October University for Modern Sciences and Arts

Faculty of Management Sciences

MIS Project Management MGT 442

Literature Review

Submitted to: Dr. Emad Elwy

Submitted by:
Mazen Hany 203453
Mohammed Samir 202487
Rawan tharwat 203803

Spring 2023

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1. Introduction
A project is any set of actions and tasks that have a stated goal to be achieved within
specific parameters, have a set start and finish date, have financial constraints, use resources like
cash, labor, and equipment, and have multiple purposes. The disciplined application of
information, skills, tools, and procedures to project activities in order to satisfy project
requirements is known as project management. The phrase "project management" had its debut
when it firstly appeared in the US defense and aerospace industries in 1953 (Hornstein, 2015).

Project management success can be measured by the previously listed time, cost, quality,
scope, resource, and activity criteria or it can be measured using models of measuring success
like PMPA's Project Management Performance Assessment or organizational maturity models
like the Project Excellence Model can also be used. Due to the fact that project management
produces both concrete and intangible benefits, it is difficult to provide a specific response to the
question of how to measure success (Marcelino-Sádaba, et. al, 2015).

Several aspects of people's lives, including their homes, healthcare, education, job,
entertainment, safety, and transportation, can be improved by AI in incalculable ways.
Businesses have never-before-seen opportunity to create intelligent goods, come up with
innovative service offerings, and create new business models and organizational structures
thanks to AI. It is impossible to overestimate the importance of managers in the rapidly evolving
AI-related societal upheaval. Managers are the ones who make all important choices regarding
AI. They supervise the design and implementation of AI-based systems, how managers use them
to decision-making, how they are used to target specific customers, and how choices, processes,
and routines that employ AI are monitored and adjusted. Resource management, AI project
management, and organization governance are all responsibilities of managers (Berente, et. al,
2022).

1.1 Problem description

The field of artificial intelligence is rapidly expanding nowadays, with numerous
models emerging in fields such as science, finance, and engineering. However, with all of the

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 benefits come the problems associated with AI, beginning with the AI itself such as the
possibility of bias because AI algorithms are built by humans, they may contain built-in bias
from those who intentionally or inadvertently introduce them into the algorithm, resulting in
biased data. Furthermore, it may result in the loss of certain jobs to humans and an increase
in the unemployment rate because some managers may perceive that AI can do the job better
than humans, resulting in the loss of many jobs. Furthermore, relying on AI to address cyber
security issues as any downtime in the system may result in danger for the data acquired by a
business for different business sizes. Furthermore, consumers' critical data, such as banking
transactions and personal information, may be in danger of theft, publishing or blackmailing
(Davahli, et. al, 2020).

1.2 project objectives

The main goal for any project manager is ensuring the goals set for the project are aligned
with the main strategic goal of the entire business, in order to ensure that the right products,
events, or services are delivered to the right consumers in the right time. For each project, a new
feature of a product or service is added in order to launch the project. The new project is then
known as an endeavor because the project has a beginning and end point with a specific time set
to achieve the target goal for the target consumer.

2. AI and project management

2.1 Impact of AI on project management
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become increasingly prevalent in many areas of business,
including project management. The use of AI in project management can have a significant
impact on project performance, efficiency, and success. One area where AI can have a
significant impact on project management is in project planning and scheduling. According to a
study by Song and Lee (2018), AI can be used to optimize project schedules by considering
various factors such as task dependencies, resource availability, and project constraints. This can
help project managers to develop more realistic and accurate project schedules, which can lead to
improved project performance and reduced project risks. AI can also be used to identify potential
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risks and issues in project schedules and suggest corrective actions, as noted by Dehghani et al.
(2020). Another area where AI can be beneficial in project management is in project monitoring
and control. According to a study by Hu et al. (2018), AI can be used to monitor project progress
and identify deviations from the project plan. This can help project managers to take corrective
actions in a timely manner, which can reduce the impact of deviations on project performance.

AI can also be used to predict project outcomes and provide early warning signals, as
noted by Koochaki et al. (2018). This can help project managers to proactively manage project
risks and ensure project success.AI can also be used to improve project communication and
collaboration. According to a study by Niazi et al. (2018), AI can be used to facilitate
communication and collaboration among project team members by providing real-time access to
project information and enabling remote collaboration. This can help project teams to work more
efficiently and effectively, which can improve project performance and reduce project costs. AI
can also be used to automate routine project management tasks, such as reporting and document
management, as noted by Maier et al. (2019). This can free up project managers to focus on more
strategic tasks and improve overall project efficiency.

In conclusion, the use of AI in project management can have a significant impact on

project performance, efficiency, and success. AI can be used to optimize project schedules,
monitor project progress, predict project outcomes, improve project communication and
collaboration, and automate routine project management tasks. By leveraging AI in project
management, project managers can improve project performance, reduce project risks, and
ensure project success.

2.2 AI application in project management

3. literature review
3.1 mind map
Mind maps are a visual representation of concepts, themes, or tasks, with connections
typically extending radially from a central topic. Individuals and groups use them (informally

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and intuitively) to generate, visualize, structure, and classify their ideas. It is a tool for
mapping and brainstorming ideas, concepts, and words related to the project by using images,
codes, colors, and related keywords in an unstructured way to break down large ideas into
smaller pieces (Pohan, et. al, 2018). A mind map is a nonlinear, circular way of organizing
information: it depicts the relationships between a central topic and the relative importance of
the concepts, themes, or tasks that are related to it. Individuals and groups can use it to
generate, visualize, structure, and classify these whenever clearer thinking and improved
learning will improve performance and effectiveness (Mamontova, et. al, 2016).

Beginning with the fact that drawing a mind map is more interesting and entertaining
than writing a report, the mind map process can provide numerous benefits to project
management. The visual quality of mind maps enables users to identify, clarify, and
summaries structural elements of a subject more easily than a standard set of notes.
Keywords and images are remembered with less effort than linear notes because the clear
association and linking of ideas mirrors the way the brain works. Mind maps are also
compact, with no unnecessary words; simple to draw; and capable of summarizing pages of
information, identifying gaps in information, and shedding light on important issues.

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 3.1.1 AI mind map

3.2 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)

According to the Project Management Institute (PMI) (2017), a work breakdown
structure is a hierarchical breakdown of the total the quantity of work that must be completed by
the project team in order to meet the project goals and produce the necessary outputs. A Work
Breakdown Structure (WBS) is an effective project management tool that helps break down
complex projects into smaller, more manageable components. The WBS essentially represents a
hierarchical tree structure that outlines all the individual components of a project and their
relationships. This structure is designed to provide a visual representation of the project, as well
as a systematic approach for managing and completing the project.

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 The WBS is an essential tool for project managers, as it allows them to identify and
manage project scope, schedule, and budget. By breaking down the project into smaller
components, the project team can better understand the tasks and resources required for each
component, and can more accurately estimate the time and cost needed to complete the project.

Furthermore, the WBS can help improve communication and collaboration among team
members. With a clear visual representation of the project and its components, team members
can easily track progress, identify potential roadblocks, and collaborate more effectively.

3.2.1 Application

3.3 Responsibility matrix

Project managers often use a responsibility matrix as a tool to assign and track project
tasks and responsibilities. A responsibility matrix is essentially a table that lists all project tasks
and their associated responsibilities. This tool is useful for ensuring that all project tasks are
assigned to the right team members, avoiding duplication of effort, and identifying potential gaps
in task assignments. Additionally, a responsibility matrix can be used to track task progress and
ensure that all project deliverables are completed on time and within budget. The benefits of
using a responsibility matrix in project management have been highlighted in various academic
studies. For instance, Kwon and Kim (2018) emphasized the usefulness of a responsibility matrix
in construction projects, while Sundaram and Shrivastava (2020) explored the application of the
tool in software development projects using agile methodologies. Yu and Wang (2019) also
discussed a responsibility matrix-based approach for tracking and controlling project risks. By
leveraging a responsibility matrix, project managers can improve project performance and reduce
project risks.

3.3.1 Application

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 3.4 network diagram

A network diagram is a powerful tool used in project management to visualize and

analyze project activities and their dependencies. According to a study by Ponnusamy and
Ganesh (2019), a network diagram is a graphical representation of the project activities and their
relationships. It can be used to identify critical path activities, which are the activities that have
the longest duration and are critical to the project's completion date. A network diagram can also
be used to identify potential schedule risks and delays, as noted by Marle et al. (2018). This can
help project managers to proactively manage schedule risks and ensure that project deliverables
are completed on time. Additionally, a network diagram can be used to optimize resource
allocation by identifying resource constraints and bottlenecks, as noted by Qu and Wang (2019).
By analyzing project activities and their dependencies using a network diagram, project
managers can make better decisions about project scheduling and resource allocation, which can
improve project performance. A network diagram is a powerful tool for project managers to
visualize and analyze project activities and their dependencies. It can be used to identify critical
path activities, potential schedule risks and delays, and resource constraints and bottlenecks. By
leveraging a network diagram, project managers can make better decisions about project
scheduling and resource allocation, which can improve project performance.

3.4.1 Application

3.5 Gantt chart

The Gantt chart is a popular project management tool that was developed by Henry Gantt
in the early 1900s. It is a visual representation of a project’s timeline, outlining the tasks that
need to be completed and the timeframes in which they will be completed. The Gantt chart helps
project managers to plan, schedule, and track the progress of their projects.

One of the key benefits of the Gantt chart is its ability to display complex project
information in a clear and concise manner. According to Kozak and Kozak (2014), the Gantt

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chart “provides a clear overview of a project’s tasks and their interdependencies.” This allows
project managers to identify potential bottlenecks and adjust their schedules accordingly.

Another advantage of the Gantt chart is that it allows for easy collaboration and
communication among team members. As Burdea and Cojocaru (2014) note, “the Gantt chart is
a simple and effective way to keep everyone on the same page during a project.” By having a
shared visual representation of the project schedule, team members can stay informed about
upcoming tasks and deadlines.

The Gantt chart has been widely adopted across a range of industries, from construction
to software development. In fact, its popularity has only increased with the rise of agile project
management methodologies, which emphasize flexibility and collaboration. As Komljenovic and
Kolakovic (2015) observe, “the Gantt chart has proven to be particularly effective in agile
development, where the focus is on delivering working software in short sprints.”

In conclusion, the Gantt chart is a powerful project management tool with many benefits
for project managers and teams. Its ability to clearly and concisely display project information,
facilitate collaboration and communication, and adapt to different project management
methodologies makes it a valuable asset for any organization.

3.6 Resources Histogram

A resource histogram is a popular tool used in project management to visualize and
analyze resource allocation over time. According to a study by Zhang and Xie (2018), a resource
histogram is a bar chart that displays the number of resources allocated to a project for each time
period. This tool can be used to identify periods of high and low resource utilization, which can
help project managers to optimize resource allocation and improve project performance. A
resource histogram can also be used to identify potential resource constraints, as noted by Verma
and Kumar (2018). This can help project managers to proactively manage resource constraints
and ensure that project deliverables are completed on time.

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 Additionally, a resource histogram can be used to track resource costs and identify
opportunities for cost savings, as noted by Ramezani and Khosravi (2019). By analyzing
resource allocation over time using a resource histogram, project managers can make better
decisions about resource allocation and improve project performance. a resource histogram is a
powerful tool for project managers to visualize and analyze resource allocation over time. It can
be used to identify periods of high and low resource utilization, identify potential resource
constraints, track resource costs, and optimize resource allocation. By leveraging a resource
histogram, project managers can make better decisions about resource allocation and improve
project performance.

3.7 cost performance and control

According to Kenton (2022), Cost control is identified as the technique of finding and
reducing company costs in order to raise profits, which begins with budgeting. So, it’s essential
to explore the importance of cost performance and control as project management tools, their
benefits, and how to implement them effectively.

3.7.1. Importance of Cost Performance and Control as Project Management Tools

Cost performance and control are essential project management tools that allow project
managers to track and monitor the cost of the project. With cost performance and control, project
managers can ensure that the project stays within budget, identify areas where cost overruns may
occur, and take corrective action to manage project costs effectively. These tools enable project
managers to assess the performance of the project against the budget, identify variances, and take
corrective action if necessary.

3.7.2. Benefits of Cost Performance and Control as Project Management Tools

One of the significant benefits of cost performance and control as project management
tools is that they help project managers to identify potential cost overruns early. This early
identification enables project managers to take corrective steps to manage project costs
effectively. Cost performance and control also enable project managers to track the project's
progress, ensuring that it is completed within the set timeframe.

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 3.7.3. Effective Implementation of Cost Performance and Control as Project
Management Tools

To implement cost performance and control effectively, project managers need to follow
some essential steps. The first step is to establish a budget for the project. This budget should be
realistic and based on the project's scope and requirements. Once the budget is in place, project
managers should use cost performance and control tools to track and monitor the project's cost
against the budget. This will help project managers identify any variances in the cost and take
corrective action if necessary (Kerzner, 2017).

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