Dr.

Abdur Rasheed
A hypothesisis an I assume the mean height of
assumption about one or a class is 5.3 feet

more population
parameters.
• A parameter is a
characteristic of the
population, like its mean
or variance.
• The parameter must be
identified before analysis.
 Normality Assumption

There are several methods to assess the normality of the data

Graphical method
Histogram
Q-Q Probability Plot

Statistical test
Shapiro Wilks test (< 30)
Kolmogorov test
 Normality Assumption

Test of Normality

if P-value (Shapiro or kolmogrove test) is > 0.05 then data

will be normally distributed
 Testing of mean
Hypothesis testing involves following steps

1.State null hypothesis H0 and alternative hypothesis H1

2. Chose level of significance α (usually 0.05).
3. Chose test
4. Calculate critical value.
5.Define critical region
6. Compute test statistic.
7. Make statistical decision ( reject or accept null hypothesis.
The related samples t-test is the parametric inferential
procedure used when we have two sample means
from two related samples
Related samples occur when we pair each score in
one sample with a particular score in the other
sample
Example : repeated measures experiment (get a
person’s measure before and after a treatment)
di = x1i – x2i, Shows the difference between two measurements for each observations

d =
d i
Is the mean of di.
H 0 : D = 0
n
The statistical hypothesis are
H a : D  0

(n-1) df.

Assume that ‘di’ is normally distributed

A treatment is applied for bone generation in the first molar in 10 dogs. The
following data shows the measurement of the bone before and after the
treatment. Test the hypothesis that the mean bone measurements are different
from each other? Assuming normally distributed populations

Before the treatment After the treatment

(Bone loss in mm) (Bone loss in mm)
1.3 3.2
2.3 3.9
1.2 2.9
0.9 2.9
1.5 1.9
1.6 3.8
1.2 3.7
1.1 3.9
2.3 4.2
2.1 2.9
First, we calculate the difference
Now we will check normality of the difference D variable
 Normality of the difference D variable
Tests of Normality
Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
D .202 10 .200* .937 10 .515
*. This is a lower bound of the true significance.
a. Lilliefors Significance Correction

Since P-value is > 0.05 hence data is normally distributed

 Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences

95% Confidence Interval of

the Difference
Std. Std. Error Sig. (2-
Mean Deviation Mean Lower Upper t df tailed)
Pair 1 Before_trt -
After_trt -1.78000 .72388 .22891 -2.29783 -1.26217 -7.776 9 .000
 Before the treatment After the treatment
(Bone loss in mm) (Bone loss in mm)
1.3 3.2
2.3 3.9
1.2 2.9
0.9 2.9
1.5 1.9
1.6 3.8
1.2 3.7
1.1 3.9
2.3 4.2
2.1 2.9

Test of hypothesis : H0:  D= 0 vs H1: 𝜇𝐷 ≠ 0

Level of significance α = 0.05

Take
value from
Test statistics: Two sample paired t-test SPSS
Statement of Hypothesis: Test of hypothesis : H0:  D = 0 vs H1: 𝜇𝐷 ≠ 0
Take
Level of Significance:  = 0.05 value from
SPSS
Test statistics: Two sample paired t-test with (n-1) df

Critical value: due to two-sided test we will use tα/2

α = 0.05 so α/2 =0.025
tα/2,9 = 2.68
Rejection Region: Reject H0 if t-stat < - tα/2 or t-stat > tα/2
/2
/2
Rejection Regions Rejection Region

- 2.68 2.68
t–stat = -7.759 from SPSS

tα/2,9 = 2.68

Reject H0 if t-stat < - tα/2 or t-stat > tα/2

Reject H0 if t-stat < - 2.68 or t-stat > 2.68

Since t–stat = -7.759 < - 2.68, or t-stat falls in critical region

so we reject the H0 or mean bone measurements are different
from each other.
Example of Paired T-Test
This example will illustrate the tests for paired data. A new four-lane road is going
through the west end of a major metropolitan area. About 150 residential
properties will be affected by the road. A random sample of 15 properties was
selected. These properties were evaluated by two different property assessors.
We are interested in determining whether there is any difference in their
assessment. The assessments are recorded in thousands of dollars and are
shown in the table. The assessment values are represented by Value1 and Value2
for the two property assessors (Property Value dataset).
Perform two sample
paired t-test and interpret
your findings. Write all
hypothesis steps