Nama : Ruby Adijaya

NIM : 1610814110013
Mikrobiologi Industri

1. Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and
nutrients it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of
metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based
on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are
the major factors in determining that microbe's ecological niche, and often allow
for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for
biogeochemical cycles.

2. Biochemical Reactions
All of the biochemical reactions in an organism are collectively referred to as
metabolism, which is of 2 basic types:
 Catabolic
Reactions that “break down” molecules and releasing energy for anabolic
reactions to happen (exergonic).
 Anabolic
Reactions that build new molecules and requiring energy from catabolic
reactions (endergonic).

3. Metabolic Pathway
Most biochemical reactions are part of a series of reactions referred to as a
metabolic pathway. It usually takes multiple reactions to make “end-product”, the
pathways it uses are determined by enzymes.

4. Enzymes and Chemical Reactions

Enzymes are biological catalysts, that is used to speed up reactions by
lowering the reactions activation energy which is the collision energy required for
a chemical reaction to occur without altering the enzyme. Almost all biochemical
reactions are catalyzed by a specific enzyme, this is because Enzymes only act on
a specific substrate which makes reactions won’t occur unless the enzyme that
catalyzes the reaction is present & active.
  The mechanism of enzymatic action.
1. Substrate contacts the enzyme's active site to form an enzyme-
substrate complex.
2. Substrate is transformed and rearranged into products, which are
released from the enzyme and then
3. Enzyme is unchanged and can still react with other same substrates,
continuing the process until eventually the enzyme change shape.

5. Factors Influencing Enzyme Activity

 Temperature
Like most chemical reactions, the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
increases as the temperature is raised. In the case of enzymatic reactions,
this is complicated by the fact that many enzymes are adversely affected
by high temperatures. Most enzyme determinations are carried out
somewhat below maximum temperature to avoid the denaturation of the
enzimes.
 pH
Enzymes are affected by changes in pH. Extremely high or low pH values
generally result in complete loss of activity for most enzymes. pH is also a
factor in the stability of enzymes. As with activity, for each enzyme there
is also a region of pH optimal stability.
 Substrate concentration
If the amount of the enzyme is kept constant and the substrate
concentration is then gradually increased, the reaction velocity will
increase until it reaches a maximum. After this point, increases in substrate
concentration will not increase the velocity.
 Inhibitors
Enzyme inhibitors are substances which alter the catalytic action of the
enzyme and consequently slow down, or in some cases, stop catalysis.
There are competitive and non-competitive:
 1. Competitive inhibitors
Competitive inhibition occurs when the substrate and a substance
resembling the substrate are both added to the enzyme.
2. Noncompetitive inhibitors
Non-competitive inhibitors are considered to be substances which
interact with another part of the enzyme (allosteric site) rather than the
active site in a process called allosteric inhibition.
 Allosteric inhibition
The place where the inhibitor binds to the enzyme is called the
allosteric site. Frequently, an end-product of a metabolic pathway
serves as an allosteric inhibitor on an earlier enzyme of the
pathway. This inhibition of an enzyme by a product of its pathway
is a form of negative feedback.

6. The Generation of ATP

 Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
This type of phosphorylation involves the direct synthesis of ATP from
ADP and a reactive intermediate, typically a high energy phosphate-
containing molecule. Substrate level phosphorylation is a relatively minor
contributor to the total synthesis of triphosphates by cells. An example
substrate phosphorylation is glycolysis (The oxidation of glucose to
pyruvic acid produces ATP and NADH)
 Oxidative Phosphorylation
Electrons are transferred from one electron carrier to another along an
electron transport chain (system) on a membrane that releases energy to
generate ATP.
 Photophosphorylation
This type of phosphorylation to make ATP is found only in cells that carry
out photosynthesis. Light energy is converted to ATP when the transfer of
electrons (oxidation) from chlorophyll pass through a system of carrier
molecules.