Cl1MIIaTl1HTe 11 Hap;e)!{,D;HTe Ha Te3l1 cpe.n;11 ca
-iaco'-!eHH Kl>M Attrmu1 w cf>paHQMH. A c6nm1<ett11ero c 4.>paHQl1JJ 03Ha'-laBa c6JIJ-JA<e~111e
: IOrornasw.11. B tta11an0To Ha Tp11.r1ecerre ro,n;ttH11 npttBop)J(eHHI.IJ-JTe na Ta3w op11ett
c-a1.1wH 3anrnsaT no3In.\WUTe cw w c noMo~ra Ha BoeHHl1H C'blQ3 ce roTB$1T .n;a JI nano
1<ar KaTO ocpHl\ManeH B'bHilIHOilOHWT11'!eCKJ1 Kypc Ha crpaHara.
Or KpaJI Ha 1935 r. npororepos11cT11re 3anO'IBaT ,n;a nponaratt,!lttpar u,n;eRra aa
te11epanrntto npeyCTpof1cTso Ha IOrornasu.11 c Ma1<e,n;oH11J1 Karo cpe,n;epam1rna ep,w
-3l!Qa. CnopeA TJIX Tosa e eAHHcrseHOTO .r1eqmHttrttBHO pewenwe Ha MaKeAOHCKHJI B'b
Pocmia AHzenoaa
npoc B pearrHo cno:)f<VIJiaTa ce 11cTop11qecKa o6CTaHOBKa. Ilo.n;o6H11 11.n;e11 He ca 'IY)!(.IIM

11 Ha H51KOM ono311~MOHHM non11T11'1ecK11 KporoBe B caMaTa IOrocnaBM51. CM51Ta ce, qe
He MO)Ke p;a 6np;e C'b3p;ap;eHa 11cT11HcKa IO:>KHOCJiaB51HCKa .n;np:>KaBa 6e3 Bnnrapirn ,11a
6n.n;e BKJIIO'leHa B He.R. J1p;e51Ta 3a "11cT11HcKa" IOrocrraBM51 neqem1 Bee noBe'le npw-
Bnp)Kemt~M M B Bnnrap1151, Knp;eTo nnrpoKo ce o6cn)l(.n;a B neqaTa 11 B pa3Jil1'1HHTe
norr11T11'1eCKl1 cpe.n;11. C'I11Ta ce, qe B paMKMTe Ha ep;Ha TaKaBa ¢e.n;epaTMBHa .n;np)!(aBa
MaKep;oHcK11Te 6nrrrap11 ~e norryqaT CBOWTe KYJITYPHW u Ha~MoHaJIHW npaBa u MaKe-
p;oHCKW51T Bnnpoc OKOH'laTeJIHO 11\e cne3e OT norrMTW'lecKaTa c~eHa. IIpornrepoBw-
cTwTe 3all\l1TaBaT CB OM Te 11.n;ew KaTo rw o651B51BaT 3a "peaJIHa 11 oTroBap51~a Ha ,rwxa Ha
HOBOTO BpeMe, HOBa nporpecMBHa opweHTa~J151 Ha MaKep;OHCKOTO )l;BM:>KeHwe.
C wp;BaHeTo Ha snacT Ha 19-To MaticK115I pe)l(WM 11.n;e11Te Ha npoTorepositcnne 3a-
no'IBaT .n;a ce OC'bll\eCTB51BaT. HoBaTa BJiacT ce opiteHTitpa B'bB B'bHrnHaTa cw nomnwKa
K'bM <PpaH1\l151 11 AHrmrn, 3ano'IBa npo~ec Ha c6Jil1)1(aBaHe c IOrocnaBW51. Eerrrpa,11 oc-
TaBa Ha crnp11Te Cl1 BeJIWKOCpn6CKYI n03l1~YIYI YI He )l(eJiae p;a HanpaBW HHKaKBl1 OT-
CT'bnKYI. Pa3TYP51HeTo Ha BMPO OT 19-To Mal1~w CM oCTaBa :>KeCT B noma ep;HHCTBeHO
Ha 10rornaBcKarn CTpaHa. Bnrrrapm1 He nony'laBa Hw~o B 3aMRHa. Pa3oqaposam1 B
Hap;e)K,!l;Jt!Te CM npoTorepoBYICTYITe npeyCTaHOB51BaT 6op6aTa YI ce OTKa3BaT OT aKTMB-
Ha noJIMTM'lecKa p;ettHOCT. B cnep;Ba~wTe rop;MHM 11 oco6eHHO B ro.n;wHwTe Ha BbOpb-
)KeHaTa 6op6a npoTMB ¢arnM3Ma 3a Bnnrapw51, ep;Ha 'laCT OT T51X aKTMBHO no;r:i;noMarar
npHBJIM'laHeTo B aHTit¢arn11cTKY15I 6noK Ha BoeHHMR C'bl03 u "3BeHo".
Cnep; npoBe:>Kp;aHeTO Ha CBOR KOHrpec npe3 IDJIM 1928 r. MMXat°lJIOBYICTl1Te Cbcpe-
p;OTO'laBaT ycumrnTa CH 3a 3aTBnpp;RBaHeTO Ha TIOJIO:>Kem,reTO CH cpe.n; MaKep;OHCKara
eMHrpa~w51 H B 6a3aTa Ha BMPO - IlwpHHCKa MaKep;oHH51. Cpe~y npornreposwcrw-
Te H TeXHHTe CHMnaTH3aHTH OT eMwrpal\H51Ta ce noBe:>Kp;a YICTYIHCKa YJIH'IHa BOC!Ha.
Ilorne.n;mne oTroBap51T Ha ornHR u TaKa ce crrara Ha'laJIOTO Ha Hatt-KnpBaBaTa w rpa-
rH'IHa Me)l(.n;yoco6H~a B MaKep;oHcKoTo peBOJIID~MOHHO p;BW)l(em,re. IIo yrrHl\H w rro
nrro~a.n;w, B nnaHWHHTe l1 B Ka¢eHeTaTa, BJiaKOBe, XOTeJIJ1 l1 6oJIHYl~H, He3aBHCt1MO
OT MRCTOTO, o6cTO.RTeJICTBaTa l1 BpeMeTO, eXT51T H3CTpeJIH OT nHCTOJieTW H nywKH.
Be3MHCJieHaTa )l(eCTOKa KacanHw~a noKOC51Ba 1\BeTa Ha MaKep;oHcKaTa i-rnremtreH1\M5!.
Ilap;aT HeBHHHW )KepTBH, cnyqal1Ho OKa3aJIM ce B ~eHTnpa Ha nopep;Harn npecrperr-
Ka no ymr~HTe Ha Co¢H51. 06~ecTBeHOCTTa B Bnnrap11.R e noTpeceHa H ornpareHa
OT npomnaTa KpnB. Bee no-qecTo 3ano'IBaT p;a ce 'lyBaT npH3HBH 3a o6y3p;asaHe Ha
"HeoTroBopHwTe ¢aKTOpH", HO npaBHTeJICTBOTO e 6e3CWJIHO p;a ce cnpasu c rnx. Kbp-
BaBHTe c~eHH no co¢HttCKHTe yrrH~H H3Jiarar H npecTH)l(a Ha BnnrapH.R, cpaKT, Koi1ro
oco6eHHO p;pa3HH noJIHTH'leCKHTe KpnroBe CT051JIH 3ap; 19-ro Mat"rcKH51 npespar. B
JIH~eTO Ha BOeHHHTe MHXaMJIOBHCTHTe CH cneqeJIBaT onaceH H pernMTeJieH nporwB-
HHK. B Hp;etiHO OTHOllleHMe MMXaMJIOBMCTMTe ce Bpn~aT K'bM JI03yHra "He3aB11Ct1Ma M
~enoKynHa MaKep;oHH.R': KOMTo B Ha'laJioTo Ha 30-Te rop;HHH ce H3p;Hra see no-Hacro-
51TeJIHO. BnB B'bHlllHOTIOJIMTM'lecKaTa CM op:HeHra~M51 MMxat"rrroBMCTMTe cimaT113Hpar
Ha npo¢alllHCTK:H51 narep B EBpona - fepMaHMR :H J1rnnm1, KaTo He KpwRT Ha,lle)!(,!IHTe
CM 3a pernaBaHeTo Ha MaKep;OHCKMR Bnnpoc B C'bl03 c Te3:H p;np)KaBYI.
Ilpe3 HO~Ta Ha 18 cpemy 19 Matt 1934 r. B BnnrapMR e l13BnprneH nope;r:i;mrn Boe-
HeH npeBpar. )J;eBeTHaceceToMatt~:H ycnenrno JIMKB:Hp;MpaT BMPO. IIocnep;Hara nerno
'N?.
HOBA E'bJifAPCKA f!JCTOPf!JJl (1878-1944)
M6e3 C'bIIponrna e JI11KB11,!1;11paHa. no BpeMe Ha orn1camne Co6YJ:nu1 BapAapCKa MaKe-

}'.IOHJ,UI e 3a6paBeHa. OpraH113HpaHaTa Hal(l10HaJIHOOCB060,n;YJ:Te1rna 6op6a noqTYJ: 3a-
MY1pa. JJ:o 1928 r. Ha:H-roneMYJ:JIT ycnex Ha BMPO e co3,n;aBaHeTO Ha Ta1'/rnaTa Mna,n;e)l(Ka
pesomoQ110HHa opraH113aQYJ:JI 11 Ha Tat'rnaTa KYJITypHo-npornerna oprattYJ:3al(YJ:JI Ha
MaKe,n;oHCK11Te 6oJirapK11, KaKTO 11 Ha neTYJ:QYl:OHHOTO ,!l;BM)l(eHYJ:e.
Mna,n;e)l(KaTa opraHYJ:3aQMJI ce co3,n;aBa npe3 1922 r., HO ce pa3pacTBa npe3 ro-
,!111HYJ:Te cne,n; 1924 r. TJI ce co3,n;aBa c Qen ,n;a 60,n;e KOBaqHMQa Ha Ka,n;pY1 3a BMPO,
tta 60,n;e1Q11 6opQI1 3a orno6m1<,n;eHYJ:e Ha MaKe,n;oHYJ:JI. 011\e B nopm1Te TOAYJ:HM rneA
csoeTo co3,n;aBaHe TJI o6xBall\a B opraHM3aQMOHHaTa cw Mpe)l(a QJIJTa MaKeAOHMJI. ~o
1925 r. ca opraHM3MpaHYJ: 40 "rreTOpKY1" c OKOJTO 200 ,n;yrnYJ: '!JTeI-IOBe. Brn:qKYJ:Te ca 6oJT-
rapcKM MJia,n;e)l(M, cTy,n;eHTM M yqeHMQM OT ropHYl:Te KnacoBe Ha cpo6CKMTe rMMHa-
31111 M y1-rnBepc11TeTV'I. JJ:o 192 7 r. opra1-rn3aQYJ:JITa ce 6opY1 ycneIIIHO 3a 3ana3BaHeTO Ha
6bJTrapcKaTa HaQJ10HaJIHa CoBeCT, 3a naTpMOTYJ:qHQTO Bo3TIY1TaHYJ:e Ha MJTaAe)l(Ta IlOA
JI03yHra 3a OTQenBaHeTo Ha Bap,n;apCKa MaKe,n;oHHJI OT IOrornamrn Y1 06eA11HeHYJ:eTO
11 c APYr:t-fTe ,n;Be '!aCTJ1 B e,n;Ha He3aBMCMMa MaKeAOHCKa ,n;op)l(aBa. ITpe3 1927 r. opra-
Hl13al(Yl:JITa e pa3Kp11Ta Y1 noqTM QJIJIOTO pbKOBo,n;cTBo e apeCTyBaHo. Cne,n; HeqosemKYJ:
l1HKB113MQ11J1 np11 npe,n;Bap11TeJTHOTO rne,n;CTBHe Ha Co,n; ca M3npaBeHM 11 oco,n;eHM 20
1-1yurn no Ha 15 ,n;o 20 ro,n;111-111 3arnop. B pe3yJITaT Ha cne,n;cTB11ern MJTa,n;aTa naTpY1oTKa
Mapa Ey1-1eBa 3aCTpenBa B ynop 1-0pHc1<01-1cynTa Ha cKoncKOTO )l(ynaHcTBo B11nMMMp
TipeJIYJ:q - JIM'IHO yqacrnyBan B MHKBM3MQMMTe Ha apeCTyBaHMTe MJTa,n;e:>1rn. Be,n;nara
CJieA aTeHTaTa M. Ey1-1eBa ce caMoy611sa Karn ce XBopJTJI OT MOCTa Hap. Bap1-1ap.
ITo,n;s11roT Ha EyHeBa M Het'rnaTa caMO)l(eprna B,!l;oXHOBJIBaT qJieHKMTe Ha He-
rreranHaTa l<YJITypHo-nporneTHa opraHYJ:3aQYJ:JI Ha MaKeAOHCKMTe 6bnrapcKYJ: )l(eHM Y1
1-1esoifKM. Ta3M opraHJ13aQMJI BonpeKM rnvipoKaTa cw vi Mall\a6Ha AeifHOCT HMKora ne
epa3KpMTa OT rorocnaBcKaTa nonMQMJI. Co3,n;asa ce npe3 1925 r. OT naTpHOTYJ:'IHO Ha-
crpoeHM MJia,n;M 6onrap1<11, rnaBHO CTy,n;eHTKM. Cornarno ycrnsa Ha opraHM3aQMJITa
JKemne-qJieHKM ca ,ll;Jlb)l(HM srnqecKM ,n;a ce npoTMBOTIOCTaBJIT Ha ,n;eHal(Yl:OHaJTMQaQM-
JlTa Y1 ,n;a na3JIT HenoKbTHaT CBOJI M Ha ,n;eQaTa CM 6omapcKM Ayx; ,n;a ,n;op)!(aT B Koll\M
Bl1Harw ,n;a ce r0Bop11 Ha 6omaprn11 e311K; Aa 3ano3HaBaT TaifHo ,n;eQaTa c 6omapcKoTO
'!eTMO M TIMCMO qpe3 6yKBapqeTa M q11TaHKJ1, KaKTO 11 c ,n;pyra ,n;eTCKa JTMTepaTypa; ,n;a
Haca)!(,n;aT B TJIX 6onraprna ,n;yxoBHa Kymypa, ,n;a rw yqaT ,n;a neJIT 6omapCKM Hapo,n;H11
II 1-1pyrwneCHJ1, KaKTO M CTMXOTBopeHMJ! Ha 6omapCKM noeTM.
KaKTO MJia,n;e)l(KaTa, TaKa 11 )!(eHcKaTa opraH113aQ11>I o6xBall\a B CBO>ITa Mpe)!(a
i1JJJia Bap,n;aprna 11 qacT OT Ereifrna MaKe,n;oHMJI. Te ce oKa3BaT cep1103Ha npeqKa 3a
Cbp611311paHeTO Ha MaKe,n;oHCKMTe 6onrapM 11 MMaT peaJieH np11HOC B 6op6aTa 3a ,n;y-
XOBHa Y1 noJI11T11'!ecKa rno6o,n;a. ITo,n; pa3JI11qH11 cpopMM M,n;seTe opraHM3al(MM npoAoJI-
JKaBaT ,n;et'rnoCTa cw Henocpe,n;crne1-10 ,n;o Kpaxa Ha KpancKa IOrornaB11>I npe3 anp11rr
1941 r.
Cne,n; 0Kyn11paHeTo Ha IOrocnaBM>I OT fepMaH11>I B MaKe,n;oH11>I ce 3aCMJTBa BJIH-
.1rn11eTO Ha MMxa:HJIOBMCTMTe. TeXH11 npMBop)!(eHMl\11 3ae,n;Ho c '!JieHoBe Ha 611srnaTa
MJia}'.le)!(Ka opraH113a~11JI Cb3,D;aBaT B HaBe'!ep11eTo Ha BJI113aneTo Ha 6onrapcKaTa ap-
MWJJ AKl(110HHJ1 KOM11TeT11, K011TO ca cpopMa Ha MecTHo 6omapcKo ynpaBJieHMe. Ko-
393
Pocuu,a AHzenoaa
Ml1TeT11Te CTaBaT 113pa311TeJI11 Ha 'IYBCTBaTa 11 HacTpoeH11JITa Ha QJIJIOTO Hacenem1e,
KoeTo B MOMeHTa Ha pa3na,n;atteTo Ha IOrocnaB11JI w3,n;11ra caMo Jio3yttra-06e,n;wHem1e.
KaKTO 11 npe,n;11, no BpeMe Ha IInpBaTa rneTOBHa BoJ/rna, npe,n;crnB11TeJI11Te Ha BrnqK11
Te'IeH11JI, ca e,n;11HH11 no T0311 Bnnpoc. Pa3JI11'IH11Te 11,n;e11, Teop111111 TaKT11K11 ca 3a6pa-
BeH11 npe,n; peaJIHOCTTa Ha cpaKT11'IeCKOTO OCB060)f(,D;eH11e Ha MaKe,D;OHCK11Te 6omap11
OT qy)f(,ll;11JI ,n;yxoBeH 11 non11TH'IecK11 rHeT. ToBa 11,n;Ba ,n;a noKa)f(e, qe BeJI11Kocpo6CKa-
Ta noJIHT11Ka Ha ,n;ettaQ11ottaJI113aQ11JI H ac11M11JiaQ11JI npoBe)f(,n;atta c He<IyBaH repop
(14 000 y611T11, 70 000 npeM11Hem1 npe3 3arnop1ne) npeTnpnJIBa n'bJieH Heycrrex.
BnnpeK11 BC11'IKO B MaKe,n;oHRR npo,n;'bJI)f(aBa ,n;a )f(trnee 11 ,n;a ce 6op11 6nnrapcKH.f!T
HaQ110HaJieH ,n;yx.
2. B TpaKnH
E,n;Ha OT Hat1:-Te)l(K11Te 11 cpaTaJIH11 norne,n;HQ11 Ha BTopaTa HaQHOHaJIHa Kancrpo-

cpa e OTK'bCBaHeTO Ha o'bJirap11JI OT Hei1HHJI 6enoMopcK11 113Jia3. CnrnacHo 'Ill. 48 OT
Hboi1cK11JI ,n;oroBop 3ana,n;Ha TpaK11JI, np11cbep;wHeHa KbM D'bJirapm1 rne,n; EaJIKaHcKa-
Ta BOMHa, e oTHeTa 11 npe,n;a,n;eHa no,n; ynpaBnem1eTo Ha AHTaHTaTa. C OTKbcBaHero Ha
3ana,n;Ha TpaK11JI Ennrap11JI ry611 8 622 KM 2 3eMJI 11 220 000 ,n;ynrn ttacenem1e.
Cne,n; H3TerJIJIHeTo Ha 6nnrapcK11Te BoeHH11 11 a,n;MHHVIcTpaTVIBHH BJiaCTV! OT
3ana,n;Ha TpaK11JI 113BecTHVI Ha,n;e)l(,D;11 3a npaB11JIHOTO pa3pernaBaHe Ha TpaKV!HCKHil
Bbnpoc 11 rapattT11patteTO Ha 6bJirapCK11JI H3Jia3 Ha MopeTO ,n;aBa ep;11HCTBeHO C'bl03-
H11'IeCKOTO ynpaBnemre Ha<JeJio c cppeHCK11R rettepan Illapn11. 3a KpaTKOTO speMe
Ha tteroBOTO ynpaBJiett:ue (,n;o anpVIJI 1920 r.) ca noJio)l(eH11 yrnn11R 3a yKpenBaHe Ha
6nnrapcKVITe KYJITYPHVI l1HCT11TYQH11 c e,n;Ha QeJI - ,n;a ce cnxpam1 B 3ana,n;Ha TpaKH.fl
3Ha'IVITeJIHO no q11rneHocT 6nnrapcKo Hacenett11e KaTo no,n;Kpena 11 apryMeHT 3a crrpa-
Be,n;n11B11Te 6nmapcK11 npeTeHQ1111. IInpBHTe MeceQ11 Ha cbrnarneHcKoTo ynpasnettV!e
B TpaKMJI noKa3BaT tte,n;BycM11cnetto, qe He3aB11c11Mo OT cpopMaTa CM TO cpaKn1qecK11
no,n;roTBJI 6e36one3HeHOTO npe,n;aBaHe Ha QJIJia TpaKVIJI K'bM f npQ11R.
CnrnarnettcKHTe BJiacT11 OTKp11To TonepVIpaT rpnQK11R eneMeHT, y,n;oBnernopaBaT
BC11'IKVI npeTeHQ1111 Ha AT11Ha 11 c TOBa cpaKT11'!ecK11 co,n;eJ/1cTByBaT 3a npoMRHaTa Ha
eTH11'IeCKaTa cp113110HOM11Jl Ha o6nacTTa B yl.Qnp6 Ha 6nnrapCKaTa Hapo,n;HOCT. VlMeH-
HO no TOBa BpeMe B TpaK11R 3ano'IBa MacoBoTo Hac11ncTBeHo nporoHBaHe Ha 6on-
rapcKoTo Hacenett11e 11 3aceJIBaHeTo Ha rp'bQKO. IIpe3 anp11n 1920 r. Kottcpepem-111aTa
B Catt PeMo cnara Kpa:Ct: Ha T03l1 npexo,n;eH eTan 11 npe,n;aBa QRJia TpaK11R Ha fop1-111a.
C peIUeH11RTa OT Catt PeMo np11KJIIO'IBaT Ha,n;e)l(,D;11Te 3a np11,n;ofornaHe Ha 6onrapcK11
113Jia3 Ha Cpe,n;113eMHOMop11eTo.
,IJ;o KOHcpepeHQ11JITa B Catt PeMo cpe,n; 6nnrapcKOTO HaceneH11e B TpaKVIR He ce
3a6eJIR3Ba oco6etto pa3p;Bl1)f(BaHe 11 opraHM3apaHa cnnpoT11Ba. IIpe,n;aBaHeTO Ha 1-1ana
TpaK11R Ha f npQMR e c11rHaJI 3a Ha'IaJioTo Ha HaQ110HaJIHoocB060,n;11TeJIHOTO p;B1'DKe-
H11e 11 B Ta311 'IaCT Ha pa3nOK'bCaHa o'bJirap11JI. E,n;Ha OT xapaKTepH11Te oco6ettocrn
Ha HaQ110HaJIHoorno60,n;11TeJIHOTO ,n;B11)1(eH11e B TpaK11JI e TRCHOTO B3aVIMo,n;el1crs11e
Me)f(,n;y 6nmapcK11Te 11 TypcK11Te peBOJIIOQl10Hep11 w Textt11Te opraH113a1vrn. Ta311
oco6eHOCT ce o6yrnaBJl OT o6eKTVlBH11Te ,n;a,n;eHOCT11 B o6JiaCTTa: o6LQ Bpar 1'1 061I-1l1
394
HOBA E'b!II'APCKA J1CTOPJ15l (1878-1944)
J/IHTepern:, no'ITM tt3pasHeHo C'bOTHOilleHJ/le Ha rnmue Me)l(,ri;y TYPQJ/I J/I 6nrrrapJA, e,ri;-
HaKBM MHTepec11 Ha ,ri;seTe ,ri;np)l(aBJ/I no OTHOI11em1e Ha TpaK11JI. Herrocpe,ri;cTBeHo rne,ri;
KompepeHQMRTa B Catt PeMo 3arroqsa 11 opraHJ/13J/lpaHeTo Ha 6nnrapo-TypcKaTa c'b-
rrpoTttBa B TpaKttR. OcHrypetto e cn,ri;ewcrnueTO Ha 6nnrapcKOTO rrpaBJ/ITeJICTBO, Koe-
ro rrpe,ri;s11,ri; Ha ,ri;en11KaTH0To rroJIO)l(eHJ/le, B KOeTo e rrocTaBeHa Ennrap11R, ,ri;ewcrnysa
Kpai1HO rrpe,ri;IIa3JI11BO.
Ha 25 Maw 1920 r. B OKOJIHOCTHTe Harp. f10M10p,ri;)l(11Ha 3ace,ri;asa 6nrrrapo-TypcK11
KOHrpec. J136paHo e BpeMeHHO rrpaB11TeJICTBO Ha 3arra,ri;Ha TpaK11JI OT 7 TYPQJ/I u 3
6nnrapu. TionaraT ce yrnn11R 3a Koop,ri;uHaQMJI Ha ,ri;eiicTBJ/IJITa c BMPO, Ha KORTO Typ-
CKJ/ITe so,ri;a'Itt rrocpe,ri;H11'IaT npu ornrypRBaHe rro,ri;Kperrarn Ha an6aHcKaTa cnrrpoTJ11Ba
B Kocoso. MaTepttaJIHaTa c11na Ha 6nnrapo-TypcKOTO rrpaBJ/ITencrno rrpe,ri;cTaBJIJIBa
egtta TypcKa apMttR B J13TO'!Ha TpaK11JI J/I 6nnrapo-TypcK11Te tieTJll, KOJ/ITO ce cncpe,ri;o-
roqasaT OKOJio Csunettrpa,ri;, J1sai1nosrpa,ri;, MoM'IJ/IJIOBrpa,ri;.
BoeHH11Te ,ri;ei1:cTBMJI 3arro'IBaT sep;Hara cne,ri; oKynaQJ/IRTa Ha 3arra,ri;Ha TpaKJ/IJI 11
rpaJIT ,ri;o KpaR Ha IOJIM 1922 r., KoraTo fnpQMJI oKynMpa QJIJiaTa TepMTOPMJI Ha TpaKJllJI.
3a T0311 rrep110,ri; 06e,ri;11HeH11Te 6nnrapo-TypcKJ/I peBOJIIOQJ/IOHHH CMJIJ/I J/13BnpI11BaT Hap;
30 aKQ1111 11 Hana,ri;eHMR Hap; rpnQKaTa apMMJI J/I MeCTHa ap;MMJ/IHCTpaQJ/IJI.
flmneHO OT B'bHIIIHa no,ri;KpeITa J/I J/13ITpaBeHO ITpe,ri; tte6narorrp11RTHO C'bOTHOille-
Hl1e Ha CMJittTe, B KpaR Ha IOJIM 1922 r. BpeMeHHOTO 6nrrrapo-TypcKo rrpaBJ/ITeJICTBO Ha
3arra,ri;Ha TpaK11R ce caMopa3nyCKa. Brn'!Kv!Te Bnopn:>KeHH cpopMupoBaHJ/IJI ce 113Ter-
JIRT B 6nnrapCKa Tep11Top11R. KpaTKOTO C'bll\ecrnyBaHe Ha TOBa rrpaBHTeJICTBO e caMo
e11J11H eITtt30A B 6op6aTa Ha TpaKHWCKHTe 6nnrapvi 3a rno6o,ri;a, Koi1TO He ,ri;oITpuHarn 3a
6omapcK11Te HaQHOHaJIH11 11HTepern, OCBeH KaTO p;eMOHCTpaQ11JI Ha 6nnrapcKHJI ,ri;yx.
Ho peaJIHa non3a OT cnnponrnaTa B TpaKHJI J/13BJIJ/l'la TypQHJI, KOJITO ITO T03H Ha'IMH
6rroKupa rpnQKM CMJIM B T03M pai1oH u o6neK'laBa BoeHHHTe ,ri;eiicTBJ/IJI B Mana A3MJI
- rnaBeH 6oeH TeaTnp Ha so.ri;ell\aTa ce rpnQKO-TypcKa BOi1Ha.
ITopa)l(eHvteTo Ha fnpQHR B'bB BOWHaTa KopeHHo rrpoMeHJI o6cTaHOBKaTa u o6y-
crraBJI H3BeCTHO KOHCOJIMAAMpaHe Ha IIOJIJ/ITHKaTa Ha EnmapMJI M TypQHJI ITO TpaKui1-
CKl1R BnITpoc. lIMKBttp;MpaH e CesnpcKJ/IR ,ri;oroBop u ITPOM3TJ/l'lall\aTa OT Hero rpnQKa
oKyrraQMR Ha TpaKMR. Tosa OTHOBO C'b:>KMBJIBa Hap;e:>Kp;MTe 3a peaJIH3aQJ/IR Ha 6nrrrap-
CKl1R J/13Jia3 Ha DRJIO Mope, HO c rroMOil\Ta Ha IOrornaBHR u TypQMR rrpoTHB fnpQHR. OT
T03Jll MOMeHT TpaKJ1MCKOTO Harrpasnem1e CTaBa rrpMOpMTeTHO B 6nrrrapcKaTa B'bHilIHa
rrorr11ruKa 3a cMeTKa Ha MaKep;oHHR - 3anor 3a TnpceHaTa 10rornaBcKa ITOAKperra. B
ttaseqepMeTo Ha JI03aHcKaTa KoHcpepeHQJllR, EnmapMR cpopMynMpa rne,ri;HttTe J/ICKa-
HHR rro OTHOIIIeHtte Ha TpaKttR: ,ri;aBaHe Ha aBTOHOMHR Ha QRJia TpaKHR rro,ri; rrpOTeK-
ropaTa Ha OH; 3aBpnll\aHe Ha 6e)l(aHQJ11Te no pop;HMTe MM Mecrn; p;eMHJIHTapM3aQHR
Ha o6nacTTa M HeyTpaJIHa 30Ha 3a 6nnrapCKu 6enoMopcKu H3Jia3 ,ri;o ,Ue,ri;earaq M ,ri;p.
PeweHHRTa Ha flo3aHcKaTa KOHcpepeHQHR HOCJIT HOBO pa30'IaposaHue 3a 6nnrapCKa-
ra 1111rrnoMaQMR. BnrrpeKM pesepaHrnTe IOrornaBMJI u TypQHJI oTKa3BaT rro,ri;KperraTa
c113a EnnrapvtR. J1,ri;eRTa 3a aBTOHOMMR Ha TpaKHR J11 ,ri;aBaHeTo Ha 6nrrrapcKJ11 H3Jia3 Ha
EreR rrporra,ri;a, T'bM KaTo 3arrap;Ha TpaKHJI ocrnBa B rpnQKa TepHTOpMR.
HecnpaBep;mrnMTe peweHMR Ha Jlo3aHcKaTa KOHcpepeHQMR o6yrnaBRT HOBO aK-
TMBM3MpaHe Ha HaQMOHarrHoorno6op;MTerrHoTo p;BmKeHMe B TpaKMR. CTpe3 HoeMspw
1922 r. e C'b3p;ap;eHa 6'hrrrapo-TypcKaTa B'hTpewHa TpaKMHCKa peBomoQMOHHa opra-
HM3aQMR (BTPO). J/fa6paH e IJ;K B C'bCTaBa Ha KOHTO ca BKJIIO'!eHM M p;BaMa TypcKW
npep;cTaBMTeJIM. 3a rrraBeH BOttBop;a e onpep;erreH TaHbO HMKOJIOB, npMeT e ycTaB w
npaBMJIHMK. Cnopep; p;oKyMeHTMTe, ocHOBHaTa Qerr Ha BTPO e nocTMraHeTo Ha rnrr-
Ha norr11n1qecKa He3aBMCMMOCT 3a TpaKMR. OpraHM3aQMOHHaTa cTpyKTypa TIOBTa-
pH Ta3M Ha o6IQaTa Ma1<ep;oHo-op;pm-1cKa opraHM3aQMH. Ypep;eHa e Tatina nomtl\WH,
TIOll\a, KaHam1, Mpe)l(a OT TepopMCT11'IH11 rpyn11. EotiHaTa cMrra Ha BTPO npegcra-
BmrnaT 'IeTMTe, Ha'!erro c M3BeCTHMTe BOHBO,IJ;M AT. H11KorroB, AHMO H111<orroB, ,nuM.
Map;)l(apoB 11 p;p.
Ba)l(eH MoMenT np11 C'b3,D;aBaHeTo Ha BTPO e nop;n11cBaHeTo Ha cneQMarreH npo-
TOKOJI 3a OTHowe1-111RTa Me)!(p;y 6'brrrap11 M TYPQ11 B opraHM3aQ11RTa. Y'!acn1ern Ha
TypcKHTe 'IeTM M Texr-nne p'bKOBO,IJ;MTerr11 B'bB BTPO· e pe3yrrTaT Ha KoMnpoMHc 3a
p;BeTe eTHM'IeCKM o6IQHOCTM, 'IMMTO MHTepec11 B MOMeHTa rM TJiaCKaT K'bM C'bTPYAH!i!-
qecTBO. BcnuvrncT Me)l(p;y TRX C'bIQeCTByBaT npoTMBope'IHR. TypCKaTa norr11TM'leCKa
p;oKTp111-1a npep;BM)l(,Il;a 3ana3BaHeTo Ha J13TO'!Ha TpaKMH 3a TypQMR M eBeHTyanno Aa-
BaHeTo Ha aBTOHOMMR caMo Ha 3anap;1-1a TpaKMR. n'hrrrapc1<11HT Bap11a1-1T ce 6a3Mpa Ha
MCKaHeTo 3a p;aBaHe Ha aBTOHOMMR Ha QHJia TpaKHH M Bb3BpbIQaHe Ha 6e)l(aHL\11Te
- yrnoBMe, KOeTo TYPQ11Te KaTeropM'IHO OTXB'bpJIRT.
06e36bnrapnBaHeTo Ha Op;p11Hc1<a TpaK11R (ep;111-1 11cT11HCKM reHoQ11p;) 113B'bprneH
OT TypcKaTa apMMR np11 peoKynaQ11HTa Ha o6rracTTa npe3 1913 r. o6ycrraBJI rna6orn
npoHHKBaHe Ha BTPO TaM M TR c11 ocTaBa opraH113aQ11R 3a p;eticTB11e 113KJIIO'IMTen-
HO B 3anap;Ha TpaKMR. CBORTa B'bOp'b)l(eHa 6op6a BTPO 3aTIO'!Ba npe3 cemeMsp11
1922 r., KoraTo 3Ha'!MTerr1-111 no '!MCJieHocT 11 p;o6pe eK11n11patt11 6'brrrapo-TypcKM qer11
3anO'!BaT p;a Hanap;aT rp'bQKM BOeHH11 TIOCTOBe, HacerreHM nyHKTOBe 11[ Ka3apMM B Ee-
JIOMOp11eTO. Hanap;eHMRTa QeJIRT npep;M BC11'IKO p;eMoHcTpaQMR Ha orna 11 noBgMraHe
p;yxa Ha HaceneHMeTo. KaKTO BMPO, BTPO ce cTpeM11 p;a npJ.rnrreqe BHMMaH11ero Ha
eBponettCKaTa ,IJ;MTIJIOMaQMR 3a BTOpMR Typ Ha Jlo3aHcKaTa KOHcpepeHQMJI c HagelKga
3a ep;Ho no-cnpaBep;mrno peweHMe Ha npo6rreMa c'bc 3anap;Ha Tpa1<11R.
Ilpe3 3J.1MaTa Ha 1922 r. ce 3a6errR3Ba cnap; B p;etiHOCTTa Ha BTPO, npe,L\l13Bl1KaH
OT JIJ.fTICaTa Ha opb)l(Me, HO Hatt-Be'!e OT M3ry6BaHeTO Ha pearrHaTa nepcneKTl1Ba Ha
6op6aTa. B o6rracTTa yc11rreHo M B MacoB MaIQa6 ce npoBe)!(p;a KOJIOHM3aQMR Ha rpn'-1-
KO HacerreHMe - 6e)l(aHQM OT Marra A3MR, 6e3TIOIQap;Ho M nrraHoMepHo ce nposelK-
p;a o6e36'hrrrapnBaHe Ha QeJIM cena M pawoHM. OT KpaR Ha 1922 r. npMBe)l(,[\aHeTO Ha
6e)l(aHCKMTe KepBaHM ce npeBp'hIQa B ep;Ha OT ocHOBHMTe p;ettHOCTM Ha BTPO. ITpe3
nporreTTa 11 JIRTOTO Ha 1923 r., BbB Bpb3Ka c nop;roTBRIQHRT ce BTOPM TYP Ha Jlo3aH-
cKaTa KOHcpepem.~HR, BTPO pa3rp'bIQa nrnpoKoMaIQa6Ha p;etiHOCT, HO peweHl1HTa Ha
KOHcpepeHQHRTa no"ITH Han'bJIHO o6e3CMI1CJIRT p;eHHOCTTa li. Cnep; oKOH'laTennoro
pa3p;errRHe Ha TpaKHR Me)l(p;y TypQHR M f 'hpQHR, B IJ;ap11rpap; 11 AHKapa pR3KO oxnaA-
HRBaT K'bM BTPO 11 6'brrrap11Te ocTaBaT caM11.
HOBA E'"b!IfAPCKA JilCTOPJi!Jl (1878-1944)
CJieg ,D;eBen1 IOHH HOBOTO rrpaB!inencTBO, rrop;o6Ho Ha C11J'la.R c BMPO, ce cTpe-

MJ.1 p;a cnm1<11 pnKa Ha p;Bm1<eH11ern B TpaKMH c J..\eJl p;a y1<perr11 Me)J(p;yHapop;HoTo cw
11011o)!(eH11e. CJieg rrpoBegeH11 cpel.l.\M c p'bKOBop;11Te1111Te Ha BTPO, TaHbO H11KOJIOB 11
Illyag 6et1 o6HBHBaT pa3rryc1<aHeTO Ha tJ:eT11Te Ha BTPO 11 rrpeo6pa3yBaHeTO MM B MJ1-
JIMJ..\l1R 3a cngeticTBMe Ha 6'bmapc1<11Te rpaHWIHJ.1 11 ap;MMHMCTpaTMBHM BllaCTM. Hec'b-
marn11Te c TOBa perneH11e BOHBop;11 11 'feTHMJ..\11 ca 06HBeH11 3a pa36ot1HMJ..\l1 11 llMIIIeH11
OT BCRKaKBM rrepcrreKTMBM 3a CBORTa 6op6a. TaKa rrpMKllIOtiBa Hatl-aKTMBHMH rrepwop;
OT p;etiHOCTTa Ha BTPO, rrpHKo CB'bp3aH c KOHKperna p;11rr110MaT11tieCKa MHm:~11aT11Ba.
PeallHa rroJI3a OT peBOllIOJ..\MOHHara 6op6a M3Blll1tia ep;MHCTBeHO Typl.\MR 3a yrn'bp-
lK)'.laBaHe Ha rocrrogcTBOTO rn Hap; Op;pwttcKa Tpa1<11H. KaKTO 11 B cnytiaH c BMPO,
cb611nrnra B D'bllrap11H OT 1923-1925 r. wrpaHT C'bl.J..\eCTBetta poll.ii 3a pa3Bl1Tl1eTO Ha
Tpa1<11tic1<0To ABJ1)!(eH11e. CoQ11a11Hara 11 rroll11T11tieCKa IIOllHpl13aJ..\MH, MaKap 11 B rro-
rna6a cTerreH rrpoH11KBa 11 TyK. Clleg pemeH11eTO 3a pa3rrycKaHeTO Ha opraH113aQ11Hra,
11aCT OT pnKOBog11Tell11Te - AT. HMKOllOB, .ll Map;)J(apoB, K11p11ll feoprneB 11 p;p., OT-
Ka3BaT ga pa3cpopM11poBaT tJ:eTMTe 11 y1<p11BaT op'b)!(J1eTO cu. Ha HelleraneH Kottrpec B
XacKOBO (17 cerrT. 1923 r.) e l136paHo HOBO p'bKOBop;crno B C'bCTaB: Jl Map;)!(apoB, K.
reoprneB, IT. ITorrrreTpOB, ,U. HMKOllOB. Me)J(p;y Ta3J1 rpyrra, ocpopMHl.J..\a ce KaTO "lleBJ1-
1.1a", 11 EKIT e yCTaHoBeH KOHTaKT 11 ce rrollaraT ocHoB11Te Ha C'bTPYAHMtiecrno.
B C'bl.J..\OTO BpeMe "gecH11Te" aKTMBHO rrop;rroMaraT rrpaBMTellcTBoTo Ha CroBopa B
6op6ara MY rrpoTMB EKIT 11 roTBeHOTO OT HeH HOBO B'bCTaHMe rrpe3 1924 r. IIpe3 MapT
1924 r. B I1JIOB,[ll1B gecH11Qara CBMKBa rnotl Kompec, KOMTO 03HaMeHyBa cpopMallHOTO
pa3J..\eIIlleH11e Ha BTPO. Me)!(,[ly ,[IBeTe KpMlla M36yxBa oTKpMT KOHcpnMKT, M3B'bpurnaT
ce B3al1MH11 y611tiCTBa. ITo BpeMe Ha ArrpMncKHTe c'b6MTJ1H rne.r1 aTettTara B KaTep;pa-
rraTa "CB. He.r1eJIR" ca y6unr HHKOM OT rro-B11p;H11Te lleB11tiapu BbB BTPO vr p;ern11Te
oKoHtiaTellHO B3eMaT Bpnx. Cllep; emiMMHvrpaHeTo Ha lleBMTe TeHp;eHJ..\1111 B'bB BTPO
HettHOTO pnKOBOACTBO, ycraHOBHBa Hatl-TeceH KOHTaKT c npaBl1TeJ1CrBeHara ap;Ml1-
m1cTpaQl1H. B J13ToqH11Te 11 UettTpallH11 Pop;onM, no nop;o6vre Ha II11p11HcKa MaKep;o-
Hl1Jl opraHJ13aQJ1RTa ycraHOBHBa CBOH BllaCT 6Jll13Ka p;o I10JlO)!(eHJ1eTO Ha "p;'bp)!(aBa B
,!11ip)!(aBara''. BTPO rro.r1.r1np)!(a p;yxa Ha Hace11em1eTo, 3al.J..\l1raBa ro oT 1<p11M11HallHJ1 l1
KopyMrr11paHJ1eJieMeHT1111 OT "3110Bpep;HOTO BJ1MHH11e Ha 6omueB113Ma': KaKTO e 3arr11-
caHO B Het1H11Te .r101<yMeHT11. Oco6eHo Ba>1rna poll.ii 11rpae BTPO rrp11 HacTaHHBaHeTO
Ha 6e)!(aHQ11Te OT TpaK11R. nllarogapeH11e Ha TB'bpp;ara 11 6e3KOMrrpoM11rna HaMeca
Ha opraH113aQJ1RTa cnrrpoTMBara Ha TypcKoTo Hacenemre cpel.l.\y HacTairnBaHeTO Ha
6elKaHQJ1Te e rrogaBeHa. BTPO Hallara 11 p;aH'bK Ha TIOTIOHeB11Te cp11pM11 B patloHa 11
TIO'!Tl1 J13QJIJIO AMKTyBa CTOIIaHCK11H 11 IIOJ1J1TM'IeCK11 )!(11BOT.
Oco6eHMRT CTaTyT Ha BTPO e rrp11eT c HenpMH3'bH OT cTpaHa Ha rrpaB11Tencrne-
H11Te KpnroBe B Cocjnrn. OT .r1pyra cTpatta caMaTa opraH113aJ..\11R e Hec'bBMecT11Ma c
npoBe)J(gaHaTa B'bHIIIHa noJI11T111<a 11 orrarna c'bc CBOHTa He3aB11CMMOCT. IIpe'IK11 npo-
113T11tial.J..\l1 OT C'blJ..\eCTByBaHeTo Ha BTPO ce npoHBRBaT M rrpM CKJlIO'IBaHeTO Ha Ee-
lKaHCKMR 3aeM. f nprvrn :u TypQMR ce o6HBHBaT npoTMB 3aeMa, TB'bpp;et11<11, 'Ie TOM l.J..\e
o6rrarop;eTeJICTBa HaQMOHallHoorno6op;11TellH11Te opraHM3aQ1111.
Ha MHCTOTO Ha pa3cpopM11poBaHara opraH113aQ11H Bep;Hara e C'b3p;ap;eHa HOBa
-KoM11TeT 3a rno6ogara Ha TpaKMR (KCT). ToBa e MaHbOB'bp Ha 6'bnrapCKoTo npaB11-
Pocu4a AHze110Ba
TeJICTBO, KoeTo He )KeJiae p;a ce pa3p;eJIM neKo M 6e3 tty)Kp;a c ep;Ha oprattM3aQMR, KORTO
MY rapaHTMpa 6e3pe3epBHaTa nop;Kpena Ha ttaceneHMeTo. HerreraJIHOTO npeo6pa3y-
Batte Ha ETPO B KCT, noKa3Ba, qe 6onrapcKaTa B'bHlllHa noJIMTMKa npop;'bJI)!(aBa Aa
rnep;a Ha IOr, a npM eBettTyanHo Ha3pRBaHe Ha pelllMTeJIHM co6MTMR KCT 6M 6J.rn or
HeC'bMHeHa noJI3a. IToJIHMRT cirnxpoH Me)!(p;y KoMMTeTa 3a CBo6op;aTa Ha TpaK11.s:i w
npaBMTerrcTBOTO JIMqM M OT HOBMTe MY Mp;efrnM no3MQMM. OKottqaTeJIHO e rneT no-
3yttra 3a aBTOHOMMRTa Ha TpaKMR 3a cMeTKa Ha 6e3ycrroBHOTO fl np11coep;MHeH11e K'bM
Eorrrap11R. B UettTpamrnTe M J.faTO'-IHitI Pop;onM KCT pa3norrara c'bc CBOR tterrerantta
Mpe)Ka, cKrrap;oBe c opo)Kl1e 11 J:1pyr11 tteo6xop;HMM 3a qeTHM'-lecKa ):leilrnoCT MaTep11am1.
B noJIMTHqeCKaTa CM p;etittocT KCT 6e3pe3epmw nop;KpenR npaBHTeJicTBoTo no rpa-
KHHCKHR Bonpoc, p;enyTaTMTe Ha KOMMTeTa B Hapop;HoTo co6patt11e ttenpeK'bettaro
TIOCTaBJIT npo6JieMHTe Ha 6e)KaHQHTe.
Cnep; AeBeTHa):leceToMaticKMR npeBpaT 1934 r. KCT B3eMa pellleHHe 3a p;o6po-
BOJIHOTO Cl1 pa3nycKaHe, c KOeTO ce cnara Kpati Ha opraH!l(3ll(paHOTO HaQHOHam100-
CB06op;MTeJIHO ,D;Bl1)Kett11e Ha 6011rapcK0To HacenettHe B TpaKMR.
3. B J{o6pyp;.ma
ITpHeTo e ):la ce CMJITa, '-le Ha'-!aJIOTO CM 6onrapcKHRT HaqMoHaJieH Bonpoc BOAH
OT EepnMHCKHJI KOHrpec, y3aKOHMJI TepMTOpMaJIHOTO pa3TIOK'brnaue Ha Eorrrap1rn. Ha
npaKTHKa TOBa pa3IlOK'bCBaHe 3a npnB II'bT e caHKQJ10m1paHo OT orno6op;11renKara
Pyc11J1 c'bc Catt CTecpancKJ1R MJ1pen ):loroBop. J.1Me1-rno no CJ1JiaTa MY Pyc11J1 KOMnett-
rnpa PyMoHHJI 3apap;J1 Eecapa6J1JI c Tep1nopJ1RTa Ha CeBepna Ao6py):l)!{a, c rpap;oBe-
Te KIOCTeHp;)Ka, Tyn'-la, Ea6a):lar - nacenem-1 c npeo6Jia):laBaw;o 6orrrapcKo Hacerrem1e.
CeBepna Ao6pyp;)Ka e J1CTOpM'-!ecKaTa JIIOJIKa Ha 6onrapcKaTa p;op)KaBa M enc rno~1
3HaqJ1TeJieH npl1HOC B OCB06op;J1TeJIHaTa 6op6a, c orpOMHO J1KOHOMJ1qecKO 3Ha"!ettwe
3a MJiap;aTa HJ1 p;'bp)KaBa. 3a CBOeTO CJ1MBOJIJ1qHo yqaCTJ1e B'bB BOHHaTa e B'b3Harpa-
):\eHa H Cop6MJI. Ha HeJI ca fl no):lapeirn 6onrapcKJ1Te o6nacTJ1 B I1oMopaBJ1eTO c rpa-
p;oBeTe Hmu, I1MpoT, 3atiqap, JiecKOBeq M p;p. Cnep;oBaTem10, MO)!{e p;a ce TB'bpfil!,
I '-le TepJ1TOpl'1aJIHOTO pa3TIOK'bCBaHe Ha 6onrapcKaTa TepJ1TOpl1R J1 HaQHJITa 3aIJO"!Ba
c'bc caMMR aKT Ha HallleTo orno6o)Kp;eHHe. Bnocrre):lcTBMe perneHHRTa Ha EeprrHHCKMR
Kottrpec, c'bqeTaHl1 c eCTeCTBeHJ1Te pycocp11ncKJ1 '-'YBCTBa na ttapop;a ):lo J13Becrna cre-
rreH l13Tpl1BaT OT 11cTopJ1qecK0To MY C'b3HaHJ1e T03l1 HeMaJioBa)KeH cpaKT 11: wp;ettrucjm-
QVIpaT 6011rapcKJ1R Haq1rnHaJieH Bonpoc rnaBno c ycVIJIJ1JITa 3a o6ep;J1HeHHe B IO)KHa
11 IOr03ana):IHa nocoKa K'bM TpaKHR VI MaKe):IOHHR. Ee3cnopmne VIKOHOMMtfecK11 rrpe-
J:IMMCTBa, HaJIV1q11eTo Ha Mnoro6poL1Ho 6011rapcKo naceneHwe o6ycnaBRT np11opurera
Ha lO)KHOTO HanpaBJieHVIe B 6oJirapcKaTa B'bHlllHa IlOJIMTHKa l1 IlOtfTM Il'bJIIIaTa mmca
Ha opraHl13i1patto HaQHOHaJinoorno6op;uTeJIHO ,D;BJ1)KeJ-Iwe B Ao6py):l)Ka p;o 1919 r.
EorrrapcKoTo HaQMOHaJIHoocBo6o):IHTeJIHO ,D;BH)l(eHwe B Ao6pyp;)l(a npeM11HaBa
npep; TpM OCHOBHH eTana Ha CBOeTo pa3BHTMe. ITopBMJIT nepwop; o6xBaw;a TO):\l1HHTe
1878-1913 r. He xapaKTepen c 6op6arn Ha MecTHOTO 6onrapcKo HaceJieH11e B CeBepna
Ao6pyp;)Ka 3a HaQHOHaJIHO caMocoxpaHeHue B rpanuq11Te Ha PyMnHMR, c Hap;e)Kp;ara
3a ep;Ho 6op;ern;o 06ep;11neHMe c EomapHR. Ao 1913 r. Eonrapm1 OT6Rrna p;a cjJopMyrru-
- - - - - - - - HOBA E'blITAPCKA UCTOPMH (1878-1944)
pa RCHO rro311QlilRTa rn rro OTHOlllem1e Ha CeB. JJ:o6pyp;)!(a w He npep;npweMa l1HHQHa-

Tl1BH 3a 3aru;11Ta Ha CBOeTO HaceIIeHHe OT IlOJil1Tl1KaTa Ha aCl1Ml1JiaQl1R l1 KOJIOHl13aQl1R
rrpoBe)f(p;aHa OT pyMoHCKaTa p;op)!(aBa. Mo)Ke p;a ce Ka)Ke, l.fe ,LIO 1913 r. p;o6pyp;)!(aH-
CKl1R Borrpoc e B rrepmpepHRTa Ha 6omapCKaTa B'bH!llHa IlOJil1THKa H Ha HaQHOHaJIHJ.fR
Bbnpoc. BrnpMRT rrepwop; 3arrol.fBa rne,[I EyKyperu;KHR MwpeH p;oroBop, KOHTO npe)J.aBa
na PyMoHHR M IO)f(Ha ,[(o6pyp;)f(a c rpap;oBeTe TyTpaKaH, CmrnCTpa, JJ:o6pw'I, EaJil.fHK
If KaBapHa. Ilpe3 1916 r. PyMoHHR e pa3rpoMeHa OT BOWCKWTe Ha UettTpaJIHHTe rn11u
uB QRJia ,[(o6pyp;)f(a pyMoHCKOTO rocrrop;crno e oTXBopJieHo. 3ary6aTa Ha lQ)!(Ha JJ:o6-
PY.Ll)f(a rnep; Me)l(p;ycoI03H!lll.feCKaTa BOHHa ce oTpa3RBa KpawHo HeraT!llBHO Ha 6011-
rapCKaTa !llKOHOM!l!Ka. ,[(o 1912 r. TYK ce rrpo!113Be)!(p;a rrpop;yKUHR 3a 60 MJIH. 3JiaTHY!
nesa, ycrrellIHO ce pa3B!llBaT 44 X!llJI. 3eMep;encK!ll cTonaHcTBa.
B rrepMop;a 1913-1916 r. PyMoHHR rrpoBe)!(p;a 11eneHacol.feHa rroJIWT!llKa Ha nporoH-
BaHe M pa3opRBaHe Ha 6onrapCKoTO HaceneHMe. Me)!(p;y 6omapu M pyMoHQYI TpawHo
ce nornBa ceMeTo Ha HaQHOHaIImrn aHTaroHM3'DM, 03no6neHue M )KeJiaHMe 3a peBaHllI.
Brnl.fKO TOBa C'b3p;aBa 6narorrpHRTHM rrpep;nocTaBKM 3a noRBaTa YI pa3BY!TMeTO Ha Ha-
~110HaJIHoorno6op;!llTeJIHO p;B!ll)l(eHMe, T03H Il'bT pe!llHTeJIHO nop;KpeneHO OT CTpaHa
ia EomapMR. Ilopap;w KpaTKOTO BpeMe H JIMrrcaTa Ha omn, rropBoHol.faJIHo conpoTY!-
iara cperu;y pyMoHCKOTO rocnop;crno ce rrpoRB.A:Ba B crnxwwHM cpopMw: oTKa3 OT rrop;-

rnttem1e Ha BIIacT!llTe, yKpHBaHe Ha rrpop;yKQWH, OTKpMBaHe l.faCTHH Tat°!HM 6unrapCKw
"111JIMru;a, p;e3epn1paHe OT pyMoHCKaTa apMHR M p;p. XapaKTepHo 3a T03M nep1t1op; e,
re 3a pa3mtKa OT MaKep;omrn, B ,[(o6pyp;)!(a He coru;ecTByBa B'bTpeuma peBOJIIOQWOHHa
1praHM3aQJ1R. ,[(Blil)l(eHJ1eTO J1Ma rrpep;MMHO eMMrpaHTCKW xapaKTep l1 e liail'bJIHO o6-
iop3aHO c 6onrapCKaTa ocp111111anHa nom1T11Ka no p;o6py,1:1)!(aHcKHR Bonpoc.
fhpBHTe eM11rpaHTCKM p;o6py;:p1<aHCKM APY)!(ecrna B'b3HHKBaT rrpe3 1913-1915 r.
fa 15 MapT 1915 r. Te ce o6ep;HHRBaT rrop; HMeTO ,[(o6py)J.)!(aHcKa opram13aQHH. Op
am13aQ11J1Ta c11 nocTaBR 3a 11en .n;a .n;op)!(11 6yp;Ho o6ru;ecrneHoTo MHeHHe no .n;o6py-
.)l(aHcKl1R Borrpoc M p;a comacyBa p;ettHOCTTa rn c 6onrapCKaTa .n;op)f(aBa. KaKTO B
raKep;oHCKOTO p;B11)1(eH11e, TaKa 11 TYK ce no.A:B.A:BaT cnopose 11 u,1:1ewm1 pa3cnoem1H,
o BCWl.fKM ca comacH11, l.fe B pelllaBaHeTO Ha p;o6pyp;)!(aHcKMR Bonpoc EomapHH 11
err11K11Te Cl1JIH ru;e MrpaRT pelllaBaru;a ponR. ToBa o6cTORTeJJCTBO,KaKTO H 6op3o pa3-
11m1Te ce C'b6Mnrn: (BOii:HaTa), He p;aBaT B'b3MO)J(HOCT Ha pa3JJHl.fl1HTa p;a B3eMaT Kpaw-
11 ~opMn. Do cBORTa coru;HocT Co3,IJ;ap;eHaTa B rop;HHMTe Ha pyMoHCKaTa 0Kynat11.u1
06py,1:1)!(aHcKa opramt3aQHR e ep;Ha naTpHOTl1l.fHa, 6yp)f(oa3HO - n116epamia opra
l13aQH.A:, KORTO l131ifrpaBa o6eKTHBHO rrporpernsHa poJJR B pa3BHTJ1eTO Ha go6py-
>f\aHCKOTO peBOJilOQJ10HHO HaQHOHaJIHOOCBo6op;HTeJJHO ,D;BJA)f(eHMe. Tiopa)f(eJrne10
1PyMoHHR B'bB BOMHaTa He p;oHaCR Il'bJIHOTO J1 OKOHl.faTeJJHO OCB060iKp;eHHe Ha l\Hlla
o6py)J.)!(a. IO)l(HaTa l.facT e rrpHc'be.z:IHHeHa K'bM Bomap11R, a cesepHaTa e nocTaBetta
JJI C'bI03HHl.fecKo (scoru;HocT repMaHCKO) ynpasnenue. ToBa HecnpaBep;mrno pewe
'fe npe)J.H3BHKBa Hep;OBOJICTBOTO Ha 6oJirapcKaTa o6ru;ecTBeHOCT H Ha HaceJJem1e10
caMaTa ,[(o6pyJVKa. fepMaHCKMTe BJiacTH oTKp11To rnnep11paT pyMoHCKHTe eJJeMeHTJA
. CMeTKa Ha 6011rap11Te, rro,qxpaHBaT w TypcK11Te acnupa11w11 3a KOMrreHcau11H cnpR
:::i nbJirapHR.
Co3,n;a,n;eHOTO nono)l(emte aKTlllBlll3lllpa eMMrpaHTCKlllTe opraHM3aQllllll, KOlllTO rrpe-
HaCRT ,n;et1:HOCTTa rn B ,[(o6py,n;)J(a. CnBMeCTHO c 6onrapcKoTo npaBlllTencTBO ce BO,!\H
nrnpoKa Me)l(,n;yHapo,n;Ha nponaraH,n;a 3a nplllcoe,n;MHeHMeTo Ha wrna ,[(o6py,r:pKa K'bM
EonraplllR. IIpe3 1917 r. e C'b3p;a,n;eHa HOBa opraHM3aQlllR - ll;eHTpaneH ,n;o6py,n;:>KaHCKH
Hapo,n;eH C'bBeT (IJ;,[(HC). OettoBHaTa qen Ha IJ;,[(HC e ,n;a ce 6oplll nponrn repMaHcKaTa
,n;oMMHaQlllR B ,[(o6py,n;)l(a lll 3a nplllcoe,n;MHRBaHeTo :H K'bM EonrapMR, aKo ce HaJimKH
M C'bC c:wnaTa Ha op'b)l(llleTO. IIo CBORTa C'blll,HOCT IJ;,[(HC e opraHM3aQMR B IIOMOil.I Ha
6onrapcK11Te a,n;Ml1HMCTpaTMBHYJ :w BoeHH11 BnacT:w. Ta311 cpopMa Ha conpoTYJBa e Ha-
MepeHa 3a y,n;a"IHa, TDM KaTo no T03YJ Ha"IMH ce 1136J1rnaT ycnm1<HeHMRTa c fepMamrn.
Ha cpaKT11"1eCKOTO repMaHcKo ynpaBneH11e IJ;,[(HC 113,n;Yira 11,D;eRTa 3a aBTOHOMH!I
Ha ,[(o6py,n;)l(a KaTo ernn OT np11coe,n;11HRBaHeTo :H K'bM Eonrap:wR. B rnrno B3aHMO-
,n;et1:crn11e c I.I.J,a6a Ha ,n;et1:cTByBaI.I.J,aTa apM11R B Ha"lanoTo Ha 1918 r. ce no):\roTBR 06J1-
BRBaHeTo Ha He3aBMC11MOCTTa Ha ,[(o6py,n;)J(a (lllMa ce npe,n;BM,!l; ceBepHaTa "JaCT) KaTO
III-Ta frnnrapCKa apMMR 60,n;e npoBo3rnaceHa 3a ",n;o6pyA)J(aHCKa" apM11R. Y1,n;eJ1Ta e
M30CTaBeHa 11 nopa,n;11 n:wncarn Ha Ao6pe opraHM3apaH T11n Ha QRJiaTa aKu;YJR, Ho ce
npe,n;BM)l(,!l;a n'bllHOTO lllllKBJ.1,!l;MpaHe Ha repMaHCKOTO ynpaBJieH11e 11 M3611paHeTO Ha
BpeMeHHO npaBMTencrno Ha ,[(o6pyA)l<a.
B KpaR Ha IIopBaTa cBeTOBHa BOMHa IJ;,[(HC npeMeCTBa rnoeTo ce,n;aJIYJ!l\e B'bB
BapHa. BnB BoTpenrnocTTa Ha ,[(o6py,n;)l(a Bee oI.I.J,e nMncBa 3,n;paBa HaQlllOHa11Hoorno-
60,n;11TenHa opraHM3aQ11R, nopa,n;:w KoeTo HacerreH:weTo ce opraH113apa caMo Karn H3-
rpa)J(,n;a rno11 "leT:w 3a caMo3aI.I.J,MTa cpeI.I.J,y HOBOTO HaxrryBaHe Ha pyMoHQ11Te. XapaK-
TepHo 3a nep:wop;a 1913-1918 r. e, "le B ,n;o6py,n;)J(aHcKoTo ,n;B:w)l(eH:we He ce Ha6mw\aBaT
3Ha"ll/ITeJIHlll J.1):\eMHlll pa3llllI'IMR. 06e,n;11HRBall\a 3a BClll"IK11 ce RBRBa :w,n;eJITa 3a II'bJIHO
:w 6e3ycrr0Btto np:wcoe,n;MHeHMe K'bM EorrraplllR.
c no):\nMCBaHeTO Ha Hnot1:CK11R ,n;oroBop M noBTOpHaTa oKynaQMR Ha ,Uo6pyAlKa
OT PyMoHMR 3ano"!Ba TpeTMR nep110,n; OT :w,n;et1:HoTo :w opraHM3aQ110HHO pa3Bl1rne Ha
,n;o6py,n;)l(aHcKoTo peBOJIIOQHOHHO ,n;BM)l(eH11e. IIpe3 T0311 nep110,n; ca xapaKTepHI1 rro!l-
BaTa Ha :w,n;et1:HM pa3JIJ.1"1HR M C'bnepHM"lell\M CM opraHJ.13aQMM, HaMecaTa Ha BbHlliHl1 H
BoTpenrn:w ( 6nnrapCK11) norr11Tw-1ecK:w cpaKTop:YI.
Henocpe,n;cTBeHo cne,n; pyMoHCKaTa peoKynaQMR, npe3 1918-1919 r., MecTHorc
6onrapcKo HaceneH:YJe C'b3p;aBa CBO:YJ BoOp'b)l(eH:YJ "leT:YJ 3a oTnop cpell\y pyMnHCKH·
Te KOJIOHMCT:YJ :YI oco6eHO cpeI.I.J,y MaCOBO pa3npoCTpaHeH:YJR Kpat1: rpaHlllQaTa 6aHAH·
TM3'bM. IlO''IT:YJ Be,n;Hara cne,n; 113JIM3aHeTo Ha Eonrap:YIR OT BOMHaTa (cenT. 1918 r.) Cf
aKT:YJBM3Hpa :YI ,n;o6py,n;)J(aHcKaTa eMHrpaQMR. OpraHM3:wpa ce M3npall\aHeTO Ha rr11cMa
neT:YJQ11:YJ, MeMopatt,n;yM:YJ :YI ,n;p. p;o npe,n;CTaB:YJTerr:YJ Ha Berr:YJK:YJTe c:wrr11, ,n;o rrpecaTa ~
T.H. c Qen ,n;a ce nponaraH,n;:wpa 6onrapCKaTa Kay3a no ,n;o6pyA)l(aHcKMR Bnnpoc.
IIo,n;o6Ho Ha MaKep;oHCKOTO eM:wrpaHTCKO p;B11)1(eH:we 11 B A06py,n;)l(aHcKorn c1
ocpopMRT ,n;Ba QeHTnpa: BnpXOBeH ynpaBMTeneH KOMMTeT (BYK) Ha ~o6py,n;'lKaHcKaTi
opraH:YJ3aLV,rn :w IJ;,[(HC. IInpBitIRT 3aCT'bnBa CTaHOBMll\eTO 3a aBTOHOMMRTa Ha LJ;o6py
):\)l(a nop; rapaHQMRTa Ha HRKOR OT BelIMKMTe CIIIJIIII, a BTOpMRT nponaraH,n;Yipa rrpHKOTI
npwcne,n;wHeHitie K'bM E'hnrap:WR. B n'bpBitIR cnriat1: e noBe"le OT RCHO, "le aBTOHOMl1JIT:
e J.13BIIIKaHa Ha )l(J.1BOT OT TaKTIII'-IeCKIII C'b06pa)l(eHt1R 3a 3ana3BaHeTO Ha 6nmapcKOT(
,n;o6py,n;)l(aHCKO Hacenem1e OT aCIIIMitillaQitIR M ,n;eHaQMOHaJIJ.13aQMR.
4()()
HOBA E'"b!IfAPCKA J1CTOPJ1JI (1878-1944)
IIpe3 JUITOTO Ha 1919 r. KOraTO CTaBa npe,n;e;rno RCHO, qe 3a HMKaKBO npwcoe,n;wHe-

HWe He MO)f(e ,n;a ce MMCJIM u;m1an ,n;o6py,n;)!(aHcKa eMwrpau;wR B EonrapwR ce o6e,n;MHR-
Ba no,n; Jio3yHra 3a aBTOHOMMR Ha D;RJia ,!J;o6py,n;)!(a. B HaBeqepwern Ha no,n;nwcBaHeTO
Ha HhOHCKMR ,n;oroBop Ha 21 HoeMBpw 1919 r., ce npoBe)!(,n;a co6op Ha ,n;o6py,n;)!(aH-
cKwTe ,n;py)!(ecrna. Co3,n;a,n;eH e C'bI03'bT ",!J;o6py,n;)!(a" c Kpati:Ha u;en: e,n;MHHa, rn66o,n;-
Ha w He3aBwcwMa ,!J;o6py,n;)f(a. MaKap T03M 1103ym ,n;a wMa coru;o 'IMCTO TaKTM'iecKo
C'b,D;'bp)f(aHwe l1 HacoqeHOCT, nocTeneHHO, no,n; BJIMRHMe Ha o6eKTMBHaTa peaJIHOCT M
pa3BMBaru;11Te ce B Henocpe,n;cTBeHa 6JIM30CT ,n;o ,!J;o6py,n;)!(a C'b6MTMR (PyCKaTa peBO-
JIIOD;MR), BoTpe B C'bI03'bT ",!J;o6py,n;)f(a" ce ocpopMR JIRBO Kpwno. JleBwu;an ce pa3BMBa
no,n; w,n;e:t1HoTo BJIMRHHe Ha EKII w Heti:HwTe cwMnaTw3aHTM B p;BM)!(eHwern, KaK'bBTO

e w ,n;-p IIeTnp Bw'ieB - npe,n;ce,n;aTeJIRT Ha BopxoBHMR C'hBeT Ha C'bI03a. I1MeHHo c
TIOMOID;Ta Ha JieBl1'iap11Te 'iMCTMTe Hau;woHaJIHMCTM ca M3roHeHM OT C'bI03a M nnpBM-
Te ,n;o6wBaT no'ITW n'bJIHO Ha,n;Moru;we. Me)!(,n;y ,n;-p Bw'ieB w KOMyttMCTMTe coru;o wMa
pa3JIM'IMR ru;o ce OTHarn ,n;o CMMC'bJia TIOHRTMeTO "He3aBMCMMa" ,!J;o6py,n;)!(a. )J;oKaTO
11-p Bw'ieB cMRTa 6n,n;eru;oTo o6e,n;wHeirne Ha ,!J;o6py,n;)l(a c EonrapwR 3a Hew36e)!<HO, TO
EKIT ro l13KJilO'iBa no npwHu;wn w anpwopHo BKJIIO'iBa T03M qwcrn 6onrapcKw Kpati: B
CbCTaBa Ha e,n;Ha yTonwrna no 3aMMC'bJI EanKaHcKa cpe,n;epau;wR. CwnHoTO neawqapcKo
BJIWRHMe B ,n;o6py,n;)f(aHCKOTO ,n;BM)l(eHwe w TpawHwTe rnMnanrn K'bM CCCP ce·no,n;-
xpaHBaT 11 OT y6e)f(,n;eHwern, qe rn e,n;aa JIM ru;e ce npwMwpw enc 3ary6an Ha Eecapa6wR

(11a.r1eHa Ha PyMnHl1R cne,n; aoti:HaTa), a TOBa ecTecTBeHo Kapa C'bBeTCKaTa ,!lop)!(aBa
ga rro,n;Kpe1rn B e,n;Ha unw ,n;pyra cpopMa 6op6aTa 3a rno6o,n;aTa Ha ,!J;o6py,n;)!(a. ITopao-
Ha'!aJIHO C'bl03'bT ",!J;o6py,n;)l(a" ce pa3BMBa npe,!IHMHO KaTO neranHa eMwrpaHTCKa op-
raHw3au;wR, KORTO He npe,n;BM)f(,n;a C'b3,D;aBaHeTO Ha cpopMau;ww 3a Boopo)!(eHa 6op6a.
Ho nocTeneHHO no,n; BJIWRHwe Ha 3acwnaaru;wRT ce Tepop w no npwMepa Ha ,n;pyrnTe
tta11woHaJIHoocB060,n;11Te1rnw opraHw3au;ww ce 3apa)!(p;a w,n;eRTa 3a BoOpo)!(eHa 6op-
6a. Ilpe3 MapT 1923 r. npwBnp)!(eHwu;wTe Ha He11era11HaTa Boopo)!(eHa 6op6a C'b3p;a-
sar BoTpenrnarn ,n;o6py,n;)f(aHcKa peaonrou;woHHa opraHw3au;wR (B.IJ:PO). J136paHw ca
~eHTpaneH KOMttTeT 11 3a,n;rpaHM'iHO 6ropo. Cpe,n; BMp;HwTe poKOBO,!IMTenw Ha B.D:PO
ca: ,Uoqo MwxawnoB, Cn. AneKrneB, CT. 003,n;yraHOB, Bop6aH ITeTpoB, Ma. MapwHo-
noncKw, Ma. Xa,n;)KMJ1BaHoB. 3a Bpo3Ka Me)!(,n;y B.IJ:PO w 6onrapcKoTo npaBMTencrno e
orrpe.r1eneH 3anacHMRT oqrnu;ep HwK. KeMwJieB . .IJ:o6py,n;)!(a e pa3p;eneHa 7 peaonrou;w-
OHHW pawoHa: C111111CTpa, TyTpaKaH, Tepaen, .IJ:o6pwq, Tynqa, KroCTeH,n;)!(a, EaJI'iMK.
KoM aceKw pawoH e ccpopMwpaHa qeTa OT 10-15 ,n;ynrn, Haqeno c pati:oHeH BOMBo,n;a.
BEonrapwR B,!J;PO c'bru;o M3rpa)!(,n;a CBOR tte11era11Ha Mpe)!(a cpe,n; 6e)!(aHD;MTe. CaoR-
Ta Kpa:i1Ha u;en opraHl13au;mna cpopMynwpa B 1103yttra: "He3aBMCMMa .IJ:o6py,n;)!(a Karn
caMOCTORTeJIHa ,n;op)!(aBHa e,n;wHwu;a!''. Cpe,n;cTBaTa 3a nocTwraHeTO Ha Ta3M u;en ca
HerreranHaTa B'bOp'b)!(eHa 6op6a, C'b'ieTaHa c· neranHa ,n;oKOJIKOTO e B'b3MO)!(Ha. KaTo
csot1 C'bI03H11u;w B npe,n;cToRru;aTa 6op6a B.IJ:PO C'iMTa neawTe rnnw w CCCP, c 'iMMTO
npegcTaBMTe1111 ce ocoru;ecTBRBaT KOHTaKTM. Co3p;aBaHeTO Ha B.IJ:PO e nocperu;HaTO c
etttyrna3'bM OT ttacenemreTo B .IJ:o6py,n;)!(a w eMwrpau;wRTa, 3a Koern roBopw 6op3oTo
pa3pacrnatte Ha tteneranHaTa Mpe)!(a. .IJ:o KpaR Ha anpwn 1923 r. ca opraHM3apaHw Ha,n;
130 cena w 1 000 'IeTH11u;w, a B EonrapwR HaBCRKn,n;e Ko,n;ern HMa eMwrpaHTw OT ,!J;o6-
PY!1)!(a ca C'b3p;a,n;eHl1 KOMl1TeTY1 Ha B.IJ:PO. E,n;Ha OT nopBwTe ycnenrnw aKu;ww Ha B.D:PO
401
Pocuu,a AHzenoBa
e JIJ1KJ1Bl1,IJ;I1paHeTO Ha 6aH,n;WTl13Ma - rrpeB'bpHaJI ce B IIOCTORHHa yrpo3a 3a 6onrap-

CKOTO HaceneH11e. KaKTO 11 BMPO, B,UPO wMa KaTo CBOR rnaBHa 3ap;aqa ,n;a 3aKpmrn
HaceneH11eTo OT W3p;eBaTencTBaTa Ha pyMoHCK11Te BnacT11, ,n;a rrpoT11Bo,n;dicTBysa Ha
,n;eHau;woHan113au;11RTa w KOJIOHl13au;wRTa 11 B Kpa!A:Ha cMeTKa ,n;a 3arra311 3,n;paB111 ycrou-
Te Ha 6onrapru;111HaTa B ,Uo6py,n;)l<a.
I1o c11naTa Ha cBoeTo y,n;o6Ho reorpacpcKo nonmKeHwe ,Uo6py,n;)l(a ce RBRBa tt MHO-
ro y,n;o6eH rrnau;,n;apM 3a Y13HOCa Ha CBeTOBHaTa peBOJilOIJ;WR, KOeTO Il'bK OT CBOR CTpaHa
rrpe,n;1113Bl1KBa lllHTepeca Ha KoMlllHTepHa K'bM ,n;o6py,n;)l(aHcKoTo ,Il;Blll)l(eHwe. He e cny-
qaeH cpaKT'bT, qe B,UPO ce C'b3p;aBa B MOMeHTa, KoraTo III I1HTepHau;110Han no):\rorn11
CBORTa BTopa peBonrou;1110HHa ocpaH3111Ba Ha 3arra,n;. B T03W CTpaTerwqecKw nnaH Ha
Hau;1110HanHoocB060,n;111TenHttTe ,n;BH)l(eHwR Ha EanKaH111Te ce oTpe)l(,n;a rropBocreneHHa
ponR. OT ,n;pyra CTpaHa, cne,n; rrpeBparn Ha 9 IOHl1, 6nnrapcKaTa B'bHWHa nonHTttKa e
Kpa!A:Ho cepBlllJIHa cnpRMO PyMoHl1R - e,n;11HCTBeHWRT 3aru;11THlllK Ha ,n;eBeTOIOHCK1111
pe)l(WM Ha EanKaHwTe. 0THorneHwRTa Me)l(,n;y ,n;BeTe rrpaB11TencTBa ca oco6rno cop-
,n;e'IHlll, HO OT ToBa l13BJIW'!a non11Tw'!eCKl1 ,n;ttB111,n;eHTl1 caMo PyMoHitrn. Heru;o nose-
qe, 3a ,n;a 3aTBnp,n;11 "np11RTeJICKWTe" 'IYBCTBa, rrpaBHTeJICTBOTO Ha ,UeMOKpaTttt-IeCKrrn
croBop KaKTO 11 B rny'laR c BMPO, rrpaB11 orrwT11 ,n;a lll1KB1t1,n;wpa, 111n11 Ha!A:-MaJIKOTO .r1a
CJIO)l(J1 poKa Ha ,n;o6py,n;)l(aHcKoTo peBonrou;1t10HHO ,n;BW)l(eHwe. Pa3oqapoBaHtt or Eon-
rapttR, w3ry611n111 Ha):\e)l(,n;a B Me)l(,n;yHapo,n;HaTa ,n;1tmn0Mau;11R w OH, ,n;o6py,n;)!(aHcKHTe
peBonrou;110Hep11 3anaraT Ha KapTaTa Ha KoMlllHTepHa.
I1o'ITl1 e,n;HoBpeMeHHO c BMPO Ha 7 Ma!A: 1924 r., poKOBo,n;cTBoTo Ha B,UPO BJHl3a
B crropa3yMeH11e c npe,n;CTaB11Ten111Te Ha KoMl1HTepHa 3a yqaCT11eTo Ha opraH1113al\MHTa
B rrpe,n;cTORll\OTO HOBO BnCTaH11e B EonrapwR. Ho 3a pa3Jil1Ka OT BMPO, TYK nem1-
u;aTa e rro-cttJIHa cppaKQJ1R 11 TR pa3rronara c Boopo)l(eH11e c11n111 Ha opraHtt3al\MHTa
B'bB B'bTpeurnocTTa Ha ,Uo6py,n;)l(a. Bo,n;aq11 Ha neB111u;arn 11 cpaKT11I'!ecK111 Ha B,UPO ca
rnaBH11RT BOMBo,n;a ,Uoqo M1t1xa!A:noB 11 Bnp6aH I1eTpoB. ,UBaMaTa nocTaBRT opraH11-
3au;11RTa B II'bJIHa yrnyra Ha EKIT 11 yCTaHOBRBaT TeceH KOHTaKT c poKOBOAHTemi Ha
He!A:HaTa BOeHHa opram13au;11R - Kocrn ..sIHKOB. C rroMoru;Ta Ha BD;PO 3a EKTI ce npe-
HacR opo)l(11e, 113BnpwBaT ce pa3Jil1'IHW aKu;ww, opraH11311paT ce HeneranHtt KaHam1.
I1poBaJI'bT Ha rrperosopwTe Me)l(,n;y BMPO 11 KoMtrnTepHa, 3aBnpwwn c y6ttr1crnorn
Ha T. AneKcaH,n;pos 11 fopHO,Il;)l(yMa!A:CKaTa Kacarrm1u;a OT 12 cerrT. 1924 r., BHarnr AYX
Ha pa3oqapoBaH11e J1 113BeCTHO OTpe3BRBaHe cpe,n; np11B'bp)l(eH11IJ;WTe Ha JIRBaTa opw-
eHTaIJ;J1R. D;ecH11u;aTa, KORTO Y13IJ;RJIO KOHTpon111pa C'bl03a "D;o6py,n;)l(a" OTKpttTO ce CD-
rrpOTlllBRBa Ha ynTpanes11qapcKaTa n11H1t1R Ha ,II,. M111xat1nos 111 B. TieTpos. B pe3ymaT
Ha rrpoT11sope'!11RTa Ha3pRBa pa3u;errneH11e B'bB B,Il,PO. Hanpe)l(eH111eTo ce 3arnnsa
11 OT perneH111eTo Ha EKI1 ,n;a 113rpa)l(,n;a cso11 cppaKu;1111 B opraH113au;111RTa c 1\eJI .r1a !I
npes3eMe. Ta31tf TaKTJ1Ka ce yseH'IaBa c ycnex ltf 6naro,n;apeH11e Ha LI;. M111xai1nos EKTI
cpaKT111tiecK11 KOHTpon11pa B,Il,PO.
TRcHoTo o6snp3BaHe 11 ,n;op111 11p;eHT11cp11Kau;11R c EKI1 ce oKa3BaT rn6enHM 3a
B,Il,PO. TR HarryCKa CB011Te Hau;110HanHoorno60,n;11TeJIHltf rro3MIJ;ltflll ltf cne.r1 AnpwnCKwTe
co611T111R norra,n;a rro,n; y,n;ap111Te Ha penpec11BH11R anapaT Ha rrpas11TencTB0To. Or ABeTe
cTpaH11 Ha rpaH111u;arn Hap; ;o;e!A:u;11Te Ha B,Il,PO e ycTpoeHa KopBaBa 6aHR. B Ha'!anorn
Ha 1925 r. pyMnHCKltfTe BnacTltf npe;o;np11eMaT Maru;a6Ha ocpaH31tfBa nponrn 'lernw1e-
- - - - - - - - HOBA EnflfAPCKA J1CTOPJ1JI (1878-1944)
cKOTO ,n;Bm1<em1e B .D:o6py,1:p1<a. CKopo m norne,n;BaT Iii 6nnrapcKli!Te snacTlil, KOli!TO

rro.n; npe,n;nor, qe ce 6opRT npoTli!B 6omneBlil3Ma B'DB BJJ:PO lil3BnpurnaT pe.n;111-1a y6m1-
crna Iii apecTlil Ha no-BH,!J;Hli!Te iI pnKOBO,!J;li!Tenlil. He 6e3 noMOll\Ta Ha 6nnrapcKoTo
rrpaBli!TeJicTBO Bpnx BnB BJJ:PO B3eMa ,!J;RCHOTO Teqem1e, Koern no.n;o6Ho Ha BMPO
11 BTPO (KCT), cqurn KOMYHlil3Ma 3a e,n;li!H OT CBOHTe nponIBHli!IJ;lil Iii CliI nocTaBR 3a
3a,n;aqa ,n;a nponrno,n;ecrnysa Ha Herosorn npoHli!KBaHe cpe.n; Hau;1i10HaJTHoorno60,n;lil-
renH0To p;BH)!(eH11e.
3a pa3JI11Ka OT IOrornaBHR Iii fnpIJ;li!R B PyMnHli!R, Hape.n; c Heneranmne peBo-
lllOIJ;li!OHH11 opraH11Jau;111i1 li!Ma e,n;Ha, MaKap Iii orpam1qeHa B'h3MO)l(HOCT 3a neranHo
rrpoRBJTeH11e Ha 6nnrapcKoTo Hacenem1e. Tosa lil3Kmoqem1e ce ,lJ;'bJT)!(li! Ha cpaKTa, qe
PyMnHli!R ce CTpeMt1 ,n;a CliIMYJT11pa cna3BaHeTO Ha Mlilpmrn .n;oroBop Iii He OTXBnpJTR
no np11ttu;11n Hau;110HaJIHOCTTa Ha .n;o6py.n;)!(aHcK1tITe 6nnrapvr. JJ:onyCKa .n;a ce 3ana3RT
6Mrapc1<11 ocHOBH11 yqli!Jililll\a (4 Ha 6pott) Iii orpaHlilqeHa ynoTpe6a Ha 6nnrapcKlil
e311K.
Cpe,n; 6onrapcKoTo 0611\ecrno B PyMnHli!R ce cpopMlilpa lilp;ean Ja CD3p;asaHe Ha
opraHli!Jau;1111, K011TO ,n;a npe.n;crnBJTRBaT 6nnrap1ne npe.n; pyMnHCKaTa .n;np)!(aBa, .n;a rn
):(bp)!(aT CTIJTOTeHliI 11 B 3aMRHa Ha TeXHli!Te rnacoBe .n;a li!CKa ep;Hlil YfJTlil .n;pyru OTCT'bilKlil
11 o6neKqemrn Ha pe)!(ItIMa. B t13Il'hJTHeHlile Ha T031il rrnaH Ha 14 MapT 1927 r. B EyKypell\
ce C'h3,ll;aBa Bu cw CbBeT Ha 6nnrapli!Te B PyMnHli!R. JJ:pyra no.n;o6Ha opraHli!Jau;1rn npe.n;-
craBJTRBaT EnnrapcK11Te KYJTTYPHH 06U-1ecrna, KOHTO npe,n;cTaBJTRBaT MH031i!HCTBOTO
or 6nnrapcKOTO HaceJieH11e H ycneurno no.n;.n;np)!(a 3,n;paB Hau;woHaJTHli!R MY .n;yx.
Cne,n; 1934 r. ,n;o6py,n;)!(aHCKli!RT Bnnpoc J\lli!HaBa H3IJ;RJTO B pnu;eTe Ha 6nnrapcKaTa
Bntturna noJI11T11Ka 11 ,n;HnJioMau;uR. PeJynrnTnT He JaKnCHR -EnnrapYIR ycnR no Mli!-
pett nnT ,n;a rn Boptte JO)!(Ha JJ:o6py.n;)!(a.
4. B 3ana~HHTe noKpannHHH
Tipe3 1919 r. Ha IIapli!)!(KaTa MlilpHa KoHcpepeHu;irn .n;enerau;1trnrn Ha IOrornamrn

Bttarn npe,n;JIO)!(eHHe B KOMHC11RTa no pyMnHCKYJTe Iii 10rornaBcKli!Te pa6oTlil H3TOqHa
rpamru;a Ha IOrornaB11R ,n;a 6n.n;e peKa CTpyMa OT rpnu;KaTa rpam1u;a .n;o rrp11rnKa iI
peKa JJ:)!(epMaH, oTTaM JIItIHli!RTa ,n;a rrpo,n;nJT)!(li! rrpe3 3arra,n;Ha Cnpa rrnaHli!Ha 11 CTlilrtte
):(O ceno Apqap Ha JJ:yHaBa. IIo Coll\ecrno TOBa e JTYJHHRTa Ha reH. Tieurnq 3a "CTpaTe-
nrqecKo" npeMeCTBaHe Ha rpattli!u;aTa, KaTo ce lil30CTaBR e.n;1rncrnetto BKmoqBaHeTo
Ha IIepHHK B npe,n;en11Te Ha IOrornaBHR. KoMli!Cli!RTa no pyMnHCKli!Te Iii 10rornaBCKlilTe
pa6om 11 11,ettTpaJIHaTa TepHTOpHaJTHa KOMli!Cli!R rrplileMaT 3a OCHOBaTeJieH MOTli!Ba Ha
cpo6CKaTa ,n;enerau;11R, HO HaMlilpaT 3a rrpeKoMepHlil TepMrnplilanHli!Te iI rrpeTeHIJ;lillil.
PernaBa ce Eonrapli!R ,n;a OTCT'hITlil Ha IOrornaBli!R 1 545 KB 2. KM, o6xBall\all\lil ep;li!H
rpa):( - IJ,ap116po,n;, TpH rra3apHM cpe.n;lilll\a - Eornnerpa,n;, TpoHCKa KJTlilcypa, EpaHe-
BI.1H Iii 118 cena OT UapH6po,n;CKa, Eornnerpa,n;CKa, TpnHCKa Iii KynCKa OKOJTli!lif. Crrope.n;
rrpe6poRBaHeTo Ha HaceneHMeTo Ha 11,apcrno Ennrapli!R rrpe3 1910 r. B Te31i! ceJTli!ll\a
lKHBeHT 64 509 :>K11TeJIJif - 54 450 6onrapH, 8 637 BJJaClil, 594 u;lilraHlil, 127 cnp61i!. B
OTCTbITeHli!Te 3eMitl I1Ma 45 u;opKBH, o6cny)!(BaHlil OT 42 CBell\eHJifIJ;lil, 116 rrnpBOHa-
Pocuu,a AH2e11oaa
qanH11 yq11nm:.Qa, 6 npornMHa31111 11 1 cMeceHa r11MHa31.u1 s IJ;apH6pop; c 269 yqHTem1

11 7 292 yqeH11.Q11. Cnep; nop;n11rnaHeTo Ha Hbo:i1:cKHR p;orosop np11 onpep;ernmeTo Ha
rpaH11QaTa ca S3eTl1 nap; SHl1MaHHe cpn6CK11Te C'bo6pa)l(eHHR 3a CTpaTemqecKOTO iI
npeMeCTsaHe, s pe3ynTaT Ha KOeTo 25 6nnrapcK11 cena ca pa3ceqeH11, KaTo ep;HaTa 'IaCT
ocrnsa s Cnp611R, a p;pyrarn s EnnrapHR.
Ha 6 11 7 HOeMsp11 1920 r. cpn6CKHTe so:i1:cKH oKynHpaT 3anap;H11Te noKpai1HJ1Htt.
EnnrapcK11Te yq:unm.Qa ca npesnpHanr s cpn6cKH. lJecTBaHeTo Ha "Cs. CB. KHpHn 11
(24 Mai1:) e 3a6paHeHo. 3a 3ap;'bJI)l(HTeneH npa3HHK Ha npornernrn e o6JrneH
MeTop;H:i1:"
p;eHRT Ha "Cs. Casa" (5 p;eKeMsp:u). CseI.QeHHQHTe ca nporoHeH11. B Q'bpKSHTe 6oro-
cny)l(e1rneTo ce l13S'hpnrna Ha cpn6CKH e3HK. Bnse:>Kp;aT ce TaKcH 3a 6nrrrapHTe rrp11
noceI.QasaHe Ha cncep;H11 cena, a 3a nnTysaHe p;o Ennrap11R ce l1311CKsa p;a norryqasar
"cnrrrao1e" OT 6nnrapcKaTa rreraQHR s Eerrrpap;. EnnrapHTe, np1ne)l(aSaI.QH p;sysnacr-
HH l1MOTH ca Cl1CTeMHO ManTpeTHpaHl1. I1pe3 1920-1923 r., 3a p;a 1n6ernaT npHTeCHe-
Hl1R:Ta Ha cpn6cK11R pe)l(HM, Hap; 10 000 6nnrap11 OT IJ;ap116pop;CK0, EornrrerpaACKO,
TpnHCKO 11 KynCKo ce npecensaT s Ennrap11R.
B KpaR Ha 1920 r. 6e)l(aHQl1Te OT IJ;apH6pop;cKo yqpep;R:saT s CoqrnR opraH11-
3aQl1RTa "Hm:nasa" - oKono 500 p;y1m1. I1pe3 cnep;saI.QaTa rop;11Ha CBOl'l p;py)l(ecrna
(6paTcTBa) C'b3p;asaT 11 6nnrapHTe OT TpnHCKO 11 Eornrrerpap;CKo. B KpaR Ha 1922 r.
e cpopM11paH BpeMeHeH snpxoseH KOMl1TeT, Ko:i1:To 06ep;11HR:sa 11 KaHan11311pa Ael1cr-
Bl1R:Ta Ha TpHTe 6narornopHTeJIHl1 p;py)l(eCTBa. I1pe3 HOeMBpH 1923 r. no IIOBOA 3-
rop;l11l1Hl1HaTa OT OTK'bCBaHeTo Ha 3arrap;H11Te n0Kpa:i1:H11H11 OT EnnrapHR KoMHTenr
opraHl1311pa MHT11Hr B Cocpirn. B Hero yqacTBaT Hap; 12 000 6e)l(aHQl1. I1pe3 1923-1924
r. p;SH)l(eH11eTo Ha 6e)l(aHQl1Te OT 3arrap;mne rr0Kpa:i1:H11H11 ce pa3pacrna. Bn3HHKBar
HOBH 6paTcTBa - B Ml1Ha Eo6osp;orr, K10CTeHp;Hn, c. ,UonH11 ,Un6HHK, a npe3 1924 r. - B
I1nosp;11B, B11p;11H, JloM, c. EpeH11Qa (EenocnaT11HcKo), c. OCTpoB (OpRXOBcKo).
I1pe3 IOHH 1924 r. rro l1Hl1Ql1aT11Ba Ha npep;cep;aTenR Ha BpeMeHHHR B'bpxoBeH KO-
Ml1TeT rrpocp. EMaHy11n I1orrp;11M11Tpos ce B3eMa perneH11e p;a ce rn11Ka YtipeAHTerreH
KOHrpec. Ha 8 - 10 HOeMBpH c. r. KOHrpec'bT ce npoBe)l(p;a B CoqmR c yqaCTHeTO Ha 45
p;eneraT11 OT 15 6e)l(aHcK11 p;py)l(eCTBa. :Vfa6paH e p;eBeTqneHeH BnpxoseH KOMHTeT Ha
6e)l(aHQl1Te OT 3arrap;H11Te rroKpa:i1:Hl1HH, Tp11Ma OT K011TO - npoToHpe11 Apxamen Tiorr-
cTaMaTOB, EBT. CTecpaHoB 11 CT. Mopp;aHoB, cpopMHpaT T. Hap. TiocTORHHo rrp11cncr-
s11e. I1p11eT e YcTaB, c KOMTO opraHl13aQl1R:Ta ce onpep;ern1 KaTo KyrrTypHo-rrpornerna
C'bC 3ap;aqa p;a ce rp11)1(11 3a 3ap;oBOJIRBaHe Ha KYJITYPHilfTe H MaTepilfaJIHilf n0Tpe6Hocr11
Ha 6e)l(aHQilfTe OT 3arrap;HilfTe noKpa11HilfHH Ilf p;a oKa3Ba cnp;ei1cTBl'le Ha 6nrrrapcKoTO
rrpaswTeJICTBO npilf rrpilfnaraHe Ha 3aKOHa 3a HaCTaHR:BaHe Ha 6e)l(aHQilfTe. Kottrpec'bT
OTXBnpnR l1p;eR:Ta 3a aBTOHOMilfR. Kpai1HaTa Qen Ha opraHilf3aQJ/fR:Ta c ;ria pa60T11 3a
rrpilfc'be):l11HR:BaHeTo Ha 3arrap;HilfTe rroKpai1Hl1Hilf K'bM EnnrapilfR.
Ha TinpBilfR pep;oBeH KOHrpec (anpilfrr 1926 r.) BnpxoBHilfRT KOM11TeT rrpueMa pe-
30JIIOQilfR no BnTpernHoTo Ilf Me)l(p;yHapop;HOTO rroJIO)l(eHJ/fe. B HeR ce Ilf3)J;l'lra ucKaHero
3a C'b3p;asaHe Ha ",Ul1peKQl1R Ha 6e)l(aHI_~IlfTe'', 3a ;o;a ce ycKop11 o3eMJIRBaHeTO w rrpe-
p;ocTas.irneTo Ha Kpep;IlfTilf Ha Hy)l(p;aeI.QJ/fTe ce. I1p11seTCTBaT ce on11Tl'!Te 3a c6JI11)1(eH11e
Me)l(p;y Bnnrapl'IR l1 IOrocnasl'!R l1 ce I13pa3RBa Hap;e)l(p;a 3a cKopornHo "l1KOHOM11'Ie-
HOBA E'bflI'APCKA J1CTOPJ1JI (1878-1944)
CKO, p;yxoBHO M IIOJIUTM'IeCKO T'bp)I(eCTBO Ha QJ!JIOTO IOfOCJIOBeHCTBo''. 0THatJaJIO op-

raH Ha opraHJ·f3aQMJITa Ha 3anap;HMTe noKpaI1HJ1HJ1 e 8. "3anaoHo exo", a OT 1929 r.
8. "3anaOHU noKpauHuHu". Ilpe3 aBrycT 1929 r. npep;cep;aTeJIRT Ha BopxoBHMR KOMl1-
TeT Ha opraHJ13aQMJITa Ha 3anap;HMTe rroKpaJ1:HJ1HJ1 npocp. EMaHyun Ilorrp;uMuTpOB
yqacTBa B v KOHrpec Ha eBporreMCKMTe MaJII~MHCTBa B )l{eHeBa.
B Ha'IaJIOTO Ha 30-Te rop;MHJ1 ce C'b3p;aBaT 3ap;pyra Ha p;eBoMKMTe OT 3anap;HMTe
rroKpaJ1:HMHJ1, >KeHCKo KYJITypHo-npoCBerno 6narornopuTeJIHo p;py)I(ecrno 11 Coro3
Ha 3anap;HoKpaJ1:cKMTC MJiap;e)I(KM KymypHo-npocsernu p;py)I(ecrna. Ilpe3 MaJ1: 1932
r. Ha VII pep;oBeH KOHrpec ce B3eMa perneHMe 3a yqpep;RBaHe Ha HayqeH C'bBeT K'bM
BopxoBHWR KOMWTeT. Ha 18 IOHJ1 c. r. C'bBeT'bT e cpopMupaH B C'bCTaB - npep;cep;aTeJI
rrpocp. CT. MJiap;eHoB, rrop;rrpep;cep;aTeJI CT. lfaJiuHrnpoB 11 'IJieHoBe npocp. An. Teop;o-
pos - EaJiaH, npocp. Mopp;aH J1BaHoB, rrpocp. AT. J1rn11pKoB, rrpocp. r. Il. feHOB, npocp.
B. J/1oQOB, rrpocp. EMaHyMJI Ilonp;MMWTpoB 11 p;pyrn BM,IJ;HM Harn11 MHTeJieKTyanQM.
Ilpe3 1933 r. opraHt13aQJ1J!Ta Ha 3arrap;HJ.fTe IIOKpaI1HJ.fHJ.f ce C'bCTOl1 OT 68 KYJITYPHO-
rrpoCBeTHM p;py)l(ecrnaTa c oKoJio 3 000 p;yrnw.
Ilop;nucaHaTa HwrnKa crrorop;6a Me)I(.L\Y EonrapHR w lOrornaBMR (MapT 1923 r.)
He orrpaBp;aBa o'!aKBaHMJITa Ha 6omapwTe OT 3arrap;H11Te rroKpaI1HWHI1 3a cMeKtJaBatte
Ha cpo6CKJ1R pe)KWM. BJiacTMTe rrpoMeHRT on1orneH11eTO Cl1 K'bM 6omapcK11Te rpa)!{-
11aHJ.f - rrpMTe)l(aTem1 Ha ,IJ;BYBJiaCTHl1 J.fMOTJ.f, HO He H K'bM 6omap11Te - IIO,[\aHHQJ.f Ha
IOrornaBWJI. B KpaJI Ha 1923 r. J1BaH To,L\opos fhornes, MaTeMaTMK, 6wBIII ,L\MpeKTop
Ha Uapw6pop;CKaTa nIMHa3J.fJI, rrop;rroMornaT rnaBHO OT CBOJ.f 6MBIIIJ1 KOJiern J.f yqe-
HHQl1, rroJiara ocHOBMTe Ha HeJieranHa BoTpernHa pesonroQJ.fOHHa opraHJ13aQMR. HeJ1:-
HHJIT p;eBM3 e "CBo6op;a J1JIM CM'bpT''. Ilpe3 J1Hyap11 1926 r. J13JIJ.f3a II'bpBMJIT 6poJ1: Ha
B. "Bapm on", HapetieH Ha MMeTO Ha e,[\J.fH rrnaHHHCKJ.f Bpox, HaMuparn ce Me)!(,L\y TpoH
11 Uapu6pop;. Bnornep;cTBMe secTHMK'bT ce rrpespoIQa B opraH Ha HeJieraJIHaTa opra-
HH3aQ11JI. Ha 16 p;eKeMBpu 1928 r. e npose,[\eH Ytipe.L\MTeneH Kompec Ha BoTpernHaTa
3arra,[\HoKpaJ1:cKa peBOJIIOQMOHHa opraHH3aQJ.fR (B3PO) "Boprnrr''. IlpweT e YcTas, B
KOMTO ce IIOCO'!Ba, qe OCHOBHa QeJI Ha B3PO "Boprnn" e OCB060)!(,[\aBaHeTo Ha 3ana,[\-
HHTe noKpawHMHH u npucoep;MHJIBaHeTo MM K'bM EomapwR. Cpe,L\CTBaTa 3a nocTura-
Hero 11 ca opo:>Ime u nucMeHa nponaraH,[\a. l..J:neH Ha B3PO "BopTon" MO)!(e ,[\a cTaHe
BCeK11, KOMTO )l(eJiae .n;a pa60TM 3a OC'bIQeCTBJ!BaHe Ha IIOCTaBeHaTa QeJI, 6e3 pa3JIJ.fKa
Ha HaQMOHaJIHOCT u peJiuruR. J136paH e UeHTpaneH KOMJ.fTeT OT 5 p;yrnu. OpraH113a-
11110HHO B3PO "BopTOrr" ce C'bCTOM OT 4 nyHKTa - Eornnerpap;CKM, TpoHCKM, Uapw-
6pop;cKu M KyJicKH. BoB BCeKM rryHKT rrop; poKOBO,IJ;CTBOTO Ha nyHKTOBJ1R Ha'!aJIHJ.fK ce
~opMHpaT Boopo)l(eHu rpynu u '!eTw. UK Ha B3PO "Boprnrr" nop;p;op)J(a TeCHM Bpo3-
lut c neraJIHMJI BopxoBeH KOMMTeT Ha opraHJ13aQJ.fJ!Ta Ha 3anap;HMTe IIOKpaMHl1HJ.f J1
cw CbTpyp;HM'IM c BMPO Ha J1BaH Muxai1JioB.
ITpe3 1929 r. HeJieraJIHaTa B3PO "Boprnn" J.f3BoprnBa BoOpo)I(eHa aKQJ.fR B'bB
]paHcKa 6aHJI, rrpe3 1930 r. - B IlupoT M Hurn, a rrpe3 1931-1932 r. - B Eempap;. I1pe3
t!CeHTa Ha 1933 r. HaCT'bIIBa T. Hap. "IQaCTJIJ.fBO c6JIM)I(eHwe" Me)I(p;y EonrapMR 11 lOro-
cnaBHJI. ToBa oKa3Ba 0Tpa)l(em1e Bopxy pa3BMTJ.feTo Ha HaQJ10HaJIHOOCB06op;wTeJIHo-
10 l\BH)!{eHMe B 3arrap;HMTe IIOKpaMHJ1HJ1. IloRBJ!Ba ce BeCTHMK c p;Be Ha3BaHI1JI "Bop-
J\~omo AttNiooo
'\\)ft (,~Q(\M_Q \\ m
(;\\1"p't'"' llp~~ ~~.t\l'} ''PU l 934 f' cp~tlCl\Ure M'1CTH ce B'b3TIOZI3E2
~"\'l tl"U1"1HHm~ pi.HM~ \'\ \'.aH.a(.~n )~.;\p U.;\ IUPO "B1.pron": Y'l.1crm11.\1rre s ~"lll
f'l\!K\'i.\'\t~ Q~\'H\\'rn \.Q ·M.~m~l:'mt" \)\.~m· "'' CM'l>Pf Ottm J!l,t18t!TH.l;\ec:eTO\l<ll)..:filD
11\W~f'>\\ ( r 'l:'W1~~ tt H.a ~ 1..PO "~ ~Pti.'U" (.;\ m"\Jivm)Jf;.icun na. npican~sa.ne u 01r orra
t\" 6iM~ .;\\°'1.lf\~Ht' M>\1.·n
fur._l(li li\lil\, ~ \,~ i!l!r..lf'. ~1! 1\1~ l(l~lf 141. nl~ 41, ~\JJ]j'><()) ~))It 'IJ"'-11 Ir ~Ir li.W.IU, IlIIJr'fll fl I
~~ IM'-IJ(Wi, ~\ ~ m-. ., ~ !!-.. I

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1''1[1 ~~ 9) 9;- 90-, ]j'((), l;Jw.'l-r!Qilt Mlt'...1\... ~~ij..li lf ~ <C ~T
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~"lQl ilft! #Ill ~~ ':M+."> G:: g9J
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~ ~~nr pi !'{1 iNflM mnt Ell{tQll111 G:_t.1Q1t1mtt--ll>'Htt... m IJl...~ h · ,rn-it<C )lluxm11 & ffi I p111 1
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JJ:~qp11111 ih .il.l UMP10 qQt,,11111wm~1 ~. 'W.:>-.
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)J11'lt:s,,. .!, 11!1\tJ-HW. BQfllQ1U1H> 111\.l fil'Vl!YQ) rrpo.mn~4p:i_ru10n) m 11epmma. 9-,<]•{9-'3
B~t.Q.Dl<, f).84, lW!
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~l<;{!, 41
Ij, l\llQll~fltll1M npo.6~11,\ 1~ ~ill\-.\ttllfe.' Vilc.:rnpHll I 'b:B:ptWWtt«tarr cc 99-2..
IJ, ll\;.ill) Th"iHt ~ I~tl\-...~Vl'f ~npQ\...I> 1.yp>t«t· Ila aro.~u V.JB-..-194-l 'G., 983.
- - - - - - - - HOBA 5'bllrAPCKA UCTOPMJT (1878-1944)
IIanemyrcKH, K. IOrocnaBCKaTa KOMfHIKTJA'IecKa napnrn 11 MaKeAmh:l\~UlT B'bnpo1. 1919
19-tS r C., 1985.
Ila.rremyram, K. ii..iaKeJ:tOHCKOTo ocso6o.rvnenHo ABl1A<eH11e cneA ThpBarl\ u1c ronHl\ noi\
~J.ll918-l92-l r. C. 1993.
Umaiinmros,, JiI. K. Thmemyram n Mw1eu MaKeAOHCKl1RT Bbnpoi. H Obllf..lpO KlrOl.Jll\ll
curre mr111 memm C, 1991
f[ewil)[!..08,. k. n~~oaurr B'bl'J'poc B JJOJll1n!KaTa Ha fcpMamrn (1918 1911), B
l Ji! -;m;:ii..ai,. 191~- K]ll 4
rrr~im.IOl!!>,, ][( ).'.11.~aJJnM !in>l'J'poc e J>rt'..t:;~y11apo~mne onro1m:mrn (1919 1921 r.),
-111 ll!P' ~ 'IB'if' 111!.aLElrY 1r 24 Bill 3 UrirtG?DiB' B T1,JYH0fl0, 1987
f[~ M H.~ID1Jmom.amn<0~oowinrt!:'PD 1mo~J11"Mem1cs3ana111111re m:J1<p.itl11HHl1 (1919
~ ".JI re:. n9f9J5<
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riJ¥1 i: CWJ'.3-- CWJ'-15i rr: - E .IBJ1irci°W1'~ n~7 !N16 4
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1i mD1P' ~ - ,a;nlTB'©llT mt1nei iAJal. Cu'llaim:nnre11 l ~ m fomupi;1m, C , 1991
TQf.lID]p'©a, IIIl. ~rrmtml!fllllllrtt: ©xrr1jR6 !lllal )ln~"V!l1A.\'~ .)W6pytvMH&K<rta pe1w111m111mma
opL'U GJ.lj\lll!JJ1l ~ '2lt@ Il:, c.C, Jl~
Y~©milu:, <.c11: lliilli~'JI\lyru:ir.n!JT©l n11m'1S>ll!111~"-11lMJJ ® Tp.<!~~~)f u~w r UbU.U T 14, t 982
Tif1 pnm )H, «:11: JllinirrJ.~IID l!ll~Il!Ilfo1 ravt 1k'l\!l M~ \ inr m ;t;NU.iK~mw n TjWHHI l9J~
J nh rr lC, 98-&
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R-. &lluregna:in\fl1'1f .ranp1. !Jllim,\!Jff Ha \ifuK«Jl/Olj!~t~>II &f>WW u rn (,, 1992
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rre~ ~Jr. H rrperruIOpmr.e::Jt'IiM rm11 pe:s11JHdHHc.T \"leH 11<1' 80'~<.a J ra~Jl!i(e- 1a]l> tt iSe6ie.
llTOHa.. H1Ka31Ja; tffr:Ql:iiTMpGl<.IT""-alg!UnTOM~H\llRrtpo.l.\bflll«rB,f p;,l. PbpC!lll \fl'1'\.tHll{I Jl!'alt'tl ,CJl Jiii
a.p:eronmr 1a..HhotttHinf):(U.I'UlfO{h Mrnn'\-encH,iT1 cnor A6a p;anJ H.aJJ.e){(p;W "re~ ai
ap:ero13110JJHC:.T1Nmr:B'BJJIB( u~e:,LloCL 111e: 1 Bm1t«rnu'te- <Gt~ \110-!-il\".eH' ~ 'ra'\l'l\$.lt6'Jl0'
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40 ....
Pocu4a AHze110Ba
He Ha Tepli!Top:inne, npli!Ha,rv1e)l(a1rn Ha Eomapmi: p;o EyKypelI\KlilR p;oroBop OT 1913 r.

Ho TO pa36lilpa, qe QeJITa He MO)l(e p;a 60,n;e noCTlilrHaTa HaBep;H'b)I(, a qpe3 noeTanHo
peaJilil31i!paHe Ha OTp;eJIHli!Te nyHKTOBe OT 6omapcKaTa Tepli!TOplilaJIHa nporpaMa.
I1pe3 1939 r. B EBpona ce ocpopMRT p;sa npOTli!BOCTORII\lil BoeHHorro111i1Tt1'lecKH
6110Ka: AHrno-cppeHCKli!RT c'bl03, KOMTO nop;p;op)l(a Bepcai1:CKaTa Cli!CTeMa OT M11ptt11
p;orosoplil, Iii OcTa, C'bCTaBeHa OT fepMaHJilR, v1TaJIJilR Iii JinoHlilR, npoTJilBHJilK Ha Ta311
Cli!CTeMa. CCCP p;'bnro ce Kone6ae, Ho npe3 JIRTOTO Ha 1939 r. CKJIIO'IBa c fepMamrn
I1aKT 3a HeHanap;eHJile, c KoeTo npaKTJil'IeCKlil cTasa Heli!H C'bl03Hli!K. ,UorosopoT Me)!(/W
CCCP Iii fepMaHJilR pernasa cop;6arn Ha IIonwa, Eecapa61i!R, EyKoBli!Ha Iii Ea11n1t1:cK11-
Te p;op)l(aBlil, KOli!TO ca pa3npep;eneHJil Me)l(p;y rnx KaTo ccpeplil Ha BJililRHlile. L(seTe To-
TalllilTapHlil p;op)l(asu cpaKTJil'IecKlil pa3npep;e11RT noMe)f(p;y cu :VfaTO'IHa Espana. To311
p;orosop pa3sop3sa poQeTe Ha fepMaHJilR p;a Harrap;He I1011rna. AHrnlilR Iii <Ppam-1111!,
rapaHTlil 3a noncKaTa He3aBli!Cli!MOCT, o6RBRBaT soi1Ha Ha f epMaHJilR, Ho He Iii Ha CCCP.
TaKa 3arro'IBa BToparn cseTOBHa Boi1Ha.
3a EonraplilR CTasa RCHO, qe II\e MO)l(e p;a nop;p;op)l(a HeyTpanuTeTa rn caMo aKo
soi1HaTa He p;ocTurHe 6'bnrapcKuTe rpaHli!Qlil. B 6omapcKJilR rronli!Tlil'IecKJil )inrnoT ce
ocpopMRT qeTlilplil HanpasneHlilR c pa3Jllil'IHlil Blil)l()J;aHlilR 3a yqacTJileTO Ha CTpaHaTa B'bB
soi1Harn Iii 3a 6'bp;elI\eTo Ha EomapuR. V1CKpeHJil npli!Bop)l(eHlilQlil Ha Hey1pamnen
ca p;et'fQlilTe Ha 6e3napTlilMHOTO ynpasneHue. Te ce CTpeMRT p;a ro c'bxpaHRT, Karn 6a-
naHcupaT Me)l(p;y npoTJilBOCTORII\li!Te 6110Kose. KoMyHlilCTlilTe OT EPTI ca 3a CbI03 enc
CCCP, 3all\OTO ce Hap;.HBaT c HeroBa rrOMOII\ p;a noeMaT ynpasneHlileTo Iii p;a ycTaHOBIIT
CoBeTcKa snaCT. KponT oKono npocp. An. U:aHKOB, nerliloHepuTe Iii paTHlilQJllTe, KJJomn
K'bM fepMaHlilR, Hap;RBaMKJil ce c repMaHCKa nop;Kpena p;a B'bBep;aT HaQlilOHaJICO[.\l!a-
JIJilCTlil'IeCKJil pe)l(lilM. foneMlilTe p;eCHlil p;eMOKpaTlil'IeCKlil napTlillil, K'bp;eTO BO,D;ell.\a porn!
lilMaT .un Ha Hli!KOJia MyrnaHOB Iii An. fuprnHOB, Iii E3HC "Bpa6qa- l" Ha n. fwqes 11
K. MypaBues Cli!MnaTlil3lilpaT Ha aHrno-cppeHCKlilR 6noK c Hap;e)l(p;arn rnep; HerosaTa
no6ep;a p;a B'b3CTaHOBRT napnaMeHTapHaTa p;eMoKpaQlilR.
TipoTlilBOpe'IJilRTa Me)l(p;y OT)J;eJIHlilTe up;eMHO-TIOJIJilTlil'IeCKVJ HanpasneHJllJI ce 113-
0CTpRT Iii nepcoHlilcplilQlilpaT B KoHcplllilKT Me)l(p;y MlilHlilCTDp-rrpep;cep;aTenR r. Khom1-
BaHoB Iii npep;cep;aTenR Ha HC CToJ7i:qo MornaHoB, npus'bp)l(eHJilK Ha attrno-cppettcKl!il
6noK. Toi1 KaTo npaBlilTencTBOTO HRMa cTa6unHa rrapnaMeHTapHa nop;Kpena, [.\ap Eo-
puc III pa3rryCKa Hapop;HOTO co6paHue Iii Hacpoqsa HOBlil u36op1i1. Ha 23 ;a;eKeMsp11
1939 r. B HaBe'IepueTo Ha u36opuTe 3a :XXV OHC KboceJilBaHOB nop;asa ocTaBKa.
onlil3KaTa MY qen e p;a lil3Hyp;u QapR Iii oTcTpaHJil OT Ka6uHeTa HaTpanemrn MY J'1B.
EarpRHOB, a no-p;ane'IHaTa - p;a npep;lil3Bli1Ka OTJiaraHe Ha nap11aMeHTapm11e 1136op1r.
MoHapxoT ce cnpaBR 611ecTRII\O c Kplil3aTa.
I1paB1i1Te11cTBOTO neqenlil c ronRMO MH03li!HCTBO - 140 MaHp;aTa. B napnaMeHTa
BJllil3aT cep;eM p;enyTaTlil OT OII03lilQlilRTa, p;oKaTO B npep;lilllIHlilR ca 62, - 5 nna;a;HeH[.\H,
1 p;eMoKpaT HuKona MyrnaHOB H 1 Hapop;HRK - IleTKO Crni1HOB, 10 OT EPTI 11 3 OT
)J;Blil)l(eHHeTo Ha npocp. U:aHKOB. 5IBHO B T03lil Tpyp;eH MOMeHT BJiaCTTa C'bYMRBa ;a;a H3-
TIOJl3Ba p;o6pe HaQHOHaJI:WCTlil'IeCKaTa CH KapTa H p;a 3aTB'bpp;H II03J1Qlill1Te Clf. oe3CilO-
peH 1111p;ep Ha napnaMeHTapHaTa ono3HQHR cTaBa Bop;a'I'bT Ha p;eMoKpaTl1Te H11Kona
MyrnaHOB. Ha 15 <Pe»pyapu: 1940 r. 3ano'IBa pa6orn HOB 6e3naprneH Ka61mer (15
HOBA E'b!lfAPCKA J1CTOPJ1H (1878-1944)
<Pesp. 1940-11 arrpwn 1942), c MMHMCT'bp-npep;cep;aTeJI Eor11;aH cl>HJioB 86, np0<j>ecop

no apxeonorHH H rrpws'bp)l(eHMK Ha f epMaHMR. Tow ynpaBJIRBa ~apcrno Eonraptur B
C'bCTaB: rrpo<f>. E. <PunoB - MMHHCT'bp-npep;cep;aTeJI l1 MMHMCT'bp Ha HapOll;HOTO npo-
csern;eHue, MsaH IIorroB -MMHMCThp Ha B'bHIIIHMTe pa6oTw u M3nosep;aHMRTa, TieTop
fa6poscKu - MHHMCT'bp Ha BoTpeIIIHMTe pa6orn u Hapo):IHOTO 3):lpaae, ,[(o6pH DO)f(H-
JIOB - MMHHCTbp Ha qmHaHCHTe, reH. Teop;orn ,[(aCKaJIOB - MHHHCT'bp Ha BOHHaTa,
CnaB'IO 3aropos - MHHHCThp Ha TDproBMJITa, npoMHIIrnettocTTa H Tpy,I:\a, J1a. Earp.R-
HOB - MirnucTbp Ha 3eMep;enueTo 11 ,[('bp)l(aBHHTe MMOTH, .[(HMHT'bp Bacunes - MHHHC-
TDP Ha o6~ecTBemue crpap;u, Il'bTurn;aTa :w 6naroycrpowcrnoTo, p;-p L1BaH fopaHoB
- MUHHCTbp Ha )l(eJie3HHQHTe, norn;ure H renerpaq)ll!Te, Bacun MwTaKOB - MHHHCT'bp
Ha npaBOC'bp;HeTO.
116
.6orp;aH '1>1mos e pop;eH Ha 9 anpun 1883 r. B Crapa 3aropa, B ceMetfcrBoro ua nop;noJJK. A11
MIITbp <J>nnos H Emtcasera CaxaT'IHeBa or Kapnoso. Y'll1 B Kapnoso 11 ITnoBAl1B J.i 3aBbpwsa il'bpBa
co.pnuCKa MD:iKIGl rm.tHa:JKJI B Co<t>~rn (1900 r.). CneABa c 6bllrapcKa A'bpn<astta cruneHAt-JR K!Iacwre
CKa ljmnonomJJ BDB Brop~6ypr (1901 r.) H Jla1'un-1J1T (I 902-1903 r.) l1 apxeonorm1 H p11McKa 11cTop11ii
BbB <l>pa1i6ypr 1904-1906 r.). Cne.u; 1906 r. pa6orn B HapoAHl1il apxeonorn'leCKl1 MyJet'.1 B Coqmn,
cneLtJtanmnpa apxeononrn n H)'MH3MarnKa B BoH, I1ap11A< H PHM (1907-1909 r.). <t>wnos 11oc1allR
Ha11anom ea apxeonofK'leamre pa3KOilKH B Xwcap!I npe3 1909 r. Or 1910 r. AO 1920 r. e ll'bpBHHT
6D'Ildpne - p,npe1.,-op ea Hapo,llHlui: apxeonorJ11·1ecKH M)'3etf. ITposen<Aa ffhpB11re apxeo110111'1c.:C1<H
npoy'IBaHIUI ea aHTH'Jm1JJ ~ Ka6HJie npe3 1912 r. Ilo epeMe Ha eotfnwre 1912-1918 r. B <t>1111os
npe.:uipne.Ma rpn eay'IHH llTbTJBaHIDI B Wno•rna TpaKHJI, EenoMopuero 11 Bapp;apCKa MaKc.:J,10J-111H,
maorna 11 pa3e..-p1ma 11a>renn1I.1.11 Ha Kynypara, BO'AH ].lHeBHUJ.ll1. B·hs BapAapcKa MJKeAoHUH, no
llpe)le Ha Il1>pBaTa CBe'JOBHa sofma, Cbrp)'JlffH'fH c repMaHCKU apxeOl!03lf u H3KYC1 BOBC,!\11, KOHTO ca
npareHH .71:a 1001ep,sar TalmWH1rre nalo1enrnLtJ1 ea K}'nrypaTa Or 1914 r.1:i. 4>u11os e u::16paH aa xot10
P''Baff l'J,OQeJIT a OT l 920 r - 3a pe;uosee np01fiecop no apxeonormr s CY, K'b).!ero npenoJ,tasa ;w 1941
r Omosare.."I 11 np1>B j11!111penop ea &bmapCKJUI apxeonomqecKu HHCTHTyT B Co4mR, (I 920 1940 r)
IlpeJ 19191re1136p-an 3aJ1teii'CTB1rre..1ee-'IJ1eH Ha 1:iAH, T. e., aKa].leMUK, a npea 1937 r. 11 3a npc/~ce
;iare..1 Ha fiAH K<U..ll>HmJ l!llClraBa ;J!O cenrr 1944 r. llpe3 1938 r. lt>H110B e IIOKaHeH 3a MHHHC'f'bp Ha Ha
po~oro ~[[]J,arn:e s npasurrmcmoro Ha .Kboce1111attos, a or !Jiespyapu 1940 r., c yKaa Ha UJpH
- ()['llaBJi!Bla .Mnnmncrepa:m1 CbBeT Ha I 11>1ayr 1941 r roil no;umcsa IrbB Bueua npH"cbeAUHilDJHe'J o
J1.< 1iwmrarm11 in.M TpHCllJWmllVt ruurr liepmmarnH nan). CepuoaeH ycnex aa npa1m1e11croo1 o MY
e111(),illllJHawllero !IC! 1f eap Kpan-oaaa rnorn~6a ua 7 cem01sp11 1940 r, c KOJJTO IO A<Ha ,go6pfAA<a
ce lllJFl'iPID,a 11Ea ~rra H;;R .D.l .!!l<f'UMSPllf 1941 r pI>Koso;iemrro OT tte1o11pasu renc rso, JJoA mn 111..Ka
11.l! llW®lcrtY. fey>Malll!IDI! ~oa BWff°l!Blla .m. CAllt H .Bm1tiw6plftaJmH, Kmrro Ja!rbpurna c 'flt}f(KU 11'1".l
~JIOO![\°Wll« W Cll>ROOI~ lllf~ ~ M ~P')TII rpa)fl;OBt: npe3 B9# r (,11eA CM'hp·na Ha lWp bopUC
ill WI~ .auiwycr :n9-U rr:. ~IGJ!B,, lBl B>aRIOCTil!!OTOl rn Ha Jl>UfllJHC'l'1>p-JJpeACef.!a'JC1f, BpcuettHO H3HblllJlllJd
iFi1lm;ll!lll!l1!1f l!B4ll F'Infm lll&al ~.lll'(OJJ!I[f'VJ!aru!! ~ CH}ll!WH n Ha 9 cemeMBplf Cblqa'ta fOJ.tHHa c UJOp.m
or IHfC :u ~ im IDX6ip~1!Wllllna lPt'lr<mlrmll! osn ~o ii:: KKUl Kupwi HpecmrncKU u t 1:11 !Jetl r
ff .11.nJrn.Oll!I $lnnm<llil!I te ~ llll~ l)l/lr» ~ocem~•'fnom$l upespn wraw 11a 7 c1t11'1'1tMupu
1944 ir rroo~ !IDl..-""ll'«lm!lf'al UtQ! 'llP~ ruiamtAOCI!~ s C&Bt:Tau11 n~~. e C'bw;H If ttlt.MIWtttto
~ m. ~ <!lJlfll: mw ~~ O>jllf,, ~ ~ OOfJOO'a Ha CCC"P bpyra1mo etUeKy rup1m
UQHtOl (( ~ ]jl'.lflllt1llnllfl[,, mmRllllinlJllllll ll!l Wtli(OO'l\ll 11f.Plltm~WI Ufff!..'nlnt12JJllffKf Oi m m:puoNJ, 1940 1944
!ii!~ ~ 1 ~"«IJ!OOll Il'9413i rr.,, ;ai ll\11'11m@W Mf ~~ e mM4iHcquaKo m •'uaptiµHau u11.u. r"
·~ (f ~a: hmmtelllmlllf 'i#P n-i 11!1.il ~~«)'![ 0)1\1!llljll~19%
Pocu~a AH2e11oaa
c l1ABaHeTO CJ.1 Ha BJiaCT npaBl1TeJICTBOTO npegnp1t1eMa peAuu;a aHTJ1AeMoKpaTM'I-

Hl1 pecpopM1t1 3anoqsa npMJiaraHeTO Ha nptteTUR Ha 24 AeKeMBpu 1939 r. OT HapOAHO-
TO cn6paHue 3aKoH 3a 3arn;11Ta Ha Hau;1t1RTa. ToJ/i MMa aHTl1CeMl1TCKl1 xapaKTep I1 orpa-
HI1<Jasa CI1nHo rpa)l(AaHCKI1Te I1 no11UTI1<JeCKI1Te npasa, KynTypHaTa I1 cTonaHcKaTa
Aei!HocT tta 6nnrapCKI1Te espeI1.
I1pe3 anpI1n 1940 r. e rnacysaH 3aKoH 3a rpa)l(AaHcKarn M06I1JIJ13au;I1R. 3aAa'!aTa
e nocpeACTBOM 3anJiaxa 3a 6np3a CnAe6Ha pa3npasa Aa ce Tynrnpa HeAOBOJICTBOTO Ha
HaceJieHHeTO OT B'bHillHaTa nOJII1TI1Ka Ha npaBJ1TeJICTBOTO I1 t1KOHOMI1'1eCKI1Te npo-
6neMI1, C'bTI'bTCTBarn;I1 BOiil:HaTa. EAHOBpeMeHHO c rnacysaHeTo My, 3a Aa I136eme crre-
Kynarn 1t1 ce ocuryp11 npaBHJIHOTo ctta6ARBaHe Ha HaceneHI1eTo c xpaHu u npeAMern
OT nnpBa Heo6xogHMOCT, e opraHH3l1paHa ,U11peKu;l1R 3a rpa)f(AaHCKa M06I1nl13al\I1R.
,UI1peKl\HRTa e npRKO TIOA'II1HeHa Ha MI1HI1CTDp-npeACeAaTeJIR. Cn3AaAeHl1 ca I1 n11-
peK111rn Ha B'bHillHaTa TnproBttR, ,UupeKu;ttR Ha pa3npeAenem1eTo l1 fnaBHarn peKBI1-
3I11\HOHHa KOMHCJ1H. I1pe3 Matt 1940 r. BnH3a B nrna 3aKOH 3a ocurypRBaHe, CHa6-
ARBaHe I1 perynupaHe Ha l\eHHTe. I1peABJ1)1(AaT ce aAMl1Hl1CTpaTJ1BHl1 l1 HaKa3aTenHI1
MepK~r cpe111y cneKynaTa 11 •1epnaTa 6opca. BnTpernHaTa Tnprosirn e noCTaBetta TIOf1
Hag3opa Ha MttHl1CTepcTBOTO Ha TnproBl1RTa, npoMHll!JieHocTTa H rpyAa. ITocneAHO-
TO onpe"ellR u;eHUTe Ha CTOKHTe, Ha'll1H'bT Ha npoAa)l(6a, C'b3AaBaHeTO Ha KOMI1Cap-
CTBa no ctta6ARBaHeTO J1 B'bBe)f(AaHeTO Ha KynoHHa CJilCTeMa, AO KOHTO ce npiifo1rna
npe3 noel'>rnpu 1940.
I1paBl1TeJICTBOTO l13rpa)l(Aa T. Hap. cenCKH 3eMeAellCKH 3aApyn1, KOHTO ce npe-
Bpnrn;aT B Hat"r-roJIRMarn cenCKa npocpec110HaJIHa opraHH3au;11R y Hae u Ha EanKatt11Te.
·tineHysaHeTo B TRX e 3aA'bll)f(JilTenHo cpern;y Ml1Hl1ManHa TaKca. Ka611neT'bT Ha <Diinos
ocpvil\HanHo y3aKOHRBa H nptt3HaBa 3a Anp)f(aBHH opraHl13al\Hl1Te Ha Tnpros1111re, Ha
HHAYCTp11aJiu;11Te, Ha 3aHaRT'lt1HTe, Ha pa60TH11<JecK11Te Cl1HAl1KaT11 u TeXHHTe C'b-
I03Jil.
Ha 29 AeKeMsp11 1940 r. e npueT H 3aKoH 3a opraHH3HpaHe Ha 6nnrapcKaTa Mna-
Ae)f(. BnB Bp'b3Ka c TOBa e C'b3AaAeHa opram13au;11.i1 "EpaHHHK", KOHTO TBnpAe MHOro
npum1qa Ha cparnHCTKarn "Xurnep rorettA''. IifaAp'b)l(KaTa ii: ce noeMa OT Anp)l(asarn 11
o6rn;micKHTe 6roA)l(eTH qpe3 cn611paHe Ha TaKc11. OpraH113au;11Rrn e nOA'II1Hetta He-
nocpeAcTBeHo Ha Ml1HHCT'bp-npeACeAaTeJIR. rro noBOA C'b3AaBaHeTO t1 B HapOAHOTO
C'b6pattue npl1CTHfaT CTOTHl..\H npoTeCTHH nHCMa OT cTyAeHTH, yqeHHl..\11 H pa3JII1'1HI1
o6rn;ecrneHH opraH113au;1111. Cn3AaAeHa e H cneu;uaJIHa ,UupeKu;HR Ha Hau;uottanHara
nponaraHAa.
IJ0311u;11Rrn Ha HeyTpanHTeT no3sonRBa Ha Ennraprrn Aa noJiy<JH noAKpenara Ha
CnmarneH11ern H TpoiilHHR C'bI03 no A06pyA)l(aHCKHR Bnnpoc. Orn;e Ha 26 IOHI1 1940 r.
C'bBeTCKOTO npasuTeJICTBO c Horn I13t1CKBa OT PyMnHHR B cpoK OT 24 qaca ,n;a BnpHe
Eecapa611R H CesepHa EyKoBHHa. CnBeTcKaTa aKu;HR aKTya11113upa Bnnpoca 3a rpaH11-
u;11Te Ha PyMnHl1H c Yttrap11R 11 nnJirapHR. I1perosop11Te Me)l(AY EnnrapHR 11 PyMnHI1R
3ano<JBaT Ha 19 asrycT B Kpaiil:osa. Ha'ieJio Ha 6nnrapcKaTa Aenerau;ttR e Csernrnas
I1oMenoB, a Ha pyMnHCKaTa - rnaBHHR ceKpeTap Ha MHHHCTepcTBOTO Ha B'bHIIIHMTe
pa6oTH AlleKcaHA'bP KpeT3HaHy. I1pHTl1CHarn OT BenuKHTe rn1111, PyMnmrn e np11Hy-
Aena cneA npOA'bJI)f(HTeJIHH nperosopu Aa noAnHllle Ha 7 cenTeMBp11 1940 r. B Kpa-
410
HORA E'bflI'APCKA f/ICTOPMJI (1878-1944)
tfoBa p;oroBop 3a Bp'b~aHe Ha IO)l(Ha D:o6py,n;)l(a B 6onrapcKHTe rpaHMQI1. LJ:oroBo-

poT e rrpw,n;py)l(eH OT rrpoToKOJI 3a orrpegemrne Ha rpaHHQaTa, crroro,n;6a 3a Ha'H1Ha Ha
onpa3BaHeTo Ha IO)l(Ha LJ:o6py,n;)l(a J1 3aB3eMaHern if OT 6onrapCKwre BOMCKM Me)l(gy
20 cerrTeMBpM M 1 OKTOMBpl1, crrorog6a OTHOCHO pa3MRHa Ha 6orrrapCKo w pyM'bHCKO
HaceneHHe, qmHaHcoBa crroro,n;6a J1 rrp. Tow rrpe,n;BmI<ga 6onrapcKoTO HaceneHMe OT
CeBepHa ,D;o6pyg)l(a ga 60,n;e l13CeJieHo B rpaHJ1Ql1Te Ha UapcrnoTo, a pyMoHQWTe M
pyMoHo-MaKegoHQWTe (KyQoBnarnTe) ,n;a HarryrnaT IO)l(Ha LJ:o6pyg)l(a. Ha 21 cemeM-
spw 6nnrapcKMTe BOHCKM BJII13aT B IO)l(Ha ,D;o6pyg)!(a. ToBa e egwHcTBeHHRT Me)J(gy-
HapogeH goroBop, cKmo-LieH no BpeMe Ha BOHHaTa, KOHTO He e ocnopeH OT no6e,[(vrTe-
nvrTe. C Hero EnnrapwR cvr B'b3Bp'bll\a OTHeTaTa if c EyKypell\KWJI goroBop OT 1913 r. OT
PyMoHMJI Tep:wTopHR, B'b3JIJ13a~a Ha 7 696 KB. KM. 0C'bll\eCTBRBa ce :w rrpegBH.z:leHaTa
pa3MRHa Ha HaceJieHHe.
2. Ilpucbe~umrnaue ua libArapm1 KbM TpucTpaHHua naKT
I1pe3 JIRTOTO Ha 1940 r. Ha eBponetiCKaTa BOeHHa CQeHa HaCT'bIIBaT rorreMH npo-

MeHJ1. 3a p;Ba MeceQa fepMamrn pa3rpoMRBa cPpaHQHJI, XorraHgWR, Eenrw,q, CCCP
oKyn:wpa I1p:w6aJIT:wtiCKJ1Te perry6JIJ1KM, lJ:aCT OT cPHHJiaHgwR, Eecapaforn w .6y1<0BMHa.
PyMoHMR l1 YHrap:irn ce rrpHc'begvrHRBaT KM Tpot1:HMR C'bJ03. IlporepMaHcKa opvreHTa-
1.IHR wMa 11 B IOrornaBMR. EonrapcKHRT MOHapx w npaBHTerrcrnoTo ca nogJio)f(eHw Ha
rnneH HaTMCK OT BOIOBa~vrTe cTpaHvr. Ilpe3 OKTOMBpw 1940 r. Qap Eop:wc III rrorryqa-
sa JIM'IHO rrornatt:we OT aHrnvrticKMR Kparr, c Koern ce npegynpe)!(gasa, 'le aKo o'brrra-
pwR ce np:wcnegwH:w K'hM Tpotimrn c'hJ03, TepHTopirnTa :M Ille crnHe apeHa Ha BoeHHI1
,11eticTBMR.
Ha 25 HoeMBp:w 1940 r. Ha gvrrrrroMaTHlJ:eCKo nocell\eHvre B o'brrrap:wR npvrcTvrra
3aMeCTHMK-KOM11cap..11T Ha B'hHIIIHMTe pa6oTvr Ha CCCP ApKap;:wt1: Co6oneB. Ha 6orr
rapcKOTO rrpaBHTeJICTBO e rrpep;JIO)J(eH ,[(ByCTpaHeH BOeHeH gorosop, HaCOlJ:eH cpell\y
eseHTyaneH arpecop. ITpoeKT'hT 3a BOeHHO o6Bop3BaHe e OTXBopJieH OT Ka6m1eTa no-
pagw TPH rrpH'II1HI1 - cTpaxa OT 3aCMJIBaHe Ha pycKoTo BJII1RHHe B EorrrapvrR, chg6arn
Ha IlOJIIIIa J1 I1pu6aJITHMCKI1Te perry6JIMKM M rna6ocTTa Ha pyCKaTa apMI1.JI, KORTO He
511 Morna ,n;a 3a~l1TI1 Enmap11..11 OT eBeHTyanHa repMaHcKa arpec11R.
Hat1:-c11neH e HaTMCK'hT 3a yqacTue Ha Eonrap11..11 BoB BOHHaTa OT cTpaHa Ha fepMa-
'IMR M J1rnn11..11. Uap Eop11c III OTXBnpJI..11 npegJio)l(eH11ern Ha MycoJIHHI1 3a C'bB'vtecT-
-m BOeHHJ1 p;eMCTBJ1.JI cpe~y fopQI1.JI. B KpaR Ha 1940 r., pa3,[(pa3HeH OT OIIHTJ1Te Ha
3nnrap11..11 ,n;a 3ana311 HeyTpamneT, Xvrrnep rrpegyrrpe)l(gaBa MOHapxa, qe repMaHQI1Te
1MaT ,[(Ba HalJ:J1Ha p;a BJI.Jl3aT B HefrnaTa Tep11Top11R - KaTO npvrRTeJII1 J1JII1 KaTO BparoBe.
C'pw MeCeQa IIO-K'bCHO 500-XMJI.Jl,D;Ha HeMCKa apMI1R gocnrra ceBepHaTa HM rpaHJ1Qa.
Ha 20 ..11Hy~p11 1941 M11H11cTepcKJ1RT C'bBeT o.z:106pRBa TeKcTa Ha 6oJirapo-TypCKa
~eKnapaQMR 3a HeHarrap;eHwe u peIIIaBa Eonrap11R ,n;a ce npwc'bep;11HH KoM TpucTpaH-
r1111 rraKT B p;eHR Ha HaBJIJ13aHeTO Ha repMaHCKMTe BOHCKJ1 Ha 6onrapcKa TepI1TOpMR.
:Ia 1 ¢eBpyap:vr c. r. 6nJirapCKOTO M repMaHCKOTO rrpaBJ1TeJICTBO CKJIIOlJ:BaT crrorog-
ara "Hot1:6axep". C HeR ce ype)!(p;a BnrrpocnT 3a M3,D;pn)l(KaTa Ha HeMCKMTe Bof1c1<11
Pocu4a AHzenoaa
B Eonrap1u1. 3a QeJITa B pa31rnqm1 rpaAOBe ca oTKpl1Tl1 10 xpamITeJIHo-CHa6A~ITeJIHl1
rryHKTa. Ha 17 cpeBpyap11 B AHKapa e IIOAIIMCaHa 6nnrapo-TypcKa AeKnapaQMR 3a He-
HarraAeH11e.
Ha 1 MapT 1941 r. B ABopeQa EenBeAepe B'bB B11eHa E. <t>11noB IIOAIIl1CBa rrporo-
Kona 3a rrp11cneAHHRBaHe Ha Ennrap1rn K'bM Tp11CTpaHHl1RT rraKT rrp11 Heo611KHOBeHo
neKJ1 ycnoBMR - AOroBopeHo e 6nnrapcKaTa apMMR Aa He BOIOBa, a Aa IIOAAnp)!(a peA
B l13ToqHarn qaCT Ha EanKaHMTe B KOHTpa6anaHc Ha TypcKarn apM111R. Cnrn;MRT }:leH
HeMCKJ1Te BOMCKJ1 BJll13aT Ha 6nnrapcKa Tepl1TOpl1R J1 ce KOHQeHTp11paT K'bM fO)!(HaTa
l1 3aIIaAHarn rpaHJ1Qa. Ha 6 arrp11n 1941 r. f epMaHMR 111 J.1Tan1111 arnKyBaT IOrocnas11JI.
Ha 18 arrp11n TR 6e3ycnoBHO Karr11Tyn11pa. B HaqanoTo Ha IOH111 e oKyrnipaHa l1 QHnara
rpnQKa Tep11TopHR. BoAeI.QJ1Te rnn11 Ha OCTa - f epMaHMR l1 Jt1Tan1111, rrpeAnarar Ha
6onrapcKoTo npaBMTeJJCTBO Aa yqacrna c BOMCKH B HanaAeHMeTo HaA IOrornaBHJI, HO
TR oTKa3Ba. B KpaR Ha MaJ.1: HeMCKJ1Te BOMCKJ1 3aBJiaARBaT oCTpoB KpHT. Ha 18 IOH11
1941 r. fepMaHHR cKnroqBa AOroBop 3a np1111Tencrno c TypQMH, c KoeTo OKOH'Iaren-
HO np11KnroqBa A111IIJJOMaTJ1'iecKaTa CH noArOTOBKa 3a HanaAeH111e cpeI.Qy CnBeTCKl.fJI
C'bl03.
3a6paHeHJ1Te napTl1l1 pean1paT CAnp)f{aHo Ha IIOAIIMCBaHeTo Ha npornKona 3a
np11cneAJ1HRBaHeTo Ha EnnrapHR K'bM Tp11CTpaHHHR naKT. CaMo JIHAepl1Te Ha E3HC
"IlnaAHe" 1113AaBaT MaHMcpecT npOTJ1B C'bl03a c fepMaHJ1R. c
aHrJJJ1MCKa IIOMorn;, qpe3
Aet'iQl1 Ha BoeHHHR C'bI03, Te opraHJ13l1paT 3aroBop 3a cBanRHe Ha nporepMaHCKOTO
npaBMTencTBO l1 3a HacoqBaHe Ha Ennrap11R K'bM AHrnl1JL 3aroBopnT e pa3Kpl1T, a op-
raHH3aTop11Te MY ca apeCTyBaH111 l1 OC'bAeHM, HRKOJ1 OT TRX ca eK3eKynipaHJ1. JJ:enyra-
Tl1Te "nnaAHeHQH" ca OTCTpaHeHJ1 OT HapoAHOTO cn6paH11e l1 ca 3aTBopeHJ1 B IIbpB11JI
6nnrapcKJ1 KOHQJJarep foHAa BOAa KpaJ.1: AceHOBrpaA. JlMAepnT Ha E3HC "IlnaAHe" r.
M. nl1M111TpOB (feMeTo) e J13BeAeH TaMHO J13B'bH CTpaHaTa OT aHrJJJ1MCKJ1 Al1IIJIOManr.
ToJ.1: ce ycrnHOBRBa B Eel1:pyT l1 Kal1po H c aHrn11J.1:cKa noMOl.Q opraHl!13Hpa ABe pa}:l110-
crnHQl1l1, KOJ1TO BOART rrporraraHAa rrpoTl!1B C'bI03a Ha .EnnrapMR c f epMaHMR. Be}:IHara
cneA T03111 aKT aHrJJHMCKJ1Te J1 aMepHKaHCKJ1Te AHIIJJOMaTJ1 HarryCKaT CTpattaTa.
Ha 19 111 20 arrp111n 1941 r. Qap Eop11c III HaCTORBa rrpeA X11rnep B'bB B11etta Eb1Ira-
p11R Aa rronyq11 EenoMop11eTo Ha l13TOK AO JJl1Hl1RTa CB11neHrpaA-nl1MOTl1Ka, ConyH 11
Oxpl1A. Ha 24 c. M. B Cocp11R e IIOAIIl!1caHa TaJ.1:HaTa crroroA6a "KnoA11yc-IlorroB': onpe-
AeJJRI.Qa 3aA'bJJ)f{eHJ1RTa, KOJ1TO Ennrap111R noeMa crrpRMO fepMaH111R B HOBJ1Te 6bnrap-
CKH 3eMJ1. Ee3 .r1a yqacTBaT 6nnrapcKH BOMCKJ1 B'bB BOJ.1:HaTa cpeI.Qy fopQHH l1 IOrocna-
Bl1R, K'bM Ennrap11R ca rrp11cne,I1111HeH111 Bap.z:1apCKa MaKe,IIOHHR, J13roqHa MaKeAOHl1JI,
EenoMopCKa TpaKHR 111 3arraAHJ1Te rr0Kpal1:tt11H111 - BCH'iKO 42 466 KM 2, c ttaceneH11e
1 841 000 AYlllM. Ha 14 MaJ.1: ce rrp0Be)f(.r1a Top)f{ecTBeHo 3ace.r1aH11e Ha IlapnaMeHTa.
U:ap Eop11c III rrp116np3aHo e o6RBeH 3a o6eAHHJ1Ten. 3a pa3JJHKa OT IO)f{tta JJ:o6py}:l)!(a
Te3l1 3eMl1 ca rrp111cne.z:111tteH111 6e3 Me)f{,IlyttapoAeH rrpaBeH .r1or0Bop.
TaKa 6nnrapcKJ1 BOMCKH HaBJJH3aT B'bB BapAapcKa MaKeAOHl1R l1 B EenoMopcKa
TpaKMR. Te3l1 3eMl1, KOJ1TO B ocp111Q111antt11Te .r10KyMeHTl1 111 B ne'iaTa ce ttap11qar "Hosi:
"ttoBOIIpl1c'beAHHeH111" HJJH "HoBOOCB060.r1ett111'', OCTaBaT IIOA 6nnrapcKa aAMJ1HHCTpa-
QJ1R AO ecettTa Ha 1944 r. Pal1:xnT T'bnKyBa "ttoBHTe" 3eMl1 KaTo OTAaAeH11 3a a}:IMl1-
Hl1CTp11patte Ha Ennrap111R, a He KaTo Hepa3.r1enHa qacT OT 6nnrapcKarn Anp)!(aBa. Ilo
HOBA ED!IfAPCKA MCTOPMJI (1878-1944)
T03Jil HaqJ!IH fepMaHMJI pa3rronara o~e c ep;Ho cpep;CTBO 3a M3HY.z:1BaHe Ha EnnrapMR Jil
ga H p;np:11rn B rrop;qJ11HeHJ11e. Ho p;opM M T'bM, rrop; 6nnrapcKo yrrpaBJieHMe He rrorra.z:1ar
scJ11qKJ11 3eMM, K'bM KOJ!ITO EnnrapMJI MMa crrpaBe):IJIJ!IBJ!I acrrJ11pau;J11J11. fepMaHJ!IH 3arra3-
sa rrop; co6crneH KOHTpon qacT OT 3arrap;Ha TpaKMJI, C'b3p;aBa11KJ!I HeyTpanHa 30Ha Ha
'13TOK OT JIJ11HJ11J1ra CBMJiettrpap; - ,[{ep;earaq, HeyrpanHaTa 30Ha cpaKTJilqecKM e rep-
MaHCKJil rrpoTeKTopaT c rpnu;Ka ap;MMHMcrpau;MJI. Ereti:CKa MaKep;oHMJJ c Hap; 200 000
wrnM 6nnrapcKo HaceneHJile ocTaBa B oKyrrMpaHa f npu;1rn. B HeJI 6nnrapJ11Te ycrrJ1BaT
~a HaJIO)f(aT cBoe o6~MHCKO caMoyrrpaBJieHMe. B JOro3arrap;Ha MaKep;oHJ!IJI fepMaHJ!IJI
rnrrara rpnu;Ka ap;MMHMcrpau;MJI.
Ha 3 Ma:i1: 1941 r. or repHropMMTe Ha 3arrap;Ha TpaKJ!IJI, ocTpOBJ!ITe Tacoc Jil Ca-
.10TpaKJ11 Jil Ere:i1:cKa MaKep;OHJ!IJl e o6pa3yBaHa T. Hap. EenoMopcKa o6nacT rrop; a.n;-
H1HJ!ICTpaTMBeH Jil BOeHeH KOHTpon Ha Enrrrap1rn. ,[{o MapT 1942 r. B Te3M pa:i1:0HJ11
:a BnpHaTM Hap; 58 000 6nrrrapcKM 6e)!(aHu;M. Bn3CTaHoBeHM ca crapJ11Te 6nnrapcKJil
~rrapxMJil M yqJ11nmu;a. ,[{np)f(aBaTa oTrryCKa orpoMHJil cpep;crna 3a rrpoKapBaHe Ha II'b-
m11a, orKpMBaT ce HOBJ!I 6oJIHHIJ;Jil, ornrypeHa e Heo6xop;J11Mara xpaHa Ha HaceneHJ!l-
ro. Ilpe3 eceHra Ha 1941 r. e rroTyrneHo opraHM3MpaHoTo oT rpnu;Kara cnrrpoTMBa
(paMcKo B'bCTaHJ!le. OrHorno rrpaBaTa Bnpxy TepMTopHHTe Ha MaKep;oHJ!IJI EnnrapJ11J1
rMa cep1103HJ!I rrpo6neM11 c J1 TaJIHH. Te rrpop;'bJI)!(aBaT rrpe3 rrepMop;a Ha QHJiaTa BOHHa.
Io.11 BJiacrra Ha J!framrn ocraBar rpap;oBe c rrpeo6nap;aBa~o 6nnrapcKo HacerreH11e
,[(e6np, KJ11qeBo, CTpyra, TeroBo 11 focTMBap.
EnnrapcKoro rrpaBHTencrno H3Bnpurna orpoMHa p;eti:HocT 3a ornrypHBaHe rrpo-
OBOJICTBHero Ha HacerreHJilero B o6rracTTa, pa3BHTHe Ha II'bTHaTa Mpe)!(a, OTKpMBaHe
a HOBJ!I 6'bnrapcK11 yq1-rn11~a. Ilpe3 1942 r. B CKorrMe e oTKpMT ymIBeprnTeT. OCBo-
o,11eHJ11 ca rrneHeHHTe OT repMaHQMTe MJiap;e)!(Jil OT MaKep;omrn, crry)!(e~11 B rorocrraB-
Kara apMMJI. AMHJ11CT11paHJ11 ca qacT OT rron11T11qecK11Te 3arnopHJ11QH. EnnrapCKoTo
acerreHJile B o6nacrra aKTJ!IBHO rrop;KperrH rrpoMeHHTe. I(HJiaTa cTorraHCKa, cTpOMTeJI-
a M KynrypHo-rrpoCBeTHa p;eHHOCT ce pnKOBO,Lll1 OT C'b3p;ap;eHaTa B "HOBJ!ITe 3eM11"
onrapcKa ap;MJ11HJ11CTpau;J11J1.
c IIO)l;IIJ!ICBaHero Ha rraKTa 3arroqBa HOB rrepMop; B CTOIIaHCKOTO pa3BJ!ITJ1e Ha EnJI-
tpMH. KopeHHO ce H3MeHJIT ycrroBHJJTa 3a pa3BJ!ITMe Ha J!IKOHOMMKara. MaKap p;a ocTa-
aHeBOIDBa~a cTpaHa, rrocTerreHHO cTonaHCKMTe iI aHra)!(JilMeHTJil crrpHMo fepMaHJ!IJI
apacTsar. 3a cHa6p;.JIBaHero Ha repMaHCKHTe qacT11 B cTpaHaTa e C'b3p;ap;eHa rrorryp;'bp-
aBHa opraH113au;11R "I(eHrpana Ja HapoqHH p;ocTaBKJ!I''. C HeJI ce aHra)!(11par rorreMJil
lCTHl1 qrnpMH, 6aHKl1, rrpe,1Wpl1.llTl1.JI l1 opraHH3au;:trn. Ilop; HaTMCKa Ha fepMaHHJI B
JaJJ Ha 1941 r. MHHHCTepcrnoro Ha BOHHara rroeMa 113,Llp'b)!(KaTa Ha caH11rapeH BJiaK
IIOJieBa 60JIHHIJ;a, KOHTO rpJ16Ba p;a 6np;aT l13IIpaTeHl1 Ha JtfaToqHJ1JI cppoHT B IIOMO~
1repMaHCKHTe qacr11. C'b~ecrneHo BJIHHHJ!le Bnpxy HKOHOMMKaTa MMaT rrp11c'bep;11-
maHero Ha Bapp;apcKa MaKep;oHMJI 11 EenoMopcKa TpaKMJI K'bM "cTapa" Ennrapirn
ycraHOBJIBaHeTo Ha 6'bJirapcKa ap;M11H11crpau;11JI raM. Brn:qK11 Ml1Hl1 11 rro-3Haq11Ml1
OTJOHeBM rrpep;rrpHRTJtIJI OCTaBaT B pa3rrope)!(p;aHe Ha f epMaHH.JI. c rrpoTOKOJI K'bM
1oro,116aTa ce pernaMeHTMpa ThprosJ11J1ra Me>K,JW "crapa Ennrap1rn" 11 "HoBMTe JeM11''.
nall\aHMJITa rro u;emt:R croKoo6MeH craBaT qpe3 repMaHo-6nnrapcK11J1 KJIMp~rnr rrop;
mrpona Ha repMattcKMTe Kpep;MTHJ!I Karn B EeprrMH. Tosa 3aTPYAHHBa rrpou;eca Ha
Pocmia AH2eJ10Ba
cpopMHpaHe Ha HKOHOMHqeCKa o6~HOCT c "HoBHTe 3eM11''. 0Ka3Ba ce, qe Eomapirn

nonyqasa Tep11Topm1, ganeq no-113ocTaHan11 OT HeJI B CTonaHcKo OTHOilleHHe. B Ma-
Ke):IOHHJI HMa caMo 68 gpe6HH irngyCTpHanHH npegnpirnnrn, a B 3anagHa TpaKMR rro-
ronJIMaTa qacT OT npoMHillneHOCTTa e npegcTaBeHa OT 3aHaJITqmkKM pa6oTMnmn~YI.
ITpaBMTencTBOTo gopa3pa6orna nnaHa 3a cTonaHcKoTo pa3BMTMe Ha gseTe o6nacrn,
KaTo npegBM)K):la irnpaBHJIBaHeTo MM. B M3Tibl!HeHMe Ha nnaHa 3anoqsa CTpmnencrno
Ha MHcppaCTpyKTyparn MM, KoeTO ):\OTI'bllHMTel!HO 3aTPYAHRBa 6JOg)KeTa M cypoBHHHa-
Ta 6a3a Ha CTpaHaTa.
I1pe3 1941 r. npaBHTel!CTBOTO aKTyanM3Mpa HaCOKMTe Ha arpapHaTa CH TIOlIHTHKa.
I1pegs11geHHTe MepKH ca B HRKOllKO o6nacTM: qpe3 cMcTeMaTa Ha Abp)KaBHOTO QeHo-
06pa3ysaHe ce npegBH)K):la noswrnasaHe Ha QeHHTe Ha 3eMegencKHTe npoM3BeAemrn;
B'hBe)Kga ce 3a):lbll)KMTenHa 3aCTpaxosKa 3a 60% OT 3eMegencKMTe KYllTYPM H 100% Ja
go6HTbKa, nogroTBJIT ce MHHQMaTMBH 3a ysen11qasaHe Ha cpegHMTe go6HBH B pac-
TeHMeB'hACTBOTO M npogyKTHBHOCTTa B )KMBOTHOBb):\CTBOTO; pa3npoCTpaH.RBaHe Ha
HaM-HOBMTe 3eMe):\el!CKM 3HaHHJI cpeg HaceneHHeTO qpe3 3eMe):\el!CKMTe yqHlIHil\a l1
q11TanM~aTa. IToCTeneHHo Anp)KaBHaTa nonMTMKa gas a pe3ynrnTM. ITo3HTMBHo smrne
M BKllJOqsaHeTO Ha "HOBMTe 3eMH''.
YcnoBHJITa 3a pa3BMTMe Ha HaQHOHanHaTa MHAYCTPMJI ce oKa3BaT He6naronpvrnT-
HH. ITonMTMKaTa Ha npespo~aHe Ha EonrapMR B 3eMegenCKa CTpaHa M nogqHHRBaHe-
TO Ha npoMHrnneHocTTa :H Ha Ta3M Ha fepMaHMJI 3anoqsa Aa ce ocb~ecTBJIBa Ha npaK-
TMKa. l!pe3 Hal!O)KeHaTa 3a noqTM BCHqKM MHAyCTpMal!HH npegnpHRTMJI rpa)!(AaHCKa
M06MllM3aQMJI T03M OTpaCbll ce OKa3Ba HaTiblIHO 3aBMCMM OT Abp)KaBHaTa TIOlIHTMKa.
ITo npMHQHTI ce 3a6pamrna qacTHaTa cTonaHcKa MHMQManrna. HapRgHaTa rncTeMa
onpegenJI o6eMa Ha npoM3Be)KgaHaTa npogyKQHJI, acopTMMeHTa M Kaqecrnorn II, Qe-
HaTa Ha OT):\el!HMTe CTOKM. TR cpHKCMpa H 6poR Ha npegnpHRTHJITa BbB BCeKH OTpaC'bJI
M npoM3BO):\CTBO.
ITpHopMTeTHO MJICTO B TpaHcnopTa 3aeMa )Kene3onoTHl1JI, KOeTo e csop3aHo c Ha-
pacrnaHeTO Ha )!(TI nHHMHTe npegswg TepinopwanHoTo pa3rnHpeHwe (3a 1942/1943 r.
ca OTKpI1TM caMO OKOllO 43 KM HOBH l!HHI1H). B o6nacTTa Ha TbproBHJITa npaBHTeJI-
CTBOTO npO):lbl!)KaBa TIOlIHTHKaTa Ha Abp)KaBHO perynMpaHe. 3aCMl!Ba ce KOHTpOJI'bT
npw H3Tibl!HeHMeTo Ha Hal!O)KeHaTa OT KpaR Ha 1940 r. KynoHHa cwcTeMa. OrnoseH
BbHillHOTbproscKH napTHbop ocTaBa fepMaHMJI. B M3HocHaTa nMcTa BOAell.\O MRCTO
ga MMaT 3bpHeHHTe xpaHM M TexHwqecKMTe KynTypw. 3HaqinenHo ce ysenwrasa or-
HOCMTenHMJI ):\Jill Ha npepa6oTeHMTe TillO):\OBe M 3el!eHqYQH BbB BM):\ Ha KOHcepBH, nyn-
nose w KOHQeHTpaTM. I1pe3 1942 r. TbproscKMRT 6anaHc Ha EonrapMR e nono)!(MTeJieH.
BonpeKM TOBa CTpaHaTa Tbpnu cepM03HH cpwHaHCOBM 3aTpygHeHMR. YsenuqeHuero B
pa3xogHaTa qaCT Ha 6JOg)KeTa e npegHa3HaqeHo ga rapaHTwpa CbJ03HMJI gorosop Ha
EonrapHR c BCHqKH npOM3TMqa~M OT TOBa nocnegMQH. foneMMTe pa3XOAM He Morar
ga 6ogaT KOMTieHcwpaHM qpe3 CKllJOqBaHe Ha HOBM 3aeMM. 3aTOBa 610g)!(eTHMTe ge-
cpMQHTH ce noKpMBaT qpe3 M3TIOll3BaHe Ha BbTpelllHMTe Bb3MO)KHOCTM. BnBe)!(gar ce
HOBM gaHbQM KaTO gaHbKa Bopxy MMy~eCTBaTa Ha espeMTe npe3 1942 r. M gaH'bKa
B'hpxy soeHHospeMeHHMTe neqan6M npe3 1943 r. YsenMqasa ce pa3MepoT Ha Cbll\eCT-
sysa~MTe npeKM M KorneHM gaH'hQH. OT 1941 r. gaHbK'bT B'hpxy 3aHRTMeTO M 6aHge-
HOBA E'b!II'APCKA MCTOPUJI (1878-1944)
pon'bT B'bpxy TIOTIOHem1Te 113,1.1emur HapacTBa c 50%. YBenw-1eH11 ca ,1.1aH'blV1Te B'bpxy

o6opoTa, 06~11R ,1.1oxo,1.111 MMOTMTe. EM11T11paT ce 11 ,1.1Ba B'bTpeurn11 3aeMa - npe3 1941
l1rrpe31943 r. - Ha o6II.\a C)'Ma 18 753 MJIH. nB. J.1mpnaQM.RTa pacTe. ToBa BO.z:IM ,1.10 pR3-
KO ITOKatJ:BaHe Ha QeH11Te 11 ,1.10 ocyeT.RBaHe Ha npaBMTenCTBeHaTa rrom1T11Ka 3a T.RXHO-
TO HOpM11paHe. I1poMeH11Te CJiaraT CBOR OTIIetJ:aT'bK 11 B'bpxy Kpe,1.111THI1Te HHCT11TYT11.
6HB Bee IIO-TPY.z:IHO l13IT'bJIH.RBa ponRTa Ha perynarnp Ha Kpe,1.1t1TH11Te OTHOIIIeH11R B
CTpaHaTa. qaCTHMTe HaQMOHanHM 6aHKl1 HaCOtJ:BaT KarnfTam'!Te C11 OCHOBHO KbM "Ho-
BMTe 3eMvr''.
Cnep; KaTo yKperrna IT03I1QHI1Te cvr Ha BanKaHMTe, XvrTnep 3arrotJ:Ba nope,1.1HaTa c11
ioeHHa KaMrraHMR. Ha 2210H111941 r. HeMCKMTe BOMCKM HaxnyBaT B C'bBeTCKMR CbI03.
3otl:HaTa npw,1.106vrBa KopeHeH o6paT. Henocpe,1.1cTBeHo cne,1.1 HatJ:anorn Ha fepMaHo-
:oBeTCKaTa Botl:Ha EKI1 B'b3npweMa Kypc Ha B'bOp'b)f(eHa 6op6a cpeII.\y "xHrnepvrcT-
:MTe HarneCTBeHMQM 11 6nnrapcKHTe MOHapxo-cparn11CT11''. I1pe3 BrnpaTa cBeTOBHa
,oJ1Ha B'bOp'b)f(eHa C'bilpOTJ1Ba B'b3Hl1KBa B'bB BCI1'-IKI1 esponeMCKl1 CTpaHM, oKyrnrpa-
:M OT repMam~vrTe 11 TeXHMTe C'bI03Hl1Ql1. TR ,1.1asa ronRM rrpvrHoc 3a pa3rp0Ma Ha cpa-
JMCTKMTe ,l.l'bp)f(aB11. B o'bnrapvrR rroJIO)f(eHvreTo e rro oco6eHo TR e C'bI03HHK Ha OCTa
B cTpanaTa ca pa3IIOJIO)f(emr Mano6potl:Hvr HeMcK11 soemrn rro,1.1pa3,1.1eJieHMR - CB'bp-
)tfHH, THJIOBM, Me):IMQ11HCKI1, KOMett,1.1aHTCKI1 w ,1.1p. rro,1.106Hw. CTpattaTa He e oKyrrw-
atta M 3aIIa3Ba OCHOBH11Te xapaKTepMCTl1Kl1 Ha CBORTa p;'bp)f(aBHOCT H cysepeHMTeT.
'bll.\ecTBysaT, cne,1.10BaTeJIHo, B'b3MO)f(HOCTl1 3a Havrcnrna Tpy,1.1tta, HO nerantta 6op6a
Jell.\y rrporepMaHcKaTa rroJIHTMKa Ha pe)f(vtMa. B'bopn)f(eHaTa c'brrpoT11Ba He B'b3Hl1K-
l rro co6cTBeHo 6'bnrapcK11 rrp11tJ:MHH (Harrp. Ha 1 MapT 1941 r.). MHoro OT Heneran-
1re BRpBaT B '-111CTOTaTa M cnpasep;JIHBOCTTa Ha CBORTa ,1.1etl:HOCT, 6e3 ,1.1a C'b3HaBaT, qe
)f(epTBa Ha liI):leonor11tJ:eCKa I1 rroJIMTMtJ:eCKa o6pa6oTKa. BC'bII.\HOCT c'bnponrnaTa e
>e,l.ll13BHKana l1 pnKOBop;eHa OT ep;Ha qy)f(p;a p;'bp)f(aBa B HeHH co6cTBeH, a He B 6nn-
pcK11 HaQMOHaJieH MHTepec. OcseH TOBa B'bOp'b)f(eHaTa 6op6a c ManKM M3KJIIOtJ:eHHR
iacotJ:eHa He cpe~y repMaHCKMTe BOMCKM Mnlif KOMyttMKaQHlif. B nat1:-,1.106pvrR cnyqatf
Hapyll.IaBa 11 TO He ):l'bJI60KO CHa6,1.1RBaHeTO Ha XMTJiepHCTMTe c xpaHM I1 o6JieKno.
'p6aTa ce BOAM rrpe,1.1vr BCM'l:KO nponrn 6'bnrapcKaTa ,l.l'bp)f(aBa. >KepTBHTe HOT ,l.IBeTe
)attvr ca npe,l.IMMHO 6'bnrapH.
B HatJ:aJIOTO cnrrponrnaTa ce H3pa3.RBa B ca6oTa)f(Hlif ,1.1e:HcTBM.R Ha 6o:HHM rpyrrvr B
1eM11Te rpa,1.10Be. )J,o HoeMBp11 1941 r. 6otl:H11Te rpyrru Ha XpHcrn HMKOB M H11KoJia
ryrneB B CoqrnR, Jieott Ta,z:pI<ep B Pyce, feoprn fp11ropoB B'bB BapHa H p;p. M3Bnpll.I-
. 69 aKQlirn M ca6oTa)f(M. IloRB.RBaT ce I1 Mano6pot'rttvr napTM3aHCKM qen1. B Kpa.R
ronvr 1941 r. B Pa3JIO)f(KO e C'b3,l.la):leHa rr'bpBaTa rrapT113attcKa tJ:eTa c KOMaH,1.111p Hvr-
ra TiaparryHoB. Ilpe3 cenTeMBpM rrpoBe)K):laT n'bpBiiITe CH 6o:Cm11 ,1.1e:C1cTBMR tJ:eTaTa
Barnn )J,eMwpescKM B )J,yrrttMll.IKO M EaTarnKaTa tJ:eTa B Po,1.1orr11Te. K'bM 1942 r. B
1rapI1R ,1.1ei1cTBaT 27 tJ:eTM c 371napTM3aHM.3a aKTlifBH31iipaHeTO liIM Ha 23 IOJilil 1941
r C'I>BeTcKa TepliITopMR 3arroqsa rrpe,1.1aBaHliIR pa,1.1lilocTaHQliIR "XplilcTo EoreB". TR ce
:oBO.z:llil OT 3a,1.1rpaHliltJ:HOTo 6ropo. Ilo-K'bCHO rrpe3 eceHTa, B pa3pe3 c Me)K,1.1yHapo,1.1-
·e HOpMM, rraK OT C'bBeTCKa TepliITOplil>I 3arrotJ:Ba ,1.1a npe,1.1aBa Ha B'bnHJiITe Ha pa,l.lliIO
pMH w pa,1.1lilocTaHQMR "Hapo,1.1ett rnac': c roBopliITeJI qJieH'bT Ha 3a,1.1rpaHliltJ:HOTO
Pocu4a AHzeJioBa
6ropo CTaHKe ,[J;HMtupoB (MapeK). EMHCMH Ha 6orrrapcKH e3HK HMaT pap;Ho MocKBa
H pa,D;HO JloH,IJ;OH.
B KpaR Ha aBrycT c p;Be nop;BO,ll;HHQH H HRKOJIKO caMorreTHH pe:C!p;a (nocpep;cTBOM
naparnyTH) B EorrrapHR ca H3IIpaTeHH 56 6orrrapcKH IIOJIHTeMHrpaHTH. Ilop;BO,ll;HH-
qapHTe H naparnyTHCTHTe ca o6yqeHH B CCCP H ca H3npaTeHH, 3a p;a B'b3rrraBRT cn-
npoTHBaTa B EorrrapHR. EorrrapCKaTa IIOJIHQWR ce rnpaBR o6I.Qo B3eTo p;o6pe c rnx.
OceMHap;eceT ,r:r;yrn11 ca y6wTH B cpa)KeHHe. TpHMa ce caMoy611BaT, a 28 ca 3arr0Bem1.
CaMo cep;eM ,r:r;yrn11 OQeJIRBaT 3a npe,r:r;Ha3Ha'leHHeTo rn. Ha 1 IDHH 1942 r. e OC'bAeH Ha
CMopT reH. Brrap;HMHp 3aHMOB, pa6oTHJI B norr3a Ha c'bBeTcKoTo pa3y3HaBaHe.
Ilpe3 JIRTOTO Ha 1942 r. EPil noHacR Te)l(KO nopa)l(eHwe. l..Jpe3 areHT-npoBoKa-
Top e pa3KpHTa H 3arroBeHa rro-rorrRMaTa qacT OT cocTaBa Ha UeHTparrHHR KOMHTer,
MHoro OT poKOBO,ll;HTeJIHTe Ha 6oi1HHTe w Ha ca6oTa)KHHTe rpyn11. Ha tterrera11Hara
p;etfHOCT ce HaHaCRT yp;apH, rnep; KaTO ce pa3KpHBaT KOHCIIwpaTHBHHTe QeHTpoBe, a
poKOBO,D;HTeJIHTe Ha C'bIIpOTHBaTa ce apeCTyBaT H OC'b)l(,D;aT Ha CM'bpT HJIH )J;'bJifOro-
,D;HllIHH cpoKoBe 3aTBop. Ep;Ha OT CMopTHHTe np11cop;H e 3a TeXHH'leCKHR C'bTPYAHHK
Ha UK H rarraHTJIHB noeT KOMYHHCT H11Korra BanQapoB. KoMyHWCTHTe CH p;aBaT cMer-
Ka, qe caMH HRMa p;a MoraT Aa ce cnpaBRT c BrracTTa H ToprnT ep;1rnop;e:C!cTBHe c Apyn1
ono3HQHOHHH rpym1poBKH. KypcoT Ha Boopo)KeHa 6op6a Ha EKil e B'b3IIpYieT H or
HRKOH cpep;H Ha "3BeHo': Ha BoeHHaTa rr11ra, qacTH OT CoQwarrp;eMoKpanr'leCKaTa 11
Pap;wKanp;eMoKpaTH'leCKaTa napTHR H E3HC "Ilrrap;He", KOWTO o6aqe He pa3'1v!TaT Ha
napTH3aHCKOTO ,ll;BH)KeHHe, a Ha ep;HH ycrrerneH npeBpaT.
KaTO OCHOBeH OII03HQHOHeH 6rroK ce oqepTaBa T. Hap. JlerarrHa OII03HQHR, KO-
RTO BKJIIO'IBa OCTaT'bQHTe OT Tpap;WQHOHHHTe ITOJIHTH'leCKH napTHH, 3al.QMTaBall.\"1
TopHoBcKaTa KOHCTHTYQHR H npHHI-'HIIHTe Ha rraprraMeHrnpH3Ma. Cpep; rnx ca E3HC
"Bpa6qa l ", ,[J;eMoKpaTwqeCKaTa rrapTHR Ha HwKorra MyrnaHOB, 6HBIIIHTe croBopuc-
TH oKorro AT. EypoB H qacT OT cowrnrrp;eMoKpaTHTe. Te He rrpH3HaBaT Boopo)!{eHara
¢opMa Ha conpoTHBa H OTKa3BaT p;a ce BKJIIO'laT B KoM6HHaQHH c KOMYHMCTHTe. Te3"1
rrapnrn ca CBop3aHH c Tpap;m-'HOHHWTe 1-'eHHOCTH Ha KOHCTHTY1-'HOHaJIH3Ma H 3arra11-
HaTa p;eMOKpaQHR H 3aTOBa CMRTaT, qe cnaceHHeTO Ha CTpaHaTa e B ycTaHOBRBaHe Ha
TeCHH Bp'b3KH c AHrJIHR H cAm. Ha 13 p;eKeMBpH 1941 r. B'bB BOMHaTa BJIH3aT CAW,
:w EorrrapHR WM o6RBRBa "c1t:MBOJIJP1Ha" BOHHa. Ta3:w so:C!Ha o6aqe OT "cwMB011wrna"
cTaBa peaJIHa, KoraTo npe3 3HMaTa Ha 1943 r. 3anoqsaT aHrrro-aMep11KaHCKYITe 60M-
6app;11poBKH Hap; EorrrapHR.
BKnroqBaHeTo Ha Eorrrap:wR B'bB so:C!HaTa pR3KO npoMeHR BoTpernttorrorrHTHlJe-
cKaTa o6cTaHOBKa. 3ac:WJIBa ce H3II'bJIHHTeJIHaTa BJiaCT. 3aCHJIBaT ce MepKHTe rrpo-
T:WB rno6op;aTa Ha CJIOBOTO H rreqaTa, orpaH11qasaT ce npaBaTa Ha KopecnOHAeHI~H.f!,
cp;py)KaBaHe :w co6paHHR. Ilpe3 RHyap:w 1941 r. s1rn3a B rnrra 3aKOH 3a 3alI.\HTa Ha
Ha1-'HRTa (33H). MarrKo noseqe OT p;sa Mece1-'a npep;H nop;n11csaHeTO Ha rrporoKoJla
3a yqacTHe B Tp11CTpaHH:WR naKT 3aKOHorrpoeKTa e BHeceH B HC. Ono3HQHRTa (BKJI. 11
rrpo¢. An. UaHKos) pa3KpHsa aHTHKOHCTHTY1-'HOHHaTa C'bl.QHOCT Ha 3aKoHorrpoeKra.
MHo)KeCTBO o6IQeCTBeHH, npo¢ec:woHaJIHH opraHH3a1-'HH, CseTHR c11ttop;, OT):le11H11
BH,ll;HH JIHqHOCTM c npoTeCTHTe CH nop;KpenRT OII03l11-'HRTa. He3aBHCHMO OT TOBa, Ha
24 p;eKeMBpH 1940 r. 33H e np11eT oT rrpaBHTerrcTBeHoTo MH03HHCTBO. B MHoro orno-
A 1 ,<:;
HOBA EDlII'APCKA J1CTOPJ1Jl (1878-1944)
memrn 3aKOH'bT Konwpa repMaHcKWTe aHT11eBpet1cK11 3aKOHl1. Cne,n; npweMaHeTo Ha

33H eBpewTe ry6RT CBOJ1Te rpa)Kp;aHCKl1 l1 noJil1TJ1'1eCKJ1 npaBa. 3a6paHRBaT WM ce
CMeceH11Te 6paKOBe, OTHeMaT ce roJIRMa qacT OT eBpeMCKJ1Te l1MOTJ1, npep;Bl1)K,D;a ce
KOHIJ;eHTpwpaHe Ha eBpeMCKOTO HaceJieHwe B OT,D;eJIHJ1 HaceJieHJ1 MeCTa. Ha 6a3aTa Ha
T03l1 3aKOH npe3 aBrycT 1942 r. ce cnsp;aBa KoMwcapcTBo no eBpeticKWTe Bnnporn.
HeroBWRT HatJaJIHWK AneKcaHp;np EeneB ce e o6)"IaBaJI B fepMaHwR Ha aHTMeBpeticKo
3aKOHO,D;aTeJICTBO 11 qepnw OT repMaHCKMR npaKTJ1'1eCKJ1 onMT.
OnacHOCTTa 3a 6onrapcKwTe eBpew tta,n;Bwrna B KpaR Ha 1942 r., KoraTo fepMaHwR
3anotJBa p;a oKasBa HaTwcK Bnpxy 6onrapcKoTo npaBwTeJicTBo. B wsroTBeHwR npes
1942 r. B fepMaHWR nJiaH 3a T. Hap. "oKOH'laTeJIHO pellleHwe" Ha eBpeMCKJ1R Bnnpoc B
r.vrna EBpona, cper.u;y 11MeTO Ha EnnrapwR e ttattecetta u;mppaTa 48 000 eBpew. Te TpR6-
Ba ,n;a 6np;aT p;enopT11paH11 B M3TO'IHMTe 06nacT11 Ha Patfxa (Ilomrra) 11 Bnpxy rnx ;n;a ce
rrp11JIO)Kl1 "oKOHtJaTeJIHOTO pelllettwe" - yMnpTBRBaHeTo MM. Ha 12 cpeBpyapw 1943 r.
rrop; cwneH repMaHCKW HaTWCK e nop;nwcaHa cnorop;6aTa EeneB-,[(aHeKep, cnopep; KORTO
20 Xl1JI. eBpew OT HOBJ1Te seMJ1 TpR6Ba p;a 6op;aT p;enopT11paH11. IloHe)!(e B HOBJ1Te 3eMJ1
HRMa noBeqe OT 14 000 eBpew, EeJieB e roTOB ;n;a BKJIJOqJ1 B KBOTaTa 6 p;o 8 Xl1JI. 6'bJI-
rapCKJ1 eBpew. Ha 17 MapT 1942 r. ;n;enyTaTM OT Hapop;HoTO cn6paHwe, KOMTO BKJIJOq-
BaT ono311u;11RTa saep;Ho c An. UaHKOB 11 no,n;npe,n;cep;aTeJIR Ha napnaMeHTa ,[(11M11Tnp
IIerneB, 113npar.u;aT ocTnp npoTeCT ,n;o MWHMCT'bp-npe,n;cep;aTenR no noso,n; aHTwespetf-
cKaTa non11T11Ka Ha npaBwTeJICTBOTO. BnrrpeKw TOBa npes MapT 1943 r. OKOJIO 11 400
espew oT TpaKwR, MaKep;oHMR :w IlwpoTcKo ca p;erropTwpaHw B Ilonma. OrneH Bc11qKo
,11pyro TOBa or.u;e Be,D;H'b)K ,!J;OKa3Ba KOJIKO KpeX'bK e 6nnrapCKJ.1RT cysepeHMTeT 11 KOJIKO
He3;n;paBo cKpeneHw 3a 6nnrapCKaTa ,n;op)!(aBa ca HOBWTe Tep11Top1111.
Ilpe3 nponeTTa Ha 1943 r. onacHOCTTa 3a 6onrapcK11Te eBpew HapacTBa e)Kep;HeB-
Ho. B sar.u;11Ta Ha eBpewTe ce Hap;wraT o6r.u;ecTBeHm~w, non:wT11u;11 (BKJI. npaswTeJicTBe-
HJ.1 Cl1MnaTJ13aHT11), BJ1Cl.1Il1R KJI11p, HaM-3HaqJ1TeJIHJ1Te J1MeHa cpep; J1HTeJIY!reHIJ;l1RTa l1
MHOfO 0611KHOBeHJ1 xopa. Hanpe)!(eHJ1eTo B CTOm1u;aTa ,!J;OCTWra CBOR Bp'bx no BpeMe
Ha rrpasHwKa Ha 6nnrapcKaTa KynTypa 24 Mai1. JfaceJIBaHMRTa :w rrp:wno)!(eH:weTo Ha
aHTMceM:WTCKWTe 3aKOHJ.1 npo,rt;'bJI)KaBaT, HO espe11Te Ha Ennrap11R He cno,n;eJIRT cop;6a-
ra Ha C'bTIJieMeHHY!IJ;Y!Te CJ1 OT f epMaHJ1R, OT 0Kyrrwpatt11Te Tep11Top1111 l1 OT caTeJil1T-
HJ.1Te Ha pai1xa p;np)KaBw. B Ennrap11R eBpeY! 3arwBaT, HO saep;Ho c 6nnrap11 B 6op6a 3a
e,11Ha nY!qHo OT TJIX I-!36paHa non11T11qeCKa Kaysa, a He 3aI.IJ;OTO ca eBpeu.
CrracRBaHeTo Ha 6onrapcK11Te eBpew e HerrosHaTo RBJieH:we sa ToraBallIHaTa noq-
rw J.13IJ;RJIO noKopeHa EBpona. To e 3ape;n;eHo c Ba)!(eH Herrocpep;cTBeH rron11T11qecK11
CMJ.1C'bJI KaTO TIOKa3Ba, qe opR3aHl1RT 6nnrapCKJ1 cyBepeHJ1TeT Bee or.u;e C'bI.IJ;ecrnyBa l1
HaMwpa cun:w 3a J13RBaTa cu. ToBa e nocTM)!(eH11e Ha IJ;RJiaTa Hau;11R, 6e3 p;a ce usnycKa
Ba)!<HaTa pOJIR Ha ,D;Bopeu;a J1 p;opu C'bp;ei1CTBMeTO Ha OTroBopHW rrpep;cTaBJ1TeJIJ1 Ha
snacTsar.u;wR pe)KJ1M. Or.u;e no-roneMM ca ;n;on6oKwTe :wCTopwqecK11, MopaJIHJ1 M qwc-
ro XYMaHMTapm1 M3MepeHMR Ha cnarnBaHeTo Ha 6nnrapcK11Te eBpe:w. Ona3BaHeTo
Ha crpaHaTa OT npRKO yqacTJ1e B'bB BOMHaTa, He,n;onyCKaHeTo ,n;opY! Ha CJ.1MBOJIJ.1'IHJ.1
6nnrapCK:W 6oi1HJ.1 cpopMaIJ;MM Ha li13TO'IHJ1R cppoHT e p;pyroTO fOJIRMO HaIJ;MOHaJIHO
rrocrw)!{eHMe B rop;wm1Te Ha BOi1HaTa. To 11Ma coI.IJ;l1R Henocpep;cTBeH non11T11tJecK11
CMWC'bJI, KaKTO :w nepcneKT:WBH:WTe M3MepeH:WR, rro,n;o6Ho Ha cnarnsaHeTo Ha eBpewTe.
Pocuu,a AHzenoaa
Me)f()WBpeMeHHO Bee noBe'Ie ce 3acmrna 6op6aTa Ha KOMYHMCTMTe npoTHB npa-

BMTeJICTBOTO. I1pe3 JUITOTO Ha 1942 r. KOMYHMCTMTe 06.RB.RBaT C'b3AaBaHeTO Ha T. Hap.
0Te'IecrneH cppoHT (O<D). Ha 17 IOJIM 1942 r. no paAMOCTam~m:r "Xp11crn EOTeB" OT
MocKBa e npo'leTeHa nporpaMa Ha OTeqecTBeHMR cppoHT 3a cnac.RBaHe Ha Eonrap:i.rn.
TR e l13fOTBeHa OT 3aArpaHM'IHOTO 6IOpo no C'bBeTcKM yKa3aHMR 11 e cpopMy1rnpatta
TaKa, 'le Aa 6oAaT npHBJie'IeHJ.1 K'bM coTpy;n;H11l.J:ecTBO c KOMYHMCTMTe xopa OT TaKa
Hape'leHJ.1Te 6yp)f(Oa3HJ.1 aHTMcparnHCTKM CJ.1JII1 B MMeTO Ha CK'bCBaHe Ha C'bl03a c fep-
MaHHR. B Ta3l1 nporpaMa He ce cnoMeHaBa 3a npoM.RHa Ha o6rn;ecTBeHo-noJIHTJ.Pie-
cKaTa c11cTeMa B cTpaHaTa cJieA 3aB3eMaHe Ha BJiaCTTa. B He.R ce HaCTORBa Eonrap:i.rn
Aa He y'IaCTBa npRKO B'bB BofrnaTa, Aa ce OT30BaT 6onrapcKHTe BottcKH OT coce.o;mne
;n;op)f(aBM, ;n;a ce CK'bca C'bI03'bT c OcTa w cTpaHaTa Aa ce npwcoeAWHH K'bM aHTJ.tXJ.tT-
nepwcTKaTa Koanm~wR. IJ,K Ha EPIT 6op3o BJIW3a B'bB Bpo3Ka c BCW'IKH HecpalliJ.tCTKJ.1
napTww w rpynw. foTOBHOCT 3a BKJIIOl.J:BaHe B O<D npoRBRBaT caMo npeAcTaBWTeJIJ.t Ha
"3BeHo" w Ha E3HC - "ITnaAHe''. ,I.I;o Kpa.R Ha roAWHaTa ca C'b3;IJ;aAeHw caMo cTorntta
MeCTHH KOMl1TeTl1 Ha 0Te'IeCTBeHHR cppOHT, B KOHTO BJil13aT Hatt-Be'Ie KOMYHVICTW,
neBw 3eMeAem~11 w OTAeJIHW Aei1Qw Ha Apyr11 napTww.
3. JlbpmasnaTa KpH3a 1943-1944

3aJie3'bT Ha repMaHCKaTa BOeHHa Morn; 3anO'IBa Aa CTaBa Bl1Al1M OT Kpa.R Ha 1942
r. I1pe3 OKTOMBpH cwnwTe Ha 6pwTaHCKHR reHepan EopHapA MoHTroMepvi pa3rpo-
MRBaT npvi Err ArraMei1H B CeBepHa AcppvtKa apMvtRTa Ha reH. EpBvtH PoMeJI. O~e no-
6necrnrn;a e C'bBeTcKaTa onepaQvtR npw CTarrvtHrpaA, K'bAeTO Ha 2 cpeBpyapw 1943 r. e
nneHeH OCTaT'bKa OT 6-Ta apMHR, 3ae;n;Ho c KOMaHABaJJJ;WR R cpeJIAMaprnarr <t>pvi.o;pvix
cpoH I1aynyc. CTpaTernqecKaTa :i.rnwQwanrna npeMwHaBa B poQeTe Ha C'bI03Hm~wTe.
3ano'IBa nocTeneHeH npenoM B'bB BoeHHHTe Aei1cTBV!R. ToBa yrno)f(HRBa o~e noBetJe
noJIO)f(eHvteTo Ha D'bJirapwR KaTo repMaHCKM C'bI03HvtK M BCRBa C'bMHeHvtR y 6omap-
CKJ1Te noJIMTMQJ.1 B no6eAaTa Ha TpMCTpaHHV!R naKT. I1pe3 JIRTOTo Ha 1943 r. B EBpona
npoTJ.1'-laT C'b6J1Tl1.R, KOJ1TO yBepeHO BOA.RT K'bM Be'Ie He1136e)f(H:l1.R Kpai1: Ha BOMHaTa.
Ha 10 IOJIV! e M3B'bprneH aHrno-aMepvtKaHCKMRT ;n;ecaHT B CMQMJIWR. KoM KpaH Ha Me-
ceQa 11TaJIWR npaKTM'IecKM l13JIJ.13a OT BOil:HaTa M AOPM aHra)f(wpa 3Ha'IvtTeJIHl1 rep-
MaHCKM BOeHHW c11nw. I1pe3 aBryCT Ha 113TO'IHV!H cppoHT np11 KypCKaTa Abra ce B0,!111
r11raHTCKa 6wTKa. Ha 23 c. M. repMaHQMTe TaM npeT'bnRBaT n'bJieH pa3rpoM.
YnpaBJIRBarn;11Te 11 6yp)f(oa3HaTa ono3MQMR B D'bJirapwR M3Ka3BaT nporno311 3a
CKoporneH C'bI03Hl1'IeCKM AecaHT Ha EanKaHMTe. KoMyHMCTM'IecKaTa ono3l1Ql1R ce aK-
Tl1Bl13Mpa. Co3AaBa ce norr11Tw'lecK11 QeHT'bp Ha 0Te'IeCTBeHMR cppoHT, B KOHTO snw-
3aT npeACTaBMTeJIJ.1 Ha EPIT, E3HC "ITnaAHe': neBwTe rnnw OT EPC,I.I;IT w nonvirntJeCKw
Kp'br "3BeHo''. D'bJirapcKaTa AWnJioMaQJ.rn c OAo6peHMeTo Ha ABopeQa npaBM omtTl1 ,!la
BJie3e B'bB Bp'b3Ka c'bc 3anaAHMTe C'bI03Hl1Ql1. Te3w onMTJ.1 ca Heocp11Q11arrHw vi Hepe-
lllMTeJIHW, n'bK J.1 He cpern;aT noorn;peHMeTO Ha OTBeTHaTa CTpaHa.
Do BpeMe Ha fo1TKaTa npw KypCKaTa Abra X11rnep npMBMKBa Qap Eop11c III npw
ce6e cw B fnaBHaTa KBapT11pa Ha 113TO'IHWR cppoHT. Cpern;aTa cTaBa Ha 14 aBryCT. Cno-
418
HOBA E'bHI'APCKA UCTOPU.H (1878-1944)
pe.n; HRKOM CBe.n;eHMR X11rnep 6e3anenau;110HHO McKa 6nnrapcKo BoeHHO )"laCTMe Ha

:VfaToqHJ1R cppoHT, HO cperu;a TBnp.n; oTnop OT cTpaHa Ha 6nnrapCK11J1 u;ap. Ha 15 aBrycT
ymrn H o6e3c'bpqeH u;apRT ce 3aBpnru;a B Coqrr-rn. Ha 28 aBrycT 1943 r. TOM yM11pa.
ITpecTOJIOHacne.n;HHK e C11MeoH TnpHOBCKM, po.n;eH Ha 16 IOHM 1937 r. OT 6paKa Ha
u;ap Bopuc III c MoaHHa CaBoi1cKa. ITopa.n;u ManoneTCTBOTO Ha npecToJioHacne.n;Hu-
Ka CuMeoH e C'bCTaBeHo pereHTCTBO OT 6paTa Ha Bop11c KHR3 K11pun, npocp. Bor.n;aH
<t:>unoB H 6uBIIIMR BoeHeH MMHMCT'bp reH. H11KoJia MuxoB. PereHTCTBOTO e o.n;o6peHo
c OTKpwTo macyBaHe Ha HC. HaqaJIHHTe xo.n;oBe Ha pe)l(MMa He Be~aRT HM~o .n;o6po.
KoHCTMTYLI;HRTa npe.n;nucBa, qe qJieH Ha u;apcKoTo ceMei1cTBO He MO)!(e .n;a )"laCTBa B
PereHTCTBOTO u qe PereHTCTBOTO TpR6Ba .n;a 6n.n;e rnacyBaHo OT BHC. TaKa qe pereHT-
CTBOTO e npoTMBOKOHCTuTyu;110HHO 11 no c'bcTaB u no Haq11H Ha yrn'bp)l(.n;aBaHe. B
crpaHaTa B'b3HMKBa oco6eHo noJIO)!(eHue Ha He3aKOHHOCT. He3aKOHHaTa c'bnpoTuBa
ce nporuBonocTaBR Ha He3aKOHHMR pe)l(MM. ToBa HanoMHR o6craHOBKaTa OT 1923-
1925 r., KoraTo u npaBMTeJICTBeH:uTe, :u KoMyH:ucruqecKMTe ,n;efrcTBMR ca He3aKOHHI1.
TipaBHMTe acneKTM Ha c11Tyau;11J1Ta ca B'bHIIIeH M3pa3 Ha ,D;'bp)l(aBHaTa Kp113a B Bnma-
pHR npe3 1943-1944 r. Ta3:u Kp:U3a Bee oru;e He ce e npeB'bpttana B n'bJIHa o6~ecrnetta
KpH3a. Pe)!(HM'bT He e omeH, a cnnponrnaTa e Bee oru;e rna6a. I1pe3 1944 r. cnnpo-
TMBaTa ce pa3pacTBa, MaKap :u He c TeMnoBeTe, )!(eJiaHM OT KOMYHMCTMTe. Bop6aTa
ce BO,D;I1 6e3 BCRKaKBM npamrna H npv1,n;o6:uBa II3KJIIOqJ.1TeJIHO )!(eCTOK xapaKTep J1 OT
1weTe cTpaHM.
CcpopMMpaHo e HOBO npaBJneJICTBO OT noJIHT11qecKH ,n;efru;M c nporepMaHCKa
opHeHTaI.J;MJI M np0Be)!(,n;aru;11 noJIJ1TJ1KaTa Ha pereHTHTe (14 cenTeMBPlf 1943 - l IOHJf
1944). MHHMCT'bp-npe.n;ce,n;aren cTaBa y6e,n;emrn repMaHocp11n ,IJ;o6pu Em1rnJioB 87 .
Ka6HtteT'bT ynpaBJIRBa B C'bCTaB: ,l.J;. Bo)!(vIJIOB - MHHMCT'bp-npe,n;ce,n;aTeJI u MI1HI1CT'bp
Ha cp11ttaHc11Te, CaBa KupoB - MI1HI1CT'bp Ha B'bHIIIHMTe pa6oru 11 H3nOBe,n;aHI1RTa (3a-
MetteH Ha 14 OKT. OT ,l.J;11MHT'bp lIIMIIIMaHoB), ,l.J;oqo Xp11croB - MMHMCT'bp Ha B'bTpeIII-
mue pa6or:u 11 Hapo.n;HoTo 3,n;paBe, npocp. Bop11c J/Iou;os - MvIHMCT'bp Ha Hapo,n;HoTo
rrpocseru;emre, .n;-p KoHcTaHTMH ITaproB - MI1HJ1CT'bp Ha npaBOC'b,[(MeTo, reH. Pyc11 Py-
ces - MMHMCT'bp Ha BOi1HaTa, ,n;-p J1BaH Ba30B - MMHMCT'bp Ha T'bproBMRTa, npoM11III-
11ettocTTa :u Tpy.n;a, ,n;-p J1BaH BeIIIKOB - MHHMCT'bp Ha 3eMe,n;enueTo u p;'bp)!(aBHJ1Te
MMOTM, J1H)f(. ,l.J;11M11T'bp BacuneB - MMHMCT'bp Ha 06ru;ecTBeH11Te crpa,n;u, Il'bTuru;aTa 11
611aroycTpoi1crnoTo 11 MH:>K. XpucTo ITeTpos - MHHMCT'bp Ha )!(eJie3HJ1I.J;l1Te, noru;11Te
11 re11erpacp11Te.
HoBOTo npaBMTeJICTBO 11 pereHTMTe ,n;eKnapupaT, qe ru;e rne.n;BaT B'bHIIIHara no-
flHTMKa Ha noKOMHHR MOHapx. Bm13ocTra Ha C'bBeTcKaTa no6e,n;a noJIMTHqeCKaTa MKO-
'IOMMqecKa Kp113a aKTJ1BJ13HpaT B'bop'b)!(eHaTa cnnpoTJ1Ba. Hai1-RpKa Hefrna J13RBa
87 .IJ:o6pu nO)KHJIOB Xa~)KHHHaKHeB e poAeH Ha 13 IOHH 1884 r. B KoTeJI. OT 1902 e 'IHHOBHHK B

>HE. 3aeMa pa3JIH'IHH nocrnBe, a oT 1935 AO 1938 e ynpaBHTeJI Ha EHE. llpenoAaBa qi~rnaHrn B CBo-
1 cigH1rn YHHBeprnTeT B Coclimr. Toi! e MHHHCTDp Ha cliHHaHrnTe (14 HoeMBpH 1938 - l IOHH 1944) B
peroro H 'leTBopToTo npaBHTeJICTBO Ha f. KboceHBaHoB, B ABeTe npaBHTeJICTBa Ha E. <l>HJIOB, KaKTO

BrrpaBHTeJICTBOTO, omaBJIBaHo OT CaMHJI Hero. CJieA npeBparn OT 9 cenTeMBpH e cpeA OC'bAeHMTe
a CM'bpT OTT. Hap. HapoAeH C'bA. EK3eKyrnpaH Hal clieBpyapH 1945. 11pe3 1996 npHC'bAaTa e OTMe-
eHa c PeIIIeHHe N2 172 Ha BnpXOBH:HR C'bA.
Pocu4a AH2e11oaa
CTaBa napnrnaHCKOTO ,ll;BJDKeHMe, KOeTO ce pa3pacTBa. IIo~IBJiBaT ce HOBM OTpR,ll;M It!

napTM3aHCKM 6pMra,n;M. K'hM napTM3aHMTe npeMMHaBaT M oT,n;eJIHM BOHCKOBM no,n;pa3-
,n;eneHMH 3ae,n;Ho c KOMaH,n;MpMTe CM. MaKap 6'bnrapcKoTo napTM3aHcKo ,ll;BM:>KeHMe ,n;a
He e TaKa MaCOBO, KaKTO B ,n;pyrM CTpaHM, TO e npOHBa Ha aHTMXMTrrepMCTKaTa C'bnpo-
TMBa M Hepa3,n;errHa '!aCT OT CBeTOBHMTe aHTMcparnMCTKM CMJIM. O~e B Ha'!aJIOTO Ha
1943 r. KOMYHl1CTl1Te 3ano'!BaT ,n;a C'b3,IJ;aBaT CBOR BoeHHa opraHM3aII;MR - Hapo,n;Hoo-
rno60,n;11TeJIHa B'bCTaHWleCKa apMMR (HOBA), KORTO II;eHTpaJIM3Mpa napTM3aHCKOTO
,ll;Bl1)1(eHMe.
3a ,n;a orpaHM'IaT B'bOp'b)l(eHaTa 6op6a, ynpaBJIHBa~11Te o6e~aBaT, qe Ha ,n;o6po-
BOJIHO npe,n;aJIMTe ce HeJieraJIHM HHMa ,n;a ce T'bpCM C'b,n;e6Ha OTroBopHOCT. B OTroBop
Oct> npM30BaBa CMMnaTM3aHTMTe CM MacoBo ,n;a ce BKJIIO'IaT B napTM3aHCKOTO ABM)l(e-
HMe. 3aCMJIBaT ce ca60Ta)l(HMTe ,n;eikTBl1R cpe~y Ba)l(HM npoMMUIJieHM o6eKTM, pa6o-
Te~l1 3a CHa6,n;HBaHeTO Ha repMaHII;MTe Ha V13TO'IHMH <}lpaHT. Ilpe3 HOeMBpM apMMHTa
M IlOJIMII;MHTa 3ailO'-IBaT UIMpoKa HaCT'bilaTeJIHa aKII;MH npoTMB napTM3aHCKOTO ,ll;BM-
)l(eHMe. foneMM 3ary611 rroHacHT cpe,n;uoropcKMTe oTpH,n;M "Xp11cTo EoTeB" M "Bacm1
JleBcKM': fa6poBCKo-CeB1rneBCKMHT oTpHA, TprnrnCKaTa qern, D:yrrmrnIKMHT OTPHA 1t1
,n;p. IloBel.JeTO OT rrapTM3aHCKMTe C'beAMHeHMH yBeJIMl.JaBaT 3Hal.JMTeJIHO l.JHCJiemrn Cit!
C'bCTaB, KOeTO MM C'b3AaBa MHO)l(eCTBO npo6JieMM npM CHa6AHBaHeTO l1 rrpM,ll;BM:>KBa-
HeTo. 3a no-ecpeKTMBHaTa 6op6a cpe~y HerrerarrHMTe Ka611HeTbT C'b3,IJ;aBa Ha 26 HHY-
ap11 1944 r. crreII;MaJIHM BOeHHM qacTM - )l(aH,n;apMepMH. D:aBaT ce HarpaAH OT 50 000
JIB Ja BCHKa rrapnrJaHCKa rnaBa. EAMH MeceII; rro-K'bCHO napT113aHCKMHT OTP.HA "AnrnH
:V1BaHOB" e HaII'bJIHO pa3rpoMeH.
BnoIIIaBaHeTO Ha rrorrmKeHMeTO Ha BJiaCTBall\MTe CTaBa RBHO B KpaH Ha 1943 J1
Ha'laJIOTo Ha 1944 r., KoraTo "c11MBOJIMTe" Ha BofrnaTa c AttrnMH H CAW: 3anoqsaT Aa
ce M3CHIIBaT B'bB BMA Ha aBMaII;HOHHH 6oM6M HaA Cocp11H M I-IaA APyrM roneMM rpa-
AOBe. Oco6eHo )l(eCTOKo e HarraAeHHeTo HaA CocpHH Ha 10 HHyapM 1944 r., B Koern
yqacrnaT HeKOJIKOCTOTMH 60M6ap,n;11p0Bal.J11. B'hnpeKM repoH'IHMJi OTrrop, ,n;a,n;en il OT
6'hrrrapCKl1Te JieTIJ;M, C'bI03HM'leCKaTa aBMaII;MR pa3pyrnaBa roJIRMa qacT OT II;eHT'bpa
Ha CTOJIMII;aTa. Y6MTM ca HRKOJIKo XHJIHAM rpa)l(AaI-m. 3arroqBa MacoBo 6RrCTBO Ha
CTOJIMl.JaHM K'bM OKOJIHMTe cerra. EoM6ap,n;11poBKHTe CTaBaT Bee IIO-)l(eCTOKM M BHaCHT
AOII'bJIHMTeJIHO pa3cTpowcTBO B )l(MBOTa Ha cTpanaTa. B'hHUIHaTa rroJIMTMKa CTaBa Bee
no-BHMMaTeJIHa, HO He 11 pe3ynTaTHa. IIpaBHTerrcTBOTo ce orpaHttl.JaBa Aa noeMe HOBM
aHfa)l(HMeHTM crrpHMO fepMaHMR, HO He ce peUiaBa ,n;a CK'bCa c HeH.
Ilptt6JIM)l(aBaHeTO Ha C'bBeTCKHTe BOMCKM K'bM 6'hnrapcKMTe rpaHl1II;l1 J1 Marnpa-
HMTe 6oM6apAMPOBKl1 Ha C'bI03HMII;l1Te aKTl1BJ13HpaT AeMHOCTTa Ha rrerarrHaTa ono-
3l1II;l1R. Ha 24 MapT 1944 r. H. MyrnaHOB, AT. EypoB, K. feopmeB, Kp. IlaCTyxoB, rr.
CTattHOB, K. MypaBMeB, H. IleTKOB, B. AttMOB, A. fMqes l1 An. rupmHOB l13Ilpall\aT
AO npaBMTeJICTBOTO l1 pereHTMTe T. Hap. AeKrrapau;wR Ha AeceTTe. OcHOBHMTe McKa-
HHH B HeH ca 3a He3a6aBHa rrpoM.R:Ha Ha B'bHIIIHaTa IIOJIMTMKa l1 B'b3CTaHOBHBaHe Ha
rraprraMeHTapHaTa AeMOKpaD;HR, CK'bCBaHe OTHOIIIeHMHTa C fepMaHMR, J13Termrne Ha
BOMCKHTe HM OT C'bpforn H npMHTeJICTBO C'bC CCCP.
HOBA E"b!II'APCKA /l!CTOP/IJ}l (1878-1944)
E,n;HoBpeMeHHO e BoTpelllHlilTe npo6neMli1 Bee noBeLie ee 3aourna li1 HaTJileK'bT OT

MoeKBa. Ilpe3 Maw 1944 r. eoBeTeKoTo npaBJilTeneTBO BpoLIBa HOTa tta Eonrapm1 e
JileKaHe 3a He3a6aBHO eK'beBaHe e f epMaHlilJI. 01.1\e e'bll\lilJI ,n;eH npaBJilTeneTBOTO Ha A.
EmKlilJIOB no,n;asa oeTaBKa, 3a p;a He p;a,n;e KaTeroplilLieH oTroBop.
Hal 10Hli1 1944 r. e Ha3HaLieH nope,n;eH Ka6JrneT, HaLieJio e JtiBaH EarpHHOB (l IOHH
- 2 cenTeMBpH 1944) OT rpa)l()J;aHeKlil li1 BoeHHlil eKcnepTlil. CoeTaB'bT MY e rne,n;ttlilJI:
Ms. EarpJIHOB - Mli1Hli1eTop-rrpep;eep;aTen li1 ynpaBJIJIBall\ Mli1Hli1eTeperno Ha B'bHIIIHMTe
pa6oTli1 li1 li13nose,n;aHli1JI (Tli1TY71Rp OT 12 IOHlil e IlopBaH AparaHoB), npocp. AneKeaHp;op
CTaHlilllieB - MlilHMeTop Ha BoTpellIHJilTe pa60T1i1 li1 Hapo,n;HoTo 3,n;paBe, npocp. Mli1xa1t1JI
Apttay,n;os - Mli1Hli1eTop Ha Hapop;HOTO rrpoCBell\eHlile, AlilMMTop CaBoB - Mli1Hli1eTop
Ha cp1i1HaHCJi1Te, Pyelil PyeeB - OT 12 IOHlil MMHlilCTop Ha 3eMe,n;e1rneTo li1 ,n;op)l(aBHJilTe
MMOTlil, ,n;-p AneKeaH,n;op CTaJIMMCKlil - OT 12 IOHlil MMHlileTop Ha npaBoeo}:llileTo, reH.
P. Pyees - Mli1Hli1eTop Ha BOMHaTa, XplileTo BaelilJieB - Mli1Hli1eTop Ha ToproBlilJITa, npo-
MMIIIJieHoeTTa li1 Tpy,n;a, npocp. AoHLIO KoeTOB - Mli1Hli1eTop Ha 3eMep;en1t1eTo M )J;1ip)l(aB-
HMTe li1MOT1i1, Eop1t1e KantieB - Mli1Hli1CTDP Ha )l(eJie3Hli1Qli1Te, TIOI.l\li1Te M Tenerpacp1i1Te li1
CnaBe:i1Ko BaeJilJieB - Mli1Hli1eT1:ip Ha 061.1\eCTBeHJilTe crpa,n;lil, TI'I:iTlilll\aTa li1 6naroyCTpo:i1-
cTBOTo.
06pa3yBaHOTO rrpaBJilTeJICTBO Ji1Ma 3a 3a,n;aLia ,n;a HaMeplil Ji13XO,ll; OT 3a}:\1iJI60LiaBa-
~aTa ee Kpli13a, ,n;a y,n;1ip)i(li1 HaTJtfeKa OT CTpaHa Ha fepMaHJilJI 3a rrpRKOTO Hlil JLiaeTJile
B'bB BoeHHlilTe ,n;ewcTBMR li1 }:la He ,n;onyeHe oKynlilpaHe Ha 61:inrapeKJi1Te Tep1i1Top1i11i1 OT
pyCKaTa apMlilJI. To o6atie npo,n;oJI)l(aBa B e'I:ill\lilJI CTlilJI MaHeBpeHOCTTa Ha eTapoTo B'I:iB
B'bHIIIHOTIOllMTlil'IeCKaTa o6nacT. Bee naK TpecKaBo T1:ipe1t1 B'I:i3MO)l(HOeT 3a eKJIIOLIBaHe
Ha np1t1M1i1p1i1e e AHrnMR li1 CAil(. B Ka:i1po Ha cpell\a e ocp1t1Qli1aJ1mne npe}:ICTaBli1TeJili1
Ha }:IBeTe eTpamr e M3npaTeH 6MBlllli1JIT npe,n;ce,n;aTen Ha Hapop;HoTo e1:i6pattli1e, aHrno-
cpwn'I:iT CTOMLio MYllJaHOB. OT 3anoLIHaTli1Te nperoBoplil CTaBa JieHo, Lie C'I:il03Hli1QMTe
ca pa3rrpe,n;enli1J1J1 EanKaHJilTe Ha ecpeplil Ha BJIMJIHlile li1 E1inrapli1R e o6eru;aHa Ha CCCP.
TipwMlilplile c'I:ic CAil( M AHrnlilJI MO)J(e ,n;a ce CKJIIOLilil HJilil nplil 6e3yrnoBttaTa Hlil Kanli1-
TynaQli1R, li1Jll1 npu TepMTOplilaJIHM OTCT'I:iTIKlil Ha f 1ipQI1R.
Ha 7 aBryeT 1944 r. neraJIHaTa ono3MQMJI M37Ili13a e HOBa ,n;eKnapaQlilJI, rro,n;rrueaHa
11 OT LieTupuMaTa npe,n;cTaBMTenu Ha 0TeLieernemrn cppoHT. B HeJI ce HaCTOJIBa 3a Ha-
3HatJaBaHe Ha HOBO npaBJilTel!eTBO, KOeTO ,n;a B'I:i3CTaHOBJ1 npaBaTa Ji1 CBo6op;Ji1Te, 3aJie-
rnaJili1 B T1ipHoBeKaTa KOHCTMTYQMJI. Ono3MQMJITa ttaeToJIBa 3a npeycTaHOBJIBaHe Ha
30eHHMTe ,n;efrcTBMJI Me)l(,n;y Ennrapu.11 li1 3ana,n;Hli1Te e'I:iI03HHQli1. CneQlilantto MReTo B
~eKnapaQMJITa ee oT,n;en.11 Ha 11c1<atteTo 3a o6sop3BaHeTo Ha E'I:inrapMJI e'I:ie CCCP.
Pa3BMTMeTo Ha soeHHMTe ,n;efreTBMJI eTeeHJIBa M3BnHpep;Ho MHoro MaHeBpeHo-
·o npoCTpaHcTBO Ha pe)J(J1Ma. IleT ,n;HM rne,n; encTaBJIHeTo MY B CeBepHa <PpaHQMJI
:oI03HMQMTe OTKpirnaT 3ana,n;HMJI cppoHT. Ha 20 asrycT 3anoLIBa 5IllI-KMIIIli1HeBcKaTa
•rrepaQMR Ha qepBeHaTa apMMJI. Ha 23 aBrycT pyMnHCKMJIT nporepMaHeKM pe)f(J1M e
M'bKHaT. CoseTCKMTe Bo:i1eKM ,n;oeTMraT B Henoepe,n;cTBeHa 6nli130eT ,n;o Eonrap.M.11.
Ha 26 aBrycT 1944 r. PereHTCTBOTO peIIIaBa ,n;a npMcT'I:iTIM K'bM Cb3,n;aBaHe Ha rrpa-
1:1rencrno OT aHTMcpaIIIueTKM cwnw. Cnll\MJIT ,n;eH M3l!M3a M 0Kpo)l(HO NQ 4 Ha UK Ha
J>II. To npe,n;svo1<,n;a ,n;a ce rrpe,n;npweMaT pe,n;uQa MepKM B no,n;roTOBKa 3a 3aB3eMaHe
Pocul-la AHzeno1ia
Ha MeCTHaTa BJiacT OT CTpaHa Ha 0Tet.Jecrnemur cppoHT. IlaK Ha 26 aBrycT rrpamuen-

CTBOTO oforn.R:Ba, qe I..Qe crra3Ba "n'I>JieH HeyTpamneT" B fepMaHO-C'bBeTcKaTa BOMHa,
I..Qe rrpop;nm1n1 COH)l;a)l(I1Te 3a rrpJAMHpJAe c AHrJIJAR JA cAm, I..Qe pa30p'b)l(aBa qy)l():l~ITe
BOMCKJA, rrpeMIAHaJIIA Ha 6nJirapcKa TepJATOPJAR.
Ha 27 29 aBrycT pereHTJATe BOA.RT pa3roBopvr c rrpep;cTaBJATeJIJATe Ha 6yp:>Koa3-
IA
HaTa OII03JA~JAR. MaHp;aTDT 3a C'bCTaBRHe Ha npaBJ1TeJICTBo e rrpep;ocTaBeH Ha Kou-
CTaHT:UH Mypae:uee 88 OT "Bpa6t.Ja l" (2 cenTeMep:u- 9 cenTeMep:u 1944). B Ka6vrtteTa
BJIJA3aT K. MypaBJAeB - MJAHMCTnp-rrpe.n;ce,n;aTeJI JA MJAHIACTnp Ha B'bHlllHIATe pa6orn 11
IA3IIOBe,n;aHIARTa, H. MylllaHoB, ,U. fJ11qeB, AT. EypoB - MIAHJAcTpIA 6e3 rropnpei1n, Bep-
rIAJI ,Uu:MOB - MIAHJACT'bp Ha BnTpernHJATe pa6on1 H Hapo,n;HOTO 3,n;paBe IA ynpasmmall\
MvrHIACTepcrnoTo Ha )l(eJie3HIA~IATe, IIOl..QHTe, TenerpaqmTe IA TenecpoHHTe, A-P An.
fvrprnHoB - MHHJACTnp Ha cp1rnaHCHTe l1 ynpaBJIRBaI..Q MHHIKTepcTBO Ha Tnpromrn-
Ta, rrpoMvrrnneHocTTa IA TPYAa, Eopvrc IlaBJIOB - MHHHCTnp Ha npaBocn.n;HeTO H yn-
paBJIRBaI..Q MHHHCTepcTBO Ha Hapo,n;HoTo rrpocseI..QeHue, reH.-Mai1op 11BaH Map~mos
- MJAHHCTnp Ha BOMHaTa, XpHcTo r. llanos- MHHHCTnp Ha 3eMep;enHeTo JA p;np:>KaB-
HHTe HMOTH, CTecpaH ,UaCKaJIOB - MJAHHCT'bp Ha 061..QeCTBeHHTe crpa,n;H, II'bTHl..QaTa 11
6naroyCTpoi1cTBOTo. HRKOJIKO MJAHHcTepCTsa 6e3 THTYllRpH ce na3RT 3a qnettose Ha
Oct>, KOMTO no.n; HaTJAcKa Ha KOMYHIACTJATe He yqacTBa B rrperosopvrTe 3a cncTaBRHe Ha
rrpaBJATeJICTBO.
Ha 4 cerrTeMBpH nporpaMHaTa p;eKnapaQIAR Ha rrpaBHTeJICTBoTo o603Haqasa pe-
lllIATeJieH rrpexop; K'bM B'b3CTaHOBRBaHe Ha p;eMoKpa~IARTa. To 3aRBRBa, qe npeycTa-
HOBRBa IA3II'bJIHeHtteTo Ha CMnpTHJATe rrpHc'b,n;H IA 06.R:BRBa aMHHCTHR. Pa3rryrnarn e
XXV OHC. Pa3TYPRT ce scJAqKH cparnIACTKH opraHIA3a~IAH. 0TMeHR ce aHTIAespeC1rno-
TO 3aKoHop;aTeJICTBO. Pa3cpopMHpoBa ce )l(aHp;apMepIARTa. PernaBa ce orno6o)Kp,asa-
HeTo Ha E. <l>IAJIOB OT pereHTCKIAR CnBeT. 06.R:BRBa ce 3a JA3JIH3aHeTo OT c'bcT0Hm1e Ha
BOMHa c AHrJIIAR IA cAm IA 3a CK'bCBaHe Ha C'bl03HMTe OTHOllleHJAR c fepMamrn. Ha 6
cerrTeMspu ce pernasa EnnrapMR p;a BJie3e B'bB BOMHa c HeR. ,UeH rrpep;vr TOBa Ha o'bJI-
rapIAR e 06.R:BeHa BOMHa OT CnBeTCKIAR c'bl03.
88 KoHCTaHTHH MypaimeB e po,lleH Ha 5 MapT 1893 r. B f1a3ap,1:p1<11K l1 3asopurna Po6npr KoneJK
B Uapmpa,l:\ (1912). Y'IaCTBa B EanKaHcKiITe BOHHH 11 TinpBaTa rnerosHa sot!Ha, 3aBopnrna BoeHHO
Y'IHIIHll\e B CocjmH (1915). I1pe3 1919 e ysonHeH OT apMHHTa c 'IHH KamrraH. "tfneH Ha E3HC or
1918, cne,l:\ HanycKaHeTo Ha apMHHTa Mypas11es crnsa 'IacTeH ceKperap Ha An. CraM6on11i'1cK11. Dp11
HeroBoro ynpasnemre e Ha'IaJIHHK Ha 06llleCTBeHa 6e3onarnocT (1919-1920), KOHcyn B Porep,llaM
(1920), ynpaBJIHBall\ 6nnrapCKara nera1111H B XonaH,!IHH (1921) 11 Typ1111H (1922-1923), wrnucrnp
Ha BOC!HaTa (1923). Cne,l:\ ,UeBeTOJOHCKHH npespaT npe3 1923 e apeCTysaH H chgeH, 3aegHo c APYfl1
'IJieHoBe Ha npas11Te1ICTBOTO. Ocso6o,l:\eH npe3 1926, mt! e cpeg soga'IHTe Ha E3HC "Bpa6qa l ".My-
pas11es e nocnegosaTeJIHO MHHHCTnp Ha HapogHOTO npocBell\em1e (1931-1932) H Ha 3eMegem1ero 11
gop)f(aBHHTe HMOTH (1932-1934) B npaBHTencTBaTa Ha Hapo,l:\HIIH 6rroK go LJ:eseTHa)l;eceroMafrcKl!il
npeBpaT. K. MypaB11eB e ocogeH Ha ,l:\O)f(HBoreH 3aTBop OT T. Hap. HapogeH Cn,l:\. Ta31! rrp11cn)l;a e
OTMeHeHa c Pernemre N2 172 Ha BnpxoBHHH cog OT 1996. Orno6ogeH OT 3aTBopa npe3 1955, Ha cne,ll-
Ball\aTa rog11Ha TOC! e apeCTyBaH OTHOBO ll e H3IIpaTeH B KOHI.11Iarepa EeneHe. OCTaBa B 3arsopa ,l(O
1961. YM11pa Ha 31HHyapH1965 r. B CocJn·rH.
HOBA E'bflfAPCKA UCTOPUJI (1878-1944)
AKT'bT Ha CCCP OT 5 cerITeMBpH mnuaBa Eonrapiur OT BrnKaK'bB rnaHc ,n;a 3aeMe

p;OCTOWHO MRCTO Ha 60,n;eru;aTa Maca Ha MHpHHTe nperoBopH. 3ana3BaHeTO Ha ,n;umro-
MaTUtfeCKHTe OTHOIIIeHHR c ep;HH l1 TO c Hatl:-maBHHR OT C'bI03HHI\HTe npe3 I\RJiaTa
sotl:Ha li OTKpexBa HRKaKBa B'b3MO)f(HOCT 3a no-cHH3XO,D;HTeJIHo TpeTupaHe. fepowr-
HOTO, CTpyBaru;o MHO)f(eCTBO )f(epTBH )"faCTHe Ha EonrapHR B 3aKJIIOtfHTeJIHHR eTan
Ha BOWHaTa, 6H Morno ,n;a pa3rn11p11 Ta3H B'b3MO)KHOCT. Ee3noJie3HaTa OT BoeHHoCTpa-
rernqecKa rne,n;Ha TOtfKa Botl:Ha Ha CCCP cperu;y EomapwR npeBponw BCMtfKO TOBa B
rreneJI. Ha BCMtfKO OTrope EonrapHR R tfaKa 11 YHH3HTeJIHa 0Kyna11uJI c BOeHHa C'bI03-
HH'fecKa KOMHCHR, KaKBaTO HMa CJie,n; ITopBaTa CBeTOBHa BOWHa.
Ha 8 cenTeMBpH cyTpMHTa 3anotfBa HaBJIH3aHeTo Ha C'bBeTcKaTa apMHR B Eonra-
pHR. ITpaBHTeJICTBOTO Hape)f(,n;a ,n;a He H ce OKa3Ba conpoTHBa. ITapn13aHCKl1Te tfeTH
11 OTpR,n;H 3anOtfBaT ,n;a 3aB3eMaT rpa,n;oBe l1 CeJia, 6e3 ,n;a cpe111aT npOTHBOnOCTaBR-
He. B Cocf>HR Ka6wHeT'bT HRMa HHTO cMJIH, HHTo eHepnrn H Hatl:-MaJIKo )!(eJiaHHe, 3a
11a ce npoTHBonocTaBR Ha xo,n;a Ha co6HTHRTa. Ho111Ta Ha 8 cpe111y 9 cenTeMBpw e
onpe,n;eneHa 3a HaCHJICTBeHO CBaJIRHe Ha npaBHTeJICTBOTO. fJiaBHHTe BOeHHH CJ1JIH, c
KOMTo pa3nonara 0¢>, ca BoeHHM tfaCTH no,n; KOHTpona Ha ocf>u11ep11 3BeHapw HJIH Ha
rexHw c11MnaT113aHTM. "BceHapo,n;HoTo B'bCTaHwe" B Cocf>uR no Heo6xo.n;11MocT TpR6Ba
11a ce oco111eCTBM qpe3 0611KHOBeH BOeHeH npeBpaT. ToBa He npe,n;cTaBJIRBa HHKaKBa
rpy.n;HocT. ManKo rne,n; 2 qaca Ha 9 cenTeMBpH 1944 r. npaBHTencTBOTo e apecTyBaHo
OT BepHw Ha "3BeHo" ocf>1111ep11. BnacTTa e noeTa oT 0TetfecTBeHMR cf>poHT. EuBIDHTe
",11eBeTHap;eceT0Matl:1111" 3aeMaT Hatl:-Ba)f(HJ1Te MeCTa B npaBl1TeJICTBOTO - MHHHCT'bp-
11pe.n;ce.n;aTeJICKOTO - KHMOH feopru:eB, BoeHHOTO MMHHCTepcTBo - .n;.
BentfeB 11 oru;e
~Be MHHMCTepcKH Kperna. B Koa111111110HHOTO npaBHTeJICTBO HMa no 'feT11p11Ma npe,n;-
:raBHTe1111 Ha KOMYHHCTMTe, E3HC "ITnap;He': nonHTMtfecKHR Kpor "3BeHo" 11 no ,n;Ba-
11a co1111anp;eM0KpaT11 11 He3aBHCHMH MHTeJieKTyan11H. HoBlUIT Ka611HeT ce o6RBRBa
1a B'b3CTaHOBRBaHe Ha OCHOBHJ1Te KOHCTMTYI\MOHHH rno6o,n;H, Ha caMoynpaBJiemi:eTO
ia 06111HHJ1Te, 3a npoBe)f(,n;aHe Ha arpapHa pecf>opMa, 3a pecf>opMH B o6pa30BaH11eTO 11
:oqHanHaTa noJIHTHKa. Coru;eBpeMeHHO 3anotfBa MacoBo npo'IMCTBaHe Ha 11e1111R ,n;op-
KaBeH anapaT J1 no,n;611paHe Ha tfHHOBHMI\MTe TIOtfTH l131\RJIO no napTHeH npHHI\Hn.
E,n;Ha OT 3ap;a'IMTe, Henocpep;CTBeHo cTORillH npe.n; npaB11TencTBOTO Ha O<P, e
.KJIIOtfBaHeTo Ha EonrapwR B'bB BoeHHHTe .n;etl:cTBMR Ha CTpaHaTa Ha aHTHXMTnepwcT-
arn KOaJIMI\HR l1 l13p;etl:cTBaHe Ha B'b3MO)f(H0 no-6naronpMRTHl1 3a CTpaHaTa yrnoBMR
60.n;e11111a MMpeH ,n;oroBop. EonrapCKaTa apMwa e BKJIIOtfeHa B c'bcTaBa Ha TpeTH yK-
arrncKH cf>poHT no,n; KOMaH,n;BaHeTO Ha Maprnan Ton6yx11H. ITpe3 OKTOMBPM B Kpatl:oBa
rro,11n11caHo cnopa3yMeHHe c IOrornaBMH OTHOCHO npaBaTa Ha 6onrapcKaTa apMMR
a rrpeM11He npe3 rorocnaBcKa Tep11Top11a. D:o Kpaa Ha HOeMBp11 1944 r. 6onrapCKaTa
?MMR B3eMa ytfaCTwe B tfeTMpH roneMH onepal\HM: HttlIIKaTa, CTpa11wH-KyMaH0BcKa-
:i, EperanHMIIIKo-KyMaHoBCKaTa M KocoBcKaTa. IT pu HaCT'bTIJieHMeTo Me)f(.n;y peKMTe
)'Has M CaBa M npw MypcKaTa HaCT'bnaTeJIHa onepa11wa 6onrapCKaTa apMMR .n;aBa
-IatnffeJieH npMHOC 3a pa3rpoMa Ha XMTnepMCTKMTe BOWCKM.
B 3aKJIJOtfl1TeJIHMR eTan Ha BTopaTa CBeTOBHa' Botl:Ha Eonrapwa ,n;aBa notfTM 40 000
<:!pTBM. ToBa, 3ae,n;Ho c npwHoca Ha 6onrapcKaTa apMMH 3a no6e,n;aTa Hap; XMTnepM3Ma,
lBa cepH03Hl1 apryMeHTM Ha CTpaHaTa npM MMpHMTe nperOBOpM 3a ycTaHOBHBaHe Ha
Pocuu,a AHzenoea
cneABOeHHOTO ycTpol1cTBO Ha EBporra. Ha 10 qieBpyapJ11 1947 r. B I1apJ11)1( e rro.r1rn1caH
MHPHJ/IRT AOfOBop Me)l(AY EnmapJ1IR J/I CTpaHJ/ITe OT aHTJ1IXJ1ITJiepJ1IcTKaTa KoaJil1l.\l1.fl.
EnmapJ1IR ycrrRBa Aa 3arra3J11 Tep11Top11aJIHOTO c11 CTaTyKBO, BKJIIO'II1TenHo 11 rrp11,n;o-
611TaTa B Ha'!aJioTo Ha BToparn cBeTOBHa Bol1Ha IO)l(Ha ,[(o6pyA)l(a. Cnc C'bBeTcKara
AI1IIJIOMaT11tJecKa IIOAKperra cTpaHaTa ycrrRBa Aa OTXB'bpn11 Tep11Top11anH11Te npeTeH-
l.\J/111 Ha fnpl\JIIR. Enmap11R ce 3aA'bJI:>KaBa Aa 113rrnaTJ11 45 Ml1JII10Ha AOJiapa penapal.\l1l1
Ha fnpl\I1R 11 25 Mwn110Ha Ha IOrocnaBI1R. I10AIIJ1ICBaHeTo Ha MJ1IpH11R .r1oroBop .r1aBa
B'b3MO:>KHOCT 3a CTa6:MJIJ/13I1paHe Ha BJiaCTTa Ha CJ/IJII1Te, OC'bl.l.\eCTBl1JII1 rrpeBpaTa Ha 9
cerrTeMBpJII 1944 r., 11 3a 1-rnrpa:>KAaHeTo Ha cTpaHaTa no MOAeJia Ha CnBeTCKl1R C'bI03.
JU1TEPATYPA
EepoB, JI. repMaHCKHRT KanHTan B EonrapHR npe3 ro,n;WHHTe Ha BTopaTa CBeTOBHa BOttHa.
- B: Eonrapo-repMaHcKw OTHOIIIeHHR H Bp'b3KH. C., 1979. T. 2.
Eo)J(wnos, B. IlonHTH'·IecKaTa Kp113a B EonrapHR npe3 1943-1944 r. C., 1957.
EoR,ll;)J(HeB, Xp. CnacaBaHeTo Ha 6onrapcKwTe eBpeH npe3 BTopaTa cBeTOBHa soii:Ha. C.,
1991.
EonrapHR - CBOeHpaBHHRT C'bl03HWK Ha TpeTwR pa11x. C6opHwK ,n;oKyMeHTH. C., 1992.
Eonrapwa - CBOeHpaBHHRT C'bl03HWK Ha TpeTHR pai1:x. C6opHHK ,n;oKyMeHTH. C., 1995.
BonKOB, r. Ilapona "YHTepsem''. C., 1984.
feH'IeB, H. BoHIIIHononHn1qecKaTa opHeHTal.IHR Ha EonrapHR B HaseqepweTo Ha BTOpara
cBeTOBHa BOttHa. - rcY - <l>M<l>. T. 61. KH. 3. C., 1968.
feH'IeB, H. Bo3Bp'b~aHe Ha IO)J(Ha ,IJ;o6py,n;)J(a K'bM EonrapHR npe3 1940 r. - J1IIp, 1969,
KH. 6.
feHqes, H. BoHWHaTa nonwTwKa Ha EonrapHR npe3 HaqanHWR nepwo,n; Ha BTOpara rne-
TOBHa BOHHa 1939-1941. - fCY - <f>J1<!>. T. 63. KH. 3. C., 1971.
feoprneB, [ IJocnep;HHTe 365 ,ll;HH Ha 6onrapCKaTa 6yp)J(Oa3HR. C., 1989.
fopHeHCKH, H. KnacwTe B EonrapwR H 6op6HTe HM 1934-1944 r. C., 1967.
fopHeHCKH, H. Boopo)J(eHaTa 6op6a 1941-1944. C., 1971.
fo11eB, Cn. Eop6H Ha 6onrapcKOTo HaceneHHe B MaKe,n;oHWR cpe~y qy)J(,n;WTe acnwpa111rn
H nponaraH,n;a (1878-1945). C., 1991, 165-193.
fyHeB, r. l1B. Mn'leB. YwHCT'bH 'llop'Iwn 11 EanKamne. C., 1989.
fop,n;eB, K. Eonrapwa w YHrapwa 1923-1941. C., 1988.
,lJ;aMRHOBa, E. EonrapHR H IlonIIIa 1918-1941. C., 1982.
,lJ;HM11TpOB, r. M. CnoMeHJ.1. c., 1993.
,[(MMHTpoB, Mn. Ilocne,n;HoTO npaBMTencTBo Ha 6yp)J(Oa3Ha Eonrap11.i1. - J1IIp, KH. 5,
1964.
,[(wMHTpos, Mn. CMopTTa Ha 11ap EopHc III. - MIIp, 1968, KH. 2.
,[(MMHTpoB, Mn. Eyp)J(Oa3HaTa on03Hl.IHR B EonrapHR 1939 - 1944. C., 1969.
,[(MMMTpoB, Mn. Eonrapo-1uanHaHCKM nonHTH'IeCKH OTHOWeHHR 1922-1943. C., 1976.
,[(wMHTpoB, Mn. AHrnHR w EonrapHR (1938-1941). C., 1983.
,[(11M11Tpos, Mn. BoHIIIHaTa nonHTHKa Ha npaBHTencTBOTO Ha J1saH EarpRHOB. - B: E'brr-
rapwR Ha EanKaHHTe H B Espona. C., 1983.
,lJ;HMHTpos, II. EopHc III 11ap Ha Eonrap11.i11984-1943. C., 1990.
424
HOBA E'bflI'APCKA MCTOPMH (1878-1944)
.D:paroJ1qeaa, ~. TaKaBa e HcnrnaTa. C., 1981.

)Kenea, ,n:. HHKona fernea H HeroBHTe ceKpeTHH onepau;HH. C., 1994.
J/IaaHoB, 111. "CHMBOnH'IHaTa BOHHa" - nocnep;HaTa ao:iirna Ha 6'bnrapcKaTa 6yp)f(oa3HR
- J/ITip, 1973, KH. 5.
J/13 p;HeBHHKa Ha EeKepne - n'bnHoMmu;eH MHHHCTop Ha TpeTHR Paux a o'bnrapm1. C.,
1992.
JIIcTOpm1 Ha aHTmparnHcTKaTa 6op6a B EonrapHR 1939-1944 r. -T. I, II. C., 1976.
MoHt.IeB, ,n:. o'bnrapH.11 H EenoMopHeTO (oKTOMapw 1940 - 9 cemeMBpH 1944 r.). C., 1993.
Kau;apKoBa, B. JIIK0HoM11'1ecK11Te OTHorneHHR Ha E'bnrapHR c 6anKaHcK11Te p;'bp)f(aBH B
nepHop;a Me)f(iW p;aeTe caeTOBH11 aol1HH 1919-1941. C., 1989.
Konea, )K, C'bI03'bT Ha 6'bnrapcK11Te Hau;HoHanH1111emoHH. C., 1976.
KpyMoBCK11, K. B'b3CTaHOBRBaHe Ha 6011rapcK11.11 6e110MopcKH H3Jia3 H B'bHlIIHOnon11T11'Ie-
cKHTe ycnoa11.11 3a OTCTORBaHeTO MY (Mal11941-cem. 1944 r.). - BJ/IC, 1990, KH. 4.
Ky3MaHoBa, A. EanKaHcKaTa noJIHTWKa Ha PyM'bHHR 1933-1939 r. C., 1984.
Ky3MaHoaa, A. OT Hbol1 p;o Kpal1oaa 1919-1940. C., 1989.
MaH'IeB, Kp. IOrocnaBHR H Me)f(p;yttapop;H11Te OTHorneH11.11 Ha Ea11KaHHTe 1933-1939 r. C.,
1989.
MapKoB, r. .D:o6pyp;)f(aHcK11RT B'bnpoc a repMaHO-C'bBeTcKHTe OTHOlIIeHHR (cpeapyapH-
cemeMBpH 1940 r.). - BeKoae, 1981, KH. 3.
MHnKoaa, ~. JIIcTop11.11 Ha 6onrapcKaTa 6yp)f(Oa3Ha p;op)l(aBa H npaao npe3 nepHop;a
1918-1944 r. C., 1976.
MHJIKOBa, ~. J/13KJIIO'I11TenHoTo HaKa3aTeJIHO 3aKoHop;aTeJicTBO - peaKu;woHHo opop;He
npoTWB B'bOp'b)l(eHaTa attT11cparn11cTKa 6op6a Ha 6'b11rapcK11.11 Hapop; 1941-1944 r. C., 1976.
MornaHoB, CT. Mo.11Ta M11CHR B Kal1po. C., 1991.
MypaaHeB, K. C'b6m11.11 H xopa. C., 1992.
Hep;ea, H. ITornep; B'bpxy p;ei'rnocTTa Ha BoeHHHR C'bI03 OT ornoaaaaHeTo MY p;o 9.IX.1944 r.
- J1ITp, 1963, KH. 2.
ITeTpoaa, ,n:. E3HC B Kpa.11 Ha 6yp)l(oa3HOTO rocnop;cTBo B E'bnrapHR 1939-1944. C.,
1970.
Paqea, CT. AHrnHR H c'bnpoTHBWTeJIHOTO p;BW)l(eHHe Ha Ea11KaHHTe 1940-1945 r. C., 1978,
112-138, 187-206.
C6opH11K 50 rop;WHH OT B'b3Bp'bru;aHeTo Ha IO)!(Ha .D:o6pyp;)!(a. CHJIHcTpa, 1990.
CHpKoB, ,n:. B'bHlIIHaTa noJIHTHKa Ha Eonrap11.11 1938-1941. C., 1979.
Cnacoa, JI. E'bnrapo-c'bBeTCKH p;11n110MaTH'IecK11ornorneHHR1934-1944. C., 1987.
100 rop;HH116'bnrapCKa11KOHOM11Ka. C., 1978.
Top;opoa, TI. Ocao6op;HTeJIHHTe 6op611 Ha .D:o6py)J;)!(a. C., 1992.
TolllKOBa, B. E'bnrap11.11 H TpeTHR paux 1941-1944 r. C., 1974.
TolllKOBa, B. o'bnrapHR B 6a11KaHcKaTa nonwTHKa Ha CAII.J; 1939-1944 r. C., 1985.
<f>wnoa, E . .D:HeBHHK. C., 1990.
qapH, ~. Tipe3Hp;eHT'bT Py3aem H 6'b11rapCK:ine coHp;a)!(H 3a !\mp 1944 r. - B: E'bnrap11.11 a
caera OT p;peBHOCTTa p;o HalllH p;HH T. 2. C., 1979.
lllonoa, TI. CAII.J; 11 Eonrap11.11. ITonHrn'IeCKH oTHOllleHHR 1939-1944. C., 1990.
Pocu4a AHzenoea
<.>
XXI. IlAPTHHHO-IlO.J\11Tll4ECKATA CHCTEMA

B lib.J\fAPH.H (1879-1944)
HacTDnMJIMTe B pe3ynTaT Ha PycKo-TypcKaTa Bo:HHa noJIMTM'IeCKM Iii MKOHOMM'Ie-

CKH npoMeHM Iii no,n;nMCaHMTe CJieA TOBa AOfOBOplil C'b3,n;aBaT ycJIOBMJI 3a 3aCJi1JIBaHe Ha
pa3rnoeHMeTo B 6nnrapcKoTo 061.QeCTBO Iii noCTaBRT pa3Bl1Tli1eTo MY Bopxy HoBa oc-
HOBa. YcnopeAHO c TOBa ce li13rpa)f<,r~aT HOBMTe 11KOHOMM'IecK11 Iii non11T11'IecK11 cTpyK-
Typ11 Ha ynpaBJieHMeTo. KaTo rnaBeH ,n;BMraTeJI Ha 061..QecTBeHo-noJIMTM'IeCKMR )iG'fBOT
B cTpaHaTa li13IT'bKBaT napTMMTe 11 MOHapXM'IeCKtrn MHCT11TyT. Ao CoeAMHeHMeTo ABe
ca napT1111Te, KOMTO MMaT BJIMRHHe B CTpaHaTa- JI116epanHaTa Iii KoHcepBaTMBHaTa.
EypHMTe co6MTMR cne,n; Hero C'b3AaBaT yrnoBMR 3a OTMMpaHeTo Ha cTapM M noRBaTa
Ha HOBM c11n11 11 3a BJIHBaHeTo Ha I13TO'IHopyMen11:HcK11Te napT1111. B KpaR Ha XIX B.
ce cpopM11paT OKOH'IaTeJIHO KOHTyp11Te Ha MHoronapTMHHaTa CMCTeMa. 'TlapTMMHO-
To CBpoxnpo113BO,!J;CTBo" l1Ma Iii CBOMTe 0Tp11u;aTeJIHli1 qepT11. BcRKa napTMR noBe)!(Aa
rneA ce6e c11 onpe,n;eneH 6poi1 npMB'bp)KeH11u;11 l1 TOBa npeq11 Aa ce C'b3AaAaT rnnHvt
opraHt13aQJ1I1, KOI1TO ,n;a oqepTaJIT KJiac11qecKt1JI Tpt1'bf'bJIHI1K Ha nont1Tt1'IeCKOTO paB-
HOBeCJ1e: n116epan113'bM - KOHcepBaTt13'bM - cou;11aJIM3'bM. IIapT1111Te MHoro qecrn ce
npi.rny)K,n;aBaT ,n;a BJil13aT B KOaJII1QI1I1, KOI1TO J1MaT BpeMeHeH I1 6e3np11Hu;11neH xapaK-
Tep 11 ca no,n;qJ1HeHJ1 rnaBHO Ha CTpeMe)Ka 3a BJiacT. n'bnrapcK11Te non11T11'IecK11 rnmr
He np11Te)f(aBaT AOCTaT'bqHo cpeACTBa, 3a Aa MOfaT HOpMaJIHO ,n;a C'bI.QeCTByBaT BbH
OT ",n;op)f(aBHaTa Tpane3a': B CTPYKTypHo OTHorneHMe Te rn npmm'IaT. B ycnB11Te
MM ce no,n;qepTaBa, qe TexeH B11crn opraH e KOHrpec'hT, Ho KaTo ce t13KnroqaT nemue
- cou;J1aJI,n;eM0KpaT11Te I1 E3HC - OCTaHaJIJ1Te He ca oco6eHO CTapaTeITHI1 B TRXHOTO
npoBe)f(,n;aHe. BMcIII l13Il'bJIHMTeJieH opraH e J..\eHTparrHOTO pnKOBOACTBo, KOeTo t1Ma
pa3rr11qHJ1 Ha3BaHMJI: UeHTpanHo 6ropo, UeHTpaneH KOMMTeT, IIocTORHHo npMcbcT-
BMe, BMcrn napT11eH C'bBeT l1 np. Ho TpR6Ba ,n;a ce no,n;qepTae, qe TOBa KoneKTHBHO
poKOBO,!J;CTBO, npe,n;B11,n;eHO B ycTaBMTe Ha OT,n;enHMTe napTI1l1, MHOfO qecTO ce IlO,[\Me-
HJI c T. Hap. "rnecpcK11 MHCTMTYT". BcRKa napTI1R 11Ma CBOH I13T'bKHaT JIM,r:\ep 11 MHoro
qecTo "n11qHoCTTa l13MeCTBa np11Hu;11rrl1Te': BoB BepTMKaJIHO OTHorneH11e napnrlirna-
Ta CTPYKTypa rne,n;Ba ,n;By l1JII1 Tpt13BeHHOTO pa3qJieHJIBaHe B 3aBMCMMOCT OT 11cTo-
p11qecK11Te oco6eHOCTl1 11 xapaKTep11cT11K11 Ha oT,n;eJIHI1Te opraH113au;1111. Ba)!(Ha pom1
11rpae neqaT'bT, KaTo BrnKa napTI1R ce CTpeMM c u;eHaTa Ha He11MoBepH11 yc11n11R Aa
J13,!l;aBa CBOM opraH. c TeqeH11e Ha BpeMeTO IlOBeqeTO OT TRX ce CB'bp3BaT c qmHaHCOBl1
l1 l1KOHOMI1qecKl1 rpyn11poBKI1, KOHTO MM TI03BOJIJIBaT ,n;a C'bLQeCTByBaT cpaBHt1TeJIHO
HOpMaJIHO, oco6eHo B nep110A11Te Me)f(,n;y napnaMeHTapH11Te :1136op11.
KpaRT Ha XIX H nopBoTo ,n;eceT11JieT11e Ha XX B. e BpeMeTo, KOeTo c ornosattwe
ce B'b3Tipt1eMa 3a KJiac11qecKH rrep:110,n; Ha 6onrapcKaTa napnaMeHTapHa ,[\eMoKpa~HR.
MaKap 11 c MHoro TPYAHOCTH, ycTaHoBeHM ca Bc:11qK:11 ocHoBHI1 napaMeTpH Ha AeMo-
KpaTHqHo cpyHKll;I10HI1paLQO 061..QeCTBO: t1360pHOCT Ha 3aKOHo,n;aTeJIHt1Te I1 MeCTHHTe
426
HOBA E'b!II'APCKA JifCTOPJifJl (1878-1944)
a,n;MMHlilCTpaTlilBHlil opraHlil, MHororrapTlilMHOCT, CB06o,n;a Ha rre'!aTa Iii CJIOBOTO, Heo-

rpaHM'IeHO rrpaBo Ha c,n;py)KeHmna. BnrrpeKlil qe e lil3KOplilcTeHa ,n;o lil3BecTHa CTerreH
OT Jilil'IHlil.ll pe)KlilM Ha KH.li3a, 6'hJirapCKaTa ,n;eMoKpau;lilR rrpaBlil CBOlilTe Kpa'IKlil K'bM
l13paBHRBaHe Ha CTpaHaTa c Haw-pa3Bli1Tli1Te Iii Mo,n;epHlil cTpyKTYPlil Ha Crnplil.11 KOH-
TMHeHT.
1. t{BynapTHHHHHT noAHTnqec1m Mo,zteA B KHH~eCTBo D'bArapn.R

(1879-1886 r.)
JlM6epaJIHaTa rrapTl1H (JITI) e 6'bJirapCKa IIOJililTlil'IeCKa rrapTlilR, KORTO BO,ll;lil rrap-

TlileH )KlilBOT OT 1879 ,n;o OKOJIO 1887. T.11 e lil3KJIIO'IlilTeJIHo rrorryn.11pHa rrpe3 T03lil rreplil-
o,n; Iii c pa3rra,n;aHeTO Clil CTaBa OCHOBa 3a IIOBe'IeTO rrapTlillil OT Ha'IaJIOTO Ha xx BeK. c
He.II ca CB'hp3aHlil ,,1J,e110KynHa Bo112apuH': ,,He3aaucuMocm" u ,,TopHoBcKa KOHcmumy-
4uH". OT Jllil6epanHaTa rrapTlilR ce 0T,n;err.11T: 1883 - 6n,n;e~aTa IIporpernBHOrrlil6epanHa
rrapTMR; 1886 - 6n,n;e~aTa Hapo,n;HorrM6eparrHa rrapnrn; 1886 - 6n,n;e~aTa Jllil6eparrHa
rrapTlilH (pa,n;ornaBlilCTlil). OcHOBHOTO Kplilno Ha rrapTlilRTa rrocTerreHHO rrpeKparnBa
.z:1er1HOCTTa Clil rne,n; 1887.
lIM6epanHaTa rrapnrn ce 0¢opM.11 KaTo Te'IeHue B Y'Ipe,n;MTeJIHOTO c'b6paH11e rrpe3
cpeBpyapu - MapT 1879, B KOeTO TR lilMa MH03l1HCTBO Iii i-rrpae pernaBa~a porr.11 B C'b3-
):laBaHeTO Ha TnpHoBcKaTa KOHCTMTyu;u.11. 0TKPMTO l13JIM3a Ha rroJIMTM'IeCKaTa cu;eHa c
rro.11BaTa Ha 6p. 1 Ha a. "lJ,enoKynHa Bo112apuH". JlM6epaJIHOTO Te'IeH11e rrpepacrna Iii ce
ocpopMR OKOH'IaTeJIHO B IIOJIMTM'IeCKa rrapTttR rrpe3 eceHTa Ha 1879 r. ToraBa BetJ:e ca
HaJiwu;e-u;eHTpaJIHO p'bKOBO,ll;CTBO, KOeTO Koop,n;irnupa ,n;ei'1CTBJ1RTa Ha m16epaJIHaTa
Maca; rrporpaMa, OTpa3RBa~a OCHOBHJ1Te IIOJIJ1TJ1'IeCKJ1 II03l11.l;J111 Iii B'b3rne,n;11 Ha m16e-
paJI11Te; 113.HBeHlil JI11,n;ep11, KaKBMTO ca II. KapaBeJioB, II. CnaBewKoB u ,Up. UaHKoB; op-
raHM3MpaHa 'IJieHCKa Maca, KORTO lil3II'bJIHRBa u;eHTpaJIHlilTe pa3rrope)K,n;aHJ1R Iii Bmrne
Ha u;eHTpaJIHOTO 6ropo C'bC CBOMTe BJ1)K,ll;aHJ1.ll no MeCTa. J13pa3RBa J1HTepec11Te Ha
\.1H03J1HCTBOTO OT ceJICKOTO HaCeJieHMe J1 Ha rpa,n;cKaTa ,n;pe6Ha Iii ceJICKa 6yp)KOa3lilR.
OcHoBeH rrp11Hu;11rr Ha JIII e yKperrBaHe Ha KHJI)KeCTBOTO B MKOHOMlil'IeCKo u rro-
rnTM'IecKo OTHOIIleHJ1e 11 He,n;orrycKaHe HaMeCaTa Ha KORTO J1 ,n;a 6J1JIO B'bHIIlHa CMJia
l'bB B'bTpernHorroJIMTM'IecKMR )KMBOT Ha o'bnrapu.11. T.11 rronara ycuJIMR ,n;a 3arra3lil He3a-
:uc11MoCTTa Ha CTOIIaHCKOTO pa3BJ1TJ1e OT BJililRHJ1eTO Iii HaMecaTa Ha qacTHM 6'hnrap-
Kl1 l1 qy:>K,n;M KOMIIaHMM. B o6JiaCTTa Ha HKOHOMJ1'IeCKaTa CM IIOJIMTMKa, KOfaTO ca Ha
naCT, JIM6epamne ,n;orrycKaT pe,n;Mu;a cna6ocTM. BnrrpeKlil roneMlilR 6pow 3aKoH, rrpo-
apaHlil OT He.11 B HC JIIT He rrpe,n;nara HMTO e,n;MH 3aKOH, KOMTO rrpRKO ,n;a Hac'bp'IaBa
a3Bl1TMeTo Ha npoMHIIlJieHOCTTa. B CTpeMe)J(a CM K'bM 3arra3BaHe Ha ,n;pe6HaTa 'IaCTHa
:J6CTBeHOCT J1 OKa3Ba 3aTopM03RBaru;o B'b3,D;eMCTBJ1e B'bpxy pa3BMTMeTO Ha KaIIlilTa-
"13Ma B CTpaHaTa. JIIT o6RBRBa 3a CBOR II'bpBa B'bHIIlHOIIOJIMTM'IeCKa 3a,n;aqa o6e,n;lil-
~Hl1eTO Ha 6nnrapcKMR Hapo,n;. HewHoTo peaJIM3upaHe TR CB'bp3Ba c PycMR M 3aToBa
~ cno6pa3RBa c u;apCKaTa 6JIM3KOH3TO'IHa noJIMTMKa. TaKTMKaTa e ,n;a ce M3T'hKBa npe,n;
::=n11KMTe ceJIM Hec'hcTORTeJIHOCTTa Ha EepJililHCKMR ,n;oroBop, KOMTO rrpe'Ilil Ha MMp-
:>To pa3BMTJ1e Ha EanKaHMTe. Te ce npoTMBonocTaBRT Ha BCRKaKBM aBaHTIOpM, ,n;opM
Pocw,~a AH2e110Ba
Ha IIOArOTBJIHeTO C'beAMHeHMe, HO l.40M TO e l13B'bpllieHO, rroeMaT AHIIJIOMaTJil'IeCKaTa

M BoeHHaTa MY 3a1411Ta.
n116epaJIHaTa rrapT11R rreqeJIJ11136op11Te 3a I OHC rrpe3 1879, HO TO e pa3rryettaTO
OT KHR3 A11eKcaHA'hP I. IIapTMRTa rreqe1111 11 HOBJ1Te 1136op11 3a II OHC rrpe3 1880 11
ccpopMHpa ABe caMOCTORTeJIHl1 rrpaBHTeJicTBa - Ha'IeJio c ,Up. IJ;aHKOB (1880) 11 II. Ka-
paBeJioB (1880-1881). CJieA rrpeBpaTa OT 1881 flII e OTCTpaHeHa OT BJiaCTTa, a rrp11 Pe-
)J(J1Ma Ha II'bJIHOMOI.4l1RTa Hel1H11Te BOAa'I11 ca IIOAJIO)J(eHM Ha rrpecneABaHMR. II. Kapa-
BenoB 11 II. CnaBe(IKOB 3aM11HaBaT 3a l13TO'IHa PyMeJIMR, a ,[(p. IJ;aHKOB e MHTepHwpaH
B'bB Bpaqa. IIpe3 1883 nII rrapTl1R ce pa3qerrBa, CJieA KaTO yMepeHOTO Kpl1JIO, HaqeJIO
c ,[(p. IJ;aHKOB, ce C'brJiarnBa Ha KOMIIpOMJ1C l1 ccpopM11pa KOanwqMOHHO rrpaBHTeJICTBO
c KII. Kp11norn Ha ,[(p. IJ;aHKOB rro-K'bCHO B'h3rrpweMa KpaCrna npopycKa non11T11Ka
J1 ce rrpewMeHyBa Ha IIporpeCJilBHOJIM6epanHa napT11R. IIpe3 1884 OCHOBHOTO Kpl1JIO
Ha nII rreqen11 J136op11Te 3a IV OHC. CcpopMwpaHO e caMOCTORTeJIHO npaBJ1TeJICTBO,
BOAeHO OT Jll1Aepa Ha rrapTl1RTa KapaBeJIOB, KOeTO OTHOBO e CBaJieHO c rrpeBpaT npe3
1886. IIp11 IIOCJieABaJiaTa B'bTpemHa l1 Me)J(AyHapOAHa Kpl13a OT flIJ ce OTAeJIRT rpy-
IIJ1Te Ha CT. CTaM60110B 11 B. PaAocnasoB, KOMTO eHeprw'IHO rroeMaT MH11q11aTwBaTa.
fpyrraTa Ha II. KapaBeJioB He ycrrRBa Aa pearnpa aAeKBaTHO Ha CMTyaqwRTa, a CJieA
rrpeArrpHeTwTe OT rrpaBwTeJICTBOTo Ha CTaM60110B perrpec11w cpe14y He(rnw rrpeACTa-
Bl1Te11w rrpaKTJ1'IeCKl1 rrpeKpaTRBa AeMHOCTTa cw. B'h3CTaHoBeHa cneA 1894, TR CTaBa
OCHOBaTa Ha ,[(eMOKpaTJ1'IeCKaTa rrapTl1R.
KoHcepBaTHBHaTa napTHH (KIT) e 6'bnrapCKa rro1111T11'IecKa rrapTwR, c'b14ecTBy-
Ba11a OT 1879 AO 0Ko110 1884. C HeR ca CB'bp3aHM B. ,,Bumouia': ,,BonzapcKu Zllac" u
,,Ome"lecmao".
KII 3ano'IBa cpopMHpaHeTo c11 KaTo Te'IeHHe B YqpeAMTeJIHOTO c'b6paHwe np11
113pa6oTBaHe Ha OCHOBHl1R 3aKOH. J13rpa)J(Aa ce KaTO rrapTl1R IIO-K'bCHO. J13pa3RBa
MHTepecMTe Ha Hal1-ropHMR 11My14ecTBeH cnol1 B KHR)J(eCTBOTO, KOMTO B rr'hpBwTe ro-
Al1Hl1 cneA Ocso6o)J(AeH11eTo e Mano6poeH. 3aToBa M coq11anHaTa ii 6a3a e TB'hpAe
TRCHa. KaTO BOAa'Il1 Ha rrapTl1RTa l13II'bKBaT f p. Ha'IOBl1'I, K. CTOl1JIOB, f peKOB, r.
,n:.
B'hJIKOBM'I, J1B. XaA)J(MeHoB 11 AP· Te rrpow3XO)J(AaT OT 6oraT11 T'bproBcKw cpaMWJIMH,
MKOHOMJ1'IecK11 CB'bp3aHl1 c asCTp11l1cKMR M HeMCKMR Karr11Tan. BnM3a 11 qaCT OT BM-
cmeTo AyxoseHCTBO - MMTporroJIMTMTe - K1111MeHT, f pwropHl1 :w C11MeoH. IIo OTHO-
meH11e Ha KHR3a J1MaT oco6eHa I103Mql1R. IJ;RJiaTa J1CTOpl1R Ha napT11RTa IIOKa3Ba, qe
TR ce cTpeM11 Aa yKperrsa rro3:wqwRTa Ha KHR3a 11 Aa ro HarrpaB:w JIM'IHOCT, crroco6Ha
Aa oc'b14ecTBl1 cso:wTe aM6wq:w11 w WHTepecw. II011y'IaBa ce TaKa, qe OT eAHa cTpaHa
KOHcepsaTopMTe l1CKaT CJ1JIHa KHR)J(eCKa BJiaCT, a OT Apyra ce OIIJ1TBaT Aa IIOA'IHHRT
MOHapxa Ha CBOJ1Te qe1111.
l1KOHOMJ1'IecKaTa MM rro1111T11Ka e rrporpec11sHa. CTpeMRT ce K'bM ycKopeHo Kanw-
Tan:wcTM'IecKo pa3Bl1Tl1e Ha CTpaHaTa. C'bc CBORTa IIOJIJ1Tl1Ka, HaCO'IeHa K'bM noKpo-
BJ1TeJICTBO Ha MHAYCTpl1RTa, KOHcepsaTop11Te IIOAIIOMaraT o6eKTl1BHJilR XOA Ha Kanw-
TaJIMCTM'IeCKO pa3Bl1Tl1e. B 0611acTTa Ha B'bTpenrnaTa rro1111T:wKa IIOAKpenRT cTpeMe-
)J(J1Te Ha KHR3a Aa J13MeHJil KOHCTl1Tyql1RTa J1 113pa3RBaT HeAOBep11e B IIOJIJ1Tl1'IeCKaTa
3pRnocT Ha HapoAa, B crroco6HocTTa MY Aa yrrpaBJIRBa. ToBa AOBe)J(Aa AO 6'bp3oTo WM
CJIJ13aHe OT IIOJIJ1TJ1'IeCKaTa cqeHa. B o6naCTTa Ha B'bHllIHaTa I10Jll1Tl1Ka KaTO OCHOBHa
3ap;aqa CTOH B'bnpoca 3a Hau;uoHaJIHOTO o6ep;uHeHue. TaKTMKaTa Ha KTI B ToBa OTHO-

rneH11e e p;a ce o6'bpHe BHMMaHHe Ha BnTpernHoTo yKpenBaHe Ha p;'bp)KaBaTa u p;a ce
aop;u yMepeHa B'bHIIIHa noJIHTMKa, C'bo6pa3eHa c p;yxa Ha EepnttHCKHR p;orosop, c u;en
p;a ce cneqeJIH pa3IIOJIO)KeHHeTo Ha BeJIHKMTe cMJIM. TiapTMRTa e 3a nop;p;'bp)KaHe Ha
p;o6p11 M MCKpeHM OTHOIIIeHMR c ocso6op;:i1TeJIKaTa.
KTI c¢opMMpa n'bpBttTe p;se npas11TeJicTBa Ha D'bnrap11R, Ho He ycnRBa p;a cne-
qenw napnaMeHTapHw M36op11. TR nop;KpenR npeBpaTa OT 1881 u Pe)KMMa Ha II'bJIHO-
MO~HRTa, rnep; KpaR Ha KOMTO e HaII'bJIHO KoMnpoMeTupaHa w ce pa3nap;a. O~e npe3
1882 rpynaTa oKono M. Eana6aHOB ce npMc'bep;HHRBa K'bM yMepeHoTo Kpuno Ha JITI,
aop;eHo OT ,Up. QaHKOB, KoeTo no-K'bCHO ce rrpeBp'b~a B TIJITI. Cne,n; rron11n1qeCKaTa
Kptt3a OT 1886-1887 HRKOM npep;cTaBMTeJIH Ha rrapTHRTa, Karn ,U. fpeKoB w fp. Ha-
tJOBMq, ce npuc'bep;MHRBaT K'bM HJITI Ha CTaM6onoB. OcTaHaJ111Te nup;ep11 Ha KTI ce
BKmoqBaT B o6pa3yBaHaTa rrpe3 1894 OT K. CToMJIOB HTI.
Jln6epa11HaTa napnrn: (mu1 Ka3HOHHa napTHH) e IlOJIMTMqeCKa napTHR B vfa-

roqHa PyMeJIHR. C HeR e CB'bp3aH B. ,,lOJICHa B'bluapwr". Cnep; Cne,D;MHeHHeTo H3Toq-
HopyMeJIHMCKaTa JITI ce cnwBa c JITI B KHR)KeCTBO o'bnrapHR, Karn rnep; HettHOTO
pa3u;enBaHe noseqeTo M3TO'IHopyMen11t1:cKH n116epanH11 nu,n;epu rrop;KpenRT Hapo,n;-
Hon116epanHaTa napTHR Ha CTaM60JIOB. vfaBeCTHM ,n;et1:u;11 Ha rrapnrnTa ca: r. EeHeB
(1843-1909); J1B. Cana6arneB (1853-1924); r. CTpaHCKH (1847-1904); CT. l.JoMaKOB
(1819-1893), 6paTR L{aroposu, K. Xap;)KMKaJI'IeB, T. KernKoB.
TiapTHRTa ce o¢opMR ce B Ha'IaJioTo Ha 80-Te rop;MHM. TR e npep;cTaBHTeJI Ha
cpep;HaTa rpap;cKa T'bproBCKO-IIpOMMIIIJieHa 6yp)l<Oa3HR, HO B HeMHMTe pe,n;uu;u ce
BKJIIO'IBaT M HRKOM e,n;p11 M cpep;HM 3eMeBna,n;enu;M 11 cKOTOBo,n;u;u. TR ce noJI3Ba c'bc
CWMIIaTMM cpep; Hau;uoHaJIHCTM'IeCKMTe 0¢Hu;epcK11 Kp'broBe. B Ha'iaJioTo HRMa ro-
n.11Mo BJIMRHMe 3apap;11 TypKo<jlMJICTBOTO M pyco¢o6cTBOTO Ha HRKOM CBOM ,n;el1:u;u no
BpeMe Ha Hau;110HaJIHoocso6op;11TeJIHMTe 6op6M. Cnep; npeBpaTa OT 1881 r., KoraTo B
IInoBp;MB npMCTHraT p'bKOBO,D;MTeJIMTe Ha JITI OT KHR)KeCTBOTO, pyMeJIMMCKHTe m16e-
panu 3aCMJIBaT II03MD;MMTe cu. OT Ha'iaJioTo Ha 1883 r. 113,n;asaT csot1: rre'iaTeH opraH
"lOJ1CHa B'bnzapwt': rrop;o6pRBaT opraHM3aQHRTa cM, C'b3p;aBaT rrpoB11Hu;1t1aJIHH 6IOpa,
BKnIOqBaT ce B rrpe,D;M360pHHTe 6op611 M 3aeMaT Ba)KHM IIOCTOBe.
JlM6epaJIMTe He rry6JIMKyBaT CBOR rrporpaMa M yCTaB. J13,n;MraT MCKaHHR 3a pa3BM-
TifeTO Ha J13TO'iHa PyMeJIMR KaTo 6'bnrapcKa o6nacT, 3a OTCTORBaHe Ha HettHaTa rronu-
rnqecKa aBTOHOMMR, 3a HeHaMeca Ha seJIHKMTe CMJIH B Hel1:HMTe pa6oTM. He cKpMBaT
orpuu;aTeJIHOTO CM OTHOIIIeH11e K'bM Pycm1. MoTMBMTe 3a Ta3M II03HQMR TpR6Ba ,n;a ce
ThpCRT B'bB BM)K,D;aHHRTa MM 3a Hal1:-rrop;xop;R~MH 3a 6'bJirapCKHTe MHTepecM C'bI03-
Hl1K, B JIM'iHMTe MM rrpep;IIO'iMTaHMR M T. H. 3Ha'iMM rrpo6JieM 3a TRX e HaQMOHaJIHOTO
o6ep;HHeHMe. lIM6epaJIMTe rrpep;rrpMeMaT KOHKpeTHM CT'bIIKM 3a OC'b~eCTBRBaHe Ha
Ta3J1 u,n;eH, KaTo rrpe3 1884/85 r. ce BKJIIO'iBaT aKTMBHO B C'be,D;MHCTKOTO ,D;BM)KeHMe,
BOC'b~ecTBHBaHeTO Ha caMOTO o6ep;MHeHMe, BJIM3aT B C'bcTaBa Ha BpeMeHHOTo rrpa-
Pocu~a AH2en0Ba
BMTeJICTBO M no-K'bCHO pa6oTJIT 3a Il'bJIHOTO a,D;MMHMCTpaTMBHO, TIOJIMTM'IeCKO M CTC

naHcKo CJIMBaHe. B xop;a Ha Ta3J.1 CM p;e:t'rnocT M3ffbKBaT pa3JIM'IMJITa M ce M3Bnpurn
pa3rpaHM'IeHMe Me)!(AY "Ka3MOHH11Te"M KpawHMTe n116epanM (Hau;MoHaJ111CTM). 3a A
ce 3ana3M ep;MHCTBOTO npaBJIT KOMnpoMMC. Tipe3 MapT 1886 r. M36MpaT UeHTpantt
610po 3a IO)!(Ha EnJirapMR, M3,D;aBaT B. "IInoBouB". 3a M3BeCTHO BpeMe 3ana3BaT opra
HM3aD;MOHHaTa CM caMOCTOJITeJIHOCT, HO TIOCJie 3acTaBaT Ha CTpaHaTa Ha Pap;ocJiaBOE
Hapoµ;HaTa napnrn: (HJIH C'bep;HHHCTKa napTHH) e TIOJIMTM'IeCKa napTHJI B J13
TO'IHa PyMeJIJ.1JI. C HeJI ca CBnp3aHM B. ,,Mapuu,a': ,,HapooHuu znac" u ,,CveouHrnue
l13BecTHM p;et'!u;M Ha napTMJITa ca: :Vfo. Ba3oB (1850-1921 ); K. BeJIM'IKOB (1855-1907
:Vfo. EBcTp. fellloB (1849-1924); J1BaH CT. fellloB (1854-1932); M. MaWJ<apOB (1854
1944).
B Ha'IaJioTo Ha 80-Te rop;MHH Ha XIX BeK noJIMTM'IeCKw p;ewu;M oKono pep;aKQJ.1JIT
Ha B. "Mapuu,a" C'b3,D;aBaT napTMJI. TJI o6ep;J.1HJIBa B peµ;oBeTe CJ.1 BMAHM 06~ecrnem1
u;M, ny6JIMD;J.1CTJ.1, KYJITypHo-nporneTHM p;e:t'1u;M, 6J.1BlllM yqacTHJ.1QM B Hau;HoHaJIHoc
rno6op;HTeJIHJ.1Te 6op6w, npep;crnBMTeJIM Ha p;enoBJ.1Te cpep;M w AP· J/fapa3JIBa J.1HTe
peCJ.1Te Ha 3aMO)!(HMTe CJIOeBe Ha T'bproBCKo-npoMJ.1lllJieHaTa 6aHKepcKa 6yp)!(Oa31U
Ha ep;pHTe M cpep;mne 3eMeBnap;enu;M. TioJI3Ba ce c lllMpoKo BJIHJIHHe J.1 cpep; 3aMO)K
HMTe o6iu;ecTBeHH KpnroBe B o6JiaCTTa 3apap;M CBOeTO pycocpHJICTBO, aKTHBHaTa c
p;et'!ttocT npw OTCTOJIBaHe aBTOHOMMJITa Ha J13TO'!Ha PyMeJIMJI M pa3BMTMeTo li Kar
6nmapCKa p;np)!(aBa, 3a 3arnyrwTe Ii 3a cTonaHcKJ.1JI J.1 KYJITypeH nop;eM. He3aBHG1l\I
OT lllHpoKaTa IlOJIMTM'IeCKa p;et'!HOCT Ha 3ap;eH nJiaH OCTaBaT opraHH3aQJ.10HHHTe B'b
npoc11. Ep;Ba npe3 JIJITOTO Ha 1883 r. B TinoB,D;HB ce M36Mpa UeHTpanHo 610po, np11eM
ce ycrnB M napTHMHH Ha'!aJia, KOHTO ce cpopMynHpaT Haw-o6iu;o TaKa: 6op6a 3a 3ana3
Batte Ha 3aKOHJ.1Te J.1 npaBaTa Ha o6nacTTa cpeiu;y BrnKo noceraTeJICTBO M nprrnaraHeT'
MM B Haw-6naronpMRTeH CMMC'hJI 3a 6nmapcKMTe HHTepecM; nop;p;np)!(aHe Ha p;o6p1
OTHOlllemrn c Pyorn.
J1p;eJITa 3a Hau;wottaJIHO 06ep;1rnettwe 3aeMa cn~ecTBeHo MJICTO B Hp;eononrnT
M npaKTJ.1Karn Ha HTI. B ono3MD;HJI napTMJITa ce o6JIBJIBa 3a nonaraHe CJ.1CTeMHJ.1 rp11
)!(M 3a C'bCTOJIHHeTo Ha Boop'b)!(eHMTe cMJIM Ha o6nacTTa, 3a noBp;MraHe KYJITypttoro 1
nporneTHOTO paBHMLQe Ha nopo6eHMTe 6nmapM B MaKe,D;OHMJI M Op;pwttcKo, 3a 11,Qei1
HaTa M p;MnJioMaTM'!ecKa nop;roTOBKa Ha cneAMHeHHeTo. KoraTo npe3 1884 r. noeM
BJiaCTTa, cno6pa3.R:BattKM ce c noJIMTHKaTa Ha PycMJI, CTpaxa OT pMcKa, HeJ.136e)!(H11T
CMYTOBe, TJI BpeMeHHO ce OTKa3Ba OT C'be,D;HHHCTKaTa M,D;eJI, KaTO o6JIBJIBa, 'le MOMeHT
c
e Henop;XOAJILQ. TOBa ry6w MHOfO OT crre'IeJieHMJI npecTH)!(. BnnpeKJ.1 Ta3J.1 II03J1QJ1:
TJI He ce rrpoTMBOIIOCTaBJI Ha C'be,D;MHeHMeTO, TIO,D;KpenJI ro M ce BKJIIO'IBa B 6op6arn 3
OTCTOJIBaHe Ha 6nJirapcKaTa He3aBMCMMOCT. Heop;o6pMTeJIHaTa no3HQMJI, KOJITO 3aeM
PycwJI KnM Cnep;MHeHMeTo, npep;M3BHKBa pa3p;BoeHMe M o6npKBaHe cpep; rrapTMHHHT
p;et'n~M. J13onMpaHM OT cocpwwcKoTo rrpamnencTBO, rrop;Jio)!(eHM Ha penpeorn oco6em
no BpeMe Ha H36opMTe 3a IV OHC, rrocTaBeHM B rroJio)!(ettwe Ha orro3MD;MJI, Te 3ano'I
BaT p;a ce OTHarnT KpMTM'IHO K'bM aKD;MJITa.
B Ha'!aJioTo Ha 1886 r. B'bB Bpn3Ka c M36opMTe 3a IV OHC rpyrra rrapT11fltt11 ,Qei1
u;M ycrrJIBaT 3a KpaTKO BpeMe p;a C'b)!(HBJIT opraHM3au;wRTa, KaTo rrpe3 arrpMJI 113fo1pa·
HOBO u;eHTpaJIHO pnKOBOACTBO. Cnep; a6p;MKaD;MRTa Ha KHJI3 AneKcaH,D;np I napT11JIT•
rrpeKpaTJIBa cBORTa ;n;efIHocT. ITperne;n;BaHM M l1HTepm1pam1, 'IaCT OT rnx eM11rp11paT.

Cne;n; aMHl1CTMRTa OT 1888 r. ce 3aBp1>~aT, HO OCTaBaT HacTpaHa OT IIOJJl1Tl1'IeCKl1R
)l(l1BOT. Cne;n; 1884 r. ;n;efIIJ;MTe Ha HIT ce aKTHBl13MpaT, B'b3CTaHOBRBaT pe;n;111.~a MecTHl1
opramnau;m1, Cn3;n;aBaT Kny6oBe. I1pe3 eceHrn Ha c. r. c l13BeCTHaTa ;n;eKnapau;HR Ha
;n;erryrnT11Te OT IO)l(Ha Ennrapi;rn oT11 OKTOMBp11 Te npoKJJaM11paT npvicne;n;11HRBaHe-
TO cM K'bM Hapo;n;HaTa rrapTl1R, Ha'IeJJo c K. CTOl1JJOB 11 cTaBaT HefIHa Ba)!<Ha c'bcTaBHa
'IaCT. MaKap B pe;n;oBeTe Ha ynpaBJJRBa~arn napnrn, MaJJKa rpyna oT 6MBllll1 cne;n;11-
HMCTl1 OKOJJO K. BeJJl1'IKOB l1 B. Ben'IeB M3;n;aBaT caMocTORTeJJeH B. "Ilpo2pec", a no-
K'bCHO "J13moK", orr11TBaT ce ;n;a ;n;np)f(aT He3aBl1CMMa JJliIHl1R Ha rr0Be;n;em1e. On-"lenBaT
ce B KpaR Ha 1898 r 11 ce BJJl1BaT B ITJIIT.
3. MuoronapTnnHaTa noAUTHqecKa CHCTeMa (1886-1918)
£f- :s:°'
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EiPC,Un
: HJIII oC.[(II EPC,Un (w. c.)
c;J-------------------r-~18_8_6~ 18<Jl~-~ 1894 1903
EC.Un - EiPC,Un
1892 (T. C.)
1903
Hapo;n;Hom16epa1rnaTa rrapnrn (HJIII) e rrapTl1RTa, ynpaBJJRBaJJa Hafl-;n;nmo

rrpe3 T03l1 nep11o;n;. C He.JI ca CB1>p3aHl1 B. ,,CBo6ooa" u ,,HoB BeK". I1pe3 1886 r. cne;n;
geTpOHMpaHeTo Ha KHR3 AneKcatt;n;np I roJJRMa '!aCT OT pycocpo6cK11 HaCTpoeH11Te
m16epanM ce oT;n;eJIRT OT KapaBeJil1CTKOTO Kp11no Ha JIIT, rpym1paT ce OKOJJo CT. CrnM-
6onoB l1 B'b3IIpMeMaT HeroBaTa IIOJIMTl1'IeCKa lll1Hl1R. }farpa)f(;n;aHeTO l1 KOHCOJJl1;n;l1-
paHeTO MM KaTo rrapTl1R e cnrrposo;n;etto c rrpeo;n;onRBaHe Ha H;n;efltt11 npoT11Bope'rnR,
emtMliIHli!paHe Iii o6e;n;HHRBaHe Ha JJM'IHOCTli! M rpyrrn. E;n;sa Ha 1 Mau 1890 r. B poJIRTa
m Ha npe;n;ce;n;aTeJI Ha UeHTpaJIHOTO JIH6epanHo 6ropo (3a KOeTo HRMa ;n;aHHli! ;n;a e
1136wpatto), JJ,. ITeTKOB M3rrpa~a oKp'b)f(HO p;o C'bMl1lUJieHMQUTe c11 B rrpoBli!HQURTa
crrptt3li!B 3a C1>3p;asaHe Ha 6ropa. TaKa rrpe3 JIRTOTO Ha 1890 r. ce rronara Ha'IaJJoTo
Ha oprattu3aQJi!OHHli1R ernrr Ha n,~eCTsysaHeTo Ha HJIIT, a npe3 Mau 1892 r. e l13pa-
6oreH nnpBli!R ycTaB. Cmrno BJJMRHJi!eTo li!Ma napTli!RTa B CocpMR, BeJJJi!KO TnpHoBo,
Pocuu,a AH2e11oaa
IInoB):(:tirn, Pyce, CmrneH, IJa3ap,rp1<11K. IIp11BJIW-Ia B pe,n;oBeTe c11 ":IJieHoBe OT pa3JIJ1":1Hl

CJIOeBe Ha 6'bnrapcKOTO o6~eCTBO, HO u;eHTpaJIHOTO p'bKOBO,[\CTBO J1 MeCTHJ1Te p'bKO
BO,LICTBa ca CB'bp3aH11 c T'bproBcKo-npoM11IImeH11Te Kp'broBe. B'bHIIIHaTa noJIMTJ1Ka
OTKpHTO aHT11pyc1<a, 06.HBJIBaT ce 3a npHRTeJICKJ1 Bp'b3KJ1 c ABCTpo-YHrap11.H, f epMa
HJ1JI J.1 AHrJIJ1JI.
Cne,n; na,n;aHeTo OT BJiacT napTMJITa J.13)1(J1BJIBa cep1103Ha opraH113au;110HHa KpJ.13<
TR ce ,L\'bJI)l(J.1 Ha 3ary6BaHeTo Ha BJiaCTTa, nperne,n;BaHJ.1.HTa, Ha KOJ.1TO ca no,n;no)l(eH
Hel1H11Te ,n;ewu;11, Ha MopaJIHMTe nopa)l(eHJ.1.H OT pa31<p11nrnTa Ha IIapnaMeHTapHaT
aHKeTHa KOMJ.1CJ.1JI. Ha 3 IOJIJ.1 1895 r. CrnM6onoB e noce":leH 11 yM11pa OT paH11Te o
IIpe3 RHyap11 1899 r. ce npaB11 on11T 3a 1<oan11paHe 11 rn11BaHe no J1HJ.1u;11aTJ.1Ba Ha L
IIeTKOB c JIII, Ha 8 epeBpyap11 c. r ce no,n;n11rna C'brJiaweH11e 3a 3a,n;py)l(HO ,n;ewcrn111
a B Ha":lanoTo Ha MapT 11 3a CJIJ.1BaHe Ha ,n;BeTe napTHJ.1. IIapT11UHJ.1JIT opraH a. "Cao6c
oa" cnHpa J1 e 3aMeHeH c B. "Hoa BeK". IIoeTJ.1Te aHra)l(J1MeHTJ.1 ce J13TI'bJIHJIBaT caM
e,n;HocTpaHHO OT HJIII. IIa,n; HaTJ.1CKa Ha MeCTHJ1Te 6ropa ce OTKa3BaT OT Koanm_~J.1JIT
11 HJIII npo,n;'bJI)l(aBa caMOCTOJITeJIHO ,n;e11HOCT. Ha 16-18 HOeMBp11 1899 r. ce CBJ.1KB
TI'bpBHJI pe,n;oBeH KOHrpec, np11eMa ce HOB ycrnB 11 oep11u;11aJIHO ce npoB'b3rnarnsa L
f peKoB 3a napTHeH n11,n;ep.
B'bTpeIIrnonapT11I1Hl1JIT )l(J1BOT B nep110,n;a 1895-1907 r. ce xapaKTepH3Hpa c 6c
p11":!1<aHJ.1JI 11 c'bnepHM'tfecTBa. C MaJIKJ1 npeK'bCBaHJ.1.H weep e .[l;J.1MJ1T'bp IIeTKOB. Cne
y611wcTBOTO My weep crnBa H. feHa,n;11eB. IIa,n;atteTo OT BnacT 11113fo.1patteTo Ha fettag11
eB C'b3,[\aBaT npe,n;nocTaBKJ1 OTHOBO 3a B'bTpeWHJ1 6op611. 0Tu;enHJ.11:.J;J1Te ce p'bKOBO,D;R
OTT. faTeB 11 L1B. AH,D;OHOB, 06.HBJIBaT ce 3a npo,n;'bJI)l(J1TeJI11 Ha CTaM6onoB, HacTOJIBa
3a ocTaBKarn Ha feHa,n;11eB 11 3a npeMaxBaHe Ha weepcKJ1JI J1HCT11TyT. Ha 22-26 lOn
1907 r. B CoepHR ce CBJ.1KBa KOHrpec, KOWTO npHeMa HOBa nporpaMa 11 BHarn npoMem
Oep11u;J.1aJIHO f eHa,L111eB e npoB'b3rnaceH 3a nH,n;ep, a ,D;o6p11 IIeTKOB 3a TIOAnpe,n;ce,n;<
TeJI Ha UE. B'bTpewHonapTHWHJ1Te 6op611npo,n;'bJI)l(aBaT11 npe3 1915 r. AOBe)KgaT A
oepopMRHeTo Ha ABe eppa1<u;1111 - reHa,n;11eB11cT11 11 neTKOBJ1CTJ1. Pa3JIJ1'tfl1JITa ca rnaBH
OTHOCHO B'bHWHonon11T11'tfecKaTa op11eHTau;11JI Ha E'hnrap11.H. feHa,L111eBJ.1cT11Te ca 3
C'bTPYAHwrecTBO c'bc CornaIIIeHMeTo, ,n;oKaTo neTKOBttCTJ1Te 11MaT aHTHpycKa no3~
u;11R. BowHaTa 6no1<11pa KOHrpeca, KOWTO TpR6Ba ,n;a cnpe pa3u;enneHJ.1eTo. Tio BpeMe Ii
BOWHarn [eHa,n;HeB e B 3aTBopa 3apaAJ.1 yqacTJ.1eTo rn B ,D;e1<no311epoBaTa acpepa. Cm
II'bpBaTa CBeTOBHa B011Ha B'b3CTaHoBJIBaT AeWHOCTTa c11. IIopa)l(eHtteTo Ha ABeTe Kp~
na B 1136opHTe e cHrHaJI 3a 06e,n;J.1HeH11e.
JI:u6epa11HaTa rrapTHJI (Hap:u'laHa om;e pa~ocJiaBHCTKa) ce o6pa3yBa OT rpyn
Jitt6epaJIJ.1 KaTO C'bCTaBKa Ha pa3na,L1HaJiaTa ce JIII, KORTO ce rpyn11pa OKOJIO ,n;-p l
Pa,n;ornaBOB 11 J13JiaraT nporpaMHMTe c11 B'b3rne,n;11 npe3 IOJIJ1 1886 r. B YBOAHa crnrn
Ha B. "HapooeH aecmHuK", 03arnaBeHa"HawaTa nporpaMa''. Ha 16 aBrycT 1886 r. P<
AOCJiaBOB e MJ1HJ1CT'bp-npe,n;ce,n;aTeJI J1 TOBa yCKopRBa npou;eca Ha epopMHpaHe Ha nc
JIJ1TJ.1'tfeCKaTa napTMR, KORTO e B OTI03J1u;J1JI TIO-K'bCHO Ha CTaM60JIOBOTO ynpaBJiemt'
0cHOBJ1Te Ha JIII ce TIOJiaraT c OCHOBaBaHeTO OT Pa,LIOCJiaBOB Ha T. Hap TIOJIJ.1TJ.1lfec1<
ne'tfaTH11u;a B Kpa.H Ha 1887 r. "JI116epaneH 1<ny6''. OT 6 epeBp. 1888 r. 3anoqsa ,n;a 11:
AaBa B. ,,HapooHu npaaa", KOHTO cTaBa ne'tfaTeH opraH. J!fapa6oTeH e TI'bpBHJIT ycrn1
0KOH'tfaTeJIHOTO oepopMRHe Ha epopMau;WJITa CTaBa npe3 BTopaTa TIOJIOBJ.1Ha Ha 9(
Te fOAMHM. Il'bpBOHaqaJIHO TJI BKJIIOqBa qacT OT pa3opeHaTa 6'bJirapCKa 6yp)[(Oa3l1JI.

Do BpeMe Ha yrrpaBJiem1eTO Ha nrr B HeJI BJII13aT BCMqK11 He,[IOBOJIHM npe,rr;npweMaqw,
T'bproBQM, 3eMeBJiaAeJIQM, 3aMO)[(HJ1 ceJIJIHM, JIMXBapw. IIpwBnwqa w qacT OT cpe,rr;HwTe
ceJIJIHM. B HeJI HaMwpaT MJICTO w MHoro AeKJiacwpaHw eneMeHTM - nponaAHaJiw T'bpro-
BQM, 3attaJ1Tqw11, q11HOBHI1QM w AP· CTpeMe)[('bT Ha nw6epam1Te e CB'bp3aH c 6e3ornep;-
HO cJiy)l(6oroHcrno w 6e3Kpa:ilrnw acpepw. HapyrnaBaT BrnqKw HopM11 Ha 6yp)[(oa3HaTa
AeMoKpaQMJI. flMAep Ha napTMJITa e p;-p B. PaAOCJiaBOB.
IIapTMRTa e npo3anaAHO opweHTwpaHa. TR ornaBJIBa KoaJIWQMOHHO npaBwTeJI-
crno c HapOAHOJI116epanHaTa 11 MnaAOJI116epanHaTa napTMR no BpeMe Ha Il'bpBaTa
CBeTOBHa BOHHa, cJieA Heycnexa B KORTO e Cl1JIHO KOMilpOMeT11patta, a HeMHMJI JIMp;ep
HanyCKa CTpaHaTa.
Hapoµ;HaTa napnu1 (HIT) e ccpopM11paHa cJieA naAaHeTO Ha npaB11TeJicTBOTO Ha
CrnM6onoB OT npeACTaBHTeJIM Ha crnparn KTI M Ha HTI OT M3TOqHa PyMeJIMR. Ha 3
IOHJ1 1894 r. OKOJIO 300 cocpMHCKM rpa)[(AaHM OT pa3JIJ1qHJ1 napTMM J1 C'bCJIOBMJI IlOCTa-
BJIT ocHOBMTe Ha napTMR. MAeJITa npMHaAJie)[(M Ha A-p MwHqo UaqeB w e c'brnacyBa-
Ha c fp. HaqoBwq w K. CTOMJIOB. Ilo C'bI.QeCTBo ce 11enw .r1a ce npeMaxHe napn1J1:Harn
pa3TIOK'bCaHOCT w .r1a ce ocwrypw no.r1Kpena Ha Ka6wHeTa Ha CTOMJIOB. ilnCTpMRT co-
1111aJieH C'bCTaB e Heyp;aqeH J1 3aTOBa npe3 eceHTa Ha c. r. OKOJIO JIJ1qHOCTTa Ha ,rr;-p K.
CTOMJIOB ce ocpopMJI HOBaTa Hapo.r1Ha napTMJI. MwHVICT'bp npe.r1ce.r1aTeJIJIT e M36paH 3a
rnecp, npweTa e nporpaMa, a ne'IaTeH opraH crnBa B. ,,Mup". Ilpe3 1899 rpyna, Haqeno c
K. BeJIJ1qKoB, HanyCKa Hapo,rr;HaTa napTMJI M ce BJIMBa B nnII napnrR. M3BeCTHH qJie-
HOBe Ha napTMJITa ca: MB. Ba30B, E. Ba30B, M. Ma,[l)l(apoB, r. EeHeB, .[(wM. R6naHCKl1,
M. Ma):l)l(apoB w AP·
ITapTMRTa H3pa3JIBa MHTepecwTe Ha 3HaqwTeJIHa qacT OT 6nnrapCKaTa e.r1pa 6yp-
)!(Oa3MR. B HeR BJIM3aT 6aHKepw, e.r1pw 3eMeBJia):leJIQM, a,[IBOKaTw, MHTeJieKTyaJIQM. Cne.r1
CMnpTrn Ha CTOMJIOB npe3 1901 r. BOAaq Ha napTwJITa cTaBa MB. EBCTp. fellloB, HO
¢aKTwqecKw lllecp e T. TeoAopoB. ITapTMRTa pa3nonara cnc cpe,[ICTBa w BO,[IM pe.r10BeH
opraHw3aQMOHeH )l(MBOT. HIT OTCTOJIBa CBOR BnTpellIHO M B'bHllIHonoJIMTMqeCKa KOH-
1\eIIQMJI. B nporpaMaTa fl ce o6e,[IHHRBaT vrp;eMTe 3a cn6mo,rr;aBaHe Ha KOHCTMTYQMRTa,
IIOCTeneHHO JIJ16epaJIM3MpaHe Ha ynpaBJiemreTO M Mop;epHo CTOTiaHCKO pa3BMTJ1e nop;
3HaKa Ha npoTeKQMOHM3Ma. TJI e npMB'bp)l(eHMK Ha yMepeHa 11 npe,rr;na3mrna B'bHllIHa
rronwT11Ka, Haco'IeHa K'bM Anp)l(aB11Te Ha CnrnallleHweTo. CTaBa 11H111111aTop 3a C'b3p;a-
BatteTo Ha EanKaHCKl1JI C'bI03 npe3 1912 r. YqacTweTo Ha napT11JITa B ynpaBJieH11eTo
no BpeMe Ha EaJIKaHCKMTe BOHHM HMa 0Tpw11aTeJIHO OTHOllleH11e Bnpxy oprattM3aQH-
OHHOTO fl pa3BJ1TMe.
IIporpec1rnHom16epa11HaTa napnu1 e 6nnrapcKa noJIMT11qeCKa napTMR, cn~ecT
syBaJia OT cpe):laTa Ha 1880-Te p;o 1920. TJI ce TIOJI3Ba c 11MeTo Ha ttai1:-npopyCKaTa
B IIOJIMTJ.1qecKJ1JI cneKT'bp. c HeJI ca CB'bp3aHJ1 8. ,,CozJZacue" u ,,B11JZ2apwc''. B OCHO-
Bara Ha 6np;e~aTa ITnrr rrapnrn e yMepeHOTO Kp11JIO Ha nrr, Ha'IeJIO c .[(p. UaHKOB,
Koero npe3 1883 ccpopM11pa KoaJIMQMOHHO npaB11TeJICTBO c rrpep;cTaBMTeJI11 Ha KIT
11 ce cnrnacRBa Ha l13MeHeHJ1JI Ha TnpHoBCKaTa KOHCTl1TYlll1R. Hanpe)l(eH11eTo Me:>K-
llY ,llBeTe Kp11na B napnrnTa HapacTBa M npe3 1884 11aHKOBJ1CTJ1Te OKOH'IaTeJIHO ce
OT,lleJHIT OT nIT. B p'bKOBO,[ICTBOTO BJIM3aT l13BeCTHJ1 p;ei1:11w - A-p lI,. MoJIJIOB, ,[1-p K.
Pocuu,a AHzenoBa
IloMRHOB, ,11-p CT. AaHeB, M. Capacpos, An. Jho,11cKaHoB, KaKTO J1 T. EypMOB J1 M. Ea

na6aHoB, KOMTO BO,IIRT C'bC ce c11 •rneHose Ha cTapaTa Kil. UaHKOB e oco6HRK 11 HRKO
HerOBJ1 H3Ka3BaHJ1R CTeCHRBaT 3Haq11TeTIHO Kp'bra Ha npHB'bp:>KeHHQHTe My. Ilo BpeM
Ha CTaM6onosoTo ynpasneHHe TOH opraHH3Mpa eMurpaHTCKHTe cpe,11u, J1Hcn11p11p
6yHTOBe, J13npa~a qeTM. B oTrosop npasuTencrnoTo 3ac11nsa penpecuuTe J1 naprn
RTa npaKT11qecKH cnupa ,11a C'bI.QeCTsysa. C npaBHTeJICTBeHaTa npoMRHa npe3 1894
UaHKOB npaBH onHT ,11a B'b3CTaHOB11 napTMRTa. OcpopMRT ce ,11se rpyn11poBKJ1 cpe,
npMBop:>KeH11QMTe My. IlopBaTa AaHes-Monnos-Eana6aHoB e 3a 6rr113K11 OTHOllleHH
c npas11TeJICTBOTO, a UaHKOB-Jho,11cKaHoB ce o6RBRBaT 3a caMOCTORTeJIHM ,11ei1cTBHJ
IlocTeneHHO ce ,IIHCTaHQMpaT OT ynpaBJIRBaIQ11Te 11 npe3 1897 r. AaHeB 3acrnsa Haqerr
Ha napTHRTa. I1pe3 1899 K'bM QaIIKOBHCTKaTa napTHJI ce np11c'be,I1HI-IRBa rpynaTa, Ha
qeno c K. BeJIH'IKOB, Hanyrnana Hapo.n;HaTa napTHR. Ha nopBHR KOHrpec npe3 1899
ce npHeMaT nporpaMa, ycrns 11 HMeTo I1porpecHBHOJIH6epamia napTHR.
IlapTMRTa e npep;CTaB11TeJI Ha cpe.n;HaTa 6yp:>Koa3HR c BllH.flHHe cpe,11 3aMO)l(HHT
cerrcKH cpe,11u. 11Ma nocne,110BaTeJIHa npopycKa noJIHTHKa. CTa6urrHH opraHH3aQH
113rpa:>1<:,11a B'bB Bpa'laHCKO, ERJia CnaT11Ha, JlyKoBHTCKO, Hosa 3aropa. CpaBHHTerrn
MaJIO'IHCJieHa cpopMaQHR. B Ha'laJioTo Ha 20 BeK TR Bee noBe'le ce c6m1:>1<:aBa c Hapop
HaTa napTH.fl J1 npe3 1920 p;BeTe napTHH ce o6ep;HHRBaT B 06e,1111HeHa Hapo.n;Ho-rrpc
rpecHBHa rrapTHR.
,il;eMoKpaTH'lecKaTa napnrn (.IJJI) e 6onrapcKa noJI11TH'leCKa napTHR, C'b~ec1
Bysarra OT cpe.n;aTa Ha 1880-Te ,110 cpe.n;aTa Ha 1940-Te. C HeR ca CBop3aHH B. ,,3HaMe
u ,,flpHnopeu,". B ocHoBaTa H e QeHTpHCTKOTO Kpuno Ha JII1, BO,IleHo OT Il. KapaBerrm
MHoro HeroB11 npe.n;CTaBHTeJI11 ca nop;JIO)l(eHH Ha npecnep;Ba1-111R np11 yrrpaBJiemreT
Ha CT. CTaM6onoB H TO nocTeneHHO npeKpanrna ,11ei1HOCTTa cu cnep; 1887. Bo3CTanc
BeHo cne,11 1894, npe3 1896 np11eMa HMeTo AeMoKpaTH'lecKa napTHR. KaTo orro3HQM
OHHa CHJia TR npHBJIH'la HHTeJI11reHQH.f!Ta, ,n;pe6HH H cpep;HH co6CTBeHHQH, KaKTO
HRKOJIKO 6oraTH npoMHIIIJieHH 11 ToproBCKH cpaMHJIHH. Ao 1901 r. 3ana3sa ,n;pe6Hc
6yp:>1<:oa3HHR rn xapaKTep.
I1pe3 1901 All ne'lem1 Hai1-M1-1oro MeCTa B HC 11 Il. Kapasenos 06pa3ysa rrpaB11
TeJICTBO B KOaJI11Ql1R c I1JII1, HO B KpaR Ha rop;11HaTa TO e 6JiaMHpaHO OT napnaMeHT~
I1pe3 1903 rpynarn OKOJIO H. UaHOB H T. BnatfKOB HanyCKa napT11RTa H rro-KoCI-I
C'b3p;aBaT PAI1. Cnep; CMopTTa Ha Il. Kapasenos npe3 1903 napTHRTa e ornaBeHa o
An. MaJIMHOB, KaTo HeroBH 3aMeCTHHQJ1 cTaBaT AH. JlRn'leB 11 M. TaKeB. I1pe3 190
All ccpopMupa caMOCTORTeJIHO rrpas11Tencrno, Ha'leJio c Man11HoB. I1pe3 cerrTeMBp
TO o6RBRBa He3aB11CHMOCTTa Ha Eonrap11R. IlpaBHTeJICTBOTO Ha MaJI11HOB ocTaBa H
BJiaCT p;o Ha'laJIOTO Ha 1911.
I1pe3 nopBHTe rop;HHH Ha xx BeK 3HaquTeJIHa 'laCT OT napTHHHHTe 'IJieHOBe 3a
6orarnsaT, HaBJIH3aT H pe,IIHQa 3aMO)f(Hl1 eneMeHTH OT cpe,11aTa Ha e,11parn 6yp)l(Oa3HJ
IlocTeneHHO All ce ocpopMR KaTo npep;CTaBHTeJIKa Ha 'laCT OT 3aMorBa~aTa ce MH
p;yCTpuanHa H nproBcKa npo3ana,11Ho opueHTMpaHa 6yp:>1<:oa311R. 3Ha'IHTerrHa 'laCT o
,11e:ih~HTe H ca 3aBopIIIHJIJ1 Ha 3anap; - ManMHOB, M. TaKeB, A. JlRrr'leB, H. MyrnaHm
11B. Cana6aIIIeB, r. KaJI11HKOB. IloBe'leTO OT TRX npoH3XO)f(,IlaT OT Hai1-6oraTHTe cpe.n;
Ha 6nnrapCKaTa 6yp)l(oa3MR. Bn3npueMaT u.n;euTe Ha 6yp)l(Oa3Hl1JI n116epan113nM. IIo-

rne.n;oBaTeJIHO OTCTORBaT 6yp)l(Oa3HaTa p;eM0Kpau;11JI KaTO cpopMa Ha ynpaBJieH11e.
Ilpe3 IDHM 1918 npe.n; nepcneKTMBaTa OT npoBan Ha Enmap11R B IlnpBaTa cBeTOB-
Ha BOMHa, An. Man11HOB ccpopM11pa npaBMTencrno B Koan11u;11R c pap;11Kan.n;eM0KpaT11-
Te Ha CT. KoCTypKoB, KOeTo 11Ma 3a u;en .n;a J13Bep;e Enmap11R OT BOMHaTa.
Paµ;1rnarr,a;eM0Kparu:qecKaTanapnrn (P,IJJI) ce o6pa3yBa OT rpyna •rneHoBe, T. Hap.
"Mna.n;11 p;eMoKparn:" B ,UII, ocpopMMJia ce oKono 3ano•rnan0To .n;a 113JIM3a npe3 1902
no.n; pep;aKQMRTa Ha T. Bna:t1:KoB en. ,,/{eMoKpamuLtecKu npe2J1eCJ". 0Kono 1903 Te ce
OT.n;eJIJIT OT ,UII, a caMaTa Pa.n;11KaJip;eMOKpaTWieCKa napTMJI e OCHOBaHa npe3 IOJIJ1
1905. Cpe.n; aKTJ1BHMTe yqacTHJ1QM B HeR ca T. BnaUKOB, H. ~aHOB, Mn. reoproB, AH.
CTpa1m1M11pos, II. To.n;opos. Ha nnpBmr KoHrpec npe3 1906 r. ca npweTM ycrnB 11 npo-
rpaMa Ha napnt:.RTa. K0Hcon11.n;upa oKono ce6e c11 pa3nwrn11 06IQeCTBeH11 eneMeHTM
c pa3Hopop;eH cou;11aneH npo113xo.n; 11 nono)l(eH11e. C11nHo Bn11RH11e Bnpxy 11.n;eMTe :H
OKa3Ba Hapop;HMt{eCTBOTO. J13p;11raT ce 11.n;e11 3a Hapop;oBnaCTMe, caMoynpaBneH11e,
cou;11aJIHa cnpaBep;JIMBOCT, KpMTJ1<IHO OTHOllieH11e K'bM TIOJIJ1T11t{eCKaTa 11 MKOHOMM-
qeCKaTa .n;e:ticTBMTenHocT. OcHOBHa .n;oKTp11Ha e yTBnp)l(.n;asaHeTo Ha non11TMt{eCKa
geM0Kpau;11JI <rpe3 np11Hu;11na Ha o6~ecrneHaTa conu.n;apHocT. IIapTMJITa e M11pon10-
6irna. PerneHMeTo Ha 6nmapcKMR Hau;110HaneH Bnrrpoc Te 811)1(,!l;aT s c6n11:lKeH11eTo Ha
6anKaHCKMTe Hapop;M no.n; cpopMaTa Ha 6anKaHCKa KOHcpe.n;epau;MR, np11 npM3HaBaHe
aBTOHOMMJITa 11 .n;eu;eHTpam13au;11RTa Ha ynpaBJieHMeTo Ha oTp;eJIHvITe 06nacT11. P,UII
OCTaBa 6nM3Ka c p;eMoKpaTMTe M HeKonKoKpaTHO BJIM3a B KOan11u;1111 c TJIX. Bo.n;etta OT
CT. KoCTypKoB TR yqacrna B rnep;BoeHHMTe Ka611HeT11 Ha An. Man11HoB npe3 1918.
Mrraµ;orru:6eparrHaTa napTHH (MJIII) e 6nnrapCKa rron11T11qeCKa napTMJI, C'b3p;a-
getta npe3 1904. Ilo BpeMe Ha ynpaBneH11eTo Ha pa.n;ornaBMCTKaTa rrapT11JI npe3 1899-
1900 r. M cne.n; nap;aHeTo :HOT BnaCT B'b3H11KBaT BnTpernHonapT11l1H11 npoTMBopequJl.
I1pe3 HOeMBp11 1900 r. OT JIII e M3KnIOqeHa ManKa rpyna HeMHH <rJieHOBe, no.n;no)l(MJIM
Ha KpMTMKa pnKOBop;cTBoTo. Tosa nopa)l(.n;a Mp;eJITa cpe.n; napnaMeHrnpHaTa rpyna Ha
m16epan11Te .n;a npeyCTpORT napTMRTa. BcuqKo 3aBnpllIBa c Heycnex. ToraBa napna-
MettrnpttaTa rpyna Ha JIII cs11Ksa npe3 anpun 1904 r. Yqpep;11TenHo cn6paHMe Ha JIM-
6epanMTe. Ha Hero e 1136paHo pnKOBo.n;crno, ycrnB, a 3a npe.n;cep;aTeJI e 1136paH ,U11M.
ToHqes. IlporpaMaTa MM l13XO)l(.n;a OT np11Hu;11n11Te Ha KOHCT11Tyu;vrRTa, ocHoBaBa ce
Ha 3.n;paB11Te Ha<rana Ha HayKaTa vie np11cnoco6eHa K'bM HaCTOJI~vITe Hy)l(p;M Ha CTpa-
Hara. OrnoBeH npMHQMTI e n116epanH3M'bT. IJeqaTeH opraH Ha MJIII e B. "CBo6oCJHo
CJI080" (1904-1913).
B cncTaB :H BnH3aT 6vtBllll1 nu6epanu, Hep;oBonHH OT nonHTHKaTa Ha .n;-p B. Pa-
)1oCJiaBOB vr OT 3ary6eH11JI npecTM)I( Ha napTMJITa. HaBJIM3aT H HOBH qneHoBe- 3eMe-
)1enu;vi, 3aHaRTt{MM, Tnprosu;11. J13pa3JIBa MHTepecvtTe Ha TnproBcKo-npoMMlllJieHaTa
6yp)f(Oa3HJI, CB'bp3aHa C fepMaHMR .11 ABCTpo-YHrap11R. IJpe3 1913-1918 yqacTBa B
yrrpaBJieHHeTo B KOaJIMQHJI c pa.n;ornaBucnITe. ToraBa MJia.n;om16epan11Te cnupaT H3-
)1asatteTO Ha ne<raTHHJI CM opraH B 3HaK Ha convi.n;apHocT c JIII M HJIII. Ilpe3 1920 ce
BJIMBa B Hau;uoHannvi6epanHaTa napTMJI.
E'I>rrrapcKH 3eMeµ;errcKu: C'I>I03 (B3HC) Ilpe3 BToparn nonoB11Ha Ha 90-Te rop;HHM
Ha XIX B. 3anoqBaT .n;a B'b3HMKBaT rrnpBMTe MeCTHH 3eMep;eJICKM rrpocpec110HaJIHO-I1po-
Pocw.~a AH2eJ10Ba
CBeTHJll opraHJll3aQJllJll. Ilpe3 1899 U:aHKO U:epKOBCKJll, opraHJll3aTop Ha e,n;Ha OT Te3J.1

rpynM B MycMHO, TbpHoBcKo, ny6nJ11KyBa ,,Bb3BaHJ!le K'bM 6bnrapcKJ11Te 3eMe,n;eJIQJll"
c KOeTO npH30BaBa MeCTHJllTe opraHJll3aQJ!lliI ,n;a ce o6e,n;liIHRT B 06~ Cbl03. 11,n;eRTa f
no,n;eTa OT RHKO 3a6yHoB, KOHTO npe3 cenTeMBpH c. r. 3ano'IBa ,n;a 113,n;aBa B. ,,3eMeOell·
cKa 3a~uma". B Kpa.R Ha 1899 Ha KOHrpec B IlneBeH e ocHoBaH EbnrapcKH 3eMe,n;en-
CKliI C'bl03, a HeroB nM,n;ep crnBa R. 3a6yHoB. Ilpe3 cne,n;Ba~liITe MeceQH npo,n;bJI)l(aBa1
,ll;liICKYCHHTe 3a TOBa, ,n;aJIH C'bl03'bT ,n;a 3ana311 npocpecHOHaJIHJifR CliI xapaKTep liIJIH ,n;a Cf
npeo6pa3yBa B IlOJiliITH'IeCKa napTHR, 3a KOeTO HaCTORBa rpynaTa OKOJIO .[(. )J;parneB
Ilpe3 1901 C'bl03'bT B3li1Ma yqacT11e B 1136op11Te 3a XI OHC 11 neqen11 22 Mecrn B Hero
B Kpa.R Ha ro,n;11HaTa TOH e npe11MeHyBaH Ha EbnrapcKliI 3eMe,n;encK11 Hapo,n;eH C'bI03 J.1
ce npeBpo~a B nonliITH'IecKa napTliIR. Ilpe3 1902 3a n11,n;ep Ha E3HC e H36paH )J;parn·
eB, a ne'IaTeH opraH crnBa B. "3eMeOencKo 31-WMe''. B Kpa..R Ha 1907 r. poKOBo,n;crnoTc
ce ycTaHOBRBa B Cocp11R. Co~ecTBeH np11Hoc B opraHJ113aQliIOHHOTO 113rpa)l(,n;aHe m
3eMe,n;encKHR C'bl03 HMa An. CrnM6on11HCKH. KaTo pe,n;aKTop Ha napTHHHHR BecTHH~
11 no,n;npe,n;ce,n;aTeJI Ha C'bI03a TOH nonara ocHoBHTe Ha M,n;eonorHRTa Ha 3eMe,n;enCKan
opraHJ113aQHR 11 crnBa BcenpH3HaT poKOBO,ll;liITen Ha E3HC. Ilpe3 1909 r. li13m13a 01
ne'IaT TPYAbT MY "Jionumu'!ecKu napmuu unu CbCJIOBHU opzaHu3au,uu", KOHTO oqep-
TaBa ocHOBHliITe npHHQliITiliI OT w,n;eonorHRTa Ha E3HC. OcHoBononara~ npliIHQHn f
arpapH3M'bT. Bo3np11eMaHeTo Ha TOBa HanpaBJieH11e ce apryMeHTMpa c cpaKTa, qe E
EbnrapHR 75% OT HaceneHHeTo ce 3aHHMaBa C'bC 3eMe,n;enMe. Cnope,n; C'bCJIOBHaTa Teo-
PliIR napTHliITe ~e OTMpaT, a TeXHHR cbcTaB IJ.\e ce BJiee B C'bOTBeTHHTe C'bCJIOBHR. Ce·
JIRHHTe ca e,n;MHHO C'bCJIOBHe. )J;pyr11 C'bCJIOBHR ca 3aHaRT'IliIHCKOTO, pa60THH'IeCKOTO
TDproBCKOTO, 11H,n;yCTp11aJIHOTO liI 'IMHOBHliI'IecKOTO. Ba)l(eH npliIHQliITI e T03li1 3a Koo-
nepaTHBHOTO c,n;py)KaBaHe, KOeTO IJ.\e ,n;oBe,n;e ,n;o ycbBbprneHCTBaHe Ha 3eMe,n;eJIJ!leTO J.1
no,n;o6pRBaHe Ha )l(MBOTa Ha ceJIRHliITe. Pa3pernaBaHeTo Ha 6onrapcKHR HaQJllOHaneH
Bbnpoc 3eMe,n;eJIQliITe BH)l(,n;aT B C'b3p;aBaHeTo Ha 6anKaHcKa cpe,n;epaQHR HJiliI KoHcpe,n;e-
paQliIR, 6e3 yqacTwern Ha TypQliIR.
IlapTliIRTa e npoTliIB yqaCT11eTo Ha Ebnrap11R B IlbpBaTa CBeTOBHa BOHHa. 3apa,n;1-1
cMenarn CM TI03liIQliIR CTaM6oJIHHCKH e XB'bpneH B 3aTBopa. B KpaR Ha BOHHaTa E3HC
ornaBRBa CTHXHHHO 1136yxHaJI0To npe3 cenTeMBp11 1918 r. BoHHliillIKO BbCTaHHe. Cne,D
1920 r. CTaBa HaH-BJIHRTeJIHaTa IlOJIHTliI'IeCKa napTliIR.
o'.brrrapcKaTa pa60Tuu:qecKa CO:QHarrp;eMoKpaTu:qecKa napTHH (EPC)J;II) e C'b3·
,n;a,n;eHa npe3 1894 nocpe,n;cTBOM o6e.n;:viHeHHeTo Ha EonrapCKaTa coQ11an,n;eM0Kparn·
qecKa napTliIR Ha .[(. EnaroeB 11 EbnrapcKliIR COQMan,n;eM0KpaT11'IeCKH CbI03, Ha'Ieno c
R. CaKb30B. )J;oToraBa ,n;BeTe opraHli13aQliIH C'b~ecTByBaT He3aBliICliIMO e,n;Ha OT ,n;pyra
liI li13IlOBR,ll;BaT pa3JiliI'IHliI Bb3rne.n;li1 3a pa3BliITliieTO Ha COQliiaJIHCTH'IeCKOTO ,ll;BVDKeHY!f
B EbnrapliIR. Ha li136opMTe 3a VIII OHC npe3 1894 3a npoB TI'bT ca 1136paHliI ,n;BaMa
Hapo,n;HH npe.n;crnBMTeJiliI OT EPC)J;Il (K CaKb30B liI H. fa6poBCKliI).
Ilpe3 cne,n;BalJ.\liITe ro,n;MHliI TeopeTliI'IHliITe cnopoBe liI JiliI'IHHTe npoTHBope'IliIR E
napTliIRTa npo,n;bJI)l(aBaT liI npe3 1903 TR ce pa3,n;en.R Ha EPC)J;Il (TeCHliI c0Qwan11crn)
Ha'IeJio c EnaroeB 11 EPC)J;II (rn11poK:vi COQliiaJiliICTM), Bo,n;eHa OT CaK'b30B M EBTliIM ,[(a-
6eB. lllliipoKMTe COQliiaJIMCTliI CMRTaT, qe npliI KOHKpeTHliITe 6bnrapcKliI yrnoBliIR nap -
TliIRTa MO)l(e .n;a ce npeBopHe B CJIIJIHa nonliITliI'IecKa napTliIR caMo aKo o6xBaHe rpa,n;a J.1
- - - - - - - - HOBA E'bflrAPCKA UCTOPUJI (1878-1944)
cenoTo. TecH11Te COI..\11an11cT11 ce np11p;'bp:>KaT K'bM np11HI..\l1Tia Ha MapKCl13Ma p;a pa6o-

TRT caMo cpep; ¢opM11paru;11JI ce nponeTap11HT B rpap;oBeTe. IIpe3 1909 r. K'bM umpo-
Kl1Te COI..\11an11cT11 ce rrp11c'bep;11HJIBaT aHapxon116epan11Te 11nporpec11cT11Te11 np11eMaT
l1MeTo EPC,[{II (o6ep;i;rneHa)
,,Pa6omHu'iecKU aecmHuK" (MapKC11CTK11) 11 ,,Cou,uaJZucm ';,,Ha-
EPC,[{II l13p;aBa B.
poo" (pe¢opM11cTK11) 11 en. ,,Hoao apeMe" (MapKcl1CTKo) 11 ,,06U4o oeJZo" (pe¢opM11cT-
Ko). B11p;H11 p;eMI..\11 ca ABpaM faqeB (1871-1941); fp11rop l.JernMep;:>K11eB (1879-1945); ,[{.
EnaroeB (1856-1924); KoCTa JiynqeB (1882-1965); JI. CaK'b30B (1860-1941).
IIon11T11qeCKaTa c11cTeMa npe3 nep11op;a e qacT 11 npop;'bJI:>KeH11e Ha noJI11T11qeCKa-

Ta CJ1CTeMa OT npep;xo)J;Hl1JI nep11op;, KOraTO ca ¢opM11paHl1 HeMHitITe OCHOB11 11 ep;Hl1
OT Ha:i1-Ba)f(Hl1Te ii eneMeHTM. HoBMTe ycnoBMJI cnep; Il'bpBaTa CBeTOBHa BOMHa BHarnT
npoMeH11 B He:i1HaTa CTPYKTypa, B He:i1HMJI 06n11K, B I..\eJIMJI ii MexaHM3'bM. Eyp)f(oa3Hl1-
Te napT1111 ca B KpI-13a, oco6eHo 1m6epanH11Te /JIII, MJIII, HJIII (neTKOBl1CT11) 11 HJIII
(reHap;11eBl1CT11)/, KOMTO HOCJIT BMHa 3a BToparn Hal\l10HaJIHa KaTaCTpo¢a. Cnrnarne-
tto¢11ncKMTe 6yp)f(Oa3HM napT1111 (Pap;11KaJIHa, Hapop;Ha, ,[{eM0KpaT11qeCKa 11 IIporpe-
c11BHOJI116epantta) CTaBaT )J;OMl1H11pa~11 OT Tpap;l11\l10HHMTe 6yp)f(Oa3Hl1 napT1111, 6e3
.n;a MoraT p;a ce l13npaBJIT cpe~y neBuTe cunu 11 E3HC.
3a TI'bpBM TI'bT cnep; B'b3CTaHOBJIBaHeTO Ha 6nmapCKaTa p;'bp)f(aBa B'b3Hl1KBaT 6yp-
)f(Oa3Hl1 opraH113aQl1Vf, K011TO B pa3Jil1qHa CTeneH OTpuqaT napnaMeHTapHaTa CVfCTeMa,
.n;oToraBarnHaTa 6yp)f(Oa3Ha napTMMHa c11cTeMa. TaKa ce noJIBJIBaT BoeHHl1JIT C'bI03,
Hapop;Hl1JIT croBop, EHC "Ky6paT': C'bI03'bT Ha 6ol1:1\l1Te 11 np. 3ary6una BpeMeHHO
611TKaTa 3a BllaCTTa 6yp)l(Oa3MJITa C'b3)J;aBa, B'b3CTaHOBJIBa Vf OBJia,D;JIBa noqT11 Bc11qK11
opraHM3al\MM Ha 6nnrapcKaTa MHTenureHLI;MJI. ToBa ca BenuKaTa JIO)l(a Ha MacoH11Te B
Bnnrap11H, E'hnrapcKoTo Teoco¢CKo o6~ecTBO, EnnrapcKaTa nura 3a caMoonpe,u;ene-
HMe Ha Hapop;HOCT11Te 11 ,u;p.
IIpe3 nep11op;a CBOeo6pa3Ha C'bCTaBHa qacT Ha non11TuqecKaTa c11cTeMa ca op-
raHl13al\l1MTe Ha Hau;r10HanHoocB060,u;11TeJIHMTe p;BM)l(eH11JI. IIonRp113aQl1JITa 3arnra
M TRX. B'b3Hl1KBaT M ,u;eceTKM HOBllI opraHM3al\l111. TaKa B KpaH Ha 1927 r. B E'bnraptrn
C'bll.\eCTByBaT 2 399 opraHM3al\Ml1, OT KOMTO 21 TIOJIMTJ.1qecKl1, 321 npo¢ec110HaJIHVt,
1 663 KYJITypHo-rrpoCBeTHl1, 475 3a ¢11311qeCKo B'b3II11TaH11e. MaKap Ha:i1-MaJIKO Ha
6pol1: ,u;a ca rron11T111qecK11Te, Te urpaHT Ha:i1-Ba)l(Ha poJIJI.
Kp113aTa Ha 6yp)l(Oa3Ho-rrapJiaMeHTapHaTa p;eMoKpal\l1JI OT KpaR Ha IInpBaTa CBe-
TOBHa BOMHa, B HaqaJIOTO Ha 30-Te f0,D;l1Hl1 e B HaM-OCTpaTa CM ¢a3a. IloJil1Tl1qeCKaTa
cwcTeMa ce xapaKTep11311pa c 6e3rrapT11:i1Ha )J;MKTaTypa Haqeno c MOHapxuqecK11JI MH-
CTMTyT. JieranHo MJIM rronyneranHo rrpop;'bJI)l(aBaT p;a )l(MBeJIT no-roneMMTe Tpap;MI..\11-
0HHM rrapT1111, HeneranHo C'b~ecTByBa EKII, JIMKB11p;11paHM ca Hau;110HaJIHoocso60,u;11-
rerrmne opram13al\Ml1. JieranHMTe opraHM3al\Ml1 Ha 6e)l(aHI..\MTe ca nop; KOHTpona Ha
/:l'bp)f(aBaTa. KaTo qacT OT rrom1T11qecKaTa c11cTeMa 3arroqBaT p;a ce M3rpa)l(p;aT Ka3M-
Pocm1a AH2eJ10Ba
OHHM, A'bp)f(aBHM npoqiec110HalIHI1 opraHM3aQMI1. 3a npeycTpOMCTBOTO Ha IlOlIMTW'H

CKaTa CMCTeMa ce rpM)f(Jtl C'b3AaAeHaTa ,UMpeKQMR Ha o6I.QeCTBeHaTa o6HoBa.
B HaBeqepMeTo Ha BTopaTa cBeTOBHa Bo:Crna MHoro OT eneMeHTMTe Ha nonMTWH
CKaTa CMCTeMa ca CB'bp3aHI1 c BOeHHaTa KOHIOHKTypa. Pa3BMTMeTO ce xapaKTepl1311p
c M3KlIIOqJ.1TenHa HeCTa6MJIHOCT Ha 6yp)f(Oa3HMTe M Ape6Ho6yp)f(oa3HMTe napr.H11
ronRMa AMHaMMKa.
H11nn nK
1920 "3setto"
1927
oHnn
1920
IEPcnn I ill. c.
EPCJ(CT T. c. 1-------1
bKll (1. c.) 1919
L~
E3HC 63HC "Bpa6<ra I" 1926
~-----~
.I E3HC "nna11ue" I 932
EKTI I1pe3 1919 r. EPC,UIT (T. c.) ycBORBa lIMHMRTa Ha fleHHH M 6omues11K11re 11
rrpMeMa wMeTo EKIT (TeCHM coQManucTM). <J)aKT'bT, qe rrapTMRTa 3arra3Ba B Ha3Batt11ero
"TeCHM COQMalIMCTM" noKa3Ba CMlIHMTe no3MQMM B HeR Ha EnaroeB M CTap11re ):\ettl.\11
Ha COQMaJIAeMoKpaQMRTa B o'bnrap11R. EnaroeB M npMB'bp)l(eHMQMTe MY AO norne11tto
He B'b3rrpueMaT neHMHl13Ma M ce npMA'bp)f(aT K'bM M3KOHHM MapKcMcTK.H no3VJ~1111. Ha
ITnpBMR KOHrpec Ha EKIT (T. c.) ce noRBRBa 11 rpynaTa Ha neBMTe K0Mytt11cr11 B naprn-
RTa, KORTO BilOCJieACTBMe I13MrpaBa cepl103Ha ponR np11 pa3Bl1Tl1eTO H.
,Uo 1923 EKI1(T.c.) M3pacrna Karn cep.H03Ha rron11T11qecKa rnna. Ha HJIKOJIKO no-
CJieAOBaTelIHM M36opHM Ka.MIIaHMM rreqerr11 Ha:C!-MHoro rrracoBe crreA E3HC. B HaBe-
qepweTo Ha ,UeBeTOIOHCKMR npeBpaT napTMRTa MMa HaA 38 000 qneHOBe, CB'bp3aHJm
c HeR opraHM3aQMl1 C'blQO MMaT BHYllIMTeJIHa l.IJieHcKa Maca: OPCC - OKOJIO 30 000
AYllIM, EKMC - oKono 14 000 AYllIM, KoonepaQMR "Orno6o)l(AeH11e" - OKOJIO 80 000
AYllIM. EKIT nel.len11 1136op11Te B HRKOM o6I.QMHM M C'b3AaBa T. Hap. "o611\l1HCKl1 KoMy-
HOBA E"bJII'APCKA MCTOPMJ! (1878-1944)
ml'. IloBnMRHM oTqacTJ1 OT opraHJ13MpaHaTa OT HeJI aHTJ1BOeHHa nponaraHp;a, MHO)Ke-

CTBO BOHHMLt;M ce BKmoqBaT B'bB Bnap;aticKoTo B'bCTaHMe.
}fapacTBaHeTo ii KaTo rnna JI npoTMBonocTaBJI KaKTO Ha Tpap;11u;110HHJ1Te 6yp)Ko-
a3HM napnrn, TaKa 11 Ha ynpaBnJIBaI.Lt;MJI B nep11op;a 1919-1923 E3HC. 0THOllieHMJITa
c B3HC ce snolliaBaT rnep; opraHM3MpaHeTo OT EKTI Ha TpaHcnopTHaTa cTaqKa npe3
1919-192011 pa3rp0Ma ii OT OpaH)f(eBaTa rnapp;11JI. C'b3p;ap;eHa e BoeHHa opraH113aLt;MJI
Ha EKTI, KOJITO MMa 3a u;en p;a nop;roTBJI napTMJITa 3a BoOP'b*eHo npoTMBonocTaBJIHe
Ha snacTTa.
Ilpe3 1922 Bp'b3KMTe c E3HC ce B'b3CTaHOBJIBaT noKpati p;upeKTMBaTa Ha Ko-
MHHTepHa 3a TIOBCeMeCTHO C'b3,D;aBaHe Ha Tpyp;oB cppOHT C'bC cenJiqecTBOTO. Ha pe-
<!JepeHp;yMa 3a Cop;eHe Ha BJ1HOBHJ1Lt;J1Te OT HaLt;J10HanHJ1Te KaTacTpocp11 npe3 1922 3e-
Mep;enu;11Te 11 EKTI 113n113aT c o6I.Lt;a no3MLt;MJI 11 ycnJIBaT p;a Hano)KaT opraHJ13MpaHeTo
Ha L{op)f(aBeH cop;. CoI.Lt;espeMeHHO npop;'bn)f(aBaT 6op611Te Ha napTMJITa c'bc 3eMe-
AerrcKOTO npaBMTenCTBO 3a BnJ1JIHJ1e cpep; 6ep;HJ1Te CJIOeBe OT HaceneHMeTO, KOMTO Ha
MeCTa npeMMHaBaT B OTKPMTH c6n'bcou;11. Tosa e e,1:1Ha OT np11qum1Te 3a no3MLt;HJITa Ha
HeyrpanuTeT Ha EKTI npu H3B'bpllIBaHeTo Ha ,[(eBeTOIOHCKMJI npespaT. CoI.Lt;O TaKa, B
l(eHrpanHOTO p'bKOBO,D;CTBO HMa CHnHH TI03l1Lt;HH rpynaTa Ha CTapHTe p;ei1:u;u, Haqeno
c Brraroes, KOHTO CMJITaT, qe npose)f(p;aHeTo Ha B'bop'b)f(eHo B'bCTaH:vre e Heu;enec'bo-
6pa3HO. B'bnpeKH TI03HLt;HJITa Ha u;eHTpanHoTo p'bKOBop;cTBo, HJIKOH napTMt°rnu opra-
Htt3aLt;Ml1 ce npMC'be):IMHJIBaT K1:>M CTHXHHHO J136yxHanoTO lOHCKO B'bCTaHMe.
ITo-K'bCHO, nop; HaTHCKa Ha pap;J1KanHo HacTpoeHM napTHHHH opraHJnau;u11 B
crpaHaTa 11 Ha KoMHHTepHa, B HaqanoTo Ha aBrycT 1923 L(K Ha EKTI B3eMa pellieHMe
3a opraHH3HpaHe Ha HOBO B'bCTaHHe npOTJ1B pe)f(J1Ma Ha An. L(aHKOB, KaTO ce TIOTop-
CM cbp;ei1cTBMeTo Ha E3HC. r. ,[(HMMTpoB 11 3aB'bpHamrn ce B E'bnrapuR B. KonapoB
3acrasaT Haqeno Ha CenTeMBputicKoTo B'bCTaHHe OT 1923. To npeTopnRBa Heycnex
no pep;uu;a npuqi-rn11 :vr e nornep;BaHo OT Macos11 penpecu11 Ha npaBMTencTBOTO cpeI.Lt;y
EKIT M E3HC. ,[(seTe napT1111 yqacrnaT B KoanHLt;MJI Ha 1136opHTe npe3 HOeMBpH 1923
11 B'brrpeKH npaBHTencTBem1Te HaCHnHJI H MallIV!HaLt;HH, ycnJIBaT p;a cneqenJIT 1/4 OT
macoBeTe. Ilpe3 anpi-rn 1924 BCJie):ICTBHe Ha npoKapaHHJI OT npaBHTenCTBOTO 33.D: l1
nocrrep;sanoTo pellieHMe Ha B'bpxosmrn Kacau;vroHeH cop; EKTI u CBop3aHHTe c HeJI
opraHJ13aLt;l1H ca TIOCTaBeHH J13BoH 3aKOHa.
Bcnep;cTBMe Ha noTylliaBaHeTo Ha CenTeMBp11ticK0To B'bCTaHHe MHoro OT Kap;pu-
re Ha rrapTHJITa ca y6MTM, 3arnopeHH HnH npMHyp;eHH ,1:1a eMHrp:vrpaT. Tosa BOp;M p;o
3aci11rnaHe B p'bKOBO,D;CTBOTO Ha TI03J1Lt;HJ1Te Ha neBHTe ceKTaHTH, KOHTO ca KpaHHO
HacrpoeHH B nocoKa Harnnue. Ha 16 anpun 1925 Kpat"rno nRBO HacTpoeHH ,1:1ei1:u;:vr Ha
BoeHHaTa opraHH3aLt;MJI Ha EKTI nop;roTBJIT :vr H3BopllIBaT aTeHTaTa B u;opKBaTa "Cs.
HeAem1': np:vr KOHTO 3arHBaT MHoro HeBHHHH rpa:>Kp;aHM. B oprami3:vrpaHMTe OT npa-
s11rerrcrn0To Ha An. Ll;aHKOB penpecHH cpeI.Lt;y ono3HLt;l1JITa cnep; aTeHTaTa ca H36HTH
MHO)KeCTBO BH,D;HH p;etiu;H Ha napTHJITa.
Ha MocKoBcKoTo C'bBeI.Lt;aHMe npe3 nRTOTO Ha 1925 11 Ha BMeHCKl1JI nrreHyM npe3
1926 yMepeHOTO KpHlIO B rrapTHJITa, Haqeno c r .il:HMHTpOB H B. KonapoB ycrnrna p;a
HaJJO)KJ1 csaJIJIHeTo Ha Kypca KoM Boop'b)l(eHo BocTaH11e. Me)l(p;yspeMeHHO npaBH-
re11crsorn Ha An. L(aHKOB nop; HaTHCKa Ha Me)l(p;yttapop;HoTo o6I.Lt;eCTBeHo MHeHMe e
Pocw.-ia AH2e11oaa
CMeHeHO c TOBa Ha AH. flRfflJeB, KOWTO B H3BeCTHa CTeneH CMeK<JaBa npoTHBOilOCTa-

BRHeTO c KOMYHHCTHTe. Te3H co6HTHR co3p;asaT yrnoBHR 3a Bo3o6HOBRBaHe Ha ne-
raJIHaTa ;n;eJ1HocT Ha EKII. Ha CBHKaHaTa npe3 1927 KompepeHI.J;HR Ha 6e3napTHHHHTe
pa6oTHH<JeCKH rpyn11 ce Co3;n;asa "Pa6oTHH<JeCKa napTttR" c netJaTeH opraH "Pa6om-
HU"lecKo oeno" KaTO neraJIHO npoRBJieHHe Ha EKII. Co3;n;a;n;eHH ca H CBop3aHH c He.R
Pa6oTHH'IeCKH Mna;n;e)!(KH CoID3 JI He3aBHCI1MH pa6oTHWieCKH npoqiec110HaJIHH co-
ID3I1.
1929 PIT ornaBRBa cepHR roneMH CTa'IKH B Eo11rap11R, KOeTo ;n;oHRKo;n;e Bo3-
IIpe3
Bpo~a nonynRpHoCTTa iI. Ha tt36op11Te npe3 1931 neqe1111 170 000 rnaca JI nonyqaBa
31 ;n;enyTaTCKH MaH;n;arn. Ha o6~HHCKHTe H36op111 npe3 1932 neqeJIH MH03HHCTBOTO
rnacoBe B o6~HHCKHR coBeT B CoqrnR, HO npaBHTeJICTBOTO Ha Hapop;HHR 6noK oTKa3-
sa ;n;a ;n;a;n;e BJiaCTTa Ha H36paHHR C'bBeT H opraHH3Hpa HOBH H36opH, KOHTO neqem1 c
MaWHHaQHH.
3a~HTaTa Har. ,UHMHTpOB Ha naunu;HrCKHR npou;ec MY )l;OHaCR CBeTOBHa H3BeCT-
HOCT H rn11p0Ka nonynRpHOCT B cpep;HTe Ha KOMYHHCTH'IeCKOTO )l;BH)!(eHHe no CBeTa.
Tosa no3BOJIRBa Ha Hero 11 Ha Konapos ycnernHo ;n;a oTcTpaHRT OT poKOBO;rt;CTBOTO Ha
napTHRTa 11eB11Te ceKTaHTH Ha n11eHyM11 npe3 1935 11 1936 ro;rt;HHa. EKII ce OTKa3Ba
OT Bpa)!(;n;e6HOTO OTHOWeHHe K'bM 3eMe;rt;eJICKaTa H cou;HaJI;n;eMOKpaTJI'IeCKaTa napnrn
H ce onHTBa ;n;a Topc11 coTpy;rt;HH<Jecrno c rnx 3a co3p;asaHeTo Ha Hapo;n;eH qipoHT B
cooTBeTCTBHe c perneHHRTa Ha Ce;n;MHR KOHrpec Ha KoMHHTepHa. B ocHOBaTa Ha Te3Jtl
perneHHR CTOH r. ,UHMHTpOB, KOMTO no TOBa BpeMe e reHepaneH ceKpeTap Ha Me)!(;n;y-
Hapo;n;HaTa opraHtt3au;irn. IIpe3 1938 r., no perneHtte Ha UeHTpanHHR KOMHTeT, Hene-
ranHaTa EKII H neraJIHaTa Pa6oTHH'IeCKa napTHR CJIHBaT ;n;ettHOCTTa CH B HOBa napnrn
no;n; HMeTo "EonrapcKa pa6oTHHtJecKa napTttR''.
EnnrapcKH 3eMep;encKH Hapop;eH C'I>I03 H3na;n;a B Te)!(Ka cttTyau;irn cne;n; npeBpa-
Ta. O~e npe3 1924 r. e HanpaBeH onttT 3a Bo3CTaHOBRBaHe Ha ;n;eJ1HOCTTa, Ho TOH ce
pa3;rt;Hpa OT OCTpH 6op6tt Me)!(;rt;y O'IepTalIHTe ce B Hero TpH TetJeHHR: JIRBO, u;eHTpHCT-
KO H ;n;RcHo. Me)!(;n;y TRX co~ecTByBaT noJIHTH'IeCKH JI TaKTH'IeCKH pa3JIWIHR. fhp-
BOHatJaJIHO C'bl03'bT OTCTO..RBa Te3aTa 3a caMOCTO..RTeJIHa 6op6a, HO cne;n; TOBa npHeMa
CoTpy;rt;HH'IeCTBOTO c 6yp)!(Oa3HHTe 0Il03HQHOHHH napTHH.
E3HC "Bpa611a l" e o6pa3yBaHo B KpaR Ha 1926 r. B opraHtt3au;ttoHHO OTHorne-
HHe TO e HaM-CHJIHOTO KpHlIO Ha E3HC J1 C'b~eBpeMeHHO HaM-MaCOBaTa ;n;pe6Ho6yp-
)!(0a3Ha napTHR. l!neH e Ha Me)!(;n;yHapo;n;HoTo arpapHo 6IDpo (MAE), H3Becrno OU\e
KaTo 3eneH J1HTepHau;ttoHaJI. B noJIHTH'IeCKaTa cvi rnrnTqiopMa coID3oT npoKJiaMHpa
Hapo;n;oBJiaCTHH'IeCKH..R npHHI.J;Hil J1 arpapeH Tpy;n;oBOKOonepaTHBeH cTpot1, OCHOBaH
Ha qacTHaTa Tpy;n;oBa co6cTBeHOCT JI orpaHH'IaBa~ rocno;n;cTBOTO Ha e;n;paTa 6yp)Koa-
3H..R. B HaBe'IeptteTO Ha npeBpaTa HMa 3628 ;n;py)!(6tt coc 163 XHJI..R;rt;H tJJieHoBe. Jtfapa3.H-
Ba HHTepecttTe Ha orpoMHa qacT OT cpe;n;HttTe 11 ;n;pe6HttTe 6onrapcK11 ceJIRHlll, HO npu-
BJIH<Ja 11 e;n;Ha qacT OT no-3aMO)!(HHTe ceJIRHH. J13rpa)!(p;a Mrrap;e)!(Ka opraH1113au;irn Jt1
aKap;eMH'IeH C'bID3. OcTaBa B ono3HQ11..R Ha croBopttcTKOTO ynpaBJieHwe ( 1923-1931 r.).
(IIpe3 u;enttR nepwo;n; e pa3;n;11paHa OT BoTpeIIIHH 6op611.
B3HC "OpamKeB" e o6oco6eH npe3 1926 r. Haqeno 3aCTaBa K. ToMoB, a no-K'bC-
HO ce np11coe;rt;11H..RBa w rpynaTa Ha CT. 0Map'IeBCKl1.
440
E3HC "Bpa6qa-1 '; 3ae,!J;HO c ,neMoKpanPieCKaTa, Hau;uoHamu16eparrHaTa, Pa,ll;M-

KaJIHaTa rrapTMJI u E3HC "Crnpa 3aropa" o6pa3yBaT Hapo,ll;HMR 6rroK. Crre,!J; tt36op-
HaTa rro6e,ll;a rrpe3 JOHM 1931 r. B3eMa yqaCTue B 6rroKOBMJI Ka6uHeT. IIpoBe)J(,!J;aHaTa
oT HapO,ll;HMJI 6rroK rroJIMTMKa rrpe,ll;M3BJ1KBa He,ll;OBOJICTBO cpe,!1; rro-roJIJIMaTa qacT oT
cencKOTO HacerreHue u ,!J;OBe)J(,ll;a ,!J;O OTJIMB Ha qneHcKa Maca OT pe,ll;OBeTe Ha E3HC
"Bpa6qa l''.
IIpe3 MapT 1932 r. ce cTura ,ll;O pa3u;errneHMe B opraHM3au;MRTa. C'b3,!J;aBa ce caMoc-
TOJITenHa rroJIMTM'IeCKa opraHM3au;MR B3HC ''AneKcaHµ;'I>p CTaM6omu1:cKH", oKono
B. "II11a0He". Tau ttMa IIO,ll;Kperrarn Ha An. 066oB, Xp. CTOJIHOB, H. ArnHacoB. IIpe3
aBrycT c. r E3HC "An. CrnM6onMMCKM" ce o6e,ll;MHJIBa c qaCT OT rrpttB'bp)f(eH11u;MTe Ha
E3HC "Bpa6qa l" u o6pa3yBaT T. Hap. B3HC "06eµ;HHeH".
IIaparrenHo c Te3J1 Kp11na u opraHtt3au;uu B E3HC CBOH caMOCTOJITeJieH )f(JifBOT
BO,ll;M u B3HC "CTapa 3aropa'; Bo3rTiaBJIBaH OT ,n. ,nparMeB. Tow e MaJIO'IMCJieHa rro-
JIMTM'IeCKa rpyrrMpOBKa,, KOJITO e B OII03J1l.\J1JI Ha yrrpaBJieHMeTO Ha .neMOKpaTU'IeCKJ1.il
croBop u OT'!acn1 Ha Hapo,ll;HMJI 6rroK.
Hatf-JieBMTe cMnM B C'bJ03a rrpeMMHaBaT KoM Pa,ll;MKaJIHaTa rrapTMR. E3HC "Bpa6-
qa l" ce o6JIBRBa rrpoTMB ,ll;op)f(aBHMR rrpeBpaT Ha 19 Maw 1934 r. Cne,ll; 3a6paHaTa Ha
rronuTw-1ecKMTe rrapTMM OT rrpaBMTencTBOTO Ha K. feoprueB E3HC "Bpa6qa" 1 BO,ll;M
rronyneraneH Ha'IMH Ha )J(J1BOT.
IIpe3 rrponeTTa Ha 1936 r. E3HC "Bpa6qa 1·: 3ae,!J;HO c Pa,ll;MKaJIHaTa rrapTMJI,
Jfarr'IeBMR croBop, Cou;MaJI,ll;eMoKpaTtt'IeCKaTa rrapTMJI u Hau;uoHannM6epanuTe o6-
pa3yBaT orro3uu;uoHeH 6noK - T. Hap. "IIeTopKa''. CoJ03oT ce BKTIJO'!Ba B aKu;MaTa 3a
B'b3CTaHOBJIBaHe Ha TopHoBcKaTa KOHCTMTYI..\MR. E3HC "Bpa6qa l" ce o6JIBRBa npo-
nrn rrpucoe,ll;MHJIBaHeTo Ha EonrapMR KoM TpuCTpaHHMJI naKT. IIo BpeMe Ha BToparn
rneTOBHa BOWHa Y'IaCTBa B MeponpttRTMJITa Ha neranHaTa 6yp)f(Oa3Ha ono3Ml.\MR M oc-
raBa M3BoH Oct>. B3eMa yqacTue enc CBOM npe,ll;CTaBMTenM B KoanMu;ttoHHOTO npaBM-
rencrno Ha K. MypaBtteB.
IJeqaTHM opraHu ca B. "3eMeoe11cKo 3HaMe", "HuBa", "Bpa6'ia" u en. "3eM11eoe11-
CKaMUCb11''. Cpe,ll; nw,ll;epuTe ca He,ll;RTIKO ArnHacoB (1881-1960); Beprnn ,nMMOB (1901-
1979); _nuMMTDP fMqeB (1893-1964); KoHcTaHTMH MypaBueB (1893-1965) u AneKcaH-
Anp Pa,ll;onoB (1883-1945).
Paµ;HKanp;eM0Kparw1ecKaTa napTHH ocTaBa 6nM3Ka c ,!J;eMoKpaTMTe u HeKOTIKO-
KpaTHO Bnu3a B KoanMu;MM c TRX. Bo,!J;eHa OT CT. KoCTypKoB TR yqacrna B cJie,ll;BOeH-
mne Ka6uHeTM Ha An. MamrnoB npe3 1918. I1pe3 1922 ce BKJIJO'!Ba 3ae,ll;HO c ,nrr B
Koanwu;MJITa KoHCTMTyu;MoHeH 6noK. Cnep; _neneTOJOHCKMJI npeBpaT rrpe3 1923 qacT
or Pa,ll;MKanp;eMoKpaTM'IeCKaTa rrapTMR ce npMcoe,ll;MHJIBa KoM _neMoKpaTM'IeCKMR
croBop, a OCHOBHOTO KPMJIO o6pa3yBa Tpar1Ha KOalIMI..\J.1.il c ,!J;eMoKpaTMTe, KOJITO no-
KbCHO rrpepacrna B Hapo,ll;HMR 6noK. IIpe3 1926 MMeTo Ha napTttJITa e npoMeHeHo Ha
Pap;11KaJIHa napTMR, a OT 1931 TR yqacTBa B npaBMTerrcTBaTa Ha Hapo,ll;HMR 6noK. PIT
e ,u;pe6Ho6yp)Koa3Ha c npeTeHu;MM p;a M3pa3aBa MHTepecMTe Ha 3aHaJIT'IMM, ,!1;pe6HM u
cpep;HM ToproBu;M, MHTeJieKTyanu;M J1 ,ll;p. IIpe3 OKTOMBpM 1933 r. TR Ha6po.i1Ba 1716
opraHM3au;MM c 48 575 qJieHoBe. B HaBeqepMeTo Ha rrpenparn B cTpaHaTa MMa Tpu pa-
Pocu~a AHzenoaa
p;nKaJIH.H rrapT.H.H (6e3 rpyrraTa Ha T. BnaJ.fKOB OT ,D;C): pap;.HKaJIHaTa Ha CT. KocTypKOB,
pap;.HKaJIHaTa Ha rrpo<P. f. feHoB H H.H~o:>t<HaTa IIporpec.HBHo-pap;HKanHa rrapTHJI.
IIpe3 1934 Pap;HKanHaTa rrapTHJI ce pa3.QerrBa, cnep; KaTO rpyrra HdtHH 11.Hp;epH,
Hep;oBOJIHH OT pnKOBop;cTBOTO Ha CT. KocTypKoB, .H36HpaT 3a 11Hp;ep f eoprn f eHoB.
ManKo rro-K'bCHO, c11ep; ,D;eBeTHap;eceTOMaiicmJI rrpeBpaT, rrapTHHTe ca 3a6paHem1.
fpyrraTa Ha f eHOB rrpOADJI:>KaBa p;a <PYHKQHOHHpa rr01iy11eraJIHO, KaKTO IIOBeqeTO rrap-
THH, a Ta3H Ha KocTypKoB rrocTerreHHO rrpeKpaTJIBa p;diHOCTTa CH.
,lJ;eMoKpaTH'lecKaTa napnm c11ep; IlnpBaTa cBeTOBHa BOHHa B3eMa yqacT.He B yrr-
paBneHHeTO. IIpe3 IOH.H 1918, rrpep; rrepcrreKTHBaTa OT rrp0Ba11 Ha n'bnrapHH B IlnpBa-
Ta CBeTOBHa BOHHa, An.. Man.HHOB c<PopMHpa rrpaBHTeJICTBO B KOaJI.H.QHJI c pap;HKan-
p;eMOKpaTHTe Ha CT. KocTypKoB, KoeTo .HMa 3a .Qe11 p;a .H3Bep;e n'bnrapHH OT BOHHaTa.
IIpe3 cerrTeMBpH p;e11era.QHJ1, Bop;eHa OT JfarrqeB, rrop;rrHcBa ConyttcKoTo rrpHMHpHe, a
Ma11Ko rro-K'bCHO .Qap <l>epp;nHaHp; I a6p;nKHpa B rro113a Ha CHHa CH. CncTaBeHo e HOBO
nrnpoKO Koamt.QHOHHO rrpaB.HTeJICTBO, B KOeTO ca BKJIIOqeH.H H rrpep;cTaBHTeJIH Ha
HIT, E3HC H EPC,D;II. Mece.Q rrO-K'bCHO Ka6HHeT'bT OTHOBO e rrpeo6pa3yBaH, KaTO
MHHHCT'bp-rrpep;cep;aTe11 cTaBa T. Teop;opoB. IIpe3 Maii 1919 AII e H3KJIIO"leHa OT rrpa-
B.HTencTBOTO.
IIpe3 c11ep;Ba~HTe rop;HH.H rrapT.HJITa e HaJ.f-roJIJ1MaTa orro3H.QHOHHa CHna, rrpont-
BorrocTaBH~a ce Ha yrrpaB11eH.HeTO Ha E3HC. IIpe3 1922 TJI o6pa3ysa, 3aep;Ho c P,lJ;II
H OHIIII Koa11.H.Q.HJ1Ta KoHCT.HTYQHOHeH 6110K. B KpaH Ha rop;HHaTa rroBeqeTO 11.Hp;epH
Ha rrapTHJITa ca apecTysaHH OT rrpaBHTencTBOTO H ocTaBaT B 3aTBopa p;o ,IJ;eBeTOIOH-
CK.HH rrpeBpaT rrpe3 1923. C11ep; rrpeBparn AII ce pa3p;eJIJ1 Ha p;Be. Ep;Ha 3HaqnTenHa
rpyrra, BOp;eHa OT BTopHH qoBeK B napTHHTa, AH. JfarrqeB, pernaBa p;a ce npnc'bep;HHH
K'bM ,D;eMoKpaTH"leCK.HJI croBop. 0cTaHa11HTe p;eMoKpaTH, 3aep;Ho c nnp;epa An. MarrH-
HOB, 3arra3BaT Ca.MOCTOJITeJIHOCTTa CH. IIpe3 1931 ,IJ;OMHHHpaHaTa OT TJIX KOaJIH.QH.ll
Hapop;eH 6rroK rreqerrH H36opHTe H C'bCTaBJI HJIK011KO rropep;HH rrpaBHTe11CTBa, Haqerro
c Ma11HHOB .H H. MymattoB. KnM 1932 r. napT.HHTa HMa 2758 opraHH3a.Q.H.H, B KOHTO
q11eHyBaT 0Ko110 102 XHJIJl,IJ;H p;ymH. TH rrpOADJI:>KaBa p;a 6np;e H3pa3HTen Ha .HHTepe-
c1ne Ha 3Haq.HTe11Ha qacT OT 6'bnrapcKaTa ThproBcKo-rrpoMHIIIJieHa 6yp:>Koa3.HJI. B ,IJ;II
ce BO,ll;JIT HerrpecTaHHH B'bTpeIIIHH 6op6H. B Haqa110To Ha HttyapH 1934 r. ce OTqenBa
rpyrrarn Ha npo<P. II. CTOJIHOB.
Crrep; rrpeBpaTa OT 1934 r. rro11HT.HqecKHTe rrapTHH ca 3a6patteHH, HO rroBeqeTO OT
TJIX rrpoAD11:>KaBaT p;a <PYHKQHOHHpaT rrony11era11Ho. Bnrrpem qe ce rrpoTHBorrocTaBJI
Ha C'bI03a c fepMaHHJI, rrpe3 1941 .nrr OTXB'bPJIJI npep;11o:>KeHHeTO p;a ce rrpHC'be,IJ;HHH
K'bM p;oMHHHpaHHJI OT EKII O. Ha 2 cerrTeMBpH 1944 rrpep;cTaBHTenH Ha rrapTIDITa
ce BK11roqBaT B rrpaBHTe11cTBOTO Ha MypaBHeB. B KpaH Ha 1947 KOMYHHCT.HqecKoTO
rrpaBHTe11CTBO 3a6paHHBa rrapTHJITa.
06ep;11HeHaTa Hapop;Ho-nporpecHBHa napTJra (OHIIII) e 06pa3ysaHa crrep;
c11HBaHeTo Ha 6 HOeMBpH 1920 Ha Hapop;HaTa rrapTHJI H IIporpecHBHoJIH6epa11HaTa
rrapTHH. IlnpBOHa"la11HHJIT 3aMHC'b11 e B o6ep;HHeHHeTO p;a ce BKJIIO"laT o~e pap;HKa-
11.HTe H p;eMoKpaTHTe, HO TOH He ce pea11H3Hpa. HoBaTa <PopMa.QHJI rrpHeMa 3a CBO.ll
rrporpa.Ma Ta3H Ha IIJIII, ycTaB :H cTaBa T03Ji1 Ha HIT. 3a rrapTHeH rrpa3HHK e orrpep;erreH
19 <PeBpyapH, a a. "Mup" u "B'blizapun", p;oToraBaIIIHH rreqaTHH oprattH Ha C11HBa~H-
442
HOBA E'bHI'APCKA UCTOPUJI {1878-1944)
Te ce rrapn·nt, CTaBaT caMOCTO.HTenHH J13gaH.HJI. :Vfa6paH e J13II'bJIH.HTeJieH KOMJ1TeT B

C'bCTaB-:V1B. EB. fellIOB, CT. ,UaHeB, T. TeogopoB, ,U. Xp11cToB. 3a ceKpernp11 ca orrpe-
geneHM UB. Eo6oll1eBcK11 11 K. ,U. Crr11capeBcK11. B MoMeHTa Ha 06eg11HeH11eTo CJ1 gse-
Te rrapT1111 l1MaT 06~0 2 743 opraH113aQJ1J1 C'bc 72 400 'IJieHoBe. Cnep; 06ep;MHeH11eTO
opraHl13aQl111Te ca 1 241 c 90 672 pep;OBH11 qJieHOBe, OT KOJ1TO HOBOIIp11eT11 - 19 620.
IIpep;cep;aTen Ha rrapT11RTa e J1B. EBCTp. fellloB c rrop;rrpegcep;aTeJI11 CT. ,UaHeB J1 T. Te-
op;opoB. rnaBHa qmrypa OCTaBa AT. EypOB.
OHIIII e cpep; ocHOBHl1Te orroHeHTJ1 Ha rrpaB11TencTBOTO Ha E3HC. Ilpe3 1922
TR ce BKmO'IBa B Koan11QHJ1Ta KoHcT11TyQ110HeH 6noK, a cnep; ,UeBeToIOHCKl1R rrpeBpaT
rrpe3 1923 ce BJI11Ba B ,UeMoKpaTM'IeCKl1R croBop.
Ha~:noHamrn:6eparrHaTa napT:na e 6'bnrapCKa rron11T11'IeCKa rrapT11R, C'b~ecT
ByBana OT 1920 go 1934. C'h3p;aBa ce BCJiep;crn11e Ha 06ep;11HeH11eTo Ha Jfa6epanHa-
Ta, Hapop;Hon116epanHaTa (reHa,q11eB11cT11), Hapop;Hom16epanHaTa (rreTKOB11cn1) 11
Mnap;on116epanHaTa rrapT11R. J1H11Q11aT11BaTa rrp11Ha.z:1ne)f<H Ha MJIII, KORTO rrpe3 Mati
1920 r. ce cn11Ba c HJIII (rreTKOBl1CT11). HOBaTa <iJopMaQ11R HOCH HMeTO 06eg11HeHa
HapogHon116epaJIHa rrapT11JI 11 e II'bpBa CT'bIIKa K'bM C'b611paHeTO Ha BCJ1'IK11 JIJ16epan-
HM rrapTI1J1. BcH'IKl1 p'bKOBOAH11 opraHH Ha HOBaTa rrapTHJI ca MexaHM'IHO CJll1BaHe Ha
p'bKOBOAHHTe vtHcT11TyQ1111 Ha ):IBeTe rrapT1111. UeHTpanHoTo 6ropo Ha HOBaTa rrapT11R
Bep;Hara 3aIIO'IBa rrper0Bop11 c p'bKOBOACTBOTO Ha reHa):IJ1eBJ1CTl1Te 3a 06eg11HeHvte.
Cne.r1 ycrrellIHJHI MM Kpati pa3roBop11Te rrpop;'bn)f(aBaT c JIII. Te 3aB'hpll1BaT Ha 31 oK-
TOMBp11 1920 r. c IIO):IIIMCBaHeTO Ha crreQHaneH rrpoTOKOJI. c rrpoTOKOJia ce rrpoB'b3rJia-
orna 06e,qwHeH11eTo Ha TpHTe napT1111 B egHa c HaMMeHoBaHMe HaQ110Hanm16epanHa
6e3 llle<iJcKH l1HCTHTyT. Ilpe):IBJ1)f(Aa ce BJ1Cll1J1JI napT11eH C'bBeT ga 6'h,qe J.13rpa):leH Ha
rrap11TeTHH Ha'IaJia. 3a QB.HT Ha HoBaTa rrapT11R e l136paH 3eneH11R, a 3a eM6neMa - JI'b-
B'bT. J1MeTo Ha napTHMHMRT BecTHl1K e "HeJaeucuMocm". Toti 3arroqBa .z:1a l13JIM3a OT
Ha'IaJioTo Ha 1921 r., KoraTo ce l13rpa)f(p;a J1 opraHJ13aQJ10HHaTa CTPYKTypa Ha rrapT11-
JITa. Ha rrpaKTl1Ka HOBaTa rrapnu1 rrpe):lcTaBJIRBa MexaHM'IHO crno6eHo rroJil1TJ1'IeCKo
o6e,qMHeHJ1e 3a npop;'bJI)f(aBaHe IIOA ,qpyra <iJopMa M IIOA p;pyro MMe )f(l1BOTa Ha OCTa-
ThQl1Te OT JIM6epaJIHl1Te napTMM. TR HaM11pa COQMaJIHa OCHOBa cpeg 6aHKep11, e):lpl1
3eMeBJia,qeJIQM, peHT11epH, e):lpM T'bproBQJ1 M npe,qrrpl1eMa'Il1.
HetiHM ,qet1Q11 yqacrnaT B 3ar0Bopa 3a ,UeBeTOIOHCKMR npeBpaT OT 1923. J1Ma
CBOM rrpe,qCTaBMTeJI B rrpaBMTeJICTBOTO Ha CroBopa. I1pe3 1931 ce BKJIIO'IBa B Hapo.r1-
Hl1JI 6JIOK, MMa MMHJ.1CTepCKl1 IIOCT B npaB11TeJICTBOTO My. ,Uo ,UeBeTHa,qeceTOMaMCKl1JI
rrpeBpaT rrapTHRTa rrpe)f(HBRBa oceM pa3QerrneHMR. Haw-rnnHa e HQJII1 Ha ,UHM. B'hp-
6rnoB, HO TR e HaW-HeCTa6MnHaTa 6yp)f(Oa3Ha <iJopMaQMJI, KOJITO CTpeMJ1TeJIHO B'bpBl1
K'DM CBOJI Kpati, HaM11paMKJ.1 ce B IIOCTOJIHHa B'bTpellIHa KpM3a. I1pe3 HOeMBp11 1933 r.
11Ma 2032 opraHM3aQMl1 c 87 250 qneHoBe. ITocTerreHHo OT He.H ce OT):leJIRT KpMnarn Ha
H. II. ,UaCKaJIOB w Ha rrpo<iJ. r. I1eTpOB. HQJIII Ha E. CM11JIOB no BpeMe Ha ynpaBJieH11-
ero Ha Hapo,qHMR: 6noK e B ono31i1QMJI. I1pe3 Maw 1932 r. OT He.11 ce OTQerrna rpyrrarn
Ha HR:Korall1Hl1Te cTaM6onoBMCTl1, Ha'Ieno c r. IOpTOB, a rro-K'bCHO M Xp. CrnTeB. Cnep;
rrpeBparn Ha 19 Maw 1934 r. e 3a6paHeHa.
Hapop;H:UHT CTOBOp e IIOJIMT:l1'IeCKa opraHM3aQMJI, C'b3):1a):leHa Ha 14 OKTOMBp11
1921 OT rpyrra 6e3napn1I1HM YHMBeponeTcKM rrperrop;aBaTeJIH. Cpeg ocHoBaTeJIMTe ca.
Pocu4a AHzenoBa
An. fpeKOB, An. U:aHKOB, II. CTawHoB, ,U. Mmnai1:KOB 11 ;o;pym. OrnoBHMTe nporpaMHY!
Ha'Iana Ha HC ca KOHcn11paTl1BHOCT, emiTapHocT M Ha;o;napTMUHOCT. IlopBoHa'!anHo
pomITa Ha poKOBO;IJ;CTBO Mrpae coqmi1:CKMJI KOMJ1TeT. J1Ma CMnHO BnMRHMe B no-rone-
Ml1Te rpa;o;ose l1 oco6eHO B OHe3M, B KOJ1TO MMa BOeHHl1 rapHl130HM. HRMa neqaTeH
opraH, Ho Ha npaKTMKa Ta3l1 ponJI noeMa B. "CnoBo", 3ano'!Han ;o;a 113nM3a OT 1922 r.
Hapop;Hl1JIT croBop CM noCTaBJI 3a Qen ;o;a cnpe pa3pacrna~oTo ce BnMRHMe Ha
nesm.~aTa 11 asTop11TapH0To ynpaBneHMe Ha E3HC. Cne;o; caMopa3npaBaTa Ha npas11-
TencTBOTO Ha An. CTaM6ontti1:CKl1 c ntt;o;epttTe Ha ono3MQMOHHMJI KoHcnnyQMOHeH
6noK B KpaJI Ha 1922 l1 cpanurnqmQMpaHMTe J1360pl1 B Ha'lanOTO Ha 1923, Bop;a'IJ1Te Ha
Hapop;HMJI crosop ycTaHOBRBaT KOHTaKTM c BoeHHMR C'bJ03 M BMPO M l13MrpasaT pe-
rnaBa~a ponR B opraHM3ttpaHeTo Ha ,UeseTOJOHCKMR npeBpaT. Cne;o; npespaTa HapoA-
HMJIT crosop ce Bnl1Ba B HOBOC'b3p;ap;eHaTa napTl1R ,UeMoKpaTM'leCKM crosop. JlMAep11
ca: 1921-1922 - AneKcaH;o;op fpeKoB 11 1922-1923 An. U:aHKOB.
)J;eM0KpaT1.P1ecK1rnT croeop e napTMJI, co~eCTsysana OT 1923 ;o;o 3a6paHaTa Ha
napTMMTe npe3 1934 r. Ile'laTHMTe ii opraHM ca: B. "CnoBo '', "CzoBop ", "J(eMoKpamutte-
cKu czoBop", "llpHnopeu," u "CBo6ooHa pett".
Ilpe3 no-ronRMaTa 'laCT OT T03M nep11o;o; (1923-1931) rn e oCHOBHaTa ynpasn.H-
Ba~a napTMJI. Cne;o; l13BoprnsaHeTo Ha ,lJ;eBeTOIOHCKvrn npespaT npe3 1923 Heros11-
Te opraHM3aTop11 OT BoeHHMJI C'bJ03 11 Hapop;HMJI croBop ce CTpeMJIT K'bM C'b3p;asaHe
Ha napntJI, KORTO ;o;a C'b3p;a;o;e CTa6ttnHa nonl1Tl1'1eCKa l1 napnaMeHTapHa OCHOBa 3a
HOBOTO ynpaBneHJ1e. 3a Ta3l1 Qen Te Haw-Be'le pa3'il1TaT Ha napTl1MTe OT KoHCT11TY-
QMOHHMJI 6noK, 'll1l1TO ntt;o;ep11 ca M3npaTeHM B 3aTBopa OT npaBHTencTBOTO Ha An.
CTaM6on11£1:cKM. Cne;o; KaTo pa3nycKaT KoHCTMTYQl10HHl1R 6noK, B KpaR Ha ron11 11 Ha-
'lanoTo Ha asrycT ,UeM0KpaT11'ieCKaTa, Pap;MKan;o;eMoKpaTM'ieCKaTa 11 OHIIII 06pa3y-
BaT Koanm_~l1JITa Coro3 3a p;eMoKpaQMJI. Ha 10 aBrycT 1923 r. TR ce o6ep;MHRBa c Ha-
pop;Hl1R croBop, o6pa3yBai1KM JJ:eMoKpaTM'lecKMJI crosop. Ilpe3 rne;o;sa~11Te Meceq11
B ,UeMoKpaTM'IecKaTa 11 Pap;MKanp;eMoKpaTM'lecKaTa napTMJI HapaCTBa Hep;osoncrnoTo
OT QeHTpan113aQl1JITa Ha opraHJ13aQl1JITl M npesp'h~aHeTo ii B ep;MHHa napTMJI. B Ha-
'lanoTo Ha 1924 roneMM qacTM OT TJIX ce 0T;o;em1T OT CroBopa, B'h3CTaHOBJIBaMKI.1 p;BeTe
CTapw napTMM.
Ilpe3 QJIJIOTO C'b~eCTByBaHe Ha ,UC TOM CTpa;o;a OT B'bTpellIHJ.1 npOTI.1Bope'll1.H 11
OT nttnca Ha opraH113aQMOHHO e;o;1.1HCTBO. B Hero 1.1Ma Tp11 OTHOCMTenHo RCHO pa3rpa-
Hl1'1eHl1 rpyn11. E;o;HaTa, poKOBop;eHa OT An. U:aHKOB e CB'hp3aHa c 61.1Brn1.1JI Hapo;o;ett
croBop, a ;o;pymTe ;o;se, Ha'leno c AH. JlJin'leB 11 AT. EypoB - c Tpa;o;l1Ql10HHMTe nap-
Tl1M, C'bOTBeTHO ,lJ;eMOKpaTM'leCKaTa l1 06ep;MHeHaTa Hapo;o;HonporpecMBHa napnrn.
Te311 cppaKQI.111 'leCTo Bn113aT B OTKp1.1T K0Hcpn11KT, 3aCTparnaBa~ Ha HRKOTIKO II'bTM
cTa61.1nHoCTTa Ha npaBwTencTBOTo. Cne;o; 3ary6aTa Ha 1.136op11Te npe3 1931 Te3M npo-
Tl1Bope'II.1JI ce 3acl1nBaT l1 npe3 nponeTTa Ha 1932 Kp1.1noTO Ha U:aHKOB OKOH'laTeJIHO
ce 0Tp;em1 OT napTMJITa. B KpaR Ha 1933 r . .UC Ha6poRBa 81 797 'IJieHOBe. IIpe;o;CTaB.H ce
KaTo napTI.1JI Ha 6onrapcKaTa cpe;o;Ha 11 ;o;pe6Ha co6crneHocT, a Ha npaKTl1Ka e rrapT11JI
Ha 'laCT OT e;o;paTa 6yp)l(Oa311JI. AKTMB'hT ii ce C'bCTOl1 OT ap;BoKaTM, ToproBQl1, 611Bllll1
l1 HaCTOJI~l1 ;o;enyTaTJ1, Bl1Cllll1 ;IJ;'bp)KaBHl1 'il1HOBHJ1Ql1, 611BWJ1 KMeTOBe, ;o;11peKrnp11
Ha 6aHKl1 l1 ;o;p.
IIpe3 Mar1 rpynaTa Ha UaHKOB ce oTp;emr. II'DpBoHaqanHo TR ce Hapuqa .[(eM0Kpa-

T11qecK11 croBop - An. UaHKOB. )J;o KpaR Ha 1932 r. napTMRTa e B nepwop; Ha opraH11311-
paHe 11 KOHcon11p;11paHe. IIpe3 cenTeMBp11 K'bM He.R npeM11HaBaT MHoro p;eBeT010Hu;11
- reH. B. Jia3apoB, CToRHOB, B'DnKoB, KaKTO 11 Cn. Bac11neB, :V1B. JieKapcK11, H. KRM11-
neB 11 p;p. TyK ce Bn11Ba 11 rpynaTa Ha Xp. CTaTeB OT Hu;JIII. IIpe3 1933 r. napT11RTa
ce npe11MeHyBa B Hapop;uo cm~uarruo p;BHMeuue. C'D3,D;aBa MJiap;e)KK11 c'bI03. :Vfap;a-
Ba 3a cencKoTo HaceneH11e 8. "CeJCcKa E11J12apwc". Cnopep; p'DKOBO,D;CTBOTO qneHoBeTe
Ha6pmIBaT 198 095. HCD: Hee ep;11HHa napT11R. B pep;oBeTe if ce Bop;11 cKpttTa 6op6a
Me)l(p;y An. UaHKOB 11 rpynaTa Ha u;11B11nH11Te OKOJIO Hero 11 T. Hap. eCKap;poH Haqeno
c Xp. KampoB 11 :V1B. PyceB. Cnep; 3a6paHaTa Ha non11T11qecK11Te napT1111 npe3 1934 r.
D:C npecTaBa p;a C'b~ecTByBa, B'bnpeK11 qe OTp;enH11 HerOBM n11p;ep11 npop;'bJI)l(aBaT p;a
6'bp;aT non11T11qecKM aKTJ1BHJ1.
llomt:nP.1ecKH Kpnr "3Beuo" e C'b3p;ap;eH npe3 1927 r. OT Hep;oBoJIH11 OT pe)l(11Ma
Ha .[(eM0KpaT11qecK11R croBop p;eBeTOIOHl.\11. HeroB11 p'DKOBOp;H11 p;er1:u;11 ca.[(. Ka3acoB,
K. reoprneB, II. Top;opoB, II. IIeHqeB J1 p;p. 0THaqaJIO 3BeHO e TeceH "11p;eeH" Kp'br OT
11HTeJI11reHTJ1, TIOCTeneHHO ce npeBp'b~a B TIOJl11T11'IecKa opraHJ13al.\l1.lI, KO.lITO no C'b-
II.\eCTBO e napT11R. B Hero MO)Ke p;a 'IJieHyBa BCeK11 6e3 pa3JI11Ka Ha napTHMHa np11Hap;-
Jie)l(HOCT, crrop;eJI.R~ nporpaMaTa Ha non11T11qecK11R Kp'br. He B3eMa yqacT11e B u36op11
- MeCTH11 11 rrapnaMeHTapH11. Cnopep; p;aHHM Ha non11u;11.RTa rrpe3 1933 r. "3BeHo" Ha-
6poRBa ep;Ba 2 240 qJieHoBe, OT KOMTO 330 B CoqrnR. J13p;11ra 11cKaHe 3a npeBp'bll.\aHeTo
Ha p;'bp)l(aBaTa B Hap;rrapT11MHa 11 Hap;KJiacoBa, on11u;eTBopRBa~a 11HTepec11Te Ha u;Rna-
Ta Hau;11R; 3a B'bBe)l(p;aHe Ha p;'bp)l(aBHOMOHOTIOJI11CT11qecKJ1 KaII11TaJI113'bM 11 cou;11aJIHJ1
pecpopM11. IIe'IaTH11Te if opraH11 ca en. "38eH0"11 8. "Jfa2pe8".
MaKap p;a BOIOBa cpe~y napT1111Te, "3BeHo" e pa3.R)l(p;aHo OT C'b~11Te B'DTpeurn11
6op611, KoTep11tfHocT 11 rrapTl13aH~MHa. B Ha'IaJioTo Ha 1934 r. rpyna 3BeHap11 Haqeno
c D:. Ka3acoB, Ac. UaHKOB, Ac. Eo)l(11HoB 11 p;p., 3aep;Ho C'bc en. "38eHo" npeM11HaBa B
HCD:. TaKa B HaBeqep11eTo Ha npeBpaTa "3BeHo" e np11RTeJicK11 Kp'Dr OKOJio K. feoprn-
eB, II. M11p;11neB, II. Top;opoB, CT. AHp;peeB 11 p;p., KOMTO ca rncHo CB'bp3aHJ1 c BoeHH11R
C'bI03 11 ce rroJI3BaT c p;oBep11eTo Ha HeroB11R ceKpeTap .[(. BenqeB.
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AneKcattp;poB,Top;op 380
EarpHHOB, v1BaH 368
13ana6attoB, MapKo 75
Een"IeB, XpwcTo 152
13o6"!eB, CTecpaH C. 101
EypMoB, Top;op 55
13ypoa, ATattac 324
Bacwnea, fpwrop 308
Benw"IKOB,KottcTaHTWH 169
Ben"!eB, ,UaMJIH 349
BonKOB, v1BaH 314
BonKOBl1'lJ, reoprn 95
f ettap;wea, HwKona 271
f eoprnea, KwMoH 352
rewoB, I1BaH EBCTp. 233
rewOB, I1BaH CT. 224
fpeKOB, L{MMHT'bp 186
fpyeB, ,UaMe 257
fpyeB, JIIoaKttM 95
fyp;eB, ITeTDp 220
,UatteB, CTOJIH 196
,UaCKanos, PaC1Ko 291
,UenqeB, foQe 262
,UwMttTpwes, Pap;Ko 239
,UwMttTpoB, AneKcattp;bp 307
,UttMl1TpoB, f eoprn 344
,Uottp;yKoB-KopcaKOB,AneKcattp;bp 15
,Uptrnoa, Mapwtt 18
.UpyMeB, Barnn 58
L{IOKMep;)!(wes, XpwcTo 156
EK3apx i1orncp I 256
)KwBKOB, feopr:w 136
3naTeB, ITettqo 358
HOBA 51'HI'APCKA 11CTOPJ.1JI (1878-1944)
J11BaH'IOB, ToAop 188

11KOHOMOB, TOAOP 69
JitoBeB, ,UHKO 192
Ka3acoB, ,[{HMO 310
KapaBenoB, ITeTKO 62
Kec.RKOB, To.r:1op 94
KpocTeBHtJ, faBpHn 103
KboceHBaHOB, reoprH 363
Jl.RntJeB, AH.r:1peti 323
MaWf(apoB, M11xa1111 172
ManHHOB, AneKcaHA'bP 223
MyTKypoB,CaBa 115
MywaHoB, H11Ko11a 337
HatJOBHtJ, fp11rop 39
H11KonaeB, )J,aHaHJT 135
OxpHACKH, MHTponomn HaTaHa:w11 32
ITamt~a, KocTa 152
ITaHOB, On:wMn:ww 134
I1anpl1KOB, CTecpaH 190
ITeTKOB, )J,11M11TI>p 218
ITeTKOB, ITeTKO ,U. 320
ITeTpOB, reoprn (fbopqe) 306
ITeTpOB, Pa<:io 191
ITonoB, XpwcTo 151
PaAeB, C11MeoH 279
Pl130B, ,UHMHT'bp 131
PyceB, v1BaH 279
CaBOB, M:wxa1111 228
C11aBeHKOB, ITeTKO 54
Co6oneB, JleoHHA 70
CTaM6on11ticKH,AneKcaHA'bP 289
CTaM6onoB,CTecpaH 146
CTaH"IOB, ,U:WMJ.iT'bp 218
CT011noa,KoHcTaHT:WH 168
CTO:ti"leB, H11Kona 65
CTo.RHOB, 3axap11 111
PocHI_\a AHreJioBa
HOBA E'hJlfAPCKA JifCTOPMJI (1878-1944)

Pel_\em1eHT: npotft. OUH fl1060Mup OzHllHOB, cm.H.c. Bacu11Ka TaHKOBa
Ha}"leH peAaKTOp: nporfi. i'JuH ,l(uMum11p JlfZHamoBCKU
Kopm.~a HeilKo feH'leB

Ot)iopMnettlfe Cunau11 feopzuesa
<l>opMaT 70x!00/16
Ile'laTHlf 1<0nlf 28,25
FABER- B. T'bpttoso(062) 600 650; e-mail: faber@abv.bg

ISBN 978 954-775-908 4
fl:3AaTenCTBO
jG>A&EP 789547 759084

Rosica Angelova

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J

HOBA 6bAfAPCKA HCTOPHH

I. Bn3CTaHoB.srnaHe Ha 6nrrrapcKaTa p;np)I<aBHa Tpaµ;n:u;n:JI .............................. 11

II. YcTpoJi:cTBO Ha KH.IDKeCTBO EnJirapHJI ............................................................. 36

III. IlnpBHTe Kpa11KH Ha caMocm.sITeJIHo noJIHrn'leCKo pa3BHrne (1879-1885) ... 50

lV. J13TO'IHa PyMeJIHJI ................................................................................................. 83

V. Cne;zi;n:HeHHeTo H HeroBaTa 3ain;HTa ................................................................. 106

VIII. YrrpaBJieHHe Ha Hapo,ri;HaTa napTHH (1894- 1899) ................................. 167

IX. fo,rrrapHH Ha npara Ha XX BeK (1899 - 1903) .............................................. 185

X. YrrpaBJieHHe Ha Hapo,ri;Hom16epa11HaTa rrapTHH (1903 - 1908) ................. 202

XI. ,[t;eMoKpaTH'lecKaTa napTHH Ha BJiacT (1908 - 1911) .................................. 222

XII. EarrKaHCKH BOHHH (1912- 1913) .................................................................. 233

XIV. Hau;:uoHaJIHOOCB060.r:1:uTeJIHO )J;BJf)l(eH:ue Ha 6'I>rrrap:uTe B MaKep;oH:UJI

XIII. E'I>rrrapm1 B HaBe'lep:ueTo :u no BpeMe Ha Il'I>pBaTa cBeTOBHa BOHHa ...... 268

XV. E'I>rrrapcKOTO o6m;ecTBO crreµ; Il'I>pBaTa CBeTOBHa BOHHa.

XVI. ,D;eMoKpaTH'leCK:UHT croBop :u HeroBOTo yrrpaBJieHHe (1923 - 1931) .. 312

XVII. "KopaBaTa µ;eMoKpau;Hs" Ha Hapoµ;H:us 6rroK ........................................ 334

XVIII. 06m;ecTBeHo-11KOHOMJ1'1ecKo 1111orr11T11'1ecKo pa3Bl1Tlle Ha

XIX. H~oHanHoocso6o,a;:iuerrHo ,D;BIDKeHHe Ha 6nrrrapHTe (1919 - 1939) .. .379

XX. 3aJie3'I>T Ha TpeToTo 6nrrrapcKo :qapcTBO (1939 - 1944) ......................... .407

XXI. IIapTHHHo-norrHTH'IecKaTa cHcTeMa B Enrrrapm1 (1879 - 1944) ........ .426

YtJe6Hl1K'bT e npeAHa3HatJeH 3a cTyAeHTl1 B lllyMeHCKl1R yH11Bepo:1TeT "Ern1cKon

lllyMeH, 12 Maw 2008 r.

1878 r. 03HaMeHyBa Ha'IanoTo Ha HOB rrep110p; B 11cTop1u1Ta Ha 6onrapcK11.1I Hapop;

1. BpeMenuo pycKo ynpaBAeHRe

YcrropegHo c orrl1T11Te 3a rrpoT11BogeJ1cTB11e cpenw pernemrnrn Ha Eepn11HcK11.1I

1 Ktt.113 Bnap;11M11p l.JepKacKH JaBopnrna npaBo B MocKOBCKl1R ymrneprnTeT. Toti: e ep;l1H OT

pap;eTemITe Ha KpenOCTHaTa no3eMJJeHa pecpopMa B PyGrn. Pa6onr B ap;MJ1Hl1CTpal\l1RTa Ha Bacan-

)l;OKlla;n; rrpe;n; rnaBHOKOMaH;n;Ba~MR pycKaTa apMM.lI. 3a QellTa e yrnnp;n;eHa OT MMIIe-

l1 nonm. ~ei1:cKl1 BnacTl1. IIpaBl1 BneqaTJieHHe, qe 3a ry6epHaTopl1 ca Ha3HaqaBaHl1 M3-

npe,[\MeTM, BHaCR:HM 3a 3a,n;oB01rnBaHe Ha HY)f(.r:IMTe Ha Bot'tcKaTa li1 l.J:epBeHMR KpocT,

Ha:i1:-o6IIV1 opraHM3aQMOHH11 rrpirnQmrn, rrp11,n;aBaI11M Ha MJJa,n;an 6nmapCKa ,D;bp:a-.a

cep;eM oT,n;eJJa:1. 3a BnTpernmne ,n;erra; 2. <l>u:nancos J1I KOHTporren; 3. C1>µ,e6en; 4

2 AneKcau,11,»p ,IJ;o11,11,}'KOB-KopcaKoB 3aB'bp11rna rrpaBo 11 BOeHHO y•rnmm-1e. A,lllOTaHT Ha KHJI.

B'I>TpemHJUIT 0Tµ;e11 B3eMa He3a6aBHH MepKH 3a B'bBe)l(p;aHe Ha rpa)l(p;aHcKo-

B 3a,n;'bmKemuna Ha B'bTpernmur oT,n;en Bn113a C'b~O ype)l(,n;aHeTo Ha Me,n;MQMH·

onpe,n;err.H 3a npe,n;ce,n;aTen Ha C'bBeTa. ,IJ;eifHOCTTa Ha Me,n;HQHHCKMR c'bBeT ce 3aKmo

,D;ettcTBaT npl1 TypcKOTO rrpaBJ.1Tencrno, T'btt KaTO Te ca ycTaHOBeHH qpe3 T'bproBCKJ.1

~a, KaTo 3a 11e1na ce yBern1'!aBaT cpep;cTBaTa 3a Hapop;HOTO nporne~emre. qpe3 npM·

rap1ur. Eg1rn OT c'bcTaB11Tem1Te Ha T'bpHOBCKaTa KOHCTl1TYL\11>I. Heroso e rrpe,ll;JIO)!(eH11eTo Co<lJ1

e HaToBapeH BoeHHIUI oTµ;eJI. 3a Rp;po Ha 6omapCKaTa Boti:cKa cJiy)K11 6onrapcKoTo

CaHcTe<l>aHCKHJIT MHpeH p;oroBop e npep;Bap11TeJieH (npen11M11HapeH) MwpeH

MY crnBaT rrpe.n;rrocTaBKa 3a pa3na.n;a Ha CbI03'bT Ha TPMMaTa MMrrepaTopu cep;eM ro-

ce HaM11pa u;eHTpanaTa Ha HaCT'bnBaru;aTa pycKa apMMR. ITopBaTa TO'IKa B npoToKona

Pyorn 3arroqBa p;a l13IIMTBa 3aTpyp;HeHMR u c 6anKaHCKMTe cu C'bI03Hl1Ql1. PyM'h-

.[(oroBopnT C'b3p;aBa aBTOHOMHO, Tp116yrnpHo KmDKecrno E'bnrap11R c xpHCT11RH-

ce Ha,n;JIBa, 'le TIOHe 'laCTH'IHO 11\e B'b3,D;ei1CTBa Ha HOBOOCB06o,n;eHaTa 6omapcKa ,n;op-

Cneg nper0Bop11 c aHrJIHWCKOTO npaBMTeJicTBO ce cnrra go cITopa3yMeH11e 3;

3. EepAHHCKHHT KOHrpec u HeroBHTe pemeHHH

OT OT 1 IOHM go 1 IOJIM 1878 r. B BepJIMH ce npoBe)!(Aa Me)!(gyHapogeH KOHrpec

Ha pycKOTO BJIMJIHMe Ha EanKaH11Te. 0PrnTattKTII M3KJIJO'IMTeJIHaTa cTpaTerH<IeCKa.

6orrrapCKa .n;op)l(aBa e pa3nOK'bCaHa Ha HRKOJIKO qacn-r. 1. Tep11Topt1J11Te Me)J{.n;y p . .D;y

HacuJICTBeH aKT Te nmuaBaT 6orrrapcKJifR Hapo.n; OT TOKY-ll\O Jif3BOIOBaHaTa HaQJ!IOHaJI

Ha OcMaHcKaTa 11Mnep11R 11 ,n;pyr11Te cbce,n;tt11 6a11KaHCKl1 CTpaHM. ITo TaK'bB Ha'Il1H Te

4. CbrrpoTnBa cpel!!,Y 6epAnHcKnTe pemeuua

E'hrrrapcKl1JfT Hapo,n; Be,n;Hara 113pa3HBa rnoeTo roTIHMO He,n;oBOTICTBO OT Eep1111H-

PoAOTICKOTO B'bCTaHHe e opraHH3HpaHo OT BHcoKaTa nopTa H HMa 3a QeJI Aa no·

u cppettcKaTa AerreraQMR npeArrara Aa ce C'b3AaAe Me:>KAyttapOAHa KOM11c11R 3a pa3-

C'bl03Hl1K Ha pyCKaTa ,ll;l1IlJIOMaQl1R B OTCTORBaHe Ha 6onrapCKaTa Kay3a B J.13TOqHa

4 HaTaua1m 3orpacpcKH, MHTponorrHT OxpH,!ICKH H IlrroB,!IHBCKH e po.r1eu Ha 26 OKT 1820 r.

B KIDCTeHp;MJI cbc cTapMTe BOMBOp;M, Ha'!eJio c p;Rp;o J1JibO MapKoB M Hacop'IaBa Ha

'!TO BonrapcKwJlr ApxwerrncKorr B ApeBHHJI BpeMeHa He 3aB11c11n HH OT PwMcKaro, HH OT KoHcTaHTH

3a K10CTeH):II1JI 3aMecTHI1K He e npe):IBM):leH. BepoRTHO ):IR):IO J1Jibo BOWBO):la ce CMRTa