Aero –201

APPLIED AERODYNAMICS (2-0)

TEXT BOOK
“Introduction to Flight” by John D. Anderson, McGraw-Hill
Education, NY, (8th Edition, 2016)
REF BOOKS/MATERIAL
1. “Fundamentals of Aerodynamics” by John D. Anderson,
McGraw Hill, NY, (6th Ed 2016)
2. Applied Aerodynamics: Interactive textbook
3.
http://ocw.mit.sdu/courses/aeronautics-and -astronautics/16-
100-aerodynamics-fall-2005
INSTRUCTOR DETAILS
Name : Muhammad Ayaz
E Mail Address : ayyaz79@yahoo.com
Cell No : 03219018553
 Aero –201
BASIC AERODYNAMICS
Lec Description of Topic Ref
No
1 Introduction to Aerodynamics & Fundamental 1& 2.1
physical quantities
2 Continuity /momentum /energy equations 3.1-3.6
3 Incompressible flow over airfoils 4.1-4.3,4.7
4 Isentropic flow & speed of sound 4.6,4.8-4.9
5 Measurement of air speed 4.11
6-7 Compressibility and supersonic flow 4.13
8-9 Viscosity and boundary layer 4.14-4.18
Laminar / Turbulent / transition flows
10 Reynolds number and Intro to dynamic similarity 4.23
11 Airfoil, Wing and Aircraft terminology 5.1-5.2,5.5
12 Finite wing / Induced Drag 5.5 - 5.8, 5.13
– 5.14
13-14 High-lift devices 5.17
 Aero –201
Applied Aerodynamics

(Lecture # 1)
BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Introduction to Aerodynamics
&
Fundamental physical quantities

Time : 10 Minutes
 Learning Objectives

• Basic Definitions and difference b/w solids and liquids

• Fluid dynamics and types of aerodynamics

• Practical Objectives and applications of Aerodynamics

• Definition of Air and related concepts

• Some Fundamental Aerodynamic Variables

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 Basic Definitions
• Dynamics:- means motion, or we can say that it is the

science of the motion of the gases (air) and the effects of

these motions on various bodies or surfaces in the flow.

• Aerodynamics:- It is the branch of dynamics that

studies the motion of air or other gaseous fluids and the

forces acting on bodies in motion relative to such fluids.

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 Fluids and Solids
Fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an
applied shear stress, or external force. Fluids are a phase of
matter and include liquids, gases and plasmas. They are
substances with zero shear modulus, or, in simpler terms,
substances which cannot resist any shear force applied to
them. However, Solids experience finite deformation against
applied shear stresses.

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 Fluid Dynamics
Due to certain differences b/w gases and liquids,
fluid dynamics is divided into:-
• Hydrodynamics Flow of liquids specially water

• Gas Dynamics Flow of gases

• Aerodynamics Flow of air

Nowadays both flow of gases and air is generally

studied in aerodynamics
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 Our Area of Interest
• Effects of Fluid Motion:- Area of interest is quite diverse,
like
– Generation of lift and drag on an airplane
– Wind forces on a windmill
– Aerodynamic heating of the space shuttle

• Fluid dynamics We can say that liquids and gases behave

in similar manner and produces similar effects due to their
motion. So it is the study of fluids in motion.

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 Types of Aerodynamics
Aerodynamics can further be classified as:-

• Internal Aerodynamics In which the flow boundaries are

restricted like flow of air/gases through ducts, pipes,

combustion chamber

• External Aerodynamics In which flow boundaries are not

restricted like flow over A/C wings etc

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 Practical Objectives of Aerodynamics

Irrespective of the type, aerodynamics has following

objectives:-

• Prediction of forces and moments on and heat transfer to

bodies moving through fluids e.g. Lift, Drag etc

• Determination of flow properties moving through ducts, e.g.

calculation of flow properties through rocket engines, flow

through wind tunnels

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 Aerodynamics Applications for
External Flows

• Airfoil and wing design

• Airfoil and wing analysis

• Analysis and design of wind turbines

• Analysis and design of automobile, ship and sail

shapes

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 Aerodynamics Applications for
Internal Flows

• Design and analysis of channels, ducts, pipes

• Design and analysis of heat transfer devices

(heaters, air conditioners, cooling fans, vents…).

• Biomedical Applications - heart pumps, flow

through arteries, valves, etc.

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 Definition of Air
Aerodynamics is nothing but the interaction b/w moving objects and air

• Air Air is a gas which has very large number of molecules, weakly

attached to each other. It can be studied at two scales.

– Macro Scale i.e. Large scale motion of the gas based on the observations

and measurements

– Micro Scale i.e. study of individual molecular motion based on simple

theories, which can’t be observed like kinetic theory of gases.

• In aerodynamics, we are mainly concerned with macro scale studies and

air is treated as a uniform gas with properties that are averaged from

individual components.
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 Aerodynamic Variables or Physical
Fundamental Quantities
On the macro scale, we deal with large scale effects which can
be measured. The most important properties of a fluid at any
point (x,y,z) at any time t, in any fluid application are:-
• Pressure
• Density
• Temperature
• Flow velocity and Streamlines
• Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics give us the tools we
need for predicting these properties.
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 Pressure
• Pressure is defined as the normal force exerted by the continuous
matter on a plane placed in the fluid, per unit area of the plane.
• Pressure always acts normal to the plane.
• More precisely, it can be defined as “ the normal force per unit area
exerted on a surface due to time rate of change of momentum of the gas
molecules impacting on the surface”.
• It is a point property and can vary from one point to another. Its
commonly used units are
2 2 2
N / m , lb / ft , dyn / cm

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 Density and Temperature
• Density: r(“Rho”) Mass of the fluid per unit volume is called
density. Its commonly used units are:-
Kg / m3 , slug / ft 3 , gm / cm3

• Temperature T: A measure of the kinetic energy associated with

the random motion of the molecules that form the continuous matter.
The higher the KE, higher the temperature. Its commonly used units
o
are:- c, oK, oR, oF

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 Flow Velocity and Streamlines
• Velocity of a fluid particle (i.e. a large collection of
molecules treated as a continuum) is a vector. It has three
components (u,v,w) in the three directions.
• For Fluids, it can be rephrased as “ the velocity at any fixed
point in a flowing fluid is the velocity of an infinitesimally small
fluid element as it sweeps through the point.

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 Flow Velocity and Streamlines
• Streamlines The fixed path traced by the fluid element. At
each point on the streamline, the direction of the flow is
tangent to the streamline.
•Definition Hence it can be defined as “ A streamline is a
path whose tangent at any point is in the direction of the
velocity vector at that point”.

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 CONCLUSION

We have learned basic definitions and difference b/w

solids and fluids. We also discussed fluid dynamics,

types of aerodynamics and its applications.

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