Chapter 1

ANSWERS TO EVEN NUMBERED PROBLEMS

2. 623 kg/m 3

4.
(
4π ρ r2 3 − r13 )
3

6. (a) 72.6 kg (b) 7.82 × 10 26 atoms

8. (b) only

10. (a) ii (b) iii (c) i

12. 9.19 nm/s

14. 667 lb/s

16. (a) 190 yr (b) 2.32 × 10 4 times

18. (a) 2.07 mm (b) 8.62 × 1013 times as large

20. rAl = rFe 3 ρFe / ρAl

22. ~ 107 or 108 rev

24. ~ 1010 cans ; ~ 10 5 tons

26. 31 556 926.0 s

28. (1.61 ± 0.17) ×10 3 kg/m 3

30. (–2.75, –4.76) m

32. (a) 8.60 m (b) 4.47 m, –63.4°, 4.24 m, 135°

34. (a) 5.2 m at 60° (b) 3.0 m at 330°

(c) 3.0 m at 150° (d) 5.2 m at 300°

19
 Chapter 1

36. 310 km at 57˚ S of W

38. 86.6 m, –50.0 m

40. (a) See the solution. (b) 5.00i + 4.00j, 6.40 at 38.7°, –1.00i + 8.00j, 8.06 at 97.2°

42. Cx = 7.30 cm, Cy = –7.20 cm

44. (a) 4.47 m at 63.4° (b) 8.49 m at 135°

46. (a) 185 N at 77.8° from the +x axis (b) (–39.3 i –181 j) N

48. 196 cm at –14.7°

50. (a) 10.4 cm (b) 35.5°

52. a = 5.00, b = 7.00

54. 70.0 m

56. 316 m

58. 24.6°

60. (a) 0.529 cm/s (b) 11.5 cm/s

62. 2.29 km

64. (10.0 m, 16.0 m)

66. (a) R1 = a i + b j ; R1 = a2 + b 2 (b) R 2 = a i + b j + c k ; R2 = a2 + b 2 + c 2

20
 Chapter 2

ANSWERS TO EVEN NUMBERED PROBLEMS

2. (a) 180 km (b) 63.4 km/h north

4. (a) 50.0 m/s (b) 41.0 m/s

6. (a) 27.0 m (b) ( )

x f = 27.0 m + (18.0 m/s) ∆t + 3.00 m/s 2 ( ∆t)
2

(c) 18.0 m/s

8. (a) See the solution. (b) v5 s = 23 m/s, v4 s = 18 m/s, v3 s = 14 m/s, v2 s = 9.0 m/s
(c) 4.6 m/s2 (d) 0

10. 15.0 s

12. 1.34 × 10 4 m/s 2

14. (a) 13.0 m/s (b) 10.0 m/s, 16.0 m/s

(c) 6.00 m/s 2 (d) 6.00 m/s 2

16. (a) and (b) See the solution. (c) −4 m/s 2

(d) 34 m (e) 28 m

18. (a) – (e) See the solution.

(f) The spacing of the successive positions would change with less regularity.

20. (a) 5.25 m/s 2 (b) 168 m (c) 52.5 m/s

22. 160 ft

24. (a) 2.56 m (b) –3.00 m/s

26. (a) ( )
x = 30.0t − t 2 m , v = ( 30.0 − 2.00 t) m/s (b) 225 m

1
28. x f − xi = vxf t − ax t 2 ; 3.10 m/s
2

30. (a) 1.12 × 1011 m/s 2 (b) 46.7 µs

32. (a) 3.00 m/s (b) 6.00 s

(c) −0.300 m/s 2 (d) 2.05 m/s

34. (a) –4.90 m, –19.6 m, –44.1 m (b) –9.80 m/s, –19.6 m/s, –29.4 m/s

36. 1.79 s

38. $99.4/h

40. (a) –23.2 m/s for both (b) downward throw: –17.6 m/s; upward throw: –5.58 m/s

42. 7.96 s

43
 Chapter 2

44. (a) 1.87 km (b) 1.46 km

(c) a1 = 3.3 m/s 2 (0 < t < 15 s), a2 = 0 (15 s < t < 40 s), a3 = −5.0 m/s 2 (40 s < t < 50 s)
( ) ( )
(d) (i) x1 = 1.67 m/s 2 t 2 , (ii) x2 = ( 50 m/s) t − 375 m , (iii) x3 = (250 m/s) t − 2.5 m/s 2 t 2 − 4375 m
(e) 37.5 m/s

46. (a) 15.0 s (b) 30.0 m/s (c) 225 m

48. 155 s, 129 s

50. (a) 5.44 s (b) 131 m

(c) 50.8 m/s (d) 95.3 m/s 2 up

52. (a) 26.4 m (b) 6.82%

54. See the solution.

56. See the solution. a = 1.63 m/s 2 downward

44
 Chapter 3

ANSWERS TO EVEN NUMBERED PROBLEMS

2. (a) (1.00 i + 0.750 j) m/s (b) (1.00 i + 0.500 j) m/s, 1.12 m/s

4. (a) (2.00 i + 3.00 j) m/s 2 (b) ( ) ( )

r = 3.00t + t 2 i m + 1.50t 2 − 2t j m

6. (a) [
r = 5.00t i +
1
2 (3.00t2 ) j] m ; v = [5.00 i + 3.00t j] m/s
(b) (10.0 m, 6.00 m), 7.81 m/s

8. (a) 22.9 m/s (b) 360 m from the base of the cliff
(c) v = (114 i – 44.3 j) m/s

10. (a) v = d g /2 h horizontally (b) θ = tan −1(2h / d) below the horizontal

12. 0.600 m/s 2 down

14. 22.4° or 89.4°

16. (a) 20.0° (b) 3.05 s

18. 25.8 m/s

20. 9.91 m/s

22. (a) 0.852 s (b) 3.29 m/s (c) 4.03 m/s

(d) 50.8° (e) 1.12 s

24. (a) 1.02 × 10 3 m/s (b) 2.72 × 10 −3 m/s 2 toward the Earth

26. 0.033 7 m/s 2 toward the center of the Earth

28. 0.281 rev/s

30. (a) 1.25 m/s 2 toward the center (b) 0.400 m/s 2 forward
(c) 1.31 m/s 2 forward and 72.3° inward

32. (a) See the solution. (b) 29.7 m/s 2

(c) 6.67 m/s at 36.9° above the horizontal

34. 18.0 s

36. (a) 36.9° (b) 41.6° (c) 3.00 min

2L / c 2L / c
38. tAlan = 2 2
, tBeth = . Beth returns first.
1 − v /c 1 − v2 /c2

40. (a) 1.69 km/s (b) 1.80 h

42. 54.4 m/s 2

44. 4.00 km/h

72
 Chapter 3

46. (a) 25.0 m/s 2 ; 9.80 m/s 2 (b) See the solution.
(c) 26.8 m/s 2 inward at 21.4° below the horizontal

1
48. (a) 2 R/3g (b) 3gR (c) gR/3
2
13 13
(d) gR (e) 33.7° (f) R
12 24
13
(g) R
12

50. (a) 6.80 km (b) 3.00 km vertically above the impact point
(c) 66.2°

52. (18.8, –17.3) m

54. (a) 1.52 km (b) 36.1 s (c) 4.05 km

56. x = −D

58. Safe distances are less than 270 m or greater than 3.48 × 10 3 m from the western shore.

73
 Chapter 4

ANSWERS TO EVEN NUMBERED PROBLEMS

2. (a) zero (b) zero

4. 1.66 MN forward

6. 100 N and 204 N

8. (a) 181° counterclockwise from x-axis (b) 11.2 kg

(c) 37.5 m/s (d) ( −37.5i − 0.893j) m/s

10. (a) 534 N (b) 54.5 kg

12. (a) x = vt/2 (b) (Fg v / gt) i + Fg j

14. 4.448 21 N

16. (16.3i + 14.6j) N

18. (a) −4.47 × 1015 m/s 2 (b) +2.09 × 10 −10 N

20. T1 = 296 N, T2 = 163 N, T3 = 325 N

22. (a) See the solution. T = Fg /sin θ (b) 1.79 N

24. (a) a = g tan θ (b) 4.16 m/s 2

26. See the solution. a = 6.53 m/s 2 , T = 32.7 N

28. See the solution. (a) 2.54 m/s 2 down the incline (b) 3.18 m/s

30. 12.8 s

32. (a) 0.529 m (b) 7.40 m/s upward

34. (a) 3.57 m/s 2 (b) 26.7 N

(c) 7.14 m/s (See the solution.)

98
 Chapter 4

36. (a) 2.22 m (b) 8.74 m/s

m1m2 m1m2
38. (a) a1 = 2 a2 (b) T1 = 1
g , T2 = 1
g
2m1 + m m1 + m2
2 2 4
m2 g m2 g
(c) a1 = 1
, a2 =
2m1 + m 4 m1 + m2
2 2

40. See the solution. (a) 2.00 m/s 2

(b) 4.00 N on m1 , 6.00 N on m2 , 8.00 N on m3
(c) 14.0 N between m1 and m2 , 8.00 N between m2 and m3
(d) See the solution.

42. (a) T = f/(2 sinθ) (b) 410 N

44. 1.16 cm

46. ( )
n = (82.3 N) cos θ, a = 9.80 m/s 2 sin θ . See the solution. Yes.

2mg mg mg 2mg tan θ1

48. (a) T1 = , T2 = = , T3 = (b) θ2 = tan–1  2 
sin θ1
[ (
sin θ 2 sin tan −1 1 tan θ
2 1 )]
tan θ1

50. See the solution. a = 0.143 m/s 2 , approximately 4% high

 m1M  m2 g( M + m1 )
52. (a) m2 g   (b)
 m1M + m2 (m1 + M )  m1M + m2 (m1 + M )
m1m2 g Mm2 g
(c) (d)
m1M + m2 (m1 + M ) m1M + m2 (m1 + M )

54. 61.1 N

56. (
mg sin θ cos θ i + M + m cos 2 θ g j )

99
 Chapter 5

ANSWERS TO EVEN NUMBERED PROBLEMS

2. (a) 256 m (b) 42.7 m

4. (a) 3.34
(b) Time would increase, as the wheels would skid and only kinetic friction would act; or perhaps the
car would flip over.

6. (a) 55.2° (b) 167 N (See the solution for free body diagram.)

8. 37.8 N

10. µ s = 0.727 , µ k = 0.577

12. (a) 8.32 × 10 −8 N inward, toward the nucleus (b) 9.13 × 10 22 m/s 2 inward

14. (a) 0.822 m/s 2 toward the center (b) 37.0 N toward the center (c) 0.083 9

16. (a) 68.6 N toward the center of the circle and 784 N up (b) 0.857 m/s 2

18. (a) mg − mv 2 / R upward (b) gR

20. (a) 1.33 m/s 2 radially inward (b) 1.79 m/s 2 at 47.9° inward from the tangent

22. (a) 32.7 s −1 (b) 9.80 m/s 2 down (c) 4.90 m/s 2 down

24. (a) 53.8 m/s (b) 148 m

26. See the solution.

28. (a) 0.980 m/s (b) See the solution.

30. (a) See the solution. (b) 81.8 m (c) 15.9°

32. 3.60 × 106 N downward

125
 Chapter 5

34. (a) 1.02 km/s (b) 0.00272 m/s 2 toward the Earth
2
(c) 0.00270 m/s toward Earth

36. (a) 5.59 × 10 3 m/s (b) 239 min (c) 735 N downward

38. (a) M = 3m sin θ (b) T1 = 2mg sin θ , T2 = 3mg sin θ

g sin θ  1 + sin θ   1 + sin θ 
(c) a= (d) T1 = 4 mg sin θ , T2 = 6mg sin θ
1 + 2 sin θ  1 + 2 sin θ   1 + 2 sin θ 
(e) Mmax = 3m(sin θ + µs cos θ ) (f) Mmin = 3m(sin θ − µ s cos θ )
(g) T2 ,max − T2 ,min = ( Mmax − Mmin ) g = 6 µ s mg cos θ

40. (a) 19.3° (b) 4.21 N

42. (a) 0.087 1 (b) 27.4 N

44. (a) See the solution. (b) T = 9.80 N, a = 0.580 m/s 2

46. (a) 2.63 m/s 2 (b) 201 m (c) 17.7 m/s

48. (a) and (b) See the solution. (c) 357 N (e) 1.20

50. 20.1°

52. (a) 78.3 m/s (b) 11.1 s (c) 121 m

54. (a) 0.013 2 m/s (b) 1.03 m/s (c) 6.87 m/s

56. (a) either 70.4° or 0° (b) 0°

126
 Chapter 6

ANSWERS TO EVEN NUMBERED PROBLEMS

2. 1.59 × 10 3 J

4. (a) 32.8 mJ (b) –32.8 mJ

6. See the solution.

8. 5.33 W

10. 16.0

12. (a) See the solution. The graph is a straight line passing through points (2 m, 0 N) and (3 m, 8 N)
(b) –12.0 J

14. (a) 575 N/m (b) 46.0 J

16. (a) 9.00 kJ (b) 11.7 kJ, larger by 29.6%

18. (a) See the solution. (b) mgR

20. (a) 33.8 J (b) 135 J

22. (a) 1.94 m/s (b) 3.35 m/s (c) 3.87 m/s

24. (a) 4.56 kJ (b) 6.34 kN (c) 422 km/s 2

(d) 6.34 kN

26. (a) 3.78 × 10 −16 J (b) 1.35 × 10 −14 N (c) 1.48 × 1016 m/s 2
(d) 1.94 × 10 −9 s

28. (a) 79.4 N (b) 1.49 kJ (c) 1.49 kJ

30. (a) 329 J (b) 0 (c) 0

(d) 185 J (e) 144 J

32. (a) 0.791 m/s (b) 0.531 m/s

148
 Chapter 6

34. ~ 10 4 W

36. 830 N

38. (a) 5910 W (b) It is 53.0% of 11 100 W

40. (a) 423 mi/gal (b) 776 mi/gal

42. (a) 8.50 × 108 J (b) 2.71 × 10 9 J

Ax Ay A
44. (a) cos α = , cos β = , cos γ = z (b) See the solution.
A A A

mgnhhs mgvh
46. (a) (b)
v + nhs v + nhs

48. 7.37 N/m

50. (a) See the solution. (b) 2 kL2 + kA 2 − 2 kL A 2 + L2

52. (a) See the solution. (b) 125 N/m (c) 13.1 N

54. (a) 5.60 J (b) 0.152 (c) 2.28 rev

56. −1.37 × 10 −21 J

58. See the solution.

149
 Chapter 7

ANSWERS TO EVEN NUMBERED PROBLEMS

2. (a) 800 J (b) 107 J (c) 0

4. (a) 19.8 m/s (b) 294 J (c) (30.0i – 39.6j) m/s

6. 1.84 m

8. (a) See the solution. (b) 60.0°

10. 5.49 m/s

12. (a) See the solution. (b) 35.0 J

14. 26.5 m/s

16. (a) 1.47 m/s (b) 1.35 m/s

18. (a) 0.537 m/s (b) 0.058 8 m

20. 168 J

22. (a) 24.5 m/s (b) Yes

(c) 206 m (d) Unrealistic; see the solution

24. (a) 1.40 m/s (b) 4.60 cm after release (c) 1.79 m/s

26. 44.1 kW

28. (a) Ax 2 / 2 − Bx 3 / 3 (b) ∆U = 5A/2 – 19B/3; ∆K = –5A/2 + 19B/3

30. (7 − 9 x y ) i − 3 x j
2 3

32. 4.17 × 1010 J

34. (a) −1.67 × 10 −14 J (c) at the center

178
 Chapter 7

36. (a) r = 1.5 mm stable; 2.3 mm unstable; 3.2 mm stable; r→∞ neutral (b) 1 J > E > –5.6 J
(c) 0.6 mm < r < 3.6 mm (d) 2.6 J
(e) 1.5 mm (f) 4 J

38. 2.20 × 1011 m (1.47 AU)

40. (a) 208 m (b) 3.81 × 10 4 N up (c) 55.5 mg; no

42. (a) 0.588 J (b) 0.588 J

(c) 2.42 m/s (d) UC = 0.392 J, KC = 0.196 J

44. 3.92 kJ

46. (a) 100 J (b) 0.410 m (c) 2.84 m/s

(d) –9.80 mm (e) 2.85 m/s

48. (a) (3x 2

)
− 4x − 3 i (b) x = 1.87 and –0.535
(c) See the solution. x = –0.535 (stable), and x = 1.87 (unstable)

50. (a) 0.378 m (b) 2.30 m/s (c) 1.08 m

52. (a) See the solution. (b) 7.42 m/s

54. (a) 6.15 m/s (b) 9.87 m/s

56. 2m

58. (a) 14.1 m/s (b) –7.90 kJ (c) 800 N

(d) 771 N (e) 1.57 kN up

179
 Chapter 8

ANSWERS TO EVEN NUMBERED PROBLEMS

2. 6.25 cm/s west

4. (a) 6.00 m/s toward the left (b) 8.40 J

6. 40.5 g

8. 364 kg·m/s forward, 438 N forward

10. (a) 5.40 N·s in the direction of v f (b) –27.0 J

12. 15.0 N in the direction of the initial velocity of the exiting water stream

14. 2.66 m/s

16. 15.6 m/s

18. (a) 2.50 m/s (b) 37.5 kJ

(c) Each process is the time-reversal of the other. The same momentum conservation equation
describes both.

20. 0.556 m

22. Force on truck driver = 1.78 × 10 3 N ; Force on car driver 8.89 × 10 3 N

24. 7.94 cm

26. No; his speed was 41.5 mi/h.

28. (a) vi / 2 (b) ± 45.0°

30. (a) 1.07 m/s at –29.7° (b) ∆K / Ki = –0.318

32. Orange: vi cosθ ; yellow: vi sinθ

34. 0.006 73 nm from the oxygen nucleus along the bisector of the angle

36. (a) 15.9 g (b) 0.153 m

205
 Chapter 8

38. (a) See the solution. (b) (–2.00i – 1.00j) m

(c) (3.00i – 1.00j) m/s (d) (15.0i – 5.00j) kg⋅m/s

40. (a) v1f = –0.780i m/s, v 2 f = 1.12i m/s (b) 0.360i m/s

42. (a) 787 m/s (b) 138 m/s

44. 4.41 kg

46. (a) (1.33 m/s)i (b) (–235 N)i (c) 0.680 s

(d) (–160 N⋅s)i and (+160 N⋅s)i (e) 1.81 m (f) 0.454 m
(g) –427 J (h) +107 J
(i) The total change in mechanical energy for person and cart together, −320 J , becomes + 320 J of
additional internal energy in this perfectly inelastic collision.

48. (a) –0.667 m/s (b) 0.952 m

50. 1.39 km/s

52. 2vi and 0

54. (a) As the child walks to the right, the boat moves to the left, and the center of mass remains fixed.
(b) 5.55 m from the pier
(c) No, since 6.55 m is less than 7.00 m.

m1v1 + m2 v 2 m1m2
56. (a) v= (b) xm = (v1 − v2 )
m1 + m2 k(m1 + m2 )
 m − m2   2m2   2m1   m2 − m1 
(c) v1 f =  1  v1 +   v2 , v2 f =   v1 +   v2
 m1 + m2   m1 + m2   m1 + m2   m1 + m2 

58. (a) 3.75 kg ⋅ m/s 2 (b) 3.75 N (c) 3.75 N

(d) 2.81 J (e) 1.41 J
(f) Friction between sand and belt converts half of the input work into internal energy.

206