ABSTRACT:

Traditionally, the process of drug development has revolved around a screening approach and trial-and-error
method, as nobody knew which compound or approach could serve as a drug or therapy. This discovery
process was very time consuming and laborious and discovery of a new drug used to take around 8-14 years
and costs about US $1.8 billion. In order to minimize the time and cost in this drug discovery process,
scientists around the world contributed tremendously and come up with a modern drug-designing program &
green chemistry for sustainable development of drug synthesis. The beauty of this modern drug designing is
that now we can tailor the drug with desired combinations computationally before going for experimental
laboratory work. With the help of green chemistry now the total raw material requirement reduced and hence
the waste and hazards also reduced. It will produce less pharmaceutical waste materials. Energy usage as well
as cost of the medicine will also reduce.

Keywords: Drug design, Drug discovery, Green Chemistry

INTRODUCTION:
The term "GREEN CHEMISTRY" was coined by Anastas of the US Environmental Protection Agency.

• "Green Chemistry efficiently utilizes (preferably renewable) raw materials, eliminates waste and avoids the
use of toxic and/or hazardous reagents and solvents in the manufacture and application of chemical products."

• Green Chemistry also known as Sustainable Technology, defined as meeting the needs of the present
generation without compromising the needs of future generations.

12 principle of Green Chemistry:

1: Waste Prevention

This tenet simply states that chemical processes should be optimised to produce the minimum amount of
waste possible. A metric, known as the environmental factor for E factor for short, was developed to gauge the
amount of waste a process created, and is calculated by simply dividing the mass of waste the production
process produces by the mass of product obtained, with a lower E factor being better. Drug production
processes historically had notoriously high E factors, but the application of some of the other green chemistry
principles can help to reduce this. Other methods of assessing amounts of waste, such as comparing the mass
of the raw materials to that of the product, are also used.
2: Atom Economy

Atom economy is a measure of the amount of atoms from the starting material that are present in the useful
products at the end of a chemical process. Sile products from reactions that aren't useful can lead to a lower
atom economy, and more waste. In many ways, atom economy is a better measure of reaction efficiency than
the yield of the reaction: the yield compares the amount of useful product obtained compared to the amount
you'd theoretically expect from adulations. Therefore, processes that maximize atom economy are preferred.

3: Less Hazardous Chemical Synthesis

Ideally, we want chemicals we create for whatever purpose to not pose a health hazard to humans. We also
want to make the synthesis of chemicals as safe as possible, so the aim is to avoid using hazardous chemicals
as starting points if safer alternatives are available. Additionally, having hazardous waste from chemical
processes is something we want to avoid, as this can cause problems with disposal

4: Designing Safer Chemicals

This principle links closely to the previous one. Chemists must aim to produce chemical products that fulfil
their role, be that medical industrial or otherwise, but which also have minimal toxicity to humans. The design
of safer chemical targets requires knowledge of how chemicals act in our bodies and in the environment. In
some cases, a degree of toxicity to animals or humans may be unavoidable, but alternatives should be sought

5: Safer Solvents & Auxiliaries

Many chemical reactions require the use of solvents or other agents in order to facilitate the reaction. They can
also have a number of hazards associated with them such as flammability and volatility. Solvents might be
unavoidable in most processes, but they should be chosen to reduce the energy needed for the reaction should
have minimal toxicity, and should be recycled if possible.

6: Design for Energy Efficiency

Energy-intensive processes are frowned upon in green chemistry. Where it is possible, i is better to minimise
the energy used to create a chemical product, by carrying out reactions at room temperature and pressure.
Considerations of reaction design also have to be made; removal of solvents, or processes to remove
impurities, can increase the energy required, and by association increase the process's environmental impacts.

7: Use of Renewable Feedstock

The perspective of this principle is largely towards petrochemicals: chemical products derived from crude oil.
These are used as starting materials in a range of chemical processes, but are non-renewable and can be
depleted. Processes can be made more sustainable by the use of renewable feedstock, such as chemicals
derived from biological sources.

8: Reduce Derivatives

Protecting groups are often used in chemical synthesis, as they can prevent alteration of certain parts of a
molecule's structure during a chemical reaction, whist allowing transformations to be carried out on other
parts of the structure. However, these steps require extra reagents, and also increase the amount of waste a
process produces. An alternative that has been explored in some processes is the use of enzymes. As enzymes
are highly specific they can be used to target particular parts of a molecule's structure without the need for the
use of protecting groups or other derivatives.
9: Catalysis

The use of catalysts can enable reactions with higher atom economies. Catalysts themselves aren't used up by
chemical processes, and as such can be recycled many times over, and don't contribute to waste. They can
allow for the utilisation of reaction which would not proceed under normal conditions, but which also produce
less waste.

10: Design for Degradation

Ideally, chemical products should be designed so that, once they have fulfilled their purpose, they break down
into harness products and don't have negative impacts on the environment. Persistent organic pollutants are
products which don't break down and can accumulate and persist in the environment; they are typically
halogenated compounds, with DDT being the most famous example. Where possible, these chemical should
be replaced in their uses with chemicals that are more easily broken down by water, UV light, or
biodegradation.

11: Real Time Pollution Prevention

Monitoring a chemical reaction as it is occurring can help prevent release of hazardous and polluting
substances due to accidents or unexpected reactions. With real time monitoring warning signs can be spotted,
and the reaction can be stopped or managed before such an event occurs.

12: Safer Chemistry for Accident Prevention

Working with chemicals always carries a degree of risk. However, if hazards are managed well, the risk can
be minimised. This principle clearly links with a number of the other principles that discuss hazardous
products or reagents. Where possible, exposure to hazards should be eliminated from processes, and should be
designed to minimise the risks where elimination is not possible.

GREEN CHEMISTRY FOR CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS:

The purpose of Green Chemistry is for development of new chemical reactivity and reaction condition that
can potentially provide benefits for chemical synthesis.

- Various catalysts are used in green chemistry. Catalytic reagent are preferred over stoichiometric reagent.

- Minimize waste by catalytic reaction

- Small amount of catalysts can carry single reaction many time but stoichiometric reagent are used in excess
and work only once.

- Recently non-toxic recoverable biocatalysts are used. - Solvents are important materials used in chemical
synthesis & productions.

- Green solvents eliminate the need of organic solvent.

EXAMPLE OF GREEN CHEMISTRY: Production of styrene (= benzene ring with CH=CH2 tail)
Traditional route: Two-step method starting with benzene, which is carcinogenic) and ethylene to form ethyl
benzene, followed by dehydrogenation to obtain styrene.
Greener route: To avoid benzene, start with xylene (cheapest source of aromatics and environmentally safer
than benzene).
Another option, still under development, is to start with toluene (benzene ring with CH3 tail).

Production of allyl alcohol CH2=CHCH2OH

Traditional route: Alkaline hydrolysis of allyl chloride, which generates the product and hydrochloric acid as a
by-product

Greener route, to avoid chlorine: Two-step using propylene (CH2=CHCH3), acetic acid (CH3COOH) and
oxygen (O2)
* Added benefit: The acetic acid produced in the 2nd reaction can be recovered and used again for the 1st
reaction, leaving no unwanted by product.
 CONCLUSION: Green chemistry plays an important role in the future of chemistry, more importantly in
pharmaceutical chemistry because this industry is the major pollutant of the environment that's why there is an
urgent need of greener synthesis and greener chemical, many industries have started the green chemistry way
of synthesis for their products, but there is a long way through by which complete turnaround of the synthesis
takes place, by the medium of this project I wanted to increase the knowledge about green chemistry.