Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents different related literature and studies after the thorough search

done by the researchers. It includes detailed reviews which aids in identifying the research

gaps and helps in the comprehension of the study.

Related Literatures

Project Scheduling is a very critical topic in project management. According to Atef

et.al, in an article entitled Project Scheduling: Survey and Research Potentials (2017),

scheduling is the way of actually managing a project and without such process will amount to

failure. Ideas on the impact of current problems and opportunities are provided for the

enhancement or reduction of the scope of a milestone in the project in monitoring the

schedule. Also, it shows the progress of the project and if there are issues or concerns that

need to be worked out.

Proper scheduling results to proper management and analysis of a construction

project. Aiming a timely execution of work according to the planned project provides

protection against problems and gives early warnings of issues for the prevention of project

complications. (Sharanyasreenivas, et.al) A project begins with the best of intentions, but an

unscheduled project can result to a lot of errors and failure. Such circumstances can be

anticipated and prevented by the use of project scheduling tools or techniques.

 PERT, or the Program Evaluation and Review Technique invented by the U.S. Navy

and Booze-Allen is a scheduling technique used to create realistic schedules and coordinate

tasks or activities. It is a way to get a visualization of the flow of the project and estimates the

timeline based on their assumed or planned duration. It works using three duration estimates:

the optimistic duration – the shortest reasonable length of time needed to complete the tasks,

the pessimistic duration – the longest reasonable length of time, and the most likely duration

– the average reasonable length of time. These duration estimates are used to create a

weighted average which is the expected duration that tends to match actual task durations

very closely. The outcome of the analysis of this technique is a diagram that shows expected

task durations between the milestones of the project and is called a PERT chart. These

expected durations can be plugged into a critical path model to identify critical path and tasks

and when tasks are entailed with uncertainty PERT can also be a helpful addition to CPM.

(Ramos, 2018)

Critical Path Method (CPM) developed by Morgan R. Walker and James E. Kelly, is

often used along with PERT. It is a network analysis that shows tasks and activities that must

be finished. It comes up with a three-point analysis of the best, most likely and worst-case

scenario. (Moylan, 2002) It is a legal standard for measuring project delays and often used in

court cases as the basis of financial claims. It acts as an evidence to identify fault and

monetary damages when the project is late. (Ramos, 2018)

PERT and CPM are both computer-based for network analysis and used together to

result in a more conservative view of the duration of tasks and helps in understanding the

relationships between the activities. (Moylan, 2002) These techniques were originally done

by handwriting. However, technology has made it much easier to use. Software applications

are established by using algorithms that schedule project activities and generate a graphic
representation of the tasks and their relationships. It also helps to increase the productivity

and decreases labor costs because it will avoid overcrowding at the construction site. (Ramos,

2017) Software applications are then utilized by the use of personal computers. Over the

years, technology has been growing fast and the use or functions of personal computers can

also be done by mobile phones.

According to an article entitled “4 Prediction for the Future Project Management”, the

use of mobile phones on construction sites is nothing a new and there are companies that

utilizes mobile applications and mobile systems for work purposes. Mobile phones are now

used in better handling of internal flow of information and are slowly being integrated into

construction management software which provides all employees a single method of

communication. Furthermore, in the advancement of technology, creating a mobile

application is made possible by an application builder or developer.

Android Studio is the official Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for android

application development, based on IntelliJ IDEA, a Java integrated development environment

for software. It is a software that provides a unified environment in building applications for

android mobile phones, tablets, and other applicable gadgets. It is an application developer

which contains the necessary tools needed to build an application and provides the fastest

possible turnaround on coding and running workflow. Android studio fully supports editing

C/C++ project files and provides syntax highlighting and refractoring for C/C++, and an

LLDB-based debugger that allows simultaneously debugging of Java and C/C++ code.

(Android Developers, 2020)

End Notes

Sharanyasreenivas J, Gajalakshmi G, Ravi Theja K (2017), Project Planning,

Scheduling and Preparation of Quality Assurance Control Documents, Madanapalle, A.P,

India.

Atef A, El-Henawy IM (2015), Project Scheduling: Survey and Research Potentials,

International Journal of Computer Application Technology and Research. doi:

10.7753/IJCATR0404.1005

Moylan WA (2002), Planning and Scheduling: The Yin and Yang of Managing A

Project, Paper presented at Project Management Institute Annual Seminars & Symposium,

San Antonio, TX. Newton Square, PA: Project Management Institute.

Ramos D (2017), How to Make Critical Path Work in Construction: From Theory to

Field, www.smartsheet.com

“4 Prediction for the Future of Project Management”, October 2016,

www.constructionworld.org

Android Developers (2020), Meet Android Studio, www.developer.android.com