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EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER FOR

RADIATOR BY USING NANOFLUID

Thesis · January 2015

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.20241.84320

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 Project Report
on

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF CONVECTIVE

HEAT TRANSFER FOR RADIATOR BY USING
NANOFLUID
This dissertation report is submitted to
Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur
in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

Master of Technology in Heat Power Engineering

By
Mr. Amit S. Gulhane
(MT13304)

Under the guidance of

Mr. S. P. Chincholkar
Asso. Professor

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

KAVIKULGURU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY&SCIENCE
RAMTEK - 441 106

2014-2015
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my guide Mr. S. P.

Chincholkar for his invaluable guidance and steadfast support during the
course of this project work. Fruitful and rewarding discussions with him on
numerous occasions have made this work possible. It has been a great
pleasure for me to work under his guidance.

I express my special thanks to Mr. P. S. Pachpor, Head of the Department,

for his kind support, valuable suggestion and guidelines and providing all
facilities that are available in the department during thesis work.

My sincere thanks to Dr. Bhaskar Patel, Principal, for extending the all
possible help and allowing me to use all resources that are available in the
Institute.

I am very thankful Dr. Krishna Gupta, Professor at Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar

College of pharmacy, kamptee. Who allowing me to use their lab for
preparation of nanofluid.

Last but not the least, I would like to thank to all friends, who directly or
indirectly help me in completion of this project. I would like to dedicate this
work to my parents, for their support.

Mr. Amit S. Gulhane

(MT13304)

i
 DECLARATION

I Declare that

a. The work contained in this dissertation has been done by me under

the supervision of my guide.

b. The work has not been submitted to any other Institute for any
degree or diploma.

c. I have followed the guidelines provided by the Institute in

preparing the project report.

d. I have confirmed to the norms and guidelines given in the ethical

code of conduct of the Institute.

e. Whenever I have used materials (data, theoretical analysis, figures

and text) from other sources, I have given due credit to them by
citing them in the text of the report and giving their details in the
references. Further, I have permission from the copyright owners
of the sources, whenever necessary.

Mr. Amit S. Gulhane

(MT13304)

Date:
Place: Ramtek

ii
 ABSTRACT
Since last many years water and ethylene glycol were used as conventional
coolants in automotive car radiators, but these coolants offers low thermal conductivity
than required. This study is focused on the application of water based Al2O3 nanofluid at
lower concentration in a car radiator. Nanofluid properties, Input data, and empirical
correlations were obtained from literatures to investigate the convective heat transfer
coefficient. The radiator consists of 36 vertical tubes with cylindrical cross section and air
makes a cross flow to the tube bank with constant speed. Al2O3/water nanofluid is used in
this research because it is widely used in the research area due to requirements such as
homogeneity, stability, and continuous suspension without any considerable chemical
change of the base fluid. Moreover the physical properties of Al2O3/water have been well
documented. In this research two-step method is used for preparing the nanofluid. Al2O3
nanoparticles with an average diameter of 50 nm was dispersed in demineralized water at
different volume concentrations (0.1 & 0.2 vol. %) without any dispersant or stabilizer.
Flow rate is varied in the range of 2 l/min – 5 l/min and inlet coolant to the radiator has a
constant temperature which is changed at 50, 60 and 70 ℃. The results shows that the
convective heat transfer coefficient with nanofluid is more than the base fluid. Also heat
transfer coefficient increases with increase in flow rate, inlet temperature of coolant and
with particle concentration. The value of Nusselt number increases with increase in
Reynolds number, inlet temperature of coolant and with particle concentration. In addition
with the experimental study through ANOVA test, validation is done and mathematical
model is derived. The model predication shows 96.74 % confidence level, and is found to
be agreed with the experimental results.

Keywords: Nanofluid, Heat transfer coefficient, Car radiator, Al2O3

iii
 CONTENTS

Page No.

Acknowledgement i
Declaration ii
Abstract iii
Contents iv
Notations and Abbreviations vi
List of Figures vii
List of Tables viii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-13
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Radiator 4
1.3 Types of Radiator 5
1.4 Material for Radiators 6
1.5 Working of Automobile Radiator 8
1.6 Nanofluid 9
1.7 Preparation Methods for Nanofluids 10
1.8 Objectives of Project 13
1.9 Scope of Project 13
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 14-21
2.1 A.E. Kabeel, T.Abou, et.al 14
2.2 S. Zeinali Heris, M. Nasr Esfahany, , et.al 14
2.3 Ahmad Ghozatloo, Alimorad Rashidi, et. 14
2.4 Amirhossein Zamzamian, Shahin Nasseri Oskouie, et.al 15
2.5 Jaafar Albadr, Satinder Tayal, et.al 15
2.6 K.B. Anoop, T. Sundararajan, et.al 15
2.7 Adnan M. Hussein, R. A. Bakar, et.al 16
2.8 Ravikanth S. Vajjha, Debendra K. Das, et.al 16

iv
 2.9 S. Zeinali Heris, S.Gh. Etemad, et.al 17
2.10 Milad Tajik Jamal-Abad, Amirhossein Zamzamian, et.al 17
2.11 Tu-Chieh Hung, Wei-Mon Yan, et.al 18
2.12 L. Syam Sundar, Manoj K. Singh, et.al 18
2.13 Hossein Ali Pakravan, Mahmood Yaghoubi, et.al 19
2.14 Taofik H. Nassan, S. Zeinali Heris, et.al 19
2.15 Wenhua Yu, David M. France, et.al 20
2.16 C.J. Ho, L.C. Wei, et.al 21
2.17 Cong Tam Nguyen, Gilles Roy, et.al 21
2.18 Sandesh S. Chougule, S. K. Sahu 21
CHAPTER 3 EXPERIMENTAL WORK 23-28
3.1 Experimental Setup 23
3.2 Nanofluid preparation and stabilization 28
CHAPTER 4 METHODOLOGY 29-30
4.1 Nanofluids Physical Properties 29
4.2 Calculation of Heat Transfer Coefficient 30
CHAPTER 5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 31
5.1 Observation Tables 34
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE 39
6.1 Conclusions 39
6.2 Future Scope 39
REFERENCES 40-42

v
 NOTATIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS

A peripheral area (m2)

Cp specific heat (J/kg K)
dhy hydraulic diameter (m)
h heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 K)
m mass flow rate (kg/s)
Nu Nusselt number
Q heat transfer rate (W)
Re Reynolds number
T temperature (K)
Ρ Density (kg/m3)
Μ Viscosity (kg/m s)
∅v Volume fraction
in input
nf nanofluid
out output
bf Base fluid
p particle
m Mass
f Fluid
v Volume

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No. Page No.

Fig. 1.1 - Down Flow type Radiator 5

Fig. 1.2 - Cross Flow type Radiator 6

Fig. 1.3 – Working of Automobile Radiator 8

Fig. 3.1 – Ultrasonicator for preparation of nanofluid 23

Fig. 3.2 - Schematic diagram of an experimental setup 24

Fig 3.3 - Complete Experimental Setup 24

Fig 3.4 - Maruti car radiator with 6 thermocouples 24

Fig 3.5 – Cooling Fan 25

Fig 3.6 – Water Pump 26

Fig 3.7 – Rotameter 26

Fig 3.8 – Water heater 27

Fig 3.5 - Before Sonication 28

Fig 3.6 - After Sonication 28

Fig. 5.1 - Residual Plots for h 33

Fig. 5.2 - Effect of Increase in Flow Rate on Outlet Temperature At 37

Different Volume Concentration and At Different Inlet
Temperatures

Fig. 5.3 - Effect of Increase in Flow Rate on Heat Transfer Coefficient 38

At Different Volume Concentration and At Different Inlet
Temperatures

Fig. 5.4 - Effect of Increase Re Number on Nu Number At Different 38

Volume Concentration and At Different Inlet Temperatures

vii
 LIST OF TABLES
Page No.
Table No.

Table 3.1 - Charactristics of Alumina Nanoparticle 28

Table 5.1 - . Regression Analysis 31

Table 5.2 – Model Summary 31

Table 5.3 - Coefficients 32

Table 5.4 - Measurement of Temp. For Water as a Coolant 34

Table 5.5 - Measurement of Temp. For 0.1% Øv Nanofluid as a Coolant 34

Table 5.6 - Measurement of Temp. For 0.2% Øv Nanofluid as a Coolant 35

Table 5.7 - Calculated Heat Transfer Coeff. Re and Nu for Water 35

Table 5.8 - Calculated Heat Transfer Coeff. Re and Nu For 0.1% Øv Nanofluid 36

Table 5.9 - Calculated Heat Transfer Coeff. Re and Nu For 0.2% Øv Nanofluid 36

viii
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Ever since the adverse effect of greenhouse gases was discovered, leading to the
Kyoto Protocol, the search for methods and technological advancement to mitigate
the impact of global warming on Planet Earth became a pressing need for the research
and industrial communities. The Protocol had exhorted both the developed and
developing countries to show intense curiosity with a sense of participation, to find
definitive ways to tackle the issue. Subsequent meetings which were held in many
countries had called for a gentle decline in the production of greenhouse gases. Even
as scientists subscribed to a number of methods to tackle the carbon footprints, the
global energy need and inefficient thermal-fluid systems always increased the
greenhouse gases. A reduction in energy consumption is possible by enhancing the
performance of heat exchange systems. Heat transfer is one of the most important
processes in industrial and consumer products and it is worth addressing its influence
over carbon footprints. For instance, the present telecommunication demand for
enhanced functionality in circuit boards, results in high process density circuit boards.
In such cases, the company spends more than 50% of the total electricity on the
thermal management of electronic cooling systems. Further, one of the most
influential regulations is the 65 Dba noise limit in a central office environment
compared to the 85 Dba in data centers and thus, typical air-cooling methods are
unsuitable for these conditions. The dozens of methods such as Fin-Foam Heat Sink,
Minichannels, Microchannels, Novel interface materials, Dielectric mist cooling,
forced convective boiling, etc. and their combinations are limited to heat removal of
up to 1000 W/cm2. Some of the electronic systems like ultra-high heat flux optical
devices, high-powered X-rays and lasers demand as high as 2000 W/cm2 of heat
removal. Similarly, the growth of Heating Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC)
and chemical processing equipment had adversely increased the carbon footprints.
The paradigm shift in their design with respect to heat transfer will both

1
simultaneously reduce the size of the heat exchangers and the energy consumption. In
many industrial applications, the conventional heat transfer fluids are refrigerants,
water, engine oil, ethylene glycol, etc. Even though an improvement in energy
efficiency is possible from the topological and configuration points of view, much
more is needed from the perspective of the heat transfer fluid. Further, enhancement
in heat transfer is always in demand, as the operational speed of these devices
depends on the cooling rate. New technology and advanced fluids with greater
potential to improve the flow and thermal characteristics are two options to enhance
the heat transfer rate and the present article deals with the latter option. One such
latest advancement in heat transfer fluids, is an engineered colloidal mixture of the
base fluids and nano-sized metallic particles (1–100 nm). The earlier versions of
colloidal fluids such as micro-fluid substances tend to sediment and cause erosion in
the moving component. However, nanofluids are claimed to be a non-agglomerated
mono-dispersed particles in the base fluids, which proved to be enhancing the heat
transfer more than 50% in real-time applications even when the volume ratio of the
nanoparticle to base fluid is less than 0.3%. As the need for more efficient heat
transfer systems increases, researchers have introduced various heat transfer
enhancement techniques since the middle of the 1950s. The exponential increase in
the number of research articles dedicated to this subject thus far shows a noticeable
growth and the importance of heat transfer enhancement technology.
As we know that if temperature of engine is very high there is chances of
Dissociation, Increase in specific heat of fuel, and also loss of lubricating effect, due
to which the efficiency of an engine reduces. So proper temperature range must be
maintained for increasing the efficiency and reduces the fuel consumption. Radiator
is compact type of heat exchanger having area density nearly 1000 m 2/m3. In most of
the automobile vehicles Radiator is placed on front side. So if the size of radiator is
big, then it produce more aerodynamic drag, increase weight of vehicle and also
affect aesthetic look of vehicle. The conventional coolants used in automobile
radiators are water are water and ethylene glycol, these coolants have very low
thermal conductivity, hence more area is needed to achieve required heat transfer

2
rate. This problem may be solved if coolant which have high thermal conductivity
will be used. Nanofluids are one of the most promising coolant. The term nanofluid
was first suggested by by choi at Argonne National laboratory in 1995. Nanofluids
are suspensions that can be obtained by dispersing different nanoparticles in host
fluids with the aim of enhanced thermal properties. From last decades, extensive
research has proven that nanofluids are superior as a heat transfer agent over
conventional fluids.

3
1.2 Radiator
Radiators are heat exchangers used for cooling internal combustion engines,
mainly in automobiles but also in piston-engined aircraft, railway locomotives,
motorcycles, stationary generating plant or any similar use of such an engine. Internal
combustion engines are often cooled by circulating a liquid called engine coolant
through the engine block, where it is heated, then through a radiator where it loses
heat to the atmosphere, and then returned to the engine. Engine coolant is usually
water-based, but may also be oil. It is common to employ a water pump to force the
engine coolant to circulate, and also for an axial fan to force air through the radiator.
In automobiles and motorcycles with a liquid-cooled internal combustion
engine, a radiator is connected to channels running through the engine and cylinder
head, through which a liquid (coolant) is pumped. This liquid may be water (in
climates where water is unlikely to freeze), but is more commonly a mixture of water
and antifreeze in proportions appropriate to the climate. Antifreeze itself is usually
ethylene glycol or propylene glycol (with a small amount of corrosion inhibitor).
The radiator transfers the heat from the fluid inside to the air outside, thereby
cooling the fluid, which in turn cools the engine. Radiators are also often used to cool
automatic transmission fluids, air conditioner refrigerant, intake air, and sometimes to
cool motor oil or power steering fluid. Radiators are typically mounted in a position
where they receive airflow from the forward movement of the vehicle, such as behind
a front grill. Where engines are mid- or rear-mounted, it is common to mount the
radiator behind a front grill to achieve sufficient airflow, even though this requires
long coolant pipes. Alternatively, the radiator may draw air from the flow over the
top of the vehicle or from a side-mounted grill. For long vehicles, such as buses, side
airflow is most common for engine and transmission cooling and top airflow most
common for air conditioner cooling.

4
1.3 Types of Radiator
A. Down Flow
A design that is losing ground in modern vehicles. Its high profile limits its
use in the low profile front vehicle air flow dynamics, It is popular with heavy
equipment manufactures. A conventional vertical-flow design, the expansion (inlet)
tank is located at the top of the core and connected by a flexible hose to the coolant
outlet housing on the engine. Coolant passes from the inlet tank and down through
the core to the bottom (outlet) tank, also connected by a flexible hose to the water
pump inlet port. This permits coolant circulation through the radiator when the
thermostat is open. The outlet tank on automatic-transmission-equipped cars contains
a heat exchanger or transmission oil cooler unit through which automatic
transmission fluid is circulated for cooling.

Fig. 1.1 - Down Flow type Radiator

5
B. Cross Flow
The most common among modern vehicles. Turn the conventional down flow
radiator on its side and you have the cross flow design. With the header tanks on each
side (instead of top and bottom), the coolant travels horizontally instead of vertically.
The header tank fitted with the radiator cap is the outlet tank, equivalent to the lower
tank of the down flow design, and contains a transmission fluid oil cooler on
automatic-transmission-equipped models. The cross- flow design has two distinct
advantages: it permits the use of a lower styling profile and reduces pressure against
the radiator cap, which prevents the cap from blowing” if a blockage occurs and the
radiator overheats.

Fig. 1.2 - Cross Flow type Radiator

1.4 Material for Radiators

A. Copper-Brass
Brass radiators were standard issue in all automobiles up until 1980. These
devices had brass tanks inside and a copper core. A basic copper-brass radiator could
reject at a rate of about 1500 BTU (British Thermal Units) per hour, according to the
community of car enthusiasts at Flex-a-lite. Though large and clunky, copper-brass
radiators are not without their advantages. Modern advances in copper-brass

6
technology accomplished through the International Copper Association (ICA) have
made these kinds of radiators nearly 50% lighter than the traditional makes. There is
also less air pressure in these radiators (about 30%) because the parts in copper-brass
brands are much smaller. Smaller parts also mean less chance for the pipes inside the
radiator from blowing out due to the pressure. In the event that a copper-brass
radiator has outlived its usefulness, modern types are 100% recyclable, making it
friendly to the environment. The two major problems with brass radiators were that
they’re very expensive and, over time, would suffer from rust, making them very
inefficient in the long run.

B. Plastic
To solve weight and cost problems encountered with its copper-brass
counterpart, auto manufacturers turned to plastic radiators. Naturally, plastic weighs
much lighter than metals such as copper or brass, and are much cheaper to produce.
Today, this is one of the most common materials used for modern car radiators. They
expel as much as 1,000 BTU per hour. Not bad for a plastic car part. According to
experts of Cap-A-Radiator, the lightness of the weight results to better fuel economy.
Production of plastic car components was made by machines, and not humans, which
is why they are more cost-efficient.

C. Aluminum
The problem with plastic components is that they have to be replaced entirely.
Fixing them would take a much more tedious process, hence the preference to change
instead of repair. This is where aluminum radiators come in handy. Aluminum has a
high thermal conductivity, meaning it conducts heat very well, absorbing it faster.
This state allows hot coolant passing aluminum tubes to be cooled instantly, which is
beneficial when it returns for another cycle to cool the car engine. Depending on the
manufacturer, a radiator made entirely from aluminum can conduct as much as 2,000
BTU per hour. That’s a 41% increase in efficiency when compared to its brass
counterpart.

7
1.5 Working of Automobile Radiator

Fig. 1.3 – Working of Automobile Radiator

A car engine produces a lot of heat when it is running, and must be cooled
continuously to avoid engine damage. Generally this is done by circulating coolant
liquid usually water mixed with an antifreeze solution through special cooling
passages. A water-cooled engine block and cylinder head have interconnected coolant
channels running through them. At the top of the cylinder head all the channels
converge to a single outlet. A pump, driven by a pulley and belt from the crankshaft,
drives hot coolant out of the engine to the radiator, which is a form of heat exchanger.
Unwanted heat is passed from the radiator into the air stream, and the cooled liquid
then returns to an inlet at the bottom of the block and flows back into the channels
again. Usually the pump sends coolant up through the engine and down through the
radiator, taking advantage of the fact that hot water expands, becomes lighter and
rises above cool water when heated. Its natural tendency is to flow upwards, and the
pump assists circulation. The radiator is linked to the engine by rubber hoses, and has
a top and bottom tank connected by a core a bank of many fine tubes. The tubes pass

8
through holes in a stack of thin sheet-metal fins, so that the core has a very large
surface area and can lose heat rapidly to the cooler air passing through it. On older
cars the tubes run vertically, but modern, low-fronted cars have crossflow radiators
with tubes that run from side to side. In an engine at its ordinary working
temperature, the coolant is only just below normal boiling point. The risk of boiling is
avoided by increasing the pressure in the system, which raises the boiling point. The
extra pressure is limited by the radiator cap, which has a pressure valve in it.
Excessive pressure opens the valve, and coolant flows out through an overflow pipe.
In a cooling system of this type there is a continual slight loss of coolant if the engine
runs very hot. The system needs topping up from time to time. Later cars have a
sealed system in which any overflow goes into an expansion tank, from which it is
sucked back into the engine when the remaining liquid cools.

1.6 Nanofluid
Enhancement of convective heat transfer and thermal conductivity of liquids
was earlier made possible by mixing micron sized particles with a base fluid
(Maxwell paper). However, rapid sedimentation, erosion, clogging and high-pressure
drop caused by these particles has kept the technology far from practical use. A very
small amount of nanoparticles, when dispersed uniformly and suspended stably in
base fluids, can provide impressive improvements in the thermal properties of base
fluids. Nanofluids, which are a colloidal mixture of nanoparticles (1– 100 nm) and a
base liquid (nanoparticle fluid suspensions) is the term first coined by Choi in the
year 1995 [12] at the Argonne National Laboratory to describe the new class of
nanotechnology based heat transfer fluids that exhibit thermal properties superior to
those of their base fluids or conventional particle fluid suspensions. The phases in the
colloid are distinguishable and interact through weak surface molecular forces,
preferably without any chemical reaction. Compared to micron-sized particles,
nanoparticles are engineered to have larger relative surface areas, less particle
momentum, high mobility, and better suspension stability than micron-sized particles

9
and importantly increase the thermal conductivity of the mixture. This makes the
nanofluids a promising working medium as coolants, lubricants, hydraulic fluids and
metal cutting fluids. Further, a negligible pressure drop and mechanical abrasion
makes researchers subscribe to nanofluids for the development of the next generation
miniaturized heat exchangers. Based on their application, nanoparticles have been
made of various materials such as oxide ceramics, nitride ceramics, carbide ceramics,
metals, semiconductors, carbon nanotubes and composite materials such as alloyed
nanoparticles Al70Cu30 or nanoparticle core–polymer shell composites. In addition to
nonmetallic, metallic, and other materials for nanoparticles, completely new materials
and structures have been used, such as materials ‘‘doped’’ with molecules in their
solid–liquid. The goal of nanofluids is to achieve the best possible thermal properties
at the least possible volume fraction (w < 1%) in the base fluids. Thus, the suspension
of nearly non-agglomerated or mono-dispersed nanoparticles in liquids is the key to
significant enhancement in the heat transfer. In addition, Xuan and Li suggested
ultrasonic vibration of nanofluids and addition of surfactants to enhance the
suspension.

1.7 Preparation Methods for Nanofluids

A. Two-step method
Two-step method is the most widely used method for preparing nanofluids.
Nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanotubes or other nanomaterials used in this method are
first produced as dry powders by chemical or physical methods. Then the nanosized
powder will be dispersed into a fluid in the second processing step with the help of
intensive magnetic force agitation, ultrasonic agitation, high-shear mixing,
homogenizing and ball milling. Two-step method is the most economic method to
produce nanofluids in large scale, because nanopowder synthesis techniques have
already been scaled up to industrial production levels. Due to the high surface area
and surface activity, nanoparticles have the tendency to aggregate. The important
technique to enhance the stability of nanoparticles in fluids is the use of surfactants.
However the functionality of the surfactants under high temperature is also a big

10
concern, especially for high temperature applications. Due to the difficulty in
preparing stable nanofluids by two-step method, several advanced techniques are
developed to produce nanofluids, including one-step method. In the following part,
we will introduce one-step method in detail.

B. One-step method
To reduce the agglomeration of nanoparticles, Choi et al. developed a one-
step physical vapor condensation method to prepare Cu/ethylene glycol nanofluids.
The one-step process consists of simultaneously making and dispersing the particles
in the fluid. In this method the processes of drying, storage, transportation, and
dispersion of nanoparticles are avoided, so the agglomeration of nanoparticles is
minimized and the stability of fluids is increased. The one-step processes can prepare
uniformly dispersed nanoparticles and the particles can be stably suspended in the
base fluid. The vacuum-SANSS (submerged arc nanoparticle synthesis system) is
another efficient method to prepare nanofluids using different dielectric liquids. The
different morphologies are mainly influenced and determined by various thermal
conductivity properties of the dielectric liquids. The nanoparticles prepared exhibit
needle-like, polygonal, square and circular morphological shapes. The method avoids
the undesired particle aggregation fair well. One-step physical method cannot
synthesize nanofluids in large scale and the cost is also high, so the one-step chemical
method is developing rapidly. By reducing CuSO4.5H2O with NaH2PO2-H2O in
ethylene glycol under microwave irradiation. Well-dispersed and stably suspended
copper nanofluids were obtained. Mineral oil-based nanofluids containing silver
nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution were also prepared by this method. The
particles could be stabilized by Korantin, which coordinated to the silver particle
surfaces via two oxygen atoms forming a dense layer around the particles. The silver
nanoparticle suspensions were stable for about 1 month. Stable ethanol based
nanofluids containing silver nanoparticles could be prepared by microwave-assisted
one-step method. In the method, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was employed as the
stabilizer of colloidal silver and reducing agent for silver in solution. The cationic

11
surfactant octadecylamine (ODA) is also an efficient phase-transfer agent to
synthesize silver colloids. The phase transfer of the silver nanoparticles arises due to
coupling of the silver nanoparticles with the ODA molecules present in organic phase
via either coordination bond formation or weak covalent interaction. Phase transfer
method has been developed for preparing homogeneous and stable graphene oxide
colloids. Graphene oxide nanosheets (GONs) were successfully transferred from
water to n-octane after modification by oleylamine,
However there are some disadvantages for one-step method. The most important one
is that the residual reactants are left in the nanofluids due to incomplete reaction or
stabilization. It is difficult to elucidate the nanoparticle effect without eliminating this
impurity effect.

C. Other novel methods

The method of continuous-flow microfluidic microreactor to synthesize
copper nanofluids. By this method, copper nanofluids can be continuously
synthesized, and their microstructure and properties can be varied by adjusting
parameters such as reactant concentration, flow rate and additive. CuO nanofluids
with high solid volume fraction (up to 10 vol.%) can be synthesized through a novel
precursor transformation method with the help of ultrasonic and microwave
irradiation. The precursor Cu(OH)2 is completely transformed to CuO nanoparticle in
water under microwave irradiation. The ammonium citrate prevents the growth and
aggregation of nanoparticles, resulting in a stable CuO aqueous nanofluid with higher
thermal conductivity than those prepared by other dispersing methods. Phase-transfer
method is also a facile way to obtain monodisperse noble metal colloids. In a water-
cyclohexane two-phase system, aqueous formaldehyde is transferred to cyclohexane
phase via reaction with dodecylamine to form reductive intermediates in cyclohexane.
The intermediates are capable of reducing silver or gold ions in aqueous solution to
form dodecylamine protected silver and gold nanoparticles in cyclohexane solution at
room temperature. Feng et al. used the aqueous-organic phase-transfer method for
preparing gold, silver and platinum nanoparticles on the basis of the decrease of the

12
PVP’s solubility in water with the temperature increase. Phase-transfer method is also
applied for preparing stable kerosene based Fe3O4 nanofluids. Oleic acid is
successfully grafted onto the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles by chemisorbed mode,
which lets Fe3O4 nanoparticles have good compatibility with kerosene. The Fe3O4
nanofluids prepared by phase-transfer method do not show the previously reported
“time dependence of the thermal conductivity characteristic”. The preparation of
nanofluids with controllable microstructure is one of the key issues. It is well known
that the properties of nanofluids strongly depend on the structure and shape of
nanomaterials. The recent research shows that nanofluids synthesized by chemical
solution method have both higher conductivity enhancement and better stability than
those produced by the other methods. This method is distinguished from the others by
its controllability. The nanofluid microstructure can be varied and manipulated by
adjusting synthesis parameters.

1.8 Objectives of Project

Following are the objectives of this project work
 To prepare Nano-fluid.
 To find out properties of Nano-fluid.
 To investigate the rate of heat transfer.

1.9 Scope of Project

 This Experimental setup will also use for higher nanofluid concentration and
also for different nanoparticles containing nanofluid.
 If capacity of heater increases above 3000 watt then we will able to find out the
behaviour of nanofluid above 70℃.
 Instead of using rubber flow lines if we will use PVC pipes we will able to run
setup at above 70℃.

13
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 A.E. Kabeel, T.Abou, et.al [1]
The application of nano-fluids is thought to have a strong potential for enhancing the
heat transfer characteristics of the corrugated plate heat exchanger-PHE. The
corrugated PHE is one of the most versatile and wide using types of heat exchangers.
An experimental test loop has been constructed to study the PHE thermal
characteristics; heat transfer coefficient, effectiveness, transmitted power and
pressure drop at different concentrated volume fractions of Al2O3 nano-material (1-
4%) in pure liquid water as a base fluid. The measured heat transfer coefficient results
were compared and verified against a theoretical model, a reasonable consistence was
noticed. A pronounced increase in both the heat transfer coefficient and the
transmitted power was observed by increasing the nano-material concentration. The
maximum increase in heat transfer coefficient is reached 13% for a nano-fluid
concentration of 4% vol. However, the increase in heat transfer coefficient is up to
13% under an uncertainty of 9.8%, at constant Re number.

2.2 S. Zeinali Heris, M. Nasr Esfahany, , et.al [2]

The laminar flow forced convection heat transfer of Al2O3/water nanofluid inside a
circular tube with constant wall temperature was investigated experimentally. The
Nusselt numbers of nanofluids were obtained for different nano particle
concentrations as well as various Peclet and Reynolds numbers. Experimental results
emphasize the enhancement of heat transfer due to the nano particles presence in the
fluid. Heat transfer coefficient increases by increasing the concentration of nano
particles in nanofluid.

2.3 Ahmad Ghozatloo, Alimorad Rashidi, et.al [3]

This research ison developing higher convective heat transfer behavior of grapheme
nanofluids through the shell andtube heat exchanger under laminar flow. According

14
to the results, adding 0.075% of graphene to the basefluid contributes to an
improvement of thermal conductivity up to 31.83% at saturation concentration of
graphene and an enhancement in heat transfer coefficient which depends on the flow
conditions. The convective heat transfer coefficient of graphene nanofluids at
38℃enhanced up to 35.6% at a concentration of 0.1 wt % compared with pure water.

2.4 Amirhossein Zamzamian, Shahin Nasseri Oskouie, et.al [4]

Nanofluids of aluminum oxide and copper oxide were prepared in ethylene glycol
separately. The effect of forced convective heat transfer coefficient in turbulent flow
was calculated using a double pipe and plate heat exchangers. Furthermore, the
findings indicate considerable enhancement in convective heat transfer coefficient of
the nanofluids as compared to the basefluid, ranging from 2% to 50%. Moreover, the
results indicate that with increasing nano particles concentration and nanofluid
temperature, the convective heat transfer coefficient of nanofluid increases.

2.5 Jaafar Albadr, Satinder Tayal, et.al [5]

Experimental study on the forced convective heat transfer and flow characteristics of
a nano fluid consisting of water and different volume concentrations of Al2O3
nanofluid (0.3–2) % flowing in a horizontal shell and tube heat exchanger counter
flow under turbulent flow conditions are investigated. The Al2O3 nano particles of
about 30 nm diameter are used in the present study. The results show that the
convective heat transfer coefficient of nanofluid is slightly higher than that of the
base liquid at same mass flow rate and at same inlet temperature. The heat transfer
coefficient of the nano fluid Increases with an increase in the mass flow rate, also the
heat transfer coefficient increases with the increase of the volume concentration of
the Al2O3 nanofluid.

2.6 K.B. Anoop, T. Sundararajan, et.al [6]

An experimental investigation on the convective heat transfer characteristics in the
developing region of tube flow with constant heat flux is carried out with alumina–

15
water nanofluids. Two particle sizes were used, one with average particle size off 45
nm and the other with 150 nm. Result shows that both nanofluids showed higher heat
transfer characteristics than the base fluid and the nanofluid with 45 nm particles
showed higher heat transfer coefficient than that with 150 nm particles. It was also
observed that in the developing region, the heat transfer coefficients show higher
enhancement than in the developed region.

2.7 Adnan M. Hussein, R. A. Bakar, et.al [7]

Four different Concentrations of nanofluids in the range of 1–2.5 vol % have been
used. The flow rate Changed in the range of 2–8 LPM to have Reynolds number with
the range 500–1750. The results showed that the friction factor decreases with an
increase in flow rate and Increase with increasing in volume concentration.
Furthermore, the inlet temperature to the radiator has insignificantly affected to the
friction factor. On the other side, Nusselt Number increases with increasing in flow
rate, nanofluid volume concentration and inlet temperature. Meanwhile, application
of SiO2 nanofluid with low concentrations can enhances heat transfer rate up to 50%
as a comparison with pure water.

2.8 Ravikanth S. Vajjha, Debendra K. Das, et.al [8]

Three-dimensional laminar flow and heat transfer with two different nanofluids,
Al2O3 and CuO, in an ethylene glycol and water mixture circulating through the flat
tubes of an automobile radiator have been numerically studied to evaluate their
superiority over the base fluid. Numerical results from the present simulation were
first validated for the flow of water by comparing the friction factor and the Nusselt
number in flat tubes, for which accurate results are available in the literature.
Convective heat transfer coefficient in the developing and developed regions along
the flat tubes with the nanofluid flow showed marked improvement over the base
fluid. Results for the local and the average friction factor and convective heat transfer
coefficient show an increase with increasing particle volumetric concentration of the
nanofluids. Quantitative results of the increase of the heat transfer coefficient and the

16
friction factor with increasing volumetric concentrations of nanofluids at various
Reynolds numbers are presented. The pressure loss increases with increasing particle
volumetric concentrations of nanofluids.

2.9 S. Zeinali Heris, S.Gh. Etemad, et.al [9]

nanofluids containing CuO and Al2O3 oxide nanoparticles in water as base fluid in
different concentrations produced and the laminar flow convective heat transfer
through circular tube with constant wall temperature boundary condition were
examined. The experimental results emphasize that the single phase correlation with
nanofluids properties (Homogeneous Model) is not able to predict heat transfer
coefficient enhancement of nanofluids. The comparison between experimental results
obtained for CuO/water and Al2O3/water nanofluids indicates that heat transfer
coefficient ratios for nanofluid to homogeneous model in low concentration are close
to each other but by increasing the volume fraction, higher heat transfer enhancement
for Al2O3 / water can be observed.

2.10 Milad Tajik Jamal-Abad, Amirhossein Zamzamian, et.al [10]

This study presents the heat transfer coefficient and friction factor of the Al–water
and Cu–water nanofluids flowing in a spiral coil in the laminar flow regime with
constant wall temperature condition. The experiments were done for water and two
types of nanofluids with different volumetric concentrations (0.55%, 1.12%, and
2.23%) and various operational conditions. The effect of different parameters such as
Gz number, wall temperature and nanofluid particle concentration on the heat transfer
coefficient and pressure drop of the flow were studied. Thermal Conductivities of the
fluids are measured experimentally and results show that the thermal conductivity of
Cu–water nanofluid is about 18% higher than Al–water nanofluid in 2.23 vol%
concentration. Nusselt number oscillations can be seen for different nanofluids which
are caused by the secondary flow. Finally, applying spiral coil is much effective in
enhancing the thermal performance.

17
2.11 Tu-Chieh Hung, Wei-Mon Yan, et.al [11]
Heat transfer enhancement in a 3-D microchannel heat sink (MCHS) using nanofluids
is investigated by a numerical study. The addition of nanoparticles to the coolant fluid
changes its thermophysical properties in ways that are closely related to the type of
nanoparticle, base fluid, particle volume fraction, particle size, and pumping power.
The calculations in this work suggest that the best heat transfer enhancement can be
obtained by using a system with an Al2O3–water nanofluid-cooled MCHS. Moreover,
using base fluids with lower dynamic viscosity (such as water) and substrate
materials with high thermal conductivity enhance the thermal performance of the
MCHS. The results also show that as the particle volume fraction of the nanofluid
increases, the thermal resistance first decreases and then increases. The lowest
thermal resistance can be obtained by properly adjusting the volume fraction and
pumping power under given geometric conditions. For a moderate range of particle
sizes, the MCHS yields better performance when nanofluids with smaller
nanoparticles are used. Furthermore, the overall thermal resistance of the MCHS is
reduced significantly by increasing the pumping power. The heat transfer
performance of Al2O3–water and diamond–water nanofluids was 21.6% better than
that of pure water.

2.12 L. Syam Sundar, Manoj K. Singh, et.al [12]

Thermal conductivity of ethylene glycol and water mixture based Fe3O4 nanofluid has
been investigated experimentally. Magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by
chemical co-precipitation method and the nanofluids were prepared by dispersing
nanoparticles into different base fluids like 20:80%, 40:60% and 60:40% by weight
of the ethylene glycol and water mixture. Experiments were conducted in the
temperature range from 20°C to 60°C and in the volume concentration range from
0.2% to 2.0%. Results indicate that the thermal Magnetic nanoparticles conductivity
increases with the increase of particle concentration and temperature. The thermal
conductivity is enhanced by 46% at 2.0 vol. % of nanoparticles dispersed in 20:80%
ethylene glycol and water mixture compared to other base fluids. The theoretical

18
Hamilton–Crosser model failed to predict the thermal conductivity of the Nanofluid
with the effect of temperature. A new correlation is developed for the estimation of
thermal conductivity of nanofluids based on the experimental data.

2.13 Hossein Ali Pakravan, Mahmood Yaghoubi, et.al [13]

The natural convection of nanofluids in a square cavity studied numerically. A two
phase modeling is used to consider the nanoparticles migration. It is shown that this
model gives better consistency with experimental measurements relative to the
conventional single phase modeling. The slip velocities between nanoparticles and
base fluid are considered due to thermophoresis and Brownian motion effects and the
results are analyzed in detail and a complete description is provided to describe the
phenomenon that occurs in natural convection of nanofluids and results in reduction
of heat transfer. Nanoparticles migration has a big influence on the
thermohydrodynamics of nanofluids in natural convection, therefore natural
convection behavior are more like a two-phase mixture instead of single phase that is
assumed in the previous studies, and thus one cannot use single phase relations for
Nusselt numbere Rayleigh number for natural convection of nanofluids. Nusselt
number of nanofluid decreases with increasing thermophoresis parameter or slip
velocities. Nusselt number of nanofluid for natural convection in a cavity decreases as
volume fraction increases and it is in agreement with the experimental studies.
Reduction in nanoparticles diameter, causes the increase of natural convective heat
transfer potential.

2.14 Taofik H. Nassan, S. Zeinali Heris, et.al [14]

In this case experimental study had been done on Al2O3/water and CuO/water
through square cross-section duct with 100 cm length in laminar flow and under
constant heat flux. The results show that a considerable enhancement of convective
heat transfer coefficient for both nanofluids has been done, however, CuO/water
nanofluid expresses more enhancements in convective heat transfer coefficient

19
compared to Al2O3/water nanofluid at the same concentrations. But further theoretical
and experimental investigations are needed to understand the heat transfer
characteristics of nanofluids in noncircular ducts like triangular ducts, rectangular
ducts with different aspect ratios and other possible noncircular ducts with different
nanofluids.

2.15 Wenhua Yu, David M. France, et.al [15]

The analyses of the experimental data from multiple research groups of the
convective heat transfer coefficients of nanofluids in turbulent flow in the engineering
literature show that, the turbulent-flow nanofluids with low particle volume
concentrations can normally be treated as homogeneous fluids due to the nature of
their well-mixed particles and base fluids. The additional effects of particles on the
convective heat transfer coefficients for such homogeneous nanofluids in turbulent
flow are insignificant compared to the dominant influence factor – the effective
thermophysical properties of the nanofluids. The convective heat transfer coefficients
of nanofluids in turbulent flow can, therefore, be predicted quite accurately with
standard single-phase equations of Dittus–Boelter, Petukhov–Popov, or Gnielinski;
and The actual heat transfer coefficient enhancement ratios of nanofluids over their
base fluids can also be predicted quite accurately with the heat transfer coefficient
ratios of the nanofluids over their base fluids calculated with the Dittus–Boelter
equation using the thermophysical properties of the nanofluids and their base fluids
for the specific comparison bases of the constant flow velocity or the constant
pumping power; however, using the Reynolds number as a comparison basis is
inappropriate, and using the Nusselt number in place of the heat transfer coefficient is
misleading for nanofluid enhancements. Results provide the possibility and the basis
for judging the heat transfer performance of nanofluids under practical application
conditions through their effective thermophysical properties.

20
2.16 C.J. Ho, L.C. Wei, et.al [16]
The experimental results concerning hydraulic and thermal performances of a copper
microchannel heat sink cooled by alumina–water nanofluid of 1 and 2 vol.% had been
presented. This experiment confirms the findings in the previous studies that the
friction factor in the microchannel heat sink cooled by the nanofluid containing small
fraction of nanoparticles tends to increase minutely relative to the pure water.
Through a correlation analysis, the relative decease in the specific heat of
the nanofluid with respect to its base fluid might play a counteracting role to the
beneficial influence due to its enhanced thermal conductivity on the average heat
transfer coefficient in a micro channel. Accordingly, for the nanofluid formulated, the
disparity in the specific heat evaluated from the two formulas adopted was found to
have a marked bearing on the experimental results for the average heat transfer
coefficient.

2.17 Cong Tam Nguyen, Gilles Roy, et.al [17]

In this study author experimentally investigate the effect due to the particle size on
nanofluid heat transfer behavior. Several tests have been carried out for Al2O3–water
nanofluid with 47 nm averaged- diameter nanoparticles using the same closed fluid
system. Experimental data, obtained for turbulent flow regime, have clearly shown
that the inclusion of nanoparticles into distilled water has produced a considerable
enhancement of the cooling block convective heat transfer coefficient. For a
particular nanofluid with 6.8% particle volume concentration, heat transfer coefficient
has been found to increase as much as 40% compared to that of the base fluid. It has
also been found that an increase of particle concentration has produced a clear
decrease of the heated component temperature.

2.18 Sandesh S. Chougule, S. K. Sahu [18]

In this case an experimental study had carried out to evaluate the heat transfer and
friction factor characteristics of helical screw inserts in Al2O3–water and carbon

21
nanotubes (CNT)–water nanofluids through a straight pipe in laminar flow regime
with constant heat flux boundary condition. Tests have been performed by using
0.15% volume concentration Al2O3–water and CNT–water nanofluid with helical
tape inserts of twist ratio (TR) 1.5, 2.5, and 3. The helical screw tape inserts with
CNT–water nanofluid exhibits higher thermal performance compared to Al2O3–water
nanofluid. The maximum enhancement in heat transfer was obtained for CNT–water
nanofluid with helical tape inserts of TR 1.5. The increase in pressure drop of Al2O3–
water nanofluid with helical screw tape inserts is found to be higher compared to
CNT–water nanofluid with helical screw tape inserts at lower value of TR. For both
the nanofluids (CNT–water and Al2O3–water),

22
 CHAPTER 3

EXPERIMENTAL WORK

3.1 Experimental Setup

The schematic diagram of an experimental setup shown in Fig. 3.2. This setup has
been used to measure heat transfer coefficient of car radiator. This experimental setup
includes a reservoir plastic tank, electrical heater, a centrifugal pump, a flow meter,
tubes, valves, a fan, a power supply; 8 thermocouples for temperature measurement,
manometer tube with mercury and car radiator. A radiator consists 36 vertical tubes
with circular cross section with diameter of 8 mm. An electrical heater of 3000W
inside a plastic storage put to represent the engine and to heat the fluid. A flow meter
of capacity 0 - 600 LPH and two valves used to measure and control the flow rate. The
fluid flows through plastic tubes (8 mm.) By a centrifugal pump from the tank to the
radiator at the flow rate range 2–5 LPM. The capacity of centrifugal pump is 0.5 HP.
The total volume of the circulating fluid is 3 l and constant in all the experimental
steps. Two thermocouples have been fixed on the flow line for determining inlet and
outlet fluid temperatures. Six thermocouples have been fixed to the radiator surface to
measure wall temperature. The speed of a fan was kept constant throughout the
experiments. Below fig 3.1 shows the ultrasonicator used to prepare the nanofluid.
Capcity of ultrasonicator is 3.5 liter.

Fig. 3.1 – Ultrasonicator for preparation of nanofluid

23
 Fig. 3.2 - Schematic diagram of an experimental setup

Fig 3.3 - Complete Experimental Setup Fig 3.4 - Maruti car radiator with 6 thermocouples

24
A. Radiator
Maruti car radiator is used in the test rig. It is a type of heat exchanger which is
designed to transfer the heat from hot coolant that flows through it to the air
blown through it by the fan. The radiator used is of aluminum. Radiators are
made by brazing thin aluminum fins to flattened aluminum tubes. The coolant
flows from the inlet to the outlet through many tubes mounted in a parallel
arrangement. The fns conduct the heat from the tubes and transfer it to the air
flowing through the radiator.

B. Fan
Cooling fan maintains an engine temperature constant. Cars have electric fans;
they turn on when the temperature of the coolant goes above a set point. They
turn back off when the temperature drops below that point. The cooling fans are
used to force the air through the radiator to accelerate heat exchange and cool the
liquid. They can be driven directly by the engine or driven by an electric motor.
The rpm of fan used in test rig is 1550 rpm.

Fig 3.5 – Cooling Fan

25
C. Water Pump
This is the heart of the engine cooling system. It pumps coolant through the
whole cooling system, and into the engine block. When the coolant has
reached a certain temperature, the water pump will push the coolant into the
radiator where it will be cooled and returned to the engine. Here we are using
single phase with 1450 rpm water pump.

Fig 3.6 – Water Pump

D. Rotameter
Rotameter is used to measure the flow rate of a coolant from coolant tank to
the radiator inlet. The capacity of the rotameter is 600 LPH.

Fig 3.7 – Rotameter

26
E. Water Heater
3000 watt heater is used to heat the coolant in the sump tank like as coolant
heated in automobile engine.

Fig 3.8 – Water heater

27
Table 3.1 - Charactristics of Alumina Nanoparticle

Form powder
Relative density 4,000 g/cm3
Molecular weight 101.96 g/mol
pH 9.4 – 10.1 at 20 °C
particle size <50 nm (TEM)
surface area >40 m2/g (BET)

3.2 Nanofluid preparation and stabilization

Preparation of a stabilized nanofluid is of great importance in heat transfer
applications of nanofluids. There are two ways to produce nanofluids, by a one-step
process or a two-step process. The one-step process simultaneously makes and
disperses the nanoparticles directly into the base fluid, while the nanoparticles are
made and then dispersed in the fluid in the two-step process. As for the Al2O3/water
nanofluid, samples of 0.1% and 0.2% weight Aluminium oxide in base fluid (water)
were prepared using ultrasonicator for about 8 hours. Figs. 3.5 and 3.6 depict the
dispersion of nanoparticles in base fluid before and after sonication. As can be seen,
the particles are homogenously dispersed throughout the base fluid in an acceptable
fashion.

Fig 3.5 - Before Sonication Fig 3.6 - After Sonication

28
 CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY
4.1 Nanofluids Physical Properties
The following correlation has been used to predict nanofluid density at different
temperatures and concentrations.

ρnf = ρbf (1 − ∅v ) + ρp ∅v (1)

Where ρnf is density of nanofluid, q is density of nanoparticles, ρbf is density of base

fluid and ∅v is the volume fraction of nanoparticles. The specific heat of nanofluid
can be calculated by using energy balance, given by Eq. (2)

(1 − ∅v )(ρCp ) + ∅v (ρCp )
bf p
(Cp ) = (2)
nf ρnf

where Cpnf ; Cpp, and Cpbf are the specific heat of nanofluid, nanoparticles, and base
fluid, respectively. The effective thermal conductivity of nanofluid at different
temperature is calculated by using a modified Maxwell equation which is modified by
Yu and Choi. The modified equation includes the effect of a liquid nanolayer on the
surface of Nanoparticle. This equation is given as

k p + 2k bf + 2 (k 𝑝 − k bf )(1 + 𝛽)3 ∅v
K nf = (3)
k p + 2k bf − 2 (k p − k bf )(1 + 𝛽)3 ∅v K bf

where Knf, Kp, and Kbf are the thermal conductivity of nanofluid, nanoparticles, and
base fluid respectively. β is the ratio of a nanolayer thickness to the original particle
radius and is taken as 0.1 for this study. The viscosity data for Al2O3/water was
estimated by using Einstien’s equation which was given by

(4)
μnf = μbf (1 + 2.5 )∅v
In above equation (4) μnf and μbf are viscosity for nanofluid and base
fluid.

29
4.2 Calculation of Heat Transfer Coefficient

To obtain heat transfer coefficient following procedure has been used.

Heat transfer rate can be calculated as.

Q = mCp ΔT = mCp (Tin − Tout ) (5)

Where, Q is heat transfer rate, m is mass flow rate, Cp is specific heat capacity, Tin
and Tout are inlet and outlet temperatures.

According to Newton’s law of cooling

Q = hAΔT = hA(Tb − Tw ) (6)

Where, h is heat transfer coefficient, A is the peripheral area of radiator tubes, Tb is a

bulk temperature which is assumed to be average values of inlet and outlet
temperature of fluid moving through the radiator and Tw is tube wall temperature
which is the average value of six thermocouples placed on the surface of radiator.
Now by equating equation (5) and (6) we obtain heat transfer coefficient.

Area of Radiator
The radiator consist of 36 vertical tubes of circular cross section and diameter of tube
is 8 mm, so to find out convective heat transfer coefficient total area of radiator is
calculated as follows.
Total Area of Radiator = π x D x L x No. of tubes (7)

A = π x 8 x 10−3 x 30 x 10−3 x 36
= 0.2714 m2

30
 CHAPTER 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Before conducting systematic experiment on the Al2O3/water nanofluids in the
radiator, initially the experiment were run on pure water in order to check reliability
and accuracy of the experimental setup. In addition, the result obtain from the
experiment by using pure water were validate by using ANOVA test in Minitab 17
software. The model predication shows 96.74 % confidence level (value of R-Sq),
and is found to be agreed with the experimental results.

Table 5.1 - . Regression Analysis

Analysis of Variance

Regression DF Adj SS Adj MS F-Value P-Value

Q 2 1152564 576282 236.07 0.000
Tin 1 986801 986801 404.23 0.000
Error 1 165763 165763 67.90 0.000
Total 9 21970 2441
Regression 11 1174534

Table 5.2 – Model Summary

S R-sq R-sq(adj) R-sq(pred)

49.4081 98.13% 97.71% 96.74%

31
Table 5.3 - Coefficients

Term Coef SE Coef T-Value P-Value VIF

Constant -898 115 -7.82 0.000

Q 256.5 12.8 20.11 0.000 1.00

Tin 14.39 1.75 8.24 0.000 1.00

In the above analysis of variance table, lists the sources of variation, their degrees of
freedom, the total sum of squares, and the mean squares. The analysis of variance
table also includes the F-statistics and p-values. Use these to determine whether the
predictors or factors are significantly related to the response.

Here are the components of an ANOVA table:

Source - Indicates the source of variation, either from the factor, the interaction, or
the error. The total is a sum of all the sources.
DF - Degrees of freedom from each source. If a factor has three levels, the degrees of
freedom is 2 (n-1). If you have a total of 30 observations, the degrees of freedom total
is 29 (n - 1).
SS - Sum of squares between groups (factor) and the sum of squares within groups
(error)
MS - Mean squares are found by dividing the sum of squares by the degrees of
freedom.
F - Calculate by dividing the factor MS by the error MS; you can compare this ratio
against a critical F found in a table or you can use the p-value to determine whether a
factor is significant.
P - Use to determine whether a factor is significant; typically compare against an
alpha value of 0.05. If the p-value is lower than 0.05, then the factor is significant.
The p-value of 0.000 indicates that the factor of color is significant.

R-sq - Percentage of response variable variation that is explained by its relationship

with one or more predictor variables. In general, the higher the R2, the better the

32
model fits your data. R2 is always between 0 and 100%. It is also known as the
coefficient of determination or multiple determination (in multiple regression).

Below Fig. 5.1 shows the residual plots for h, the graphs shows that the mathematical
model is agreed with the experimental result.

Fig. 5.1 - Residual Plots for h

Residual - The difference between an observed value (y) and its corresponding fitted
value (ŷ).
Residual values are especially useful in regression and ANOVA procedures because
they indicate the extent to which a model accounts for the variation in the observed
data.

The following Regression equation (8) were obtained by using ANOVA test for heat
transfer coefficient.
h = -898 + 256.5 Q LPM + 14.39 Tin (8)

Following are the results obtained by using water, 0.1% Øv nanofluid and
0.2% Øv nanofluid. For three different coolant, flow rate is varied in the range of 2-5
LPM and measured with the help of Rota meter. The average wall temperature of

33
radiator can be calculated by measuring temperature of radiator at six different places.
Inlet and outlet temperature of coolant can be measured by placing thermocouple at
inlet and outlet condition of radiator.

5.1 Observation Tables

Table 5.4 - Measurement of Temp. For Water as a Coolant

Q TwAvg.
Tin Tout Tw1 Tw2 Tw3 Tw4 Tw5 Tw6
(LPM) (℃)
2 50 47.0 46.7 45.4 42.0 43.5 43.0 46.0 44.4
3 50 47.6 47.2 46.3 43.1 44.2 44.0 47.1 45.3
4 50 48.1 48.6 47.8 44.5 45.3 45.3 48.4 46.7
5 50 48.4 49.3 48.5 45.1 46.0 46.0 49.0 47.3
2 60 53.4 55.0 51.9 46.8 47.6 48.0 52.4 50.3
3 60 53.9 56.8 52.7 47.2 48.4 48.7 53.0 51.1
4 60 54.4 57.6 53.4 48.0 49.0 49.3 53.7 51.8
5 60 55.1 58.2 54.5 48.9 50.3 50.0 54.0 52.7
2 70 61.0 63.3 59.6 53.0 53.0 57.0 59.0 57.5
3 70 61.6 64.1 60.3 53.8 53.9 57.7 59.8 58.3
4 70 62.3 65.0 61.1 54.5 54.7 58.3 61.5 59.2
5 70 63.2 66.3 63.7 55.1 56.3 59.2 62.6 60.5

Table 5.5 - Measurement of Temp. For 0.1% Øv Nanofluid as a Coolant

Q TwAvg.
Tin Tout Tw1 Tw2 Tw3 Tw4 Tw5 Tw6
(LPM) (℃)
2 50 45.9 46.9 45.0 41.0 41.8 43.0 46.0 44.0
3 50 46.4 48.8 46.3 41.0 42.7 43.3 47.0 44.9
4 50 47.0 50.0 47.0 42.0 43.5 44.1 47.7 45.7
5 50 47.5 51.1 47.8 44.0 45.0 45.0 48.2 46.9
2 60 52.2 54.8 51.2 45.4 46.7 47.9 51.6 49.6
3 60 52.7 57.4 52.6 46.0 47.5 48.0 52.4 50.7
4 60 53.3 57.8 52.9 46.4 47.9 48.5 53.0 51.1
5 60 53.8 58.4 54.4 47.2 49.4 49.8 54.3 52.3
2 70 58.4 63.5 57.8 52.4 52.5 53.6 59.0 56.5
3 70 58.7 65.2 58.4 53.1 53.2 54.1 59.8 57.3
4 70 59.1 67.5 60.5 54.0 54.0 55.2 61.1 58.7
5 70 60.4 69.3 61.2 55.3 55.0 56.0 62.8 59.9

34
Table 5.6 - Measurement of Temp. For 0.2% Øv Nanofluid as a Coolant

Q TwAvg.
Tin Tout Tw1 Tw2 Tw3 Tw4 Tw5 Tw6
(LPM) (℃)
2 50 44.7 46.8 45.0 40.0 41.2 42.9 45.5 43.6
3 50 45.3 48.6 45.8 41.0 42.9 43.0 46.0 44.5
4 50 45.8 49.0 46.0 41.6 43.0 43.3 46.7 44.9
5 50 46.4 49.4 46.4 41.9 43.4 43.8 47.1 45.3
2 60 50.1 54.3 51.0 44.8 46.0 47.2 51.5 49.1
3 60 51.4 57.0 51.5 45.4 46.7 47.8 52.0 50.1
4 60 51.7 57.3 52.0 45.8 47.3 49.0 54.5 51.0
5 60 52.2 59.0 53.0 46.2 50.0 50.2 55.0 52.2
2 70 57.1 63.4 57.6 52.3 52.1 53.3 58.8 56.3
3 70 57.5 64.0 57.5 51.0 50.0 49.7 60.0 55.4
4 70 57.8 66.8 60.9 52.6 53.4 54.7 60.8 58.2
5 70 58.8 67.6 60.8 53.8 54.3 56.8 62.7 59.3

Table 5.7 - Calculated Heat Transfer Coeff. Re and Nu for Water

Q Tin Tout h
Re Nu
(LPM) (℃) (℃) (W/m2 K)
2 50 47.0 371.5 9337.93 4.63
3 50 47.6 522.1 14079.17 6.50
4 50 48.1 820.2 18852.80 10.22
5 50 48.4 1068.5 23627.15 13.30
2 60 53.4 521.7 10628.69 6.41
3 60 53.9 791.2 16001.01 9.72
4 60 54.4 1049.1 21413.43 12.89
5 60 55.1 1277.5 26901.48 15.69
2 70 61.0 567.1 12089.27 6.88
3 70 61.6 846.7 18202.00 10.27
4 70 62.3 1116.1 24372.94 13.53
5 70 63.2 1404.0 30657.60 17.01

35
 Table 5.8 - Calculated Heat Transfer Coeff. Re and Nu For 0.1% Øv Nanofluid

Q Tin Tout h
Re Nu
(LPM) (℃) (℃) (W/m2 K)
2 50 45.9 527.3 8954.15 6.58
3 50 46.4 830.6 13945.89 10.32
4 50 47.0 1087.6 18686.38 13.50
5 50 47.5 1132.8 23456.75 14.06
2 60 52.2 607.0 10539.91 7.44
3 60 52.7 980.3 15869.07 12.01
4 60 53.3 1221.2 21251.04 14.96
5 60 53.8 1704.1 26664.92 20.87
2 70 58.4 759.6 11873.19 9.20
3 70 58.7 1212.2 17849.50 14.67
4 70 59.1 1878.7 23875.26 22.74
5 70 60.4 2282.2 30084.09 27.60

Table 5.9 - Calculated Heat Transfer Coeff. Re and Nu For 0.2% Øv Nanofluid

Q Tin Tout h
Re Nu
(LPM) (℃) (℃) (W/m2 K)
2 50 44.7 717.4 9176.15 8.92
3 50 45.3 1136.0 13822.16 14.12
4 50 45.8 1421.0 18507.06 17.63
5 50 46.4 1574.9 23250.77 19.53
2 60 50.1 841.7 10381.59 10.32
3 60 51.4 1165.1 15728.38 14.27
4 60 51.7 1731.1 21019.22 21.19
5 60 52.2 2528.7 26367.26 30.94
2 70 57.1 897.4 11724.82 10.86
3 70 57.5 1380.2 17701.53 16.69
4 70 57.8 2158.3 23656.70 26.10
5 70 58.8 2767.5 29794.79 33.44

36
 As shown in below Fig. 5.2 outlet temperature has increased for all concentrations
by increase in both flow rate as well as inlet temperature of coolant. It can be clearly
seen that fluid outlet temperature decreased by increasing the volume concentration.

Fig. 5.2 - Effect of Increase in Flow Rate on Outlet Temperature At

Different Volume Concentration and At Different Inlet Temperatures

Fig. 5.3 shows that heat transfer coefficient in all the concentrations increased by
increasing the flow rate of coolant. It is also seen that nanofluid concentration plays
an important role for increasing the heat transfer coefficient. By addition of 0.2 vol.
% Al2O3 in pure water heat transfer coefficient increased by 47.4 % compared with
pure water at 50℃ inlet temperature.
Fig. 5.4 indicate that Nu number in all the concentrations has increased by
increase in the flow rate of the fluid and consequently Re number. By addition of 0.2
vol. % Al2O3 in pure water Nu number increased by 46.84 % compared with pure
water at 50℃ inlet temperature.

37
 Fig. 5.3 - Effect of Increase in Flow Rate on Heat Transfer Coefficient
At Different Volume Concentration and At Different Inlet Temperatures

Fig. 5.4 - Effect of Increase Re Number on Nu Number At Different

Volume Concentration and At Different Inlet Temperatures

38
 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE
6.1 Conclusions
In this study, experimental heat transfer coefficients of a car radiator have been
measured with two distinct working fluids: pure water and water based nanofluid
(with 0.1 vol. % and 0.2 vol. % concentrations) Following conclusions are obtained
based on the present experimental work:

A. The presence of Al2O3 nanoparticle in water enhance the heat transfer rate of the
automobile radiator. Increase in heat transfer enhancement depends on the amount
of nanoparticle added to pure water.

B. By the application of nanofluid instead of water enhances the heat transfer

capacity of cooling system for automobile, but some associated problems like
stability and sedimentation should also be studied with details.

C. During experimentation maintaining the constant temperature at inlet of radiator is

very difficult due to continuous mixing of cold fluid coming out from outlet of
radiator which may result in inaccurate heat transfer coefficient.

6.2 Future Scope

A. This Experimental setup will also use for higher nanofluid concentration and
also for different nanoparticles.

B. If capacity of heater increases above 3000 watt then we will able to find out the
behaviour of nanofluid above 70℃.

C. Instead of using rubber flow lines if we will use PVC pipes we will able to run
setup at above 70℃.

39
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