Mata Kuliah:

SISTEM
ANTENA
Pendahuluan (2)
 Polarization of
Antenna
Antenna EM Wave

Cable Electric field

Transmitter
Info in/ out / Receiver
Ground

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 Definition of Antenna
Polarization
ì The name of polarization is decided by the direction of electric
field (E) of EM wave transmitting by an antenna to the surface of
ground.
ì If an antenna transmit the EM wave with electric field parallel to the
surface of ground = horisontal polarized antenna.
ì If an antenna transmit the EM wave with electric field perpendicular
to the surface of ground = vertical polarized antenna.
ì If an antenna transmit the EM wave with electric field rotation with
circular direction = circularly polarized antenna.
ì The circularly polarized has two type: Left Handed Circularly
Polarized (LHCP) and Right Handed Circularly Polarized (RHCP)

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Illustration of horizontal
polarization wave

Electric
field

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Illustration of vertical polarization
wave

Electric
field
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Illustration of LHCP wave

Direction
of
propagatio

Electric
n toward

field
us

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Illustration of RHCP wave

Direction
of
propagatio

Electric
field
n toward
us

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 Polarization and
Orientation (1)
Given: A cellular phone base station with a vertical dipole
antenna at the top, and a cellular phone user nearby.
Imagine someone in
their backyard pool,
talking on the phone
and sunning themselves.
Their cell phone is
oriented such that the
antenna is horizontal, as
shown in the figure. Is
their reception: ???

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Polarization and
Orientation (2)
Now consider the same
person, who has stood up so
that their cell phone is
oriented vertically, and moved
so that they are directly under
the base station antenna, as
shown in the figure. Note that
the tip of their antenna is
pointing directly towards the
tip of the base station antenna.
Is their reception: ???
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 Radiation
Effisiency
Radiation Effisiency (eff) is ratio of the radiated power
(P radiated) from an antenna and the input power to
feeder of antenna (P input)
Antenna
P input
P radiated

P radiated
eff = x100%
P input
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 Isotropic
antenna
Isotropic antenna is the point antenna that radiate
the energy of electromagnetic wave to all
directions with the same intensity.
The average power
density at the
distance R is:
R
Pt Pt
Isotropic
Paverage =
4pR 2

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 Directivity of
antenna
n Directivity is the maximum radiation intensity in
a given direction relative to the average
radiation intensity (isotropic)
Pt
Paverage =
4 pR 2

Max radiation Max radiation

D x Pavegage
Isotropic
Dipole
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 Illustration Gain of
Antenna

Antena 1 Antena 2 Antena 3

ì If the three antennas have the same radiation efficiency dan input
power, so the certain direction intensity of power of the 3st antenna
is greater than the 2nd antenna is greater than the 1st antenna.
ì We call that gain of the 3st antenna is greater than the 2nd antenna
is greater than the 1st antenna.
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 Gain & Directivity
ì Gain (G) for an antenna define by multiply of radiation
efficiency (eff) and directivity of antenna (D)

G = eff x D
ì If an antenna assume that eff = 100%; so

G=D
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 Input impedance
ì Input impedance of an antenna is the impedance of an
antena at it’s feeder.

ì Input impedance = ratio of voltage and current at it’s

feeder.

feeder
Input Impedance (Zin) ?

Input impedance = Real + j Imaginer

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 Illustration of standing
wave (1)
Forward wave
Antenna
Cable (Zo) (Zin)
No reflected wave
Zin = Zo (matched)
Forward wave
Antenna
Cable (Zo) (Zin)
Reverse wave Zin = Zo
STANDING WAVE (missmatched)
Zo = Characteristic Impedance of transmission line
Zin = Input Impedance of antenna
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Illustration of standing
wave (2)
Zin = Zo
Forward wave

Antenna
Reverse wave

Standing wave

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 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
(VSWR)
VSWR (volage standing wave ratio) is ratio of maximum
and minimum voltage of standing wave
VSWR can be found :
Vfd = Voltage forward
V max Vfd + Vrv
VSWR = = Vrv = Voltage reverse
V min Vfd - Vrv

1 £ VSWR £ inf init

Matched Short/open

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 The VSWR’s
Comment
VSWR : Power transmit (%)
Excellent
Very good
Good
Must be improved
Improved soon
Bad, dangerous

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 Matching Impedance
Matching impedance is the effort to match the input
impedance of antenna to the impedance charateristic
transmission line.

Forward wave
Matching Antenna
circuit
Cable (Zo) (Zin)

Zo Zin Zin = Zo
(missmatched)

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 Bandwidth of
antenna
Bandwidth antenna is the range frequency where the VSWR of
antenna least equal to 2.

• •
BW = fU - fL
2,00
fU - fL
BW = x100%
fU
X BW = bandwidth antenna
•

1,0 fU = upper frequency

fL = lower frequency
0
fL fC fU frequency
BW
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