Chapter 18:

Hypothesis testing
 

Multiple Choice Questions

 

1. _____ statistics considers subjective probability estimates while _____ statistics considers only objective estimates. 
 

A. Classical, Bayesian
B. Inductive, deductive
C.  Bayesian, classical
D. Descriptive, exploratory
E.  Exploratory, descriptive
 
2. If a difference is not caused only by random sampling fluctuations, it is said to have _____. 
 

A. Resistance
B. Statistical significance
C.  Substantive significance
D. Reasonable doubt
E.  Practical significance
 
3. Which of the following hypotheses is a null hypothesis? 
 

A. There is no difference in the monthly grocery bills of families with one child and families with two children
B. Grocery bills vary according to the number of meals eaten outside the home
C.  Families with two children have significantly higher grocery bills than families with just one child
D. There is a relationship between grocery bills and the number of people in a household
E.  The mean age in a household is predictive of the amount of money sent on food each month
 
4. Which of the following hypotheses is an alternative hypothesis? 
 

A. There is no relationship between grade point average and drinking behavior among college students
B. Seniors are no more likely than freshmen to binge drink
C.  Men are more likely to binge drink than women
D. Athletes and non-athletes are equally likely to binge drink
E.  There is no difference in alcohol consumption among beer drinkers and wine drinkers
 

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5. What type of hypothesis states that a sample statistic is either great than or less than the population parameter? 
 

A. Nul
l
B. One-tailed
C.  Two-tailed
D. Three-tailed
E.  None of the above
 
6. What type of hypothesis states that the sample statistic is not the same as the population statistic but is either greater than or less
than, but not both? 
 

A. Nul
l
B. One-tailed
C.  Two-tailed
D. Three-tailed
E.  None of the above
 
7. Which of the following hypotheses is a two-tailed test? 
 

A. Hamburger consumption differs among men and women

B. Men consume more hamburgers than women
C.  Women are more concerned with the health consequences associated with eating hamburgers than are men
D. There is no difference in hamburger consumption among men and women
E.  All of the above are two-tailed tests
 
8. Which of the following hypotheses is a one-tailed test? 
 

A. Hybrid cars get better gas mileage than traditional cars

B. There is a difference in the gas mileage of cars and trucks
C.  There is no difference in gas mileage among two-door and four-door vehicles
D. There is a relationship between the number of miles to one's job and the gas mileage associated with his or her chosen car
E.  All of the above are one-tailed tests
 
9. Which of the following statements is not correct about the alternative hypothesis? 
 

A. It may be directional or nondirectional

B. The alternative hypothesis represents the conclusion for which evidence is sought
C.  The alternative hypothesis is the opposite of the null hypothesis
D. It is always the hypothesis tested
E.  None of the statements are correct
 

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10. The hypothesis that men and women use the Internet approximately the same number of hours per week is a _____ hypothesis. 
 

A. Nul
l
B. One-tailed test
C.  Two-tailed test
D. Test of proportions
E.  Test of means
 
11. The hypothesis that the number of hours worked is related to student grade point average is a _____ hypothesis. 
 

A. Nul
l
B. One-tailed test
C.  Two-tailed test
D. Test of proportions
E.  Test of means
 
12. Which of the following illustrates the correct expression of the null hypothesis for the alternate hypothesis that more than 40% of
Internet users shop online? 
 

A. H0: .40
B. HA: .40
C.  H0: = .40
D. HA: .40
E.  H0: = .40
 
13. Which of the following illustrates the correct expression of the alternate hypothesis that customers of McDonald's consume more
than the national average of 36 hamburgers each year? 
 

A. H0: 36
B. HA: 36
C.  H0: = 36
D.  HA: 36
E.  HA: 36
 
14. _____ occurs when the sample results lead to the rejection of a null hypothesis that is in fact true. 
 

A. Type I error
B. Two-tailed error
C.  Type II error
D. One-tailed error
E.  Parametric significance
 

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15. Also known as beta error, _____ occurs when the sample results lead to the nonrejection of a null hypothesis that is in fact false. 
 

A. Type I error
B. Two-tailed error
C.  Type II error
D. One-tailed error
E.  Two-tailed error
 
16. The _____ is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is in fact false, and should be rejected. 
 

A. Type I error
B. Level of significance
C.  Type II error
D. Power of a test
E.  Z score
 
17. Which type of error is also known as alpha? 
 

A. Type I error
B. Type II error
C.  Beta error
D. Standard error
E.  Demand error
 
18. Which of the following outcomes is roughly the equivalent of committing a type I error? 
 

A. Finding a guilty person guilty

B. Finding a guilty person not guilty
C.  Finding an innocent person not guilty
D. Finding an innocent person guilty
E.  None of the above
 
19. Statisticians recommend that the power of a test equal _____, that is, the probability that one will correctly reject a false null
hypothesis. 
 

A. 5%
B. 10%
C.  50%
D. 80%
E.  95%
 
20. The level of significance chosen for hypothesis testing is based on _____. 
 

A. The desired level of confidence one wishes to have in the results

B. The desired degree of precision
C.  How much risk of a type I error one is willing to accept
D. The statistical test used
E.  Whether the sample is a probability sample
 

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21. The most common level of significance used in hypothesis testing is _____. 
 

A. .05
B. .10
C.  .25
D. .90
E.  .95
 
22. As one increases the significance level accepted for hypothesis testing, the probability of committing a type II error _____. 
 

A. Increases
B. Decreases
C.  Stays the same
D. Is rejected
E.  Is accepted
 
23. The null hypothesis is typically rejected when _____. 
 

A. The calculated value is smaller than the critical value

B. The critical value is smaller than the calculated value
C.  The level of significance chosen is .05
D. A chi-square statistic is computed
E.  The Z score approaches 1
 
24. The probability of observing a sample value as extreme as, or more extreme than, the value actually observed, given that the null
hypothesis is true is called the _____. 
 

A. Level of significance
B. Critical value
C.  T statistic
D. P value
E.  Alpha
 
25. Under which of the following conditions must the null hypothesis be rejected? 
 

A. P value <

B. P value >
C.  P value =
D. P value cannot be determined
E.  P value is unrelated to hypothesis testing
 
Consider the following hypothesis: there is no relationship between income and amount of money spent on food.
 

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26. If the hypothesis presented is tested with a .05 level of significance and the resulting p value is .01, which of the following is the
correct decision regarding the null hypothesis? 
 

A. Reject the null

B. Cannot reject the null
C.  The decision cannot be determined with the information provided
D. Reject the alternate
E.  None of the above
 
27. If the hypothesis presented is tested using a .05 alpha level and the resulting p value is .01, which of the following interpretations
of the results is most appropriate? 
 

A. There is no relationship between income and food expenditures

B. There is a relationship between income and food expenditures
C.  As income increases, food expenditures increase
D. As income decreases, the percentage of income spent on food increases
E.  None of the above
 
28. _____ tests are hypothesis testing procedures that assume that the variables of interest are measured on at least an interval scale. 
 

A. Parameter
B. Parametric
C.  Nonparametric
D. Significance
E.  Metric
 
29. _____ tests are hypothesis testing procedures that assume that the variables are measured on a nominal or ordinal scale. 
 

A. Parameter
B. Parametric
C.  Nonparametric
D. Resistant
E.  Type I
 
30. How can a researcher determine whether data meet the assumption of normality necessary for using parametric tests? 
 

A. Assess the level of significance

B. Determine the probability of making a type II error
C.  Determine the probability of making a type I error
D. Examine a normal probability plot
E.  Examine whether the distribution is bimodal or multimodal
 

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31. A researcher should consider answers to all of the following questions except _____ when selecting a particular test of
significance. 
 

A. How many samples are involved in the test?

B. Are the samples related?
C.  What type of data is involved
D. What is the level of significance?
E.  All of the above should be addressed
 
32. The _____ is a parametric test to determine the statistical significance between the sample distribution mean and a population
parameter. 
 

A. F statistic
B. T-test
C.  Z distribution
D. Z test
E.  T distribution
 
33. When sample sizes exceed _____, the t and Z distributions are virtually identical. 
 

A. 120
B. 300
C.  500
D. 1000
E.  The t and Z distributions will never be identical
 
34. Which statement is not true concerning the t distribution? 
 

A. Compared to the normal distribution, the t distribution has more area in the tails and less in the center
B. As the number of degrees of freedom increases, the t distribution approaches the normal distribution
C.  The t distributions are skewed to the left
D. The population variance is unknown and is estimated by the sample variance s2
E.  As the sample size increases beyond 120, the t and Z distributions are indistinguishable
 
35. Which of the following is true of a one-sample chi-square test? 
 

A. The null hypothesis is that the actual frequencies in each category is different than those hypothesized
B. The greater the difference between the actual and hypothesized frequencies in a category, the more likely the difference can
be attributed to chance
C.  The value of the X2statistic expresses the extent of the difference between the actual and hypothesized frequencies
D. The larger the divergence, the smaller the X2value
E.  A X2statistic is significant if it is less than .05
 

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36. Which of the following involves a test of two-independent samples? 
 

A. Test of differences in the percent of men and women who are or are not members of Greek organizations on campus
B. Test of the average incomes of subscribers of Southern Living and Better Homes and Gardens
C.  Test of whether the mean salary of professors at Metro University is higher than the national average for university professors
D. Test of whether a change occurred in the proneness for heart disease among people who switched to a diet high in fish
E.  Test of differences in ad recall among three experimental groups (each of which saw a different advertisement) and a control
group
 
37. Which of the following involves a test of two-related samples? 
 

A. Test of differences in the percent of men and women who are or are not members of Greek organizations on campus
B. Test of the average incomes of subscribers of Southern Living and Better Homes and Gardens
C.  Test of whether the mean salary of professors at Metro University is higher than the national average for university professors
D. Test of whether a change occurred in the proneness for heart disease among people who switched to a diet high in fish
E.  Test of differences in ad recall among three experimental groups (each of which saw a different advertisement) and a control
group
 
38. Which of the following involves a test of k-independent-samples? 
 

A. Test of differences in the percent of men and women who are or are not members of Greek organizations on campus
B. Test of the average incomes of subscribers of Southern Living and Better Homes and Gardens
C.  Test of whether the mean salary of professors at Metro University is higher than the national average for university professors
D. Test of whether a change occurred in the proneness for heart disease among people who switched to a diet high in fish
E.  Test of differences in ad recall among three experimental groups (each of which saw a different advertisement) and a control
group
 
39. Which of the following tests is most appropriate for examining differences in the average number of hours spent viewing
television among four different age groups? 
 

A. Z test
B. T-test
C.  ANOV
A
D. X2
E.  McNemar test
 
40. When conducting an ANOVA, if the F ratio is close to 1, which of the following interpretations is true? 
 

A. The null hypothesis is rejected

B. There is no difference between the means of the groups examined
C.  The population means are unequal
D. The between-groups variance is twice the within-groups variance
E.  All of the above are true
 

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41. In which of the following situations should an a priori contrast be used? 
 

A. A t-test is used to conclude that men consume more hamburgers than women
B. A chi-square test is used to conclude that there is a difference in type of living quarters by class status
C.  Using a one-way ANOVA, significant differences in ad recall are found between three experimental groups and one control
group
D. A Z test indicates that the national average of the number of soft drinks consumed in the US exceeds that of France
E.  All of the above can use an a priori contrast
 
42. Hypothesis testing of the effectiveness of two experimental manipulations against a control group finds that there is a significant
difference in the mean score by group and the null hypothesis is rejected. Which test below can be used to determine where a
difference exists? 
 

A. ANOV
A
B. X2
C.  F ratio
D. Z test
E.  Scheffe's S
 
43. Which of the following is not true of the Kruskal-Wallis test? 
 

A. It is a one-way analysis of variance by ranks

B. It assumes random selection
C.  It assumes a continuous distribution
D. It is used with two-related samples
E.  All of the above are true
 
44. A two-way ANOVA differs from a one-way ANOVA in that _____. 
 

A. Post hoc comparisons are completed as a part of the initial test

B. It requires an assumption of normality
C.  It examines possible interaction effects among two independent factors
D. It examines possible interaction effects among two or more dependent variables
E.  It allows an examination of ordinal data
 
45. Repeated measures taken from the same participant are called _____. 
 

A. Examinations
B. Related samples
C.  Time series data
D. Trials
E.  N-way tests
 

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46. Which test is an extension of the McNemar test useful for tests involving more than two samples? 
 

A. Cochran Q
B. ANOV
A
C.  N-way ANOVA
D. Kruskal-Wallis
E.  Mann-Whitney U
 
47. In an examination of differences among the mean hamburger consumption of people in the United Kingdom, United States,
France, and Korea, how would the null hypothesis be stated? 
 

A. H0: UK > US> FR> KR

B. HA: UK + US> FR+ KR
C.  H0: UK = US= FR= KR
D. HA: 0
E.  H0: = 0
 
48. ANOVA can be used as a parametric test of _____. 
 

A. One sample
B. Two-related samples
C.  Two-unrelated samples
D. K-independent samples
E.  All of the above
 
49. Jeremy is using an ANOVA to examine the alternative hypothesis that brand loyalty is higher among frequent fliers of Jet Blue
than the reported brand loyalty of frequent fliers on United, US Airways, and Delta. If the p value is less than .05 and the F ratio
is greater than 1, which of the following interpretations is correct? 
 

A. Jet Blue has higher brand loyalty among its frequent fliers than do the other three airlines examined
B. There is no difference in brand loyalty among customers of the four airlines
C.  There is a difference in brand loyalty among customers of the four airlines
D. Jet Blue has lower brand loyalty among its frequent fliers than do the other three airlines
E.  No interpretation can be made with the information available
 
50. Which of the following best explains how the F ratio examines differences among groups? 
 

A. The variability attributable to a treatment is compared to the variability arising from random error
B. The probability of making a type I error is compared to the probability of making a type II error
C.  The critical F is compared to the critical t
D. The standard deviation for each group is subtracted from the mean of all groups
E.  None of the above
 
 

Essay Questions
 

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51. Define the null and alternative hypotheses. Discuss the relationship between the two hypotheses. 
 

 
52. What is the difference between a Type I error and a Type II error? How are the two errors related? 
 

 
53. List the six-stage sequence for testing statistical significance. 
 

 
54. What are the assumptions for using parametric tests for hypothesis testing? 
 

 
 

Multiple Choice Questions

 

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55. You are setting up an experiment to test 3 levels of selling effort to three types of customers and you wish to test the statistical
significance of the results. They are stated in ? sales terms. Which test would you use? 
 

A. A) Chi-Square
B. B)
ANOVA
C.  C) KS
D. D) Wilcoxon
E.  E) Walsh-Ward
 
56. In an attitude survey, using an ordinal scale, you test the differences in results between a sample of college students and non-
collegiate people of college age. You test for statistical significance using the chi-square test. Which of the following is the most
correct statement? 
 

A. A) It is the most appropriate test to use in this situation.

B. B) It is an inappropriate test to use in this situation.
C.  C) It is acceptable in this case, but not as good as the Wilcox on test.
D. D) It is acceptable, but wastes information.
 
57. Bayesian statistics use 
 

A. A) Only sample data.

B. B) Only subjective probabilities.
C.  C) Posterior distributions which are invariant.
D. D) Sample data und subjective probabilities.
 
58. With reference to parametric tests, which of the statements is incorrect? 
 

A. A) Are more powerful than non parametric.

B. B) Are used to test hypotheses based on ordinal und nominal data.
C.  C) Assume that observations are independent.
D. D) Are meant for observations drawn from normally distributed populations.
 
59. Which of the following is not an assumption of parametric tests? 
 

A. A) Observations should be related.

B. B) Observations should be drawn from normal distribution.
C.  C) Populations should have equal variances.
D. D) Measurement scales should be at least interval.
 
60. The Chi-square test 
 

A. A) Is especially useful for nominal data.

B. B) Requires at least two independent (sub)-samples
C.  C) Belongs to the parametric tests.
D. D) Tests for differences in means.
 

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61. Which of the following is a useful rule to choose the proper significance test? 
 

A. A) What is sample size?

B. B) Is the measurement scale nominal, ratio, interval or ordinal?
C.  C) What is the population variance?
D. D) Is the case one-tailed or two-tailed?
 

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 Chapter 18: Hypothesis testing Answer Key
 
 

Multiple Choice Questions

 

1. _____ statistics considers subjective probability estimates while _____ statistics considers only objective estimates. 
 

A.  Classical, Bayesian

B.  Inductive, deductive
C.  Bayesian, classical
D.  Descriptive, exploratory
E.  Exploratory, descriptive
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Easy
 
2. If a difference is not caused only by random sampling fluctuations, it is said to have _____. 
 

A.  Resistance
B.  Statistical significance
C.  Substantive significance
D.  Reasonable doubt
E.  Practical significance
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Easy
 
3. Which of the following hypotheses is a null hypothesis? 
 

A.  There is no difference in the monthly grocery bills of families with one child and families with two children
B.  Grocery bills vary according to the number of meals eaten outside the home
C.  Families with two children have significantly higher grocery bills than families with just one child
D.  There is a relationship between grocery bills and the number of people in a household
E.  The mean age in a household is predictive of the amount of money sent on food each month
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Moderate
 
4. Which of the following hypotheses is an alternative hypothesis? 
 

A.  There is no relationship between grade point average and drinking behavior among college students
B.  Seniors are no more likely than freshmen to binge drink
C.  Men are more likely to binge drink than women
D.  Athletes and non-athletes are equally likely to binge drink
E.  There is no difference in alcohol consumption among beer drinkers and wine drinkers
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Moderate
 
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5. What type of hypothesis states that a sample statistic is either great than or less than the population parameter? 
 

A.  Nul
l
B.  One-tailed
C.  Two-tailed
D.  Three-tailed
E.  None of the above
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Easy
 
6. What type of hypothesis states that the sample statistic is not the same as the population statistic but is either greater than or
less than, but not both? 
 

A.  Nul
l
B.  One-tailed
C.  Two-tailed
D.  Three-tailed
E.  None of the above
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Easy
 
7. Which of the following hypotheses is a two-tailed test? 
 

A.  Hamburger consumption differs among men and women

B.  Men consume more hamburgers than women
C.  Women are more concerned with the health consequences associated with eating hamburgers than are men
D.  There is no difference in hamburger consumption among men and women
E.  All of the above are two-tailed tests
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Moderate
 
8. Which of the following hypotheses is a one-tailed test? 
 

A.  Hybrid cars get better gas mileage than traditional cars
B.  There is a difference in the gas mileage of cars and trucks
C.  There is no difference in gas mileage among two-door and four-door vehicles
D.  There is a relationship between the number of miles to one's job and the gas mileage associated with his or her chosen car
E.  All of the above are one-tailed tests
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Moderate
 

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9. Which of the following statements is not correct about the alternative hypothesis? 
 

A.  It may be directional or nondirectional

B.  The alternative hypothesis represents the conclusion for which evidence is sought
C.  The alternative hypothesis is the opposite of the null hypothesis
D.  It is always the hypothesis tested
E.  None of the statements are correct
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Moderate
 
10. The hypothesis that men and women use the Internet approximately the same number of hours per week is a _____
hypothesis. 
 

A.  Nul
l
B.  One-tailed test
C.  Two-tailed test
D.  Test of proportions
E.  Test of means
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Moderate
 
11. The hypothesis that the number of hours worked is related to student grade point average is a _____ hypothesis. 
 

A.  Nul
l
B.  One-tailed test
C.  Two-tailed test
D.  Test of proportions
E.  Test of means
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Moderate
 
12. Which of the following illustrates the correct expression of the null hypothesis for the alternate hypothesis that more than
40% of Internet users shop online? 
 

A.  H0: .40

B.  HA: .40
C.  H0: = .40
D.  HA: .40
E.  H0: = .40
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Difficult
 

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13. Which of the following illustrates the correct expression of the alternate hypothesis that customers of McDonald's consume
more than the national average of 36 hamburgers each year? 
 

A.  H0: 36
B.  HA: 36
C.  H0: = 36
D.  HA: 36
E.  HA: 36
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Difficult
 
14. _____ occurs when the sample results lead to the rejection of a null hypothesis that is in fact true. 
 

A.  Type I error

B.  Two-tailed error
C.  Type II error
D.  One-tailed error
E.  Parametric significance
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Moderate
 
15. Also known as beta error, _____ occurs when the sample results lead to the nonrejection of a null hypothesis that is in fact
false. 
 

A.  Type I error

B.  Two-tailed error
C.  Type II error
D.  One-tailed error
E.  Two-tailed error
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Moderate
 
16. The _____ is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is in fact false, and should be rejected. 
 

A.  Type I error

B.  Level of significance
C.  Type II error
D.  Power of a test
E.  Z score
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Difficult
 

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17. Which type of error is also known as alpha? 
 

A.  Type I error

B.  Type II error
C.  Beta error
D.  Standard error
E.  Demand error
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Easy
 
18. Which of the following outcomes is roughly the equivalent of committing a type I error? 
 

A.  Finding a guilty person guilty

B.  Finding a guilty person not guilty
C.  Finding an innocent person not guilty
D.  Finding an innocent person guilty
E.  None of the above
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Moderate
 
19. Statisticians recommend that the power of a test equal _____, that is, the probability that one will correctly reject a false null
hypothesis. 
 

A.  5%
B.  10%
C.  50%
D.  80%
E.  95%
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Moderate
 
20. The level of significance chosen for hypothesis testing is based on _____. 
 

A.  The desired level of confidence one wishes to have in the results
B.  The desired degree of precision
C.  How much risk of a type I error one is willing to accept
D.  The statistical test used
E.  Whether the sample is a probability sample
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Moderate
 
21. The most common level of significance used in hypothesis testing is _____. 
 

A.  .05
B.  .10
C.  .25
D.  .90
E.  .95
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
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 Level: Easy
 
22. As one increases the significance level accepted for hypothesis testing, the probability of committing a type II error _____. 
 

A.  Increases
B.  Decreases
C.  Stays the same
D.  Is rejected
E.  Is accepted
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Moderate
 
23. The null hypothesis is typically rejected when _____. 
 

A.  The calculated value is smaller than the critical value

B.  The critical value is smaller than the calculated value
C.  The level of significance chosen is .05
D.  A chi-square statistic is computed
E.  The Z score approaches 1
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Moderate
 
24. The probability of observing a sample value as extreme as, or more extreme than, the value actually observed, given that the
null hypothesis is true is called the _____. 
 

A.  Level of significance

B.  Critical value
C.  T statistic
D.  P value
E.  Alpha
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Moderate
 
25. Under which of the following conditions must the null hypothesis be rejected? 
 

A.  P value <

B.  P value >
C.  P value =
D.  P value cannot be determined
E.  P value is unrelated to hypothesis testing
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Difficult
 
Consider the following hypothesis: there is no relationship between income and amount of money spent on food.
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
 

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26. If the hypothesis presented is tested with a .05 level of significance and the resulting p value is .01, which of the following is
the correct decision regarding the null hypothesis? 
 

A.  Reject the null

B.  Cannot reject the null
C.  The decision cannot be determined with the information provided
D.  Reject the alternate
E.  None of the above
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Moderate
 
27. If the hypothesis presented is tested using a .05 alpha level and the resulting p value is .01, which of the following
interpretations of the results is most appropriate? 
 

A.  There is no relationship between income and food expenditures

B.  There is a relationship between income and food expenditures
C.  As income increases, food expenditures increase
D.  As income decreases, the percentage of income spent on food increases
E.  None of the above
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Difficult
 
28. _____ tests are hypothesis testing procedures that assume that the variables of interest are measured on at least an interval
scale. 
 

A.  Parameter
B.  Parametric
C.  Nonparametric
D.  Significance
E.  Metric
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Easy
 
29. _____ tests are hypothesis testing procedures that assume that the variables are measured on a nominal or ordinal scale. 
 

A.  Parameter
B.  Parametric
C.  Nonparametric
D.  Resistant
E.  Type I
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Easy
 

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30. How can a researcher determine whether data meet the assumption of normality necessary for using parametric tests? 
 

A.  Assess the level of significance

B.  Determine the probability of making a type II error
C.  Determine the probability of making a type I error
D.  Examine a normal probability plot
E.  Examine whether the distribution is bimodal or multimodal
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Moderate
 
31. A researcher should consider answers to all of the following questions except _____ when selecting a particular test of
significance. 
 

A.  How many samples are involved in the test?

B.  Are the samples related?
C.  What type of data is involved
D.  What is the level of significance?
E.  All of the above should be addressed
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Moderate
 
32. The _____ is a parametric test to determine the statistical significance between the sample distribution mean and a
population parameter. 
 

A.  F statistic
B.  T-test
C.  Z distribution
D.  Z test
E.  T distribution
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Moderate
 
33. When sample sizes exceed _____, the t and Z distributions are virtually identical. 
 

A.  120
B.  300
C.  500
D.  1000
E.  The t and Z distributions will never be identical
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Moderate
 

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34. Which statement is not true concerning the t distribution? 
 

A.  Compared to the normal distribution, the t distribution has more area in the tails and less in the center
B.  As the number of degrees of freedom increases, the t distribution approaches the normal distribution
C.  The t distributions are skewed to the left
D.  The population variance is unknown and is estimated by the sample variance s2
E.  As the sample size increases beyond 120, the t and Z distributions are indistinguishable
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Moderate
 
35. Which of the following is true of a one-sample chi-square test? 
 

A.  The null hypothesis is that the actual frequencies in each category is different than those hypothesized
B.  The greater the difference between the actual and hypothesized frequencies in a category, the more likely the difference
can be attributed to chance
C.  The value of the X2statistic expresses the extent of the difference between the actual and hypothesized frequencies
D.  The larger the divergence, the smaller the X2value
E.  A X2statistic is significant if it is less than .05
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Difficult
 
36. Which of the following involves a test of two-independent samples? 
 

A.  Test of differences in the percent of men and women who are or are not members of Greek organizations on campus
B.  Test of the average incomes of subscribers of Southern Living and Better Homes and Gardens
C.  Test of whether the mean salary of professors at Metro University is higher than the national average for university
professors
D.  Test of whether a change occurred in the proneness for heart disease among people who switched to a diet high in fish
E.  Test of differences in ad recall among three experimental groups (each of which saw a different advertisement) and a
control group
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Difficult
 
37. Which of the following involves a test of two-related samples? 
 

A.  Test of differences in the percent of men and women who are or are not members of Greek organizations on campus
B.  Test of the average incomes of subscribers of Southern Living and Better Homes and Gardens
C.  Test of whether the mean salary of professors at Metro University is higher than the national average for university
professors
D.  Test of whether a change occurred in the proneness for heart disease among people who switched to a diet high in fish
E.  Test of differences in ad recall among three experimental groups (each of which saw a different advertisement) and a
control group
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Difficult
 

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38. Which of the following involves a test of k-independent-samples? 
 

A.  Test of differences in the percent of men and women who are or are not members of Greek organizations on campus
B.  Test of the average incomes of subscribers of Southern Living and Better Homes and Gardens
C.  Test of whether the mean salary of professors at Metro University is higher than the national average for university
professors
D.  Test of whether a change occurred in the proneness for heart disease among people who switched to a diet high in fish
E.  Test of differences in ad recall among three experimental groups (each of which saw a different advertisement) and a
control group
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Difficult
 
39. Which of the following tests is most appropriate for examining differences in the average number of hours spent viewing
television among four different age groups? 
 

A.  Z test
B.  T-test
C.  ANOV
A
D.  X2
E.  McNemar test
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Moderate
 
40. When conducting an ANOVA, if the F ratio is close to 1, which of the following interpretations is true? 
 

A.  The null hypothesis is rejected

B.  There is no difference between the means of the groups examined
C.  The population means are unequal
D.  The between-groups variance is twice the within-groups variance
E.  All of the above are true
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Difficult
 
41. In which of the following situations should an a priori contrast be used? 
 

A.  A t-test is used to conclude that men consume more hamburgers than women
B.  A chi-square test is used to conclude that there is a difference in type of living quarters by class status
C.  Using a one-way ANOVA, significant differences in ad recall are found between three experimental groups and one
control group
D.  A Z test indicates that the national average of the number of soft drinks consumed in the US exceeds that of France
E.  All of the above can use an a priori contrast
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Difficult
 

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42. Hypothesis testing of the effectiveness of two experimental manipulations against a control group finds that there is a
significant difference in the mean score by group and the null hypothesis is rejected. Which test below can be used to
determine where a difference exists? 
 

A.  ANOV
A
B.  X2
C.  F ratio
D.  Z test
E.  Scheffe's S
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Moderate
 
43. Which of the following is not true of the Kruskal-Wallis test? 
 

A.  It is a one-way analysis of variance by ranks

B.  It assumes random selection
C.  It assumes a continuous distribution
D.  It is used with two-related samples
E.  All of the above are true
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Difficult
 
44. A two-way ANOVA differs from a one-way ANOVA in that _____. 
 

A.  Post hoc comparisons are completed as a part of the initial test
B.  It requires an assumption of normality
C.  It examines possible interaction effects among two independent factors
D.  It examines possible interaction effects among two or more dependent variables
E.  It allows an examination of ordinal data
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Difficult
 
45. Repeated measures taken from the same participant are called _____. 
 

A.  Examinations
B.  Related samples
C.  Time series data
D.  Trials
E.  N-way tests
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Easy
 

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46. Which test is an extension of the McNemar test useful for tests involving more than two samples? 
 

A.  Cochran Q
B.  ANOV
A
C.  N-way ANOVA
D.  Kruskal-Wallis
E.  Mann-Whitney U
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Moderate
 
47. In an examination of differences among the mean hamburger consumption of people in the United Kingdom, United States,
France, and Korea, how would the null hypothesis be stated? 
 

A.  H0: UK > US> FR> KR

B.  HA: UK + US> FR+ KR
C.  H0: UK = US= FR= KR
D.  HA: 0
E.  H0: = 0
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Difficult
 
48. ANOVA can be used as a parametric test of _____. 
 

A.  One sample

B.  Two-related samples
C.  Two-unrelated samples
D.  K-independent samples
E.  All of the above
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Moderate
 
49. Jeremy is using an ANOVA to examine the alternative hypothesis that brand loyalty is higher among frequent fliers of Jet
Blue than the reported brand loyalty of frequent fliers on United, US Airways, and Delta. If the p value is less than .05 and
the F ratio is greater than 1, which of the following interpretations is correct? 
 

A.  Jet Blue has higher brand loyalty among its frequent fliers than do the other three airlines examined
B.  There is no difference in brand loyalty among customers of the four airlines
C.  There is a difference in brand loyalty among customers of the four airlines
D.  Jet Blue has lower brand loyalty among its frequent fliers than do the other three airlines
E.  No interpretation can be made with the information available
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Moderate
 

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50. Which of the following best explains how the F ratio examines differences among groups? 
 

A.  The variability attributable to a treatment is compared to the variability arising from random error
B.  The probability of making a type I error is compared to the probability of making a type II error
C.  The critical F is compared to the critical t
D.  The standard deviation for each group is subtracted from the mean of all groups
E.  None of the above
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Moderate
 
 

Essay Questions
 

51. Define the null and alternative hypotheses. Discuss the relationship between the two hypotheses. 
 

A null hypothesis is a statement of the status quo, one of no difference or no effect. If the null hypothesis is not rejected, no
changes will be made. An alternative hypothesisis one in which some difference or effect is expected. Accepting the
alternative hypothesis will lead to changes in the actions of the business decision maker. The alternative hypothesis is the
opposite of the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis is always the hypothesis that is tested. The alternative hypothesis
represents the conclusion for which evidence is sought.

 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Easy
 
52. What is the difference between a Type I error and a Type II error? How are the two errors related? 
 

A Type I erroroccurs when the sample results lead to the rejection of the null hypothesis when it is in fact true. The

probability of Type I error is denoted as    . Type II erroroccurs when, based on the sample results, the null hypothesis is not

rejected when it is in fact false. The probability of Type II error is denoted by    . Unlike    , which is specified by the

researcher, the magnitude of    depends on the actual value of the population parameter (proportion). The complement (1 -

 ) of the probability of a Type II error is called the power of a statistical test. The power of a testis the probability of

rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false and should be rejected. Although    is unknown, it is related to    . An

extremely low value of    (e.g., = 0.001) will result in intolerably high    errors. So it is necessary to balance the two types

of errors. As a compromise,    is often set at 0.05; sometimes it is 0.01; other values of    are rare. The level of    , along

with the sample size, will determine the level of    for a particular research design. The risk of both    and    can be
controlled by increasing the sample size.

 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
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 Level: Difficult
 
53. List the six-stage sequence for testing statistical significance. 
 

The six stages in hypothesis testing are 1) state the null hypothesis, 2) choose the statistical test, 3) select the desired level of
significance, 4) compute the calculated difference value, 5) obtain the critical value, and 6) interpret the test.

 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Moderate
 
54. What are the assumptions for using parametric tests for hypothesis testing? 
 

Parametric tests are significance tests for data that is interval or ratio-scaled. The assumptions that should be met for using
parametric tests include that the observations should be independent, and drawn from normally distributed populations. The
populations should have equal variances.

 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
Level: Moderate
 
 

Multiple Choice Questions

 

55. You are setting up an experiment to test 3 levels of selling effort to three types of customers and you wish to test the
statistical significance of the results. They are stated in ? sales terms. Which test would you use? 
 

A.  A) Chi-Square
B.  B)
ANOVA
C.  C) KS
D.  D) Wilcoxon
E.  E) Walsh-Ward
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
 
56. In an attitude survey, using an ordinal scale, you test the differences in results between a sample of college students and non-
collegiate people of college age. You test for statistical significance using the chi-square test. Which of the following is the
most correct statement? 
 

A.  A) It is the most appropriate test to use in this situation.

B.  B) It is an inappropriate test to use in this situation.
C.  C) It is acceptable in this case, but not as good as the Wilcox on test.
D.  D) It is acceptable, but wastes information.
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
 

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57. Bayesian statistics use 
 

A.  A) Only sample data.

B.  B) Only subjective probabilities.
C.  C) Posterior distributions which are invariant.
D.  D) Sample data und subjective probabilities.
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
 
58. With reference to parametric tests, which of the statements is incorrect? 
 

A.  A) Are more powerful than non parametric.

B.  B) Are used to test hypotheses based on ordinal und nominal data.
C.  C) Assume that observations are independent.
D.  D) Are meant for observations drawn from normally distributed populations.
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
 
59. Which of the following is not an assumption of parametric tests? 
 

A.  A) Observations should be related.

B.  B) Observations should be drawn from normal distribution.
C.  C) Populations should have equal variances.
D.  D) Measurement scales should be at least interval.
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
 
60. The Chi-square test 
 

A.  A) Is especially useful for nominal data.

B.  B) Requires at least two independent (sub)-samples
C.  C) Belongs to the parametric tests.
D.  D) Tests for differences in means.
 

Blumberg: Chapter 18
 
61. Which of the following is a useful rule to choose the proper significance test? 
 

A.  A) What is sample size?

B.  B) Is the measurement scale nominal, ratio, interval or ordinal?
C.  C) What is the population variance?
D.  D) Is the case one-tailed or two-tailed?
 
Blumberg: Chapter 18
 

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