Falsos Cognates:

FALSE FRIENDS OR FALSE COGNATES

Se denominan false friends (falsos amigos) o false cognates (falsos cognados) a las palabras que en
inglés se escriben de la misma forma (o parecida) a otras palabras del español, y por lo tanto se
prestan a confusión o traducciones erróneas, pero en realidad tienen un significado totalmente
diferente.

Fabric = Tela: The best fabrics are smooth, light and expensive

Exit = Salida: The cinema exit is at the final of corner.

Sympathy = Condolencias: Symphaty for the Devil.

Carpet = Alfombra: Presidents and Famous artist used to walk on a red carpet.

Embarrassed = Desconcertado / Avergonzado: The girl falls out and felt embarrassed.

Pie = Pastel: My mother likes very much lemon Pie.

Pan = Sarten: I like make arepas in a big sarten.

Large = Grande: I would like to ate a large Hot dog.

Assist = Atender / Ayudar: Doctor assisted her as soon as possible she came.

Attend = Asistir: All the employees must attend the meeting.

Rope = Cuerda / atadura: the ladder was made of ropes.

Real = en realidad: I really love her.

Realize = Percatarse / Darse cuenta: I must realize of her intentions.

Record = Grabar: The Medical Surgeon always record his conferences.

Conductor = Cobrador: The conductor doesn’t accept my payment.

Atach Questions

Mary is pregnant, isn’t she?

Fast and furious is a boring movie, isn’t it?

My sister cries for doesn’t have money, Does she?

Maduro is the best president of Venezuela, Isn’t he?

The doll of my sister walks around the house, doesn’t it?

Conociendo el vocabulario de direcciones, crea diálogos indicando las siguientes direcciones:

The Malecon to Playa Blanca.

Mr. Beam - Excuse me Sir, how is this place called?

You - This is The Malecon. Are you looking for a specific place?

Mr. Beam - Oh. _ yes, I would like to go to Playa Blanca. Can you help me please?

You - Of course, you must walk straight three blocks several yachts many stands of foods and a
beach. This is Playa Blanca.

Mr. Beam - Thank you very much.

You - Your welcome.

The Campo Elias to The Seguro Social.

Elena – Carlos can you tell me how I can get to The Seguro Social?

Carlos – Sure, walk straight five blocks. You must climb the bridge, just down it at your right hand
you will see a big building. This is the Seguro Social.

Elena – Thank Carlos.

Carlos – Ok. Nice to help you.

The C.C. Americas to The Malecon.

Willi – Marl how I can get from The C.C. Americas to The Malecon?

Marl – It’s easy, The C.C. Americas is locating on Urdaneta street you have to reach to Bolivar
Street then walk 4 block up in your way you will see Park Skate, a theater. Finally, at the end the
way you will be there at The Malecom.
Comparative adjectives

What are comparative adjectives?

Comparative adjectives are used to compare differences between the two objects they modify
(e.g. larger, smaller, faster, higher). They are used in sentences where two nouns are compared:

Noun + verb + comparative adjective+ than + noun.

E.g. The cat ran faster than the dog.

The way we form comparative adjectives depends on the adjective!

For one-syllable adjectives, we add ‘-er’ to the end to make the comparative form (e.g. old – older,
hard – harder). With short vowels, we double the final consonant before adding the ‘-er’ (e.g. big –
bigger, hot – hotter). With adjectives ending in ‘-y’, we add an ‘i’ before the ‘-er’ (e.g. dry – drier,
happy – happier).

For two-syllable (or longer) adjectives, we keep the adjective the same but add ‘more’ in front (e.g.
boring – more boring). Most of these adjectives end in ‘-ly’, for example: carefully, efficiently,
recently, etc.

There are also some irregular forms that don’t follow these rules. You will have to learn these
separately! For example, the comparative form of far is further, the comparative form of bad is
worse and of good is better.

Examples of comparative adjectives

Trains are more expensive than buses in London.

Hannah is taller than Jane.

Fruit is healthier than chocolate.

Max is better at maths than David, but is worse at maths than Sarah.

With some one-syllable adjectives we double the final consonant before adding –er or -est. For
example: big – bigger – biggest, fat – fatter – fattest, thin – thinner – thinnest. If a one-syllable
adjective ends in -e, then we simply add –r or –st. For example: fine – finer – finest. This brings us
to the topic of ‘superlatives’.

Superlative adjectives

What are superlative adjectives?

Superlative adjectives are used to describe an object that is at the upper or lower limit of a quality
(e.g. the tallest, the smallest, the fastest, the highest).

In other words, they describe extremes. They are used in sentences to compare three or more
nouns:

Noun + verb + the + superlative adjective + noun.

E.g. Parrots are the noisiest birds in the jungle.

To form superlatives, you need to follow similar rules to those above for making comparative
adjectives.

For one-syllable adjectives and two-syllable adjectives ending in ‘-y’, we add –est to the end of the
adjective (e.g. old – oldest). With short vowels, we double the final consonant before adding the –
est (e.g. big – biggest), and with adjectives ending in ‘-y’ we add an ‘i’ before the –er (e.g. friendly –
friendliest).
For two-syllable (or longer) adjectives, we keep the adjective the same but add ‘the most’ in front
(e.g. boring – the most boring).

The irregular forms in comparative adjectives are the same for superlative adjectives. So the
superlative form of far is (the) furthest, bad becomes the worst and good is the best.

Examples of superlative adjectives

Trains are the most expensive transport in London.

Hannah is the tallest person in her family.

Grapefruit is the healthiest fruit.

Max is the best at maths in his class, but is the worst at science.

Table: How to form comparative and superlative adjectives

Adjective Comparative Superlative

One-syllable adjectives and adjectives ending in -y

adjective + -er

the + adjective + -est

old older the oldest

big bigger the biggest

friendly friendlier the friendliest

Two-syllable or longer adjectives more + adjective the most + adjective

interesting more interesting the most interesting

boring more boring the most boring

narrow more narrow the narrowest

Irregular forms

good better the best

bad worse the worst

far farther the farthest

little less the least

A-Z list of 35 comparative and superlative adjectives with examples

angry – angrier – the angriest

He was angrier yesterday than he was last week.

He is the angriest man I have ever seen met!

bad – worse – the worst (irregular)

I think the weather’s worse than last winter as it’s rained nearly every day!

This is the worst weather in December since records began!

big – bigger – the biggest

Your desk is bigger than mine.

You have the biggest desk in the whole office.

boring – more boring – the most boring

The film was a bit more boring than I thought it would be.

That film was the most boring thing I’ve seen for ages!

cheap – cheaper – the cheapest

Your car was cheaper than mine by about two grand (£2,000).

Our package deal to Spain was by far the cheapest holiday I’ve ever been on!

clever – cleverer – cleverest

I was cleverer when I was younger.

Sarah is the cleverest student in our year.

cute – cuter – the cutest

Your new dog is cuter than your old one.

That is the cutest dog I’ve ever seen!

clean – cleaner – the cleanest

The house is looking a lot cleaner than it was this morning.

The house is the cleanest it has ever been.

comfort – more comfortable – the most comfortable

I would be more comfortable wearing jeans.

These are my most comfortable trousers.

dirty – dirtier – the dirtiest

That seat looks a bit dirtier than this one.

After our walk, my little brother had the dirtiest pair of shoes.

expensive – more expensive – the most expensive

It’s more expensive to go to France in the summer (than in the winter).

Switzerland is the most expensive country in Europe.

far – further – the furthest (irregular)

From London, Liverpool is further than Oxford.

Leeds is one of the furthest big cities from London (in England).

fast – faster – the fastest

It’s faster to use the self-service checkout at the supermarket.

That was the fastest journey I’ve ever been on.

fat – fatter – the fattest

She was fatter when she was younger, but she’s lost weight recently.

She used to be the fattest girl at school.

funny – funnier – the funniest

Dave is funnier when he’s drunk!

Apparently, Americans are some the funniest people in the world.

good – better – the best (irregular)

Baan Thai has got better reviews than the other restaurants in the area.

It has by far the best reviews we’ve read so far.

happy – happier – the happiest

I’m always happier in the summer.

John is the happiest I’ve seen him in years.

hard-working – more hard-working – the most hard-working

Michael is more hard-working than Harry.

He’s the most hard-working student I’ve ever taught.

healthy – healthier – the healthiest

It is healthier to eat vegetables than meat.

The Mediterranean diet is the healthiest in the world.

high – higher – the highest

The Himalayas is a higher mountain range than The Alps.

Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world.

interesting – more interesting – the most interesting

I found the book more interesting than the film.

It was the most interesting film we’d seen this year.

little – less – the least (irregular)

I did less work than Hannah this term.

Simon has done the least work in the whole team, but has got all the credit!

long – longer – the longest

The Nile is longer than the River Thames.

The Amazon is the longest river in the world.

loud – louder – the loudest

You should give the speech because your voice is louder than mine.

Jane has the loudest voice I’ve ever heard!

nice – nicer – the nicest

The pasta is nicer than the pizza in this restaurant.

The Margherita is the nicest pizza on the menu.

old – older – the oldest

As a nation, Italy is older than America.

Damascus is thought to be the oldest city in the world.

poor – poorer – the poorest

Financially speaking, Greece is poorer than Sweden.

Ukraine is one of the poorest countries in Europe.

popular – more popular – the most popular

Spain is a more popular holiday destination for Brits than Croatia.

Mauritius is one of the most popular honeymoon destinations.

pretty – prettier – the prettiest

That dress is prettier than the other one you tried on.

I think this is the prettiest dress in the shop.

rich – richer – the richest

If you hadn’t wasted your money on fancy cars, then you’d be richer now.

Bill Gates is the second richest person in the world.

slow – slower – the slowest

The bus is slower than the train.

Walking would be the slowest option.

small – smaller – the smallest

Peru is smaller than Brazil.

Out of Peru, Panama and Brazil, Peru is by far the smallest country.

tall – taller – the tallest

The Empire State Building is taller than the Shard.

The Burj Khalifa is the tallest building in the world.

ugly – uglier – the ugliest

That hat is uglier than anything else in your wardrobe!

Julie bought the ugliest bag in the shop!

young – younger – the youngest

I don’t have any cousins who are younger than me.

I am the youngest member of my family.

Quantifiers for comparatives

We can use quantifiers with comparative adjectives to show if there is a big or small difference
between the two things we are comparing.

For a big difference use…

A lot

The US is a lot bigger than Ireland.

Much

Sarah has much longer hair than Anna.

A great deal

It is a great deal more polluted in London than Cornwall.

Far

It’s far healthier to eat a salad than a burger.

Significantly

The company’s sales have been significantly better this year.

Considerably

Siberia is considerably colder than Australia.

Way (informal)

This week’s homework is way easier than I thought it would be.

For a small difference use…

A little
The chocolate cake was a little more popular than the lemon sponge.

A bit (informal)

First class train tickets are always a bit more expensive than standard ones.

A little bit

The UK is a little bit further north than France.

Slightly

France is slightly bigger than Spain.

Marginally

My hotel room is only marginally bigger than yours.

Some comparative quantifiers are more informal than others so it’s important to know when to
use each one. You will find a lot, way and a bit are very common in spoken English. However, you
generally wouldn’t write way or use it in more formal contexts. In these formal situations, you
would be more likely to use a great deal, considerablyor marginally.

Superlative phrases

We don’t use quantifiers with superlative adjectives but there are common phrases that are used
with superlatives. These are useful to know as they are very commonly used by native speakers
and you will likely hear them a lot!

One of the…

Aramaic is one of the oldest languages in the world.

(We are not saying it is necessarily the oldest. Often used when we don’t know something for
sure)

The second/third…

According to Mastercard’s Global Destination Cities Index, London is the second most visited city
in the world.

By far the…

In England, the bus is by far the cheapest mode of transport.

Siempre existen relaciones y amores que no pueden ver la luz, por una razón u otra.

No podemos criticarlas ni sancionarlas, porque la mayoría de ellas NO depende de la lógica ni la

razón, sino del corazón y los sentimientos. Muchos tenemos fantasías e ilusiones que no pasan
más allá de la imaginación, es normal en el ser humano, pero entre algunas personas existen
relaciones reales que no pueden exteriorizar a los demás. Esos que aman en silencio sin poder
compartir lo que sienten, sufren y llevan su pena en soledad. esos amores que guardamos muy
dentro en el corazón, porque solo podemos soñarlos y no los podemos tener. Para esa persona
que ha dejado huellas que no podemos borrar, ni olvidar. Hay grandes amores que se esconden
tras el muro del silencio, separados por la pared de lo imposible. Grandes pasiones, que, aunque lo
quieran no pueden ser, porque son prohibidas.

“Sabía que ibas hacer algo, pero Javier siempre me agarras desprevenida”.

¿?... Iba a preguntar por eso. Pero para que, si tú sabes que tengo la respuesta. Respuesta que
como me dijiste una vez. “no me corresponde a mi decirla” yo tampoco considero prudente
mencionarla. sé cómo te pones con esas cosas. Buehh.

Te escribo porque eres lo que pienso, te pienso porque eres lo que extraño y te extraño porque
eres lo que más quiero.

“Cada vez que te veo y no puedo tocarte y no debo besarte, es como no sentir una parte de mí.
Eres tú mi imposible, mi pasión prohibida, mi divino tormento. una amiga sin derecho y el secreto
más oculto en mi vida. Y mi amar es por eso. Aunque no tengo derecho a ti, nadie me puede
impedir que te desee y sueñe contigo. Este ese amor en el que pienso a escondidas, que se mira y
no se puede tocar, se ama en silencio y no se puede comentar, se sueña y se desea, como a las
cosas imposibles o prohibidas.”. De esos amores prohibidos como el mío que se viven en silencio
y lo expreso en mis letras.

Debes de saber que por muy lejos que estemos, a pesar de nuestros silencios, a pesar de no tener
derecho, siempre eres y serás, mi primer y último pensamiento.

Quiero que me mates con un beso, que me abraces como lo haces tú, que parece que voy a
reventar. No hay amores equivocados. Hay amores difíciles, improbables o desesperados por
cualquier sentimiento que nace del corazón, solo puede ser una caricia y no hay caricias
equivocadas. No todas las pesadillas se viven durmiendo. Algunas se viven despiertos, llorando,
sufriendo por un amor como el tuyo, que no se puede tener. Tú siempre serás mi estrella favorita,
mi Luna o mi estela.

Hoy le di un beso a tu ausencia, un abrazo a tu recuerdo, un suspiro a tu olvido y un adiós a tu

indiferencia. Esos ojos tuyos cada vez que me miran, me llenan de contento, nutren mi corazón
como si fuera mi alimento y mi alma goza por un breve momento como el suspiro de un leve
recuerdo. Déjame vivir en tu mente, como lo haces en la mía, todo el tiempo.
Cada vez que te miro se escapan de mis ojos un "te amo", “un te quiero” Nada, absolutamente
nada puede impedirme amarte, ni siquiera tu ausencia.

Say or tell?

Decir (Say) y Contar (Tell) son verbos irregulars. El pasado simple de Say es Said y el de Tell es Told:

They asked if I was looking for work and I said yes.

Then he told me how he had got the job by lying about his age.

Usamos Say y Tell en diferentes maneras en un reporte hablado. Say se focaliza en las palabras
que alguien dijo a alguien más, y Tell se focaliza en la información de lo dicho a alguien más.

‘Hello,’ she said.

Not: ‘Hello,’ she told.

She told him they were going on holiday. (El foco está en la información de lo dicho.)

Say and tell con objetos.

Ambos, Say y Tell se emplean con objetos. El objeto es comúnmente la cláusula reportada. (El
reporte de lo que alguien dijo).

reporting clause reported clause (direct object)

She said I don’t know what you mean.’

I told her why it had happened.

Tell normalmente se emplea con objetos indirectos = OI (una o más personas = io) y un objeto
directo OD (La cláusula del reporte = OD):

The boy told us he didn’t want any money.

[OI] [OD]

Sin embargo, usamos Tell sin un objeto indirecto con palabras tales como; the truth, a lie, a joke, a
story:

You should never tell a lie.

Not: … say a lie.

Come on Kevin. You’re good at telling jokes.

Say does not take an indirect object. Instead, we use a phrase with to:

And then she said to me, ‘I’m your cousin. We’ve never met before.’

Not: And then she said me …

Tell + indirect object + to-infinitive

Usamos Tell con un objeto indirecto para un reporte de carácter infinitivo, un comando o
instrucciones. Normalmente no lo usamos en esta forma:

They told us to come back the next day.

Not: They said us to come …

They told her to wait till the doctor arrived.

Ingles hablado:

Pero de habla informal, a veces usamos Say + un infinitivo para reportar un comando o una
instrucción.

I asked him if he wanted it today but he said to leave it till tomorrow.

Imperativo:

El imperativo es una orden de hacer algo: Haz eso, no hagas aquello. Para formar el imperativo, se
usa el verbo en infinitivo, pero empezando con el verbo directamente.

Realizar 5 oraciones en Presente Simple. A cada una de esas oraciones deberás transformarla a
pregunta y luego responderlas de manera afirmativa y negativa.

1) Trains are more expensive than buses in London.

Are Trains more expensive than buses in London?
No. they aren’t more expensive than buses in London.
Yes, they are more expensive than buses in London.
2) Hannah is taller than Jane.
Is Hannah taller than Jane?
No, Hannah isn’t taller than Jane.
Yes, Hannah is taller than Jane.
 3) Fruit is healthier than chocolate.
Is Fruit healthier than chocolate?
No, Fruit isn’t healthier than chocolate.
Yes, Fruit is healthier than chocolate.
4) Max is better at maths than David, but is worse at maths than Sarah.
Is Max better at maths than David, but is worse at maths than Sarah?
No, Max isn’t better at maths than David, but is worse at maths than Sarah.
Yes, Max is better at maths than David, but is worse at maths than Sarah.
5) France is slightly bigger than Spain.
Is France slightly bigger than Spain?
No, France isn’t slightly bigger than Spain.
Yes, France is slightly bigger than Spain.

Realizar 5 oraciones en Presente Progresivo. A cada una de esas oraciones deberás transformarla a
pregunta y luego responderlas de manera afirmativa y negativa. (GO / FLIRT / CUT / READ / SING.

1) I am going to the beach.

am I going to the beach.
No, I am not going to the beach.
Yes, I am going to the beach.
2) She is flirting with me.
Is She flirting with me?
No, she isn’t flirting with me.
Yes, she is flirting with me.
3) They are cutting clothes.
Are they cutting clothes?
No, they aren’t cutting clothes.
Yes, they are cutting clothes.
4) He is reading a new novel.
Is he reading a new novel?
No, he isn’t reading a new novel.
Yes, he is reading a new novel.
5) She is singing in Italian.
Is she singing in Italian?
No, she isn’t singing in Italian.
Yes, she is singing in Italian.

Traduce las siguientes oraciones usando el posesivo anglosajón (‘ o ‘S).

La casa de Pablo es muy bonita.

Pablos’s house is very beautiful

1) Este es el coche de Mary, aquel es el de Carla.

 This is Mary’s car that is Carla’s car.
2) El marido de Susan es el padre de Robert.
Susan’s husband is Robert’s father.
3) Hoy es el cumpleaños de mi madre.
Today is my mother’s birthday
4) ¿Dónde esta la cerveza de tu abuelo?
Where is your grandparent’s beer?
5) ¿Está el hermano de Pedro aquí?
Is Pedro’s brother here?

COMPLETE LAS ORACIONES USANDO SAY O TELL.

1) Ana say she didn’t like movie.

2) She wouldn’t tell me her phone number.
3) Come on tell me everything.
4) Lisa tell us she was very tired.
5) Say him to have fun at the party.
6) Jules say Rue that escape with her.

ESCRIBA LAS SIGUIENTES TRADUCCIONES DE LOS SIGUIENTES IPERATIVOS:

1) Write down Escribe (escriba, escriban) = (todo depende a quien vaya dirigido).
2) Sit Dawn Siéntese ( II ll ).
3) Stand Up Levantese ( II ll ).
4) Do your homework Hagan la tarea ( II ll ).
5) Be quiet Silencio.
6) Stand in line* Mantengase en linea. ( II ll ).
7) Pay attention Ponga atencion. ( II ll ).
8) Open your book Abra su libro. ( II ll ).