Collection of application

programs that perform services

Disadvantages of for the end users (e.g. reports).
File-based systems Each program defines and
manages its own data.

but because because because because because

an early attempt to Separation and Program-Data Incompatible file Fixed

computerise the isolation of data Duplication of data dependence formats Queries/Proliferation of
manual filing sytem application
programs(application
developer dependence)
because because because because

Each program Same data is held File structure is Programs are

because
defines and by different defined in the written in different
manages its own programs. program code languages, and so Programs are
data. cannot easily written to satisfy
access each particular functions
other’s files

because because because

Users of one Wasted space and Any new

program may be potentially different requirement needs
unaware of values and/or a new program
potentially useful different formats
data held by other for the same item.
programs.
 in Database Design
6672

Terms

Database database
Data Database Management application program Data Independence Security Integrity View
System (DBMS)

When a data has validity and Allows each user

raw facts, a a shared a software that a program that
protection of consistency of to have his or her
corporate defines, creates, interacts with the the self-
collection of database from stored data. It is own view of the
resource, maintains and database by describing nature
logically related unauthorised expressed as database.
indispensable for controls access to issuing an of a database, it
data and a users. it may be constraints( rules
business the database / a appropriate provides
description of user names and that is not A view is
operations, software which request program–data
this data, passwords for permitted to essentially some
competitive supports independence.
designed to meet authorised users violate) subset of the
advantages, the information (concurrent) and access to the database.
needs of an storing, database are
information - data organization retrieving, restricted.
organised to be updating data in a
meaningful and database eg: Logical
useful(helps with SQL Server, independence-
Physical data
decision making) Oracle, MySQL,
independence -
PostgreSQL, MS
eg: new storage
Access
devices,
 A software system that enables users to define, create, maintain, and
control access to the database.

Main Purpose and

(Database) application program: a computer program that interacts with
functions of DBMS
database by issuing an appropriate request (SQL statement) to the DBMS.

because because because because because because

Definition of data The control over alllows user to allows users to provides controlled Views - allows
can be stored access and define database insert, update, access to database each user to have different
separately and manipulation of through Data delete and retrieve individual view of interfaces to
independently in a data beyond that definition language database through the database control access
central repository. imposed by (DDL) Data manipulation and security
application language (DML)
programs.

because because because because

specification of allows general a security system reduce

data types, enquiry facility an integrity system complexity, level of
structures and any (query language) a concurrency security and
data (integrity & of the data. control system mechanism to
security) a recovery control customize
constraints. system
All specifications Procedural DML a user-accessible
are stored in the allows user to tell catalog.
database. system exactly
how to manipulate users role and
data. access control (
with user-
accessible catalog)
Non-Procedural
DML
allows user to
state what data is
needed rather
than how it is to
be retrieved.
 Tip
Why it is important
for database
administrators?
What is the
Roles in the relationship between
Database them?

Environment

Data Administrator Database Database Application End Users (naive

(DA) Administrator Designers (Logical Programmers and sophisticated)
(DBA) and Physical)

To manage and To manage and

control data. Logical - identifying data ( specification by
control database Naive - access
Responsible for entities + attributes) and systems analysts.
and DBMS. database through
data resource ( relationships between data, write 3G / 4G
Responsible for application
programming
database planning, physical database constraints on the data to be programs to make
development and stored in database (business language to
design, operation. do not
maintenance of rules). perform operation
implementation, need to know
standards, on the database
security and about database
policies and integrity control, Physical - deciding
procedures, maintenance of how the logical Sophiticated -
conceptual/ operational database is to be
familiar with
logical database system, physically
structure of
design. satisfactory realised. 1. map
database and
performance. logical database
facilities. use
into a set of
SQL or
tables and
application
integrity
programs for own
constraints. 2.
use.
select storage
structures,
access methods.
3. design security
measures.
 C:Consistency
R:Redundancy
I:Integrity
S:Sharing
E:Enforcement Advantages of
S:Security DBMS

strongly strongly strongly strongly strongly strongly supports supports supports supports supports supports supports
Control of data Sharing of data by Improved data Enforcement of Improved data Increased Improved Increased Improved backup
supports
Data consistency
supports supports supports
Improved security
supports supports
Economy of scale
Balance
redundancy all authorised users integrity standards accessibility and productivity maintenance concurrency and recovery
conflicting responsiveness through data services
independence
requirements

supports opposes supports supports supports supports supports supports supports

In file-based Data redundancy With control of More information DBA manages the integration allows DBA to define define standards, lower total cost
database systems is not entirely data from the same data and gives DBA to define database security such as data with combined
each application controlled. It is redundancy,data is amount of data authorisation rights integrity and DBMS to formats to facilitate operational data
program has its desirable to stored only once in to users to access constraints and enforce it. with exchange of data into one
own files. In this duplicate some the database the data. data DBMS to enforce authorisation ( user between systems,
case, the data to improve shared and data them. names and naming
duplicated data are performance definition, passwords) or convention,
supports
created at many able to derive manipulation, access restriction documentation
places. information from concurrency, (right to sensitive standards, update
the same amount recovery control. data) procedures and
supports supports
Once the update of of data A database access rules.
its value is done, contains multiple
the updated value tables and
supports
In DBMS data is is immediately relationships.This
integrated into a available to all makes easy to
single database, users retrieve and
data is recorded update data.
once and not
duplicated.

supports
It saves storage
space and is useful
for retrieving data
using queries.
 Advantages and
disadvantages of
DBMS

but but but because because because because

It requires complex Choice of cross it conserves greater system the database and It avoids extracting
It is fragile logical linking indexing will incur secondary storage integrity its sub-sets are and sorting
overheads for space for data always in step
environments

because because because

it requires the number of If only stored once,

sophisticated back- records being all users are given
up and accessed of a total the same data, to
checkpointing population, is high the same degree
facilities of up-to-dateness
at one point in time

because but

One must take it may now

great care in which represent a
physical order data number of logical
is stored, and databases. an
choose the index which will
criterion for the amount to the loss
cross index or of a logical
chained list wisely database
 Disadvantages of
DBMS

but but but but but but but

Cost of DBMS - Additional Cost of Higher impact of a Performance and

Complexity Size estimated how hardware costs conversion(from failure technical
much??? old system to a requirements
Database etc..)