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Strut
Tie
2
Concentrated Nodes and Smeared Nodes
Idealized model Actual behaviour
Uniform load on a
Smeared node
deep beam
Bottle-shaped str
Conc. node
4
Node in Hydrostatic & Force Equilibrium
Node in Hydrostatic Equilibrium Node in Force Equilibrium
a2 is known a1 & a2 are known
a3 C1 a3 C1
σ a1 σ1 a1
σ σ3
C3 C3 α
σ σ2 C2
C2
a2 a2
force C 3 C 2 C1
=σ×b C3=(C12+C22)1/2
size of node a 3 a 2 a1
a3=a1cosα+a2sinα
a2
a1 C1 σ3=C3/(a3×b) 5
C2
Strength of Nodes
The strength of concrete in the nodal zones depends on a number of
factors such as
Tensile strain at node
• the confinement of the zones by the reactions, would weaken its strength
compression struts, anchorage plates for
prestressing, and hoop reinforcement;
• the effects of strain discontinuities within the
nodal zone when ties strained in tension are
anchored in, or cross, a compressed nodal zone;
and
• the splitting stresses and hoop-bearing stresses Increase the anchorage
resulting from the anchorage of the reinforcing length
bars of a tension tie in or immediately behind a
nodal zone.
Splitting
stresses
Hoop-bearing stress
6
Design Strength of Node
The Design Strength of Node can be expressed as,
f node n f cu (2)
Type of nodes
7
CCC CCT CTT TTT
Design Strength of Bearing
When the size of support is smaller than that of the node, higher stresses would be
developed at the bearing face. A plinth is introduced to spread the load.
Node
A2
2 A1 < A2
Plinth 1 > 2
Bearing 1
1 2
A1
8
Stress developed on the bearing
Lateral Confinement
Lateral confinement can increase the compressive strength and hence the
bearing stress of concrete.
Loaded area
concrete face
9
Design Strength of Plain Concrete Node
with Bearing Plate
Sectional
According to CoP for Precast Concrete Construction 2016
area A
(cl.2.7.9.4), the design ultimate bearing stress is based on the weaker
of the two bearing surfaces and is calculated as follows:
Bedding
Halving Joint mortar
Pile cap
direct in X X
contact of
concrete faces Steel H pile
10
Design Strength of Ties
• The strength of a steel tie may be taken as 0.87fy, where 0.87 is
the partial safety factor of steel reinforcement as according to
British Standard BS8110 or Hong Kong Code.
• For control cracks at compressive struts, a minimum
transverse reinforcement of 0.4% should be evenly distributed
at each face of the section considered.
• For beam sections the amount of minimum transverse
reinforcement could be reduced to 0.2% when the concrete
grade is less than 45 MPa, as suggested in Table 9.1 of Hong
Kong Code (Table 3.27 of BS8110).
• For brackets, corbels or nib design, to improve crack control, a
minimum amount of horizontal steel equal to 50% of the main
tensile reinforcement should be distributed over 2/3 (close to
the tension side) of the effective depth of the section
considered (cl. 9.8.3 Hong Kong Code).
11
Comments on Ties
main rebar As
2/3d
d
50% As
compression
The induced tensile stress
keeps increasing, crack
would propagate
continuously
Crack occur at tension
tension zone
Tensile stresses migrating from a failure zone into adjoining area
may result in (zipper-like) progressive failure
13
r
Anchorage Radius of bent bar
Anchor
block
La
14
Anchorage
Rebar dia.
Tie force sn
Depth
Node of node
sn
Conc. load
sn ≤ 3
Depth of node
15
Anchorage
Rebar dia.
Tie force
Node
≥ 30o A plinth
Conc. load
Depth of node
16
Anchorage
Back
face of
Tie force Reinforcing bars node
Node
Anchorage length lb
The tensile forces introduced behind the node can resist the
remaining forces developed within the nodal regions.
17
Anchorage
bearing
Tie bars Node Node
As the distributed regions due to the concentrated forces and reactions, assumed
equal to the lateral dimension of 4m, are almost overlapping with each other, the
whole deep beam is considered as a D-region.
Step 2. Compute the internal forces on the boundaries of D-region
By considering the global equilibrium of the applied and reaction forces, the support
reactions at A and B are found to be 3941 kN and 5059 kN, respectively.
The maximum bearing stress at the loading point is 6000×103/(400×850) = 17.6 MPa.
Referring to Table 1, the node efficiency factor with uniaxial CCC condition is 0.45.
The allowable bearing stress is then 0.45×45 = 20.25 MPa which is greater than the
bearing stress of 17.6 MPa.
20
Step 3. Idealize the deep beam by STM
D a
γ
C
4000
β α
a1.6a
A B
Legend 700
700 Strut
3941 kN Tie 5059 kN 9 MPa
< 18 MPa
Figure 2. Idealized STM of deep beam.
21
Table 1. Node efficiency factor
Condition Node efficiency factor (n)
of Node
Triaxial CCC 0.55
Uniaxial CCC 0.45
CCT 0.40
CTT 0.36
Minimum 0.28
Partial safety factor of 1/0.67 is allowed
22
Step 4. Dimension and check of struts, ties and nodes
Due to the presence of a tension tie, the nodal zone stress at the beam support is
0.4fcu according to Table 1, under CCT condition.
The strength of strut, according to Equation (1) is 0.4 fcu which is the same as
the design strength of nodes.
The horizontal compressive force at node D is equal to the tensile force at node B.
When the depth of node D is equal to ‘a’, the depth over which the tie force
distributed is also a.
D a
C = 0.4 fcu × a × b
As the allowable stress at node B is limited to 0.4×45 = 18 MPa,
therefore, the tension stress in the tie AB should be
850/4
AB≦ 18×103×(a×400)×10-6 α
a1.6a
5059×2988/(4000-a) ≦ 18×10-3×(a×400) B
T = 0.4 fcu × a × b 700
Solving the above equation, the minimum a is 621 mm and α = 48.5o. 5059 kN
23
Step 4. Dimension and check of struts, ties and nodes
By the Pythagoras theorem, the strut force AC = √(AB2 + 39412) = 5963 kN.
3000 kN 6000 kN
D a
C γ
AB C
4000 3941-3000 kN
β α 5059 kN
α
1.6a
a
A B
A Legend B
700 Strut
700 24
3941 kN Tie 5059 kN
Choosing reinforcement for tension tie
The tensile force at the main tie has been found to be 4476 kN, hence the required area of
steel is equal to As = 4476×103/(0.87×500) = 10,289 mm2.
Note that as the required development length (according to Table 8.4, HK Code) for T32
bars is 33D=33×32 = 1056 mm, the tension tie can be transferred to the nodal zone within
the bearing length of 1400 mm.
70
27
6754kN
Checking stresses at nodes and struts
α=48.5o
At the bottom of strut DB, the stress in the strut is a= 620
=980
B
f2 = (6754×103)/ [400×(620×cos48.5o+1400×sin48.5o)] = 11.6 MPa 1400
which is less than the ultimate compressive strength of strut (i.e. 5059 kN
18 MPa).
a3 C1
C3=(C12+C22)1/2
σ1 a1
a3=a1cosα+a2sinα σ3
σ3=C3/(a3×b)
C3 α
σ2 C2
28
a2
The required steel area for distribution bars is 400×1000×0.2%= 800mm2/metre.
Using T10-200 each face and both ways is sufficient. The R.C. detail for the deep
beam is summarized in Figure 4.
A
CLof support CL of s upport
4T16 T10-20 0 E. F.
T10-200E.F.
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To be continued