Introduction to

Aerodynamics - Part
3

Learning Outcomes
Introduction to Aerodynamics - Part 3
Review

Classification of
Fluid Flows

Aerodynamic Forces
& Moments
Professor Dr. Mazharul Islam, P.Eng. (Alberta, Canada)
Reflections
Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering
Summary
Bibliography
Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh

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 Section A (Aerodynamics)

Introduction to
Aerodynamics - Part
3 Aerodynamics
Fundamentals: Incompressible Flow over

Fundamental Principles:
--------------------
Bernoulli Equation
3 Finite Wings:
-----------------------------------
---------------------------------
Definition of Aerodynamics
1 Pressure Coefficient
Potential Flows –
Downwash
Induced drag
Learning Outcomes Applications of Aerodynamics (a) Uniform flow, The Vortex Filament
Case Studies (b) Source flow, The Biot-Savart Law
Review
Selected Fundamental Aerodynamic Variables
Aerodynamic Forces & Moments
(c) Doublet flow,
(d) Vortex flow
Helmholtz’s Theorems
Lifting-line theory
5
Center of Pressure The Kutta-Joukowski Theorem
Classifications of fluid flows Nonlifting flows over a cylinder
Classification of Boundary Layer The flow over a circular cylinder
Fluid Flows

Aerodynamic Forces
& Moments Fundamental Inviscid,
Reflections
Introduction Principles and Incompressible
Equations Flow
Summary
Bibliography

Fundamental Principles and Equations: Incompressible Flow over Airfoils:

------------------------------------------------------
Fundamental equations
2 ----------------------------------------------
Airfoil
Pathlines, Streamlines, and Streaklines The Kutta condition
Circulation Kelvin’s Circulation Theorem
Stream Function
Velocity Potential
Thin Airfoil Theory:
- The sysmmetric airfoil. 4
Relationship Between the Stream Function and Velocity Potential - The cambered airfoil

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1 Learning Outcomes

2 Review

3 Classification of Fluid Flows

4 Aerodynamic Forces & Moments

5 Reflections

6 Summary
 Learning Outcomes for the Class Session

Introduction to
Aerodynamics - Part
3
After completion of the class session, the students will be expected to:
Learning Outcomes classify fluid flows;
Review
explain the two basic sources for aerodynamics forces and moments;
Classification of
Fluid Flows
define:
Aerodynamic Forces
& Moments freestream velocity (V∞ )
Reflections Lift force (L)
Summary Drag force (D)
Bibliography
Chord (c)
Angle of attack (α)

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1 Learning Outcomes

2 Review

3 Classification of Fluid Flows

4 Aerodynamic Forces & Moments

5 Reflections

6 Summary
 Review

Introduction to
Aerodynamics - Part
3 Pressure (P)
Density (ρ)
Learning Outcomes
Temperature
Review →
−
Classification of
Flow velocity ( V or V)
Fluid Flows
Streamline
Aerodynamic Forces
& Moments
Shear Stress
Reflections

Summary
Viscosity
Bibliography
No slip condition

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1 Learning Outcomes

2 Review

3 Classification of Fluid Flows

4 Aerodynamic Forces & Moments

5 Reflections

6 Summary
 Classification of Fluid Flows

Introduction to
Aerodynamics - Part Fluid flows can be classified based on
3
application of law of viscosity
Learning Outcomes number of phases
Review surface enclosures
Classification of
Fluid Flows variation with respect to time
Aerodynamic Forces variation with respect to space
& Moments

Reflections
cross sectional area
Summary randomness
Bibliography
affect of viscosity
variation of density
rotation of fluid particles
velocity profiles
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 Classification of Fluid Flows

Introduction to
Aerodynamics - Part
3 Newtonian / Non-Newtonian (related to application of law of viscosity)
Single-Phase / Multi-Phase (related to number of phases)
Learning Outcomes
Internal / External (related to surface enclosure)
Review

Classification of
Steady / Unsteady (related to variation w.r.t. time)
Fluid Flows
1D / 2D / 3D (related to variation with respect to space)
Aerodynamic Forces
& Moments Uniform / Non-uniform (related to cross sectional area)
Reflections
Laminar / Turbulent (related to randomness)
Summary
Bibliography Viscous / Inviscid (related to affect of viscosity)
Compressible / Incompressible (related to variation of density / speed)
Rotational / Irrotational (related to vorticity)
Developing / Fully Developed (related to velocity profile)
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1 Learning Outcomes

2 Review

3 Classification of Fluid Flows

4 Aerodynamic Forces & Moments

5 Reflections

6 Summary
 Two Important Parameters

Introduction to
Aerodynamics - Part According to (John D. Anderson, 2010), the aerodynamics forces are only due
3
to:
Learning Outcomes

Review
1 Pressure distribution over the body surface
Classification of
Fluid Flows

Aerodynamic Forces
& Moments

Reflections
2 Shear stress distribution over the body surface
Summary
Bibliography

"No matter how complex the body shape may be, the aerodynamic forces and
moments on the body are due entirely to the above two basic sources." (John
D. Anderson, 2010)

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 p and τ

Introduction to
Aerodynamics - Part
3 "p acts normal to the surface" (John D. Anderson, 2010)
"τ acts tangential to the surface" (John D. Anderson, 2010)
Learning Outcomes
Please refer to (John D. Anderson, 2010, Figure 1.14, page 19)
Review

Classification of
Fluid Flows

Aerodynamic Forces
& Moments

Reflections

Summary
Bibliography

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 Aerodynamic Force (R) and Moment (M)

Introduction to
Aerodynamics - Part
3 "The net effect of the p and τ distributions integrated over the complete
body surface is a resultant aerodynamic force R and moment M on the
Learning Outcomes body." (John D. Anderson, 2010)
Review Please refer to (John D. Anderson, 2010, Figures 1.15 and 1.16)
Classification of
Fluid Flows

Aerodynamic Forces
& Moments

Reflections

Summary
Bibliography

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 Relative Wind or Freestream Velocity (V∞ )

Introduction to
Aerodynamics - Part
3 "the flow velocity far ahead of the body " (John D. Anderson, 2010)

Learning Outcomes

Review

Classification of
Fluid Flows

Aerodynamic Forces
& Moments

Reflections

Summary
Bibliography Adapted from (Darmofal et al., 2016)

~∞ = V
V ~w − V
~a

~ w is "velocity of wind far upstream of the aircraft" (Darmofal et al.,

where, V
2016) and V~ a - aircraft velocity
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 Illustration of Aerodynamics Forces and Moments

Introduction to
Aerodynamics - Part
3

Learning Outcomes

Review

Classification of
Fluid Flows

Aerodynamic Forces
& Moments

Reflections

Summary
Bibliography

Adapted from (Lozano, 2008)

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 Lift and Drag Forces

Introduction to
Aerodynamics - Part
3

Learning Outcomes

Review

Classification of
Fluid Flows

Aerodynamic Forces
& Moments
Adapted from (Darmofal et al., 2016)
Reflections

Summary
Bibliography
Lift and drag forces are the two components of the resultant force
(denoted by R in (John D. Anderson, 2010))
""L ≡ lift ≡ component of R perpendicular to V∞ " (John D. Anderson,
2010)
"D ≡ drag ≡ component of R parallel to V∞ " (John D. Anderson, 2010)
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 Chord Length & Angle of Attack

angle of attack
Introduction to
Aerodynamics - Part chord line
3
α camber line
upper surface
relative wind
Learning Outcomes
leading edge
Review

Classification of max. thickness

Fluid Flows
max. camber lower surface
Aerodynamic Forces
& Moments trailing edge
Adapted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil#/media/File:Wing_profile_nomenclature.svg
Reflections

Summary
Bibliography

Chord (c): "the linear distance from the leading edge to the trailing edge
of the body " (John D. Anderson, 2010)
Angle of Attack (α): "defined as the angle between c and V ∞" (John
D. Anderson, 2010)
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1 Learning Outcomes

2 Review

3 Classification of Fluid Flows

4 Aerodynamic Forces & Moments

5 Reflections

6 Summary
 What Have You Learned Today?

Introduction to
Aerodynamics - Part
3

Learning Outcomes

Review

Classification of
Fluid Flows Please share one useful parameter
Aerodynamic Forces
& Moments

Reflections
you have learned today.
Summary
Bibliography

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1 Learning Outcomes

2 Review

3 Classification of Fluid Flows

4 Aerodynamic Forces & Moments

5 Reflections

6 Summary
 Summary

Introduction to
Aerodynamics - Part
3 Classification of fluid flows;
Two basic sources for aerodynamics forces and moments;
Learning Outcomes
freestream velocity (V∞ )
Review

Classification of
Lift force (L)
Fluid Flows
Drag force (D)
Aerodynamic Forces
& Moments Chord (c)
Reflections
Angle of attack (α)
Summary
Bibliography

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 References
I
Introduction to
Aerodynamics - Part
3

Learning Outcomes
Darmofal, D., Drela, M., and Uranga, A. (2016). Introduction to
Review

Classification of
Aerodynamics. edX Course: MIT. 16101.
Fluid Flows
John D. Anderson, J. (2010). Fundamentals of Aerodynamics. McGraw-Hill
Aerodynamic Forces
& Moments Education (India) Private Ltd., fifth edition edition.
Reflections
Lozano, P. P. (2008). Aerodynamic forces and moments. Fluid Mechanics
Summary
Bibliography
and Aerodynamics, Unified Engineering, MIT.

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