Equipe Parahyasas

Semana de capacitação

Introdução a aerodinâmica

Fluid mechanics
kinematics1
1 - cinemática
Professor Andersson Guimarães Oliveira
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Schedule

• Fluid as a continuum
• Eulerian and Lagrangian Flow1 Descriptions
• One, two and Three-Dimensional Flows
• Steady2 and Unsteady3 Flows
• Control Volume and system representations
• Reynolds transport Theorem
• Conservation Mass
Wind Tunnel
• Aerodynamic forces Ceará State University
http://www.uece.br/noticias/criado-na-uece-maior-tunel-de-
vento-de-circuito-fechado-do-n-ne-comeca-a-cumprir-o-seu-papel/

1 - escoamento, fluxo 2-constante 3- transiente, instável

 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

References
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Fluid as a continuum

Definition: a fluid is defined as a substance that deforms continuously when acted on by

a1 shearing stress2 of any3 magnitude (MUNSON, 2010).

Although4 the molecular structure of fluids is

important in distinguishing one fluid from another5,
it is not yet6 practical to study the behavior7 of
individual molecules when trying to describe the
behavior of fluids at rest8 or in motion. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBxMj0WzHdo

Optional: something about CFD: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=REaZ3escPYk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A7EOCP_hlX8
1 – submetida por meio de 2 - tensão de cisalhamento 3 - de qualquer 4- embora 5 – de outro 6 – por hora, contudo 7 – comportamento 8- repouso
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Newton´s Second Law

We assume that the fluid motion is governed by pressure and gravity forces only and
examine Newton’s second law as it applies to a fluid particle in the form :

(net1 pressure force on a particle) + (net gravity force on a particle) = particle mass x particle acceleration

𝐹𝑟 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑎 Disregarding2 viscosity effects

1 – líquido no sentido de resultado 2 - desconsiderando

 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Newton´s Second Law (stream lines1)

Streamline = Lines tangent to the velocity V

1 – linhas de fluxo
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Newton´s Second Law (stream lines)

𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑉 𝑉2
𝑉= 𝑎𝑠 = 𝑎𝑛 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑅
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Bernoulli equation
𝑝 − 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
Considering: 𝑉 − 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝜌 − 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
• Incompressible flow – density remains1 constant 𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
• Inviscid2 fluid 𝑧 − ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

Bernoulli equation

• A useful3 concept associated with the Bernoulli equation deals4 with the stagnation and dynamic
pressures.

• These pressures arise5 from the conversion of kinetic energy in a flowing fluid into a “pressure rise” as
the fluid is. brought to rest6

1 – permanece 2 – sem viscosidade 3 – usual 4 – lidar com 5 – cresce, aumenta 6 – trazido ao repouso
 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE ALAGOAS – UFAL
CAMPUS DE ENGENHARIAS E CIÊNCIAS AGRÁRIAS – CECA
AERODINÂMICA DE TURBINAS EÓLICAS

Bernoulli equation
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

The velocity field1

We can describe the flow of a fluid in terms of the motion of fluid particles rather
than2 individual molecules. This motion can be described in terms of the
velocity and acceleration of the fluid particles.

Velocity field

1 – campo, região 2 – ao invés de

 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

The velocity field1

1 – campo, região 2 – ao invés de

 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Eulerian and Lagrangian approach1

Eulerian method, uses the field concept. In this case, the fluid motion is given by
properties: pressure, density, velocity, etc., as functions of space and time.

The second method, called2 the Lagrangian method, involves following individual
fluid particles as they move and determining how the fluid properties associated
with these particles change as a function of time. That is, the fluid particles are
“tagged”3 or identified, and their properties determined as they move.

1 – abordagem 2- chamado, denominado 3 - etiquetados

 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Eulerian and Lagrangian approach

Lagrangian method

Eulerian method
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Flow over immersed bodies

23/publication/333079833/figure/fig3/AS:759147008098311@1558006159593/Do
As with other areas of fluid mechanics, various approaches (theoretical,

main-size-and-boundary-conditions-for-the-LES-of-the-flow-around-the-wind-
numerical and experimental) are used to obtain information on the fluid
forces developed by external flows.

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Xu-Huang-

turbine-blade.ppm
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Flow over immersed bodies

Lift and drag concepts
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Aerodynamic forces on the body

Drag1 and lift2

https://www.vozdascomunidades.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/pipa-arquivo-
tribuna-825x552-1.jpg

1 - arrasto 2 - sustentação
https://www.sciencefriday.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/3-Kite-Only.jpg
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Aerodynamic forces on the body

To understand this, is necessary first the comprehension about:

Flow under immersed bodies

The character of the flow field1 is a function
of the shape2 of the body. Flows past
relatively simple geometric shapes.

1 - campo 2 - forma
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Aerodynamic forces on the body

Flow under immersed bodies
The characteristics of the flow depend very strongly1 on various parameters such
as size2, orientation, speed, and fluid properties.

Dimensionless3 parameters involved for external flow

Reynolds number Mach number Froude number 𝑉 − 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

𝜌 − 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝜌𝑉𝑙 𝑉 𝑉 𝜇 − 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑅𝑒 = 𝑀𝑎 = 𝐹𝑟 = 𝑙 − 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝜇 𝑐 𝑔𝑙 𝑐 − 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑

1 – fortemente, 2 – tamanho, 3- adimensional

 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Aerodynamic forces on the body

Flow under immersed bodies
Reynolds number
The Reynolds number represents the ratio1 of inertial
effects to viscous effects.
𝜌𝑉𝑙
𝑅𝑒 = If 𝜇 = 0 (no viscosity): 𝑅𝑒 = ∞
𝜇
If 𝑝 = 0 (negligible2 mass): 𝑅𝑒 = 0

Lift and drag are directly associated with Reynolds Number

In most engineering problems: 1204 ∙ 0.01 ∙ 0.01
𝑅𝑒 = = 6615.38
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑎𝑡 20°𝐶 = 1204 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 1.82 ∙ 10−5
0.01 < 𝑙 < 10𝑚

0.01 𝑚Τ𝑠 < 𝑙 < 100𝑚/𝑠 𝜇𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑎𝑡 20°𝐶 = 1.82 ∙ 10−5 𝑁 ∙ 𝑠/𝑚2 1204 ∙ 100 ∙ 10
𝑅𝑒 = −5 = 6.61 ∙ 1010
1.82 ∙ 10
1 – relação/taxa; 2 – desprezível
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Aerodynamic forces on the body

Flow under immersed bodies
Character of the steady, viscous flow past a flat plate
parallel to the upstream velocity (MUNSON, 2013)

𝑅𝑒 = 0.1
Obs: 𝑈 = 𝑉
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Aerodynamic forces on the body

Flow under immersed bodies
Character of the steady, viscous flow past a flat plate
parallel to the upstream velocity (MUNSON, 2013)

𝑅𝑒 = 10
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Aerodynamic forces on the body

Flow under immersed bodies
Character of the steady, viscous flow past a flat plate
parallel to the upstream velocity (MUNSON, 2013)

𝑅𝑒 = 107
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Aerodynamic forces on the body

Flow under immersed bodies
Character of the steady, viscous flow past a circular cylinder:
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Aerodynamic forces on the body

Flow under immersed bodies
Character of the steady, viscous flow past a circular cylinder:
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Aerodynamic forces on the body

Flow under immersed bodies
Character of the steady, viscous flow past a circular cylinder:
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Flow over immersed bodies

The boundary layer1

The boundary layer is region of thickness2 (i.e., thin relative to the length3 of the surface4) next to
the surface in which5 the fluid velocity changes6 from the upstream7 value of to zero velocity on the
surface.

The thickness of this layer increases7 in the

direction of flow, starting from zero at the
forward8 surface. The flow within8 the
boundary layer may be laminar or
turbulent, depending on various https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/4fb
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parameters involved. H5Co_hNjctUu67ta0o6Nz8UEHK-3-
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wTrRVwHECL0DpIUePSpRN7b8g

1 – camada limite 2 – espessura 3 –largura 4- superfície 5 – na qual 6 – muda 7-a montante 8-no qual, cujo
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Flow over immersed bodies

The boundary layer
The transition from a laminar
boundary layer to a turbulent
boundary layer occurs at a
critical value of the Reynolds
number, on the order of to
depending on the roughness2
of the surface and the amount3
of turbulence in the upstream
flow.

1 – na ordem, nesta ordem 2- rugosidade 3 – o tanto de, resultante

 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Aerodynamic forces on the body

Flow under immersed bodies

What’s that got to

do with airfoils and
airplanes?

Forces from the surrounding fluid on a two-dimensional object:

(a) pressure force, (b) viscous force
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Aerodynamic forces on the body

Flow under immersed bodies
The variation in the free-stream velocity, the fluid velocity at the edge of the boundary layer, is the cause
of the pressure gradient in this direction. The characteristics of the entire flow 1both within and outside
of the boundary layer2 are often highly dependent on the pressure gradient effects on the fluid within
the boundary layer.
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Aerodynamic forces on the body

Flow under immersed bodies Stagnation pressure

pressure velocity
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Aerodynamic forces on the body

Flow under immersed bodies
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Aerodynamic forces on the body

Flow under immersed bodies
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Aerodynamic forces on the body

Drag Any object moving through1 a fluid will experience a
drag, a net2 force in the direction of flow due3 to the
pressure and shear forces on the surface of the object.
1 2
𝐷 = 𝜌𝑉 𝑆𝐶𝑑
2
• Friction Drag - part of the drag that is due directly
to the shear stress

• Pressure Drag - due directly to the pressure, p, on

an object. Often referred to as form drag because of
its strong dependency on the shape or form of the
object.
1 – através de; 2 – resultante/líquido; 3 – devido a
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Aerodynamic forces on the body

Drag
Shape
dependence

Drag coefficient for an ellipse with the characteristic area either the frontal area,
A=bD, or the planform area, A=bl
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Aerodynamic forces on the body

Drag
Reynolds
dependence

Drag coefficient as a function of Reynolds number for a smooth circular cylinder and a
smooth sphere.
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Aerodynamic forces on the body

Drag
Combined
effect
Character of the drag
coefficient as a function
of Reynolds number for
objects with various degrees
of streamlining, from a
flat plate normal to the
upstream flow to a flat plate
parallel to the flow
(twodimensional flow)
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Aerodynamic forces on the body

Drag
Function of
Mach number
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Aerodynamic forces on the body

Drag
Effect of surface
roughness
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Aerodynamic forces on the body

Lift
Any object moving through a fluid will experience a net force of the fluid on the object.
For objects symmetrical perpendicular to the upstream1 flow, this force will be in the
direction of the free stream— a drag

If the object is not symmetrical (or if it

does not produce a symmetrical flow
field, such as the flow around2 a rotating
sphere), there may also be a force
normal to the free stream— a lift.
1 – a montante; 2 – em torno de
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Aerodynamic forces on the body

Lift The lift coefficient
is a dimensionless
form of the lift.
Most of the lift comes 1 2
𝐿 = 𝜌𝑉 𝐴𝐶𝑙
from the surface 2
pressure distribution.

The most important parameter that affects the

lift coefficient is the shape of the object.
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Aerodynamic forces on the body

Lift

Pressure distribution on the surface of an automobile.

 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Aerodynamic forces on the body

Lift
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Aerodynamic forces on the body

Lift
1 𝟐
𝐿 = 𝜌𝑽 𝐴𝐶𝑙
2
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Aerodynamic forces on the body

Lift
Angle of attack
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Aerodynamic forces on the body

Lift
Angle of attack
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Aerodynamic forces on the body

Lift
Angle of attack
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Aerodynamic forces on the body

Lift
Angle of attack
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

3
Terminology

1 – asa 2 – bordo de ataque 3 – bordo de fuga

 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Terminology

1 – médio
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Terminology Trailing edge

Leading edge
chord

Center of pressure
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

How it´s work?

 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA)

The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) was formed on

March 3, 1915, with a charter to1 "supervise and direct the scientific study
of the problems of flight2, with a view to their practical solution" before
eventually being absorbed by NASA in 1958.

https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_277.html

1 – encarregada de 2 - vôo
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Terminology

NACA2421
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Forces diagram

Ângulo de ataque
é diferente de
pitch angle.
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Forces diagram terminology

N – normal force
A – axial force
D – drag force
L - lift force
R – aerodynamics force
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

𝐿 = 𝑓(𝑉∞ , 𝜌∞ , 𝑆, 𝜇∞ , 𝑎∞ )
𝑐𝑙 − 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

More about (𝒄𝒍 )

 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Similarly:

𝑐𝑑 − 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑐𝑚 − 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Túnel aerodinâmico
AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Túnel aerodinâmico
AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Túnel aerodinâmico
AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION
AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Lift coefficient
Túnel aerodinâmico
AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Drag coefficient
Túnel aerodinâmico
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Example 1

Túnel aerodinâmico
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Example 1

Túnel aerodinâmico
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Example 1

Túnel aerodinâmico
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Example 1
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Example 2

What 𝛼 for the 𝑐𝑙 = 0.65?

 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Example 2
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Example 2
 AERODYNAMICS – AN INTRODUCTION

Thanks!

Questions?