Broken

Conductors
and Negative
Sequence
Overcurrent
PRESS RELEASE

Protection
1
𝐼𝐼"# = (𝐼𝐼" + 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼* + 𝛼𝛼 + 𝐼𝐼, )
3
1
𝐼𝐼"+ = (𝐼𝐼" + 𝛼𝛼 + 𝐼𝐼* + 𝛼𝛼𝐼𝐼, )
3
1
𝐼𝐼". = (𝐼𝐼" + 𝐼𝐼* + 𝐼𝐼, )
3
A scenario of nightmares for the Power Where: where:
Systems Engineer is the occurrence of a 𝐼𝐼"# = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑃𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
broken conductor. The vast majority of 𝐼𝐼"+ = 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑃𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
network protection elements are designed 𝐼𝐼". = 𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡 𝑃𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
to operate when there is too much phase
𝐼𝐼" , 𝐼𝐼*, 𝐼𝐼,, = 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑃𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑃𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐
current, but in the case of a broken
𝛼𝛼 = 120I
conductor it’s the absence of current that
is of concern. By entering the values for each phasor measurement, we can derive
By entering
the the values for
magnitude andeach
phase phasor
of eachmeasurement,
of the sequence we can derive the
components.

A
In the ideal theoretical world, a healthy distribution feeder should
magnitude and phase of each of the sequence components. In the ideal
side from browning-out or shedding downstream loads, exhibit no imbalance, and should therefore only have positive
broken conductors can cause fire starts and go undetected theoretical world, acurrent.
sequence healthyYou distribution
can confirmfeeder
this should exhibit no
by substituting in imbalance,
a set of
by conventional overcurrent or earth fault protection relaying balanced current phasors into the equations and seeing the result
and should therefore only have positive sequence current. You can confirm
techniques. Fortunately, understanding the physics of the broken adds to zero for every equation except the positive sequence.
this by substituting
conductor network scenario is not too difficult, and whilst the three In the AC in adistribution
set of balanced world,current phasors
symmetrical into the equations
components aren’t and
wire and four wire distribution network topologies yield slightly confined to currents alone. Voltages and impedances
seeing the result adds to zero for every equation except the positive sequence. can also be
different network responses, a sound understanding of these represented in sequence component format, greatly simplifying
concepts will help detect and protect against this fault scenario. fault analysis.
In the AC distribution world, symmetrical
When we consider the case of brokencomponents
conductors’aren’t confined
it is importantto
TRANSFORMATION PROCESS TO DETECT FAULTS to acknowledge that:
currents alone. Voltages and impedances can also be represented in
Firstly, it’s worthwhile having an understanding of the PRESS
Fortescue’s
RELEASE • Voltage Sources are confined to the Positive Sequence
Symmetrical Component theory, which we can use to map sequence component
elementsformat, greatly simplifying fault analysis. A more
measured phase currents and voltages to the Positive, Negative comprehensiveThere
• is equivalent
treatise on the subjectPositive,
canNegative
be read and Zero Sequence
{here
and Zero Sequence components. This mapping process allows us impedance
Three Wire for a distribution
Three Phase network
Systems
to ignore imbalances between phases during faults, making the https://www.bookdepository.com/Protection-Electrical-Networks-Christophe-
fault analysis process much easier. Fundamentally, most Alternating THREE
Preve/9781905209064 WIRE },
When considering THREE
butbroken
the when PHASE SYSTEMS
we consider
conductor theconsider
scenario, let’s case of
whatbroken
happensconductors’
Current (AC) protection techniques use this transformation process Whenon a considering
three-wire systemthe
first.broken conductor scenario, let’s consider
to detect faults. it is important to acknowledge
what happens that: system first.
on a three-wire
Broken Conductor
1
𝐼𝐼"# = (𝐼𝐼" + 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼* + 𝛼𝛼 + 𝐼𝐼, ) • Voltage Sources are confined to the Positive Sequence elements
3 EA ZL
• There is equivalent Positive, Negative and Zero Sequence impedance
1
𝐼𝐼"+ = (𝐼𝐼" + 𝛼𝛼 + 𝐼𝐼* + 𝛼𝛼𝐼𝐼, ) for a distribution network
3 EC EB
ZL ZL

1
𝐼𝐼". = (𝐼𝐼" + 𝐼𝐼* + 𝐼𝐼, )
3
Figure 1Figure 1 – A Three Wire System with a Broken Conductor in Phase A
A Three Wire System with a Broken Conductor in Phase A

As a first step in analysis, its worth understanding what the broken conductor
𝐼𝐼"# = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑃𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 will mean for each of the phase currents. With a discontinuity in phase A, as
1 Australasian Power Technologies Publications Pty Ltd PURCHASING DIRECTORY 2020
shown in figure 1, we effectively remove the current flow through that phase.
𝐼𝐼"+ = 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑃𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
Despite the 3-phase generators’ efforts to push current through the lines, we
 PRESS RELEASE
Figure 1 – A Three Wire System with a Broken Conductor in Phase A
APT
exhibit very low negative sequence current in an un-faulted state, so we
plausibly
exhibit
s a first step in analysis, its worth understanding what uselow
the very
broken thisnegative
as a rationale
conductor to set
sequence the operating
current point forstate,
in an un-faulted NPS soquite
wel
ll mean for each of the phase currents. With a discontinuity
This mayinuse
plausibly phase
work inA,simple
this asasa rationale
scenarios, butthe
to set when protection
operating pointgrading
for NPSbetween
quite l
As a first step in analysis, its worth understanding what the Modern digital protection relays often offer both Negative Phase
hown in figure 1, we effectively remove the current flow through that phase.
multiple
broken conductor will mean for each of the phase maydevices
Thiscurrents. With inbecomes
work simple an issue,
Sequence scenarios,
Protection aOvercurrent
downstream
andbut phase
when protection.
protection to three-
For grading
the phase fault
between
espite the a3-phase generators’
discontinuity in phase efforts to push
A, as shown current
in Figure 1, through the lines,wire
we effectively wecase, we can see that the expected negative phase sequence
next
multiple
remove the current flow through that phase. Despite zone may appear
devices
the 3-phase as an
becomes
component an NPS
issue,fault
is dependent in the upstream
aondownstream
the impedance the zone,
phase
of leading
toinphase
load the to
fault
an assumegenerators’
that no current flows,
efforts to leaving
push current us with
through the a clear
lines, we imbalance.
can assume Webroken
can conductor scenario. Therefore, the actual resultant negative
that noas
write the circuit current flows, leaving us with a clear condition
follows: next zone
imbalance. between
Wemay overly
can appear
sequence sensitive
ascurrent
an NPS NPS
fault
depends on ininthe
the the upstream
loadupstream device
topology at zone,
the ofand the
time leading to
rewrite the circuit as follows: the fault. For pragmatism, we could consider that in theory a
conventional overcurrent
condition between function
overlyshould
network exhibitin
sensitive the
NPS
very lowcircuit
innegativebreaker
the upstream closest
device
sequence current toand
in an thethe
fau
un-faulted state, so we could plausibly use this as a rationale to
conventional overcurrent function
set the operating point in
for the circuit
NPS quite low.breaker closest
This may work to the fau
in simple
Z1S i1 scenarios, but when protection grading between multiple devices
When impedance becomes
information
an issue,isa hard to gather,
downstream phase to we can
phase faultrely
in theon the i1 = i2
next
zone may appear as an NPS fault in the upstream zone, leading to a
relationship
When in a 3 race
impedance phase system
information
condition during
is hard
between a broken
tosensitive
overly gather, inconductor
NPSwe can
the fault.
theWhen
rely device
upstream on i1 = i2a
EA1 Z and the conventional overcurrent function in the circuit breaker
broken conductor
relationship
1L
occurs,
in a 3 closest
phase infault.
a perfect
system
to the theoretical
during a broken model:
conductor fault. When a
When impedance information is hard to gather, we can rely
broken conductor on
occurs,
the i1 =in a perfectintheoretical
i2 relationship model:
a 3 phase system during a broken
conductor fault. When a broken conductor occurs, in a perfect
theoretical model:
𝑖𝑖# = 𝑖𝑖+
𝑖𝑖#+ = 𝑖𝑖+
Z2S i2 Z2L =1
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖#+
=1
𝑖𝑖#
Figure 2 – A Three Wire Circuit with a BrokenOr
Conductor in Phase
expressed in aApercentage:
Figure 2 A Three Wire Circuit with a Broken Conductor in Phase A Or expressed in a percentage:

For the seasoned protection engineer, Figure Or expressed

2 greatly resembles in a percentage: 𝑖𝑖+
or the seasoned
the faultprotection
analysis of aengineer, figure 2 greatly resembles the fault = 100 %
phase-to-phase fault, which generally makes
phase fault, the un-faulted phase would seem to have infinite impedance in 𝑖𝑖#
𝑖𝑖+
of asense.
nalysiscomparison In a phase to phase
phase-to-phase fault,fault, thegenerally
the which
un-faulted makes
phase would
sense. seemIn a phase to = 100 %
to havetoinfinite
a fault between
impedance twocomparison
in other conductors. Thebetween
to a fault only difference
the is Assigned the ANSI Protection
𝑖𝑖# code 46BC (Broken Conductor), this
that intwo
a phase
othertoconductors.
phase fault, The
we’reonly
onlydifference
consideringis the
thatline
in impedance,
a phase towhile ratio of Negative to Positive sequence removes the dependency of
phase fault, we’re only considering the line Assigned
impedance,
with a broken conductor scenario we are considering the load impedance.while theaANSI
with Protection
As impedance from thecode 46BC
calculation. This(Broken Conductor),
way, regardless of the load, wethis ratio
broken conductor scenario we are considering the load impedance. have sensitivity to the broken conductor fault condition. To effectively
per phase to phase faults, for the broken conductor scenario on a three-phase
Negative
Assigned
As per phase to phase faults, for the broken conductor to
the
scenario Positive
on sequence
ANSIdetect
Protection
the brokencoderemoves46BC
conductor the dependency
(Broken
scenario of
Conductor),
in a three-phase impedance
network, this ratiofr
line our equivalent circuit
a three-phase becomes:
line our equivalent circuit becomes: and it would be very rare for any normal network scenario on a
the calculation.
Negative This
to Positive way, regardless
sequence
three-phase network removes of 20%
to exceed the load,
theNegative we
dependency haveCurrent
Sequence ofsensitivity
impedance
to to th
fr
Positive Sequence. As such, it is a common starting setting for this
Z2L broken
the conductor
calculation. fault
This condition.
way,
feature regardless
in the To effectively
of grading
field, providing the load, detect
with we the elements
have
overcurrent broken
sensitivityconduc
to th
whilst accounting for the cases of phase discontinuities.
scenarioconductor
broken in a three-phase network,
fault condition. Toand it woulddetect
effectively be very rare
the for any
broken norm
conduc
FOUR WIRE THREE PHASE SYSTEMS
i2 network scenario
scenario on a three-phase
in a three-phase
Common innetwork, network
and
North American to exceed
itnetwork
would be very20%
topologies Negative
rarethe
and forLV any norm
EA1 Sequence Currenton
Distribution network in Australia, Four Wire Three phase offers
network scenario a to aPositive
three-phase
slightly Sequence.
different when As
network
result such,
to exceed
considering itthe
is 20%
a common
effects of a startin
Negative
PRESS RELEASE phase discontinuity.
setting for this
Sequence feature
Current in the field,
to Positive providing
Sequence. Asgrading
such, itwith
is a overcurrent elem
common startin
Z1L Broken Conductor

whilst accounting
setting for the
for this feature cases
in the of phase
field, discontinuities.
providing grading with overcurrent elem
whilst accounting for the cases of phase discontinuities.
EA ZL

i1

Four Wire Three Phase Systems

EC EB
Figure 3 – Equivalent Circuit, 3 Wire Network with a Broken Conductor ZL ZL
Figure 3 Equivalent Circuit, 3 Wire Network with a Broken Conductor

This gives us a few key observations.

This gives us a few key observations. Four Wire Three Phase Systems
Common
1. Under a broken conductor scenario, the positive in North By
sequence American
By adding network
theneutral
adding the neutral topologies
conductor,
conductor, we introduce
we introduce and the
to theLV
a complication
a complication Distribution
to the
calculation
1. Under a broken
current is theconductor scenario,
same as the thesequence
negative positive sequence current is calculation
current. When because the neutral becomes a current
because the neutral becomes a current conductor during unbalancedconductor during
the the
sameconductor isn’t broken,
as the negative its 100%
sequence network
Common
positive
current. When sequenceininAustralia,
and
the conductorNorth FourOftentimes
American
isn’t unbalanced
conditions. Wire Three
network
conditions.
this phase
topologies
isOftentimes
a design thisoffers
is aand
consideration, athe
design
allowing slightly different
LV Distribution
consideration,
for continuity of res
0% negative sequence. allowing
service to
for thirds
two
continuity
of
of service
customers in the
to
LV
two
case
thirds
should
of
a
customers
single phase
in the
broken, its 100%and
2. The positive positive sequence
negative sequence when
and currents
0% negative
network considering
sequence.
in Australia,
are calculated the
LV caseeffects
Four should aof
Wire a phase
Three
single phasephase discontinuity.
encounter offers
a fault, abutslightly
by addingdifferent
encounter a fault, but by adding the conductor we reduce our ratio of i2 to i1 in
the res
2. Theusing
positive
theand
samenegative sequence currents are calculated using the conductor we reduce our ratio of i2 to i1 in the broken conductor
impedance.
load may still be high enough that i1 when considering the effects
With a of a phase discontinuity.
the broken conductor scenario. With a neutral conductor in play, we introduce
3. The
same impedance. doesn’t exceed the scenario. neutral conductor in play, we introduce the effect
overcurrent pickup level – dangerous. thethe
of effect of the zero-sequence
zero-sequence impedance:
impedance:
3. The load may still be high enough that i1 doesn’t exceed the
overcurrent pickup level – dangerous.
Z1S i1

5
www.powertrans.com.au
Modern TRANSMISSION
digital protection relays often offer both Negative & DISTRIBUTION • INDUSTRIAL ELECTRIX
Phase Sequence 2
EA1 Z1L
Protection and Overcurrent protection. For the three-wire case, we can see
 because the neutral becomes a current conductor during unbalanced
conditions. Oftentimes this is a design consideration, allowing for continuity of
service to two thirds of customers in the LV case should a single phase
encounter a fault, but by adding the conductor we reduce our ratio of i2 to i1 in
the broken conductor scenario. With a neutral conductor in play, we introduce
the effect of the zero-sequence impedance:

Z1S i1

EA1 Z1L

Z2S i2 Z2L

Z0S i0 Z0L

Figure
Figure5 5Equivalent
– EquivalentCircuit
Circuitfor a Broken
for a BrokenConductor
Conductoronon a Four
a Four WireWire
Three
Three Phase network
Phase network.
Again, we are faced with an equivalent network that is very similar
to the we
Again, Double Linewith
are faced to an
Ground fault,
equivalent except
network that we aresimilar
is very considering
to the the
SE load impedances instead of the line impedances. Let’s assume that
Double Line to Ground fault, except we are considering the load impedances
the source impedances are negligible in comparison to the load, so
instead of the line impedances. Let’s assume that the source impedances are
in simplifying we have:
negligible in comparison to the load, so in simplifying we have:
i1 PRESS RELEASE
i1 i1 PRESS RELEASE

PRESS RELEASE i1
i1
EA1 Z2L i2 Z0L i0
EA1EA1 Z2LZ2L i2 i2 Z0LZ0L i0 i0
i1
Z1L EA1
Z1LZ1L Z2L i2 Z0L i0
EA1 Z2L i2 Z0L i0
Z1L
EA1and Three wire systems
Z2L i2 Z0L i0 Z
The key difference between the Four wire in the 1L
TheThekeykey
The difference
key between
difference
difference thethe
between
between Four
thewire
Four andand
Four
wire Three
wire wire
and
Three systems
Three
wire wirein systems
systems the
in the
inclusion
in the of the Zero Sequence in the resultantin
calculation. Calculating for i1:
inclusion ofinclusion
inclusion the Zero
of the of Sequence
Zero the Zero
Sequence Sequence
in the
in resultant
the Z
resultantthe resultant
calculation.
calculation.
The
1L key calculation.
Calculating
Calculating
difference between forthe
i1:Four
for i1: wire and Three wire systems in the
Calculating for i1: The key
inclusion of the Zero Sequence in the resultant differenceCalculating
calculation. between theforFour
i1: wire and Three wire systems in the
𝐸𝐸L# inclusion of the Zero Sequence in the resultant calculation. Calculating for i1:
𝑖𝑖# = 𝐸𝐸L#𝐸𝐸L#
𝑖𝑖#The
=𝑖𝑖#(𝑍𝑍 𝑍𝑍 𝑍𝑍.M
=#M difference
key + 𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍+M 𝑍𝑍
+M+𝑍𝑍
between
)
.M𝑍𝑍.M
the Four wire and Three wire systems
𝐸𝐸L# in the
(𝑍𝑍#M(𝑍𝑍+
#M𝑍𝑍+
+M.M ) 𝑖𝑖 =
𝑍𝑍+𝑍𝑍+𝑍𝑍 )
+M #
inclusion of the
+M Zero
+M .M Sequence in the resultant calculation. 𝑍𝑍+M 𝑍𝑍.M
Calculating) for i1: 𝐸𝐸L#
.M (𝑍𝑍#M + 𝑍𝑍+M +𝑍𝑍.M 𝑖𝑖# =
𝑍𝑍 𝑍𝑍
(𝑍𝑍#M + 𝑍𝑍 +M+𝑍𝑍.M )
AndAnd assuming
assuming that ithat i2 is negative
2 is negative and acknowledging
and acknowledging the topology the
𝐸𝐸as topology
a current +M .M
AndAnd
assuming thatthat
assuming i2 isi2negative andand
is negative acknowledging
acknowledging thethe
𝑖𝑖#topology
And assuming that i2as
= topology is a
L# as current
a current
negative and acknowledging the topology as a current
as a
divider: current divider: 𝑍𝑍 𝑍𝑍
(𝑍𝑍#M + 𝑍𝑍 +M+𝑍𝑍.M )
divider:
divider: divider: +M .M And assuming that i2 is negative and acknowledging the topology as a current
𝑖𝑖# 𝑍𝑍.M
−𝑖𝑖+ = 𝑖𝑖# 𝑍𝑍.M
𝑖𝑖# 𝑍𝑍.M 𝑖𝑖divider:
# 𝑍𝑍.M
=+(𝑍𝑍
−𝑖𝑖 −𝑖𝑖 =+M + 𝑍𝑍.M ) −𝑖𝑖+ =
And+ assuming
(𝑍𝑍+M(𝑍𝑍+ 𝑍𝑍+
+Mthat )i2.Mis)negative and acknowledging the topology
.M𝑍𝑍
(𝑍𝑍+M + 𝑍𝑍as .M )a current 𝑖𝑖# 𝑍𝑍.M
−𝑖𝑖+ =
divider: (𝑍𝑍+M + 𝑍𝑍.M )
CONCLUSION
𝑖𝑖+ 𝑍𝑍.M 𝑖𝑖# 𝑍𝑍.M 𝑖𝑖+ 𝑍𝑍.M
O𝑖𝑖+ O 𝑖𝑖= 𝑍𝑍.M𝑍𝑍.M −𝑖𝑖+ = O O= Broken conductor detection in the distribution grid is scenario
O𝑖𝑖# OO =+ O(𝑍𝑍
=+M + 𝑍𝑍.M ) (𝑍𝑍+M + 𝑍𝑍.M ) 𝑖𝑖# (𝑍𝑍+M + 𝑍𝑍.M )
which can be suitably Odetected 𝑖𝑖+ 𝑍𝑍.M
through the use of the negative
𝑖𝑖# 𝑖𝑖# (𝑍𝑍+M(𝑍𝑍++M𝑍𝑍+ ) .M )
.M𝑍𝑍 O=
𝑖𝑖# (𝑍𝑍+M + 𝑍𝑍.M )
phase sequence current. When using NPS alone, knowledge of the
To calculate𝑖𝑖+ the minimum broken conductor ratio in a four-wire system, we
ToTo calculate
calculate the minimum
the minimum broken broken
conductorconductor
ratio in a four-wireratio
O O =insystem, a𝑍𝑍.Mfour-wire we negative sequence impedance of a load is necessary for appropriate
To To calculate
calculate thethe minimum
minimum broken
broken conductor
conductor ratio in aintofour-wire
ratio
need aknow
four-wire
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7

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