Presentation CAV2015: POD Study of Aerated Cavitation in A Venturi Nozzle

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Presentation CAV2015: POD study of aerated cavitation in a venturi nozzle
Data · December 2015
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Petar Dimitrov Tomov Amélie Danlos

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Proper orthogonal decomposition study
of aerated cavitation in a venturi nozzle
9th International Symposium on Cavitation
(6 - 10 December 2015, Lausanne, Switzerland)
a b
by P. Tomov , A. Danlos
a a a a
S. Khelladi , F. Ravelet , C. Sarraf , F. Bakir
a. DynFluid Laboratory, Arts et Métiers ParisTech
151, Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, FRANCE
b. National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts,
292, Saint - Martin Str., 75003 Paris, FRANCE
08.12.2015
P. Tomov (DynFluid Laboratory) Petar.TOMOV@ensam.eu 08.12.2015 1 / 21

Outline
1 Introduction
2 Experimental set-up
3 Image capturing technique
4 Multiphase flow dynamics
5 Proper orthogonal decomposition results
6 Conclusions and Perspectives
7 References

Introduction
Context of the work
A partnership between DynFluid Laboratory and SNECMA,
SAFRAN group.
Scientic motivation : an experimental and a numerical study of

aerated cavitation.

Introduction
Context of the work
SAFRAN group.

aerated cavitation.
Cavitation and Degassing phenomena

A phenomena occurring in various technical applications in
dierent elds ⇒ Aeronautics.
Multiphase ow at the inlet of the Main Fuel Pump.

Introduction
Context of the work
SAFRAN group.

aerated cavitation.
Cavitation and Degassing phenomena

A phenomena occurring in various technical applications in
dierent elds ⇒ Aeronautics.
Multiphase ow at the inlet of the Main Fuel Pump.
Work strategy
Experimental approach to study the pure cavitation and aerated
cavitation phenomenon ⇒ application on a simplied geometry.

Experimental Set-up

Experimental Set-up 1/2
Small closed loop
Figure : Test bench (not to scale) : top view (left) ; front view (right).

Small closed loop
Figure : Test bench (not to scale) : top view (left) ; front view (right).
Experimental section
Figure : Transparent horizontal venturi nozzle (not to scale).

Technical considerations
The origin is located at the venturi throat.
All positions X ∗, Y ∗ are adimensionalized by Hthroat = 10 mm.
The vapor pressure in operating conditions is 2200 ◦

Pa at 19 C.
Non-intrusive bubble injection : compressed air system.

Technical considerations
The origin is located at the venturi throat.
All positions X ∗, Y ∗ are adimensionalized by Hthroat = 10 mm.
The vapor pressure in operating conditions is 2200 ◦

Pa at 19 C.
Non-intrusive bubble injection : compressed air system.
Measured values and corresponding uncertainties

Pref is measured at the inlet of the venturi section at X ∗ = −6.
Vref is calculated as a function of the ow rate (Qmax =8 m h
3 −1 ).
The water temperature is monitored by a Pt100.
Qgas
Pvap Pref Vref Mgaz β= Qgas +Qliq σ
± ∆U
U 0.06 0.05 0.08 0.05 0.16 0.22
Table : Relative uncertainties of the measured and calculated values

Image capturing technique

High-speed camera & backlight
Visualization Parameters of CamRecord 600

Resolution : 1280 × 512 pixels.
Acquisition rate : 1000 fps
Exposure time : 1/40000s.

Total number of images taken per case study : 6554.

High-speed camera & backlight
Visualization Parameters of CamRecord 600

Resolution : 1280 × 512 pixels.
Acquisition rate : 1000 fps
Exposure time : 1/40000s.

Total number of images taken per case study : 6554.
Flow illumination of the venturi nozzle
Flow is continuously illuminated by a LED backlight.
The light output area is a rectangular section of 200 mm.
The LED backlight luminance is 3000 cd.m

−2 .

Multiphase ow dynamics

Multiphase flow dynamics 1/2
Normalised instantaneous grey images
Absorption of light through the transparent nozzle
[Danlos et al., 2014a],[Tomov et al., 2016].
Normalizing all instantaneous images by a reference image taken

at non-aerated and non-cavitating conditions.


Figure : Normalized instantaneous Figure : Normalized

snapshot cavitation instantaneous snapshot aerated
cavitation


Figure : Normalized instantaneous Figure : Normalized

snapshot cavitation instantaneous snapshot aerated
cavitation
Interpretation of time averaged value of grey level ⇒ number of

frames where vapour is present.
Corresponding standard deviation ⇒ unsteady cavitation.

Figure : Pure cavitation Figure : Aerated cavitation

Proper Orthogonal Decomposition Results

POD Results 1/5
POD post-processing treatment procedure
A modal decomposition of a statistical experimental data
[Berkooz et al., 1993, Sirovich, 1987].
Idea : identication of dominant components and a study of sheet

cavity dynamics by decomposing sequences of images.
Modes selection according to their energy contribution.

POD Results 1/5

Figure : Arrangement by energy level

POD Results 1/5

Figure : Arrangement by energy level
A few eigenfunctions ϕi are necessary to recover the ow dynamics.
Eigenfunctions are chosen to maximize the average projection

h|(u,ϕ)|2 i
(spatial/temporal) of a data eld u(x) on ϕi : max kϕk2
.
ϕ∈L2 ([0,1])

POD Results 2/5
Eigenvalue problem : Rϕ(x) = λϕ (x).
ϕi produce an optimal basis with autocorrelation average
functionR (x, x0 ) = hu (x) u∗ (x0 )i.
u(x) ⇒ grey level eld and λi ⇒ info about weights of modes.
λ
The energy contribution per mode : Ei = PN i .
i=1 λi
Direct POD vs Snapshot POD.

POD Results 2/5
Eigenvalue problem : Rϕ(x) = λϕ (x).
ϕi produce an optimal basis with autocorrelation average
functionR (x, x0 ) = hu (x) u∗ (x0 )i.
u(x) ⇒ grey level eld and λi ⇒ info about weights of modes.
λ
The energy contribution per mode : Ei = PN i .
i=1 λi
Direct POD vs Snapshot POD.
Figure : Direct POD Figure : Snapshots POD

[Tropea and Yarin, 2007] [Tropea and Yarin, 2007]

POD Results 3/5
4
700 snapshots to be used 3.5
instead 6554. 3
Energy contribution (%)

2.5
Region of interest (ROI)
2
⇒ zone to be processed
1.5
by the POD. 1
Post-processing time : 0.5
0
convergence study on the 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Number of images
700 800 900 1000
minimum images Figure : Mode 4 energy convergence

[Danlos et al., 2014b]. for 1000 images, β = 0.004.

POD Results 3/5
4
700 snapshots to be used 3.5
instead 6554. 3
Energy contribution (%)

2.5
Region of interest (ROI)
2
⇒ zone to be processed
1.5
by the POD. 1
Post-processing time : 0.5
0
convergence study on the 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Number of images
700 800 900 1000
minimum images Figure : Mode 4 energy convergence

[Danlos et al., 2014b]. for 1000 images, β = 0.004.
Experimental conditions
Two cases : non-aerated (A) and aerated cavitation (B).
Case Vref Pref β Re σ Str

(m.s
−1 ) (bar)
(A) 11.07 1.10 0 1.1 × 105 1.78 0.431

(B) 11.07 1.04 0.004 1.1 × 105 1.69 0.352
POD Results 4/5
Observations
Ei comparable for
both cases.
Symmetry - (A).
Cavity closure at :
(A) : X ∗ = 3.1.
(B) : X ∗ = 3.7.
Bubbles do not cut
the vapor at the
throat ⇒ a break
up and a spread.
(B) : Change in
vapour dynamics.
(B) : Bottom zone

stays intact.

POD Results 4/5
Observations
Ei comparable for
both cases.
Symmetry - (A).
Cavity closure at :
(A) : X ∗ = 3.1.
(B) : X ∗ = 3.7.
Bubbles do not cut
the vapor at the
throat ⇒ a break
up and a spread.
(B) : Change in
vapour dynamics.
(B) : Bottom zone Figure : POD modes : β = 0 (left) ; β = 0.004

(right)
stays intact.

POD Results 5/5
Observations
(B) : the zones beyond the cavity closure correspond to the
bubble-vapour mixture.
(B) : the cavitation zones resume their forms once the mixture is
advected.
(A) : observed vapor dynamics in modes 1&2 and 2&3 is clearly

oscillating.
(A) : representation by two sine waves ⇒ Lissajous gures

[Oberleithner et al., 2011], which is clearly not possible for (B).

Conclusions and Perspectives

Conclusions
Side view images of aerated and non-aerated cloud cavity dynamics
have been studied with a snapshot POD method.
The four modes account for : (A) 86%, (B) 90% of the total energy.
Based on a robust mathematical instrument, the phase portraits

are ecient for the cavitation regime exploration.
The aggressiveness of the cloud cavitation, can be reduced by

injecting controlled quantity of gas.

Conclusions
Side view images of aerated and non-aerated cloud cavity dynamics
have been studied with a snapshot POD method.
The four modes account for : (A) 86%, (B) 90% of the total energy.
Based on a robust mathematical instrument, the phase portraits

are ecient for the cavitation regime exploration.
The aggressiveness of the cloud cavitation, can be reduced by

injecting controlled quantity of gas.
Perspectives
Correlation pressure signals from the venturi throat with the POD
analysis.
POD on 3D numerical simulation cavitation vs POD experimental

cavitation.

References
I Berkooz, G., Holmes, P., and Lumley, J. (1993).
The proper orthogonal decomposition in the analysis of turbulent ows.
Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 25(1971) :539575.
I Danlos, A., Méhal, J.-E., Ravelet, F., Coutier-Delgosha, O., Bakir, F., et al. (2014a).
Study of the cavitating instability on a grooved venturi prole.
Journal of Fluids Engineering.
I Danlos, A., Ravelet, F., Coutier-Delgosha, O., and Bakir, F. (2014b).
Cavitation regime detection through Proper Orthogonal Decomposition : Dynamics analysis of the
sheet cavity on a grooved convergent-divergent nozzle.
International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 47 :920.
I Oberleithner, K., Sieber, M., Nayeri, C. N., Paschereit, C. O., Petz, C., Hege, H.-C., Noack, B. R., and
Wygnanski, I. (2011).
Three-dimensional coherent structures in a swirling jet undergoing vortex breakdown : stability
analysis and empirical mode construction.
Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 679 :383414.
I Sirovich, L. (1987).
Turbulence and the dynamics of coherent structures part one : coherent structures.
Quarterly of Applied Mathematics, XLV(3) :561571.
I Tomov, P., Khelladi, S., Ravelet, F., Sarraf, C., Bakir, F., and Vertenoeuil, P. (2016).
Experimental study of aerated cavitation in a horizontal venturi nozzle.
Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 70 :8595.
I Tropea, C. and Yarin, A. (2007).
Springer handbook of experimental uid mechanics.

Thank you for your attention !
The authors would like to express their gratitude

for the nancial support for the PhD thesis,
granted by SNECMA, part of SAFRAN group.
P. Tomov (DynFluid Laboratory)

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Presentation CAV2015: POD study of aerated cavitation in a venturi nozzle

Data · December 2015

Petar Dimitrov Tomov Amélie Danlos

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Sofiane KHELLADI Florent Ravelet

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Mechanical, Thermal and Rheological characteristic in 3D Printing/FDM/FFF View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

a. DynFluid Laboratory, Arts et Métiers ParisTech

151, Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, FRANCE

b. National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts,

292, Saint - Martin Str., 75003 Paris, FRANCE

P. Tomov (DynFluid Laboratory) Petar.TOMOV@ensam.eu 08.12.2015 1 / 21

3 Image capturing technique

4 Multiphase flow dynamics

5 Proper orthogonal decomposition results

6 Conclusions and Perspectives

P. Tomov (DynFluid Laboratory) Petar.TOMOV@ensam.eu 08.12.2015 2 / 21

Scientic motivation : an experimental and a numerical study of

P. Tomov (DynFluid Laboratory) Petar.TOMOV@ensam.eu 08.12.2015 3 / 21

Scientic motivation : an experimental and a numerical study of

Cavitation and Degassing phenomena

Multiphase ow at the inlet of the Main Fuel Pump.

P. Tomov (DynFluid Laboratory) Petar.TOMOV@ensam.eu 08.12.2015 3 / 21

Scientic motivation : an experimental and a numerical study of

Cavitation and Degassing phenomena

Multiphase ow at the inlet of the Main Fuel Pump.

P. Tomov (DynFluid Laboratory) Petar.TOMOV@ensam.eu 08.12.2015 3 / 21

P. Tomov (DynFluid Laboratory) Petar.TOMOV@ensam.eu 08.12.2015 4 / 21

P. Tomov (DynFluid Laboratory) Petar.TOMOV@ensam.eu 08.12.2015 5 / 21

Figure : Transparent horizontal venturi nozzle (not to scale).

P. Tomov (DynFluid Laboratory) Petar.TOMOV@ensam.eu 08.12.2015 5 / 21

All positions X ∗, Y ∗ are adimensionalized by Hthroat = 10 mm.

The vapor pressure in operating conditions is 2200 ◦

Non-intrusive bubble injection : compressed air system.

P. Tomov (DynFluid Laboratory) Petar.TOMOV@ensam.eu 08.12.2015 6 / 21

All positions X ∗, Y ∗ are adimensionalized by Hthroat = 10 mm.

The vapor pressure in operating conditions is 2200 ◦

Non-intrusive bubble injection : compressed air system.

Measured values and corresponding uncertainties

The water temperature is monitored by a Pt100.

Table : Relative uncertainties of the measured and calculated values

P. Tomov (DynFluid Laboratory) Petar.TOMOV@ensam.eu 08.12.2015 6 / 21

P. Tomov (DynFluid Laboratory) Petar.TOMOV@ensam.eu 08.12.2015 7 / 21

Visualization Parameters of CamRecord 600

Acquisition rate : 1000 fps

Exposure time : 1/40000s.

P. Tomov (DynFluid Laboratory) Petar.TOMOV@ensam.eu 08.12.2015 8 / 21

Visualization Parameters of CamRecord 600

Acquisition rate : 1000 fps

Exposure time : 1/40000s.

The light output area is a rectangular section of 200 mm.

The LED backlight luminance is 3000 cd.m

P. Tomov (DynFluid Laboratory) Petar.TOMOV@ensam.eu 08.12.2015 8 / 21

P. Tomov (DynFluid Laboratory) Petar.TOMOV@ensam.eu 08.12.2015 9 / 21

Normalizing all instantaneous images by a reference image taken

P. Tomov (DynFluid Laboratory) Petar.TOMOV@ensam.eu 08.12.2015 10 / 21

Normalizing all instantaneous images by a reference image taken

Figure : Normalized instantaneous Figure : Normalized

P. Tomov (DynFluid Laboratory) Petar.TOMOV@ensam.eu 08.12.2015 10 / 21

Normalizing all instantaneous images by a reference image taken

Scientic motivation : an experimental and a numerical study of

Scientic motivation : an experimental and a numerical study of

Multiphase ow at the inlet of the Main Fuel Pump.

Scientic motivation : an experimental and a numerical study of

Multiphase ow at the inlet of the Main Fuel Pump.

Idea : identication of dominant components and a study of sheet

Idea : identication of dominant components and a study of sheet

Idea : identication of dominant components and a study of sheet

A few eigenfunctions ϕi are necessary to recover the ow dynamics.

(A) : representation by two sine waves ⇒ Lissajous gures